document_title: Touched by an Angel

question_text: who played adam on touched by an angel

question_tokens: who played adam on touched by an angel

text: Touched by an Angel

text: Plot[edit]

text: The episodes of the series generally revolved around the "cases" of Monica (played by Roma Downey), a young angel recently promoted from the "search and rescue" division, who works under the guidance of Tess (played by Della Reese), a sarcastic boss who showed greater respect as an authority figure of her employee, and is more of a surrogate mother, than a mentor. Monica in one episode outlines that she started in the choir then annunciations, followed by search and rescue and then case work. Most cases involve a single person or a group of people who are at a crossroad in their lives and facing a large problem or tough decision. Monica and Tess bring them messages of hope from God and help give them guidance towards making their decision. During their first episode, the pair receive a red 1972 Cadillac Eldorado convertible as a gift; they use it for transportation throughout the rest of the series while in the human world, with Tess doing the driving. As the series progresses, Monica continues gaining experience as a case worker and, during some cases having to learn lessons of her own.

text: During the series pilot, an angel of death named Adam is introduced. In the season two premiere, "Interview with an Angel", the Angel of Death is introduced as Henry. In the season two episode entitled, "The One That Got Away" Andrew (played by John Dye) is introduced as the Angel of Death. (Initially a recurring character, he becomes a main character in season three, making him the permanent Angel of Death for the remainder of the series.)

text:
During season seven, a new angel, Gloria, is sent by God during one of Monica's assignments, who becomes a regular character for seasons eight and nine, as a trainee under Monica and Tess's guidance.
In the series finale, Monica is up for promotion to supervisor, pending the outcome of a difficult case in which she must defend Zack (Scott Bairstow), an innocent drifter accused of causing a boiler explosion at a school two years ago in the small town of Ascension, Colorado. The explosion killed most of the children, leaving the citizens devastated. During the case, Monica sees many familiar faces, including Joey Machulis (Paul Wittenburg), one of Monica's previous assignments who is a witness to the events, his brother Wayne (Randy Travis), who is now sheriff, Sophie (Marion Ross), a formerly homeless acquaintance, and Mike (Patrick Duffy), a lawyer Monica saved during her search and rescue days who is now the Mayor. An out of town developer claims Zack is the perpetrator and despite the lack of evidence, Zack is put on trial. Monica does all she can to help him, including asking Mike to represent him, but the prosecutor in the case, Jones, is really Satan in disguise, and Zack is eventually convicted.

text: After the trial, Monica is able to help the citizens realize their mistake and to see that Zack's return to the town had helped them finally start living again. They begin going back to church, welcomed by the pastor they had once abandoned. Their change of heart, however, cannot free Zack, so Monica visits him in jail and reveals that she is an angel. She then promises him that she will become his guardian angel, forgoing all future assignments and the coveted promotion, to protect him from harm in prison. When she returns in the morning, however, the cell is empty. The citizens decide not to search for him, and it is revealed that Joey inadvertently caused the explosion after the devil tricked him into turning the boiler too high to warm some kittens he'd found.

text: The perplexed Monica returns to the desert to find Tess and Zack. There, she learns that Zack was actually Jesus, and that her defending him was a test, which she passed by being willing to sacrifice herself for him. Monica is promoted to supervisor. As she leaves, she says her goodbyes to Gloria, and to Andrew, who gives her a pocket watch to remember their friendship by. Before parting, Tess gives Monica the keys to the Cadillac, as she is leaving her job to sit at God's feet. Monica is last shown driving away as the camera pans out over the desert.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedNielsen ratings[2]First airedLast airedRankRatingTied with111September 21, 1994 (1994-09-21)March 4, 1995 (1995-03-04)N/AN/AN/A224September 23, 1995 (1995-09-23)May 18, 1996 (1996-05-18)N/AN/AN/A328September 15, 1996 (1996-09-15)May 18, 1997 (1997-05-18)1013.6N/A426September 21, 1997 (1997-09-21)May 17, 1998 (1998-05-17)614.2N/A526September 20, 1998 (1998-09-20)May 23, 1999 (1999-05-23)813.1N/A626September 26, 1999 (1999-09-26)May 21, 2000 (2000-05-21)1011.6N/A725October 15, 2000 (2000-10-15)May 20, 2001 (2001-05-20)229.7Cursed/The Weber ShowNYPD Blue822September 29, 2001 (2001-09-29)May 11, 2002 (2002-05-11)N/AN/AN/A922September 28, 2002 (2002-09-28)April 27, 2003 (2003-04-27)N/AN/AN/A

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Roma Downey as Monica, Tess's young, soft kind-hearted angel, who is sent town-to-town to encourage people. She's the show's main protagonist. She appears in all but two episodes.
Della Reese as Tess, a tough and sarcastic, but loving supervisor who plays a key role in every one of Monica's cases. She's also the show's main protagonist. She appears in all but three episodes.
John Dye as Andrew (seasons 3–9, main; 2, recurring), known as "the Angel of Death". Appeared in 185 episodes.
Valerie Bertinelli as Gloria (seasons 8–9, main; 7, guest), an accident prone intelligent angel made to understand the way of life in the 21st century. Appeared in 45 episodes.

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Alexis Cruz as Rafael, an angel
Paul Winfield as Sam, an archangel
Charles Rocket as Adam, an angel of death
Randy Travis as Wayne Machulis and as Jed Winslow
Wendy Phillips as Claire Greene and as Ruth Ann Russell (in one episode)
Gerald McRaney as Russell Greene and as Dr. Joe Patcherik (in one episode)
Celeste Holm as Hattie Greene
Eddie Karr as Nathaniel Greene
Paul Wittenburg as Joey Machulis
Cloris Leachman as Ruth, an archangel
Ossie Davis as Erasmus Jones and as Gabriel, an archangel
Jasmine Guy as Kathleen, a fallen angel

text: Notable guest stars[edit]

text:
Bruce Altman as Henry, an angel of death
Chris Burke as Taylor, an angel
Bill Cosby as Phil, the Angel of Reconciliation
Barbara Mandrell as Terri Hayman and as Ada Dobbin
David Ogden Stiers as Jones / Satan (in the two-part series finale)
Phylicia Rashad as Elizabeth Jessup
Muhammad Ali as himself (season 5, episode 24)
Maya Angelou as Clarice Mitchell (season 2, episode 7)
Ruby Dee as LaBelle (season 6, episode 10)
Celine Dion as herself (season 5, episode 9)
Marla Gibbs as Millie (season 7, episode 3)
Melissa Joan Hart as Claire Latham (season 2, episode 5)
Wynonna Judd as Audrey Carmichael
Angela Lansbury as Lady Penelope Berrington (season 8, episode 21)
Keb' Mo' as Isaac, the Angel of Music
Joe Morton as Jake Stone and Martin Hunter
Cynthia Nixon as Melina (season 5, episode 20)
Rosa Parks as herself (season 5, episode 23)
Mandy Patinkin as Satan (season 7, episode 23)
Debbie Reynolds as Betty Poplovich (season 8, episode 4)
Sally Ride as herself (season 5, episode 26)
John Schneider as Joshua Winslow / Satan
Mary McDonnell as Sister Theodore (season 8, episode 18)
Luther Vandross as Reggie Hunter (season 8, episode 20)
Montel Williams as Brother David (season 5, episode 20)
Richard Chamberlain as Jack Clay/Everett Clay (season 7, episode 1)
B.B. King as himself (season 2, episode 15)
Dr. John as himself (season 2, episode 15)
Al Hirt as himself (season 2, episode 15)
Ann-Margret as Angela (episode "Millennium")
Rue McClanahan as Amelia Bowthorpe Archibald (Episode "Manny") and Lila Winslow (Episode "Shallow Water")

text: Production[edit]

text: Touched by an Angel was produced by CBS and Moon Water Productions.[3] Most episodes of the series were produced in Salt Lake City, Utah.  According to New York Times reviewer Caryn James, John Masius created the first pilot episode for the series, but it was a darker, less hopeful story than the producers wanted.[4][5] It cost the studio $2 million to produce the episode. Masius wrote the show as a reflection of his spiritual anger at the time at his two children being born disabled.[6] Martha Williamson was approached to be the series executive producer in early 1994. She described the pilot she received as "upsetting" as it "portrayed angels as recycled dead people with power over life and death". She initially declined the position, but during a lunch with Andy Hill, then President of CBS, she mentioned the show and suggested he find a producer who would create a show with "loving, joyful" angels that the audience would have to believe in.[7]

text: Williamson stated that she could not stop thinking about the show after that meeting, and eventually called to ask if the position was still open. Though getting the position was no longer a sure thing, she passed up a more lucrative position directing a court drama and went in for an interview with CBS in June 1994. During her interview, she states she emphasized that she was a Christian and could only do a show that depicted angels in a way she felt was true to her view of angels and that was respectful towards God. She also indicated that the pilot should be redone from the beginning, keeping only the characters Monica and Tess, reworked. The studio agreed with her remarks and hired her.[7] Williamson herself wrote a new script for the pilot episode, while also working on hiring the remaining staff for the series, which was due to premiere in September. The pilot was filmed in Salt Lake City, Utah and the show was ready on schedule. The first episode aired on September 14, 1994.[7]

text: Theme song[edit]

text: The lyrics to the show's theme song, "Walk With You", are sung at the beginning of each episode by Della Reese.

text: Spin-off[edit]

text: In 1996, Promised Land was launched as a spin-off series, following the Greene family whom Monica had met during one of her cases, as they travel the United States helping those in need. Four crossover episodes aired during Promised Land's three-season run.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Awards[edit]

text: The series was nominated for eleven Primetime Emmy Awards between 1997 and 2000, including two nominations each for Downey and Reese in the Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series and Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series categories, respectively.[8][9] It was also nominated for three Golden Globe Awards, two in 1998 and 1999 for Downey for Best Performance by an Actress in a TV-Series - Drama, and one in 1998 for Reese for Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Series [10][11] even though the series was never able to secure either award. Marc Lichtman was awarded five BMI Film and Television Awards for "Television Music" in 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, and 2001 for his work as the series composer.[12][13][14][15][16]

text: Email controversy[edit]

text: A 1999 variation of the "Madalyn Murray O'Hair petition" urban legend, which claims to seek a ban on religious programming, mentioned the show and appeared via e-mail chains despite O'Hair being deceased since 1995 and her original actual religious programming petition to the FCC being rejected in 1975.[17]

text: Critical[edit]

text: Touched by an Angel received mixed reviews from critics but positive reception from audiences. During the show's first season, the show was criticized by some people calling it "syrupy"[18] [19] (earlier reviews were skeptical of the show's first season). [20] Common Sense Media reviewer Emily Ashby gave the show 3 out of 5 stars, who said that "this uplifting, inspirational show is steeped in strong moral messages, life lessons, and Christian overtones that include multiple references to "God," "Lord," and the "Father."[21]

text: The Parents Television Council picked it as one of the best shows for family viewing.[22]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: Maria Bamford imitated Monica on the track "Touched By an Angel" on her Burning Tours album.[23]

text: It was also spoofed on MadTV as "Touched By an Atheist" guest starring comedian George Carlin.[24]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Touched by an Angel became one of CBS's highest-rated series during season three and continued through season six, when it was the ninth most watched network series, with 17,190,000 viewers that amounted to a 15% share of the market as determined by Nielsen Media Research.[25] In season eight, after the series moved from its Sunday time slot to a Saturday one, it dropped to 79th place, with 8.3 million viewers.[26]

text:
Season

Episodes

Time slot (ET)

Season premiere

Season finale

Seasonrank

Viewers(in millions)

1

1994–1995

11

Wednesday at 9:00 pm (Episodes 1-8)Sunday at 8:00 pm (Episode 9)Saturday at 9:00 pm (Episodes 10-11)

September 21, 1994

March 4, 1995

#78

8.90

2

1995–1996

26

Saturday at 9:00 pm

September 23, 1995

May 18, 1996

#34

11.10

3

1996–1997

29

Sunday at 8:00 pm

September 15, 1996

May 18, 1997

#10

13.19[27]

4

1997–1998

26

Sunday at 8:00 pm (Episodes 1-25)Sunday at 9:00 pm (Episode 26)

September 21, 1997

May 17, 1998

#5

21.80[28]

5

1998–1999

27

Sunday at 8:00 pm

September 20, 1998

May 23, 1999

#6

19.50 [29]

6

1999–2000

26

September 26, 1999

May 21, 2000

#9

17.19[30]

7

2000–2001

25

October 15, 2000

May 20, 2001

#25

14.00[31]

8

2001–2002

22

Saturday at 8:00 pm (Episodes 1-10, 12-20, 22)Sunday at 8:00 pm (Episodes 11, 21)

September 29, 2001

May 11, 2002

#79

8.30[32]

9

2002–2003

22

Saturday at 8:00 pm (Episodes 1-21)Sunday at 8:00 pm (Episode 22)

September 28, 2002

April 27, 2003

#91

7.60[33]

text: Media[edit]

text: A book on the series, Touched by an Angel, was published by Zondervan in November 1997. Written by Williams and Robin Sheets, it contains background information on some of the stories featured, series production information, basic details on the first fifty episodes and profiles of Downey, Reese and Dye. It also has short story versions of four episodes: "Interview with an Angel", "There, but for the Grace of God", "An Unexpected Snow" and "Jacob's Ladder".[34] A second book, In the Words of Angels: Twenty Inspiring Stories from Touched By an Angel, was published by Fireside Books on August 28, 2001. Also written by Williams, it collects twenty short stories based on episodes from the series.[35]

text: An audio soundtrack, Touched by an Angel: The Album, was released on November 3, 1998. The 15-track CD includes a full-length version of the series theme song, "Walk With You", performed by Della Reese and songs by Céline Dion, Shawn Colvin, Bob Dylan, Faith Hill, Martina McBride, Amy Grant, Jaci Velasquez, The Kinleys, Wynonna and Amanda Marshall.[36] The soundtrack went platinum.[citation needed] A second album, Touched by an Angel: Christmas Album, was released on November 9, 1999 with 13 tracks of Christmas music. In addition to having tracks performed by Reese and Romey, it features songs from Randy Travis, Keb' Mo', Charlotte Church, Kirk Franklin, Collin Raye, Amy Grant and Donna Summer.[37] Both albums were released by Sony Music Entertainment, the successor to the former record division of CBS.

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: CBS DVD (distributed by Paramount) has released all nine seasons on DVD in Region 1. Seasons 1, 2, 5-9 were released as single season box sets, while seasons 3 & 4 were released as two volume sets.

text: On February 9, 2016, CBS DVD released Touched by an Angel: The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1.[38]

text: Four themed sets, each containing four episodes, have also been released. The first two, "The Inspiration Collection: Holiday" and "The Inspiration Collection: Hope" were released on November 10, 2009;[39] "The Inspiration Collection: Faith" and "The Inspiration Collection: Love" were released January 26, 2010.[40]

text: In Region 4, Shock Records has released five volumes of episodes from the series, each containing nine episodes and a set containing all five volumes together.[41]

text:
DVD name

Ep #

Release date

The Complete First Season

13

August 31, 2004

The Second Season

22

May 3, 2005

The Third Season, Volume 1

16

February 7, 2006

The Third Season, Volume 2

13

November 28, 2006

The Fourth Season, Volume 1

13

March 27, 2007

The Fourth Season, Volume 2

14

December 4, 2007

The Fifth Season

26

July 24, 2012

The Sixth Season

26

September 25, 2012

The Seventh Season

25

April 23, 2013

The Eighth Season

22

July 30, 2013

The Ninth Season

22

November 19, 2013

The Complete Series

211

February 9, 2016


document_title: Five Nights at Freddy's

question_text: who is the main character in five nights at freddy's

question_tokens: who is the main character in five nights at freddy 's

root

text: Five Nights at Freddy's

text: History and development

text: The idea for Five Nights at Freddy's stems from negative reception towards Scott Cawthon's previous game, the family friendly Chipper & Sons Lumber Co., as players commented that the main character (a young beaver) looked like "a scary animatronic animal", with reviewer Jim Sterling calling the game unintentionally "terrifying".[2][3] Although initially discouraged by the comments, Cawthon, who had previously mainly developed Christian-oriented games, eventually used it to inspire himself to make something intentionally scarier.[2]

tag: p

text: The first Five Nights at Freddy's game was released via Desura on August 8, 2014. On August 20, 2014, after it was approved by the service's crowdsourcing platform Greenlight, Five Nights at Freddy's was also released via Steam.[4] The games that followed were released on November 10, 2014; March 2, 2015; July 23, 2015; October 7, 2016; and December 4, 2017, respectively. A spin-off of the series, FNaF World was announced on a Steam post by Cawthon in September 2015,[5] and was released in January 2017. Cawthon releases most pictorial teasers of his games to his website, "Scott Games",[6][7] and releases teaser trailers on his YouTube channel.[8]

text: Cawthon uses Clickteam Fusion 2.5 to create the Five Nights at Freddy's games and Autodesk 3ds Max to model and render the 3D graphics of the games.[9] For the enhancement of FNaF World and Five Nights at Freddy's: Sister Location, Cawthon hired professional voice actors.[10] Cawthon has announced that all titles will be remade by third-party companies for release on consoles.[11]

text: Cawthon posted a teaser on his official website in 2015 that announced he had plans to release his first novel called Five Nights at Freddy's: The Untold Story (that would later be renamed to Five Nights at Freddy's: The Silver Eyes) sometime in the near future, and that it was to be written separate-canon to the games.[12] On June 20, 2016, Scholastic announced that it would be collaborating with Scott Cawthon on a multi-book deal.[13] Five Nights at Freddy's: The Silver Eyes, was to be re-printed in paperback on October that year.[needs update] It was then rescheduled for release on September in the same year. The next two novels were scheduled for release in 2017 and 2018 respectively.[needs update][13] A guidebook based on the series was also scheduled for release in 2017.[14][needs update]

text: Gameplay

text: The main Five Nights at Freddy's series consists of horror-themed video games, in which the player usually takes on the role of a night-time employee at a location canonically connected to Freddy Fazbear's Pizza, a fictional children's-oriented restaurant similar to Chuck E. Cheese's and ShowBiz Pizza.[15] The restaurant uses life-size animatronic characters that perform for children's parties. These animatronics wander in the restaurant at night, and the guard is instructed to keep watch on them, as the restaurant has had incidents of previous guards being attacked and killed by the characters. To progress through the games, the player must guard themself from the animatronics by using various tools to their advantage.[16] For the most part, however, the player must remain stationary in their defence. In the first game, the player can control the two security doors that connect their office to the adjacent hallways, and may close them to provide a barricade against any animatronics in the vicinity. Each night, the player has a limited power supply that depletes quicker when a tool is used; if the player exhausts the power supply, the doors permanently open, allowing any animatronic to breach the office.

text: Five Nights at Freddy's 2 provides different tools to work with. Protective doors are not present in the office, and the player must instead defend themselves with an empty Freddy Fazbear head, which fools most animatronics. The power usage is also removed, instead being replaced with a limited flashlight, which is used to ward off one animatronic. Lights may also be used to brighten darker areas of the pizzeria. The game introduces the music box, which must be kept wound to prevent an attack from a certain animatronic. 8-bit minigames make their inauguration, which the player can interact with randomly after death.[17]

text: Five Nights at Freddy's 3 replaces these tools with a monitor panel, where the player must keep certain systems from malfunctioning, so as not to hinder the player's ability to successfully complete the night. These malfunctions can be triggered randomly, or by hallucinations of past iterations of the animatronics. The ability to seal vents is also added, and must be used to prevent the sole tangible animatronic from entering the office. The player can also use an audio-based function as a means of defense, which triggers a childlike voice to play, luring the animatronic away from the player's office.[18] The 8-bit minigames return, and are activated via completing certain side-tasks, such as clicking on a poster or inputting a code into the wall. If the player fully completes all minigames, they unlock a secret ending.

text: Five Nights at Freddy's 4 reintroduces removed tools, specifically the doors and flashlight, albeit with slightly altered usage.[19] The doors can only be closed when the player is next to them, and will re-open if the player moves away. However, if the player shuts the doors too early, the animatronics will jump scare the player when the door is opened. The flashlight can no longer run out, but only alerts player to the presence of animatronics as opposed to warding them away, excluding the miniature Freddies that appear on the bed. If the player flashes the flashlight while an animatronic is in the doorway, the player will be jumpscared. There is one new mechanic, where the player must listen for breathing audio. This can determine whether to use the flashlight or close the door.

text: Five Nights at Freddy's: Sister Location once again keeps the doors, albeit for the secret ending.[20][21] The flashlight returns, but now loses all functionality, only being stuck permanently on when in certain rooms, and permanently off in others. An elevated control pad is introduced in the game, with the ability to light up rooms and/or shock the animatronics. Other mechanics include another control pad inside the "breaker room", controlling the power to the whole facility, and a flash beacon, which allows the player to see in the darkened "Funtime Auditorium" and avoid the sole animatronic in that room. Sister Location is also the only game where the player is able to move between rooms.[22]

text: Freddy Fazbear's Pizzeria Simulator provides a very different gameplay style, where the player must spend in-game money to buy features for their pizzeria in a tycoon-style gameplay. A series of minigames can be played by testing attractions used in the establishment. Once a player has completed this portion of the game, they must sit in a room and complete tasks while fending off hostile animatronics they have "salvaged" previously. The gameplay of this portion shares many elements with Five Nights at Freddy's 3, such as the importance of ventilation and the ability to distract the animatronics using audio.

text: Each game requires the player to survive five nights, with each night increasing the difficulty.[23][24] There is an unlockable sixth night present in all games (excluding Sister Location), with further additional nights varying between games: the first two games feature a customizable seventh night which allows the player to customize the AI level of each animatronic.[25][26] A custom night DLC is also available for Sister Location.[27] The third game does not feature any night after the sixth, while the fourth game includes a seventh and eighth night, neither of which are customizable. The fifth game is currently the only game with only five nights, if the custom night DLC is not included.

text: The spin-off game, FNaF World, has the player explore a light-hearted RPG world battling for experience points. The player unlocks different areas as they continue on their adventure. Eventually, after completing certain tasks, the player wins one of eight different endings, all of which will unlock a trophy on the title screen once completed.[28] The game also received an update titled "Update 2" which introduced the animatronic characters in Five Nights at Freddy's 4's Halloween DLC and some characters from Cawthon's older games. The update also introduced another boss character which the player must defeat as well as minigames to unlock the aforementioned new characters.[29]

text: Common elements

text: Security cameras

text: The ability to use a security camera system is found in all of the main games except the fourth and the sixth, and is used to observe the positions of the animatronic characters through security cameras that are set throughout the location. However, only one location can be viewed at a time, and some areas are not visible on the aforementioned cameras.[15] Most camera feeds are dull, sometimes close to black and white in color, and covered in static. In the third game, cameras become dysfunctional if the associated system fails.[30] Security cameras are only used in Five Nights at Freddy's: Sister Location as a mechanic in the "Fake Ending" and custom night DLC, not in the main game.

text: Lights

text: The lights, and, by extension, the flashlight and flash beacon, are found in all main games, excluding the third. While use varies per game, lights are generally used to ward off animatronics, or warn the player of their presence. Lights in the first game and second games are activated via buttons mounted into the walls, and light up the player's 'blind spot', being the doorway or vent exit, respectively.[15] The fifth game has the lights work similarly, however, they are now mounted onto a control pad, and serve no purpose other than the ability to see the animatronics, due to the different gameplay style. The flashlight in the second and fourth game works in the same fashion as its real life counterpart, in the sense that it has a limited battery life, albeit only in the second game, and must be toggled on and off.[31] The flash beacon was introduced in Sister Location, and is used to quickly gather bearings in the pitch black room seen on the third and fifth nights.[23]

text: Jumpscares

text: Jumpscares are present in all of the series' main games, and occur when any animatronic manages to reach and attack the player-character.[32] Most jumpscares involve an animatronic character suddenly appearing in the player's view, followed by a loud, bellowing sound. Some jumpscares, including those of Golden Freddy (In the first installment), Nightmare, and Nightmarionne, consist of a single screen supplemented with shrill, distorted audio. These jumpscares usually crash or restart the game. The player can utilise the tools listed above to prevent attacks, thus preventing any jumpscares from occurring.[19]

text: Minigames

text: In all games from the second onwards, the player will gain access to a series of (predominantly 8-bit) minigames, sometimes randomly after death, as in the second game, and sometimes once the player has completed a specific task.[33] These minigames usually tell a story or event relevant to the game's lore, although mostly presented in a cryptic way.[34] For example, minigames in Five Nights at Freddy's 2 are speculated to portray the homicidal incidents previously mentioned in the games.[17] Minigames in Five Nights at Freddy's 4 tell the story of a character, possibly the player character, who dies in a tragic accident.[34]

text: Phone calls

text: In all main games except for the fourth and fifth, the player receives a telephone voice message from a previous worker, or owner of the location. These "phone calls" act as a tutorial to the player, and usually go through several gameplay mechanics, and outline the backstory of the players' location.[35] In the first and second game, the voice heard in the messages remains the same, while in the third game, it holds a strong Californian accent. Sister Location uses something similar, an A.I. voice which acts as a tutor for the player, although it is not from a telephone. Phone calls from the first game can be heard in Five Nights at Freddy's 4, albeit only as an easter egg.[36]

text: Closing of location

text: In the first three main games, the location in which the player character is based in closes down shortly after the end of the game. In the first Five Nights at Freddy's, the location is said to close by the year's end, due to a "tragedy that took place there many years ago".[35] The location of Five Nights at Freddy's 2 closes down due to malfunctions of the animatronics.[35] Five Nights at Freddy's 3's location closed down after it was unexpectedly burnt down.[37] In Sister Location's case, the location in which the game's story is centered around, "Circus Baby's Pizza World", was closed down prior to the game, apparently due to gas leaks.[38] One possible ending of Freddy Fazbear's Pizzeria Simulator involves the player's restaurant being burnt down to destroy the animatronics, leading the entire company to be put out of business.

text: Characters

text: Humans

text: The main characters in the Five Nights at Freddy's series are generally security guards working at a Freddy Fazbear's Pizza or related location. None of them have distinct personalities and most of the gameplay takes place from their point of view. In Five Nights at Freddy's, the guard's name is Mike Schmidt. In Five Nights at Freddy's 2, the guard is named Jeremy Fitzgerald for all of the main five nights and the bonus sixth night, though he is replaced in the custom seventh night by another guard, Fritz Smith. The security guard for Fazbear's Fright: The Horror Attraction in Five Nights at Freddy's 3, is unknown. The main character of Five Nights at Freddy's 4 is an unnamed boy, who experiences nightmares of the animatronics. The player in Five Nights at Freddy's: Sister Location is a technician who has their name jokingly autocorrected to Eggs Benedict. The technician's name is assumed, although not confirmed to be, Mike.

text: Apart from Mike Schmidt, Jeremy Fitzgerald, Fritz Smith, and Michael (a character whose voice is heard in Sister Location), none of the other human characters in the series have any real, or at least confirmed, names. In the first three games, a man simply identified as "Phone Guy" leaves a recording over the phone at the beginning of each night which serves as advice to the player on how to deal with the animatronics. Phone Guy is present through all five nights of Five Nights at Freddy's 2, four of the main nights in Five Nights at Freddy's, and four of the main nights in Five Nights at Freddy's 3 (as well as in Night 6 for the second and third games.) He is not present in the fourth and fifth games, though his first night recording from the original game is sometimes played backwards as ambiance in Five Nights at Freddy's 4.[39] His call at the start of Night 4 in Five Nights at Freddy's implies that he was killed by the animatronics. In the third game, he is heard over archival recordings discovered by the creators of Fazbear's Fright. Five Nights at Freddy's: Sister Location instead features a human A.I. named "HandUnit", who like Phone Guy, acts as a tutor to the player. The first two nights of the third game also feature "Phone Dude", one of the creators of Fazbear's Fright. The sixth game introduces "Cassette Man," a male voice heard giving instructions to the player on a series of cassette recordings.

text: The main antagonist of the series is "Purple Guy", a serial killer who murdered at least five children, whose spirits now inhabit the animatronics. In the third game, it is revealed that he returned to Freddy Fazbear's Pizza after it closed down to dismantle the animatronics. This released the spirits of the children he murdered, scaring him into hiding inside a spring lock suit, where he was crushed to death by the suit's springlock mechanisms. His body resides in Five Nights at Freddy's 3's main antagonist, Springtrap.[40] It is later revealed that his real name is William Afton, the co-founder/owner of Fazbear Entertainment.[41]

text: Animatronics

text: There are four main animatronics in the first game: Freddy Fazbear, Bonnie the Bunny (referred to as "Bonnie the Rabbit" in copyright catalogs), Chica the Chicken, and Foxy the Pirate Fox. A fifth animatronic, Golden Freddy, occasionally appears, albeit in the form of a hallucination.[25] His jumpscare is capable of crashing the game. The animatronics return in various forms throughout the following games, except in the fifth installment, in which Chica is completely absent.

text: Despite being a prequel, the second game introduces upgraded versions of the original characters called Toy Freddy, Toy Bonnie, Toy Chica, and Mangle, along with old, ripped, and worn out versions of the original animatronics. Mangle is meant to be a "toy" version of Foxy, but was ripped apart so much by children that the staff got tired of reassembling it and left it as a "take apart, put back together" attraction, according to Phone Guy. He also mentions that the employees nicknamed it "the Mangle". Two new characters are also introduced: Balloon Boy (known as BB), who has no jumpscare but can disable the player's lights and generate distracting laughter if he enters the office, and the Puppet (also known as the Marionette), who must be quelled by constantly winding up a music box.

text: The only true animatronic in the third game is Springtrap, who looks like a decayed golden version of Bonnie.[42] Additionally, Freddy, Chica, Foxy, Balloon Boy, Mangle, and the Puppet return as hallucinations (or "phantoms"),.[43] Although their jumpscares don't kill the player, they can disable certain features that are essential for the player to complete the night.

text: In the fourth game, nightmare versions of the original four animatronics- Nightmare Bonnie, Nightmare Chica, Nightmare Foxy, and Nightmare Freddy – appear, haunting a small boy. A nightmare version of Golden Freddy is also featured, identified as Nightmare Fredbear, who replaces all animatronics on the fifth night.[19] Two new animatronics also make their debut: Plushtrap, a finger trap toy version of Springtrap,[44] and Nightmare, a version of Nightmare Fredbear whose jumpscare causes the game to reset. The "Halloween Edition" of the game also features Nightmare Balloon Boy (who replaces Plushtrap), Nightmare Mangle (who replaces Nightmare Foxy), and Nightmarionne, a nightmare version of the Puppet, who replaces Nightmare. Nightmare Bonnie and Nightmare Chica also receive reskins in the Halloween Edition, giving them a resemblance to Jack-O'-Lanterns.[45]

text: In the fifth game, Five Nights at Freddy's: Sister Location, Freddy and Foxy reappear with pink-and-white re-skins as the "Funtime" animatronics. Multiple new characters also appear in this game: Circus Baby, a female clown-like humanoid and the main animatronic of the establishment; Ballora, a tall, ballerina-style humanoid animatronic who specialises in dancing; a bear-like endoskeleton named Yenndo who appears very rarely in-game; Lolbit (an alternately coloured Funtime Foxy), and Ennard, who is a hybrid and a hive-mind of the endoskeletons of other animatronics from the game. Three of these animatronics are accompanied with smaller companion animatronics: Funtime Freddy, who is accompanied by "Bon-Bon", a hand-puppet version of Bonnie; Ballora, who is accompanied by the Minireenas (small, ballet-dancer like animatronics); and Baby, who is accompanied by multiple baby-like animatronics called Bidybabs. In the game's "custom night", a re-skin of Bidybab named Electrobab appears, as a small animatronic capable of draining power from the console.

text: The sixth game, Freddy Fazbear's Pizzeria Simulator, reintroduces several animatronics from previous games that have suffered extensive damage and deterioration. The player discovers one animatronic at the end of each of the first four nights and must decide whether to salvage or discard it. These four are Springtrap, Molten Freddy (a ruined animatronic with a similar appearance to Funtime Freddy), Scrap Baby (similar to Circus Baby), and Lefty (what appears to be a recolored Toy Freddy). Any animatronics that the player attempts to salvage, or that have hidden themselves within other items purchased by the player, become a threat during all subsequent nights.

text: In the spin-off game, FNaF World, there are up to 30 characters the player can unlock, consisting of characters from the first four games, as well as Coffee from The Desolate Hope, Chipper from Chipper and Sons Lumber Co, Funtime Foxy from Five Nights at Freddy's: Sister Location, and Animdude, the character in Scott Cawthon's logo. Lolbit (a character from Five Nights at Freddy's: Sister Location's custom night) is also featured in its debut appearance, but is only an NPC, and thus is not playable.[46] Enemies in FNaF World either resemble original characters in some way, for example "Ballboy" to Balloon Boy, and "White Rabbit" to Toy Bonnie, or are designed and named to match their home location, for example "Chop 'N Roll" in the wood predominated forest, and "Chillax" in the snowy fields.[47][48]

text: Games

text: Timeline of release years2014Five Nights at Freddy'sFive Nights at Freddy's 22015Five Nights at Freddy's 3Five Nights at Freddy's 42016FNaF WorldFive Nights at Freddy's: Sister Location2017Freddy Fazbear's Pizzeria Simulator2018Ultimate Custom Night

tag: table

text: Main series

text: Five Nights at Freddy's (2014)

text: After Scott Cawthon's previous game (Chipper & Sons Lumber Co.) received bad reception for the unsettling appearance of the supposedly kid-friendly characters, Cawthon decided to use these ideas to create an intentionally scary game, Five Nights at Freddy's.[2]

text: The game involves a character, whose name is later revealed to be Mike Schmidt, who has started a job working as a night watch security guard at the restaurant Freddy Fazbear's Pizza, where the animatronics move at night and will kill anyone they see by stuffing them in a spare animatronic suit.[49][50] Apparently, this is due to their misinterpretation of the player character as a metal endoskeleton without their costume on.[51] Animatronic movement is explained to the player as a purposely programmed "free-roaming" mode, as to prevent animatronic servomotors from locking up. The player must survive from midnight to 6 AM.

text: The player is not able to leave the room, and must use a camera system and two doors with lights in order to defend themselves from the animatronics. The hostility of the animatronics appear to be the result of possession by the vengeful souls of children who were killed on the restaurant's site.[17] The player is guided by an unknown entity known as "Phone Guy", who assists them in their defense from the animatronics. Mike is fired from his job after the seventh night, due to tampering with the animatronics, odor and general unprofessionalism.

text: Five Nights at Freddy's was first released for Microsoft Windows on August 8, 2014, followed by ports for Android and iOS on August 27, 2014 and September 11, 2014, respectively. A version for the Windows Phone was also released,[52] but was taken down soon after due to the down-scaled graphics of the port.[53]

text: Five Nights at Freddy's 2 (2014)

text: Shortly after the release of the first game, developer Cawthon began to confirm rumors of a sequel.[54] Just one month after the original game's release, Cawthon posted a teaser of the sequel on his webpage, and continued to post teasers until the game's release.[55] A teaser trailer was released on October 21, 2014, introducing various new animatronic characters and the absence of doors.[56] Five Nights at Freddy's 2 was first released for Microsoft Windows on November 10, 2014, earlier of its planned release of December 25, 2014. Ports for Android and iOS were released on November 13 and 20 of the same year. A Windows Phone port was also released, but was taken down for the same reasons as the first game.[53]

text: Set some time before the events of the first game, the main character, whose name is later revealed to be Jeremy Fitzgerald, has started working as a night watch security guard at the "new and improved" Freddy Fazbear's Pizza. The "upgraded" versions of the animatronic characters, which have special facial recognition software to protect the children from potential harm, were not programmed with a proper night mode; when things go silent, their programming tells them that they are in the wrong room and they seek out the nearest source of noise to find people to entertain, which happens to be in the player's office. The player must again listen to the instructions of a "phone guy", and attempt to defend themselves from the animatronics using several mechanics. Like the previous game, the player must survive from midnight to 6 AM. Jeremy is apparently moved to day shift after Night 6 as the animatronics' hostility becomes too dangerous, with the restaurant closing down shortly after.

text: 8-bit minigames are made available randomly after death, which are thought to portray the restaurants' past and the several murders that occurred on site. An entity portrayed as a purple sprite is also introduced, who is speculated to be the culpable murderer who murdered the children.

text: Five Nights at Freddy's 3 (2015)

text: In January 2015, a new image was uploaded to Cawthon's website, teasing a third entry in the series.[57] Various teaser images followed,[58] before a trailer was released on January 26, 2015. On February 15, 2015, Cawthon made a post on Steam stating that Five Nights at Freddy's 3 had been cancelled after a hacker supposedly leaked the game.[59] This was later discovered to be a joke, as the "leaked" download link lead to a humorous clone of Scott's previous game, There is No Pause Button!.[60] Five Nights at Freddy's 3 was legitimately released for Microsoft Windows on March 3, 2015, with Android and iOS ports following on March 7, 2015 and March 12, 2015.

text: Set thirty years after the events of the first game, the main character (who remains unnamed) works at "Fazbear's Fright", a horror attraction based off the long-gone Freddy Fazbear's Pizza.[61] The player must defend themselves from a deteriorated animatronic-costume hybrid known as "Springtrap", which was the sole animatronic the attraction workers were able to discover.[18] Burnt and tattered hallucinations of previous games' animatronics also appear, but can not directly kill the player, and instead hinder ventilation, sound, and camera systems, which may also fail by other means. Failure to maintain these systems can create many issues for the player, including dysfunctional cameras, and the inability to play audio in order to lure away the animatronic. The player receives guidance from a founder of the horror attraction for the first couple of nights, but also listens to old tape recordings discovered by the attraction workers related to the backstory of previous locations.[62]

text: The game has two endings, a good ending and a bad ending. The good ending can only be achieved by completing secret minigames, in which various animatronic characters bring a cake to what seems to be a sorrowful child's soul. This ending is thought to imply that the souls of the murdered children have been set free, although connoted meanings are disputed.[63]

text: Five Nights at Freddy's 4 (2015)

text: Beginning on April 27, 2015, Cawthon posted images on his website teasing another game in the series, originally known as Five Nights at Freddy's: The Final Chapter.[64] A trailer was released on July 13, 2015, hinting that the game took place in the main character's house.[65][66] Five Nights at Freddy's 4 was first announced with a release date of October 31, 2015, before being pushed forward to August 8, 2015, and again to July 23 of the same year, when the game was unexpectedly released on Microsoft Windows through Steam. Android and iOS ports were released on July 25, 2015 and August 3, 2015.

text: The player character is a young boy suffering from delusions of being attacked by nightmarish versions of the original animatronic characters.[34] The player must defend themselves using only a flashlight, doors, and their sense of hearing, to attempt to locate the animatronics. The story of possibly the same young boy is told through minigames, in which he is shown to be bullied due to his irrational fear of a restaurant featuring a yellow animatronic bear and rabbit. He is guided by an animatronic plush toy, who speaks to the character in times when he is alone. The child is eventually killed by the bear animatronic, "Fredbear", in a freak accident.[36]

text: The game received a Halloween-style DLC, in which features "nightmare" versions of animatronics from the Five Nights at Freddy's 2. The DLC also gives halloween-themed reskins to Nightmare Bonnie and Nightmare Chica.[67]

text: Five Nights at Freddy's: Sister Location (2016)

text: In April 2016, Cawthon released a teaser image of an upcoming game on his website, entitled Five Nights at Freddy's: Sister Location, featuring a clown-like animatronic, revealed to be named "Circus Baby".[68] Several teaser images followed, revealing different characters and hints at their origins.[69] The trailer for the game was released on Cawthon's official YouTube page featuring new animatronics and a new location. The release date was later confirmed to be October 7, 2016. Cawthon made a joke release of the game on October 5, apparently releasing a "mature" edition of the game after the decision to delay the game to make it more "kid friendly". The download link led to a clone of Cawthon's previous game, Sit 'N Survive.[70] Five Nights at Freddy's: Sister Location was first released for Microsoft Windows on October 7, 2016, followed by ports for Android and iOS on December 22, 2016 and January 3, 2017, respectively.

text: The player character, seemingly named Mike, and jokingly referred to as "Eggs Benedict",[71] is a new employee of the underground Circus Baby's Rentals and Entertainment, a sister company of Fazbear Entertainment featuring animatronics that are rented out to children's birthday parties; they were originally intended for use in a pizzeria called Circus Baby's Pizza World, but the pizzeria never officially opened due to gas leaks.[38] 'Mike' is guided by HandUnit, an AI character similar to the Phone 'Guy' from previous games. HandUnit instructs him about his job, often telling the player to disregard safety, however, an animatronic called Circus Baby often gives instructions that directly contradict that of HandUnit's, and are vital to survival.

text: The game also offers a "custom night" DLC,[72] in which the player is able to use mechanics reminiscing those of the first game (such as interactive doors and a camera system), which were absent from the main game. New minigames are also made available in this DLC, describing the fate of 'Mike' after the events of Sister Location.[73] A cutscene is also shown after the completion of the "Golden Freddy" custom night preset, in which a character named "Michael" speaks to his father in a foreboding manner.[41]

text: Freddy Fazbear's Pizzeria Simulator (2017)

text: In June 2017, Cawthon hinted towards the development of a sixth main game in the series. On July 2, 2017, he announced his decision to cancel this game, stating that he had been "neglecting other things in [his] life for the sake of trying to keep up with mounting expectations".[74] Cawthon noted that he was not planning on abandoning the series, and may even return with a game of a different style, such as one similar to FNaF World.[75]

text: On December 4, 2017, after teasing the game several days earlier, Cawthon released Freddy Fazbear's Pizzeria Simulator for free on Steam.[76] The game appears to play as a business simulation game where the player must plan and run one's own pizzeria, but frequently shifts into the same vein of survival horror as the other main games in the series. Elements of the restaurant simulation portion of the game affect the portions similar to the main series. For example, a player may accept a corporate sponsor for the restaurant to help with finances, but doing so causes loud video ads from the sponsor to play during the "night-shift" periods of the game, making it difficult for the player to hear approaching animatronics.[77] The player is also presented with the option to salvage heavily damaged animatronics from the previous games, increasing both revenue and the possibility of being attacked during the night-shift periods.

text: Spin-offs

text: FNaF World (2016)

text: On September 15, 2015, Cawthon announced a spin-off of his series, entitled FNaF World.[78] Unlike the main series, the game is an RPG-based video game, using the various animatronic characters from the first four games. The game takes place in a fanciful world, where the characters must fight enemies and progress through the game by unlocking certain perks and items. Though originally planned for release on February 2, 2016, Cawthon rescheduled the release to January 22, 2016, but eventually launched yet another day earlier, on January 21, 2016, respectively.[79]

text: Post-release, community and critics criticized the game for missing key features, being unstable and unfinished, for which Cawthon later apologized, stating, "I got too eager to show the things that were finished, that I neglected to pay attention to the things that weren't." The game was subsequently removed by Steam per Cawthon's decision, and he stated that the game would be improved upon and re-released for no charge at a later date.[80] Cawthon also announced that he asked Valve to refund everyone's money who bought the game.

text: In February 2016, Cawthon released a free version of the game, which featured a 3D overworld and an updated character selection screen. In March 2016, Cawthon updated his website with a new teaser, which featured new characters, like the infamous "Purple Guy" from the main series, and most of the characters from the Halloween update for Five Nights at Freddy's 4. Cawthon also created minigames for the second update of the game, including Foxy Fighters, FOXY.exe, Chica's Magic Rainbow, and FNaF 57: Freddy In Space.[81]

text: Ultimate Custom Night (2018)

text: Ultimate Custom Night is the second spin-off of the series. The gameplay deviates slightly from all previous games, in that it only consists of one night; a "custom night" in which the player can alter the difficulty settings of fifty antagonists from all previous main and spin-off games. Ultimate Custom Night was released on June 27, 2018.[82][83] The customisable night features a total of over fifty animatronics from all six main Five Nights at Freddy's games, as well as from the spin-off, FNaF World, most of which allow the player to set their difficulties to determine how aggressive they are during the night, much like the "custom nights" from the earlier games in the series. The player is also able to select the office they want to play in, and has 16 themed game modes available to them.[84][85]

text: Music

text: Ambient music for the first four Five Nights at Freddy's games consisted mostly of stock music, altered by Cawthon according to the game's needs.[9] Notable music found in the games include the "Toreador Song", which is played when the player runs out of power in the first game, and a music box rendition of "My Grandfather's Clock", played from The Puppet's music box as it winds down in Five Nights at Freddy's 2.

text:
"Gradual Liquidation"

The theme music for Five Nights at Freddy's: Sister Location.
Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: FNaF World, Five Nights at Freddy's: Sister Location and Freddy Fazbear's Pizzeria Simulator instead receive their own OST, composed by Leon Riskin specifically for the games.[86] Music created for FNaF World varied from battle themes to general ambience for various locations, for example "Dungeon Theme", for when the player is in the Mysterious Mine, and "Water Theme", for when they are in Lilygear Lake. Music in Sister Location had a variety of uses: music such as "Turtle Crusher" and "MVP" are used for minigames, while ambiance such as "Crumbling Dreams" play during the main game. A musical piece titled "Dramatic Soap Opera" was created specifically for the between-night soap opera, The Immortal and The Restless. Additional numbers were added in the Custom Night DLC, notably "Watch Your 6", the main ambiance for Custom Night (although this music was also used for the main game's alternate ending), and "Demolition Inevitable", music played in the final cutscene of the game. The soundtrack in FFPS is the most diverse, spreading from cheerful, bouncy music like "Just Add Water," to chiptune/synth tracks such as "240 Bits Per Mile," to an orchestral bass-heavy track "Nowhere to Run," used in the game's normal route's final cutscene.

text: Other media

text: Books

text: Novels

text: Five Nights at Freddy's: The Silver Eyes (2015)

text: Five Nights at Freddy's: The Silver Eyes is the first novel written by Scott Cawthon and Kira Breed-Wrisley. The book was released earlier than planned on December 17, 2015 for the Amazon Kindle and with a printed paperback released on September 27, 2016. The story follows a group of childhood friends who meet in their hometown and discover unnerving secrets of the once-loved restaurant Freddy Fazbear's Pizza.[87] According to Cawthon, the novel "expands the mythos and reveals a human element never before seen in the games". However, he stated that, though the novel is technically canon to the Five Nights at Freddy's universe, the book and the game series may not be "intended to fit together like two puzzle pieces".[88][89]

text: Five Nights at Freddy's: The Twisted Ones (2017)

text: Five Nights at Freddy's: The Twisted Ones is the second novel written by Cawthon and Breed-Wrisley.[90] A sequel to Five Nights at Freddy's: The Silver Eyes, the book was discovered on Amazon under Cawthon's name on January 8, 2017.[91] The discovery sparked controversy on the legitimacy of the product,[92] but Cawthon confirmed that it was official shortly after.[93][94] The novel was released in some bookstores earlier than planned, but released publicly on June 27, 2017. The plot involves Charlie, the main character from The Silver Eyes, who is "drawn back into the world of her father's frightening creations" trying to move on.

text: Five Nights at Freddy's: The Fourth Closet (2018)

text: Five Nights at Freddy's: The Fourth Closet is the third novel written by Cawthon and Breed-Wrisley, which was released on June 26, 2018.[95] The novel takes a focus on Charlie's friends, who inquire the truth behind what happened to Charlie in The Twisted Ones, while mysterious events unfold after the opening of a new restaurant.[95]

text: Guides

text: Five Nights at Freddy's: The Freddy Files (2017)

text: Five Nights at Freddy's: The Freddy Files is a guidebook,[96] containing character profiles, outlining several in-game mechanics, and expanding on fan theories sprouted from the games.[97][98] The book was released in some bookstores earlier than planned, but released publicly on August 29, 2017.[99]

text: Other

text: Five Nights at Freddy's: Survival Logbook (2017)

text: Five Nights at Freddy's: Survival Logbook is an activity book.[100] It first appeared on Amazon mid-2017. Unlike previous book releases, Survival Logbook has no listed Amazon Kindle editions, with pages designed for physical writing as opposed to simply reading from a device. The book was released on December 26, 2017.[101][102]

text: Film adaptation

text: Warner Bros. Pictures announced in April 2015 that it had acquired the rights to adapt the series to film. Roy Lee, David Katzenberg, and Seth Grahame-Smith were set to produce. Grahame-Smith stated that they would collaborate with Cawthon "to make an insane, terrifying and weirdly adorable movie".[103] In July 2015, Gil Kenan signed to direct the adaptation and co-write it with Tyler Burton Smith.[104]

text: In January 2017, Cawthon stated that partially due to "problems within the movie industry as a whole", the film "was met with several delays and roadblocks" and it was "back at square one", but he promised "to be involved with the movie from day one this time, and that's something extremely important to me. I want this movie to be something that I'm excited for the fanbase to see."[105][106]

text: In March 2017, Cawthon tweeted a picture at Blumhouse Productions, suggesting the film had a new production company.[107][108] In May 2017, producer Jason Blum confirmed the news, saying he was excited and working closely with Cawthon on the adaptation.[109] In June 2017, Kenan said he was no longer directing the film after Warner Bros. Pictures' turnaround.[110] In February 2018, it was announced that Chris Columbus would direct and write the film, besides producing it alongside Blum and Cawthon.[111]

text: Reception

text:
Aggregate review scores

Game

Metacritic

Five Nights at Freddy's

(PC) 78/100[112]

Five Nights at Freddy's 2

(PC) 62/100[113]

Five Nights at Freddy's 3

(PC) 68/100[114]

Five Nights at Freddy's 4

(PC) 51/100[115]

Five Nights at Freddy's: Sister Location

(PC) 62/100[116]

text: The first game has been praised by critics. Indie Game Magazine praised the first game's artistic design, commenting that "it's an incredibly terrifying experience to try to save yourself from the single jump scare that ends the game" and that it was a "fantastic example of how cleverness in design and subtlety can be used to make an experience terrifying".[117] PC Gamer, when reviewing the first game, commented on the fact that players will likely experience familiarity with the setting due to restaurants such as Chuck E. Cheese's. They also noted that while "the AI isn't some masterwork of procedural unpredictability, it would [still] head straight to you and eat your face off, or it'll play around like an innocent child before closing in for the kill. Your mind will fill in the rest."[118]

text: The second game received mixed to positive reviews, with a reviewer from PC Gamer commenting that what he had hoped for in the sequel "was more mind games and more uncertainty. I wanted the plodding animatronic suits to find me and rip my face off in new and interesting ways. I wanted working legs", and that "what I got was a horror game dipping heavily into deception and subtlety". However, he also noted that "enjoying the good parts, though, comes with a cost of a frustratingly steep difficulty".[31] Destructoid also gave the game a positive review, saying that "It's absolutely terrifying to know that you could be attacked at any moment from multiple avenues" and also praised the introduction of new animatronics and mechanics, but also criticizing the jumpscares and calling the game "too hard for its own good".[119]

text: The third game has, however, proven to be slightly less popular among critics, though it received similar reception to the first two games. Critics from PC Gamer stated that although they enjoyed the new reworked camera system, the jumpscares from the animatronics "felt a little stale by the third night", to the point of becoming a mere annoyance.[120] Destructoid commented that while Five Nights at Freddy's 3 is "by far the most technically proficient and mechanically satisfying installment yet", it was disappointing that Fazbear's Fright and Springtrap "[lacked the] charm of the original cast and locations".[121]

text: The fourth game received mixed reviews from critics. Destructoid criticized the game for its excessively-loud jumpscares and the breathing mechanic being too difficult and confusing for players. Despite this, it was praised by one reviewer at GameZebo for its intense environment and creepy sounds and graphics, as well as its jumpscares.[122] It was also given a mixed review by PC Gamer, who called it "another rivet in the series' steel-clad design which immortalized its Let's Play legacy in a few short months" and "certainly the scariest of the four [games]", but also criticized the gameplay, saying that "the humdrum repetition of the same sequence over and over ... is too much of a chore to fully pull me in", as well as criticizing the game's lack of the series's signature camera system.[123]

text: The fifth game has also received mixed reviews. Destructoid called it "slightly above average" and noted that "fans of the genre should enjoy this game, but a fair few will be left unfulfilled."[124] GameCrate summarized that "Sister Location is a fantastic horror game, even if it doesn't particularly feel like the rest of the FNaF series."[125]

text: The sixth game received mostly positive reviews, with GameCrate calling it a "must-play game for Five Nights at Freddy's fans" and the "best value in gaming right now".[126] Rock, Paper, Shotgun also gave a positive review, calling the game "spooky as hell".[127]

text: Cultural impact

text: In 2016, a horror attraction based on the series was featured in the Adventuredome during the Halloween season.[128][129]

text: Fandom

text: From the first game's release, the Five Nights at Freddy's series has become increasingly popular among a large group of people, effectively creating a fan base for the game.[130] The series is discussed by fans on many platforms such as Reddit.[131]

text:
The Five Nights at Freddy's games have proven popular to be played by video streamers to their audience, so as to capture the players' jump scares and other frightened reactions, becoming a common game for Let's Play videos. Popular video streamers such as PewDiePie, Markiplier, and Jacksepticeye helped the games to receive additional attention through their playthroughs.[3][132] In May 2015, YouTube reported that playthroughs of the Five Nights at Freddy's series were the eighth most-watched of all video game series on the service.[133]
Channels such as Game Theory do occasionally feature Five Nights at Freddy's related videos, although they seldom provide gameplay footage, giving more attention to discussion of the game.[134]

text: There are a number of fan made games based on the series, inspired by Five Nights at Freddy's main game mechanics.[135]

text: The Five Nights at Freddy's fandom is often criticized, mostly due to negative generalization of the community, typically in reference to perceived immaturity and the mass phone calling incidents.[130] Scott Cawthon made a post on Steam regarding these claims, defending the fandom and criticizing the wider community for the unfair generalization.[136]

text: Mass phone calling incidents

text: In April 2015, fans mistook random numbers that were placed by Cawthon into the source code of the game's official website to be coordinates that pointed to a location significant to the games. Fans entered these numbers into Google Maps and consequently discovered a pizzeria in Virginia. Mass phone calls were made to the pizzeria by fans, attempting to discover if the company had a connection to the upcoming installment, Five Nights at Freddy's 4.[137] It was later confirmed by Cawthon that this pizzeria had no connection with the Five Nights at Freddy's series.[138]

text: In June 2016, fans discovered a pizzeria and restaurant in Long Branch, New Jersey called Freddie's, and again called the restaurant in mass numbers to determine affiliation to Five Nights at Freddy's.[139] The hundreds of phone calls received by the restaurant each day caused difficulty for legitimate customers to be able to place orders through the phone line.[140] A pizzeria called Freddie's Pizza & Pasta in Roseville, California also suffered from this.[141]

text: Cawthon has since asked fans to refrain from calling numbers that they believe are associated with the game, as seen in the footer of his webpage.

text: Merchandise

text: Five Nights at Freddy's merchandise is predominantly produced by two companies, Sanshee and Funko.[142] Products created through these companies include stuffed toys, action figures, posters, clothing, keychains, and even stationery.[143][144] McFarlane Toys also has a line of Five Nights at Freddy's merchandise, consisting mostly of construction sets.[145] Todd McFarlane said that the line was "the single largest selling product, bar none, by a lot that [he's] done in 20-plus years."[146] These merchandise items are available internationally, and have been a large factor for the franchise's commercial success.[147]


document_title: History of the rupee

question_text: when was the indian rupee devalued for the first time

text: History of the rupee

text: Early uses[edit]

text: Ancient India in circa 6th century BC, was one of the earliest issuers of coins in the world, along with the Chinese wen and Lydian staters. The first "rupee" is believed to have been introduced by Sher Shah Suri (1486–1545), based on a ratio of 40 copper pieces (paisa) per rupee.

text: The word rūpiya is derived from word rūpa, which means "wrought silver, a coin of silver",[3] in origin an adjective meaning "shapely", with a more specific meaning of "stamped, impressed", hence a "coin". It is derived from the noun  rūpa "shape, likeness, image".

text: Arthashastra, written by Chanakya, prime minister to the first Maurya emperor Chandragupta Maurya(c. 340–290 BCE), mentions silver coins as rūpyarūpa, other types of coins including gold coins (Suvarnarūpa), copper coins (Tamrarūpa) and lead coins (Sisarūpa) are also mentioned. Rupa means form or shape, example,  Rūpyarūpa, Rūpya – wrought silver,  rūpa – form.[1]

text: In the intermediate times there is no fixed monetary system as reported by the Da Tang Xi Yu Ji.[8]

text: During his five-year rule from 1540 to 1546, Sher Shah Suri set up a new civic and military administration and issued a coin of silver, weighing 178 grains, which was termed the Rupiya.[3][6] The silver coin remained in use during the Mughal period, the Maratha era (1674–1818)[7] and in British India, as well.

text: Coinage since the British period[edit]

text: The British settlements in Western India, South India, and the Eastern Province of Bengal (Calcutta) independently developed different coinages in consonance with the local acceptability of the coins for the purposes of trade.

text:
Indian rupee (1862).

Obverse: Crowned bust of Queen Victoria.

Reverse: Face value, country and date.

Coin made of 91.7% silver.

text: There are many fake coins of East India Company, with Indian gods depicted on the obverse side as shown in side-bar. Original East India Company coins show only the coat of arms of the East India Company.

text: The coins of Bengal were developed in the Mughal style and those of Madras mostly in a South Indian style. The English coins of Western India developed along Mughal as well as English patterns. It was only in 1717 AD that the English obtained permission from the Emperor Farrukh Siyar to coin Mughal money at the Bombay mint. The British gold coins were termed Carolina, the silver coins Anglina, the copper coins Cupperoon and tin coins Tinny. By the early 1830, the English had become the dominant power in India.  The Coinage Act of 1835 provided for uniform coinage throughout India. The new coins had the effigy of William IV on the obverse and the value on the reverse in English and Persian. The coins issued after 1840 bore the portrait of Queen Victoria. The first coinage under the crown was issued in 1862 and in 1877 Queen Victoria assumed the title the Empress of India. The gold silver ratio expanded during 1870-1910. Unlike India, her colonial master Britain was on gold standard. To meet the Home Charges (i.e., expenditure in England) the colonial government had to remit a larger number of rupees and this necessitated increased taxation and unrest.

text: The 1911 accession to the throne of the King-Emperor George V led to the famous "pig rupee". On the coin, the King appeared wearing the chain of the Order of the Indian Elephant.  Through poor engraving, the elephant looked very much like a pig.  The Muslim population was enraged and the image had to be quickly redesigned.

text: Acute shortage of silver during the First World War, led to the introduction of paper currency of One Rupee and Two and a half Rupees. The silver coins of smaller denominations were issued in cupro-nickel. The compulsion of the Second World War led to experiments in coinage where the standard rupee was replaced by the "Quaternary Silver Alloy". The Quaternary Silver coins were issued from 1940. In 1947 these were replaced by pure Nickel coins.

text: Immediately after independence, the British coinage was continued. The Monetary System remained unchanged at One Rupee consisting of 64 pice, or 192 pies.

text: The "Anna Series" was introduced on 15 August 1950. This was the first coinage of the Republic of India. The King's Portrait was replaced by the Ashoka's Lion Capital. A corn sheaf replaced the Tiger on the one Rupee coin. The monetary system was retained with one Rupee consisting of 16 Annas. The 1955 Indian Coinage (Amendment) Act, that came into force with effect from 1 April 1957, introduced a "Decimal series". The rupee was now divided into 100 'Paisa' instead of 16 Annas or 64 Pice. The "Naye Paise" coins were minted in the denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 Naye Paise. Both the Anna series and the Naye Paise coins were valid for some time. From 1968 onward, the new coins were called just Paise instead of Naye Paise because they were no more naye = new.

text: With high inflation in the sixties, small denomination coins which were made of bronze, nickel-brass, cupro-nickel, and aluminium-bronze were gradually minted in Aluminium. This change commenced with the introduction of the new hexagonal 3 paise coin. A twenty paise coin was introduced in 1968 but did not gain much popularity.

text: Over a period, cost-benefit considerations led to the gradual discontinuance of 1, 2 and 3 paise coins in the 1970s. Stainless steel coinage of 10, 25 and 50 paise, was introduced in 1988 and of one rupee in 1992. The very considerable costs of managing note issues of ₹1, ₹2, and ₹5 led to the gradual coinisation of these denominations in the 1990s.

text: Since 1947[edit]

text: Since its Independence in 1947, India has faced two major financial crises and two consequent devaluations of the rupee: In 1966 and 1991.[9]

text: Decimalisation[edit]

text: A summary of the decimalisation of the Rupee:[10]

text:
Dates
Currency system

From 1835
1 rupee = 16 annas =64 pice (paisé – singular, "paisa") = 192 pies (singular, "pie")

From 1 April 1957
1 rupee = 100 nayé paisé

From 1 June 1964
1 rupee = 100 paisé

text: The price of 16 Annas is 05 rupee in 1947. The demand for decimalisation existed for over a century. Sri Lanka decimalised its rupee in 1869. The Indian Coinage Act was amended in September 1955 for the adoption of a decimal system for coinage. The Act came into force with effect from 1 April 1957. The rupee remained unchanged in value and nomenclature. It, however, was now divided into 100 'Paisa' instead of 16 Annas or 96 Pice. For public recognition, the new decimal Paisa was termed 'Naya Paisa' until 1 June 1964 when the term 'Naya' was dropped. The coins of that period also mentioned their value in terms of the rupee to avoid confusion and cheating. For example, the one paisa coin carried the text "One hundredth of a Rupee" in Hindi.

text: 1966 Economic crisis[edit]

text: From 1950, India ran continued trade deficits that increased in magnitude in the 1960s. Furthermore, the Government of India had a budget deficit problem and could not borrow money from abroad or from the private corporate sector, due to that sector's negative savings rate. As a result, the government issued bonds to the RBI, which increased the money supply, leading to inflation. In 1966, foreign aid, which had hitherto been a key factor in preventing devaluation of the rupee, was finally cut off and India was told it had to liberalise its restrictions on trade before foreign aid would again materialise. The response was the politically unpopular step of devaluation accompanied by liberalisation. Furthermore, The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 led the US and other countries friendly towards Pakistan to withdraw foreign aid to India, which necessitated more devaluation. Defense spending in 1965/1966 was 24.06% of total expenditure, the highest it has been in the period from 1965 to 1989 (Foundations, pp 195). Another factor leading to devaluation was the drought of 1965/1966 which resulted in a sharp rise in prices.

text: At the end of 1969, the Indian Rupee was trading at around 13 British pence[clarification needed]. A decade later, by 1979, it was trading at around 6 British pence. Finally, by the end of 1989, the Indian Rupee had plunged to an all-time low of 3 British pence. This triggered a wave of irreversible liberalisation reforms away from populist measures.

text: 1991 Economic crisis[edit]

text: In 1991, India still had a fixed exchange system, where the rupee was pegged to the value of a basket of currencies of major trading partners. India started having balance of payments problems since 1985, and by the end of 1990, it found itself in serious economic trouble. The government was close to default and its foreign exchange reserves had dried up to the point that India could barely finance three weeks’ worth of imports. As in 1966, India faced high inflation and large government budget deficits. This led the government to devalue the rupee.[11]

text: At the end of 1999, the Indian Rupee was devalued considerably.

text: Revaluation[edit]

text: In the period between 2000 and 2007, the Rupee stopped declining and stabilised ranging between 1 $ = 44–48 ₹. In late 2007, the Indian Rupee reached a record high of 39 INR per USD, on account of sustained foreign investment flows into the country. This posed problems for major exporters, IT and BPO firms located in the country who were incurring losses in their earnings given the appreciation in rupee. The trend has reversed lately with the 2008 world financial crisis as Foreign investors transferred huge sums out to their own countries. Such appreciations were reflected in many currencies, e.g. the British Pound, which had gained value against the dollar and then has lost value again with the recession of 2008.

text: 2013 Depreciation[edit]

text: Due to stagnant reforms, and declining foreign investment, rupee started depreciating in the early 2013.[12] Measures were announced by the government before this drop to prevent it from dropping further, but none managed to slow down the depreciation.[13] After continued depreciation, and high inflation, the then Prime Minister of India, Manmohan Singh, made a statement in the Parliament of India on the issue. He was of the view that, the present depreciation is partly led by global factors as well as domestic factors. He also asked the political parties to help his Government, tide over the crisis that the country was facing with rupee losing its value.[14]

text: 2016 Demonetisation[edit]

text: 2016 Indian bank note demonetisation

text: Banknotes[edit]

text: Early paper issues[edit]

text: Notes issued by the Bank of Bengal can be categorised in the following three series.

text:
Unifaced series: The early notes of the Bank of Bengal were printed only on one side and were issued as one gold mohur and in denominations of Rs. 100, Rs. 250, Rs. 500, etc.
Commerce series: Later notes had a vignette representing an allegorical female figure personifying 'commerce'. The notes were printed on both sides. On the obverse the name of the bank and the denominations were printed in three scripts, viz., (Urdu, Bengali and Devanagari). On the reverse of such notes was printed a cartouche with ornamentation carrying the name of the Bank.
Britannia series: By the late 19th century, the motif 'commerce' was replaced by 'Britannia'. The new banknotes had more features to prevent forgery.

tag: ul

text: British India issues[edit]

text: The Paper Currency Act of 1861 gave the Government the monopoly of note issue throughout the vast expanse of British India, which was a considerable task. Eventually, the management of paper currency was entrusted to the Mint Masters, the Accountant Generals and the Controller of Currency.

text:
Victoria portrait series: The first set of British India notes were the 'Victoria Portrait' series issued in denominations of 10, 20, 50, 100 and 1,000. These were unifaced, carried two language panels. The security features incorporated the watermark, the printed signature and the registration of the notes.
Underprint series: The unifaced Underprint series was introduced in 1867 as the Victoria Portrait series was withdrawn in the wake of a spate of forgeries. These notes were issued in denominations of Rs 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1,000 and 10,000.
George V series: A series carrying the portrait of George V were introduced in 1923, and was continued as an integral feature of all paper money issues of British India. These notes were issued in denominations of Rs 1, 2½, 5, 10, 50, 100, 1,000, 10,000.

text: Reserve Bank issues during British India[edit]

text: The Reserve Bank of India was formally inaugurated on Monday, 1 April 1935 with its Central Office at Calcutta. Section 22 of the RBI Act, 1934, empowered it to continue issuing Government of India notes until its own notes were ready for issue. The bank issued the first five rupee note bearing the portrait of George VI in 1938. This was followed by Rs. 10 in February, Rs 100 in March and Rs 1,000 and Rs 10,000 in June 1938. The first Reserve Bank issues were signed by the second Governor, Sir James Taylor. In August 1940, the one-rupee note was reintroduced as a wartime measure, as a Government note with the status of a rupee coin. During the war, the Japanese produced high-quality forgeries of the Indian currency. This necessitated a change in the watermark. The profile portrait of George VI was changed to his full frontal portrait. The security thread was introduced for the first time in India. The George VI series continued till 1947 and thereafter as a frozen series till 1950 when post-independence notes were issued.

text: Republic of India issues[edit]

text: Following the Independence of India the Government of India brought out the new design Re.1 note in 1949. Initially, it was felt that the King's portrait be replaced by a portrait of Mahatma Gandhi. Finally, however, the Lion Capital of Ashoka was chosen. The new design of notes were largely along earlier lines. In 1953, Hindi was displayed prominently on the new notes. The economic crisis in late 1960s led to a reduction in the size of notes in 1967. High denomination notes, like Rs. 10,000 notes were demonetized in 1978.

text: The first "Mahatma Gandhi Series" was introduced in 1996. Prominent new features included a changed watermark, windowed security thread, latent image and intaglio features for the visually handicapped.

text: The five hundred (₹500) and one thousand rupee notes (₹1,000) were demonetised by an unscheduled address to the nation by Prime Minister Narendra Modi starting from midnight 8 November 2016.[15] These notes are being replaced by the Mahatma Gandhi New Series of notes.

text: Valuation history[edit]

text:
For the record, the rupee was never equal to the dollar. At the time of independence (in 1947), India’s currency was pegged to pound sterling, and the exchange rate was a shilling and six pence for a rupee — which worked out to Rs 13.33 to the pound.
The dollar-pound exchange rate then was $4.03 to the pound, which in effect gave a rupee-dollar rate in 1947 of around Rs 3.30. The pound was devalued in 1949, changing its dollar parity from 4.03 to 2.80.
India was then a part of the sterling area, and the rupee was devalued on the same day by the same percentage, so that the new dollar exchange rate in 1949 became Rs 4.76 — which is where it stayed till the rupee devaluation of 1966 made it Rs 7.50 to the dollar and the pound moved to Rs 21.
[16]

text: Other issues[edit]

text: Jammu and Kashmir issues: Maharaja Rambir Singh introduced paper money on watermarked paper in 1877. The notes were not very popular and were in circulation for a very short period. The notes carried the 'Sun' motif of the Dogra family.

text:
Hyderabad issues: The Government of Hyderabad had made several efforts to organize private bankers to set up a banking company which could issue paper money. The British, however resisted the attempts of Indian princely states to issue paper currency. The acute shortage of silver during the First World War and the contributions of Hyderabad State to the British war effort led them to accept, in 1918, paper currency in denominations of Rs.10/- and Rs.100/- issued under the Hyderabad Currency Act. The currency was designated the Osmania Sicca (OS). Rupee One and Rupees Five notes were issued subsequently in 1919 and Rupees One Thousand notes were issued in 1926. After the setting up of the India Currency Notes Press at Nasik, Hyderabad notes came to be printed there.
Burma issues: Burma separated from India in 1938; however, the Reserve Bank of India acted as Banker to the Government of Burma and was responsible for note issue in terms of the Burma Monetary Arrangements Order, 1937. In May 1938 the Bank issued Burma notes which were not legal tender in India.
Indo-French issues: The French Indian rupee (FIR) was introduced by France's Bank of Indochina in French colonies of India.
Indo-Portuguese issues : The Portuguese Indian Rupia was the currency of Portuguese India until 1959. It was divisible into 16 Tangas or 960 Reis. In 1959, the currency was changed to the Portuguese Indian Escudo, at the rate of 1 Rupia for 6 Escudos.
Persian Gulf issues: For many years in the early and mid-20th century, the Indian rupee was the official currency in several areas that were controlled by the British and governed from India: areas such as East Africa, Southern Arabia and the Persian Gulf. The rupees used in the Persian Gulf had been bought by the Gulf states from the Reserve Bank of India, who held the sterling reserves by which the rupees had originally been purchased. However, Indian rupees were being smuggled from India to the states of the Persian Gulf in exchange for gold. It was estimated in 1959 that the total amount of gold in private hands in India was about $US1.75 to 2 billion – roughly two-thirds of the value of paper money in circulation. While it was legal to own and to trade in gold within India, it was illegal to import or export gold. The Gulf Rupee, also known as the Persian Gulf Rupee (PGR), was introduced by the Indian government as a replacement for the Indian Rupee for circulation exclusively outside the country with the Reserve Bank of India Amendment Act, 1 May 1959. After India devalued the rupee on June 1966, those countries still using it – Oman, Qatar and what is now the United Arab Emirates (known as the Trucial States until 1971) – replaced the Gulf Rupee with their own currencies. Kuwait and Bahrain had already done so in 1961 and 1965 respectively.
Emergency issues,  Princely states: During the 1940s, when mints were occupied for use in the war, an acute scarcity of small coins was felt throughout India. Princely states in Western India like Balvan, Bikaner, Bundi, Gondal, Indergadh, Junagadh, Jasdan, Kutch Mengni, Muli, Morvi, Mangrol, Nawanagar, Nawalgarh Palitana, Rajkot, Sailana, Sayla, Vithalgadh, issued "Cash Coupons" to meet the shortage.

text:
Hyderabad state OS Rs. 100 issue

Five rupees, 1922

Portuguese Indian 1 rupee, 1924

French Indian 1 rupee, 1938

George VI profile portrait, RBI, 1937

One rupee, British India

George VI profile portrait changed to frontal portrait, RBI, 1943

Two rupees, Republic of India