document_title: History of the steel industry (1850–1970)

question_text: who dominated the steel industry in the late 1800s

text: Technology[edit]

text: Steel is an alloy composed of between 0.2% and 2.0% carbon, and the balance of iron. From prehistory through the creation of the blast furnace, iron was produced from iron ore as wrought iron, 99.82% - 100% Fe, and the process of making steel involved adding carbon to the iron, usually via serendipity in the forge or via the cementation process. The introduction of the blast furnace reversed the problem. A blast furnace produces pig iron, which is an alloy of approximately 90% iron and 10% carbon. If the process of steelmaking begins with pig iron instead of wrought iron, the challenge is to remove a sufficient amount of carbon to get it to the 0.2 to 2 percent for steel.

text: Before about 1860 steel was an expensive product, made in small quantities and used mostly for swords, tools and cutlery; all large metal structures were made of wrought or cast iron. Steelmaking was centered in Sheffield, Britain, which supplied the European and the American markets. The introduction of cheap steel was due to the Bessemer and the open hearth processes, two technological advances made in England.  In the Bessemer process, molten pig iron is converted to steel by blowing air through it after it was removed from the furnace. The air blast burned the carbon and silicon out of the pig iron, releasing heat and causing the temperature of the molten metal to rise. Henry Bessemer demonstrated the process in 1856 and had a successful operation going by 1864. By 1870 Bessemer steel was widely used for ship plate. By the 1850s, the speed, weight, and quantity of railway traffic was limited by the strength of the wrought iron rails in use. The solution was to turn to steel rails, which the Bessemer process made competitive in price.  Experience quickly proved steel had much greater strength and durability and could handle the increasingly heavy and faster engines and cars.[1]

text: After 1890 the Bessemer process was gradually supplanted by open-hearth steelmaking and by the middle of the 20th century was no longer in use.[2]  The open-hearth process originated in the 1860s in Germany and France. The usual open-hearth process used pig iron, ore, and scrap, and became known as the Siemens-Martin process. Its process allowed closer control over the composition of the steel; also, a substantial quantity of scrap could be included in the charge. The crucible process remained important for making high-quality alloy steel into the 20th century.[3] By 1900 the electric arc furnace was adapted to steelmaking and by the 1920s, the falling cost of electricity allowed it to largely supplant the crucible process for specialty steels.[4]

text: Britain[edit]

text: 19th century[edit]

text: Britain led the world's Industrial Revolution with its early commitment to coal mining, steam power, textile mills, machinery, railways, and shipbuilding. Britain's demand for iron and steel, combined with ample capital and energetic entrepreneurs, made it the world leader in the first half of the 19th century.

text: In 1875, Britain accounted for 47% of world production of pig iron and almost 40% of steel. 40% of British output was exported to the U.S., which was rapidly building its rail and industrial infrastructure. Two decades later in 1896, however, the British share of world production had plunged to 29% for pig iron and 22.5% for steel, and little was sent to the U.S. The U.S. was now the world leader and Germany was catching up to Britain.  Britain had lost its American market, and was losing its role elsewhere; indeed American products were now underselling British steel in Britain.[5]

text: The growth of pig iron output was dramatic. Britain went from 1.3 million tons in 1840 to 6.7 million in 1870 and 10.4 in 1913. The US started from a lower base, but grew faster; from 0.3 million tons in 1840, to 1.7 million in 1870, and 31.5 million in 1913. Germany went from 0.2 million tons in 1859 to 1.6 in 1871 and 19.3 in 1913. France, Belgium, Austria-Hungary, and Russia, combined, went from 2.2 million tons in 1870 to 14.1 million tons in 1913, on the eve of the World War. During the war the demand for artillery shells and other supplies caused a spurt in output and a diversion to military uses.

text: 20th century[edit]

text: Abé (1996) explores the record of iron and steel firms in Victorian England by analyzing Bolckow Vaughan & Company. It was wedded for too long to obsolescent technology and was a very late adopter of the open hearth furnace method. Abé concludes that the firm—and the British steel industry—suffered from a failure of entrepreneurship and planning.[6]

text: Blair (1997) explores the history of the British Steel industry since the Second World War to evaluate the impact of government intervention in a market economy.  Entrepreneurship was lacking in the 1940s; the government could not persuade the industry to upgrade its plants. For generations the industry had followed a patchwork growth pattern which proved inefficient in the face of world competition. In 1946 the first steel development plan was put into practice with the aim of increasing capacity; the "Iron and Steel Act of 1949" meant nationalization of the industry. However, the reforms were dismantled by the Conservative governments in the 1950s. In 1967, under Labour Party control again, the industry was again nationalized. But by then twenty years of political manipulation had left companies such as British Steel with serious problems: a complacency with existing equipment, plants operating under capacity (low efficiency), poor quality assets, outdated technology, government price controls, higher coal and oil costs, lack of funds for capital improvement, and increasing world market competition. By the 1970s the Labour government had its main goal to keep employment high in the declining industry. Since British Steel was a main employer in depressed regions, it had kept many mills and facilities that were operating at a loss. In the 1980s,  Conservative Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher re-privatized BSC as British Steel.

text: Australia[edit]

text: In Australia, the Minister for Public Works, Arthur Hill Griffith, had consistently advocated for the greater industrialization of Newcastle, then, under William Holman, personally negotiated the establishment of a steelworks with G. D. Delprat of the Broken Hill Proprietary Co. Ltd. Griffith was also the architect of the Walsh Island establishment.[7][8]

text:
In 1915, Broken Hill Proprietary Company ventured into steel manufacturing with its operation in Newcastle, which was closed in 1999.[9] The 'long products' side of the steel business was spun off to form OneSteel in 2000.[10]
BHP's decision to move from mining ore to open a steelworks at Newcastle was precipitated by the technical limitations in recovering value from mining the 'lower-lying sulphide ores'.[11] The discovery of Iron Knob and Iron Monarch near the western shore of the Spencer Gulf in South Australia combined with the development by the BHP metallurgist, A. D. Carmichael, of a technique for 'separating zinc sulphides from the accompanying earth and rock' led BHP 'to implement the startlingly simple and cheap process for liberating vast amounts of valuable metals out of sulphide ores, including huge heaps of tailings and slimes up to' 40 ft (12 m) high.[12]

text: Germany[edit]

text: The Ruhr Valley provided an excellent location for the German iron and steel industry because of the availability of raw materials, coal, transport, a skilled labor force, nearby markets, and an entrepreneurial spirit that led to the creation of many firms, often in close conjunction with coal mines. By 1850 the Ruhr had 50 iron works with 2,813 full-time employees. The first modern furnace was built in 1849. The creation of the German Empire in 1871 gave further impetus to rapid growth, as Germany started to catch up with Britain.  From 1880 to World War I, the industry of the Ruhr area consisted of numerous enterprises, each working on a separate level of production. Mixed enterprises could unite all levels of production through vertical integration, thus lowering production costs. Technological progress brought new advantages as well. These developments set the stage for the creation of combined business concerns.[13]

text: The leading firm was Friedrich Krupp AG run by the Krupp family.[14][15] Many diverse, large-scale family firms such as Krupp's reorganized in order to adapt to the changing conditions and meet the economic depression of the 1870s, which reduced the earnings in the German iron and steel industry. Krupp reformed his accounting system to better manage his growing empire, adding a specialized bureau of calculation as well as a bureau for the control of times and wages. The rival firm GHH quickly followed,[16] as did Thyssen AG, which had been founded by August Thyssen in 1867. Germany became Europe's leading steel-producing nation in the late 19th century, thanks in large part to the protection from American and British competition afforded by tariffs and cartels.[17]

text:
By 1913 American and German exports dominated the world steel market, and Britain slipped to third place.[18] German steel production grew explosively from 1 million metric tons in 1885 to 10 million in 1905 and peaked at 19 million in 1918. In the 1920s Germany produced about 15 million tons, but output plunged to 6 million in 1933. Under the Nazis, steel output peaked at 22 million tons in 1940, then dipped to 18 million in 1944 under Allied bombing.[19]
The merger of four major firms into the German Steel Trust (Vereinigte Stahlwerke) in 1926 was modeled on the U.S. Steel corporation in the U.S. The goal was to move beyond the limitations of the old cartel system by incorporating advances simultaneously inside a single corporation. The new company emphasized rationalization of management structures and modernization of the technology; it employed a multi-divisional structure and used return on investment as its measure of success.[20] It represented the "Americanization" of the German steel industry because its internal structure, management methods, use of technology, and emphasis on mass production. The chief difference was that consumer capitalism as an industrial strategy did not seem plausible to German steel industrialists.[21]

text: In iron and steel and other industries, German firms avoided cut-throat competition and instead relied on trade associations. Germany was a world leader because of its prevailing "corporatist mentality", its strong bureaucratic tradition, and the encouragement of the government. These associations regulated competition and allowed small firms to function in the shadow of much larger companies.[22]

text: With the need to rebuild the bombed-out infrastructure after the Second World War, Marshall Plan (1948–51) enabled West Germany to rebuild and modernize its mills. It produced 3 million of steel in 1947, 12 million in 1950, 34 million in 1960 and 46 million in 1970. East Germany produced about a 10th as much.[23]

text: France[edit]

text: The French iron industry lagged behind the United Kingdom and Belgium in the early 19th century, and after 1850 also lagged behind Germany and Luxembourg. Its industry comprised too many small, inefficient firms.[24]  20th century growth was not robust, due more to traditional social and economic attitudes than to inherent geographic, population, or resource factors. Despite a high national income level, the French steel industry remained laggard.[25] The industry was based on large supplies of coal and iron ore, and was dispersed across the country. The greatest output came in 1929, at 10.4 million metric tons.[26] The industry suffered sharply during the Great Depression and World War II. Prosperity returned by mid-1950s, but profits came largely from strong domestic demand rather than competitive capacity. Late modernization delayed the development of powerful unions and collective bargaining.[27]

text: Italy[edit]

text: In Italy a shortage of coal led the steel industry to specialize in the use of hydro-electrical energy, exploiting ideas pioneered by Ernesto Stassano from 1898 (Stassano furnace). Despite periods of innovation (1907–14), growth (1915–18), and consolidation (1918–22), early expectations were only partly realized. Steel output in the 1920s and 1930s averaged about 2.1 million metric tons. Per capita consumption was much lower than the average of Western Europe.[28]  Electrical processes were an important substitute, yet did not improve competitiveness or reduce prices. Instead, they reinforced the dualism of the sector and initiated a vicious circle that prevented market expansion.[29] Italy modernized its industry in the 1950s and 1960s and it grew rapidly, becoming second only to West Germany in the 1970s. Strong labour unions kept employment levels high. Troubles multiplied after 1980, however, as foreign competition became stiffer. In 1980 the largest producer Nuova Italsider lost 746 billion lira in its inefficient operations.[30] In the 1990s the Italian steel industry, then mostly state-owned, was largely privatised.[31] Today the country is the world's seventh-largest steel exporter.[32]

text: United States[edit]

text: From 1875 to 1920 American steel production grew from 380,000 tons to 60 million tons annually, making the U.S. the world leader. The annual growth rates in steel 1870–1913 were 7.0% for the US; 1.0% for Britain; 6.0% for Germany; and 4.3% for France, Belgium, and Russia, the other major producers.[33] This explosive American growth rested on solid technological foundations and the continuous rapid expansion of urban infrastructures, office buildings, factories, railroads, bridges and other sectors that increasingly demanded steel. The use of steel in automobiles and household appliances came in the 20th century.

text: Some key elements in the growth of steel production included the easy availability of iron ore, and coal. Iron ore of fair quality was abundant in the eastern states, but the Lake Superior region contained huge deposits of exceedingly rich ore; the Marquette Iron Range was discovered in 1844; operations began in 1846. Other ranges were opened by 1910, including the Menominee, Gogebic, Vermilion, Cuyuna, and, greatest of all, (in 1892) the Mesabi range in Minnesota. This iron ore was shipped through the Lakes to ports such as Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Erie and Buffalo for shipment by rail to the steel mills.[34]  Abundant coal was available in Pennsylvania and Ohio. Manpower was short.  Few native Americans wanted to work in the mills, but immigrants from Britain and Germany (and later from Eastern Europe) arrived in great numbers.[35]

text: In 1869 iron was already a major industry, accounting for 6.6% of manufacturing employment and 7.8% of manufacturing output. By then the central figure was Andrew Carnegie,[36] who made Pittsburgh the center of the industry.[37]  Hed sold his operations to US Steel in 1901, which became the world's largest steel corporation for decades.

text: In the 1880s, the transition from wrought iron puddling to mass-produced Bessemer steel greatly increased worker productivity.  Highly skilled workers remained essential, but the average level of skill declined.  Nevertheless, steelworkers earned much more than ironworkers despite their fewer skills.  Workers in an integrated, synchronized mass production environment wielded greater strategic power, for the greater cost of mistakes bolstered workers' status.  The experience demonstrated that the new technology did not decrease worker bargaining leverage by creating an interchangeable, unskilled workforce.[38]

text: Alabama[edit]

text: In Alabama, industrialization was generating a ravenous appetite for the state’s coal and iron ore. Production was booming, and unions were attempting to organize unincarcerated miners. Convicts provided an ideal captive work force: cheap, usually docile, unable to organize and available when unincarcerated laborers went on strike."[39]The Southern agrarian economy did not accommodate convict leasing as well as the industrial economy did, whose jobs were often unappealing or dangerous, offering hard-labor and low pay.  The competition, expansion, and growth of mining and steel companies also created a high demand for labor, but union labor posed a threat to expanding companies.  As unions bargained for higher wages and better conditions, often organizing strikes in order to achieve their goals, the growing companies would be forced to agree to union demands or face abrupt halts in production.  The rate companies paid for convict leases, which paid the laborer nothing, was regulated by government and state officials who entered the labor contracts with companies.  "The companies built their own prisons, fed and clothed the convicts, and supplied guards as they saw fit." (Blackmon 2001)[39] Alabama's use of convict leasing was commanding; 51 of its 67 counties regularly leased convicts serving for misdemeanors at a rate of about $5-20 per month, equal to about $160-500 in 2015.[40]  Although the influence of labor unions forced some states to move away from the profitable convict lease agreements and run traditional prisons, plenty of companies began substituting convict labor in their operations in the twentieth century.  "The biggest user of forced labor in Alabama at the turn of the century was Tennessee Coal, Iron & Railroad Co., [of] U.S. Steel"[39]

text: Carnegie[edit]

text: Carnegie's great innovation was in the cheap and efficient mass production of steel rails for railroad lines.  This could not have happened without the prior invention of Bessemer Steel.  Thus Carnegie's "innovation" was scale, not anything technical.

text: In the late 1880s,  The Carnegie Steel was the largest manufacturer of pig iron, steel rails, and coke in the world, with a capacity to produce approximately 2,000 tons of pig iron per day. In 1888, he bought the rival Homestead Steel Works, which included an extensive plant served by tributary coal and iron fields, a 425-mile (685 km) long railway, and a line of lake steamships. A consolidation of Carnegie's assets and those of his associates occurred in 1892 with the launching of the Carnegie Steel Company.

text: Around that time, he asked his cousin, George Lauder to join him in America from Scotland. Lauder was a leading mechanical engineer who had studied under Lord Kelvin. Lauder devised several new systems for the Carnegie Steel Company including the process for washing and coking dross from coal mines, which resulted in a significant increase in scale, profits, and enterprise value. [41]

text: Lauder would go on to lead the development of the use of steel in armor and armaments for the Carnegie Steel Company, spending significant time at the Krupp factory in Germany in 1886 before returning to build the massive armor plate mill at the Homestead Steel Works that would revolutionize warfare forever. [42]

text:
By 1889, the U.S. output of steel exceeded that of Britain, and Andrew Carnegie owned a large part of it. By 1900, the profits of Carnegie Bros. & Company alone stood at $480,000,000 with $225,000,000 being Carnegie's share.
Carnegie's empire grew to include the J. Edgar Thomson Steel Works (named for John Edgar Thomson, Carnegie's former boss and president of the Pennsylvania Railroad), Pittsburgh Bessemer Steel Works, the Lucy Furnaces, the Union Iron Mills, the Union Mill (Wilson, Walker & County), the Keystone Bridge Works, the Hartman Steel Works, the Frick Coke Company, and the Scotia ore mines. Carnegie, through Keystone, supplied the steel for and owned shares in the landmark Eads Bridge project across the Mississippi River in St. Louis, Missouri (completed 1874). This project was an important proof-of-concept for steel technology which marked the opening of a new steel market.

text: The Homestead Strike was a violent labor dispute in 1892 that ended in a battle between strikers and private security guards. The dispute took place at Carnegie's Homestead Steel Works between the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers and the Carnegie Steel Company. The final result was a major defeat for the union and a setback for efforts to unionize steelworkers.[43]

text: Carnegie sold all his steel holdings in 1901; they were merged into U.S. Steel and it was non-union until the late 1930s.

text: US Steel[edit]

text: By 1900 the US was the largest producer and also the lowest cost producer, and demand for steel seemed inexhaustible. Output had tripled since 1890, but customers, not producers, mostly benefitted. Productivity-enhancing technology encouraged faster and faster rates of investment in new plants. However, during recessions, demand fell sharply taking down output, prices, and profits. Charles M. Schwab of Carnegie Steel proposed a solution: consolidation. Financier J. P. Morgan arranged the buyout of Carnegie and most other major forms, and put Elbert Gary in charge.

text: US Steel combined finishing firms (American Tin Plate (controlled by William Henry "Judge" Moore), American Steel and Wire, and National Tube) with two major integrated companies, Carnegie Steel and Federal Steel. It was capitalized at $1.466 billion, and included 213 manufacturing mills, one thousand miles of railroad, and 41 mines. In 1901, it accounted for 66% of America's steel output, and almost 30% of the world's. During World War I, its annual production exceeded the combined output of all German and Austrian firms.

text: The  Steel Strike of 1919 disrupted the entire industry for months, but the union lost and its membership sharply declined.[44]  Rapid growth of cities made the 1920s boom years.  President Harding and social reformers forced it to end the 12-hour day in 1923.[45]

text: Earnings were recorded at $2.650 billion for 2016[46].

text: Bethlehem Steel[edit]

text: Charles M. Schwab (1862–1939) and Eugene Grace (1876–1960) made Bethlehem Steel the second-largest American steel company by the 1920s. Schwab had been the operating head of Carnegie Steel and US Steel. In 1903 he purchased the small firm Bethlehem Steel, and in 1916 made Grace president. Innovation was the keynote at a time when U.S. Steel under Judge Gary moved slowly. Bethlehem concentrated on government contracts, such as ships and naval armor, and on construction beams, especially for skyscrapers and bridges.[47]  Its subsidiary Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation operated 15 shipyards in World War II. It produced 1,121 ships, more than any other builder during the war and nearly one-fifth of the U.S. Navy's fleet. Its peak employment was 180,000 workers, out of a company-wide wartime peak of 300,000. After 1945 Bethlehem doubled its steel capacity, a measure of the widespread optimism in the industry.  However the company ignored the new technologies then being developed in Europe and Japan. Seeking labor peace in order to avoid strikes, Bethlehem like the other majors agreed to large wage and benefits increases that kept its costs high.  After Grace retired the inbred executives concentrated on short term profits and postponed innovations that led to long-term inefficiency. It went bankrupt in 2001.[48]

text: Republic Steel[edit]

text: Cyrus Eaton (1883–1979) in 1925 purchased the small Trumbull Steel Company of Warren, Ohio, for $18 million. In the late 1920s he purchased undervalued steel and rubber companies. In 1930, Eaton consolidated his steel holdings into the Republic Steel, based in Cleveland; it became the third-largest steel producer in the U.S., after US Steel and Bethlehem Steel.[49]

text: Unions[edit]

text: The American Federation of Labor (AFL) tried and failed to organize the steelworkers in 1919.  Although the strike gained widespread middle-class support because of its demand and the 12-hour day, the strike failed and unionization was postponed until the late 1930s.  The Mills ended the 12-hour day in the early 1920s.[50]

text: The second surge of unionization came under the auspices of the militant CIO in the late 1930s, when it set up the Steel Workers Organizing Committee. The SWOC focused almost exclusively on the achievement of a signed contract, with "Little Steel" (the major producers except for US Steel).  At the grassroots however, women of the steel auxiliaries, workers on the picket line, and middle-class liberals from across Chicago sought to transform the strike into something larger than a showdown over union recognition.In Chicago, the Little Steel Strike raised the possibility that steelworkers might embrace the ‘civic unionism’ that animated the left-led unions of the era.  The effort failed, and while the strike was won, the resulting powerful United Steelworkers of America union suppressed grassroots opinions.[51]

text: Apogee and decline[edit]

text: Integration was the watchword as the various processes were brought together by large corporations, from mining the iron ore to shipping the finished product to wholesalers. The typical steelworks was a giant operation, including blast furnaces, Bessemer converters, open-hearth furnaces, rolling mills, coke ovens and foundries, as well as supported transportation facilities. The largest ones were operated in the region from Chicago to St. Louis to Baltimore, Philadelphia and Buffalo.  Smaller operations appeared in Birmingham, Alabama, and in California.[52]

text: The industry grew slowly but other industries grew even faster, so that by 1967, as the downward spiral began, steel accounted for 4.4% of manufacturing employment and 4.9% of manufacturing output. After 1970 American steel producers could no longer compete effectively with low-wage producers elsewhere. Imports and local mini-mills undercut sales.

text: Per-capita steel consumption in the U.S. peaked in 1977, then fell by half before staging a modest recovery to levels well below the peak.[53]

text: Most mills were closed. Bethlehem went bankrupt in 2001.  In 1984, Republic merged with Jones and Laughlin Steel Company; the new firm went bankrupt in 2001.  US Steel diversified into oil (Marathon Oil was spun off in 2001). Finally US Steel reemerged in 2002 with plants in three American locations (plus one in Europe) that employed fewer than one-tenth the 168,000 workers of 1902. By 2001 steel accounted for only 0.8% of manufacturing employment and 0.8% of manufacturing output.[54]

text: The world steel industry peaked in 2007.  That year, ThyssenKrupp spent $12 billion to build the two most modern mills in the world, in Alabama and Brazil.  The worldwide great recession starting in 2008, however, with its heavy cutbacks in construction, sharply lowered demand and prices fell 40%.  ThyssenKrupp lost $11 billion on its two new plants, which sold steel below the cost of production.  Finally in 2013, ThyssenKrupp offered the plants for sale at under $4 billion.[55]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: The President of the United States is authorized to declare each May "Steelmark Month" to recognize the contribution made by the steel industry to the United States.[56]

text: Asia[edit]

text: Japan[edit]

text: Yonekura shows the steel industry was central to the economic development of Japan. The nation's sudden transformation from feudal to modern society in the late nineteenth century, its heavy industrialization and imperialist war ventures in 1900–1945, and the post-World War II high-economic growth, all depended on iron and steel.  The other great Japanese industries, such as shipbuilding, automobiles, and industrial machinery are closely linked to steel. From 1850 to 1970, the industry increased its crude steel production from virtually nothing to 93.3 million tons (the third largest in the world).[57]

text: The government's activist Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) played a major role in coordination. The transfer of technology from the West and the establishment of competitive firms involved far more than buying foreign hardware. MITI located steel mills and organized a domestic market; it sponsored Yawata Steel Company. Japanese engineers and entrepreneurs internally developed the necessary technological and organizational capabilities, planned the transfer and adoption of technology, and gauged demand and sources of raw materials and finances.[58]

text: India[edit]

text: The Bengal Iron Works was founded at Kulti in Bengal in 1870 which began its production in 1874 followed by The Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) was established by Dorabji Tata in 1907, as part of his father's conglomerate.  By 1939 it operated the largest steel plant in the British Empire. The company launched a major modernization and expansion program in 1951.[59]

text: Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, a believer in socialism, decided that the technological revolution in India needed maximization of steel production. He, therefore, formed a government owned company, Hindustan Steel Limited (HSL) and set up three steel plants in the 1950s.[60]

text: The Indian steel industry began expanding into Europe in the 21st century. In January 2007 India's Tata Steel made a successful $11.3 billion offer to buy European steel maker Corus Group. In 2006 Mittal Steel (based in London but with Indian management) merged with Arcelor after a takeover bid for $34.3 billion to become the world's biggest steel maker, ArcelorMittal (based in Luxembourg City), with 10% of the world's output.[61]

text: China[edit]

text: Communist party dictator Mao Zedong disdained the cities and put his faith in the Chinese peasantry for a Great Leap Forward. Mao saw steel production as the key to overnight economic modernization, promising that within 15 years China's steel production would surpass that of Britain. In 1958 he decided that steel production would double within the year, using backyard steel furnaces run by inexperienced peasants.  The plan was a fiasco, as the small amounts of steel produced were of very poor quality, and the diversion of resources out of agriculture produced a massive famine in 1959–61 that killed millions.[62]

text: With economic reforms brought in by Deng Xiaoping, who led China from 1978 to 1992, China began to develop a modern steel industry by building new steel plants and recycling scrap metal from the United States and Europe.  As of 2013 China produced 779 million metric tons of steel each year, making it by far the largest steel producing country in the world.  This is compared to 165 for the European Union, 110 for Japan, 87 for the United States and 81 for India.[63] China's 2013 steel production was equivalent to an average of 3.14 cubic meters of steel per second.[64]


document_title: O Brother, Where Art Thou? (soundtrack)

question_text: who sings lonesome valley in o brother where art thou

root

text: O Brother, Where Art Thou? (soundtrack)

text: Development and sound[edit]

text: The soundtrack was originally conceived as a major component of the film, not merely as a background or support. For this reason it was decided to record a soundtrack before filming.[2] T Bone Burnett was invited to design collections of music.[3] One member of The Stanley Brothers, Ralph Stanley, personally took part in recording the music for O Brother, Where Art Thou?, singing a cappella folk song O Death.[4][5][6]

tag: p

text: There is a notable use of dirges and other macabre songs, a theme often recurring in Appalachian music,[7] such as in "O Death," "Lonesome Valley," "Angel Band," and "I Am Weary", in contrast to the bright, cheerful songs, like "Keep On the Sunnyside" and "In the Highways", in other parts of the film.

text: "I Am a Man of Constant Sorrow" has five variations: two are used in the film, one in the music video, and two in the soundtrack. Two of the variations feature the verses being sung back-to-back, and the other three variations feature additional music between each verse.[8] The voices of the Soggy Bottom Boys were provided by Dan Tyminski (lead vocal on "I Am a Man of Constant Sorrow"), Nashville songwriter Harley Allen, and the Nashville Bluegrass Band's Pat Enright.[9]

text: Reception and legacy[edit]

text:
Professional ratings

Review scores

Source
Rating

AllMusic
 [10]

tag: table

text: The soundtrack CD became a best seller, certified eight times platinum as of October 2007[11] with sales of 7.9 million copies in the United States as of January 2015.[12] It won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year in 2002, the Grammy Award for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals (for singer Dan Tyminski, whose voice overdubbed George Clooney's in the film on "I Am a Man of Constant Sorrow", Nashville songwriter Harley Allen, and the Nashville Bluegrass Band's Pat Enright), and the Grammy Award for Best Male Country Vocal Performance for "O, Death" by Ralph Stanley.

text: In 2001, the album spent over 20 weeks on the Billboard Top Country Chart. It won the Album of the Year Award and Single of the Year Award for "I Am a Man of Constant Sorrow" won an award for single of the year at the Country Music Association Awards.[13] It also won the Album of the Year Award at the Academy of Country Music Awards and took home 2 International Bluegrass Music Awards: Album of the Year and Gospel Recorded Performance of the Year (for Alison Krauss and Gillian Welch on "I'll Fly Away").

text: Some of the artists on the soundtrack played a concert at the Ryman Auditorium in Nashville, Tennessee, which was recorded in the documentary film, Down from the Mountain.

text: In 2006, the album ranked #38 on CMT's 40 Greatest Albums in Country Music. In 2009, Rhapsody ranked it #8 on the "Country's Best Albums of the Decade" list.[14] Engine 145 Country Music Blog ranked it #5 on the "Country's Best Albums of the Decade" list.[15] In 2010, All Songs Considered, a program on NPR, included the soundtrack on their list of "The Decade's 50 Most Important Recordings."[16]

text: On August 23, 2011, a 10th anniversary edition was released featuring a bonus disc with 14 new tracks that were not included in the original album, all but two of which were previously unreleased songs from Burnett's original sessions.[17][18]

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Artist
Length

1.
"Po' Lazarus"
traditional
James Carter and the Prisoners
4:31

2.
"Big Rock Candy Mountain"
Harry McClintock
Harry McClintock
2:16

3.
"You Are My Sunshine"
Jimmie Davis, Charles Mitchell
Norman Blake
4:26

4.
"Down to the River to Pray"
traditional
Alison Krauss
2:55

5.
"I Am a Man of Constant Sorrow" (radio station version)
Dick Burnett
The Soggy Bottom Boys
3:10

6.
"Hard Time Killing Floor Blues"
Skip James
Chris Thomas King
2:42

7.
"I Am a Man of Constant Sorrow" (instrumental)
Burnett
Norman Blake
4:28

8.
"Keep On the Sunny Side"
Ada Blenkhorn, J. Howard Entwisle
The Whites
3:33

9.
"I'll Fly Away"
Albert E. Brumley
Alison Krauss, Gillian Welch
3:57

10.
"Didn't Leave Nobody but the Baby"
traditional
Emmylou Harris, Alison Krauss, Gillian Welch
1:57

11.
"In the Highways"
Maybelle Carter
The Peasall Sisters
1:35

12.
"I Am Weary (Let Me Rest)"
Pete Roberts (Pete Kuykendall)
The Cox Family
3:13

13.
"I Am a Man of Constant Sorrow" (instrumental)
Ed Haley
John Hartford
2:34

14.
"O Death"
traditional
Ralph Stanley
3:19

15.
"In the Jailhouse Now"
Blind Blake, Jimmie Rodgers
The Soggy Bottom Boys
3:34

16.
"I Am a Man of Constant Sorrow" (with band)
Burnett
The Soggy Bottom Boys
4:16

17.
"Indian War Whoop" (instrumental)
Hoyt Ming
John Hartford
1:30

18.
"Lonesome Valley"
traditional
The Fairfield Four
4:07

19.
"Angel Band"
traditional
The Stanley Brothers
2:15

Total length:
60:18

text:
[show]10th Anniversary Deluxe Edition bonus disc

No.
Title
Artist
Length

1.
"Hard Time Killing Floor Blues"
Colin Linden
1:15

2.
"You Are My Sunshine"
Alan O'Bryant
3:29

3.
"Tishomingo Blues"
John Hartford
2:01

4.
"I'll Fly Away"
Erik Darling and The Kossoy Sisters
2:32

5.
"Big Rock Candy Mountain"
Van Dyke Parks
1:42

6.
"Tom Devil"
Ed Lewis & The Prisoners
5:19

7.
"Keep On The Sunny Side"
The Cox Family
2:36

8.
"Angel Band"
Hannah, Leah, Sarah Peasall and Robert Hamlett
0:58

9.
"Big Rock Candy Mountain"
Norman Blake
2:18

10.
"Little Sadie"
Norman Blake
1:50

11.
"In the Highways"
The Cox Family
2:12

12.
"Hogfoot"
John Hartford
3:47

13.
"The Lord Will Make A Way"
The Fairfield Four
2:36

14.
"In The Jailhouse Now"
Harley Allen
3:05

Total length:
35:40

text: Personnel[edit]

text:
Norman Blake – Performer, guitar, vocals
Jerry Douglas – Dobro
Alison Krauss – Vocals, harmony vocals
Chris Sharp – Rhythm guitar
The Stanley Brothers – Performers
Ralph Stanley – Performer
Sam Bush – Mandolin
Emmylou Harris – Performer
John Hartford – Fiddle, vocals
The Fairfield Four – Performer
Ed Haley – Arranger
The Whites:

Buck White – Mandolin, vocals, harmony vocals
Cheryl White – Bass, Vocals, harmony vocals
Sharon White – Guitar, vocals

Mike Compton – Guitar, mandolin
Alan Lomax – Arranger
Harley Allen – Vocals, harmony vocals
Barry Bales – Bass
Ron Block – Banjo
Curtis Burch – Dobro
T Bone Burnett – Arranger, producer
The Cox Family:

Evelyn Cox – Guitar
Sidney Cox – Banjo, vocals, harmony vocals
Suzanne Cox – Mandolin, vocals
Willard Cox – Vocals, harmony vocals

Stuart Duncan – Fiddle
Pat Enright – Vocals, harmony vocals, yodeling
Isaac Freeman – Bass, vocals, lead

James Hill – Vocals
Harry McClintock – Performer
Tim O'Brien – Vocals
Maura O'Connell – Vocals
Carter Stanley – Arranger
Dan Tyminski – Guitar, vocals
Wilson Waters – Tenor sax, vocals
Robert K. Oermann – Liner notes
Sam Phillips – Vocals
Gillian Welch – Arranger, vocals
Dub Cornett – Vocals
Chris Thomas King – Guitar, vocals
David Rawlings – Vocals
Gavin Lurssen – Mastering
Mike Piersante – Mixing
Peter Kurland – Location recording
First Baptist Church of Norfolk Choir – Vocals
Chris Sharp – Guitar
Nathaniel Best – Lead
Robert Hamlett – Vocals
Joseph Rice – Vocals
The Peasall Sisters

Sarah Peasall – Vocals, harmony vocals
Hannah Peasall – Vocals
Leah Peasall – Vocals, harmony vocals

The Soggy Bottom Boys – Performer
Tim Blake Nelson – Vocals, performer
Porter McClister – Tenor backup vocals
James Carter and The Prisoners – Performers
Sandy Wilbur – Musicologist

text: Chart performance[edit]

text: Album[edit]

text:
Chart (2000–2002)
Peak
position

U.S. Billboard Top Country Albums
1

U.S. Billboard 200
1

U.S. Billboard Top Soundtracks
1

Canadian Albums Chart
3

French Albums (SNEP)[19]
9

Australian Albums (ARIA)[20]
15

New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[21]
14

German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[22]
87

text: Singles[edit]

text:
Year
Single
US Country

2002
"Man of Constant Sorrow"
35


document_title: Hornwort

question_text: where does the sporophyte of a hornwort develop

text: Hornwort

text: Description[edit]

text: The plant body of a hornwort is a haploid gametophyte stage. This stage usually grows as a thin rosette or ribbon-like thallus between one and five centimeters in diameter. Each cell of the thallus usually contains just one chloroplast. In most species, this chloroplast is fused with other organelles to form a large pyrenoid that both manufactures and stores food. This particular feature is very unusual in land plants, but is common among algae.

text: Many hornworts develop internal mucilage-filled cavities when groups of cells break down. These cavities are invaded by photosynthetic cyanobacteria, especially species of Nostoc. Such colonies of bacteria growing inside the thallus give the hornwort a distinctive blue-green color. There may also be small slime pores on the underside of the thallus. These pores superficially resemble the stomata of other plants.

text: The horn-shaped sporophyte grows from an archegonium embedded deep in the gametophyte. The sporophyte of a hornwort is unusual in that it grows from a meristem near its base, instead of from its tip the way other plants do. Unlike liverworts, most hornworts have true stomata on their sporophyte as mosses do. The exceptions are the genera Notothylas and Megaceros, which do not have stomata. The sporophyte of most hornworts are also photosynthetic, which is not the case with liverworts.[3]

text: When the sporophyte is mature, it has a multicellular outer layer, a central rod-like columella running up the center, and a layer of tissue in between that produces spores and pseudo-elaters. The pseudo-elaters are multi-cellular, unlike the elaters of liverworts. They have helical thickenings that change shape in response to drying out; they twist and thereby help to disperse the spores. Hornwort spores are relatively large for bryophytes, measuring between 30 and 80 µm in diameter or more. The spores are polar, usually with a distinctive Y-shaped tri-radiate ridge on the proximal surface, and with a distal surface ornamented with bumps or spines

text: Life cycle[edit]

text: The life of a hornwort starts from a haploid spore. In most species, there is a single cell inside the spore, and a slender extension of this cell called the germ tube germinates from the proximal side of the spore.[4] The tip of the germ tube divides to form an octant (solid geometry) of cells, and the first rhizoid grows as an extension of the original germ cell.[clarification needed] The tip continues to divide new cells, which produces a thalloid protonema. By contrast, species of the family Dendrocerotaceae may begin dividing within the spore, becoming multicellular and even photosynthetic before the spore germinates.[4] In either case, the protonema is a transitory stage in the life of a hornwort.

text: From the protonema grows the adult gametophyte, which is the persistent and independent stage in the life cycle. This stage usually grows as a thin rosette or ribbon-like thallus between one and five centimeters in diameter, and several layers of cells in thickness. It is green or yellow-green from the chlorophyll in its cells, or bluish-green when colonies of cyanobacteria grow inside the plant.

text: When the gametophyte has grown to its adult size, it produces the sex organs of the hornwort. Most plants are monoicous, with both sex organs on the same plant, but some plants (even within the same species) are dioicous, with separate male and female gametophytes. The female organs are known as archegonia (singular archegonium) and the male organs are known as antheridia (singular antheridium). Both kinds of organs develop just below the surface of the plant and are only later exposed by disintegration of the overlying cells.

text: The biflagellate sperm must swim from the antheridia, or else be splashed to the archegonia. When this happens, the sperm and egg cell fuse to form a zygote, the cell from which the sporophyte stage of the life cycle will develop. Unlike all other bryophytes, the first cell division of the zygote is longitudinal. Further divisions produce three basic regions of the sporophyte.

text: At the bottom of the sporophyte (closest to the interior of the gametophyte), is a foot. This is a globular group of cells that receives nutrients from the parent gametophyte, on which the sporophyte will spend its entire existence. In the middle of the sporophyte (just above the foot), is a meristem that will continue to divide and produce new cells for the third region. This third region is the capsule. Both the central and surface cells of the capsule are sterile, but between them is a layer of cells that will divide to produce pseudo-elaters and spores. These are released from the capsule when it splits lengthwise from the tip.

text: Evolutionary history[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2008)

text: While the fossil record of crown group hornworts only begins in the upper Cretaceous, the lower Devonian Horneophyton may represent a stem group to the clade, as it possesses a sporangium with central columella not attached at the roof.[5] However, the same form of columella is also characteristic of basal moss groups, such as the Sphagnopsida and Andreaeopsida, and has been interpreted as a character common to all early land plants with stomata.[6]

text: Classification[edit]

text: Hornworts were traditionally considered a class within the division Bryophyta (bryophytes). However, it now appears that this former division is paraphyletic, so the hornworts are now given their own division, Anthocerotophyta (sometimes misspelled Anthocerophyta). The division Bryophyta is now restricted to include only mosses.

text: Traditionally, there is a single class of hornworts, called Anthocerotopsida, or older Anthocerotae. More recently, a second class Leiosporocertotopsida has been segregated for the singularly unusual species Leiosporoceros dussii. All other hornworts remain in the class Anthocerotopsida. These two classes are divided further into five orders, each containing a single family.

text: Among land plants, hornworts appear to be one of the oldest surviving lineages; cladistic analysis implies that the group originated prior to the Devonian, around the same time as the mosses and liverworts. There are only about 100 species known, but new species are still being discovered. The number and names of genera are a current matter of investigation, and several competing classification schemes have been published since 1988.

text: Structural features that have been used in the classification of hornworts include: the anatomy of chloroplasts and their numbers within cells, the presence of a pyrenoid, the numbers of antheridia within androecia, and the arrangement of jacket cells of the antheridia.[7]

text: Phylogeny[edit]

text: Recent studies of molecular, ultrastructural, and morphological data have yielded a new classification of hornworts.[8]

text:
order Leiosporocerotales

Leiosporocerotaceae

Leiosporoceros (1 species)

order Anthocerotales

Anthocerotaceae

Anthoceros (ca. 83 species)
Folioceros (17 species)
Sphaerosporoceros (2 species)

order Notothyladales

Notothyladaceae

Notothylas (21 species)
Phaeoceros (ca. 41 species)
Paraphymatoceros (1-2 species)
Hattorioceros (1 species)
Mesoceros (2 species)

order Phymatocerotales

Phymatocerotaceae

Phymatoceros (2 species)

order Dendrocerotales

Dendrocerotaceae

Dendroceros (43 species)
Megaceros (8 species)
Nothoceros (7 species)
Phaeomegaceros (7 species)

Leiosporocerotaceae

Leiosporoceros

Anthocerotaceae

Folioceros

Sphaerosporoceros

Anthoceros

Notothyladaceae

Notothylas

Phaeoceros

Phymatocerotaceae

Phymatoceros

Dendrocerotaceae

Phaeomegaceros

Nothoceros

Megaceros

Dendroceros

The current phylogeny and composition of the Anthocerotophyta.[8][9]


document_title: Ted (film)

question_text: who does the voice of ted in the movie

question_tokens: who does the voice of ted in the movie

text: Ted (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1985, eight-year-old John Bennett is an only child living in Norwood, Massachusetts, a suburb of Boston, who wished for his new Christmas gift—a jumbo teddy bear named Ted—to come to life and become his friend. The wish coincides with a shooting star and comes true; word spread and Ted was briefly a celebrity.

text: 27 years later, John (now 35) and Ted are still living in Boston, and are still staunch companions enjoying a hedonistic life. John is dating Lori Collins, who is from Philadelphia. As their anniversary approaches, Lori hopes to marry John but feels he could not move forward with Ted around. John is hesitant about making Ted leave, but he is persuaded to act when they find Ted at home with four prostitutes.

text: John finds Ted his own apartment and a job at a grocery store, where Ted begins dating his co-worker Tami-Lynn. Lori learns that John has been skipping work, using her as an excuse, to continue to spend most of his time with Ted. John and Lori are invited to a party put on by Lori's womanizing manager Rex, but Ted lures John away to a party at his apartment with the offer to meet Sam J. Jones, the star of their favorite film, Flash Gordon. John intends to stay only a few minutes but gets caught up in the occasion. Lori finds John there and breaks up with him. John blames Ted for ruining his life and banishes him.

text: John and Ted confront each other about their ruined friendship and they fight but manage to reconcile after a violent brawl in their hotel room. To repair John's relationship with Lori, Ted arranges for an old lover, singer Norah Jones, to help by having John express his love for Lori with a song during her concert. He does an off-key rendition of Octopussy theme song, All Time High, by Rita Coolidge and is booed offstage. Lori is touched by the attempt and returns to her apartment where Ted confesses about his role in John's relapse and offers to leave them alone forever if she talks to John.

text: Lori is persuaded, but Ted is kidnapped by Donny, an obsessive stalker who idolized Ted as a child. Donny plans to make Ted his brutish son Robert's new toy. Ted manages to reach a phone to contact John but is immediately recaptured. Realizing Ted is in danger, John and Lori locate Donny's residence and track him to rescue Ted. The chase leads to Fenway Park, where John punches Robert, but during the chase, Ted is damaged and falls onto the field ripped entirely in half. A police car arrives, forcing Donny to flee. John and Lori gather Ted's stuffing and Ted relays his wish that John be happy with Lori before dying from his injuries.

text: Unable to accept Ted's death, a distraught John and Lori attempt to repair Ted, which proves useless. Feeling saddened about the incident, Lori makes a wish on a shooting star. The next morning, John hangs his head while looking over Ted's dead body. Fortunately, Ted is magically restored and reconciles with John and Lori, encouraging them to resume their relationship. John and Lori are married (with Sam Jones as the presiding minister), and Ted comfortably accepts having a life of his own as he and Tami-Lynn continued their love affair. Sam Jones attempts to restart his career and moves into a studio apartment with Brandon Routh. Rex gives up his pursuit of Lori, goes into a deep depression, and dies of Lou Gehrig's disease. Donny gets arrested by the Boston Police Department for kidnapping Ted, but charges are dropped because they couldn't charge him with kidnapping a stuffed toy. Robert hires a personal trainer, loses a significant amount of weight, and goes on to become Taylor Lautner.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Seth MacFarlane as Ted (voice and motion capture), John's teddy bear and best friend

Zane Cowans as young Ted's voice.[3][full citation needed]
Tara Strong (uncredited) as Ted's "I Love You" function[3]

Mark Wahlberg as John Bennett, Ted's best friend

Colton Shires as teenage John Bennett
Bretton Manley as young John Bennett

Mila Kunis as Lori Collins, John's girlfriend
Joel McHale as Rex, Lori's boss
Giovanni Ribisi as Donny, Ted's stalker
Aedin Mincks as Robert, Donny's son
Patrick Warburton as Guy, John's co-worker
Laura Vandervoort as Tanya, John's co-worker
Matt Walsh as Thomas Murphy, John's boss
Jessica Barth as Tami-Lynn McCafferty, Ted's girlfriend and co-worker
Bill Smitrovich as Frank Stevens, Ted's boss
Alex Borstein as Helen Bennett, John's mother
Ralph Garman as Steve Bennett, John's father
Jessica Stroup as Tracy, Lori's co-worker
Sam J. Jones as himself
Ryan Reynolds (uncredited) as Jared, Guy's boyfriend
Norah Jones as herself
Tom Skerritt as himself
Mike Henry as a Southern newscaster
Robert Wu as Quan Ming/Ming the Merciless
Ted Danson (uncredited) as himself
Patrick Stewart as Narrator[3]

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Seth MacFarlane's directorial debut is a live-action effort, with computer animation handled by visual effects facilities Tippett Studio and Iloura. MacFarlane wrote the screenplay with his Family Guy colleagues Alec Sulkin and Wellesley Wild.[4] In a "behind the scenes" video, it was revealed that MacFarlane originally wanted to make Ted into an animated TV show, much like his previous works Family Guy, American Dad!, and The Cleveland Show.

text: Originally, 20th Century Fox was offered to finance and distribute the movie, given its collaboration with MacFarlane for shows like Family Guy, American Dad!, and The Cleveland Show. However, MacFarlane wanted a $65 million budget for the movie, which Fox considered the price to be too high for the R-rated comedy film, let alone for a first-time director, and was skeptical about the film's future success owing to its R-rating. Subsequently, Fox backed out and MacFarlane began to take the project somewhere else.[5] On April 12, 2010, Universal Pictures announced that it had acquired the full rights to Ted after it agreed to a $65 million budget he requested.[6]

text: On October 26, 2010, Mark Wahlberg joined in the project as the lead actor.[4] Two months later on December 14, Mila Kunis, the voice actress for Meg Griffin from Family Guy, also joined in the cast.[7] On February 23, 2011, Giovanni Ribisi joined Mark Wahlberg and Mila Kunis in Ted.[8] Filming began in May 2011 in Boston, Norwood and other locations in Massachusetts.[9]

text: The film was scheduled for release in the United States on July 13, 2012, but it was moved up to June 29, both to avoid competition with Ice Age: Continental Drift (20th Century Fox) and following the delay of G.I. Joe: Retaliation (Paramount Pictures/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer).[10] Internationally, the film was released in Australia on July 5, 2012,[11] and on August 1, 2012 in the United Kingdom and Ireland.[12]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Ted: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

Soundtrack album by Walter Murphy and Various Artists

Released
June 26, 2012 (2012-06-26)

Genre
Film score, jazz, rock

Length
56:24

Label
Universal Republic

Producer
Hans Zimmer

Walter Murphy and Various Artists chronology

Ted: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
(2012)
Ted 2: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
(2015)Ted 2: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack2015

text: The film's soundtrack was released by Universal Republic Records on June 26, 2012. It features the score by Walter Murphy and songs by various artists such as Norah Jones and Queen. Seth MacFarlane co-wrote the opening theme "Everybody Needs a Best Friend" with Murphy.[13] The song was later nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 85th Academy Awards.[14]

text: All tracks by Walter Murphy except where indicated.

text:
[show]Track listing

No.
Title
Writer(s)
Performer(s)
Length

1.
"Everybody Needs a Best Friend"
Seth MacFarlane and Walter Murphy
Norah Jones
2:28

2.
"The Power of Love"

3:11

3.
"Thunder Buddies for Life"

1:56

4.
"John & Lori at Work / A Walk in the Park"

1:36

5.
"Magical Wish"

0:51

6.
"Rex's Party (Everybody Needs a Best Friend)"

2:30

7.
"The Breakup"

1:01

8.
"Never be Scared of Thunder Again"

1:06

9.
"Ted is Captured"

3:48

10.
"The Car Chase / Fenway Pursuit"

3:27

11.
"Climbing the Tower / She's Your Thunder Buddy Now"

3:59

12.
"Saving Ted / Lori's Wish"

3:39

13.
"The Proposal / The Wedding"

2:56

14.
"End Titles"

5:14

15.
"Flash's Theme"
Brian May
Queen
2:31

16.
"Sin"
Mike Burdge, Scott Garapolo & Tim Mercer
Daphne
2:23

17.
"Only Wanna Be with You"
Mark Bryan, Everett Felber, Darius Rucker & James Sonfeld
Hootie & The Blowfish
3:48

18.
"Come Away with Me"
Norah Jones
Norah Jones
3:07

19.
"All Time High"
John Barry
Rita Coolidge
3:03

20.
"I Think We're Alone Now"
Ritchie Cordell
Tiffany
3:46

21.
"Thunder Buddies for Life"
Walter Murphy
Seth MacFarlane & Mark Wahlberg
0:14

Total length:
56:34

text: Other songs which do not appear on the soundtrack but are featured in the film include songs from Queen's Flash Gordon soundtrack: "Football Fight", "Battle Theme", and "The Hero", as well as the "Knight Rider Theme" by Stu Phillips, "Stayin' Alive" by "Bee Gees", "Kiss Kiss" by "Chris Brown" and "The Imperial March" by John Williams. The film trailers used the songs "Best Friend" by Harry Nilsson and "How You Like Me Now?" by The Heavy.

text: Marketing[edit]

text: To promote the film, Universal Pictures teamed up with Axe in a marketing campaign that involved the title character and the brand's hair care product Axe Hair.[15] In one commercial, Ted takes a woman on a date to a fancy restaurant, where he brings her to orgasm under the table before handing another man a box of Axe Hair gel.[16]

text: In February 2013, Wahlberg and Ted made an appearance at the 85th Academy Awards, which MacFarlane hosted.[17]

text: Release[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Ted grossed $218.8 million in North America and $330.6 million overseas for a total gross of $549.4 million, against a budget of $50 million.[1] It was Universal's highest-grossing film in 2012, ahead of Snow White and the Huntsman and Battleship[18] (the only one to pass the $400 million mark[19]), and the 12th-highest-grossing film of 2012.

text: Ted debuted in first place in Taiwan and got the best comedy opening ever there.[20] It also debuted in Hong Kong, with $1.4 million, and grossed $571,000 in its first week in South Korea,[21] eventually grossing $8 million, $3.8 million and $1.8 million respectively.[22] It also grossed $2.1 million in both Indonesia and Singapore, and $1.4 million in Thailand.[22]

text: In January 2013, the film opened at number one in Japan, its final market, with $4.5 million, the best start ever for an R-rated comedy there. In comparison, it grossed more in its opening weekend than The Hangover Part II made in its entire run.[23] The following weekend, it retained the No. 1 spot for the second consecutive frame, grossing $3.6 million at 137 dates, for a 10-day market cumulative total of $11.2 million.[24] By its third weekend, the film stayed at the No. 1 spot for a third week, with earning down less than 10%, pushing Ted's overseas total past the $300 million mark, and making it the top grossing R-rated comedy of all time in Japan.[25] It then had its fourth consecutive weekend at No. 1, drawing another $3 million at 354 locations in the country.[26] Its cumulative total stands at $44 million grossed.[27]

text: Ted debuted with $14.3 million in the United Kingdom, making it the third-best debut ever for a Universal film behind Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason and King Kong,[28] eventually grossing over $48.9 million in the country. Ted was released in cinemas across the United Kingdom on August 3.[22]

text: The film had a $7.4 million launch in Germany,[28] holding #1 spot for three-straight weeks,[29] eventually grossing over $31.4 million.[22]

text: In Spain, it opened with $2.3 million, which is the highest ever for an original R-rated comedy there,[30] eventually grossing over $14.3 million.[22]

text: The film also had the best Hollywood comedy debut ever in Russia, grossing $5.5 million,[28] eventually grossing $17 million.[22]

text: Ted spent its first 4 weeks atop the weekend box office in both the Netherlands,[31] and Austria,[32] eventually grossing $8.4 million, and $6.2 million in those countries respectively.[22] The movie also opened at No. 1 in Belgium, with $587,000, eventually grossing $4.4 million.[22]

text: In Italy, the film had a second place start, grossing $3.3 million in its opening weekend there,[33] moving up to no. 1 on its second week, with $4.2 million grossed.[34] It has since grossed $14.1 million there.[22]

text: In France, the film debuted at No. 2, grossing $3 million in 348 theatres during its opening weekend,[35] eventually grossing $11.5 million in the country.[22]

text: Ted earned $2.6 million in midnight showings in the United States and Canada.[36] For its opening day, Ted scored one of the best R-rated comedy debuts ever since The Hangover with an estimated $20.2 million.[1][37] The film earned a total of $54.4 million in its opening weekend, well over second-place R-rated Magic Mike's $39.2 million.[38] Its overall weekend gross set a record for the highest original R-rated comedy opening in history.[39] It was the first time two R-rated films grossed more than $21 million each during a weekend.[40]

text: In Mexico, the film debuted in first place with $2.1 million,[19] grossing $13.4 million.[22]

text: Ted also debuted at #1 in Australia and New Zealand, grossing over $35.5 million and $3.5 million respectively.[22] Its $13.1 million opening in Australia, of which $4.5 million were from previews, was Universal's biggest opening ever in the country.[20] In Australia, Ted was rated MA 15+,[41] whereas in New Zealand, it was rated R13 for its theatrical release and R16 for the DVD/Blu-ray release.

text: In Brazil, the film opened with $1.4 million at 273 sites,[42] moving up to 1st place in the country on its third week of release.[43] It has since grossed $8.8 million there.[22]

text: The film also grossed $4.6 million in Argentina, 2 million in Chile, 1.9 million in Peru, and 1.7 million in Colombia.[22]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 67% based on 209 reviews with an average rating of 6.4/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Ted's "romance versus bromance" plot is familiar, but the film's held aloft by the high-concept central premise and a very funny (albeit inconsistent) script."[44] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 62 out of 100 based on 37 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[45] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A-" on an A+ to F scale.[46]

text: Roger Ebert gave the film three-and-a-half stars out of four, citing the film as "the best comedy screenplay so far [this year]," also praising the film on the fact that it "doesn't run out of steam."[47]

text: Nathan Rabin of The A.V. Club gave the film a "B" grade.[48] Brent McNight of Beyond Hollywood commented on the jokes: "Some of these jokes hit, some jokes miss."[49] On the other hand, A. O. Scott of The New York Times called Ted "boring, lazy and wildly unoriginal."[50]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
List of awards and nominations

Award / Film Festival
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

Teen Choice Award
(2012)
Choice Summer Movie: Comedy
Ted
Nominated
[51]

Choice Movie: Voice
Seth MacFarlane as Ted
Nominated

Choice Movie: Chemistry
Seth MacFarlane and Mark Wahlberg
Nominated

International Film Music Critics Association Award
(2012)
Best Original Score for a Comedy Film
Walter Murphy
Won
[52]

Phoenix Film Critics Society Award
(2012)
Breakthrough Performance Behind the Camera
Seth MacFarlane
Nominated
[53]

Jupiter Award
(2012)
Best International Film
Seth MacFarlane
Won
[54]

St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Award
(2012)
Best Comedy
Ted
Won
[55]

People's Choice Award
(39th)
Favorite Comedy Movie
Ted
Won
[56]

Favorite Movie Actress
Mila Kunis
Nominated

Favorite Comedic Movie Actress
Mila Kunis
Nominated

Critics' Choice Movie Award
(18th)
Best Comedy
Ted
Nominated
[57]

Best Actor in a Comedy
Mark Wahlberg
Nominated

Best Actress in a Comedy
Mila Kunis
Nominated

American Cinema Editor Award
(2012)
Best Edited Feature Film – Comedy or Musical
Jeff Freeman
Nominated
[58]

Georgia Film Critics Association Award
(2013)
Best Original Song
"Everybody Needs a Best Friend" — Seth MacFarlane and Walter Murphy
Nominated
[59]

Academy Award
(85th)
Best Original Song
"Everybody Needs a Best Friend" — Seth MacFarlane and Walter Murphy
Nominated
[60]

Empire Award
(18th)
Best Comedy
Ted
Won
[61]

MTV Movie Award
(2013)
Movie of the Year
Ted
Nominated
[62]

Best Female Performance
Mila Kunis
Nominated

Best Shirtless Performance
Seth MacFarlane
Nominated

Best Kiss
Mila Kunis and Mark Wahlberg
Nominated

Best Fight
Seth MacFarlane and Mark Wahlberg
Nominated

Best On-Screen Duo
Seth MacFarlane and Mark Wahlberg
Won

Best WTF Moment
Seth MacFarlane
Nominated

Saturn Award
(39th)
Best Fantasy Film
Ted
Nominated
[63]

ASCAP Award
(2013)
Top Box Office Films
Seth MacFarlane and Walter Murphy
Won
[64]

Spike Guy's Choice Award
(2012/2013)
Guy Movie of the Year
Ted
Won
[65]

Best Fight Scene
Mark Wahlberg
Won

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray in the United States on December 11, 2012 by Universal Studios Home Entertainment. Both formats featured an unrated version of the film (112 minutes) and were also released in Australia on November 21, 2012, in an "Extended Edition".[66] It was released on DVD and Blu-ray in the United Kingdom on November 26, 2012.

text: On May 3, 2016, Ted vs. Flash Gordon: The Ultimate Collection was released on Blu-ray plus Digital HD, featuring Flash Gordon and the unrated versions of Ted and Ted 2.[67]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: During the 2012 American Dad! Comic-Con panel, MacFarlane stated that he would be open to a sequel to Ted.[68] In September 2012, chief executive Steve Burke said that the studio would be looking to make a sequel to Ted "as soon as possible".[69]

text: On Anderson Live, Wahlberg confirmed that a sequel was in the works and that it would be the first sequel in his career, while also revealing that he and Ted (as voiced by MacFarlane) would appear at the 85th Academy Awards.[70]

text: In February 2014, Deadline reported that Amanda Seyfried had been cast as the female lead, and that Kunis would not return.[71] On July 8, MacFarlane announced that work had officially begun on the sequel.[72] Ted 2 was released in the US on June 26, 2015.[73]


document_title: List of largest buildings

question_text: which is the biggest building of the world

text: List of largest buildings

text: Largest usable volume[edit]

text:
Boeing's Everett factory seen in 2011

Aerium, Germany

The interior of the Tropical Islands Dome in Brandenburg

text: This list ranks the buildings throughout the world with the largest usable space, sorted by volume.

text:
Name

Country

Place

Floor area

Volume

Description

Source

1

Boeing Everett Factory

 United States

Everett, Washington

398,000 m2 (4,280,000 sq ft)

13.3 million m3 (472 million cu ft)

Boeing's assembly site for a selection of the company's largest aircraft, originally built for construction of the 747.

[2]

2

Great Mosque of Mecca

 Saudi Arabia

Hijaz-Saudi Arabia

356,000 m2 (3,830,000 sq ft)

8 million m3 (282 million cu ft)
(Approximate)

The largest mosque in the world, the most sacred place for the Muslims, and surrounds Islam's holiest place, the Kaaba.

[3][4]

3

Jean-Luc Lagardère Plant

 France

Toulouse-Blagnac

122,500 m2 (1,319,000 sq ft)

5.6 million m3 (199 million cu ft)

The assembly hall of the Airbus A380, the world's largest airliner.

[5]

4

Boeing Composite Wing Center

 United States

Everett, Washington

111,500 m2 (1,200,000 sq ft)

3.7 million m3 (131 million foot3)

Boeing's assembly site for the production of composite wings for the 777-8 and 777-9

[6]

5

Aerium

 Germany

Halbe, Brandenburg

70,000 m2 (750,000 sq ft)

5.2 million m3 (184 million cu ft)

A hangar originally intended to house the construction of a giant airship, this building now houses an indoor theme park, called Tropical Islands Resort.

[7]

6

Meyer Werft Dockhalle 2

 Germany

Papenburg, Niedersachsen

63,000 m2 (680,000 sq ft)

4.72 million m3 (167 million cu ft)

Dry dock for construction of cruise ships.

[8]

7

NASA Vehicle Assembly Building

 United States

Brevard County, Florida

32,374 m2 (348,470 sq ft)

3.66 million m3 (130 million cu ft)

Originally built to enable simultaneous assembly and shelter for four Saturn V rockets.

[9]

8

The O2

 United Kingdom

London

104,634 m2 (1,126,270 sq ft)

2.79 million m3 (98.6 million cu ft)

An exhibition centre designed for the millennium and converted into an entertainment centre.

[10]

9

Tesco Ireland Distribution Centre

 Ireland

Donabate, Fingal

80,194 m2 (863,200 sq ft)

1.55 million m3 (54.83 million cu ft)

Large dry grocery distribution centre near Dublin. Opened in 2007 at a cost of €70 million.

[11][12]
[13][14]

10

Target Import Warehouse

 United States

Savannah, Georgia

187,664 m2 (2,020,000 sq ft)

1.5 million m3 (16.2 million cu ft)

Built to distribute imported product to internal Target distribution centers.

11

Austal USA (Module Manufacturing Facility)

 United States

Mobile, Alabama

68,250 m2 (734,600 sq ft)

1.365 million m3 (48.204 million cu ft)

The facility is capable of constructing six large aluminium vessels such as the US Navy’s Littoral Combat Ship (LCS) and/or Joint High Speed Vessel (JHSV) per year.

[15]

12

Hanover Fairground (Halls 3–9)

 Germany

Hannover, Niedersachsen

114,535 m2

1.15 million m3

Largest exhibition ground in the world with 27 halls. Halls 1–2 and 10–27 are in separate adjacent buildings.

[16]

13

National Exhibition Centre (Halls 1-5)

 United Kingdom

Birmingham, West Midlands

186,000 m2

1.14 million m3

Large exhibition centre southeast of Birmingham. Halls 6-20 are in a separate building.

[17]

14

2800 Polar Way

 United States

Richland, Washington

46,929 m2 (505,140 sq ft)

1.029 million m3 (36.241 million cu ft)

A 35 metre (116 ft) tall refrigerated warehouse completed in July 2015.

[18][19][20][21]

15

Hangar One

 United States

Moffett Federal Airfield, Mountain View

32,375 m2 (348,480 sq ft)

1 million m3 (35 million cu ft)

A naval airship hangar opened in 1933 as the hangar for the rigid airship USS Macon. The hangar measures 345 m (1,133 feet) long, 94 m (308 feet) wide, with a peak of 60 m (198 feet) high.

[22]

text: Largest footprint[edit]

text: This list ranks the buildings throughout the world with the largest footprint on the ground.

text:
Name

Country

Place

Footprint

Length × width

Description

Map

1

Aalsmeer Flower Auction Building

 Netherlands
Aalsmeer

518,000 m2

740 m x 700 m

The auction building of the flower auction in Aalsmeer.

[23]

2

The Dubai Mall
 United Arab Emirates

Dubai

500,000 m2 (5,400,000 sq ft)

3

Tesla Factory

 United States
Fremont, California

427,354 m2 (4,600,000 sq ft)

Automobile production facility of Tesla Motors.[24]

4

Boeing Everett Factory

 United States
Everett, Washington

398,000 m2

900 m x 495 m

Boeing's assembly site for a selection of the company's largest aircraft, originally built for construction of the 747.

[25]

5

Daikin Texas Technology Park

 United States

Waller, Texas

393,000 m2
(4.23 million sq ft)

Factory and distribution center for heating and air conditioning products

[26] [27]

6

Michelin Distribution Center

 United States

Spartanburg, South Carolina

371,612 m2
(4 million sq ft)

336 m x 1097 m

Michelin's distribution center

[28]

7

Great Mosque of Mecca

 Saudi Arabia
Hijaz-Saudi Arabia

356,000  m2 (4,300,000 sq ft)

The most sacred place for the Muslims, and surrounds Islam's holiest place, the Kaaba.

[3][4]

8

Nike - North America Logistics Center

 United States
Memphis, Tennessee

260,000 m2
(2.8 million sq ft)

Nike's distribution center.

[29][30]

9

John Deere North American Parts Distribution Center

 United States
Milan, Illinois

246,000 m2 (2,650,000 sq ft)

Distribution warehouse for John Deere parts.[31]

[32]

10

Rivian Automotive Assembly Plant

 United States
Normal, Illinois

220,000 m2

920 m x 200 m

As of 2017, the company planned for this plant to be the primary North American location for Rivian's manufacturing.

[33]

11

Indonesia Convention Exhibition

 Indonesia
Bumi Serpong Damai

220,000 m2

The biggest and most spacious exhibition, convention and entertainment center in Indonesia, spanning a total area of over 220,000 square meters. It has 10 exhibition halls, a convention hall, outdoor exhibition space, pre-function lobby, and 33 meeting, with parking capacity of up to 5,000 cars.[34]

[35]

12

Belvidere Assembly Plant

 United States
Belvidere, Illinois

210,000 m2

700 m x 300 m

Assembles the Jeep Cherokee.

[36]

13

New Century Global Center

 China
Chengdu

200,000 m2

500 m x 400 m

"The Global Center will be home to business offices, hotels, theaters, high-end shopping malls, a faux Mediterranean village, family-themed attractions, university complexes and more."[37]

[38]

14

Tesla Gigafactory 1

 USA
Storey County, Nevada

200,000 m2 (1.9 million sq ft)

500 m x 400 m

Lithium-ion battery factory

[39]

15

NASA Michoud Assembly Facility

 United States
New Orleans, Louisiana

174,000 m2

735 m x 410 m

Used for manufacture of Curtiss-Wright C-76 Caravan cargo aircraft, engines for Sherman tank & Patton tank, S-IB & S-IC stages for Saturn rocket, Space Shuttle External Tank.

[40]

16

Target Import Warehouse

 United States
Lacey, Washington

159,000 m2

1,060 m x 150 m

Built to distribute imported product to internal Target distribution centers

[41]

17

Parliament House, Canberra

 Australia
Canberra

156,910 m2

442 m x 355 m

Parliament building of the Commonwealth of Australia

18

Temple Mount

 Israel
Jerusalem

144,000 m2

480 m x 300 m

Site of Jewish Temple expanded by King Herod in 1st century BC

19

Faurecia Saline Plant

 United States
Saline,Michigan

143,000 m2

Faurecia Interiors Systems

20

Jean-Luc Lagardère Plant

 France
Toulouse-Blagnac

122,500 m2

470 m x 270 m

The assembly hall of the Airbus A380, the world's largest airliner

[42]

21

Evrolend shop mall

 Russia
Ivanovo

117,800 m2 (1,268,000 sq ft)

581.5 × 202.5 m

Built in 1960s to textile industrial combine

[43]

22

Amazon Distribution Center

 United States
Schertz, Texas

117,450 m2 (1,264,200 sq ft)

675 m x 174 m

Built to distribute products to Amazon customers

23

Lauma Fabrics

 Latvia
Liepāja, Latvia

115,645 m2 (1,244,790 sq ft)

229 m x 505 m

Lauma Fabrics is a manufacturing company which produces raw materials for lingerie production.

[44]

24

AMES Distribution Center

 United States
Carlisle, Pennsylvania

113,177 m2 (1,218,230 sq ft)

617 m x 183 m

Distributes products for The AMES Companies, Inc.

[45]

25

The O2

 United Kingdom
London

104,634 m2 (1,126,270 sq ft)

365 m diameter

An exhibition and entertainment centre.

26

amazon.de Logistics Centre

 Germany
Bad Hersfeld, Hessen

89,380 m2 (962,100 sq ft)

410 m x 218 m

Logistics center and warehouse for amazon.de.

[46]

text: Largest floor area[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: This list ranks the top buildings throughout the world with the largest amount of floor area.

text:
#

Name

Country

Place

Floor area

Source/notes

1

New Century Global Center

 China
Chengdu

1,760,000 m2 (18,900,000 sq ft)

[47][48]

2

Dubai International Airport Terminal 3

 United Arab Emirates
Dubai

1,713,000 m2 (18,440,000 sq ft)

[1]

3

Abraj Al-Bait Endowment

 Saudi Arabia
Mecca

1,575,815 m2 (16,961,930 sq ft)

[49]

4

CentralWorld

 Thailand
Bangkok

1,024,000 m2 (11,020,000 sq ft)

[citation needed]

5

Aalsmeer Flower Auction

 Netherlands
Aalsmeer

990,000 m2 (10,700,000 sq ft)

[50]

6

Beijing Capital International Airport Terminal 3

 China
Beijing

986,000 m2 (10,610,000 sq ft)

[51]

7

The Venetian Macao

 China
Macau

980,000 m2 (10,500,000 sq ft)

[52]

8

Sands Cotai Central

 China
Macau

890,000 m2 (9,600,000 sq ft)

[53]

9

Ciputra World Surabaya

 Indonesia
Surabaya

750,000 m2 (8,100,000 sq ft)

[54]

10

Berjaya Times Square

 Malaysia
Kuala Lumpur

700,000 m2 (7,500,000 sq ft)

[55]

11

Central Park Jakarta Complex

 Indonesia
Jakarta

660,000 m2 (7,100,000 sq ft)

[56]

12

Perpa Trade Center

 Turkey
Istanbul

660,000m2 (7,100,000 sq ft)

[57]

=13

Kemang Village

 Indonesia
Jakarta

650,000 m2 (7,000,000 sq ft)

[58]

=13

Gandaria City

 Indonesia
Jakarta

650,000 m2 (7,000,000 sq ft)

[59]

15

The Palazzo

 United States
Las Vegas

645,581 m2 (6,948,980 sq ft)

[60]

16

Grand Indonesia

 Indonesia
Jakarta

640,000 m2 (6,900,000 sq ft)

[citation needed]

17

The Pentagon

 United States
Arlington County

610,000 m2 (6,600,000 sq ft)

[61][62]

18

K-25

 United States
Oak Ridge

609,000 m2 (6,560,000 sq ft)

Demolished by the end of 2013.[63]

19

United States Air Force Plant 4

 United States
Fort Worth

603,870 m2 (6,500,000 sq ft)

[64]

20

Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

 Netherlands
Amsterdam

650,000 m2 (7,000,000 sq ft)

[65]

21

Hamad International Airport

 Qatar
Doha

600,000 m2 (6,500,000 sq ft)

[66]

22

Ciputra World 1 Complex

 Indonesia
Jakarta

583,000 m2 (6,280,000 sq ft)

[67]

23

Marina Bay Sands

 Singapore
Singapore

581,400 m2 (6,258,000 sq ft)

[68]

24

Keangnam Hanoi Landmark Tower

 Vietnam
Vietnam

580,000 m2 (6,200,000 sq ft)

[citation needed]

25

Hong Kong International Airport Terminal 1

 China
Hong Kong

570,000 m2 (6,100,000 sq ft)

[69]

26

Suvarnabhumi Airport

 Thailand
Samut Prakan

563,000 m2 (6,060,000 sq ft)

[70]

27

ATL Logistics Centre, Centre B

 China
China

550,000 m2 (5,900,000 sq ft)

[71]

28

Barcelona Airport Terminal 1

 Spain
Barcelona

546,000 m2 (5,880,000 sq ft)

[72]

29

Mexico City International Airport Terminal 1

 Mexico
Mexico City

544,000 m2 (5,860,000 sq ft)

[citation needed]

30

Osaka Station City[citation needed]

 Japan
Umeda, Osaka

530,000 m2 (5,700,000 sq ft)

[citation needed]

31

Renaissance Center

 United States
Detroit

515,000 m2 (5,540,000 sq ft)

[73][74]

32

Indira Gandhi International Airport Terminal 3

 India
Delhi

502,000 m2 (5,400,000 sq ft)

[75]

33

Siam Paragon

 Thailand
Bangkok

500,000 m2 (5,400,000 sq ft)

[76]

34

Incheon International Airport

 South Korea
Seoul

496,000 m2 (5,340,000 sq ft)

[77]

35

Chrysler Headquarters and Technology Center

 United States
Auburn Hills, Michigan

490,000 m2 (5,300,000 sq ft)

[78]

36

Barajas Airport Terminal 4 main building

 Spain
Madrid

470,000 m2 (5,100,000 sq ft)

[citation needed]

37

Toronto Pearson International Airport Terminal 1

 Canada
Mississauga

346,000 m2 (3,720,000 sq ft)

[79]

38

Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport Terminal 2

 India
Mumbai

450,000 m2 (4,800,000 sq ft)

[citation needed]

39

Persian Gulf Complex (Persian: مجتمع خلیج فارس, mojtama'e Khalij-e Fars)

 Iran
Shiraz

444,000 m2 (4,780,000 sq ft)

[80]

40

Narita International Airport Terminal 1

 Japan
Narita

440,000 m2 (4,700,000 sq ft)

[81]

41

Soekarno–Hatta International Airport Terminal 3

 Indonesia
Tangerang

422,804 m2 (4,551,020 sq ft)

[82]

42

Mid Valley Megamall

 Malaysia
Kuala Lumpur

420,000 m2 (4,500,000 sq ft)

[83]

43

Willis Tower

 United States
Chicago

418,000 m2 (4,500,000 sq ft)

[84]

44

USAA McDermott Building

 United States
San Antonio

414,642 m2 (4,463,170 sq ft)

[85]

45

Taipei 101

 Taiwan
Taipei

412,500 m2 (4,440,000 sq ft)

[86]

46

Nagoya Station

 Japan
Nagoya

410,000 m2 (4,400,000 sq ft)

[87]

47

Boeing Plant

 United States
Everett

398,000 m2 (4,280,000 sq ft)

[2]

48

Yokohama Landmark Tower

 Japan
Yokohama

392,885 m2 (4,228,980 sq ft)

[88]

49

Sands Infinit - IT/ITES office space in Smart city

 India
Kochi

390,192 m2 (4,199,990 sq ft)

[89]

50

CCTV Headquarters

 China
Beijing

389,079 m2 (4,188,010 sq ft)

[90]

text: Special categories[edit]

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: This list of special categories includes a variety of buildings which are the largest of their type.

text:
Type of building

Name

Country

Place

Floor area

Volume

Department store

Shinsegae Centum City[91]

 South Korea
Busan

509,810 m2 (5,487,500 sq ft)

Industrial building

Boeing Everett Factory

 United States
Everett, Washington

398,000 m2 (4.3 million sq ft)

13.3 million m3 (472 million cubic ft)

Legislature building

Palace of the Parliament[92]

 Romania
Bucharest

365,000 m2 (3.93 million sq ft)

2.55 million m3 (90 million cu ft)

Bus depot

Millennium Park Bus Depot

 India
Delhi

305,265 m2 (3.6 million sq ft)

Courthouse

Istanbul Çağlayan Justice Palace

 Turkey
Istanbul

300,000 m2 (3.0 million sq ft)

Bus terminal

Tel Aviv Central Bus Station

 Israel
Tel Aviv

230,000 m2 (2.5 million sq ft)

Museum

Louvre Museum (Musée du Louvre)

 France
Paris

210,000 m2 (2,260,421 sq ft)

Current royal residence

Istana Nurul Iman

 Brunei
Bandar Seri Begawan

200,000 m2 (2,152,782 sq ft)

Royal palace

Royal Palace of Caserta

 Italy
Caserta

235,000 m2 (2,529,519 sq ft)

2 million m3 (70 million cu ft)

Shipbuilding hall

Meyer Werft Dockhalle 2

 Germany
Papenburg

63,000 m2 (678,000 sq ft)

4.72 million m3 (167 million cu ft)

Hemispherical building

Ericsson Globe[93]

 Sweden
Stockholm

600,000 m3 (21 million cu ft)


document_title: St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle

question_text: who is buried in the aisle of st george's chapel

question_tokens: who is buried in the aisle of st george 's chapel

text: St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle

text: History[edit]

text: In 1348, King Edward III founded two new religious colleges: St Stephen's at Westminster and St George's at Windsor. The new college at Windsor was attached to the Chapel of St Edward the Confessor which had been constructed by Henry III in the early thirteenth century. The chapel was then rededicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary, Edward the Confessor and George the Martyr. Edward III also built the Aerary Porch in 1353–54. It was used as the entrance to the new college.

text: St George's Chapel became the Mother Church of the Order of the Garter, and a special service is still held in the chapel every June and is attended by the members of the order. Their heraldic banners hang above the upper stalls of the choir where they have a seat for life.

text: The period 1475–1528 saw a radical redevelopment of St George's Chapel under the designs of King Henry VII's most prized counsellor Sir Reginald Bray (later Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster), set in motion by Edward IV and continued by Henry VII and Henry VIII. The thirteenth-century Chapel of Edward the Confessor was expanded into a huge new Cathedral-like chapel under the supervision of Richard Beauchamp, Bishop of Salisbury, and the direction of the master mason Henry Janyns. The Horseshoe Cloister was constructed for the new community of 45 junior members: 16 vicars, a deacon gospeller, 13 lay clerks, 2 clerks epistoler and 13 choristers. The choristers of St George's Chapel are still in existence to this day, although the total number is not fixed and is nearer to 20. The choristers are educated at St George's School, Windsor Castle. They are full boarders at the school.  In term time they attend practice in the castle every morning and sing Matins and Eucharist on Sundays and sing Evensong throughout the entire week, with the exception of Wednesdays.

text: St George's Chapel was a popular destination for pilgrims during the late medieval period. The chapel was purported to contain several important relics: the bodies of John Schorne and Henry VI and a fragment of the True Cross held in a reliquary called the Cross of Gneth. These relics all appear to have been displayed at the east end of the south choir aisle.

text: The Chapel suffered a great deal of destruction during the English Civil War. Parliamentary forces broke into and plundered the chapel and treasury on 23 October 1642. Further pillaging occurred in 1643 when the fifteenth-century chapter house was destroyed, lead was stripped off the chapel roofs, and elements of Henry VIII's unfinished funeral monument were stolen. Following his execution in 1649, Charles I was buried in a small vault in the centre of the choir at St George's Chapel which also contained the coffins of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour. A programme of repair was undertaken at St George's Chapel following the Restoration of the monarchy.

text: The reign of Queen Victoria saw further changes made to the architecture of the chapel. The east end of the choir was reworked in devotion to Prince Albert; the Lady Chapel, which had been abandoned by Henry VII, was completed; a royal mausoleum was completed underneath the Lady Chapel; and a set of steps were built at the west end of the chapel to create a ceremonial entrance to the building.  In the 21st century, St George's accommodates approximately 800 persons for services and events.[1]

text: Queen's Beasts[edit]

text: On the roof of the chapel, standing on the pinnacles, and also on pinnacles on the sides, are seventy-six heraldic statues representing the Queen's  Beasts, showing the Royal supporters of England. They represent fourteen of the heraldic animals: the lion of England, the red dragon of Wales, the panther of Jane Seymour, the falcon of York, the black bull of Clarence, the yale of Beaufort, the white lion of Mortimer, the greyhound of Richmond, the white hart of Richard II, the collared silver antelope of Bohun, the black dragon of Ulster, the white swan of Hereford, the unicorn of Edward III and the golden hind of Kent.[2]

text: The original beasts dated from the sixteenth century, but were removed in 1682 on the advice of Sir Christopher Wren. Wren had condemned the Reigate stone, the calcareous sandstone of which they were constructed. The present statues date from 1925, when the chapel was restored.[3][4]

text: Order of the Garter[edit]

text: Garter Service[edit]

text: Members of the Order of the Garter meet at Windsor Castle every June for the annual Garter Service. After lunch in the State Apartments in the Upper Ward of the Castle they process on foot, wearing their robes and insignia, down to St George's Chapel where the service is held. If any new members have been admitted to the Order they are installed at the service. After the service, the members of the order return to the Upper Ward by carriage or car.

text: The Order formerly had frequent services at the chapel, but, after becoming infrequent in the 18th century, they were discontinued in 1805. The ceremony was revived in 1948 by King George VI for the 600th anniversary of the founding of the Order, and has since become an annual event.

text: Heraldry[edit]

text: After their installation, members are each assigned a stall in the chapel choir above which his or her heraldic devices are displayed.

text: A member's sword is placed below a helm which is decorated with a mantling and topped by a crest, coronet or crown. Above this, a member's heraldic banner is flown emblazoned with his or her arms. A Garter stall plate, a small elaborately enamelled plate of brass, is affixed to the back of the stall displaying its member's name and arms with other inscriptions.

text: On a member's death, the sword, helm, mantling, crest, coronet or crown, and banner are removed. A ceremony marking the death of the late member must be held before the stall can be assigned to anyone else. This ceremony takes place in the chapel, during which the Military Knights of Windsor carry the banner of the deceased member and offer it to the Dean of Windsor, who places it on the altar.

text: The stall plates, however, are not removed; rather, they remain permanently affixed somewhere about the stall, so the stalls of the chapel are festooned with a colourful record of the members throughout history.

text: Chantries[edit]

text: St George's Windsor is among the most important and ambitious medieval chantry foundations to have survived in England. The college, itself a medieval chantry, also contains a number of independent chantries in the form of altars and small chapels dedicated to various members of the English monarchy and also to a number of prominent courtiers, deans and canons. Masses, the Office and prayers would be offered in these chantries for the good of the founder. Henry VIII had intended a chantry to be set up in the chapel, despite the fact that he instituted the religious changes which brought about the Reformation in England and the eventual suppression of chantries.

text: The much-admired iron gates in the sanctuary of the chapel as well as the locks on the doors of the chapel are the work of the medieval Cornish metalsmith John Tresilian.[5] The status of the college as a royal foundation saved it from dissolution at the Reformation. As a result, many of the smaller chantries within the chapel were preserved. These are the only remaining chantries of their kind in England which have never formally been suppressed.

text: Rutland Chantry[edit]

text: The Rutland Chantry, forming the northern transept of St George's Chapel, was founded in 1491 to honour Sir Thomas St Leger (c.1440–1483) and Anne of York, Duchess of Exeter (1439–1476)[6]; Sir Thomas was Anne's second husband. She was the eldest surviving daughter of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York, and thus elder sister of kings Edward IV (1442–1483, reigned 1461–1483) and Richard III (1452–1485, reigned 1483–1485). A monumental brass in memory of Anne of York and Sir Thomas survives on the east wall of the Rutland Chantry, the inscription of which records that the chantry was founded "with two priests singing forevermore":

text: "Wythin thys Chappell lyethe beryed Anne Duchess of Exetur suster unto the noble kyng Edward the forte. And also the body of syr Thomas Sellynger knyght her husband which hathe funde within thys College a Chauntre with too prestys sy’gyng for ev’more. On whose soule god have mercy. The wych Anne duchess dyed in the yere of oure lorde M Thowsande CCCCl xxv"

text: The chantry received its current name in honour of the earls of Rutland, descendants of Anne and Sir Thomas; their daughter, also named Anne, married George Manners, 11th Baron de Ros and gave birth to Thomas Manners, 1st Earl of Rutland. The tomb of George and Anne Manners is a prominent feature of the chantry; their effigies are carved in English alabaster.[6]

text: Weddings[edit]

text: The chapel has been the site of many royal weddings, particularly of the children of Queen Victoria. These weddings include:

text:
Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, and Princess Alexandra of Denmark in 1863 (later King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra respectively)
Princess Helena and Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg in 1866
Princess Louise and the Marquess of Lorne (later Duke of Argyll) in 1871
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn and Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia in 1879
Princess Frederica of Hanover and Luitbert von Pawel Rammingen in 1880
Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany and Princess Helena of Waldeck and Pyrmont in 1882
Princess Marie Louise of Schleswig-Holstein and Prince Aribert of Anhalt in 1891
Princess Alice of Albany and Prince Alexander of Teck (later Earl of Athlone) in 1904
Princess Margaret of Connaught and Prince Gustaf Adolf of Sweden (later King of Sweden) in 1905
Lady Helena Cambridge and Major John Gibbs, Coldstream Guards in 1919
Anne Abel Smith and David Liddell-Grainger in 1957
Lady Helen Windsor and Timothy Taylor in 1992
The wedding of Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex, and Sophie Rhys-Jones in 1999
The union of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Camilla Parker Bowles in 2005 received a blessing from the Archbishop of Canterbury
Peter Phillips and Autumn Kelly in 2008
Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex, and Meghan, Duchess of Sussex on 19 May 2018[7]
The forthcoming wedding of Princess Eugenie of York and Jack Brooksbank on 12 October 2018

text: Burials[edit]

text: The chapel has been the site of many royal funerals and interments. Persons interred here include:

text: Altar[edit]

text:
George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Bedford, on 22 March 1479
Mary of York, in 1482
Edward IV, King of England (1461–1470; 1471–1483), in 1483
Henry VI, King of England (1422–1461; 1470–1471), reburied from Chertsey Abbey in 1484
the coffins of two unidentified children suggested to be the Princes in the Tower
Elizabeth Woodville, wife of Edward IV (1464–1483), on 12 June 1492
Edward VII, King of the United Kingdom (1901–1910), on 20 May 1910
Alexandra of Denmark, wife of Edward VII (1863–1910), on 28 November 1925

text: Quire[edit]

text:
Jane Seymour, Queen of England, in 1537
Henry VIII, King of England and Ireland, in 1547
Charles I, King of England, Scotland and Ireland, in 1649
Stillborn son of Queen Anne (last monarch of the House of Stuart), in 1698.

text: Royal Vault[edit]

text:
Princess Amelia of the United Kingdom in 1810
Princess Augusta, Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel in 1813
Princess Charlotte of Wales in 1817
Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Queen of the United Kingdom, in 1818
George III, King of the United Kingdom, in 1820
Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn in 1820
Princess Elizabeth of Clarence in 1821
Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany in 1827
George IV, King of the United Kingdom, in 1830
William IV, King of the United Kingdom, in 1837
Princess Augusta Sophia of the United Kingdom in 1840
Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen, Queen of the United Kingdom, in 1849
Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge (1774–1850) (reburial) in 1930
George V, King of Hanover, in 1878
Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel (1797–1889) (reburial) in 1930
Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge in 1897
Francis, Duke of Teck in 1900

text: Near West Door[edit]

text:
George V, King of the United Kingdom, in 1936
Mary of Teck, Queen of the United Kingdom, in 1953

text: King George VI Memorial Chapel[edit]

text: George VI, King of the United Kingdom, died 1952. Interred 26 March 1969 following its construction.[8]

text:
Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon (ashes), in 2002
Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, Queen Mother of the United Kingdom, in 2002

text: Albert Memorial Chapel[edit]

text:
Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany, in 1884
Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence, in 1892

text: Gloucester Vault[edit]

text:
Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh, in 1805
Maria, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh, in 1807
Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh, in 1834
Princess Sophia of Gloucester, in 1844
Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh, in 1857[9]

text: Other[edit]

text:
William, 1st Baron Hastings (1431–1483), a nobleman and close friend of King Edward IV; in the north aisle of St George's Chapel, next to Edward IV.
Anne St. Leger (1476 – 21 May 1526) and her husband George Manners, 11th Baron de Ros (22 August 1465 – 23 October 1513) in the private Rutland Chapel[10]
Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, in 1545
Christopher Villiers, 1st Earl of Anglesey, in 1631
Henry Somerset, 1st Duke of Beaufort (1629–1700) and his ancestors in the private Beaufort Chapel; the original monument by Grinling Gibbons was moved to St Michael and All Angels Church, Badminton, in 1878.
Very Revd Dr Penyston Booth (1681–1765), Dean of Windsor
Dejazmatch Alemayehu Tewodros, son of Emperor Tewodros II of Ethiopia, on 21 November 1879

text: In media[edit]

text:
Wenceslaus Hollar. View and Ground Plan of St. George's Chapel, Windsor ca. 1671.[11][12][13]
John Henry Le Keux. St.Georges Chapel, Windsor. Ground Plan 1810. Engraved after a plan by F.Mackenzie, published in Britton's Architectural antiquities of Great Britain, 1807. Copper engraved antique plan.[14][15]