document_title: Houston Rockets

question_text: who did the houston rockets play in the playoffs

question_tokens: who did the houston rockets play in the playoffs

text: Houston Rockets

text: Franchise history[edit]

text: 1967–1971: San Diego Rockets[edit]

text: The Rockets were founded in 1967 in San Diego by Robert Breitbard, who paid an entry fee of US $1.75 million to join the NBA as an expansion team for the 1967–68 season.[7][8] The NBA wanted to add more teams in the Western United States, and chose San Diego based on the city's strong economic and population growth, along with the local success of an ice hockey team owned by Breitbard, the San Diego Gulls. The resulting contest to name the franchise chose the name "Rockets", which paid homage to San Diego's theme of "a city in motion" and the local arm of General Dynamics developing the Atlas missile and booster rocket program.[7][9] Breitbard brought in Jack McMahon, then coach of the Cincinnati Royals, to serve as the Rockets' coach and general manager.[9][10] The team, that would join the league along with the Seattle SuperSonics, then built its roster with both veteran players at an expansion draft, and college players from the 1967 NBA draft, where San Diego's first ever draft pick was Pat Riley.[9][11] The Rockets lost 67 games in their inaugural season,[12] which was an NBA record for losses in a season at the time.[13]

text: In 1968, after the Rockets won a coin toss against the Baltimore Bullets to determine who would have the first overall pick in the 1968 NBA draft,[14] they selected Elvin Hayes from the University of Houston.[15] Hayes improved the Rockets' record to 37 wins and 45 losses, enough for the franchise's first ever playoff appearance in 1969,[16] but the Rockets lost in the semi-finals of the Western Division to the Atlanta Hawks, four games to two.[16] Despite the additions of Calvin Murphy and Rudy Tomjanovich and the management of Hall of Fame coach Alex Hannum, the Rockets tallied a 67–97 record in the following two seasons and did not make the playoffs in either season.[17][18] Because of the low performance and attendance, Breitbard looked to sell the team,[7] and in 1971, Texas Sports Investments bought the franchise for $5.6 million, and moved the team to Houston.[7] The franchise became the first NBA team in Texas,[19] and the nickname "Rockets" took on even greater relevance after the move, given Houston's long connection to the space industry.[20]

text: 1971–1976: Improving in Houston with Murphy and Rudy-T[edit]

text: Before the start of the 1971–72 season, Hannum left for the Denver Rockets of the American Basketball Association – later renamed Denver Nuggets, who joined the NBA in 1976 – [21] and Tex Winter was hired in his place.[22] However, Winter's clashes with Hayes, due to a system that contrasted with the offensive style to which Hayes was accustomed, made Hayes ask for a trade, leaving for the Baltimore Bullets at the end of the 1971–72 season.[23]

text: It was also around this time that the Rockets would unveil their classic yellow and red logo and accompanying uniforms used until the end of the 1994–95 season.[8] Winter left soon after, being fired in January 1973 following a ten-game losing streak, and was replaced by Johnny Egan.[24] Egan led the Rockets back to the playoffs in 1975, where the franchise also managed to win their first round against the New York Knicks, subsequently losing to the veteran Boston Celtics in 5 games. At that time the Rockets gained popularity in Houston, selling out several home games during the regular season as the Rockets battled for a playoff spot and then selling out all of their home playoff games.[25]

text: 1976–1982: The Moses Malone era[edit]

text: In the 1975–76 season the Rockets finally had a permanent home in Houston as they moved into The Summit, which they would call home for the next 29 years. During the period, the franchise was owned by Kenneth Schnitzer, developer of the Greenway Plaza which included The Summit.[26] After missing the 1976 playoffs, Tom Nissalke was hired as a coach, and pressed the team to add a play-making guard in college standout John Lucas and a rebounding center through Moses Malone, who he had coached in the ABA.[27] The additions had an immediate impact, with the 1976–77 Rockets winning the Central Division and going all the way to the Eastern Conference Finals, losing to the Julius Erving's Philadelphia 76ers 4 games to 2.[28] The following season had the team regressing to just 28 wins due to an injury to captain Tomjanovich, who got numerous facial fractures after being punched by Kermit Washington of the Los Angeles Lakers and wound up spending five months in rehabilitation.[29][30][31] After trading Lucas to the Golden State Warriors in exchange for Rick Barry,[32] the Rockets returned to the playoffs in 1978–79, with "The Chairman Of The Boards" Moses Malone receiving the 1979 MVP Award,[33] but the team was swept 2–0 by Atlanta in the first round.[34] Nissalke was let go, and assistant Del Harris was promoted to head coach.[35]

text: In 1979, George Maloof, a businessperson from Albuquerque, New Mexico, bought the Rockets for $9 million. He died the following year, and while the Maloof family expressed interest in selling the team, George's 24-year-old son Gavin took over the Rockets. A buyer was eventually found in 1982 as businessman Charlie Thomas and Sidney Shlenker purchased the franchise for $11 million. The Maloof period of ownership marked the first dominant period of the Rockets,[36][37][38] highlighted by the team's first NBA Finals appearance in 1981. Prior to the 1980–81 season, the arrival of the Dallas Mavericks led to an NBA realignment that sent the Rockets back to the Western Conference.[39] Houston qualified for the playoffs only in the final game of the season with a 40–42 record.[40] The postseason had the Rockets beat the Lakers, in-state rivals San Antonio Spurs, and the equally underdog Kansas City Kings to become only the second team in NBA history (after the 1959 Minneapolis Lakers) to have advanced to the Finals after achieving a losing record in the regular season.[41] In the final round facing Larry Bird's Boston Celtics in the finals round, the Rockets blew a late lead in Game 1 and won Game 2 at the Boston Garden. However, afterwards the team failed to capitalize on the early success against the favored Celtics, and eventually lost in six games.[42]

text: While new owner Charlie Thomas expressed interest in renewing with Moses Malone,[37] who had been again chosen as MVP in 1981–82,[33] the Rockets traded him to the Philadelphia 76ers for Caldwell Jones, as a declining regional economy made the Rockets unable to pay Malone's salary.[43] When the Rockets finished a league worst 14–68,[44] Celtics coach Bill Fitch was hired to replace outgoing Del Harris,[43] and the team won the first pick of the 1983 NBA draft,[43] used to select Ralph Sampson from the University of Virginia.[45] Sampson had good numbers and was awarded the NBA Rookie of the Year award,[46] but the Rockets still finished last overall, again getting the top pick at the upcoming 1984 NBA draft, used to select Hakeem Olajuwon from the University of Houston.[47]

text: 1984–2001: The Hakeem Olajuwon era[edit]

text: 1984–1987: The Twin Towers era[edit]

text: In his first season, Olajuwon finished second to Michael Jordan in NBA Rookie of the Year balloting,[48] and the Rockets record improved by 19 games, good enough for a return to the playoffs as the third best team in the West, where they were upset by the sixth-seeded Utah Jazz.[49] The Olajuwon and Sampson duo earned much praise, and was nicknamed "Twin Towers".[50] In the following season, Houston won the Midwest Division title with a 51–31 record. The subsequent playoffs had the Rockets sweeping the Sacramento Kings, having a hard-fought six-game series with Alex English's Denver Nuggets, and then facing defending champion Lakers, losing the first game but eventually managing to win the series – the only Western Playoffs defeat of the Showtime Lakers – to get to the franchise's second Finals appearance.[51] The NBA Finals once again matched the Rockets up against the Celtics, a contrast to Houston's young front challenging the playoff-hardened Celtics front court of Larry Bird, Kevin McHale and Robert Parish. The Celtics won the first two games in Boston, gave the Rockets their only home playoff defeat that season in game 4, and clinched the title as Bird scored a triple-double on Game 6.[51][52]

text: After the Finals, Boston coach K.C. Jones called the Rockets "the new monsters on the block" feeling they had a bright future. But the team had a poor start to the following season amidst players getting injured or suspended for cocaine usage, and during the playoffs were defeated in the second round by Seattle SuperSonics in six games, with the final game being a double-overtime classic that saw Olajuwon notching 49 points, 25 rebounds and 6 blocks in defeat. Early in the 1987–88 season, Sampson, who had signed a new contract, was traded to the Golden State Warriors, bringing the Twin Towers era to an end just 18 months after their Finals appearance.[53] Sampson's once-promising career was shortened due to chronic knee injuries, which forced his retirement in 1991. Jones' prophecy of a Rockets dynasty never materialized until the early 1990s.[54]

text: 1987–1992: Lean years[edit]

text: In the next five seasons, the Rockets either failed to qualify for the playoffs or were eliminated in the first round.[55][56][57] The first elimination in 1988 led to Fitch's dismissal, with Don Chaney replacing him as head coach.[58] Chaney, like Olajuwon, also played for the Houston Cougars under Guy Lewis, having played along Elvin Hayes in the late 1960s. Chaney had his best season during 1990–91, where he was named the Coach of the Year after leading the Rockets to a 52-30 record despite Olajuwon's absence due to injury for 25 games.[58][59] Despite Olajuwon's usual strong numbers, the underwhelming roster could not be lifted out of mediocrity. However, the attempts to rebuild the team nucleus incorporated players that would later make an impact in the years to come, such as Kenny Smith, Vernon Maxwell, Robert Horry, Mario Elie, Sam Cassell and Otis Thorpe.[60]

text: Midway through the 1991–92 season, with the Rockets' record only 26–26, Chaney was fired and replaced by his assistant Rudy Tomjanovich, a former Houston player himself.[61] While the Rockets did not make the playoffs,[62] Tomjanovich's arrival was considered a step forward. In the next year, the Rockets improved their record by 13 games, getting the Midwest Division title, and winning their first playoff series in 6 years by defeating the Los Angeles Clippers, before an elimination by the SuperSonics in a closely contested Game 7 overtime loss.[63]

text: 1993–1995: Clutch City championships[edit]

text: On July 30, 1993, Leslie Alexander purchased the Rockets for $85 million.[64] Following the bitter Game 7 loss in Seattle in overtime, Olajuwon gathered the team and famously stated "we go from here".[citation needed] The next season, in Tomjanovich's second full year as head coach, the Rockets began the 1993–94 season by tying an NBA record with a start of 15–0.[65] Led by Olajuwon, who was named the MVP and Defensive Player of the Year,[66] the Rockets won 58 games, a franchise record at the time.[67][68] After quickly dispatching the Portland Trail Blazers (who had made the finals just two years prior) in 4 games, they then faced the defending Western Conference champion Phoenix Suns, led by the previous year's MVP Charles Barkley. The series opened up in Houston, which saw the Rockets open up a big lead going into the fourth quarter. In both games, however, the Rockets inexplicably collapsed to allow the Suns a 2-0 lead going back to Phoenix. Following recent heart-breaking playoff losses by the Houston Oilers, it appeared as though the Rockets were doomed. Local newspapers labeled Houston as "Choke City", which the Rockets took to heart and ultimately came back to win the series in seven games. As "Choke City" became "Clutch City", the name permanently became a part of Houston folklore. The Rockets then soon defeated John Stockton and Karl Malone's Utah Jazz in five in the Conference Finals to advance to their third finals.[69] The New York Knicks opened a 3-2 advantage, but the Rockets managed to win the last two games on their home court and claimed their first championship in franchise history.[67] Olajuwon was awarded the Finals MVP, after averaging 27 points, nine rebounds and four blocked shots a game.[66]

text: The Rockets initially struggled in the first half of the 1994–95 season,[70] which they fixed by sending Otis Thorpe to the Portland Trail Blazers in exchange for Olajuwon's former college teammate Clyde Drexler.[71] With only 47 wins, the Rockets entered the playoffs as the sixth seed in the Western Conference. Still, a strong playoff run that earned Houston the nickname "Clutch City" had the Rockets defeating the West's top three seeds – the Jazz, Suns and Spurs – to reach back-to-back finals, this time against the Orlando Magic, led by Shaquille O'Neal and Anfernee "Penny" Hardaway. When Houston swept the series in four straight games,[72] they became the first team in NBA history to win the championship as a sixth seed, and the first to beat four 50-win teams in a single postseason en route to the championship.[73] Olajuwon was again the Finals MVP, only the second player after Michael Jordan to win the award two years in a row.[74] It was on the floor of The Summit after they captured their second title that head coach Rudy Tomjanovich proclaimed, "Don't ever underestimate the heart of a champion!"[citation needed]

text: 1995–2002: Post-championship and rebuilding[edit]

text: During the off-season, the Rockets went for a change of visual identity, making navy blue and silver the new primary colors while adopting a new cartoon-inspired logo and pinstriped jerseys.[75] The Rockets won 48 games in the 1995–96 season,[76] in which Olajuwon became the NBA's all-time leader in blocked shots.[77] The playoffs had the Rockets beating the Lakers before a sweep by the SuperSonics.[76]

text: Before the start of the succeeding season, the Rockets sent four players to Phoenix in exchange for Charles Barkley.[78] The resulting "Big Three" of Olajuwon, Drexler, and Barkley had a strong debut season with a 57–25 record,[79] going all the way to the Western Conference finals before losing to the Utah Jazz 4–2 on a dramatic last-second shot by John Stockton.[80] The following season was marked by injuries, and Houston finished 41–41 and the 8th seed, leading to another elimination by the top-seeded Jazz.[81]

text: Drexler retired after the season,[82] and the Rockets traded to bring in Scottie Pippen to take his place.[83] In the lockout-shortened 1998–99 season, the Rockets lost to the Lakers in the first round of the playoffs.[84] After the 1999 draft, the Rockets traded for the second overall pick Steve Francis from the Vancouver Grizzlies, in exchange for four players and a first-round draft pick.[85] However, after Houston traded a discontented Pippen to Portland,[86] and Barkley suffered a career-ending injury,[87] the rebuilt Rockets went 34–48 and missed the playoffs,[88] for only the second time in 15 years.[67]

text: In the 2000–01 season, the Rockets worked their way to a 45–37 record. However, in a competitive Western Conference where seven teams won 50 games, this left the Rockets two games out of the playoffs.[89] In the following off-season, a 38-year-old Olajuwon requested a trade, and, despite stating their desire to keep him, the Rockets reached a sign-and-trade agreement, sending him to the Toronto Raptors.[90] The ensuing 2001–02 season—the first without Hakeem in two decades—was unremarkable, and the Rockets finished with only 28 wins.[91]

text: 2002–2009: Return to relevance[edit]

text: After Houston was awarded the first overall pick in the 2002 NBA draft, they selected Yao Ming, a 7 feet 6 inches (2.29 m) Chinese center.[92] The Rockets missed the 2003 playoffs by one game, improving their record by 15 victories.[93][94]

text: The 2003–04 season marked the Rockets' arrival to a new arena, the Toyota Center,[95] a redesign of their uniforms and logo,[96] and their first season without Rudy Tomjanovich, who resigned as head coach after being diagnosed with bladder cancer.[97] Led by former Knicks coach Jeff Van Gundy,[98] the Rockets finished the regular season with a record of 45–37,[99] earning their first playoff berth since 1999,[67] again losing to the Lakers in the first round.[99]

text: In the off-season, Houston saw major changes in the roster as the Rockets acquired Tracy McGrady in a seven-player deal with the Orlando Magic.[100] The scoring champion McGrady and the strong rebounder Yao formed a well-regarded pair that helped the Rockets win 22 consecutive games in the 2007–08 season, which was at the time the 3rd longest winning streak in NBA history. Still, the duo was plagued with injuries – of the 463 regular season games for which they were teammates, Yao missed 146 and McGrady 160 – and did not win any playoff series, despite gathering leads over the Dallas Mavericks in 2005 and the Jazz in 2007.[101] After the 2007 elimination, Van Gundy was fired,[102] and the Rockets hired Rick Adelman to replace him.[103]

text: For the 2008–09 season, the Rockets signed forward Ron Artest. While McGrady wound up playing only half the games before enduring a season-ending microfracture surgery,[104] the Rockets ended the season 53–29, enough for the Western Conference's fifth seed. During the playoffs, the Rockets beat the Portland Trail Blazers four games to two, winning their first playoff round since 1997.[105] During the series, Dikembe Mutombo injured his knee, which forced him to retire after 18 seasons in the NBA.[106] However, the second round against the Lakers had the Rockets losing 4-3 and Yao Ming suffering yet another season-ending injury, this time a hairline fracture in his left foot.[107]

text: 2009–2012: "Competitive rebuilding"[edit]

text: During the 2009–10 season, the Rockets saw the departures of Artest in the off-season and McGrady, Joey Dorsey and Carl Landry during mid-season trades. Despite great play by Kevin Martin, who arrived from the Kings, and Aaron Brooks, who would eventually be chosen as the Most Improved Player of the season, the Rockets could not make it to the playoffs, finishing 42–40, 3rd in the Southwest Division. At that time, the Rockets set an NBA record for best record by a team with no All-Stars.[108][109] The Rockets would also finish ninth in the Western Conference for the following two seasons,[110][111] with Yao Ming getting a season-ending injury seven games into the 2010–11 season and deciding to retire during the 2011 off-season.[112] Said off-season, which saw the NBA going through a lockout, had Adelman dismissed,[113] and general manager Daryl Morey deciding to start a revamp of the Rockets based on advanced statistical analytics (similar to sabermetrics in baseball) in player acquisitions and style of play. Kevin McHale was named head coach, and the roster saw significant changes.[114]

text: 2012–present: The James Harden era[edit]

text: After the roster moves made by Morey during the 2012 NBA off-season,[114] only four players were left from the 2011–12 Rockets roster: Chandler Parsons, Greg Smith, Marcus Morris and Patrick Patterson,[115] with the latter two leaving through trades during the 2012–13 season.[114] The most important acquisition was reigning sixth man of the year James Harden, who Morey called a "foundational" player which he expected to be Houston's featured player after a supporting role in the Oklahoma City Thunder.[116] Harden caused an immediate impact as part of the starting lineup for the Rockets, with 37 points, 12 assists, 6 rebounds, 4 steals, and a block in the season opener against the Detroit Pistons,[117] and an average of 25.9 points a game through the season. Combining Harden's performance and McHale's up-tempo offense, the Rockets became one of the highest scoring offenses in the NBA, leading the league in scoring for the majority of the season.[114][118] In the postseason, the Rockets fell to the Oklahoma City Thunder in the first round, losing the series 4–2.[119]

text: Eager to add another franchise player to their team, the Rockets heavily pursued Jeremy Lin, the first American of Taiwanese and Chinese descent to play in the National Basketball Association (NBA), led the Knicks to seven straight victories while establishing an NBA scoring record in July 2012.[120] Also, they pursued free agent center Dwight Howard in the 2013 off-season. He officially signed with the Rockets on July 13, 2013.[121] Led by the new inside-out combination of Howard and James Harden, and with a strong supporting cast including Chandler Parsons, Jeremy Lin, and Ömer Aşık, the Rockets were expected to jump into title contention in the upcoming season.[122] However, that postseason, the Rockets were defeated in the first round by the Portland Trail Blazers, losing the series 4–2.[123] Still, in the 2014–15 season, without Lin and Parsons but reinforced by Trevor Ariza, the Rockets started the season well, winning the first four games of the season for the first time since 1996–97,[124] and winning each of their first six games by 10 points or more, the first team to accomplish this feat since the 1985–86 Denver Nuggets.[125] While the Rockets had many key players miss time throughout the entire season, James Harden took it upon himself to keep the Rockets near the top of the conference, turning him into an MVP front-runner. He became the first Rocket to score 50 points in a game since Hakeem Olajuwon,[126] as well as the only player in franchise history to record multiple 50 point games in a season.[127] On April 15, 2015, the Rockets beat the Jazz to claim their first ever Southwest Division title and first Division crown since 1994, and by completing 56 wins finished with the third-best regular season record in franchise history.[128] During the playoffs, the Rockets beat the Mavericks 4–1 in the first round, and overcame a 3–1 deficit against the Los Angeles Clippers to win the Western Semifinals and return to the Conference Finals for the first time in 18 years.[129] In the Conference Finals, the Rockets were defeated by the Golden State Warriors 4–1.[130]

text: The 2015–16 season saw Kevin McHale fired after a bad start where the team only won 4 of its first 11 games, and assistant J. B. Bickerstaff took over coaching duties.[131] Inconsistent play led to the Rockets struggling to remain in the playoff qualifying zone,[132] and surrounded by trade rumors.[133] Houston only clinched its 2016 playoffs spot by winning its last game, finishing the season 41–41 to earn an eight seed and a match-up against the Warriors.[134] Like in the previous year, the Rockets were once again defeated by Golden State in 5 games.[135]

text: During the 2016 off-season, Mike D'Antoni was named as the Rockets' new head coach,[136] and Dwight Howard opted out of his contract's final year, becoming a free agent.[137] In the following free-agency period, the Rockets looked to embrace the play styles of both coach D'Antoni and Harden through the signings of Ryan Anderson and Eric Gordon, two predominately perimeter players and good fits in Houston's up-tempo offense style.[138]

text: When the 2016–17 season started, Harden was off to a great start and was widely considered a top MVP runner along with Kawhi Leonard, alongside former teammate Russell Westbrook.[139] When the season ended, the Rockets were third in both the Western Conference and overall rankings, a major improvement from the season before. D'Antoni was named the NBA Coach of the Year, Eric Gordon the Sixth Man of the Year, and Harden finished second in MVP voting to Russell Westbrook.[140]  In the playoffs, the Rockets faced the sixth seeded Oklahoma City Thunder in a battle of the MVP frontrunners, as the winner was not announced until after the finals.[141] The Rockets won the series 4–1 including Nene Hilario's perfect 12–12 in field goals in Game 4.[142] In the following round, Houston opened with a dominating 27 points win over the San Antonio Spurs, lost the following two games and then tied the series again.[143] Game 5 went into overtime and had both Manu Ginobili blocking James Harden's game tying three point attempt at the final second,[144]  and Nene injuring himself out of the postseason.[145] Without Nene, the Rockets could not guard LaMarcus Aldridge, who scored 34 points and grabbed 12 rebounds in the series-closing match.[146]

text: During the 2017 off-season, the Rockets were purchased by Houston restaurant billionaire Tilman Fertitta for $2.2 billion,[147] breaking the record for the price to purchase an American professional sports team.[148] The team also acquired 8 time All-NBA player and 9 time All-Star Chris Paul in a trade from the Los Angeles Clippers, in exchange for seven players, cash considerations, and a top three protected 2018 first round draft pick.[149][150] Even if Paul missed many games due to a knee injury, he was a key addition to the Rockets.[151] The team finished the season with 65 wins, a record both league-leading and the best in franchise history.[152] During the playoffs, Houston easily beat the Minnesota Timberwolves and Utah Jazz before another confrontation with the Golden State Warriors.[153] In game 5 of the Conference Finals, the Rockets took a 3–2 lead in the series, but saw Paul leave with an injured hamstring. His absence was felt in the two remaining games, where Houston led by halftime only to suffer a comeback by Golden State.[154]

text: Season-by-season record[edit]

text: List of the last five seasons completed by the Rockets. For the full season-by-season history, see List of Houston Rockets seasons.

text: Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, % = Winning percentage

text:
Season
GP
W
L
%
Finish
Playoffs

2013–14
82
54
28
.659
2nd, Southwest
Lost in First Round, 2–4 (Trail Blazers)

2014–15
82
56
26
.683
1st, Southwest
Lost in Conference Finals, 1–4 (Warriors)

2015–16
82
41
41
.500
4th, Southwest
Lost in First Round, 1–4 (Warriors)

2016–17
82
55
27
.671
2nd, Southwest
Lost in Conference Semifinals, 2–4 (Spurs)

2017–18
82
65
17
.793
1st, Southwest
Lost in Conference Finals, 3–4 (Warriors)

text: Home arenas[edit]

text: During the four years the Rockets were in San Diego, they played their games in the San Diego Sports Arena,[7] which had a seating capacity of 14,400.[155] In their first season after moving to Houston, the Rockets did not have their own arena, and they played their first two years at various venues in the city, including the Astrodome, AstroHall, Sam Houston Coliseum and Hofheinz Pavilion, the latter eventually being adopted as their home arena until 1975. They also had to play "home" games in other cities such as San Antonio, Waco, Albuquerque, and even San Diego in efforts to extend the fan-base. During their first season, the Rockets averaged less than 5,000 fans per game (roughly half full), and in one game in Waco, there were only 759 fans in attendance.[7]

text: Their first permanent arena in Houston was the 10,000 seat Hofheinz Pavilion on the campus of the University of Houston, which they moved into starting in their second season. They played in the arena for four years, before occupying The Summit in 1975. The arena, which could hold 16,611 spectators,[156] was their home for the next 28 years. It was renamed the Compaq Center from 1998 to 2003.[7] Following the 1994 title, the Rockets had a sellout streak of 176 consecutive home games, including the playoffs, which lasted until 1999. However, the struggling 2000–01 and 2001–02 seasons saw Houston having the worst attendance average in the league, with less than 12,000 spectators each season.[157]

text: For the 2003–04 season, the Rockets moved into their new arena, the Toyota Center, with a seating capacity of 18,500.[95] During the 2007–08 season where the team achieved a 22-game winning streak, the Rockets got their best numbers to date, averaging 17,379 spectators.[158] These were exceeded once James Harden joined the team in 2013. The Rockets averaged 18,123 spectators during the 2013–14 season, selling out 39 out of the 41 home games.[159][160] The 2014–15 season had even better numbers, with 40 sellouts and an average of 18,230 tickets sold.[161]

text: Team identity[edit]

text: Uniforms and logos[edit]

text: When the Rockets debuted in San Diego, their colors were green and gold. Road uniforms featured the city name, while the home uniforms feature the team name, both in a serifed block lettering. This was the only uniform design the Rockets would use throughout their years in San Diego. The Rockets' first logo featured a rocket streaking with a basketball surrounded by the team name.[9]

text: Upon moving to Houston in 1971, the Rockets replaced green with red.[8] They kept the same design from their San Diego days, save for the change of color and city name. The logo used is of a player with a spinning basketball launching upward, with boosters on his back, leaving a trail of red and gold flames and the words "Houston Rockets" below it.[8]

text: For the 1972–73 season, the Rockets introduced the famous "mustard and ketchup" logo, so dubbed by fans, featuring a gold basketball surrounded by two red trails, with "Houston" atop the first red trail and "Rockets" (all capitalized save for the lowercase 'E' and 'T') in black surrounding the basketball. The initial home uniforms, used until the 1975–76 season, features the city name, numbers and serifed player name in red with gold trim, while the away uniforms feature the city name (all capitalized except for the lower case 'T' and 'N'), numbers and serifed player name in gold with white trim.[8]

text: In the 1976–77 season, the Rockets modified their uniforms, featuring a monotone look on the Cooper Black fonts and white lettering on the road uniforms. On the home shorts, the team logo is located on the right leg, while the away shorts feature the team name wordmark on the same location. With minor modifications in the number font, this version was used in all four of their NBA Finals appearances, including their 1994 and 1995 championships.[8]

text: Following the 1995 title, the Rockets opted to modernize their look. After a fan contest with over 5,000 entries, the team went with the idea of Missouri City artist Thomas Nash of a rocket orbiting a basketball, which was then reworked by Houston designer Chris Hill.[75] Nash would later sue the Rockets for breach of contract, given they were using his idea despite not having paid the contest prizes.[162][163] The NBA suggested that the identity should follow the cartoon-inspired imagery that other teams adopted during the 1990s, leading to a rocket painted with sharkmouth nose art orbiting a basketball. Red was retained, but navy blue and silver became the uniform's primary colors. Both the home white and away navy uniforms featured gradient-fading pinstripes and futuristic number fonts, with side stripes of navy fading to red. This was used until the 2002–03 season.[8][164]

text: The Rockets' current logos and uniforms were introduced in the 2003–04 season,[96] created by New York-based agency Alfafa Studio in association with Japanese designer Eiko Ishioka. The logo is a stylized 'R' in the shape of a rocket during takeoff, surrounded by a red orbit streak that can be interpreted as the central circle of a basketball court. Said "R" inspired the team's new custom typeface, designed so that every single digit could be read well from a distance, whether in the arena or on television. Red once again became the dominant color, with silver and black as secondary.[165][166] In 2009, the Rockets invoked the championship years with an alternate red uniform, featuring gold numbers and side stripes.[167][168] The Rockets had two sleeved alternate jerseys for the 2015–16 season, an alternate silver-colored uniform whose design referenced the design of NASA's Gemini-Titan rocket, and a red and gold jersey featuring the nickname "Clutch City".[169] For the 2016–17 season, the Rockets began to wear a black alternate uniform.

text: Mascots[edit]

text: The mascot of the Houston Rockets in the 1980s was called Booster. From 1993 to 1995, the mascot was Turbo, a costumed man that performed acrobatic dunks and other maneuvers.[170] In 1995, the Rockets debuted Clutch the Bear as a second mascot, a large teddy bear-like mascot that performs a variety of acts during the games. After eight years of serving as dual mascots, the performer playing Turbo retired, making Clutch the sole mascot for the team.[171]

text: Rivalries[edit]

text: The Rockets have developed many rivalries within the Western Conference ever since the team returned there in 1980. Two are intrastate rivalries, with the San Antonio Spurs, who moved along with the Rockets after four years with them in the Eastern Conference,[172] and the Dallas Mavericks, introduced that very season.[173] Houston faced both Texas teams in playoffs since 1980, beating the Spurs three times and losing once. The Rockets lost twice to the Mavericks, while beating them once.[174] Other famed rivalries were with the Los Angeles Lakers, who in the 1980s Showtime era only missed the NBA Finals when beaten by the Rockets,[175] and the Utah Jazz, who the Rockets beat in both championship seasons but were defeated by Utah in five other occasions.[176]

text: Honors and statistics[edit]

text: Individual honors[edit]

text:
NBA Most Valuable Player Award

Moses Malone – 1979, 1982[177]
Hakeem Olajuwon – 1994[178]
James Harden – 2018[179]
NBA Finals MVP

Hakeem Olajuwon – 1994, 1995[178]
NBA Scoring Champions

Elvin Hayes – 1969[180]
James Harden – 2018[181]
NBA Defensive Player of the Year[182]

Hakeem Olajuwon – 1993, 1994
NBA Rookie of the Year[182]

Ralph Sampson – 1984
Steve Francis – 2000
NBA Sixth Man of the Year[182]

Eric Gordon – 2017
NBA Most Improved Player[182]

Aaron Brooks – 2010
NBA Coach of the Year[182]

Tom Nissalke – 1977
Don Chaney – 1991
Mike D'Antoni – 2017
NBA Executive of the Year

Ray Patterson – 1977[183]
Daryl Morey – 2018[184]
J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award

Calvin Murphy – 1979[185]
Dikembe Mutombo – 2009[186]

NBA All-Defensive First Team[182]

Hakeem Olajuwon – 1987, 1988, 1990, 1993, 1994
Rodney McCray – 1988
Scottie Pippen – 1999
Patrick Beverley – 2017
NBA All-Defensive Second Team[182]

Moses Malone – 1979
Hakeem Olajuwon – 1985, 1991, 1996, 1997
Rodney McCray – 1987
Shane Battier – 2008, 2009
Ron Artest – 2009
Patrick Beverley – 2014[187]
NBA All-Rookie First Team[182]

Elvin Hayes – 1969
Calvin Murphy – 1971
Joe Meriweather – 1976
John Lucas – 1977
Ralph Sampson – 1984
Hakeem Olajuwon – 1985
Steve Francis – 2000
Yao Ming – 2003
Luis Scola – 2008
NBA All-Rookie Second Team[182]

Robert Horry – 1993
Matt Maloney – 1997
Cuttino Mobley – 1999
Michael Dickerson – 1999
Eddie Griffin – 2002
Luther Head – 2006
Carl Landry – 2008
Chandler Parsons – 2012

All-NBA First Team[182]

Moses Malone – 1979, 1982
Hakeem Olajuwon – 1987, 1988, 1989, 1993, 1994, 1997
James Harden – 2014, 2015, 2017, 2018
All-NBA Second Team[182]

Moses Malone – 1980, 1981
Ralph Sampson – 1985
Hakeem Olajuwon – 1986, 1990, 1996
Yao Ming – 2007, 2009
Tracy McGrady – 2007
Dwight Howard – 2014[188]
All-NBA Third Team[182]

Hakeem Olajuwon – 1991, 1995, 1999
Clyde Drexler – 1995
Yao Ming – 2004, 2006, 2008
Tracy McGrady – 2005, 2008
James Harden – 2013

All-Star[189]

Don Kojis – 1968, 1969
Elvin Hayes – 1969–1972
Jack Marin – 1973
Rudy Tomjanovich – 1974–1977, 1979
Moses Malone – 1978–1982
Calvin Murphy – 1979
Ralph Sampson – 1984–1987
Hakeem Olajuwon – 1985–1990, 1992–1997
Otis Thorpe – 1992
Charles Barkley – 1997
Clyde Drexler – 1996, 1997
Steve Francis – 2002–2004
Tracy McGrady – 2005–2007
Yao Ming – 2003–2009, 2011
James Harden – 2013–2018
Dwight Howard – 2014
All-Star head coach[189]

Rudy Tomjanovich – 1997
Mike D'Antoni – 2018
All-Star Game MVP[182]

Ralph Sampson – 1985 [46]

text: Statistics and records[edit]

text: Franchise leaders[edit]

text:
Bold denotes still active with team.
Italics denotes still active but not with team.

text: Points scored (regular season) (as of the end of the 2017–18 season)[190]

text:
1. Hakeem Olajuwon (26,511)
2. Calvin Murphy (17,949)
3. Rudy Tomjanovich (13,383)
4. James Harden (13,014)
5. Elvin Hayes (11,762)
6. Moses Malone (11,119)

text:
7. Yao Ming (9,247)
8. Robert Reid (8,823)
9. Mike Newlin (8,480)
10. Otis Thorpe (8,177)
11. Cuttino Mobley (7,448)
12. Steve Francis (7,281)

text:
13. Tracy McGrady (6,888)
14. Allen Leavell (6,684)
15. Vernon Maxwell (6,002)
16. Ralph Sampson (5,995)
17. Kenny Smith (5,910)
18. Luis Scola (5,597)

text:
19. Rodney McCray (5,059)
20. Sleepy Floyd (5,030)
21. Stu Lantz (4,947)
22. Trevor Ariza (4,863)
23. Lewis Lloyd (4,384)
24. Clyde Drexler (4,155)

text:
25. Buck Johnson (4,139)
26. John Block (4,138)
27. Don Kojis (4,037)
28. John Lucas II (3,756)
29. Kevin Kunnert (3,550)
30. Aaron Brooks (3,465)

text: Other Statistics (regular season) (as of the end of the 2017–18 season)[190]

text:
1. Hakeem Olajuwon (42,844)
2. Calvin Murphy (30,607)
3. Rudy Tomjanovich (25,714)
4. Robert Reid (21,718)
5. Elvin Hayes (20,782)

text:
1. Hakeem Olajuwon (13,382)
2. Elvin Hayes (6,974)
3. Moses Malone (6,959)
4. Rudy Tomjanovich (6,198)
5. Otis Thorpe (5,010)

text:
1. Calvin Murphy (4,402)
2. James Harden (3,615)
3. Allen Leavell (3,339)
4. Hakeem Olajuwon (2,992)
5. Mike Newlin (2,581)

text:
1. Hakeem Olajuwon (2,088)
2. Calvin Murphy (1,165)
3. Allen Leavell (929)
4. Robert Reid (881)
5. James Harden (797)

text:
1. Hakeem Olajuwon (3,740)
2. Yao Ming (920)
3. Moses Malone (758)
4. Ralph Sampson (585)
5. Kelvin Cato (431)

text: Players[edit]

text: Current roster[edit]

text:
Houston Rockets rostervte

Players
Coaches

Pos.
No.
Name
Height
Weight
DOB (YYYY-MM-DD)
From

F

7001330000000000000♠33

Anderson, Ryan

7000208279999999999♠6 ft 10 in (2.08 m)

240 lb (109 kg)

1988–05–06

California

F/C

7001280000000000000♠28

Black, Tarik

7000205740000000000♠6 ft 9 in (2.06 m)

250 lb (113 kg)

1991–11–22

Kansas

C

7001150000000000000♠15

Capela, Clint

7000208279999999999♠6 ft 10 in (2.08 m)

240 lb (109 kg)

1994–05–18

INSEP (FRA)

G

–

Carter-Williams, Michael

7000198120000000000♠6 ft 6 in (1.98 m)

190 lb (86 kg)

1991–10–10

Syracuse

F

–

Clark, Gary

7000203200000000000♠6 ft 8 in (2.03 m)

225 lb (102 kg)

1994–11–16

Cincinnati

F

7000600000000000000♠6

Edwards, Vincent

7000200659999999999♠6 ft 7 in (2.01 m)

220 lb (100 kg)

1996–04–05

Purdue

F

–

Ennis, James

7000200659999999999♠6 ft 7 in (2.01 m)

210 lb (95 kg)

1990–07–01

Long Beach State

G

7001100000000000000♠10

Gordon, Eric

7000193040000000000♠6 ft 4 in (1.93 m)

215 lb (98 kg)

1988–12–25

Indiana

G/F

7001140000000000000♠14

Green, Gerald

7000200659999999999♠6 ft 7 in (2.01 m)

205 lb (93 kg)

1986–01–26

Gulf Shores Academy (TX)

G

7001130000000000000♠13

Harden, James (C)

7000195580000000000♠6 ft 5 in (1.96 m)

220 lb (100 kg)

1989–08–26

Arizona State

G

7000200000000000000♠2

Hunter, R. J. (TW)

7000195580000000000♠6 ft 5 in (1.96 m)

185 lb (84 kg)

1993–10–24

Georgia State

G/F

7000700000000000000♠7

Johnson, Joe

7000200659999999999♠6 ft 7 in (2.01 m)

240 lb (109 kg)

1981–06–29

Arkansas

G

5000000000000000000♠0

Melton, De'Anthony (DP)

7000190500000000000♠6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)

193 lb (88 kg)

1998–05–28

Southern California

F/C

7001420000000000000♠42

Nenê

7000210820000000000♠6 ft 11 in (2.11 m)

250 lb (113 kg)

1982–09–13

Brazil

C

7001210000000000000♠21

Onuaku, Chinanu

7000208279999999999♠6 ft 10 in (2.08 m)

245 lb (111 kg)

1996–11–01

Louisville

G

7000300000000000000♠3

Paul, Chris

7000182880000000000♠6 ft 0 in (1.83 m)

175 lb (79 kg)

1985–05–06

Wake Forest

F

7000400000000000000♠4

Tucker, P. J.

7000198120000000000♠6 ft 6 in (1.98 m)

245 lb (111 kg)

1985–05–05

Texas

F/C

7000900000000000000♠9

Zhou Qi

7000215899999999999♠7 ft 1 in (2.16 m)

210 lb (95 kg)

1996–01–16

China

Head coach
Mike D'Antoni
Assistant coach(es)
Jeff Bzdelik
Brett Gunning
Roy Rogers
John Lucas (player development)

Legend
(C) Team captain(DP) Unsigned draft pick(FA) Free agent(S) Suspended(GL) On assignment to G League affiliate(TW) Two-way affiliate player Injured

Roster • Transactions  Last transaction: 2018–07–08

text: Retained draft rights[edit]

text: The Rockets hold the draft rights to the following unsigned draft picks who have been playing outside the NBA. A drafted player, either an international draftee or a college draftee who is not signed by the team that drafted him, is allowed to sign with any non-NBA teams. In this case, the team retains the player's draft rights in the NBA until one year after the player's contract with the non-NBA team ends.[191] This list includes draft rights that were acquired from trades with other teams.

text:
Draft

Round

Pick

Player

Pos.

Nationality

Current team

Note(s)

Ref

2017

2

43

Isaiah Hartenstein

F/C

 Germany

Rio Grande Valley Vipers (G League)

[192]

2014

2

53

Alessandro Gentile

G/F

 Italy

Virtus Segafredo Bologna (Italy)

Acquired from the Minnesota Timberwolves

[193]

2013

2

45

Marko Todorović

F/C

 Montenegro

Free agent

Acquired from the Portland Trail Blazers

[194]

2011

2

51

Jon Diebler

G

 United States

Beşiktaş Sompo Japan (Turkey)

Acquired from the Portland Trail Blazers

[195]

2009

2

34

Sergio Llull

G

 Spain

Real Madrid (Spain)

Acquired from the Denver Nuggets

[196]

2005

2

52

Axel Hervelle

F

 Belgium

Free agent

Acquired from the Denver Nuggets

[197]

text: Retired numbers[edit]

text:
[198]
YaoMingC Retired February 3, 2017
ClydeDrexlerG Retired February 3, 2000
CalvinMurphyG Retired March 17, 1984
MosesMaloneC Retired April 19, 1998
HakeemOlajuwonC Retired November 9, 2002
RudyTomjanovich1F Retired January 28, 1982
CarrollDawson2Assistant coachGMHonored April 16, 2007

text:
1 Also served as head coach from 1991 to 2003.
2 As Dawson did not play for the Rockets, the team used his initials.[199]

text: Basketball Hall of Famers[edit]

text:
Houston Rockets Hall of Famers[200][201]

Players

No.
Name
Position
Tenure
Inducted

24
Rick Barry
F
1978–1980
1987

1144
Elvin Hayes
C/F
1968–19721981–1984
1990

23
Calvin Murphy
G
1970–1983
1993

24
Moses Malone
C/F
1976–1982
2001

22
Clyde Drexler 1
G/F
1995–1998
2004

4
Charles Barkley 1
F
1996–2000
2006

34
Hakeem Olajuwon
C
1984–2001
2008

33
Scottie Pippen 1
F
1998–1999
2010

50
Ralph Sampson
C/F
1983–1987
2012

55
Dikembe Mutombo
C
2004–2009
2015

11
Yao Ming
C
2002–2011
2016

13
Tracy McGrady
G/F
2004–2010
2017

Coaches

Name
Position
Tenure
Inducted

Alex Hannum
Head coach
1969–1971
1998

Tex Winter
Head coach
1971–1973
2011

text: Notes:

text: 1 All three players were also inducted to the Hall of Fame as members of the 1992 Olympic team.

text: FIBA Hall of Famers[edit]

text:
Houston Rockets Hall of Famers

Players

No.
Name
Position
Tenure
Inducted

34
Hakeem Olajuwon
C
1984–2001
2016

text: Management[edit]

text: General managers[edit]

text:
GM history

GM

Tenure

Jack McMahon[202]
Mar 1967 – June 1968

Pete Newell[202]
June 1968 – May 1972

Ray Patterson[203]
May 1972 – September 1989

Steve Patterson[204]
September 1989 – August 1993

Tod Leiweke[205]
August 1993–January 1994

Bob Weinhauer[206]
January 1994 – May 1996

Carroll Dawson[207]
May 1996 – May 2007

Daryl Morey[208]
May 2007–present

text: Owners[edit]

text:
Ownership history

Owner

Tenure

Robert Breitbard[209]
January 1967 – June 1971

Billy Goldberg, Wayne Duddlesten, Mickey Herskowitz[209]
June 1971 – December 1973

Irvin Kaplan[209]
December 1973 – February 1975

James Talcott Incorporated[203]
February 1975 – February 1976

Kenneth Schnitzer[203]
February 1976 – May 1979

George J. Maloof, Sr.[203]
May 1979 – November 1980

Gavin Maloof[203]
November 1980 – June 1982

Charlie Thomas[64]
June 1982 – July 1993

Leslie Alexander[64]
July 1993 – October 2017

Tilman Fertitta[210]
October 2017 – present

text: Coaches[edit]

text:
Coach

Tenure

Jack McMahon
1968–1970

Alex Hannum
1970–1971

text:
Coach

Tenure

Tex Winter
1971–1973

Johnny Egan
1973–1976

Tom Nissalke
1976–1979

Del Harris
1979–1983

Bill Fitch
1983–1988

Don Chaney
1988–1992

Rudy Tomjanovich
1992–2003

Jeff Van Gundy
2003–2007

Rick Adelman
2007–2011

Kevin McHale
2011–2015

J. B. Bickerstaff (interim)
2015–2016

Mike D'Antoni
2016–present


document_title: Ain't

question_text: when was ain't added to the dictionary

question_tokens: when was ai n 't added to the dictionary

root

text: Ain't

text: Etymology[edit]

text: Ain't has several antecedents in English, corresponding to the various forms of to be not and to have not that ain't contracts. The development of ain't for to be not and to have not is a diachronic coincidence;[1] in other words, they were independent developments at different times.

tag: p

text: Contractions of to be not[edit]

text: Amn't as a contraction of am not is known from 1618.[2] As the "mn" combination of two nasal consonants is disfavoured by many English speakers, the "m" of amn't began to be elided, reflected in writing with the new form an't.[3] Aren't as a contraction for are not first appeared in 1675.[4] In non-rhotic dialects, aren't lost its "r" sound, and began to be pronounced as an't.[5]

text: An't (sometimes a'n't) arose from am not and are not almost simultaneously. An't first appears in print in the work of English Restoration playwrights.[6] In 1695 an't was used as a contraction of "am not", in William Congreve's play Love for Love: "I can hear you farther off, I an't deaf".[7] But as early as 1696 Sir John Vanbrugh uses an't to mean "are not" in The Relapse: "Hark thee shoemaker! These shoes an't ugly, but they don't fit me".[8]

text: An't for is not may have developed independently from its use for am not and are not. Isn't was sometimes written as in't or en't, which could have changed into an't. An't for is not may also have filled a gap as an extension of the already-used conjugations for to be not.[6] Jonathan Swift used an't to mean is not in Letter 19 of his Journal to Stella (1710–13): It an't my fault, 'tis Patrick's fault; pray now don't blame Presto.[9]

text: An't with a long "a" sound began to be written as ain't, which first appears in writing in 1749.[10] By the time ain't appeared, an't was already being used for am not, are not, and is not.[6] An't and ain't coexisted as written forms well into the nineteenth century—Charles Dickens used the terms interchangeably, as in Chapter 13, Book the Second of Little Dorrit (1857): "'I guessed it was you, Mr Pancks," said she, 'for it's quite your regular night; ain't it? ... An't it gratifying, Mr Pancks, though; really?'". In the English lawyer William Hickey's memoirs (1808–1810), ain't appears as a contraction of aren't; "thank God we're all alive, ain't we..."[11]

text: Contractions of to have not[edit]

text: Han't or ha'n't, an early contraction for has not and have not, developed from the elision of the "s" of has not and the "v" of have not.[6] Han't appeared in the work of English Restoration playwrights,[6] as in The Country Wife (1675) by William Wycherley: Gentlemen and Ladies, han't you all heard the late sad report / of poor Mr. Horner.[12] Much like an't, han't was sometimes pronounced with a long "a", yielding hain't. With H-dropping, the "h" of han't or hain't gradually disappeared in most dialects, and became ain't.[6]

text: Ain't as a contraction for has not/have not first appeared in dictionaries in the 1830s, and appeared in 1819 in Niles' Weekly Register: Strike! Why I ain't got nobody here to strike....[13] Charles Dickens likewise used ain't to mean haven't in Chapter 28 of Martin Chuzzlewit (1844): "You ain't got nothing to cry for, bless you! He's righter than a trivet!"[14]

text: Like with an't, han't and ain't were found together late into the nineteenth century, as in Chapter 12 of Dickens' Our Mutual Friend: "'Well, have you finished?' asked the strange man. 'No,' said Riderhood, 'I ain't'....'You sir! You han't said what you want of me.'"[15]

text: Contractions of to do not[edit]

text: Ain't meaning didn't is widely considered a feature unique to African American Vernacular English,[16] although it can be found in some dialects of Caribbean English as well.[17] It may function not as a true variant of didn't, but as a creole-like tense-neutral negator (sometimes termed generic ain't).[16] Its origin may have been due to approximation when early African Americans acquired English as a second language; it is also possible that early African Americans inherited this variation from colonial European-Americans, and later kept the variation when it largely passed out of wider usage. Ain't is rarely attested for the present-tense constructions do not or does not.

text: Linguistic characteristics[edit]

text: Linguistically, ain't is formed by the same rule that English speakers use to form aren't and other contractions of auxiliary verbs.[3] Most linguists consider usage of ain't to be grammatical, as long as its users convey their intended meaning to their audience.[18] In other words, a sentence such as "She ain't got no sense" is grammatical because it generally follows a native speaker's word order, and because a native speaker would recognize the meaning of that sentence.[19] Linguists draw a distinction, however, between grammaticality and acceptability: what may be considered grammatical across all dialects may nevertheless be considered not acceptable in certain dialects or contexts.[20] The usage of ain't is socially unacceptable in some situations.[21]

text: Functionally, ain't has operated in part to plug what is known as the "amn't gap" – the anomalous situation in standard English whereby there are standard contractions for other forms of to be not (aren't for are not, and isn't for is not), but no standard contraction for am not. Historically, ain't has filled the gap where one might expect amn't, even in contexts where other uses of ain't were disfavored.[22] Standard dialects that regard ain't as non-standard often substitute aren't for am not in tag questions (e.g., "I'm doing okay, aren't I?"), while leaving the "amn't gap" open in declarative statements.[23]

text: Prescription and stigma[edit]

text: Ain't has been called "the most stigmatized word in the language,"[24] as well as "the most powerful social marker" in English.[25] It is a prominent example in English of a shibboleth – a word used to determine inclusion in, or exclusion from, a group.[24]

text: Historically, this was not the case. For most of its history, ain't was acceptable across many social and regional contexts. Throughout the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, ain't and its predecessors were part of normal usage for both educated and uneducated English speakers, and was found in the correspondence and fiction of, among others, Jonathan Swift, Lord Byron, Henry Fielding, and George Eliot.[26] For Victorian English novelists William Makepeace Thackeray and Anthony Trollope, the educated and upper classes in 19th century England could use ain't freely, but in familiar speech only.[27] Ain't continued to be used without restraint by many upper middle class speakers in southern England into the beginning of the 20th century.[28][29]

text: Ain't was a prominent target of early prescriptivist writers. In the 18th and early 19th centuries, some writers began to propound the need to establish a "pure" or "correct" form of English.[30] Contractions in general were disapproved of, but ain't and its variants were seen as particularly "vulgar."[24] This push for "correctness" was driven mainly by the middle class, which led to an incongruous situation in which non-standard constructions continued to be used by both lower and upper classes, but not by the middle class.[27][31] The reason for the strength of the prescription against ain't is not entirely clear.

text: The strong prescription against ain't in standard English has led to many misconceptions, often expressed jocularly (or ironically), as "ain't ain't a word" or "ain't ain't in the dictionary."[32] Ain't is listed in most dictionaries, including the Oxford Dictionary of English[33] and Merriam-Webster.[34] However, Oxford states "it does not form part of standard English and should never be used in formal or written contexts,"[33] and Merriam-Webster states it is "widely disapproved as non-standard and more common in the habitual speech of the less educated".[34]

text: Webster's Third New International Dictionary, published in 1961, went against then-standard practice when it included the following usage note in its entry on ain't: "though disapproved by many and more common in less educated speech, used orally in most parts of the U.S. by many cultivated speakers esp. in the phrase ain't I."[35] Many commentators disapproved of the dictionary's relatively permissive attitude toward the word, which was inspired, in part, by the belief of its editor, Philip Gove, that "distinctions of usage were elitist and artificial."[36]

text: Regional usage and dialects[edit]

text: Ain't is found throughout the English-speaking world across regions and classes,[37] and is among the most pervasive nonstandard terms in English.[38] It is one of two negation features (the other being the double negative) that are known to appear in all nonstandard English dialects.[39] Ain't is used throughout the United Kingdom, with its geographical distribution increasing over time.[40] It is also found throughout the United States, including in Appalachia, the South, New England, the Mid-Atlantic, and the Upper Midwest.[25] In its geographical ubiquity, ain't is to be contrasted with other folk usages such as y'all, which is confined to the South region of the United States.[41]

text: In England, ain't is generally considered a non-standard or illiterate usage, as it is used by speakers of a lower socio-economic class, or by educated people in an informal manner.[42] In the nineteenth century, ain't was often used by writers to denote regional dialects such as Cockney English.[43] Ain't is a non-standard feature commonly found in mainstream Australian English,[44] and in New Zealand, ain't is a feature of Maori-influenced English.[45] In American English, usage of ain't corresponds to a middle level of education,[42] although it is widely believed that its use establishes of lack of education or social standing in the speaker.[46]

text: The usage of ain't in the southern United States is distinctive, however, in the continued usage of the word by well-educated, cultivated speakers.[47] Ain't is in common usage of educated Southerners.[48] In the South, the use of ain't can be used as a marker to separate cultured speakers from those who lack confidence in their social standing and thus avoid its use entirely.[49]

text: Rhetorical and popular usage[edit]

text: Ain't can be used in both speech and writing to catch attention and to give emphasis, as in "Ain't that a crying shame," or "If it ain't broke, don't fix it." Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary gives an example from film critic Richard Schickel: "the wackiness of movies, once so deliciously amusing, ain't funny anymore."[50] It can also be used deliberately for what The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style describes as "tongue-in-cheek" or "reverse snobbery".[51] Star baseball pitcher Dizzy Dean, a member of the Baseball Hall of Fame and later a popular announcer, once said, "A lot of people who don't say ain't, ain't eatin'."[52]

text: Although ain't is seldom found in formal writing, it is frequently used in more informal written settings, such as popular song lyrics. In genres such as traditional country music, blues, rock n' roll, and hip-hop, lyrics often include nonstandard features such as ain't.[53] This is principally due to the use of such features as markers of "covert identity and prestige."[53]

text: Ain't is standard in some fixed phrases, such as "You ain't seen nothing yet".

text: Notable usage[edit]

text:
"Ain't I a Woman?", 1851 speech by abolitionist Sojourner Truth.[54]
"If you want to know who we are", from The Mikado lyrics by W. S. Gilbert "We figure in lively paint: Our attitude's queer and quaint—You're wrong if you think it ain't." (1885).[55]
George Bernard Shaw's play Pygmalion "I ain't done nothing wrong by speaking to the gentleman" said Cockney flower girl Eliza Doolittle.[56]
Great baseball hitter Willie Keeler's advice to young hitters was: "Keep your eye on the ball, and hit 'em where they ain't."[57]
"Say it ain't so, Joe", apocryphal quote from a young baseball fan to Shoeless Joe Jackson after the fan learned about the Black Sox scandal involving throwing the 1919 World Series.[58] "Say it ain't so" was subsequently used as the title of a song by Weezer and an album by Murray Head, and an opera about the 2008 US vice presidential debate.
"You ain't heard nothing yet!" spoken by Al Jolson in The Jazz Singer (1927), the first feature-length motion picture with synchronized dialogue sequences.[59] That spoken line, and others in the film, introduced the "talkies" and revolutionized the movie industry.[60]
"It Ain't Necessarily So", song from Porgy and Bess (1935); music by George Gershwin, words by Ira Gershwin.[61]
"He ain't heavy, he's my brother" has been used as the motto of Boys Town since 1943,[62] and inspired a song He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother, written by Bobby Scott and Bob Russell, and recorded by The Hollies, Neil Diamond, and other artists.
"Ain't That a Shame" is a song written by Fats Domino and Dave Bartholomew, released by Imperial Records in 1955, which went on to sell over a million copies and introduced Fats Domino to a wider audience.[63]

tag: ul


document_title: How Stella Got Her Groove Back

question_text: who played quincy in how stella got her groove back

text: How Stella Got Her Groove Back

text: Plot[edit]

text: Stella Payne is a very successful 40-year-old stockbroker raising her son, Quincy, and living in Marin County, California, who is persuaded by her best friend from college, Delilah Abraham, to take a well-deserved, first-class vacation to Montego Bay, Jamaica. As she soaks in the beauty of the island, she encounters a handsome young islander, Winston Shakespeare, who is twenty years younger. His pursuit of her turns into a blossoming romance that forces Stella to take personal inventory of her life and try to find a balance between her desire for love and companionship, and her responsibilities as a mother and corporate executive.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Angela Bassett as Stella Payne
Taye Diggs as Winston Shakespeare
Whoopi Goldberg as Delilah Abraham
Regina King as Vanessa
Suzzanne Douglas as Angela
Michael J. Pagan as Quincy Payne
Sicily as Chantel
Richard Lawson as Jack
Barry Shabaka Henley as Buddy
Lee Weaver as Nate
Glynn Turman as Dr. Shakespeare
Phyllis Yvonne Stickney as Mrs. Shakespeare
Denise Hunt as Ms. Thang
James Pickens, Jr. as Walter Payne
Carl Lumbly as Judge Spencer Boyle
Victor Garber (uncredited) as Isaac

text: Reception[edit]

text: The reception from critics was mixed.[4][5][6] How Stella Got Her Groove Back currently holds a 48% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 48 reviews.

text: Box office[edit]

text: In its opening weekend, Stella grossed $11,318,919, ranking #2 in the domestic box office behind Saving Private Ryan's fourth weekend.[7] The film would go on to gross $36,672,941 domestically and an additional $1,605,781 overseas for a worldwide total of $39,278,722. From an estimated $20 million budget, this can be considered a moderate success.[2]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: A soundtrack containing mostly R&B and reggae music was released on August 11, 1998, by MCA Records. It peaked at #8 on the Billboard 200 and #3 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and was certified gold on September 22, 1998.

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Best Actress — Angela Bassett (won)
Best Actor — Taye Diggs (nominated)
Best Actress — Whoopi Goldberg (won)
Best Director — Kevin Rodney Sullivan (nominated)
Best Film (won)
Best Screenplay — Terry McMillan (nominated)
Best Soundtrack (won)

text:
Outstanding Lead Actress in a Motion Picture — Angela Bassett (won)
Outstanding Motion Picture (won)
Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture — Whoopi Goldberg (won)
Outstanding Youth Actor/Actress — Michael J. Pagan (won)


document_title: List of Michelin 3-star restaurants

question_text: what country has the most 3 michelin star restaurants

text: List of Michelin 3-star restaurants

text: Summary[edit]

text:
Countries by number of 3-star restaurants in November 2017[3]

Rank
Country
Number

1
 Japan
28

2
 France*1
27

3
 United States
14

4
 Germany
11

5
 China*2
10

6
 Italy
9

6
 Spain
9

7
 United Kingdom
5

8
  Switzerland
3

9
 Belgium
2

10
 South Korea
2

tag: table

text:
*1Including Monaco
*2Including Hong Kong and Macau

text: List of Michelin 3-star restaurants by country in the latest version[edit]

text: Belgium[edit]

text:
Location
Restaurant
Chef(s)
Awarded since

Kruishoutem
Hof van Cleve
Peter Goossens
2005[4]

Zedelgem
Hertog Jan
Gert de Mangeleer
2012[5]

text: China[edit]

text:
Location
Restaurant
Chef(s)
Awarded since

Shanghai
Ultraviolet
Paul Pairet
2018[6]

text: Denmark[edit]

text:
Location
Restaurant
Chef(s)
Awarded since

Copenhagen
Geranium
Rasmus Kofoed
2016[7]

text: France (and  Monaco)[edit]

text:
Location
Restaurant
Chef(s)
Awarded since

Chagny
Maison Lameloise
Éric Pras
2007[8]

Collonges-au-Mont-d'Or
L'Auberge du Pont de Collonges - Paul Bocuse
Christophe Muller, Gilles Reinhardt, and Olivier Couvin
1965[8]

Courchevel 1850
Le 1947 at Cheval Blanc
Yannick Alléno
2017[9][10]

Eugénie-les-Bains
Les Prés d'Eugénie - Michel Guérard
Michel Guérard
1977[8]

Fontjoncouse
L'Auberge du Vieux Puits
Gilles Goujon
1967[8]

Le Castellet (Circuit Paul Ricard)
Christophe Bacquié
Christophe Bacquié
2018

Les Belleville
La Bouitte
René and Maxime Meilleur
2015[11]

Manigod
La Maison des Bois - Marc Veyrat
Marc Veyrat
2018

Marseille
Le Petit Nice
Gérald Passédat
2008[12]

Megève
Flocons de Sel
Emmanuel Renaut
2012[13]

Monte Carlo
Le Louis XV - Alain Ducasse à l'Hôtel de Paris
Franck Cerutti[14] and Dominique Lory[15]
1990[16]

Ouches
Le Bois sans Feuilles - Troisgros
Michel and César Troisgros
1968[8]

Paris 4e
L'Ambroisie
Bernard Pacaud
1988[8]

Paris 6e
Guy Savoy
Guy Savoy
2002[8]

Paris 7e
Arpège
Alain Passard
1996[8]

Paris 8e
Alain Ducasse au Plaza Athénée
Romain Meder
2016[17]

Paris 8e
Alléno Paris au Pavillon Ledoyen
Yannick Alléno
2015[11][18]

Paris 8e
Epicure
Éric Fréchon
2009[8]

Paris 8e
Le Cinq
Christian Le Squer
2016[17]

Paris 8e
Pierre Gagnaire
Pierre Gagnaire
1998[8]

Paris 16e
Astrance
Pascal Barbot
2007[8]

Paris 16e
Le Pré Catelan
Frédéric Anton
2007[8]

Saint-Bonnet-le-Froid
Régis et Jacques Marcon
Régis and Jacques Marcon
2005[8]

Saint-Tropez
La Vague d'Or
Arnaud Donckele
2013[19]

Tinqueux
L'Assiette Champenoise
Arnaud Lallement
2014[20]

Valence
Pic
Anne-Sophie Pic
2007[8]

Vonnas
Georges Blanc
Georges Blanc
1984[8]

text: Germany[edit]

text:
Location
Restaurant
Chef(s)
Awarded since

Baiersbronn
Schwarzwaldstube
Harald Wohlfahrt
1993[22]

Baiersbronn
Restaurant Bareiss
Claus-Peter Lumpp
2008[23]

Bergisch Gladbach
Vendôme
Joachim Wissler
2005[24]

Dreis
Waldhotel Sonnora
Helmut Thieltges
1999[25]

Hamburg
The Table
Kevin Fehling
2016[26]

Munich
Atelier
Jan Hartwig
2018[27]

Osnabrück
La Vie
Thomas Bühner
2012[28]

Perl
Victor's Fine Dining by Christian Bau
Christian Bau
2006[29]

Rottach-Egern
Restaurant Überfahrt
Christian Jürgens
2014[30]

Saarbrücken
GästeHaus Klaus Erfort
Klaus Erfort
2008[23]

Wolfsburg
Aqua
Sven Elverfeld
2009[31]

text: Hong Kong and  Macau[edit]

text:
Location
Restaurant
Chef(s)
Awarded since

Hong Kong
Lung King Heen
Chan Yan Tak
2009[32]

Hong Kong
8½ Otto e Mezzo Bombana
Umberto Bombana and Keith Yam Ka Lok
2012[33]

Hong Kong
L'Atelier de Joël Robuchon
David Alves
2012[33]

Hong Kong
Bo Innovation
Alvin Leung
2014[34][35]

Hong Kong
Sushi Shikon
Yoshiharu Kakinuma
2014[34][35]

Hong Kong
T'ang Court
Kwong Wai Keung
2016[36][37]

Macau
Robuchon au Dôme
Julien Tongourian
2009[32]

Macau
The Eight
Cheung Tan-leung
2014[34][35]

text: Italy[edit]

text:
Location
Restaurant
Chef(s)
Awarded since

Alba
Piazza Duomo
Enrico Crippa
2013[38]

Brusaporto
Da Vittorio
Vittorio Cerea
2010[39]

Canneto sull'Oglio
Dal Pescatore
Nadia Santini
1996[40]

Castel di Sangro
Reale
Niko Romito
2014[41][42]

Florence
Enoteca Pinchiorri
Annie Féolde, Italo Bassi, and Riccardo Monco
1993[22]

Modena
Osteria Francescana
Massimo Bottura
2012[43]

Rome
La Pergola
Heinz Beck
2005[44]

Rubano
Le Calandre
Massimiliano Alajmo
2002[45]

San Cassiano
St. Hubertus
Norbert Niederkofler
2018[46]

text: Japan[edit]

text:
Location
Restaurant
Chef(s)
Awarded since

Fukuoka
Gyoten
Kenji Gyoten
2014

Hiroshima
Nakashima
Tetsuo Nakashima
2013[47]

Hokkaido
Molière
Hiroshi Nakamichi
2012

Hokkaido
Hanakoji Sawada
Tomoya Kago
2017

Hokkaido
Sushi Miyakawa
Masaaki Miyakawa
2017

Kobe
Ca Sento
Shinya Fukumoto
2011[48]

Kobe
Komago
Kenichi Fujiwara
2011[48]

Kyoto
Chihana
Katsuyoshi Nagata
2010[48]

Kyoto
Hyotei
Yoshihiro Takahashi
2010[48]

Kyoto
Kikunoi Honten
Yoshihiro Murata
2010[48]

Kyoto
Kitcho Arashiyama
Kunio Tokuoka
2010[48]

Kyoto
Mizai
Hitoshi Ishihara
2014[49][50] (& 2010–2012)

Kyoto
Nakamura
Motokazu Nakamura
2011[48]

Kyoto
Kichisen
Yoshimi Tanigawa
2014[49][50]

Kyoto
Iida
Shinichi Iida
2018[51]

Nara
Wa Yamamura
Nobuharu Yamamura
2012[52]

Osaka
Kashiwaya
Hideaki Matsuo
2011[48]

Osaka
Taian
Hitoshi Takahata
2011[48]

Osaka
Koryu
Matsuo Shintaro
2012[52]

Osaka
Hajime
Hajime Yoneda
2018[51] (& 2010–2012)[53]

Shōnan
Kouan
Yukinori Iijima
2012

Tokyo
Joël Robuchon
Michael Michaelidis
2008[54]

Tokyo
Kanda
Hiroyuki Kanda
2008[54]

Tokyo
Quintessence
Shuzo Kishida
2008[54]

Tokyo
Sukiyabashi Jiro
Jiro Ono
2008[54]

Tokyo
Ishikawa
Hideki Ishikawa
2009[55]

Tokyo
Sushi Saito
Takashi Saito
2010[56]

Tokyo
Yukimura
Jun Yukimura
2010[56]

Tokyo
Usukifugu Yamadaya
Fumie Yamadaya
2011[57]

Tokyo
Ryugin
Seiji Yamamoto
2012[58]

Tokyo
Sushi Yoshitake
Masahiro Yoshitake
2012[58]

Tokyo
Makimura
Makimura Akio
2015[57]

Tokyo
Kohaku
Koji Koizumi
2016[59]

Toyama
Yamazaki
Koji Yamazaki
2016

text: Netherlands[edit]

text:
Location
Restaurant
Chef(s)
Awarded since

Vaassen
De Leest
Jacob Jan Boerma
2014[60]

Zwolle
De Librije
Jonnie Boer
2004[61]

Kruiningen
Inter Scaldes
Jannis Brevet
2018[62]

text: Norway[edit]

text:
Location
Restaurant
Chef(s)
Awarded since

Oslo
Maaemo
Esben Holmboe Bang
2016[7]

text: South Korea[edit]

text:
Location
Restaurant
Chef(s)
Awarded since

Seoul
Gaon
Kim Byoung-Jin
2016[63]

Seoul
La Yeon
Kim Sung-Il
2016[63]

text: Spain[edit]

text:
Location
Restaurant
Chef(s)
Awarded since

Barcelona
Lasarte
Martín Berasategui and Paolo Casagrande
2016[64]

Barcelona
ABaC
Jordi Cruz
2018[65][66]

El Puerto de Santa María
Aponiente
Ángel León
2018[65][66]

Girona
El Celler de Can Roca
Joan Roca
2009[67]

Lasarte-Oria
Restaurante Martín Berasategui
Martín Berasategui
2001[68]

Larrabetzu
Azurmendi
Eneko Atxa
2013[69]

Madrid
DiverXO
David Muñoz
2014[70]

Sant Pol de Mar
Sant Pau
Carme Ruscalleda
2006[71]

San Sebastián
Arzak
Juan Mari Arzak
1989[72]

Dénia (Alicante)
Quique Dacosta Restaurante
Quique Dacosta
2012[73]

text: Sweden[edit]

text:
Location
Restaurant
Chef(s)
Awarded since

Stockholm
Frantzén
Björn Frantzén
2018[74]

text: Switzerland[edit]

text:
Location
Restaurant
Chef(s)
Awarded since

Basel
Cheval Blanc
Peter Knogl
2016[75]

Crissier
Restaurant de l'Hôtel de Ville
Franck Giovannini
1992[76]

Fürstenau
Schloss Schauenstein
Andreas Caminada
2011[77]

text: Taiwan[edit]

text:
Location
Restaurant
Chef(s)
Awarded since

Taipei
Le Palais
Ken Chan and Matt Chen
2018[78][79]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text:
Location
Restaurant
Chef(s)
Awarded since

Bray
The Waterside Inn
Alain Roux
1985[80]

Bray
The Fat Duck
Jonny Lake
2004[81]

London
Restaurant Gordon Ramsay
Gordon Ramsay and Matt Abé
2001[82]

London
Alain Ducasse at the Dorchester
Jean-Philippe Blondet
2010[83]

London
The Araki
Mitsuhiro Araki
2018[84]

text: United States[edit]

text:
Location
Restaurant
Chef(s)
Awarded since

Chicago
Alinea
Grant Achatz and Mike Bagale[85]
2011[86]

Los Gatos
Manresa
David Kinch[87][88] and Mitch Lienhard[89]
2016[90]

New York City
Le Bernardin
Éric Ripert[91], Chris Muller[92], and Eric Gestel[93]
2006[94]

New York City
Per Se
Thomas Keller[95] and Corey Chow[96][97]
2006[94]

New York City
Masa
Masa Takayama
2009[98]

New York City
Eleven Madison Park
Daniel Humm and Dmitri Magi
2012[99]

New York City
Chef's Table at Brooklyn Fare
César Ramírez
2012[99]

San Francisco
Saison
Joshua Skenes
2015[100][101]

San Francisco
Quince
Michael Tusk and Neil Stetz
2017[102]

San Francisco
Coi
Matthew Kirkley
2018[103]

St. Helena
The Restaurant at Meadowood
Christopher Kostow and John Hong
2011[104]

Yountville
The French Laundry
Thomas Keller and David Breeden[105][106]
2007[107]

San Francisco
Benu
Corey Lee and Brandon Rodgers
2015[100]

Washington

The Inn at Little Washington

Patrick O’Connell

2019[108][109]


document_title: Beer in Australia

question_text: how many ml in a schooner in victoria

question_tokens: how many ml in a schooner in victoria

text: Beer in Australia

text: Market characteristics[edit]

text: Within an alcoholic beverage market worth some $16.3 billion, beer comprises about 48% compared to wine at 29% and spirits at 21%. Within the beer sector, premium beers have a 7.8% share of the market; full strength beer has 70.6%; mid-strength holds 12%; and light beer has 9.6%. 85% of beer is produced by national brewers, the remainder by regional or microbreweries. Microbreweries manufacturing less than 30,000 litres receive a 60% excise rebate.[2]

text: History[edit]

text: 18th century[edit]

text: The history of Australian beer starts very early in Australia's colonial history. Captain James Cook brought beer with him on his ship Endeavour as a means of preserving drinking water. On 1 August 1768, as Cook was fitting out the Endeavour for its voyage, Nathaniel Hulme wrote to Joseph Banks with a recommendation:

text: "a quantity of Molasses and Turpentine, in order to brew Beer with, for your daily drink, when your Water becomes bad. … [B]rewing Beer at sea will be peculiarly useful in case you should have stinking water on board; for I find by Experience that the smell of stinking water will be entirely destroyed by the process of fermentation."

text: Beer was still being consumed on-board two years later in 1770, when Cook was the first European to discover the east coast of Australia.

text: The drink of choice for the first settlers and convicts was rum, as represented in a supposed traditional convict song:

text: The first official brewer in Australia was John Boston who brewed a beverage from Indian corn[4] bittered with cape gooseberry leaves. It is likely though that beer was brewed unofficially much earlier. The first pub, the Mason Arms was opened in 1796 in Parramatta by James Larra, a freed convict.

text: 19th century[edit]

text: Rum was so popular—and official currency was in such short supply—that it became a semi-official currency for a period of time (see Rum corps), and even played a role in a short-lived military coup, the Rum rebellion in 1808. Drunkenness was a significant problem in the early colony:

text: "Drunkenness was a prevailing vice. Even children were to be seen in the streets intoxicated. On Sundays, men and women might be observed standing round the public-house doors, waiting for the expiration of the hours of public worship in order to continue their carousing. As for the condition of the prison population, that, indeed, is indescribable. Notwithstanding the severe punishment for sly grog selling, it was carried on to a large extent. Men and women were found intoxicated together, and a bottle of brandy was considered to be cheaply bought for 20 lashes... All that the vilest and most bestial of human creatures could invent and practise, was in this unhappy country invented and practised without restraint and without shame"

text: As a means of reducing drunkenness, beer was promoted as a safer and healthier alternative to rum:

text: "The introduction of beer into general use among the inhabitants would certainly lessen the consumption of spirituous liquors. I have therefore in conformity with your suggestion taken measures for furnishing the colony with a supply of ten tons of Porter, six bags of hops, and two complete sets of brewing materials."

text: Although modern Australian beer is predominantly lager, early Australian beer were exclusively top-fermented and quick-maturing ales. Lager was not brewed in Australia until 1885. Early beers were also brewed without the benefit of hops, as no-one had successfully cultivated hops in Australia and importation was difficult. James Squire was the first to successfully cultivate hops in 1804, and he also opened a pub and brewed beer. The Government Gazette from 1806 mentions that he was awarded a cow herd from the government for his efforts.[citation needed]

text: In September 1804, a government-owned brewery opened in Parramatta, followed by a rival privately owned brewery three months later. The government brewery was sold two years later to Thomas Rushton, who was its head (and only) brewer.[5] Brewing rapidly expanded in all of the Australian colonies and by 1871 there were 126 breweries in Victoria alone, which at the time had a population of only 800,000.[citation needed]

text: Notable events from this period include:

text:
1824 – Peter Degraves starts the Cascade Brewery in Hobart. It is Australia's oldest operational brewery.
1835 – Tooth brewery established in Sydney.
1837 – James Stokes establishes the Albion Brewery, Perth's first brewery, which later became the Emu Brewery.
1838 – John Warren starts "The Torrens", Adelaide's first brewery.[6]
1838 – John Mills establishes the first brewery in Melbourne.
1853 – Queensland’s first brewery, "The Brisbane Brewery" is opened by John Beach.
1862 – Thomas Cooper establishes the Coopers Brewery in the Adelaide suburb of Norwood. The brewery continues to be owned and operated by the Cooper family, and since 2011 has been the largest Australian-owned brewery.[7]
1864 – Carlton brewery opens in Melbourne.
1881 – CS Button opens the Esk Brewery in Launceston (acquired by James Boag & Son in 1883).
1885 – Gambrinus brewery in Melbourne becomes the first brewery in Australia to brew lager.
1887 – The Foster brothers arrive from New York with refrigeration equipment and establish the first lager brewery to use refrigeration in Australia.[8]
1889 – Lager is first brewed in Queensland at the Castlemaine and Quinlan brewery.

text: 20th century[edit]

text: By 1900 the number of breweries had begun to dwindle as a result of the recession of the 1890s. In 1901, just after Federation, the new federal government passed the Beer and Excise Act. This act regulated the making and selling of beer and made homebrewing illegal. The provisions in this act, regarded by many as draconian, led to the closure of many breweries. In Sydney 16 out of 21 breweries closed either immediately after the act's introduction or soon afterwards. The remaining breweries began a process of consolidation, with larger breweries buying out the smaller ones. Within a short period of time, only two breweries remained in Sydney: Tooths and Tooheys. In Melbourne, five breweries merged in 1907 to form the giant Carlton and United Breweries.[citation needed]

text: 21st century[edit]

text: Since 2011, Kirin-owned Lion Nathan and SABMiller-owned Foster's Group own every major brewery in Australia, with the exception of Coopers.[7]

text: Boag's Brewery, previously owned by San Miguel, was sold to Lion Nathan for A$325 million in November 2007. In 2006 Boag's Brewery reported total revenues of A$92 million.[9]

text: Although Foster's Lager is not a popular domestic beer in the 21st century, its popularity internationally has grown and the product is made mostly for export. In January 2005, the brand was one of the ten best-selling beers globally.[8]

text: The introduction of the Tap King product by Lion Nathan in mid-2013 caused controversy due to the perceived impact upon alcohol venues. The product is a home draught beer dispenser and raised concerns regarding lower patronage rates for venues due to a greater incentive for consumers to drink beer in home environments. The product is sold with a CO2 gas chamber that is cooled for eight hours prior to use.[10]

text: Beers by region[edit]

text: Before federation in 1901, Australia was a patchwork of separate colonies, each with different laws regulating the production and sale of alcohol. In addition, until the late 1880s when the rail network began to link the capital cities together, the only means of transporting foods in bulk between the colonies was by sea. This prevented even the largest breweries from distributing significant amounts outside their home city. This allowed strong regional brands to emerge; and, although all but one of the major regional brands (Coopers) are now owned by multinational companies, loyalty to the local brewery remains strong today.

text:
New South Wales: Tooheys, Reschs, Hahn, James Squire and KB Lager.
Northern Territory: NT Draught
Queensland: Castlemaine XXXX, Great Northern Brewing Co. and Powers
South Australia: Coopers, West End and Southwark
Tasmania: Boags in the north, Cascade in the south
Victoria: Carlton Draught, Victoria Bitter and Melbourne Bitter
Western Australia: Swan, Emu and Kalgoorlie

text: In recent years, mixing of beer tastes due to a more mobile population, major campaigns by the larger breweries to spread their brands outside their home state and the growth of the "premium" beer market have started to erode the traditional loyalties. Despite this, the brand loyalties are still strong, with only Tooheys and Victoria Bitter gaining any significant market share outside their home state.[citation needed]

text: The brewery on the external Australian territory of Norfolk Island is one of few places left to brew and sell cask-conditioned ale. Its varieties include Bee Sting (a bright ale), Mutineer (similar to a British bitter) and Bligh's Revenge (a dark ale).[citation needed]

text: While the overwhelming proportion of beer produced is lager (approximately 95%), dark beers and stout are still made.[citation needed]

text: Guinness has a strong following in many states,[citation needed] based on the growth of Irish-themed pubs and the Irish roots of many Australians and is increasingly available on tap. Guinness made and sold in Australia comes in two varieties: a keg version and a bottled version. The keg version is 4.3% alcohol by volume, similar to the Irish domestic brew. There is also a 6% alcohol by volume bottled version that is unique to Australia, being a "foreign extra stout" variant.[citation needed]

text: Beers produced using traditional methods[edit]

text: Most of these varieties claim to be made by "traditional" methods, using quality ingredients.[citation needed]

text:
Abbotsford Invalid Stout (Vic)
Cascade Special Stout (Tas)
Coopers Best Extra Stout (SA)
Sheaf Stout (NSW)
Southwark Stout (SA)
Special Old Stout (SA)
Swan Stout (WA)
Black Bart Stout
Colonial Mild Irish Stout
Ebony Stout
Flanagans
Grumpy's Heysen Scottish Oatmeal Stout (SA)
Hatlifter Stout
Iron Bark Amber Stout
Mountain Goat Surefoot Stout
Oxford Black
Russian Imperial Stout
SCB Extra Stout
Swan Valley Stout
Velvet Cream Stout
The Craic (James Squires)
Vostok "4 Pines" Stout, the first space beer[11][12] (NSW)
Signora Amphora (The Craft & Co) [13][14][15]

text: Speciality beers[edit]

text: Speciality brews in Australia are produced by both major brewers and microbreweries, and include a wide variety of ales. Microbreweries exist throughout the country, including small towns, but the availability of such beers on-tap in venues is often limited. The Mountain Goat Brewery, located in Richmond, Melbourne, Victoria is a notable Australian microbrewery. As of 2012, Mountain Goat exports to the United States (US) and co-founder Dave Bonighton explained to a Los Angeles publication in September 2012:

text: We're a small brewery run by two former homebrewers who, for 15 years, have been making the kinds of beers that we like to drink. Most breweries brew to a formula, something born in a focus group or in a marketing team meeting. We come up with our ideas at the bar.[16]

text: Microbrewery Nail Brewing, from Perth, Western Australia, produced a beer in 2010 using water from an Antarctic iceberg, and sold it at auction for US$1,850. The batch of 30 bottles was created to raise money for the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, which assisted with the procuring of the ice.[17][18]

text: Brewed under licence[edit]

text: Imported premium beers have started to gain market share in Australia.[19] The two Australian corporate brewers responded to this by signing licence agreements with foreign brands to brew their beers here. Foster's Group brews Kronenbourg. Coopers Brewery brews Carlsberg in Australia.[20] Lion Nathan locally produces Guinness, Heineken, Beck's, Stella Artois and Kirin. Brewers claim that their locally produced product tastes better because it is fresher, and local operations are overseen by the parent brewers using strict guidelines. However, groups such as the Australian Consumers Association say that such beers should have clearer, more prominent labels to inform drinkers.[21]

text: Sizes[edit]

text: Beer glasses[edit]

text: Prior to metrication in Australia, one could buy beer in glasses of size 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 15 and 20 (imperial) fluid ounces. Each sized glass had a different name in each Australian state.[22] These were replaced by glasses of size 115, 140, 170, 200, 285, 425 and 570 ml. As Australians travel more, the differences are decreasing. In the 21st century, most pubs no longer have a glass smaller than 200 ml (7 imp fl oz); typically available are 200 ml, 285 ml and 425 ml, and increasingly many pubs now have pints (570 ml, 20 imp fl oz).

text: Many imported beers are served in their own branded glasses of various sizes, including 250 millilitres (8.8 imp fl oz), 330 millilitres (11.6 imp fl oz) and 500 millilitres (17.6 imp fl oz) for many European beers.

text:
edit
Names of beer glasses in various Australian cities[n 1][n 2][n 3]

Capacity[n 4]
Sydney
Canberra
Darwin
Brisbane
Adelaide
Hobart
Melbourne
Perth

115 ml (4 fl oz)
–
–
–
–
-
small beer
foursie
shetland

140 ml (5 fl oz)
pony
–
–
pony
pony
–
horse/pony
pony

170 ml (6 fl oz)
–
–
–
–
butcher[n 5]
six (ounce)
small glass
bobbie/six

200 ml (7 fl oz)
seven
–
seven
beer
butcher
seven (ounce)
glass
glass

285 ml (10 fl oz)
middy
half pint / middy
handle
pot[n 6]
schooner[n 7]
ten (ounce)
pot
middy/half pint

350 ml (12 fl oz)
schmiddy[n 8]
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

425 ml (15 fl oz)
schooner
schooner
schooner
schooner
pint[n 7]
fifteen / schooner
schooner[n 9]
schooner[n 9]

570 ml (20 fl oz)
pint
pint
pint
pint
imperial pint[n 7]
pint
pint
pint

Notes:

Jump up ^ Entries in bold are common.
Jump up ^ Entries in italics are old-fashioned or rare.
Jump up ^ Entries marked with a dash are not applicable.
Jump up ^ The "fl oz" referred to here is the imperial fluid ounce.
Jump up ^ Prior to metrification, the butcher was 6 fl oz.
Jump up ^ "Pot" is also known as Pot glass
^ Jump up to: a b c Confusingly for visitors, South Australians use the same names for different volumes than in the other States.
Jump up ^ A modern glass size, mainly used with European beers. While the glass may be 350ml, a 330ml or 300ml fill line is common.
With the increasing popularity of European beers, glasses of size 250ml and 500ml are also becoming more prevalent, but as yet don't seem to have acquired "names".
^ Jump up to: a b Traditionally, 425 ml is a size not found in Western Australia and Victoria.

References:

The Aussie Beer Baron
Buying Beer in Australia
Guidelines at a glance
Ordering Beer
Liquor Merchants Association of Australia
Which Size Beer Do Ya Want, Mate?
Take a butcher's hook at the butcher glass

text: With the introduction of the National Trade Measurement Regulations in 2009 there are no prescribed sizes for beverage measures for the sale of beer, ale and stout. Terms such as seven, middy, pot or schooner do not legally specify a particular size[23]. A typical "schooner" glass can be calibrated to hold 420ml to the rim but poured with 15mm of head resulting in 375ml of liquid.

text: South Australia in particular has some unusually named measures:

text:
6 fl oz (170 ml) – prior to metrification this glass was known as a "Butcher"[24]
7 fl oz (200 ml) known as a "Butcher"[when?][citation needed]
10 fl oz (285 ml) known as a "schooner". Prior to metrication and standardisation of glass sizes throughout Australia, schooners in SA were 9 fluid ounces.
15 fl oz (425 ml) known as a "pint"
20 fl oz (570 ml) known as an "imperial pint"

text: Note that the SA "schooner" and "pint" are considerably smaller than the measures of the same name used elsewhere:

text:
the SA "schooner" (285 ml) is the same size as other States' pot / middy / half pint
the SA "pint" (425 ml) is the same size as other States' schooner, and is 0.75 imperial pint.

text: Usage and understanding of these names is now generally restricted to people born before about 1960. (i.e. "Baby Boomers" and before.) In contemporary SA pubs and restaurants, the most frequent measures are the "schooner" of 285 ml, (an "imperial half pint"), and the "pint" of 425 ml. "Imperial pints" are also increasingly popular.[citation needed] Also increasingly popular inside pubs and restaurants is the sale of "premium" and non-locally brewed beer in bottles in the size range 300 ml to 375 ml.

text: Headmasters is one of the most common glass manufacturers, at least for the schooner size. Many pubs in Sydney and Melbourne particularly, offer Guinness style and/or conical pint glasses along with tankard glass and British dimpled glass pint mugs. Larger serving measurements have become increasingly popular. Jugs, 1 fluid litre Maß in German-themed bars and beer towers (although technically illegal due to strict self-service of alcohol laws are used in some Asian bars/karaoke parlours) have grown in popularity around Australia in tourist spots.

text: Beer bottles[edit]

text: Prior to metrication, beer bottles were frequently  1⁄6 of an imperial gallon – 26.667 imperial fluid ounces (758 ml); a carton of beer contained a dozen bottles, and hence 2 gallons of beer. With time, bottles "shrank" to 26 imperial fluid ounces (739 ml), but with metrication they became 750 millilitres (26.4 imp fl oz), with a carton containing 9 litres. (2 imperial gallons = 9,092 ml.) With the use of aluminium, cans of 375ml became increasingly popular, and then 375ml bottles, named "stubbies" because, compared to "traditional" bottles, they were "stubby". A carton of 9 litres of beer in stubbies (24 bottles) became known as a "slab" because, compared to the more cube-like shape of the "traditional" cartons, they were flatter and hence like slabs. Traditional bottles subsequently became known as "long necks", to distinguish them from stubbies. In Western Australia, the 750ml "long neck" bottle is also known as a "king brown" because of the size and typical brown coloured glass.

text: In the 21st century, most bottled beer in Australia is sold in either 375 ml (Stubby) or 750 ml (Long Neck) sizes. Carlton United briefly "upsized" to 800 ml; however, this has since been reduced to the original 750 ml. Bottle sizes of 330 ml (and to a lesser extent 345 ml and 355 ml) are becoming increasingly common, particularly among microbreweries, so-called "premium" beers, and imported beers. (The common 12 US fl oz bottle contains 355 ml.) In the Northern Territory, the once-common "Darwin Stubby", a large (2.0-litre) bottle, is now sold largely as a tourist gimmick, but very successfully.

text: Most bottles are lightweight "single use only", though some are still reusable, and in some cases (e.g. Coopers 750 ml), breweries are reintroducing refillable bottles, such as the Growler (a large bottle of approximately 2 litre intended for re-use) sold by Four Pines Brewery - a great joy to home brewers. In South Australia, container deposits on beer bottles and cans, and some other types of beverage containers, support a well established network of recycling centres, providing significant environmental benefits as well as generating employment opportunities for unskilled workers.