document_title: Pride and Prejudice (1995 TV series)

question_text: who played wickham in pride and prejudice 1995

text: Pride and Prejudice (1995 TV series)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Episode 1 – Part One: Mr. Charles Bingley, a rich man from the north of England, settles down at Netherfield estate near Meryton village in Hertfordshire for the autumn. Mrs Bennet, unlike her husband, is excited at the prospect of marrying off one of her five daughters (Jane, Elizabeth, Mary, Kitty, and Lydia) to the newcomer. Bingley takes an immediate liking to Jane at a local country-dance, while his best friend Mr. Fitzwilliam Darcy, rumoured to be twice as rich, refuses to dance with anyone including Elizabeth. Elizabeth's poor impression of his character is confirmed at a later gathering at Lucas Lodge, and she and Darcy verbally clash on the two nights she spends at Netherfield caring for the sick Jane.

text: Episode 2 – Part Two: A sycophantic clergyman named Mr. William Collins visits his cousins, the Bennets. He is the entailed heir of their home and estate, Longbourn, and intends to marry one of Mr. Bennet's daughters. This is meant, on his part, as an act of benign goodwill towards the Bennets, because Mrs. Bennet and her unwed daughters will be rendered homeless once Mr. Bennet dies and Mr. Collins inherits the estate. He therefore invites himself for a two-week visit, to get to know the Bennets better and select a wife from among the daughters of the family. However, the Bennet girls judge Mr. Collins to be a rather ridiculous man, an "oddity" with many peculiarities of speech and deportment. They are nevertheless civil to him, and take him to balls and social events in Meryton. One day, while on a walk around Meryton village, they meet members of a newly arrived militia, including a Mr George Wickham. At a social event, Wickham befriends Elizabeth and tells her that Darcy, who is the son of Wickham's late father's employer, has denied Wickham a living (a curacy) which had been assured to him by Mr. Darcy's father. At another social event, Darcy surprises Elizabeth with a dance offer at a ball at Netherfield, which she grudgingly but politely accepts. Mr Collins proposes to Elizabeth the next day, but she resoundingly rejects him. While Mrs Bennet disagrees about Elizabeth's decision, her close friend Charlotte Lucas invites Mr Collins to stay at Lucas Lodge.

text: Episode 3 – Part Three: Elizabeth is stunned and appalled when she learns that Charlotte Lucas has accepted a proposal from Mr Collins. When the Netherfield party departs for London in autumn, Jane stays with her modest London relatives, the Gardiners, but she soon notices that the Bingleys ignore her. After befriending Mr Wickham, Elizabeth departs for the Collinses' home in Kent in the spring. They live near Rosings, the estate of the formidable Lady Catherine de Bourgh, and as Lady Catherine is Darcy's aunt, Elizabeth meets Darcy several times. Shortly after Elizabeth learns of Darcy's direct responsibility for Jane and Bingley's separation, Darcy unexpectedly proposes to her, expressing his ardent admiration and love despite Elizabeth's inferior family connections. Elizabeth flatly rejects him, noting his arrogant, disagreeable, and proud character, and his involvement in her sister's failed romance and Mr Wickham's misfortune.

text: Episode 4 – Part Four: Darcy justifies his previous actions in a long letter to Elizabeth: he misjudged Jane's affection for Bingley and exposes Wickham as a gambler who once attempted to elope with his young sister, Georgiana, to obtain her inheritance. Back at Longbourn, Mr Bennet allows Lydia to accompany the militia to Brighton as a personal friend of the militia colonel's wife. Elizabeth joins the Gardiners on a sightseeing trip to Derbyshire and visits Pemberley, Darcy's estate, during his absence. Greatly impressed by the immense scale and richness of the estate, Elizabeth listens to the housekeeper's earnest tales of her master's lifelong goodness, while Darcy refreshes from his unannounced journey home by taking a swim in a lake. After an unexpected and awkward encounter with Elizabeth, a damp Darcy is able to prevent the party's premature departure with an unusual degree of friendliness and politeness.

text: Episode 5 – Part Five: Elizabeth and the Gardiners receive an invitation to Pemberley, where Darcy and Elizabeth share significant glances. The next morning, Elizabeth receives two letters from Jane, discussing Lydia's elopement with Wickham. As Elizabeth is about to return to Longbourn, Darcy walks in and offers his help, but, upon digesting the bad news, gradually appears more remote, and soon takes his leave. Elizabeth supposes she will never see him again. Mr and Mrs Bennet try to deal with the possible scandal until they receive a letter from Mr Gardiner, saying that Lydia and Wickham have been found and are not married, but will be soon under the Gardiners' care. After Mr Bennet states his surprise at how easily the issue has been resolved, Elizabeth informs Jane about her last meeting with Darcy, including her ambivalent feelings for him.

text: Episode 6 – Part Six: After Lydia carelessly mentions Darcy's involvement in her wedding, Mrs Gardiner enlightens Elizabeth how Darcy found the errant couple and paid for all the expenses. When Bingley and Darcy return to Netherfield in the autumn, Darcy apologises to Bingley for intervening in his relationship with Jane and gives his blessing for the couple to wed. Lady Catherine de Bourgh, who has heard rumours of an engagement between Darcy and Elizabeth but wants him to marry her sickly daughter Anne, pays Elizabeth an unannounced visit. She insists that Elizabeth renounce Darcy, but Elizabeth does not rule out a future engagement. When Elizabeth thanks Darcy for his role in Lydia's marriage, Lady Catherine's story encourages Darcy to reconfirm his feelings for Elizabeth. Elizabeth admits the complete transformation of her feelings and agrees to an engagement, which takes her family by surprise. The series ends with a double wedding in the winter months: Jane with Bingley, and Elizabeth to Fitzwilliam Darcy.

text: Cast[edit]

text: When casting the many characters of Pride and Prejudice, the producer Sue Birtwistle and director Simon Langton were looking for actors with wit, charm and charisma, who could also play the Regency period. Their choices for the story's protagonists, 20-year-old Elizabeth Bennet and 28-year-old Mr Darcy, determined the other actors cast. Hundreds of actresses between 15 and 28 auditioned, and those with the right presence were screen-tested, performing several prepared scenes in period costumes and makeup in a television studio. Straight offers were made to several established actors.[3]

text: Actress Jennifer Ehle was chosen out of half a dozen serious candidates to play Elizabeth, the second Bennet daughter, the brightest girl, and her father's favourite. At the time in her mid-20s, Ehle had first read Pride and Prejudice at the age of 12 and was the only actor to be present throughout the whole filming schedule.[3][4][5] Sue Birtwistle particularly wanted Colin Firth, a relatively unknown British actor in his mid-30s at the time, to play the wealthy and aloof Mr. Darcy.[6] Birtwistle had worked with him on the mid-1980s comedy film Dutch Girls, but he repeatedly turned down her offer as he neither felt attracted to Austen's feminine perspective nor believed himself to be right for the role. Birtwistle's persistent coaxing and his deeper looks into the Darcy character finally convinced him to accept the role.[7][8] Firth and Ehle began a romantic relationship during the filming of the series, which only received media attention after the couple's separation.[9]

text: Benjamin Whitrow and BAFTA-nominated Alison Steadman were cast to play Mr and Mrs Bennet, Elizabeth's distinguished but financially imprudent and occasionally self-indulgent parents. Steadman was offered the role without auditions or screen tests. Elizabeth's four sisters, whose ages ranged between 15 and 22, were cast to look dissimilar from each other. Susannah Harker portrayed Elizabeth's beautiful older sister Jane, who desires to only see good in others. Lucy Briers, Polly Maberly, and Julia Sawalha played Elizabeth's younger sisters – the plain Mary, the good-natured but flighty and susceptible Kitty, and frivolous and headstrong Lydia. Being 10 years older than 15-year-old Lydia, Julia Sawalha, of Absolutely Fabulous fame, had enough acting experience to get the role without screen tests. Joanna David and Tim Wylton appeared as the Gardiners, Elizabeth's maternal aunt and uncle. David Bamber played the sycophantic clergyman, Mr Collins, a cousin of Mr Bennet. Lucy Scott portrayed Elizabeth's best friend and Mr Collins's wife, Charlotte Lucas, and David Bark-Jones portrayed Lt. Denny.[3]

text: The producers found Crispin Bonham-Carter to have the best physical contrast to Firth's Darcy and gave him his first major television role as the good-natured and wealthy Mr Charles Bingley.[3] Bonham-Carter had originally auditioned for the part of Mr George Wickham,[10] a handsome militia lieutenant whose charm conceals his licentiousness and greed, but Adrian Lukis was cast instead. Anna Chancellor, of Four Weddings and a Funeral fame, played Mr Bingley's sister Caroline Bingley. (Chancellor is also Jane Austen's six-times-great-niece)[11] Mr Bingley's other sister and his brother-in-law were played by Lucy Robinson (Louisa Hurst) and Rupert Vansittart (Mr Hurst). Casting the role of Darcy's young sister, Georgiana, proved hard as the producers were looking for a young actress who appeared innocent, proud and yet shy, had class and could also play the piano. After auditioning over 70 actresses, Simon Langton suggested Emilia Fox, the real-life daughter of Joanna David (Mrs Gardiner), for the part. Barbara Leigh-Hunt was cast as Darcy's meddling aunt, Lady Catherine de Bourgh, without auditions or screen tests.[3]

text: Production[edit]

text: Conception and adaptation[edit]

text: Jane Austen's novel Pride and Prejudice had already been the subject of numerous television and film adaptations, including BBC television versions in 1938, 1952, 1958, 1967 and 1980. In the autumn of 1986, after watching a preview of Austen's Northanger Abbey, Sue Birtwistle and Andrew Davies agreed to adapt Pride and Prejudice, one of their favourite books, for television.[12][13] Birtwistle in particular felt that a new adaptation on film would serve the drama better than the previous videotaped Pride and Prejudice television adaptations, which looked too "undernourished" and "unpoetic".[12] The needs of TV scheduling forced Davies to change his original plan of a five-episode adaptation to six.[14] Birtwistle and Davies then offered the first three scripts to ITV in late 1986 to build on the guaranteed BBC audience, but the recent TV adaptation led to a delay. When ITV announced its renewed interest in 1993, Michael Wearing of the BBC commissioned the final scripts with co-funding from the American A&E Network.[12] Director Simon Langton and the art department joined pre-production in January and February 1994.[5][15]

text:
"We treated the story with great respect, but if we wanted to be utterly faithful, we would have got someone to recite it over the radio."

—Director Simon Langton[16]

tag: div

text: Although Birtwistle and Davies wished to remain true to the tone and spirit of the novel,[14] they wanted to produce "a fresh, lively story about real people",[12] not an "old studio-bound BBC drama that was shown in the Sunday teatime slot".[7] Emphasising sex and money as the themes of the story,[12] Davies shifted the focus from Elizabeth to Elizabeth and Darcy and foreshadowed Darcy's role in the narrative resolution. To portray the characters as real human beings, Davies added short backstage scenes such as the Bennet girls dressing up to advertise themselves in the marriage market. New scenes where men pursue their hobbies with their peers departed from Jane Austen's focus on women.[14] The biggest technical difficulty proved to be adapting the long letters in the second half of the story. Davies employed techniques such as voice-overs, flashbacks, and having the characters read the letters to themselves and to each other. Davies added some dialogue to clarify events from the novel to a modern audience but left much of the novel's dialogue intact.[14]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Wikimedia Commons has media related to Film locations of Pride and Prejudice (1995).

text: Director of photography John Kenway used Super 16mm film, which has a slightly smaller widescreen aspect ratio than 16:9, but the series was originally broadcast 4:3 pan and scan.[17]

text: The budget of about £1 million per episode (totalling US$9.6 million) allowed 20 shooting weeks of five days to film six 55-minute episodes. Production aimed for 10.5-hour shooting days plus time for costume and make-up.[4][16] Two weeks before filming began, about 70 of the cast and crew gathered for the script read-through, followed by rehearsals, lessons for dancing, horse-riding, fencing, and other skills that needed to be ready ahead of the actual filming.[18] Filming took place between June 1994 and 1 November 1994 to reflect the changing seasons in the plot, followed by post-production until mid-May 1995.[5] Scenes in the same place were grouped in the filming schedule.[4]

text: Twenty-four locations, most of them owned by the National Trust, and eight studio sets were used for filming.[15][18] Reflecting the wealth differences between the main characters, the filming location for Longbourn showed the comfortable family house of the Bennet family, whereas Darcy's Pemberley needed to look like the "most beautiful place", showing good taste and the history of the aristocracy.[6]

text: The first location that the producers agreed on was Lacock in Wiltshire to represent the village of Meryton. Luckington Court nearby served as the interior and exterior of Longbourn. Lyme Hall in Cheshire was chosen as Pemberley but management problems forced production to film Pemberley's interiors at Sudbury Hall in Sudbury, Derbyshire.[19]

text: The producers found Belton House in Grantham, Lincolnshire the best match for Rosings, Lady Catherine de Bourgh's estate,[19] which needed to appear "over-the-top" to reflect her disagreeableness.[6] Old Rectory at Teigh in Rutland was chosen as Hunsford parsonage, Mr Collins's modest home. Edgcote House in south-west Northamptonshire served as the interior and exterior of Bingley's Netherfield, along with Brocket Hall in Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire as the Netherfield ballroom. The London streets were filmed in Lord Leycester Hospital in Warwick, Warwickshire. Wickham's and Georgiana's planned elopement in Ramsgate was filmed in the English seaside resort Weston-super-Mare in Somerset.[19] Wickham's wedding takes place in St Paul's in Deptford, London.

text: Costumes and make-up[edit]

text: Because Pride and Prejudice was a period drama, the design required more research than contemporary films. The personality and wealth of the characters were reflected in their costumes; the wealthy Bingley sisters were never shown in print dresses and they wore big feathers in their hair.[6] As the BBC's stock of early 19th century costumes was limited, costume designer Dinah Collin designed most of the costumes, visiting museums for inspiration while trying to make the clothes attractive to a modern audience (although some costumes, mostly worn by extras, were re-used from earlier BBC productions or hired). Elizabeth's clothes had earthy tones and were fitted to allow easy and natural movements in line with the character's activity and liveliness. In contrast, Collin chose pale or creamy white colours for the clothes of the other Bennet girls to highlight their innocence and simplicity and richer colours for Bingley's sisters and Lady Catherine de Bourgh. Colin Firth participated in the wardrobe decisions and wanted his character to wear darker colours, leaving the warmer colours for Bingley.[20]

text: The producers imagined Darcy to be dark despite no such references in the novel and asked Firth to dye black his light-brown hair, eyebrows and lashes; they instructed all male actors to let their hair grow before filming and shave off their moustaches. Three brunette wigs were made to cover Ehle's short, blonde hair and one wig for Alison Steadman (Mrs. Bennet) because of her thick, heavy hair. Susannah Harker's (Jane) hair was slightly lightened to contrast with Elizabeth's and was arranged in a classic Greek style to highlight the character's beauty. Mary's plainness was achieved by painting spots on Lucy Briers's face; her hair was greased to suggest an unwashed appearance and was arranged to emphasise the actress's protruding ears. As Kitty and Lydia were too young and wild to have their hair done by the maids, the actresses' hair was not changed much. Makeup artist Caroline Noble had always considered Mr. Collins a sweaty character with a moist upper lip; she also greased David Bamber's hair and gave him a low parting to suggest baldness.[20]

text: Music and choreography[edit]

text: Carl Davis had been writing scores for BBC adaptations of classic novels since the mid-1970s and approached Sue Birtwistle during pre-production. Aiming to communicate the wit and vitality of the novel and its theme of marriage and love in a small town in the early 19th century, he used contemporary classical music as inspiration, in particular a popular Beethoven septet of the period, as well as a theme strongly reminiscent of the finale of Beethoven's Emperor Concerto. For control over the sound, the music was recorded in six hours by a group of up to 18 musicians and was then fed into tiny earpieces of the screen musicians, who mimed playing the instruments. The actresses whose characters played the piano, Lucy Briers (Mary) and Emilia Fox (Georgiana), were already accomplished pianists and were given the opportunity to practise weeks ahead of filming.[21] Among the songs and movements that were played in the serial were Handel's "Air con Variazioni" from Suite No. 5 in E Major HWV 430 and "Slumber, Dear Maid" from his opera Xerxes, Mozart's "Rondo Alla Turca", "Voi Che Sapete" and other music from his operas The Marriage of Figaro and Don Giovanni, Beethoven's Andante Favori, the second movement from Muzio Clementi's Sonatina No.4 and the traditional folk song "The Barley Mow". A soundtrack with Davis's themes was released on CD in 1995.

text: Many scenes in the book were set at dances or balls. Jane Gibson based her choreography on The Apted Book of Country Dances (1966) by W.S. Porter, which had several late-18th-century dances by Charles and Samuel Thompson such as "The Shrewsbury Lasses", "A Trip to Highgate" and "Mr. Beveridge's Maggot". Although these dances gave the story an impression of authenticity, they were anachronistic, being out of fashion by the time of the story. Some fifteen dances were choreographed and rehearsed before filming. Polly Maberly and Julia Sawalha, the dance-mad Kitty and Lydia, had three days to learn the dances. Three days were allotted for the filming of the ball at Netherfield, whose pace and style concentrated on elegance rather than the community enjoying themselves as at the dance at Meryton.[22] The musicians and dancers had earpieces with music playing to allow dialogue recording.[5] Many wide-shots of Elizabeth's and Darcy's dance at Netherfield later turned out to be unusable because of a hair in front of a lens so the editors resorted to close-up shots and material provided by a steadicam.[23]

text: Themes and style[edit]

text: The adaptation received praise for its faithfulness to the novel,[2][24] which highlights the importance of environment and upbringing on peoples' development, although privilege is not necessarily advantageous.[25] Describing the adaptation as "a witty mix of love stories and social conniving, cleverly wrapped in the ambitions and illusions of a provincial gentry",[2] critics noted that Davies's focus on sex and money and Austen's wry, incisive humour and the "deft" characterisation, prevented the television adaptation from "descending into the realm of a nicely-costumed, brilliantly-photographed melodrama".[26]

text:
"It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife."

—First line of Austen's novel Pride and Prejudice

text: To avoid a narrator, the serial delegates the novel's first ironic sentence to Elizabeth in an early scene.[27][28] The adaptation opens with a view of Darcy's and Bingley's horses as they race across a field toward the Netherfield estate, expressing vitality; Elizabeth watches them before breaking into a run. While the novel indicates Elizabeth's independence and energy in her three-mile trek to Netherfield, the adaptation of this scene also shows her rebelliousness and love of nature.[29]

text: In what is "perhaps the most radical revision of Austen's text",[30] the BBC drama departs from a late 18th-century vision of emotional restraint and portrays emotions in a "modern" interpretation of the story.[30] The novel leaves Elizabeth and the reader uncertain of Darcy's emotions and the adaptation uses additional scenes to hint at Darcy's inability to physically contain or verbally express his emotional turmoil.[31] On the other hand, whereas the climax of the novel describes Darcy expressing his ardent love for Elizabeth at length (though Austen leaves his actual words to the reader's imagination), the adaptation elides this moment and passes directly to the next lines of dialogue. Scholars argue that activities such as billiards, bathing, fencing and swimming (see the lake scene) offer Darcy to a female gaze; he is often presented in profile by a window or a fireplace when his friends discuss Elizabeth. Many passages relating to appearance or characters' viewpoints were lifted from the novel.[32]

text: The novel shows irony with "unmistakable strains of cynicism, ... laughing at human nature without any real hope of changing it".[33] Laughter in the story, which ranges from irresponsible laughter to laughter at people and laughter of amusement and relief, can also be linked to the sexual tensions among the different characters. Despite their appeal to modern audiences, laughter and wit were seen as vulgar and irreverent in Austen's time.[34] The BBC drama made changes "with a view to exposing a character, or adding humour or irony to a situation".[28] The adaptation comically exaggerates the characters of Mrs. Bennet, Miss Bingley and Mr. Collins, even showing Mrs. Bennet on the verge of hysteria in many of the early scenes.[28]

text: The serial expands on Austen's metaphorical use of landscapes, reinforcing beauty and authenticity. Elizabeth takes every opportunity to enjoy nature and to escape exposure to Mr. Collins and Lady Catherine. The most symbolic use of nature in the novel is Elizabeth and the Gardiners' visit to Pemberley in Derbyshire,[29] where Elizabeth becomes conscious of her love for Darcy. The story makes nature integral in the form of Old England.[35] Elizabeth's appreciation of the beauties of Derbyshire elevates Darcy in her and her relatives' opinion.[29] Darcy's gaze through the window works as a movie screen, projecting Elizabeth's actions for him and the viewer. His participation in the English landscape is his redemption.[36]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: Between 10 and 11 million people watched the original six-episode broadcast on BBC One on Sunday evenings from 24 September to 29 October 1995.[37][38] The episodes were repeated each week on BBC Two.[4] The final episode of Pride and Prejudice had a market share of about 40 percent in Britain,[7] by which time eight foreign countries had bought the rights to the serial.[38] 3.7 million Americans watched the first broadcast on the A&E Network, which aired the serial in double episodes on three consecutive evenings beginning 14 January 1996.[37][39]

text: Home release and merchandise[edit]

text: The serial was released on VHS in the UK in the week running up to the original transmission of the final episode. The entire first run of 12,000 copies of the double-video set sold out within two hours of release. 70,000 copies had been sold by the end of the first week of sales,[40] increasing to 200,000 sold units within the first year of the original airing.[41] A BBC spokeswoman called the initial sale results "a huge phenomenon", as "it is unheard of for a video to sell even half as well, especially when viewers are able to tape the episodes at home for free".[40] The CD soundtrack was also popular, and 20,000 copies of an official making-of book were sold within days.[38] The serial was released on DVD four times, initially in 2000, as a digitally remastered "Tenth Anniversary Edition" in September 2005, and in April 2007 as part of a "Classic Drama DVD" magazine collection. A high-definition transfer was produced from the original negatives and released as a Blu-ray in October 2008. The HD version has not been broadcast on television; the BBC refuses to broadcast anything shot in 16mm in HD. The same restored version was released on DVD in March 2009.[42] The Blu-ray was released on 14 April 2009.[43]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The critical response to Pride and Prejudice was overwhelmingly positive.[44] Gerard Gilbert of The Independent recommended the opening episode of the serial one day before the British premiere, saying the television adaptation is "probably as good as it [can get for a literary classic]. The casting in particular deserves a tilt at a BAFTA, Firth not being in the slightest bit soft and fluffy – and Jennifer Ehle showing the right brand of spirited intelligence as Elizabeth." He considered Benjamin Whitrow a "real scene-stealer with his Mr. Bennet", but was undecided about Alison Steadman's portrayal of Mrs. Bennet.[45] Reviewing the first episode for the same newspaper on the day after transmission, Jim White praised Andrew Davies for "injecting into the proceedings a pace and energy which at last provides a visual setting to do justice to the wit of the book. With everyone slinging themselves about at high speed (the dances, in a first for the genre, actually involve a bit of sweat), it looks like people are doing something you would never have suspected they did in Austen's time: having fun."[46]

text: A few days before the American premiere, Howard Rosenberg of the Los Angeles Times considered the adaptation "decidedly agreeable" despite its incidental liberties with Austen's novel, and named Elizabeth's parents and Mr. Collins as the main source of humour.[47] John O'Connor of The New York Times lauded the serial as a "splendid adaptation, with a remarkably faithful and sensitively nuanced script". He commented on Jennifer Ehle's ability to make Elizabeth "strikingly intelligent and authoritative without being overbearing", and noted how Firth "brilliantly captures Mr. Darcy's snobbish pride while conveying, largely through intense stares, that he is falling in love despite himself". O'Connor praised Barbara Leigh-Hunt's portrayal of Lady Catherine as "a marvellously imperious witch" and considered her scenes with David Bamber (Mr. Collins) "hilarious".[2]

text: However, O'Connor remarked that American audiences might find the "languorous walks across meadows" and "ornately choreographed dances" of the British production too slow.[2] In one of the most negative reviews, People Magazine considered the adaptation "a good deal more thorough than necessary" and "not the best Austen on the suddenly crowded market". Although the reviewer thought Firth "magnificent", he rebuked the casting of Jennifer Ehle as her oval face made her "look like Anaïs Nin in period clothes, and that ain't right".[48] The official A&E Network magazine summarised a year later that "critics praised the lavish production, audiences adored it, and women everywhere swooned over Darcy. So much, in fact, that newspapers began to joke about 'Darcy fever.'"[8] Commendation for the serial continued in the years following its original transmission.

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: Pride and Prejudice received BAFTA Television Award nominations for "Best Drama Serial", "Best Costume Design", and "Best Make Up/Hair" in 1996. Jennifer Ehle was honoured with a BAFTA for "Best Actress", while Colin Firth and Benjamin Whitrow, nominated for "Best Actor", lost to Robbie Coltrane of Cracker.[49] Firth won the 1996 Broadcasting Press Guild Award for "Best Actor", complemented by the same award for "Best Drama Series/Serial".[50] The serial was recognised in the United States with an Emmy for "Outstanding Individual Achievement in Costume Design for a Miniseries or a Special", and was Emmy-nominated for its achievements as an "Outstanding Miniseries" as well as for choreography and writing.[51] Among other awards and nominations, Pride and Prejudice received a Peabody Award,[52] a Television Critics Association Award,[53] and a Golden Satellite Award nomination[54] for outstanding achievements as a serial.

text: Influence and legacy[edit]

text: As one of the BBC's and A&E's most popular presentations ever,[38][55] the serial was "a cultural phenomenon, inspiring hundreds of newspaper articles and making the novel a commuter favourite".[56] With the 1995 and 1996 films Persuasion, Sense and Sensibility and Emma, the serial was part of a wave of Jane Austen enthusiasm which caused the membership of the Jane Austen Society of North America to jump fifty percent in 1996 and to over 4,000 members in the autumn of 1997.[41] Some newspapers like The Wall Street Journal explained this "Austen-mania" as a commercial move of the television and film industry, whereas others attributed Austen's popularity to escapism.[57]

text: While Jennifer Ehle refused to capitalise on the success of the serial and joined the Royal Shakespeare Company at Stratford-upon-Avon,[58] the role of Mr. Darcy unexpectedly elevated Colin Firth to stardom.[9] Although Firth did not mind being recognised as "a romantic idol as a Darcy with smouldering sex appeal"[59] in a role that "officially turned him into a heart-throb",[60] he expressed the wish to not be associated with Pride and Prejudice forever[8] and was reluctant to accept similar roles. He took on diverse roles and co-starred in productions such as The English Patient (1996), Shakespeare in Love (1998), Bridget Jones's Diary (2001 – although this film is essentially an adaptation of Pride and Prejudice in which Firth effectively reprises the role of Darcy), Girl with a Pearl Earring (2003), Love Actually (2003) and Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (2004).[9][60]

text: Pride and Prejudice continued to be honoured years later. A 2000 poll of industry professionals conducted by the British Film Institute ranked the serial at 99 in the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes of the 20th century, which the BFI attributed to its "managing to combine faithfulness to the novel with a freshness that appealed across the generations".[24] Radio Times included the serial in their list of "40 greatest TV programmes ever made" in 2003.[61] It was also named by Entertainment Weekly as one of the 20 best miniseries of all time.[62] In 2007, the UK Film Council declared Pride and Prejudice one of the television dramas that have become "virtual brochures" for British history and society. Lyme Hall, Cheshire, which had served as the exterior of Pemberley, experienced a tripling in its visitor numbers after the series' broadcast and is still a popular travel destination.[61]

text: Lake scene[edit]

text: The adaptation is famous for a scene in its fourth episode where a fully dressed Darcy, having emerged from a swim in a lake at Pemberley, accidentally encounters Elizabeth. While many critics attributed the scene's appeal to Firth's sexual attractiveness,[59][63][64] Andrew Davies thought that it unwittingly "rerobed, not disrobed, Austen".[65] When Davies wrote the scene (it was not part of Austen's novel), he did not intend a sexual connection between Elizabeth and Darcy but to create "an amusing moment in which Darcy tries to maintain his dignity while improperly dressed and sopping wet".[59] The BBC opposed Davies's plan to have Darcy naked but the producers discarded the alternative of using underpants as fatuous.[66] According to Davies, Firth had "a bit of the usual tension about getting [his] kit off",[65] the scene was filmed with Firth in linen shirt, breeches and boots. A stuntman, who appears in midair in a very brief shot, was hired because of the risk of infection with Weil's disease at Lyme Park.[66] A short underwater segment was filmed separately with Firth in a tank at Ealing Studios in west London.[6]

text: The Guardian declared the lake scene "one of the most unforgettable moments in British TV history".[1] The sequence also appeared in Channel 4's Top 100 TV Moments in 1999, between the controversial programme Death on the Rock and the Gulf War.[67] The New York Times compared the scene to Marlon Brando shouting "Stella!" in his undershirt in A Streetcar Named Desire[68] and Firth's projects began alluding to it – screenwriter-director Richard Curtis added in-joke moments of Firth's characters falling into the water to Love Actually and Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason,[69] and Firth's character from the 2007 film St Trinian's emerges from a fountain in a soaking wet shirt before meeting up with an old love.[70] The creators of the 2008 ITV production Lost in Austen emulated the lake scene in their Pride and Prejudice through their contemporary heroine who cajoles Darcy into recreating the moment.[71]

text: Cheryl L. Nixon suggested in Jane Austen in Hollywood that Darcy's dive is a "revelation of his emotional capabilities", expressing a "Romantic bond with nature, a celebration of his home where he can 'strip down' to his essential self, a cleansing of social prejudices from his mind, or ... a rebirth of his love for Elizabeth".[72] Linda Troost and Sayre Greenfield wrote that the scene "tells us more about our current decade's obsession with physical perfection and acceptance of gratuitous nudity than it does about Austen's Darcy, but the image carves a new facet into the text".[73]

text: Bridget Jones[edit]

text: The fictional journalist Bridget Jones (in reality Helen Fielding of The Independent) wrote of her love of the serial in the paper's Bridget Jones's Diary column during the original British broadcast,[9] mentioning her "simple human need for Darcy to get off with Elizabeth" and regarding the couple as her "chosen representatives in the field of shagging, or rather courtship".[74] Fielding loosely reworked the plot of Pride And Prejudice in her 1996 novel of the column, naming Bridget's uptight love interest "Mark Darcy" and describing him exactly like Colin Firth.[9][75] Following a first meeting with Firth during his filming of Fever Pitch in 1996, Fielding asked Firth to collaborate in what would become a multi-page interview between Bridget Jones and Firth in her 1999 sequel novel, Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason. Conducting the real interview with Firth in Rome, Fielding lapsed into Bridget Jones mode and obsessed over Darcy in his wet shirt for the fictional interview. Firth participated in the editing of what critics called "one of the funniest sequences in the diary's sequel".[60][76] Both novels make various other references to the BBC serial.[77]

text: Andrew Davies collaborated on the screenplays for the 2001 and 2004 Bridget Jones films, in which Crispin Bonham-Carter (Mr. Bingley) and Lucy Robinson (Mrs. Hurst) appeared in minor roles. The self-referential in-joke between the projects convinced Colin Firth to accept the role of Mark Darcy,[9] as it gave him an opportunity to ridicule and liberate himself from his Pride and Prejudice character.[78] Film critic James Berardinelli would later state that Firth "plays this part [of Mark Darcy] exactly as he played the earlier role, making it evident that the two Darcys are essentially the same".[26] The producers never found a way to incorporate the Jones-Firth interview in the second film but shot a spoof interview with Firth as himself and Renée Zellweger staying in character as Bridget Jones after a day's wrap. The scene, which extended Bridget's Darcy obsession to cover Firth's lake scene in Love Actually, is available as a bonus feature on the DVD.[79]

text: Other adaptations[edit]

text: For almost a decade, the 1995 TV serial was considered "so dominant, so universally adored, [that] it has lingered in the public consciousness as a cinematic standard".[80] Comparing six Pride and Prejudice adaptations in 2005, the Daily Mirror gave 9/10 to the 1995 serial ("what may be the ultimate adaptation") and the 2005 film adaptation, leaving the other adaptations such as the 1940 film behind with six or fewer points.[63] The 2005 film was "obviously [not as] daring or revisionist" as the 1995 adaptation[81] but the youth of the film's leads, Keira Knightley and Matthew Macfadyen, was mentioned favourably over the 1995 cast, as Jennifer Ehle had formerly been "a little too 'heavy' for the role".[82] The president of the Jane Austen Society of North America noted in an otherwise positive review that the casting of the 2005 leads was "arguably a little more callow than Firth and Ehle" and that "Knightley is better looking than Lizzy should strictly be".[81] The critical reception of MacFadyen's Darcy, whose casting had proven difficult because "Colin Firth cast a very long shadow",[83] ranged from praise to pleasant surprise and dislike.[82][84] Several critics did not observe any significant impact of Macfadyen's Darcy in the following years. Garth Pearce of The Sunday Times noted in 2007 that "Colin Firth will forever be remembered as the perfect Mr. Darcy",[64] and Gene Seymour stated in a 2008 Newsday article that Firth was "'universally acknowledged' as the definitive Mr. Darcy".[85]


document_title: Isotopes of lithium

question_text: how many protons are in a lithium nucleus

root

text: Isotopes of lithium

text: Isotope separation[edit]

text: Colex separation[edit]

text: Lithium-6 has a greater affinity than lithium-7 for the element mercury. When an amalgam of lithium and mercury is added to solutions containing lithium hydroxide, the lithium-6 becomes more concentrated in the amalgam and the lithium-7 more in the hydroxide solution.

tag: p

text: The colex (column exchange) separation method makes use of this by passing a counter-flow of amalgam and hydroxide through a cascade of stages. The fraction of lithium-6 is preferentially drained by the mercury, but the lithium-7 flows mostly with the hydroxide. At the bottom of the column, the lithium (enriched with lithium-6) is separated from the amalgam, and the mercury is recovered to be reused with fresh raw material. At the top, the lithium hydroxide solution is electrolyzed to liberate the lithium-7 fraction. The enrichment obtained with this method varies with the column length and the flow speed.

text: Vacuum distillation[edit]

text: Lithium is heated to a temperature of about 550 °C in a vacuum. Lithium atoms evaporate from the liquid surface and are collected on a cold surface positioned a few centimetres above the liquid surface. Since lithium-6 atoms have a greater mean free path, they are collected preferentially.

text: The theoretical separation efficiency is about 8.0 percent. A multistage process may be used to obtain higher degrees of separation.

text: Lithium-4 contains three protons and one neutron. It is the shortest-lived known isotope of lithium, with a half-life of about 91 yoctoseconds, 6977909999999999999♠9.1×10−23 seconds and decays by proton emission to helium-3.[3] Lithium-4 can be formed as an intermediate in some nuclear fusion reactions.

text: Lithium-6 is valuable as the source material for the production of tritium (hydrogen-3) and as an absorber of neutrons in nuclear fusion reactions. Natural lithium contains about 7.5 percent lithium-6, with the rest being lithium-7. Large amounts of lithium-6 have been separated out for placing into hydrogen bombs. The separation of lithium-6 has by now ceased in the large thermonuclear powers, but stockpiles of it remain in these countries. Lithium-6 is one of only three stable isotopes with a spin of 1[n 1][4] and has the smallest nonzero nuclear electric quadrupole moment of any stable nucleus.

text: Lithium-7 is by far the most-common isotope, making up about 92.5 percent of all natural lithium. A lithium-7 atom contains three protons, four neutrons, and three electrons. Because of its nuclear properties lithium-7 is less common than helium, beryllium, carbon, nitrogen, or oxygen in the Universe, even though the latter four all have heavier nuclei.

text: The industrial production of lithium-6 results in a waste product which is enriched in lithium-7 and depleted in lithium-6. This material has been sold commercially, and some of it has been released into the environment. A relative abundance of lithium-7, as high as 35 percent greater than the natural value, has been measured in the ground water in a carbonate aquifer underneath the West Valley Creek in Pennsylvania, which is downstream from a lithium processing plant. In the depleted lithium, the relative abundance of lithium-6 can be reduced to as little as 20 percent of its nominal value, giving an atomic mass for the discharged[clarification needed] lithium that can range from about 6.94 Da to about 7.00 Da. Hence the isotopic composition of lithium can vary somewhat depending on its source. An accurate atomic mass for samples of lithium cannot be measured for all sources of lithium.[5]

text: Lithium-7 is used as a part of the molten lithium fluoride in molten salt reactors: liquid-fluoride nuclear reactors. The large neutron-absorption cross-section of lithium-6 (about 940 barns[6]) as compared with the very small neutron cross-section of lithium-7 (about 45 millibarns) makes high separation of lithium-7 from natural lithium a strong requirement for the possible use in lithium fluoride reactors.

text: Lithium-7 hydroxide is used for alkalizing of the coolant in pressurized water reactors.[7]

text: Some lithium-7 has been produced, for a few picoseconds, which contains a lambda particle in its nucleus, whereas an atomic nucleus is generally thought to contain only neutrons, protons, and pions.[8][9]

text: Lithium-11 is thought to possess a halo nucleus consisting of a core of three protons and eight neutrons, two of which are in a nuclear halo. It has an exceptionally large cross-section of 3.16 fm2, comparable to that of 208Pb. It decays by beta emission to 11Be, which then decays in several ways (see table below).

text: Lithium-12 has a considerably shorter half-life of around 10 nanoseconds. It decays by neutron emission into 11Li, which decays as mentioned above.

text: List of isotopes[edit]

text:
nuclide
symbol
Z(p)
N(n)

isotopic mass (u)

half-life
decay
mode(s)[10]
daughter
isotope(s)[n 2]
nuclear
spin
representative
isotopic
composition
(mole fraction)
range of natural
variation
(mole fraction)

excitation energy

4Li
3
1
7000402719000000000♠4.02719(23)
6977909999999999999♠91(9)×10−24 s
[6987966112421661000♠6.03 MeV]
p
3He

5Li
3
2
7000501254000000000♠5.01254(5)
6978370000000000000♠370(30)×10−24 s
[~6987240326473050000♠1.5 MeV]
p
4He
3/2−

6Li[n 3]
3
3
7000601512279500000♠6.015122795(16)
Stable
1+
[6998759000000000000♠0.0759(4)]
6998722500000000000♠0.07225–6998771400000000000♠0.07714

7Li[n 4]
3
4
7000701600343660000♠7.0160034366(45)
Stable
3/2−
[6999924100000000000♠0.9241(4)]
6999922750000000000♠0.92275–6999927860000000000♠0.92786

8Li
3
5
7000802248736000000♠8.02248736(10)
6999840299999999999♠840.3(9) ms
β−
8Be[n 5]
2+

9Li
3
6
7000902678950000000♠9.0267895(21)
6999178300000000000♠178.3(4) ms
β−, n (50.8%)
8Be[n 6]
3/2−

β− (49.2%)
9Be

10Li
3
7
7001100354810000000♠10.035481(16)
6979199999999999999♠2.0(5)×10−21 s
[6987192261178440000♠1.2(3) MeV]
n
9Li
(1−,2−)

10m1Li
6986320435297400000♠200(40) keV
6979370000000000000♠3.7(15)×10−21 s

1+

10m2Li
6986769044713760000♠480(40) keV
6979135000000000000♠1.35(24)×10−21 s

2+

11Li[n 7]
3
8
7001110437980000000♠11.043798(21)
6997875000000000000♠8.75(14) ms
β−, n (84.9%)
10Be
3/2−

β− (8.07%)
11Be

β−, 2n (4.1%)
9Be

β−, 3n (1.9%)
8Be[n 8]

β−, α (1.0%)
7He, 4He

β−, fission (.014%)
8Li, 3H

β−, fission (.013%)
9Li, 2H

12Li
3
9
7001120537800000000♠12.05378(107)#
<6992100000000000000♠10 ns
n
11Li

tag: table

text:
Jump up ^ The other two are deuterium and nitrogen-14.
Jump up ^ Bold for stable isotopes
Jump up ^ One of the few stable odd-odd nuclei
Jump up ^ Produced in Big Bang nucleosynthesis and by cosmic ray spallation
Jump up ^ Immediately decays into two 4He atoms for a net reaction of 8Li → 24He + e−
Jump up ^ Immediately decays into two 4He atoms for a net reaction of 9Li → 24He + 1n + e−
Jump up ^ Has 2 halo neutrons
Jump up ^ Immediately decays into two 4He atoms for a net reaction of 11Li → 24He + 31n + e−

tag: ol

text: Notes[edit]

text:
The precision of the abundance of isotopes of lithium and the overall atomic weight is limited through variations. The given ranges should be applicable to any normal terrestrial material.
Exceptional samples of lithium from geology are known in which the isotopic composition lies outside the reported range. The uncertainty in the atomic mass might exceed the stated value for such samples.
Commercially available samples of lithium may have been subjected to the undisclosed or inadvertent separation of the isotopes. Substantial deviations from the given atomic mass and isotopic composition can be found.
In depleted lithium (with the 6Li removed), the relative abundance of lithium-6 can be reduced to as little as 20 percent of its normal value, giving the measured atomic mass ranging from 6.94 Da to 7.00 Da.
The values marked with # are not purely from experimental data, but they are partly or totally estimated from the general trends. The values of spin with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation from the norm, except for the isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from the IUPAC that use larger uncertainties.
The unusual isotope lithium-11 has a nuclear halo of two weakly linked neutrons that explains the important difference in its nuclear radius.
Nuclide masses are given by IUPAP Commission on Symbols, Units, Nomenclature, Atomic Masses and Fundamental Constants (SUNAMCO).
Isotope abundances are given by IUPAC Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW).

tag: ul

text: Decay chains[edit]

text: While β− decay into isotopes of beryllium (often combined with single- or multiple-neutron emission) is predominant over heavier isotopes of lithium, 10Li and 12Li decay via neutron emission into 9Li and 11Li respectively due to their positions above the neutron drip line. Lithium-11 has also been observed to decay via multiple forms of fission. Lighter isotopes of lithium (<6Li) are only known to decay by proton emission. The decay modes of the two isomers of 10Li are unknown.


document_title: Pete's Dragon (2016 film)

question_text: who plays pete in pete's dragon 2016

question_tokens: who plays pete in pete 's dragon 2016

text: Pete's Dragon (2016 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1977, Pete Healy, a five-year-old boy, is on a road trip with his parents when their car flips off the road due to not watching out for the deer. His parents are killed, but Pete survives and is chased into the forest by a pack of wolves. He is rescued by a dragon with green fur, yellow eyes, and huge wings. Pete names the dragon "Elliot" after his favorite book about a puppy of the same name trying to find his family, and takes to him as a father figure.

text: Six years later, Pete, now 11, spots a lumberjack crew chopping down trees near his home. Natalie, the daughter of the ethical site foreman Jack, spots and chases him. When Natalie accidentally falls from a tree, her screams attract her father Jack and his girlfriend, park ranger Grace Meacham. Pete tries to run away, but Gavin, Jack's pragmatic brother, accidentally knocks him unconscious. After realizing that Pete has vanished, Elliot stumbles around looking for him and ends up knocking over a tree near the lumber camp, leading Gavin to organize a hunting party to find him. Meanwhile, Pete wakes up in a local hospital, which he escapes in an effort to return to the forest. Before the police can catch the boy, Grace finds Pete and asks him to come to her home and promises to take him to the forest the next day.

text: Gavin and his men locate Pete and Elliot's treehouse, but when they try to search it, Elliot reveals himself and scares them away. He follows them to town trying to find Pete. After seeing Pete settling in with Grace's family, he leaves. After Pete gives Grace a drawing of Elliot, she shows her father, Mr. Meacham. He says that he discovered the same dragon as a young man. He advises her to trust Pete, and to find Elliot.

text: The next day, Pete, Grace, Natalie, and Mr. Meacham travel to the forest to meet Elliot. A group of hunters led by Gavin surprise Elliot and shoot him with tranquilizer darts, then lock him up in Jack's warehouse. Before the authorities can inspect the dragon, Pete and Natalie free him from his chains and escape on a lumber truck with Mr. Meacham.

text: Angered, Gavin sets up a roadblock at the bridge to stop them. When Elliot tries to fly, he crashes into the truck, damaging its brakes and it goes through the barricade. Confused and frightened, Elliot perches on top of the bridge and starts breathing fire at the police. The bridge begins to collapse under the intense heat, causing Grace and Jack's truck to fall through. Gavin tries to save the pair from falling to their deaths. Elliot emerges from the ravine with Grace and Jack riding safely on his back. With a firefighting helicopter approaching, Pete decides to flee with Elliot back to the woods.

text: Pete pleads with Elliot to let him stay so he can protect him from his attackers, just as Elliot protected him. However, Elliot concludes that as long as they stay close together, Pete will always be in danger. He points out Pete's book to encourage him to return to stay with Grace and Jack. Pete is reluctant & worried for Elliott's safety, but ultimately trusts the dragon's judgment. After a very tearful hug, Elliot returns to the mountains and Pete returns to live with Grace and Jack as his new family.

text: In the years that follow, Grace and Jack marry and adopt Pete as their son. Not only has Elliot slowly faded from the town's memory, but Gavin has learned to be more scrupulous and has moved on from the experience. Pete and his family eventually go on vacation, and see that Elliot is finally reunited with his fellow dragons.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Bryce Dallas Howard as Grace Meacham, a forest ranger.
Oakes Fegley as Pete Healy, a young orphan who lives in the forest with Elliot the Dragon.

Levi Alexander as 5-year-old Pete

Wes Bentley as Jack Magary, a widowed lumber mill owner who is Natalie's father and Grace's boyfriend. He has a moral compass and tries to restrain his brother Gavin's more unethical tendencies.
Karl Urban as Gavin Magary, a hunter and lumberjack who is Jack's brother and Natalie's uncle. He is a pragmatic man who chafes under his brother's scruples.[5]
Oona Laurence as Natalie Magary, Jack's daughter and Gavin's niece.
Robert Redford as Mr. Meacham, Grace's father
Isiah Whitlock Jr. as Sheriff Gene Dentler
Marcus Henderson as Woodrow, a lumberjack
Aaron Jackson as Abner, a lumberjack
Phil Grieve as Bobby, a lumberjack
Jim McLarty as Ranger Wentworth
Ian Harcourt as Deputy West
Steve Barr as Deputy Smalls
John Kassir as the voice of Elliot the Dragon

text: Production[edit]

text: In March 2013, Walt Disney Pictures announced it would remake Pete's Dragon, to be written by David Lowery and Toby Halbrooks, and directed by Lowery. Disney intended to rework the core story as a dramatic story, rather than a musical. It set the new work in the Pacific Northwest of the early 1980s, rather than the Northern New England of the early 1900s in the 1977 film.[6][7]

text: The film was shot in live-action using Panavision Panaflex cameras. The dragon, Elliot, was entirely animated by Weta Digital in CGI, instead of the original hand-drawn animation.[8][9]

text: On September 19, 2014, Disney cast Oakes Fegley and Oona Laurence to star as Pete and Natalie.[10] On October 2, Barrie M. Osborne was set to be the executive producer for the film.[11] On October 16, Robert Redford was in early talks to play a local storyteller who remembers seeing a dragon in the woods.[8] On November 20, Bryce Dallas Howard was in talks for the female lead role, a forest ranger who finds the boy and does not believe his stories about a dragon.[12] On January 7, 2015, Wes Bentley joined the cast of the film.[13] On January 9, Michael C. Hall was also added to the cast.[14] On January 29, Karl Urban replaced Hall.[15]

text: Principal photography commenced in January 2015 in New Zealand, with Lowery directing.[16] Rehearsals began early January 2015,[17] while news reported the beginning of the shooting on January 26, 2015, set to last through April.[8][18] Live-action filming locations included Bay of Plenty, Taupo and Wellington, while CGI was done at Stone Street Studios.[19] On February 10, 2015, a press release confirmed that principal photography had commenced.[9] Shooting took place in and around Wellington and Rotorua, before transferring to Tapanui, where the old Blue Mountain Lumber mill was used as the mill in the film, and the main street became Millhaven for two weeks.[20][21] Production concluded on April 30, 2015.[22]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Pete's Dragon (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)

Soundtrack album / Film score by Daniel Hart

Released
August 12, 2016

Recorded
2016

Studio
Air Studios
British Grove Studios

Genre
Soundtrack, Film score

Length
75:29

Label
Walt Disney

Producer

Daniel Hart
Jake Jackson
David Lowery (exec.)
Jim Whitaker (exec.)
Adam Borba (exec.)

Daniel Hart film scores chronology

Lost in the Sun
(2015)Lost in the Sun2015
Pete's Dragon
(2016)
Half the Perfect World
(2016)Half the Perfect World2016

text: Academy Award-winning composer Howard Shore was originally chosen to write the music for the film. He was replaced during post-production by Daniel Hart, who had previously worked with director Lowery on other films, most notably Ain't Them Bodies Saints (2013).[23] The soundtrack was released on August 12, 2016 by Walt Disney Records. Candle on the Water was the only original song to be featured on the 2016 soundtrack from the 1977 soundtrack. Though the song was not used in the film, it was re-recorded by Okkervil River for the 2016 soundtrack. The original version, performed by Australian singer Helen Reddy (who played Nora in the original film), was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Song in 1977.

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Length

1.
"The Dragon Song" (performed by Bonnie “Prince” Billy)
2:28

2.
"Something Wild" (performed by Lindsey Stirling and Andrew McMahon in the Wilderness)
3:43

3.
"Nobody Knows" (performed by The Lumineers)
3:08

4.
"Something on Your Mind" (performed by St. Vincent)
2:59

5.
"So Long, Marianne" (performed by Leonard Cohen)
5:38

6.
"Gina Anne" (performed by Bosque Brown)
2:40

7.
"An Adventure"
3:04

8.
"Are You Gonna Eat Me?"
2:31

9.
"Brown Bunny"
1:01

10.
"Reverie"
2:52

11.
"Tree Fort"
1:03

12.
"North Star"
1:25

13.
"Bedtime Compass"
2:15

14.
"Timber"
1:19

15.
"Breathe"
2:27

16.
"Gavin Knows What He's Doing"
3:42

17.
"You Are Not Alone"
1:58

18.
"Elliot Gets Lost"
4:26

19.
"Takedown"
1:44

20.
"It'll Be Just Like It Used to Be"
2:03

21.
"Follow That Dragon"
3:01

22.
"Elliot at the Bridge"
2:19

23.
"Abyss"
1:35

24.
"Go North"
1:44

25.
"Saying Goodbye"
5:03

26.
"The Bravest Boy I've Ever Met"
2:46

27.
"The Dragon Song Revisited" (performed by Bonnie “Prince” Billy)
2:34

28.
"Candle on the Water" (performed by Okkervil River)
4:01

Total length:
75:29

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Pete's Dragon grossed $76.2 million in North America and $67.5 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $143.7 million, against a budget of $65 million.[2]

text: In the United States and Canada, Pete's Dragon opened on August 12, 2016, across 3,702 theaters, of which 2,884 were in 3D, and 150 were premium large-format screens, as well as in 57 D-Box and 16 Dolby Cinema sites.[24] It was projected to gross $20–25 million in its opening weekend.[25] The film did not have Thursday night previews, and made $7 million on its first day, Friday.[26] In its opening weekend, it earned $21.5 million, finishing third at the box office, behind Suicide Squad and Sausage Party.[27] The opening was reminiscent of Disney's July release The BFG, which also carried strong reviews into the weekend only to deliver $18.7 million in its first three days,[28] and far from the $67–116 million debuts of other Disney live action-adaptations, such as Cinderella, Maleficent, Oz: The Great and Powerful, The Jungle Book and Alice in Wonderland. However, many box office critics did not worry about the opening figure, given the film's modest budget, and the fact that the film is not anywhere near as well known as those films' respective source material.[26][29] Disney’s distribution chief Dave Hollis was optimistic that film would become profitable by saying, "People who are coming out of the theater are just loving it and their advocacy is going to help us put together a nice, solid run."[30] Forbes noted that the film did not have any box office draws other than the stellar reviews and the notion of another Disney "live-action fairy tale."[26] Although the film witnessed a steep decline on its second Friday (-55%), it fell just by 47.2% on its second weekend, grossing $11.3 million.[31] On its third weekend, it fell just by 35%, grossing $7.3 million.[32] The following weekend, Pete's Dragon declined only 14.7%, grossing $6.5 million and moved up to fourth place.[33][34]

text: Outside North America, Pete's Dragon received a scattered release pattern.[35] The film was released day-and-date in conjucture with its U.S. premiere in 12 markets (roughly 30% of the overseas market), including the United Kingdom, Italy, and Russia.[24] It earned a total of $5.3 million, with Russia ($1.5 million), Italy ($1.4 million) and the U.K. ($1.1 million) representing its largest takings.[35] Moreover, it also opened in France ($1.8 million).[36] It had just a 1% drop in attendance in the U.K. in its second weekend.[36] It expanded to Germany next weekend and will continue its roll out in Australia, Mexico, Brazil and Korea throughout September, and finally Japan on December 23.[25][35]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 87%, based on 203 reviews, with an average rating of 7.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Pete's Dragon continues Disney's current live-action winning streak with an update that gives the original a visual overhaul without overwhelming its sweet, soulful charm."[37] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 71 out of 100, based on 42 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[38] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A".[39]

text: The movie was given three-and-a-half out of four stars in The New York Post by Kyle Smith who called it, "A cinematic enchantment" as well as, "one of the year’s best movies."[40] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and wrote, "Thanks to director David Lowery's humanizing magic, this tale of an orphan boy and a dragon is that rare family film you really can take to heart."[41] Nancy Churnin of The Dallas Morning News gave the film a "B+" and said that while the remake, "may owe more to E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, along with a dash of The Jungle Book than it does to the original Pete's Dragon," she overall concluded that "this story of two vulnerable souls who help each other find their way works, too."[42] Barry Hertz of The Globe and Mail praised the film for its sincerity as well as its "honest effort to entertain and enthrall" audiences rather than simply being a cash grab.[43]

text: Glenn Kenny of The New York Times felt mixed about the film in his review saying, "It is slightly unfair to say that this reboot of Pete's Dragon is middling on a larger scale, but it's not entirely inaccurate either."[44] Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post gave the film two out of four stars and wrote, "While Pete's Dragon does a fine job of evoking the delight one might feel at flying over hill and dale on the back of a mythological creature, it is less successful in rendering real human emotion."[45]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Date of Ceremony
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref(s)

Golden Tomato Awards
January 12, 2017
Best Kids/Family Movie 2016
Pete's Dragon
4th Place
[46]

Heartland Film Festival
October 30, 2016
Truly Moving Picture Award
David Lowery, Walt Disney Pictures and Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures
Won
[47]

Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards
March 11, 2017
Favorite Movie
Pete's Dragon
Nominated
[48]

Saturn Awards
June 28, 2017
Best Fantasy Film
Pete's Dragon
Nominated
[49]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Pete's Dragon was released on Blu-ray, DVD and digital download on November 29, 2016.[50] The film topped the home video sales charts for the week ending on December 4, 2016.[51]

text: The movie is available on Netflix "watch instantly" as of March 15, 2017.[52]


document_title: Bobbie Rosenfeld Award

question_text: who won the bobbie rosenfeld award in 2017

text: Bobbie Rosenfeld Award

text: Voting[edit]

text: The CP first voted on a female athlete of the year in 1933,[1] one year after it inaugurated a poll that became the Lionel Conacher Award for the nation's top male athlete.[7] The poll is separate from the previously existing Velma Springstead Trophy, which also names a female athlete of the year and was first presented by the Women's Amateur Athletic Federation of Canada in 1932.[8][9]

text: Ada Mackenzie was selected the first winner on a straight vote of each writer's top choice.[1] By 1935, the poll was conducted using a points system where voters ranked their top three choices. Each writer's top pick received three points, their second two, and their third one.[10] A tie occurred in 1971 as pentathlete Debbie Van Kiekebelt and high jumper Debbie Brill finished with an identical 208 points. Van Kiekebelt had more first place votes, 55 to 38, however the two women were named co-winners of the award.[11] Barbara Ann Scott was the first woman to unanimously win the award, doing so in 1947.[12] Scott nearly duplicated the feat the following year, however the lone dissenting vote was given to a mare, Victory Gift.[4]

text: No winner was selected for the year 1950, as the CP instead chose Bobbie Rosenfeld as Canada's female athlete of the half-century.[13] Skier Nancy Greene was voted Canada's female athlete of the century in 1999. Greene was herself a two-time winner of the annual poll, and was also an Olympic gold medalist, six-time Canadian champion and twice won the Alpine World Cup.[14] Voters selected their first disabled athlete as the winner in 2008, naming wheelchair racer Chantal Petitclerc the recipient of the Bobbie Rosenfeld Award after she won five gold medals and set three world records at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing.[15] Swimmers have won the most awards at 12, followed by golfers and skiers (including biathlete Myriam Bédard) with 11 each, and figure skaters with 10 victories.

text: List of winners[edit]

text:
Year
Winner
Sport
Win #
Achievement

1933
Mackenzie, AdaAda Mackenzie
Golf
1
Winner of Canadian Women's open and closed championships[1]

1934
Dewar, PhyllisPhyllis Dewar
Swimming
1
Quadruple gold medalist at 1934 British Empire Games[8]

1935
Meagher, AileenAileen Meagher
Track and field
1
Considered Canada's top female sprinter[10]

1936
Taylor, BettyBetty Taylor
Track and field
1
Bronze medalist at 1936 Summer Olympics[16]

1937
Higgins, RobinaRobina Higgins
Track and field
1
Set Canadian record in the javelin throw[17]

1938
MacDonald, NoelNoel MacDonald
Basketball
1
Captained her team to national championship.[18]

1939
Thacker, Mary RoseMary Rose Thacker
Figure skating
1
Won North American championship[19]

1940
Walton, DorothyDorothy Walton
Badminton
1
Toronto, Ontario and Canadian champion[20]

1941
Thacker, Mary RoseMary Rose Thacker
Figure skating
2
Won North American championship for third consecutive year[21]

1942
zzz !No award (Second World War)[a]

1943
zzz !No award (Second World War)[a]

1944
zzz !No award (Second World War)[a]

1945
zzz !No award (Second World War)[a]

1946
Scott, Barbara AnnBarbara Ann Scott
Figure skating
1
Canadian and North American champion[22]

1947
Scott, Barbara AnnBarbara Ann Scott[b]
Figure skating
2
European and world champion[12]

1948
Scott, Barbara AnnBarbara Ann Scott[b]
Figure skating
3
Gold medalist at the 1948 Winter Olympics, European and world champion[4]

1949
Strong, IreneIrene Strong
Swimming
1
Holder of numerous Canadian records[23]

1950
Rosenfeld, BobbieBobbie Rosenfeld
Athlete of the half-century[c]
Track and field
999—
Gold and silver medalist at the 1928 Summer Olympics, set records in numerous athletics events, also played hockey, basketball and tennis[13]

1951
zzz !No award[24]

1952
Streit, MarleneMarlene Streit
Golf
1
Winner of Canadian Women's closed championship[25]

1953
Streit, MarleneMarlene Streit
Golf
2
Winner of the British Ladies Amateur Golf Championship[26]

1954
Bell, MarilynMarilyn Bell[b]
Swimming
1
First person to swim across Lake Ontario[27]

1955
Bell, MarilynMarilyn Bell
Swimming
2
Youngest person to swim across the English Channel[27]

1956
Streit, MarleneMarlene Streit[b]
Golf
3
Winner of eight tournaments, including U.S. Women's Amateur[28]

1957
Streit, MarleneMarlene Streit
Golf
4
Winner of Canadian closed and Ontario amateur championships[28]

1958
Wheeler, LucilleLucille Wheeler[b]
Skiing
1
Winner of downhill and slalom world championships[29]

1959
Heggtveit, AnneAnne Heggtveit
Skiing
1
Winner of multiple European events[30]

1960
Heggtveit, AnneAnne Heggtveit[b]
Skiing
2
Gold medalist at the 1960 Winter Olympics[31]

1961
Stewart, MaryMary Stewart
Swimming
1
Set world record in 110-yard butterfly[32]

1962
Stewart, MaryMary Stewart
Swimming
2
Gold medalist at 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games[33]

1963
Streit, MarleneMarlene Streit
Golf
5
Winner of three tournaments, including Canadian open and closed championships[6]

1964
Burka, PetraPetra Burka
Figure skating
1
Canadian champion and bronze medal winner at 1964 Winter Olympics[34]

1965
Burka, PetraPetra Burka[b]
Figure skating
2
Winner of world championship[35]

1966
Tanner, ElaineElaine Tanner[b]
Swimming
1
Quadruple gold medalist at the 1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games[36]

1967
Greene, NancyNancy Greene[b]
Skiing
1
Winner of the 1967 Alpine Skiing World Cup[37]

1968
Greene, NancyNancy Greene[b]
Skiing
2
Gold and bronze medalist at 1968 Winter Olympics and winner of the 1968 Alpine Skiing World Cup[38]

1969
Boys, BeverlyBeverly Boys
Diving
1
Canadian champion and winner of English diving championship[39]

1970
Boys, BeverlyBeverly Boys
Diving
2
Double gold medalist at the 1970 British Commonwealth Games[40]

1971
Van Kiekebelt, DebbieDebbie Van Kiekebelt[d]
Pentathlon
1
Gold medalist at 1971 Pan American Games[11]

1971
Brill, DebbieDebbie Brill[d]
High jump
1
Gold medalist at 1971 Pan American Games[11]

1972
Bourassa, JocelyneJocelyne Bourassa
Golf
1
Top-20 finish in the LPGA Tour standings[41]

1973
Magnussen, KarenKaren Magnussen
Figure skating
1
Winner of world championship[42]

1974
Cook, WendyWendy Cook
Swimming
1
Triple gold medalist at the 1974 British Commonwealth Games[43]

1975
Garapick, NancyNancy Garapick
Swimming
1
Set world record in the 200 metre backstroke[44]

1976
Kreiner, KathyKathy Kreiner
Skiing
1
Gold medalist at the 1976 Winter Olympics[45]

1977
Nicholas, CindyCindy Nicholas
Swimming
1
First woman and fastest person to complete a double crossing of the English Channel[46]

1978
Jones-Konihowski, DianeDiane Jones-Konihowski
Pentathlon
1
Gold medalist at the 1978 Commonwealth Games[2]

1979
Post, SandraSandra Post[b]
Golf
1
Second on the LPGA Tour, earned more prize money in a single year than any previous Canadian golfer[47]

1980
Post, SandraSandra Post
Golf
2
Earned over US$100,000 on LPGA Tour[48]

1981
Wainman, TraceyTracey Wainman
Figure skating
1
Winner of the St. Ivel International[49]

1982
Sorensen, GerryGerry Sorensen
Skiing
1
Winner of the downhill world championship[50]

1983
Bassett, CarlingCarling Bassett
Tennis
1
Winner of one tournament and finalist in two others as first year professional[51]

1984
Bernier, SylvieSylvie Bernier
Diving
1
Gold medalist at the 1984 Summer Olympics[52]

1985
Bassett, CarlingCarling Bassett
Tennis
2
Ranked 17th in the world by the Women's Tennis Association[53]

1986
Graham, LaurieLaurie Graham
Skiing
1
Seven top-three finishes and third overall in downhill[54]

1987
Waldo, CarolynCarolyn Waldo
Synchronized swimming
1
Double gold medalist at World Aquatic Championships[55]

1988
Waldo, CarolynCarolyn Waldo[b]
Synchronized swimming
2
Double gold medalist at the 1988 Summer Olympics[56]

1989
Kelesi, HelenHelen Kelesi
Tennis
1
Ranked 13th in the world by the Women's Tennis Association[57]

1990
Kelesi, HelenHelen Kelesi
Tennis
2
First woman to win four consecutive national senior championships[58]

1991
Laumann, SilkenSilken Laumann[b]
Rowing
1
World champion in single skulls and World Cup winner[59]

1992
Laumann, SilkenSilken Laumann
Rowing
2
Won bronze medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics, less than three months after serious accident that doctors predicted would end her career[24][60]

1993
Pace, KateKate Pace
Skiing
1
Winner of the downhill world championship[61]

1994
Bedard, MyriamMyriam Bédard[b]
Biathlon
1
Double gold medalist at 1994 Winter Olympics[62]

1995
Auch, SusanSusan Auch
Speed skating
1
Won silver and bronze medals at world championships, second overall in World Cup[63]

1996
Sydor, AlisonAlison Sydor
Cycling
1
Silver medalist at 1996 Summer Olympics, world champion and World Cup winner[64]

1997
Kane, LorieLorie Kane
Golf
1
Earned Canadian record of US$426,000 on LPGA Tour[65]

1998
Le May Doan, CatrionaCatriona Le May Doan
Speed skating
1
Gold and bronze medalist at 1998 Winter Olympics, leader in the World Cup at both 500 and 1000 metres[66]

1999
Greene, NancyNancy Greene
Athlete of the century[c]
Skiing
999—
Olympic gold medalist, two-time Alpine World Cup champion, six-time Canadian champion[14]

2000
Kane, LorieLorie Kane
Golf
2
Winner of three LPGA Tour events[67]

2001
Le May Doan, CatrionaCatriona Le May Doan
Speed skating
2
Canadian and world champion, set world record at 500 metres[68]

2002
Le May Doan, CatrionaCatriona Le May Doan[b]
Speed skating
3
Gold medalist at 2002 Winter Olympics, world champion, overall champion and set Olympic record at 500 metres[5]

2003
Felicien, PerditaPerdita Felicien
Track and field
1
World champion in the 100 metres hurdles[69]

2004
Muenzer, Lori-AnnLori-Ann Muenzer
Cycling
1
Gold medalist at the 2004 Summer Olympics[70]

2005
Klassen, CindyCindy Klassen
Speed skating
1
Set four world records en route to winning eight medals on World Cup circuit[71]

2006
Klassen, CindyCindy Klassen[b]
Speed skating
2
Won five medals (one gold, two silver, two bronze – Canadian record) at the 2006 Winter Olympics[72]

2007
Wickenheiser, HayleyHayley Wickenheiser
Ice hockey
1
Captained Team Canada to world championship and named most valuable player of tournament[73]

2008
Petitclerc, ChantalChantal Petitclerc[b]
Wheelchair racing
1
Won five gold medals and set three world records at 2008 Summer Paralympics[15]

2009
Wozniak, AleksandraAleksandra Wozniak
Tennis
1
First Canadian in ten years to reach the fourth round of a grand slam event[74]

2010
Rochette, JoannieJoannie Rochette
Figure skating
1
Won bronze medal at 2010 Winter Olympics days after her mother died of a heart attack[75]

2011
Heil, JenniferJennifer Heil
Freestyle skiing
1
Finished her career by winning two gold medals in women's moguls at the Freestyle Skiing World Championships[76]

2012
Sinclair, ChristineChristine Sinclair[b]
Soccer
1
Won bronze in soccer with Team Canada at the 2012 Olympics[77]

2013
Bouchard, EugenieEugenie Bouchard
Tennis
1
Climbed to number 32 in the WTA rankings, was named Newcomer of the Year[78]

2014
Bouchard, EugenieEugenie Bouchard
Tennis
2
Reached number 5 in the WTA rankings, was named Most Improved Player, reached Wimbledon Finals.[79]

2015
Henderson, BrookeBrooke Henderson
Golf
1
First Canadian to win on the LPGA Tour in more than a decade.[80]

2016
Oleksiak, PennyPenny Oleksiak[b]
Swimming
1
Won four medals (including one gold) at the 2016 Summer Olympics in swimming[81]

2017
Henderson, BrookeBrooke Henderson
Golf
2
Won two LPGA Tour events, finishing 6th on the money list.[82]

text: Notes[edit]

text: a According to the Canadian Press, the award was discontinued between 1942 and 1945 because "sports writers decided athletes cannot rate as heroes while young Canadian pilots, paratroopers and corvette gunners fought for freedom in the shadow of death".[3]

text: b Denotes athlete also won the Lou Marsh Trophy as Canadian athlete of the year[83]

text: c No winner was announced for the years 1950 or 1999 as the Canadian Press instead voted for athlete of the half-century and century, respectively.[84]

text: d Joint winners named in 1971