document_title: iPad

question_text: what is the current generation of the ipad

question_tokens: what is the current generation of the ipad

text: iPad

text: History

text: Apple co-founder Steve Jobs said in a 1983 speech[20] that the company's

text: strategy is really simple. What we want to do is we want to put an incredibly great computer in a book that you can carry around with you and learn how to use in 20 minutes ... and we really want to do it with a radio link in it so you don’t have to hook up to anything and you’re in communication with all of these larger databases and other computers.

text: Apple's first tablet computer was the Newton MessagePad 100,[21][22] introduced in 1993, powered by an ARM6 processor core developed by ARM, a 1990 spinout of Acorn Computers in which Apple invested. Apple also developed a prototype PowerBook Duo based tablet, the PenLite, but decided not to sell it in order to avoid hurting MessagePad sales.[23] Apple released several more Newton-based PDAs; the final one, the MessagePad 2100, was discontinued in 1998.

text: Apple re-entered the mobile-computing markets in 2007 with the iPhone. Smaller than the iPad, but featuring a camera and mobile phone, it pioneered the multi-touch finger-sensitive touchscreen interface of Apple's iOS mobile operating system. By late 2009, the iPad's release had been rumored for several years. Such speculation mostly talked about "Apple's tablet"; specific names included iTablet and iSlate.[24] The iPad was announced on January 27, 2010, by Steve Jobs at an Apple press conference at the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts in San Francisco.[25][26]

text: Jobs later said that Apple had begun developing the iPad before the iPhone.[27][28] Jonathan Ive in 1991 had created an industrial design for a stylus-based tablet, the Macintosh Folio, as his first project for Apple; by 2004 his studio at the company was participating in the development of a large tablet prototype, which he later described as "very crude, involving projectors". Ive stated that after seeking to produce the tablet first, he came to agree with Jobs that the phone was more important,[29] as the tablet's innovations would work as well in it.[30] The iPad's internal codename was K48, which was revealed in the court case surrounding leaking of iPad information before launch.[31]

text: Apple began taking pre-orders for the first-generation iPad on March 12, 2010.[2] The only major change to the device between its announcement and being available to pre-order was the change of the behavior of the side switch to perform either sound muting or screen rotation locking (user selectable).[32] The Wi-Fi version of the iPad went on sale in the United States on April 3, 2010.[2][33] The Wi-Fi + 3G version was released on April 30.[2][3][3] 3G service in the United States is provided by AT&T and was initially sold with two prepaid contract-free data plan options: one for unlimited data and the other for 250 MB per month at half the price.[34][35] On June 2, 2010, AT&T announced that effective June 7 the unlimited plan would be replaced for new customers with a 2 GB plan at slightly lower cost; existing customers would have the option to keep the unlimited plan.[36] The plans are activated on the iPad itself and can be cancelled at any time.[37]

text: Initially, the iPad was only available to order at the Apple Store, but has since become available for purchase through retailers including Amazon, Walmart, and network operators. The iPad was launched in countries including Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Japan and the United Kingdom on May 28.[38][39] Online pre-orders in those countries began on May 10.[3] Apple released the iPad in Hong Kong, Ireland, Mexico, New Zealand and Singapore on July 23, 2010.[40][41][42] Israel briefly prohibited importation of the iPad because of concerns that its Wi-Fi might interfere with other devices.[43] On September 17, 2010, the iPad was officially launched in China.[44]

text: 300,000 iPads were sold on their first day of availability.[45] By May 3, 2010, Apple had sold a million iPads;[46] this was in half the time it took Apple to sell the same number of first-generation iPhones.[47] After passing the one million mark they continued selling rapidly reaching 3 million sales after 80 days.[48] During the October 18, 2010, financial conference call, Steve Jobs announced that Apple had sold more iPads than Macs for the fiscal quarter.[49] In total, Apple sold more than 15 million first-generation iPads prior to the launch of the iPad 2[50] –  selling more than all other tablet PCs combined since the iPad's release.[51] and reaching 75% of tablet PC sales at the end of 2010.[52]

text: Jobs unveiled the iPad 2 at a March 2, 2011, press conference.[53][54] About 33% thinner than its predecessor and 15% lighter, the iPad 2 has a better processor, a dual core Apple A5 that Apple says is twice as fast as its predecessor for CPU operations and up to nine times as fast for GPU operations. The iPad 2 includes front and back cameras that support the FaceTime videophone application, as well as a three-axis gyroscope. It retained the original's 10‑hour battery life and had a similar pricing scheme.

text: The successor to the iPad 2 was unveiled on March 7, 2012, by Apple CEO Tim Cook at the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts.[55][56] The new iPad contained a new dual core A5X processor with quad-core graphics, and a Retina Display with a resolution of 2048 by 1536 pixels,[57] more than 50 percent more pixels than a standard 1,920 by 1,080 high definition TV screen. A brief controversy erupted when it was revealed that the LTE advertised did not work in some countries.[58]

text: On October 23, 2012, Apple announced the fourth generation iPad, which began shipping on November 2, 2012. The new hardware includes an A6X processor, HD FaceTime camera, improved LTE compatibility, and the all-digital Lightning connector. It is available in the same storage increments and pricing structure as the third generation.[59][60] Following the announcement of the fourth-generation iPad, the previous generation was discontinued.

text: Alongside the launch of the fourth generation hardware, Apple announced the iPad Mini. With a screen measuring 7.9 inches, it is aimed at the emerging sector of smaller tablets such as the Kindle Fire and Nexus 7. The hardware of the new iPad Mini is similar to the iPad 2, with a 1024 by 768 pixel resolution screen and a dual core A5 processor, but is 53% lighter and 7.2 mm thick. It was released on November 2, 2012, in 16 GB, 32 GB, and 64 GB capacities and WiFi or Wi‑Fi + Cellular versions.[60]

text: On October 22, 2013, Apple introduced the fifth generation of iPad, called the iPad Air, and the second generation of iPad Mini, called iPad Mini 2 that comes with a Retina Display. The iPad Air went on sale on November 1, 2013, starting at $499, while the iPad Mini 2 was released on November 12, 2013, starting at $399.

text: In the first quarter of 2014, Apple reported that it had sold 25 million iPads, an all-time quarterly record, compared to 22.9 million in the year-ago quarter.[61][62]

text: In October 2014, Apple released the iPad Air 2 and the iPad Mini 3. The iPad Air 2 is the first iOS device to feature a triple core CPU and 2GB of RAM. As well as being thinner and faster than its predecessor, the iPad Air, it features Touch ID and is available with a gold color option. The iPad Mini 3 is similar than the iPad Mini 2 in design and hardware, but also includes Touch ID and available in gold color.

text: In September 2015, the iPad Pro was announced, which included a 12.9-inch screen,[63] and a 9.7-inch version was announced in March 2016, with the addition of 256 GB option for both iPad Pro models.[64][65]

text: On March 21, 2017, a new iPad was announced. The hardware includes an A9 processor and is designed to be a budget version of the iPad.[66]

text: In June 2017, the iPad Pro's second generation hardware was announced to have 12.9 and 10.5-inch screens.[67]

text: Hardware

text: Screen and input

text: The iPad's (first two generations) touchscreen display is a 1024 by 768 pixel, 7.75×5.82 in (197×148 mm) liquid-crystal display (diagonal 9.7 in (246.4 mm)), with fingerprint- and scratch-resistant glass. Steve Jobs said a 7-inch screen would be "too small to express the software" and that 10 inches was the minimum for a tablet screen.[68] Like the iPhone, the iPad is designed to be controlled by bare fingers; normal, non-conductive gloves and styli do not work,[69] although there are special gloves and capacitive styli designed for this use.[70][71]

text: The display responds to other sensors: an ambient light sensor to adjust screen brightness and a 3-axis accelerometer to sense iPad orientation and switch between portrait and landscape modes. Unlike the iPhone and iPod Touch's built-in applications, which work in three orientations (portrait, landscape-left and landscape-right), the iPad's built-in applications support screen rotation in all four orientations, including upside-down. Consequently, the device has no intrinsic "native" orientation; only the relative position of the home button changes.[72]

text: There are four physical switches on the iPad, including a home button near the display that returns the user to the main menu, and three plastic physical switches on the sides: wake/sleep and volume up/down, plus a software-controlled switch whose function has changed with software updates. Originally the switch locked the screen to its current orientation, but the iOS 4.2 changed it to a mute switch, with rotation lock now available in an onscreen menu.[73] In the iOS 4.3 update, released with the iPad 2, a setting was added to allow the user to specify whether the side switch was used for rotation lock or mute.[13]

text: The first generation iPad had no camera; the iPad 2 has a front VGA camera and a rear-facing 720p camera, both capable of still images (but these are only taken at a low quality 0.3 megapixels) and 30fps video. The rear-facing camera has a 5× digital zoom for still images only. Both shoot photo and video in a 4:3 fullscreen aspect ratio, unlike the iPhone 4, which shoots in a 16:9 widescreen aspect ratio. Unlike the iPhone, the iPad does not support tap to focus, but does allow a tap to set auto exposure.[74] The cameras allow FaceTime video messaging with iPhone 4, fourth generation iPod Touch, and Snow Leopard, Lion, and Mountain Lion Macs.[75]

text: Audio and output

text: The iPad has two internal speakers reproducing left and right channel audio located on the bottom-right of the unit. In the original iPad, the speakers push sound through two small sealed channels leading to the three audio ports carved into the device,[14] while the iPad 2 has its speakers behind a single grill.[9] A volume switch is on the right side of the unit. A 3.5-mm TRRS connector audio-out jack on the top-left corner of the device provides stereo sound for headphones with or without microphones and/or volume controls. The iPad also contains a microphone that can be used for voice recording.

text: The built-in Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR interface allows wireless headphones and keyboards to be used with the iPad.[76] However iOS does not currently support file transfer via Bluetooth.[77] iPad also features 1024×768 VGA video output for limited applications,[78] screen capture,[79] connecting an external display or television through an accessory adapter.

text: Battery

text: The iPad uses an internal rechargeable lithium-ion polymer (LiPo) battery. The batteries are made in Taiwan by Simplo Technology (60%) and Dynapack International Technology.[80] The iPad is designed to be charged with a high current of 2 amperes using the included 10 W USB power adapter and USB cord with a USB connector at one end and a 30-pin dock connector at the other end. While it can be charged by a standard USB port from a computer, these are limited to 500 milliamperes (0.5 amps). As a result, if the iPad is running while powered by a normal USB computer port, it may charge very slowly, or not at all. High-power USB ports found in newer Apple computers and accessories provide full charging capabilities.[81]

text: Apple claims that the battery for both generations of iPad can provide up to 10 hours of video, 140 hours of audio playback, or one month on standby. Like any rechargeable battery technology, the iPad's battery loses capacity over time, but is not designed to be user-replaceable. In a program similar to the battery-replacement program for the iPod and the original iPhone, Apple will replace an iPad that does not hold an electrical charge with a refurbished iPad for a fee of US$99 plus $6.95 shipping.[82][83] As a different unit is supplied, user data is not preserved. The refurbished unit will have a new case.[84] The warranty on the refurbished unit may vary between jurisdictions.

text: Independent companies also provide a battery replacement service, returning the original unit with new battery but original case. Alternatively it is possible for a technically competent user to buy and install a new battery. The task does not require soldering, but is technically challenging.[85]

text: Storage

text: The iPad was released with three capacity options for storage: 16, 32, or 64 GB of internal flash memory. On January 29, 2013, Apple announced a 128 GB model of the fourth generation iPad, which was released on February 5.[12] All data is stored on the internal flash memory, with no option to expand storage. Apple sells a "camera connection kit" with an SD card reader, but it can only be used to transfer photos and videos.[86] On March 21, 2016, Apple announced a 256 GB model of the iPad Pro, which was released on March 31. In 2017, Apple released a 10.5-inch iPad Pro and a revised 12.9-inch iPad Pro with a 512 GB option, the first of its kind on an iOS device.

text: Cellular connectivity

text: iPad models come in two basic variants: Wi-Fi only and Wi-Fi with cellular support. The cellular variants however do not support circuit-switched voice calls and texts, only data connectivity. The side of the Wi-Fi + 3G iPad had a micro-SIM slot (not mini-SIM). The 3G iPad can be used with any compatible GSM carrier, unlike the iPhone, which is usually sold 'locked' to specific carriers.[87] On the first generations of the iPad in the U.S., data network access via T-Mobile's network was limited to slower EDGE cellular speeds because T-Mobile's 3G Network at the time used different frequencies.[88][89]

text: The second generation iPad introduced a third tier of models with CDMA support for Verizon Wireless in the United States, available separately from the AT&T capable version.[90]

text: The iPad up to the 4th generation uses a Micro-SIM, while the first generation iPad Mini uses a nano-SIM as introduced with the iPhone 5. The iPad mini is available with two different frequency bands worldwide. Both devices support the same quad-band GSM and quad-band UMTS frequencies, but one variant also supports LTE bands 4 and 17 (principally intended for use on the U.S. AT&T network), while the other adds support for LTE bands 1, 3, 5, 13, 25 and CDMA EV-DO Rev. A and Rev. B.

text: The 5th generation iPad and 2nd generation iPad mini introduced support for many additional LTE bands worldwide. The iPad Air and Mini with Retina display cellular models come in two variants each, all of which support nano-SIMs, quad-band GSM, penta-band UMTS, and dual-band CDMA EV-DO Rev. A and B. Additionally, one variant of each iPad also supports LTE bands 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25 and 26 while the other variant supports LTE bands 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 18, 19, 20 and TD-LTE bands 38, 39 and 40. Apple's ability to handle many different bands in one device allowed it to offer, for the first time, a single iPad variant which supports all the cellular bands and technologies deployed by all the major North American wireless providers at the time of the device's introduction. Moreover, with T-Mobile USA selling the iPad Air and Mini with Retina display, these models became the first iPads that were made available for purchase directly from all four nationwide U.S. wireless carriers (and, as previously indicated, with all U.S. carriers now selling the same hardware variant of the device).

text: Accessories

text: Apple offers several iPad accessories,[91] most of which are adapters for the proprietary 30-pin dock connector, the iPad's only port besides the headphone jack.[13] A dock holds the iPad upright at an angle, and has a dock connector and audio line out port. Each generation of iPad requires a corresponding dock. A dock that included a physical keyboard was only supported for the original iPad,[92] but all generations are compatible with Bluetooth keyboards that also work with Macs and PCs. The iPad can be charged by a standalone power adapter ("wall charger") also used for iPods and iPhones, and a 10 W charger is included with the iPad.

text: Apple sells a camera connection kit that consists of two separate adapters for the dock connector, one to USB Type A, the other an SD card reader. Adapter can be used to transfer photos and videos and to plug USB audio card or MIDI keyboard.[93] A third party sells an adapter that includes USB, SD, and microSD on a single unit.[94] An adapter to VGA connectors allows the iPad to work with external monitors and projectors. Another adapter mirrors the screen onto HDMI compatible devices in 1080p and works with all apps and rotations. Unlike other adapters, it allows the iPad to charge through another dock connector.[95] While the HDMI adapter was released with and advertised for the second generation iPad, it also works with the first-generation iPad, the iPhone 4, and the fourth generation iPod Touch.[96]

text: Smart Covers are screen protectors that magnetically attach and align to the face of the iPad 2, 3, or 4. The cover has three folds which allow it to convert into a stand, which is also held together by magnets.[97] While original iPad owners could purchase a black case that included a similarly folding cover, the Smart Cover is meant to be more minimal, easily detachable, and protects only the screen. Smart Covers have a microfiber bottom that cleans the front of the iPad (which wakes up when the cover is removed). There are five different colors of both polyurethane and leather, with leather being more expensive. Smart Covers are not compatible with the original iPad.[98] In June 2012, Apple started selling the Smart Case - a case with the combined function of a smart cover and a back protection case which is compatible with the iPad 2, and iPad 3rd & 4th generation devices.[99]

text: Software

text: Like the iPhone, with which it shares a development environment[100] the iPad only runs its own software, software downloaded from Apple's App Store, and software written by developers who have paid for a developer's license on registered devices.[101][not in citation given] The iPad runs almost all third-party iPhone applications, displaying them at iPhone size or enlarging them to fill the iPad's screen.[102] Developers may also create or modify apps to take advantage of the iPad's features,[103] and there are one million apps optimized for the iPad, as of March 2016.[104] Application developers use iOS SDK for developing applications for iPad.[105] The iPad originally shipped with a customized iPad-only version of iPhone OS, dubbed v3.2. On September 1, it was announced the iPad would get iOS 4.2 by November 2010;[106] to fulfill this Apple released iOS 4.2.1 to the public on November 22.[107]

text: Interface

text: The interface is centred around the home screen, a graphical list of available applications. The home screen can be accessed at any time by a hardware button below the screen, closing an open application in the process.[108]

text: Users can also add and delete icons from the dock, which is the same on every home screen. Each home screen holds up to twenty icons, and the dock holds up to six icons. Users can delete Web Clips and third-party applications at any time, and may select only certain applications for transfer from iTunes. Apple's default programs, however, may not be removed.

text: Almost all input is given through the touch screen, which understands complex gestures using multi-touch. The iPad's interaction techniques enable the user to move the content up or down by a touch-drag motion of the finger. For example, zooming in and out of web pages and photos is done by placing two fingers on the screen and spreading them farther apart or bringing them closer together, a gesture known as "pinching".

text: Scrolling through a long list or menu is achieved by sliding a finger over the display from bottom to top, or vice versa to go back. In either case, the list moves as if it is pasted on the outer surface of a wheel, slowly decelerating as if affected by friction. In this way, the interface simulates the physics of a real object.

text: Other user-centered interactive effects include horizontally sliding sub-selection, the vertically sliding keyboard and bookmarks menu, and widgets that turn around to allow settings to be configured on the other side. Menu bars are found at the top and bottom of the screen when necessary. Their options vary by program, but always follow a consistent style motif. In menu hierarchies, a "back" button in the top-left corner of the screen displays the name of the parent folder.

text: Multimedia

text: The layout of the music library is similar to an iPod or current Symbian S60 phones. The iPad can sort its media library by songs, artists, albums, videos, playlists, genres, composers, podcasts, audiobooks, and compilations. Options are always presented alphabetically, except in playlists, which retain their order from iTunes. The iPhone uses a large font that allows users plenty of room to touch their selection.

text: Users can rotate their device horizontally to landscape mode to access Cover Flow, likewise this feature may be disabled if purposely wishing to view a screen from another angle. Like on iTunes, this feature shows the different album covers in a scroll-through photo library. Scrolling is achieved by swiping a finger across the screen. Alternatively, headset controls can be used to pause, play, skip, and repeat tracks.

text: The iPad supports gapless playback.[109] Like the fifth-generation iPods introduced in 2005, the iPad can play digital video, allowing users to watch TV shows and movies in widescreen. Double-tapping switches between widescreen and fullscreen video playback.

text: The iPad allows users to purchase and download songs from the iTunes Store directly to their iPad. It includes software that allows the user to upload, view, and email photos taken with the camera. The user zooms in and out of photos by sliding two fingers further apart or closer together, much like Safari. The Camera application also lets users view the camera roll, the pictures that have been taken with the iPad's camera. Those pictures are also available in the Photos application, along with any transferred from iPhoto or Aperture on a Mac, or Photoshop on a Windows PC.

text: Internet connectivity

text: The iPad can use Wi-Fi network trilateration from Skyhook Wireless to provide location information to applications such as Google Maps. The 3G model supports A-GPS to allow its position to be calculated with GPS or relative to nearby cellphone towers; it also has a black strip on the back to aid 3G reception.[110] The iPad has a headphone jack and a proprietary Apple dock connector, but no Ethernet or USB port.[13] However, the Apple Camera Connection Kit accessory provides two dock connector adapters for importing photos and videos via USB and SD memory cards.

text: Applications

text: The iPad comes with several applications, including Safari, Mail, Photos, Video, iPod, iTunes, App Store, iBooks, Maps, Notes, Calendar, and Contacts.[111] Several are improved versions of applications developed for the iPhone or Mac.

text: The iPad syncs with iTunes on a Mac or Windows PC.[25] Apple ported its iWork suite from the Mac to the iPad, and sells pared down versions of Pages, Numbers, and Keynote apps in the App Store.[112] Although the iPad is not designed to replace a mobile phone, a user can use a wired headset or the built-in speaker and microphone and place telephone calls over Wi-Fi or 3G using a VoIP application.[113] As of June 2012, there were about 225,000 iPad specific apps on the App Store.[114]

text: In December 2010, Reuters reported that iPhone and iPad users have lodged a lawsuit against Apple alleging that some applications were passing their information to third party advertisers without consent.[115]

text: iBooks

text: The iPad has an optional iBooks application that can be downloaded from the App Store, which displays books and other ePub-format content downloaded from the iBookstore.[116] For the iPad launch on April 3, 2010, the iBookstore is available only in the United States.[2][25] Several major book publishers including Penguin Books, HarperCollins, Simon & Schuster and Macmillan have committed to publishing books for the iPad.[117] Despite its being a direct competitor to both the Amazon Kindle and Barnes & Noble Nook,[118] both Amazon.com and Barnes & Noble have made Kindle and Nook apps available for the iPad.[119][120]

text: In February 2010, Condé Nast said it would sell iPad subscriptions for several of its magazines by June.[121]

text: In April 2010, The New York Times announced that it would begin publishing daily on the iPad.[122] The "Top News" section is available free of charge, and the remainder on payment of a subscription.[123] Major news organizations, including The Wall Street Journal, the BBC, and Reuters have released iPad applications. NewsCorp created an iPad-only publication, The Daily, in February 2011.[124] It ceased operations in December 2012.

text: Model comparison

text: iPad series

text:
Legend:
  Discontinued
  Current

text:
[hide]Table of iPad series

Model
iPad (1st generation)
iPad 2
iPad (3rd generation)
iPad (4th generation)
iPad Air
iPad Air 2
iPad (2017)

Image

Initial operating system
iOS 3.2
iOS 4.2.1
iOS 5.1
iOS 6.0
iOS 7.0.3
iOS 8.1
iOS 10.3

Highest supported operating system
iOS 5.1.1
iOS 9.3.5
iOS 10.3.3
iOS 11.0

Model Number[125][126]
A1219 (WiFi)
A1337 (WiFi + 3G)
A1395 (WiFi)
A1397 (WiFi + 3G CDMA)
A1396 (WiFi + 3G GSM)
A1416 (WiFi)
A1403 (WiFi + Cellular VZ)
A1430 (WiFi + Cellular)
A1458 (WiFi)
A1459 (WiFi + Cellular)
A1460 (WiFi + Cellular MM)
A1474 (WiFi)
A1475 (WiFi + Cellular)
A1476 (Wi-Fi + Cellular TD-LTE)
A1566 (WiFi)
A1567 (WiFi + Cellular)
A1822 (WiFi)
A1823 (WiFi + Cellular)

Announcement date
January 27, 2010[25]
March 2, 2011[50]
March 7, 2012
16, 32, 64 GB:
October 23, 2012
128 GB:
January 29, 2013
October 22, 2013
October 16, 2014
March 21, 2017

Release date
April 3, 2010[2]
March 11, 2011[127]
March 16, 2012
16, 32, 64 GB:
November 2, 2012
128 GB:
February 5, 2013
16 GB re-released:
March 18, 2014
November 1, 2013
16, 64, 128 GB:
October 22, 2014[4]
32 GB and 128GB re-released
September 7, 2016
March 24, 2017

Discontinued
March 2, 2011[50]
32, 64 GB: March 7, 2012
16 GB: March 18, 2014
October 23, 2012
16, 32, 64, 128 GB: October 22, 2013
16 GB re-released: October 16, 2014

64, 128 GB: October 16, 2014
16, 32 GB: March 21, 2016
128 GB: March 21, 2016
16, 64 GB: September 7, 2016
32, 128 GB (re-released): March 21, 2017

Launch price
Wi-Fi models:
16 GB $499, 32 GB $599, 64 GB $699
Wi-Fi + 3G models:
16 GB $629, 32 GB $729, 64 GB $829
Wi-Fi models:
16 GB $499, 32 GB $599, 64 GB $699
Wi-Fi + 3G models:
16 GB $629, 32 GB $729, 64 GB $829
Wi-Fi models:
16 GB $499, 32 GB $599, 64 GB $699
Wi-Fi + Cellular models:
16 GB $629, 32 GB $729, 64 GB $829
Wi-Fi models:
16 GB $499, 32 GB $599, 64 GB $699, 128 GB $799
Wi-Fi + Cellular models:
16 GB $629, 32 GB $729, 64 GB $829, 128 GB $929
Wi-Fi models:
16 GB $499, 32 GB $599, 64 GB $699, 128 GB $799
Wi-Fi + Cellular models:
16 GB $629, 32 GB $729, 64 GB $829, 128 GB $929
Wi-Fi models:
16 GB $499, 64 GB $599, 128 GB $699
Wi-Fi + Cellular models:
16 GB $629, 64 GB $729, 128 GB $829
Wi-Fi models:
32 GB $329, 128 GB $429
Wi-Fi + Cellular models:
32 GB $459, 128 GB $559

SoC
Apple A4[7]
Apple A5
Apple A5X[128]
Apple A6X
Apple A7
Apple A8X
Apple A9

Motion coprocessor
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Apple M7
Apple M8
Apple M9

CPU
1 GHz ARM Cortex-A8
1 GHz dual-core ARM Cortex-A9
1.4 GHz dual-core Apple Swift
1.4 GHz dual-core Apple Cyclone
1.5 GHz tri-core[129] Apple Typhoon
1.85 GHz dual-core Apple Twister

GPU
PowerVR SGX535
Dual-core PowerVR SGX543MP2
Quad-core PowerVR SGX543MP4
Quad-core PowerVR SGX554MP4
Quad-core PowerVR G6430[130]
Octa-core PowerVR GXA6850[16]
PowerVR GT7600

Memory
256 MB DDR RAM built into Apple A4 package[8]
512 MB DDR2 RAM (1066 Mbit/s data rate) built into Apple A5 package[9]
1 GB LPDDR2 RAM
1 GB LPDDR3 RAM
2 GB LPDDR3 RAM[11][129]
2 GB LPDDR4 RAM

Storage
16, 32, or 64 GB[13]
16, 32, 64, or 128 GB[13][12]
16, 64, or 128 GB[11]
32GB or 128GB

Display
9.7 inches (250 mm) multi-touch display with LED backlighting and a fingerprint and scratch-resistant coating[13]
Additionally: Fully laminated display, Antireflective coating[131]
Without: Fully laminated display, Antireflective coating

1024×768 pixels at 132 ppi
2048×1536 pixels at 264 ppi (Retina Display)

Camera
Back
N/A
0.7 MP still
720 p HD 30fps and 5× digital zoom video
5 MP, ƒ/2.4 still
1080p HD 30fps and 5× digital zoom video
8 MP, ƒ/2.4 still
1080p HD 30fps and 3× digital zoom video

Front
N/A
0.3 MP with VGA-quality still and videocamera
1.2 MP, ƒ/2.2 still, 720p video

Audio codec

Cirrus Logic 338S1213[132]

Wireless
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi (802.11a/b/g/n), Bluetooth 2.1+EDR[13]
Wi-Fi (802.11a/b/g/n), Bluetooth 4.0
Wi-Fi (802.11a/b/g/n/ac), Bluetooth 4.0

Wi-Fi + 3G/Cellular
In addition to above:
3G cellular HSDPA, 2G cellular EDGE on 3G models[13]
In addition to above and left:
3G transitional LTE on Cellular model

Geolocation
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi,[13] Apple location databases[133]
Additionally: iBeacon microlocation[131]

Wi-Fi + 3G/Cellular
Assisted GPS, Apple databases,[133] Cellular network[13]
Additionally: GLONASS
Additionally: iBeacon microlocation[131]

Environmental sensors
Accelerometer, ambient light sensor, magnetometer[13]
Additionally: gyroscope
Additionally: barometer[134]

Battery
3.75 V 24.8 W·h (6,613 mA·h)[135]
3.8 V 25 W·h (6,944 mA·h)[136]
3.7 V 43 W·h (11,560 mA·h)[137][138]
3.73 V 32.9 W·h (8,820 mA·h)[139]
3.76 V 27.62 W·h (7,340 mA·h)[132]
32.4 W·h

Dimensions
9.56 in × 7.47 in × 0.528 in (242.8 mm × 189.7 mm × 13.4 mm)[13][140]
9.5 in × 7.31 in × 0.346 in (241.3 mm × 185.7 mm × 8.8 mm)[140]
9.5 × 7.31 × 0.37 in (241.3 × 185.7 × 9.4 mm)
9.4 in × 6.6 in × 0.295 in (238.8 mm × 167.6 mm × 7.5 mm)
9.4 in × 6.6 in × 0.24 in (238.8 mm × 167.6 mm × 6.1 mm)
9.4 in × 6.6 in × 0.29 in (238.8 mm × 167.6 mm × 7.4 mm)

Weight
Wi-Fi model: 1.5 lb (680 g)
Wi-Fi + 3G model: 1.6 lb (730 g)
Wi-Fi model: 1.325 lb (601 g)
Wi-Fi + 3G GSM (AT&T/global) model: 1.351 lb (613 g)
Wi-Fi + 3G CDMA (Verizon) model: 1.338 lb (607 g)
Wi-Fi model: 1.44 lb (650 g)
Wi-Fi + Cellular model: 1.46 lb (660 g)
Wi-Fi model: 1.034 lb (469 g)
Wi-Fi + Cellular model: 1.054 lb (478 g)
Wi-Fi model: 0.96 lb (437 g)
Wi-Fi + Cellular model: 0.98 lb (444 g)
Wi-Fi model: 1.03 lb (469 g)
Wi-Fi + Cellular model: 1.05 lb (478 g)

Mechanical keys
Home, sleep, volume rocker, variable function switch (originally screen rotation lock, mute in iOS 4.2, either in 4.3 and later)[13]
Without variable function switch[129]

Connector
30-pin dock connector
Lightning Connector

Additional Features

Touch ID (finger-print scanner in home button)

Greenhouse gas emissions
130 kg CO2e[141][142]
180 kg CO2e[143]
170 kg CO2e[144]
210 kg CO2e[145]
190 kg CO2e[146]

text: iPad Mini series

text:
Legend:
  Discontinued
  Current

text:
[hide]Table of iPad Mini series

Model
iPad Mini (1st generation)
iPad Mini 2
iPad Mini 3
iPad Mini 4

Image

Initial operating system
iOS 6.0
iOS 7.0
iOS 8.1
iOS 9.0

Highest supported operating system
iOS 9.3.5
iOS 11.0

Model Number[125][126]
A1432 (Wi-Fi)
A1454 (Wi-Fi + Cellular)
A1455 (Wi-Fi + Cellular MM)
A1489 (Wi-Fi)
A1490 (Wi-Fi + Cellular)
A1491 (Wi-Fi + Cellular TD-LTE)
A1599 (Wi-Fi)
A1600 (Wi-Fi + Cellular)
A1601 (Wi-Fi + Cellular TD-LTE)
A1538 (Wi-Fi)
A1550 (Wi-Fi + Cellular)

Announcement date
October 23, 2012
October 22, 2013
October 16, 2014
September 9, 2015

Release date
November 2, 2012
November 12, 2013
October 22, 2014[5]
September 9, 2015

Discontinued
32, 64 GB: October 22, 2013
16 GB: June 19, 2015
64, 128 GB: October 16, 2014
16 GB: September 7, 2016
32 GB: March 21, 2017
September 9, 2015
16 GB and 64 GB: September 7, 2016
32 GB: March 21, 2017
128 GB: In Production

Launch price
Wi-Fi models:
16 GB US$329, 32 GB US$429, 64 GB US$529
Wi-Fi + Cellular models:
16 GB $459, 32 GB $559, 64 GB $659
Wi-Fi models:
16 GB $399, 32 GB $499, 64 GB $599, 128 GB $699
Wi-Fi + Cellular models:
16 GB $529, 32 GB $629, 64 GB $729, 128 GB $829
Wi-Fi models:
16 GB $399, 64 GB $499, 128 GB $599
Wi-Fi + Cellular models:
16 GB $529, 64 GB $629, 128 GB $729
Wi-Fi models:
16 GB $399, 64 GB $499, 128 GB $599
Wi-Fi + Cellular models:
16 GB $529, 64 GB $629, 128 GB $729

SoC
Apple A5
Apple A7
Apple A8

Motion coprocessor
N/A
Apple M7
Apple M8

CPU
1 GHz dual-core ARM Cortex-A9
1.3 GHz dual-core Apple Cyclone
1.5 GHz dual-core Apple Typhoon[147]

GPU
Dual-core PowerVR SGX543MP2
Quad-core PowerVR G6430[130]
Quad-core PowerVR GX6450[148]

Memory
512 MB DDR2 RAM built into Apple A5 package[149]
1 GB LPDDR3 RAM
2 GB LPDDR3 RAM[150]

Storage
16, 32, or 64 GB[13]
16, 32, 64, or 128 GB[13]
16, 64, or 128 GB

Display
7.9 inches (200 mm) multi-touch display with LED backlighting and a fingerprint and scratch-resistant coating

1024×768 pixels at 163 ppi
2048×1536 pixels at 326 ppi (Retina Display)

Camera
Back
1080p HD still and video camera
5 MP, 30fps and 5× digital zoom
1080p HD still and video camera
8 MP, 30fps and 3× digital zoom

Front
1.2 MP still, 720p video

Wireless
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi (802.11a/b/g/n), Bluetooth 4.0
Wi-Fi (802.11a/b/g/n/ac), Bluetooth 4.2

Wi-Fi + Cellular
In addition to above:
3G transitional LTE on Cellular model

Geolocation
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi,[13] Apple location databases[133]
Additionally: iBeacon microlocation[151]

Wi-Fi + Cellular
Assisted GPS, GLONASS, Apple databases,[133] Cellular network[13]
Additionally: iBeacon microlocation[151]

Environmental sensors
Accelerometer, gyroscope, ambient light sensor, magnetometer[13]
Additionally: barometer

Battery
3.72 V 16.5 W·h (4,440 mA·h)[149]
3.75 V 24.3 W·h (6,471 mA·h)[152][153]
3.82 V 19.32 W·h (5,124 mA·h)[150]

Dimensions
7.87 in × 5.3 in × 0.28 in (199.9 mm × 134.6 mm × 7.1 mm)
7.87 in × 5.3 in × 0.29 in (199.9 mm × 134.6 mm × 7.4 mm)
8 in × 5.3 in × 0.24 in (203.2 mm × 134.6 mm × 6.1 mm)

Weight
Wi-Fi model: 0.68 lb (310 g)
Wi-Fi + Cellular model: 0.69 lb (310 g)
Wi-Fi model: 0.73 lb (330 g)
Wi-Fi + Cellular model: 0.75 lb (340 g)
Wi-Fi model: 0.65 lb (290 g)
Wi-Fi + Cellular model: 0.67 lb (300 g)

Mechanical keys
Home, sleep, volume rocker, variable function switch (originally screen rotation lock, mute in iOS 4.2, either in 4.3 and later)[13]
Without variable function switch

Connector
Lightning

Additional Features
N/A
Touch ID (finger-print scanner in home button)

Greenhouse gas emissions
95 kg CO2e[154]
170 kg CO2e[146][155]
120 kg CO2e[156]

text: The iPad is assembled by Foxconn, which also manufactures Apple's iPod, iPhone and Mac Mini, in its largest plant in Shenzhen, China,[157][158] and by Pegatron in Shanghai, China.[159][160] In April 2011, Foxconn announced that it would be moving production of the iPad and other Apple products to Brazil where it could begin production before the end of 2011.[161]

text: iSuppli estimated that each first-generation iPad 16 GB Wi-Fi version costs US$259.60 to manufacture, a total that excludes research, development, licensing, royalty and patent costs.[162] Apple does not disclose the makers of iPad components, but teardown reports and analysis from industry insiders indicate that various parts and their suppliers include:

text:
Apple A4, A5 and A5X SoC: Samsung.[13][163][164][165]
NAND flash RAM chips: Toshiba and Samsung (64 GB model).[166][167]
Touch-screen chips: Broadcom.[166]
IPS Display (1st & 2nd generation): LG Display.[citation needed]
IPS Display (3rd generation): Samsung.[168]
Touch panels: Wintek (after TPK Touch Solutions was unable to fulfill its orders, delaying the iPad's release from late March to early April).[169]
Case: Catcher Technologies.[170]
Batteries: 60% are made in Taiwan by Simplo Technology, 40% by Dynapack International.[80][170]
Accelerometer: STMicroelectronics.[171]

text: iPad Pro series

text:
Legend:
  Discontinued
  Current

text:
[hide]Table of iPad Pro series

Model
iPad Pro (1st generation)
iPad Pro (2nd generation)

Screen Size
12.9-inch
9.7-inch
12.9-inch
10.5-inch

Image

Initial operating system
iOS 9.1
iOS 9.3
IOS 10.3.2
iOS 10.3.2[172]

Highest supported operating system
iOS 11.0

Model Number[125][126]
A1584 (Wi-Fi)
A1652 (Wi-Fi + Cellular)

A1673 (Wi-Fi)
A1674 or A1675 (Wi-Fi + Cellular)

A1670 (Wi-Fi)
A1671 (Wi-Fi + Cellular)

A1701 (Wi-Fi)
A1709 (Wi-Fi + Cellular)

Announcement date
September 9, 2015
March 21, 2016
June 5, 2017

Release date
November 11, 2015
March 31, 2016
June 13, 2017[173]

Launch price
Wi-Fi models:

32 GB – US$799
128 GB – US$949
256 GB – US$1,099

Wi-Fi + Cellular models:

128 GB – US$1,079
256 GB – US$1,229

Wi-Fi models:

32 GB – US$599
128 GB – US$749
256 GB – US$899

Wi-Fi + Cellular models:

32 GB – US$729
128 GB – US$879
256 GB – US$1,029

Wi-Fi models:

64 GB – US$799
256 GB – US$899
512 GB – US$1,099

Wi-Fi + Cellular models:

64 GB – US$929
256 GB – US$1,029
512 GB – US$1,229

Wi-Fi models:

64 GB – US$649
256 GB – US$749
512 GB – US$949

Wi-Fi + Cellular models:

64 GB – US$779
256 GB – US$879
512 GB – US$1,079

SoC
Apple A9X
Apple A10X

Motion coprocessor
Apple M9
Apple M10

CPU
2.26 GHz (9.7": 2.16 GHz) dual-core Apple Twister[174]
2.34 GHz hexa-core

GPU
12-core PowerVR Series 7XT[175]

Memory
4 GB LPDDR4 RAM[174]
2 GB LPDDR4 RAM
4GB LPDDR4 RAM[176]

Display
12.9 inches (330 mm) [diagonal] multi-touch display with LED backlighting
and an oleophobic, fingerprint and scratch-resistant coating, Antireflective coating
9.7 inches (250 mm) [diagonal] multi-touch display with LED backlighting
and an oleophobic and scratch-resistant coating, Wide color display, True Tone display,
Fully laminated display, Antireflective coating

12.9 inches (330 mm) [diagonal] multi-touch display with LED backlighting
and an oleophobic and scratch-resistant coating, Wide color display, True Tone display,
Fully laminated display, Antireflective coating, ProMotion display (120 Hertz refresh rate)

10.5 inches (270 mm) [diagonal] multi-touch display with LED backlighting
and an oleophobic and scratch-resistant coating, Wide color display, True Tone display,
Fully laminated display, Antireflective coating, ProMotion display (120 Hertz refresh rate)

2732-by-2048 pixel resolution 264 ppi (Retina Display)
2048-by-1536 pixel resolution at 264 ppi (Retina Display)
2732-by-2048 pixel resolution at 264 ppi (Retina Display)
2224-by-1668 pixel resolution at 264 ppi (Retina Display)

Camera
iSight
8 MP, ƒ/2.4 aperture, HDR for photos, Autofocus, five-element lens, Hybrid IR filter,
Backside illumination, Face Detection, Exposure control, Panorama (up to 43 MP), Burst mode, Tap to focus, Photo geotagging, Timer mode, Video Recording, 1080p video recording (30 fps), Slo-mo video support for 720p at 120 fps, Time-lapse video, Video image stabilization, 3× digital zoom, Video geotagging

12 MP, ƒ/2.2 aperture, Auto HDR for photos, five-element lens, Hybrid IR filter, Backside illumination, Autofocus with Focus Pixels, Improved face detection, Exposure control, Panorama (up to 63 MP), Burst mode,
Tap to focus, Photo geotagging, Timer mode, Video Recording, Cinematic video stabilization, 4K video recording (30 fps), 1080p HD video recording at 30 fps or 60 fps, Slo-mo video support for 1080p at 120 fps and 720p at 240 fps, Time-lapse video, 3× digital zoom, Live Photos, True Tone LED flash, Sapphire crystal lens cover, Improved local tone mapping, Improved noise reduction, Video geotagging

12 MP, ƒ/1.8 aperture, Auto HDR for photos, Autofocus with Focus Pixels, six-element lens, Hybrid IR filter, Backside illumination,Improved face detection, Exposure control, Panorama (up to 63 MP), Burst mode, Tap to focus,
Photo and video geotagging, Timer mode, Video Recording, Cinematic video stabilization, 4K video recording (30 fps), 1080p HD video recording at 30fps or 60fps, Slo-mo video support for 1080p at 120 fps and 720p at 240 fps, Time-lapse video, 3× digital zoom, True Tone LED flash, Sapphire crystal lens cover, Improved local tone mapping, Improved noise reduction

FaceTime
1.2 MP, ƒ/2.2 aperture, 720p HD video recording, Auto HDR for photos and videos, Backside illumination, Exposure control, Burst mode, Timer mode and Face Detection
5 MP, ƒ/2.2 aperture, 720p HD video recording, Retina Flash, Auto HDR for photos and videos, Backside illumination, Exposure control, Burst mode, Timer mode and Face Detection
7 MP ƒ/2.2 aperture, 1080p HD video recording, Auto HDR for photos and videos, Backside illumination, Exposure control, Burst mode, Timer mode and Face Detection

Wireless
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi (802.11a/b/g/n/ac); dual channel (2.4 GHz and 5 GHz); HT80 with MIMO
Bluetooth 4.2 technology

Wi-Fi + Cellular
Above plus:
UMTS/HSPA/HSPA+/DC-HSDPA (850, 900, 1700/2100, 1900, 2100 MHz); GSM/EDGE (850, 900, 1800, 1900 MHz), CDMA EV-DO Rev. A and Rev. B (800, 1900 MHz), LTE (Bands 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 26, 28, 29, 38, 39, 40, 41), Data only, Includes Apple SIM (U.S., UK, and Germany only)

Above plus:
UMTS/HSPA/HSPA+/DC-HSDPA (850, 900, 1700/2100, 1900, 2100 MHz); GSM/EDGE (850, 900, 1800, 1900 MHz), CDMA EV-DO Rev. A and Rev. B (800, 1900 MHz), LTE Advanced (Bands 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 12, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 38, 39, 40, 41), Data only, Embedded Apple SIM

Geolocation
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi, Apple location databases, iBeacon microlocation

Wi-Fi + Cellular
Assisted GPS, GLONASS, Apple databases,
Cellular network, iBeacon microlocation

Environmental sensors
Accelerometer, gyroscope, ambient light sensor,
magnetometer, barometer

Battery
3.77 V 38.8 W·h (10,307mA·h) rechargeable lithium‐polymer battery[177]
3.82 V 27.91 W·h (7306mA·h) rechargeable lithium‐polymer battery[178]

3.77 V 30.8 W·h (8134mA·h) rechargeable lithium‐polymer battery[176]

Dimensions
305.7 mm (12.04 in) (h)
220.6 mm (8.69 in) (w)
6.9 mm (0.27 in) (d)

240 mm (9.4 in) (h)
169.5 mm (6.67 in) (w)
6.1 mm (0.24 in) (d)

305.7 mm (12.04 in) (h)
220.6 mm (8.69 in) (w)
6.9 mm (0.27 in) (d)

250.6 mm (9.87 in) (h)
174.1 mm (6.85 in) (w)
6.1 mm (0.24 in) (d)

Weight
Wi-Fi model: 1.57 lb (710 g)
Wi-Fi + Cellular model: 1.59 lb (720 g)

Wi-Fi: 437 g (0.963 lb)
Wi-Fi + Cellular: 444 g (0.979 lb)

Wi-Fi model: 677 g (1.49 lb)
Wi-Fi + Cellular model: 692 g (1.53 lb)

Wi-Fi: 469 g (1.03 lb)
Wi-Fi + Cellular 477 g (1.05 lb)

Mechanical keys
Home, sleep, volume rocker

Connector
Lightning Connector, Apple Smart Connector

Additional Features
Four speaker audio

Greenhouse gas emissions
240 kg CO2e[179]
210 kg CO2e[180]
122 kg CO2e[181]
100 kg CO2e[182]

text: Restrictions

text: Digital rights management

text: The iPad does not employ digital rights management (DRM), but the OS prevents users from copying or transferring certain content outside of Apple's platform without authorization, such as TV shows, movies, and apps. Also, the iPad's development model requires anyone creating an app for the iPad to sign a non-disclosure agreement and pay for a developer subscription. Critics argue Apple's centralized app approval process and control of the platform itself could stifle software innovation. Of particular concern to digital rights advocates is Apple's ability to remotely disable or delete apps on any iPad at any time.[183][184][185]

text: Digital rights advocates, including the Free Software Foundation,[186] Electronic Frontier Foundation,[185] and computer engineer and activist Brewster Kahle,[citation needed] have criticized the iPad for its digital rights restrictions. In April 2010, Paul Sweeting, an analyst with GigaOM, was quoted by National Public Radio as saying, "With the iPad, you have the anti-Internet in your hands. ... It offers [the major media companies] the opportunity to essentially re-create the old business model, wherein they are pushing content to you on their terms rather than you going out and finding content, or a search engine discovering content for you." But Sweeting also thought that the limitations imposed by Apple impart the feeling of a safe neighborhood, saying, "Apple is offering you a gated community where there's a guard at the gate, and there's probably maid service, too." Laura Sydell, the article's author, concludes, "As more consumers have fears about security on the Internet, viruses and malware, they may be happy to opt for Apple's gated community."[187] The Russian government has switched from iPads to Android devices over security concerns.[188]

text: Jailbreaking

text: Like certain iOS devices, the iPad can be "jailbroken", depending on which version of iOS it is running, thus allowing applications and programs that are not authorized by Apple to run on the device.[189][190] Once it is jailbroken, users are able to download many applications previously unavailable through the App Store via unofficial installers such as Cydia, as well as illegally pirated applications.[190] Apple claims jailbreaking "can" void the factory warranty on the device in the United States even though jailbreaking is legal.[190][191] The iPad, released in April 2010, was first jailbroken in May 2010 with the Spirit jailbreak for iOS version 3.1.2.[192] The iPad can be jailbroken on iOS versions 4.3 through 4.3.3 with the web-based tool JailbreakMe 3.0 (released in July 2011),[193] and on iOS versions including 5.0 and 5.0.1 using redsn0w[194] Absinthe 2.0 was released on May 25, 2012 as the first jailbreak method for all iOS 5.1.1 devices except the 32 nm version of the iPad 2.[195]

text: Censorship

text: Apple's App Store, which provides iPhone and iPad applications, imposes censorship of content, which has become an issue for book publishers and magazines seeking to use the platform. The Guardian newspaper described the role of Apple as analogous to that of British magazine distributor WH Smith, which for many years imposed content restrictions.[196]

text: Due to the exclusion of pornography from the App Store, YouPorn and others changed their video format from Flash to H.264 and HTML5 specifically for the iPad.[197] In an e-mail exchange[198] with Ryan Tate from Valleywag, Steve Jobs claimed that the iPad offers "freedom from porn", leading to many upset replies including Adbustings in Berlin by artist Johannes P. Osterhoff[199] and in San Francisco during WWDC10.[200]

text: Reception

text: On May 28, 2010, the iPad was released in Australia, Canada, and Japan, as well as in several larger European countries. Media reaction to the launch was mixed. The media noted the positive response from fans of the device, with thousands of people queued on the first day of sale in a number of these countries.[201][202]

text: Reaction to the announcement

text: Media reaction to the iPad announcement was mixed. Walter Mossberg wrote, "It's about the software, stupid", meaning hardware features and build are less important to the iPad's success than software and user interface, his first impressions of which were largely positive. Mossberg also called the price "modest" for a device of its capabilities, and praised the ten-hour battery life.[203] Others, including PC Advisor and the Sydney Morning Herald, wrote that the iPad would also compete with proliferating netbooks, most of which use Microsoft Windows.[204][205] The base model's $499 price was lower than pre-release estimates by the tech press, Wall Street analysts, and Apple's competitors, all of whom were expecting a much higher entry price point.[206][207][208]

text: CNET also criticized the iPad for its apparent lack of wireless sync which other portable devices such as Microsoft's Zune have had for a number of years. The built-in iTunes app is able to download from the Internet as well.[209]

text: Reviews

text: Reviews of the iPad have been generally favorable. Walt Mossberg then, of The Wall Street Journal called it a "pretty close" laptop killer.[210] David Pogue of The New York Times wrote a "dual" review, one part for technology-minded people, and the other part for non-technology-minded people. In the former section, he notes that a laptop offers more features for a cheaper price than the iPad. In his review for the latter audience, however, he claims that if his readers like the concept of the device and can understand what its intended uses are, then they will enjoy using the device.[211] PC Magazine's Tim Gideon wrote, "you have yourself a winner" that "will undoubtedly be a driving force in shaping the emerging tablet landscape."[212] Michael Arrington of TechCrunch said, "the iPad beats even my most optimistic expectations. This is a new category of device. But it also will replace laptops for many people."[213] PC World criticized the iPad's file sharing and printing abilities,[214] and Ars Technica said sharing files with a computer is "one of our least favorite parts of the iPad experience."[215]

text: The media also praised the quantity of applications, as well as the bookstore and other media applications.[216][217] In contrast they criticized the iPad for being a closed system and mentioned that the iPad faces competition from Android-based tablets,[201] that outsold iPads in 2013, surpassing iPads in the second quarter of 2013,[218] and have overtaken iPad's installed base,[219] and has lost majority of web browsing to Android, by StatCounter estimates, in South America, Africa, most of Asia –  many large countries there and in Eastern Europe.[220] The Independent criticized the iPad for not being as readable in bright light as paper but praised it for being able to store large quantities of books.[216] After its UK release, The Daily Telegraph said the iPad's lack of Adobe Flash support was "annoying."[221]

text: Recognition

text: The iPad was selected by Time magazine as one of the 50 Best Inventions of the Year 2010,[222] while Popular Science chose it as the top gadget[223] behind the overall "Best of What's New 2010" winner Groasis Waterboxx.[224]

text: Usage

text: Market share

text: iPad tablets still have a wide margin globally on second most used Android tablets. The market share, however, differs widely by regions; and the iPad has lost market share globally, every year since 2012 (when StatCounter started tracking tablets separately).[225]

text: According to StatCounter statistics, that tracks web use and gives operating system/platform share based on it, the iPad has lost majority of use in South America to Android,[226][227] did also lose majority while gaining back in Asia[228] and in Africa has lost by a wide margin, where Android is up to 70%.[229]

text: Business

text: While the iPad is mostly used by consumers, it also has been taken up by business users.[230] Within 90 days of its release, the iPad managed to penetrate 50% of Fortune 100 companies.[231] Some companies are adopting iPads in their business offices by distributing or making available iPads to employees. Examples of uses in the workplace include attorneys responding to clients, medical professionals accessing health records during patient exams, and managers approving employee requests.[232][233][234]

text: A survey by Frost & Sullivan shows that iPad usage in office workplaces is linked to the goals of increased employee productivity, reduced paperwork, and increased revenue. The research firm estimates that "The mobile-office application market in North America may reach $6.85 billion in 2015, up from an estimated $1.76 billion [in 2010]."[235]

text: Since March 2011, the US Federal Aviation Administration has approved the iPad for in-cockpit use to cut down on the paper consumption in several airlines.[236] In 2011, Alaska Airlines became the first airline to replace pilots' paper manuals with iPads, weighing 0.68 kg compared to 11 kg for the printed flight manuals. It hopes to have fewer back and muscle injuries.[237] More than a dozen airlines have followed suit, including United, which has distributed 11,000 iPads to cockpits.[238] Also, many airlines now offer their inflight magazine as a downloadable application for the iPad.[239][240][241]

text: Education and healthcare

text: The iPad has several uses in the classroom,[242] and has been praised as a valuable tool for homeschooling.[243][244] Soon after the iPad was released, it was reported that 81% of the top book apps were for children.[245] The iPad has also been called a revolutionary tool to help children with autism learn how to communicate and socialize more easily.[246]

text: In the healthcare field, iPads and iPhones have been used to help hospitals manage their supply chain. For example, Novation, a healthcare contracting services company, developed VHA PriceLynx (based on the mobile application platform of business intelligence software vendor MicroStrategy), a business intelligence app to help health care organizations manage its purchasing procedures more efficiently and save money for hospitals. Guillermo Ramas of Novation states, "Doctors won't walk around a hospital with a laptop. With an iPad it's perfect to walk around the hospital with as long as they have the information they need."[247]

text: In 2013, Gianna Chien (aged 14) presented to more than 8,000 doctors at the Heart Rhythm Society meeting that Apple iPad 2 can, in some cases, interfere with life-saving heart devices (pace maker) because of the magnets inside.[248] Apple's webpage has advised pacemaker users to keep iPads at least 6-inches away from the pacemaker.

text: Consumer usage

text: In the United States, fans attending Super Bowl XLV, the first Super Bowl since the iPad was released, could use an official National Football League (NFL) app to navigate Cowboys Stadium.[249] In 2011, the Tampa Bay Buccaneers became the first NFL club to discontinue the use of paper copies of playbooks, and instead distributed all players their playbook and videos in electronic format via an iPad 2.[250]

text: The iPad is able to support many music creation applications in addition to the iTunes music playback software. These include sound samplers, guitar and voice effects processors, sequencers for synthesized sounds and sampled loops, virtual synthesizers and drum machines, theremin-style and other touch responsive instruments, drum pads and many more. Gorillaz's 2010 album, The Fall, was created almost exclusively using the iPad by Damon Albarn while on tour with the band.[251] The music video for Luna Sea's 2012 single, "Rouge", was filmed entirely on an iPad.[252]

text: The iPad has also greatly increased social television use. Viewers can use the iPad as a convenient second networked computer (or "second screen") for communicating with other viewers or with the television provider. Viewers can use a web browser or specialised applications to discuss a program with other viewers, while it is being broadcast, while content providers may use the second screen to interact with viewers in real time. For example, the latter facility allows content providers to conduct real-time polls or to collect comments about the program, that can be displayed as text on the main television screen. Viewer interaction via a second screen is becoming increasingly popular.[253]

text: Timeline


document_title: Concussions in sport

question_text: what sport has the most concussions in the world

root

text: Concussions in sport

text: Dangers[edit]

text: Concussion symptoms can last for an undetermined amount of time depending on the player and the severity of the concussion. A concussion will affect the way a person's brain works.[5]

tag: p

text: There is the potential of post-concussion syndrome, post-concussion syndrome is defined as a set of symptoms that may continue after a concussion is sustained.[6] Post-concussion symptoms can be classified into physical, cognitive, emotional, and sleep symptoms.[6] Physical symptoms include a headache, nausea, and vomiting.[6] Athletes may experience cognitive symptoms that include speaking slowly, difficulty remembering and concentrating.[6] Emotional and sleep symptoms include irritability, sadness, drowsiness, and trouble falling asleep.[6]

text: Along with the classification of post-concussion symptoms, the symptoms can also be described as immediate and delayed.[7] The immediate symptoms are experienced immediately after a concussion such as: memory loss, disorientation, and poor balance.[7] Delayed symptoms are experienced in the later stages and include sleeping disorders and behavioral changes. Both immediate and delayed symptoms can continue for long periods of time and have a negative impact on recovery.[7] According to research, 20-25% of individuals who have sustained a concussion experienced chronic, delayed symptoms.[7]

text: Playing through concussion makes people more vulnerable to getting hit again, and that is why most sports have test that trainers will perform to prevent getting hit a second time. A second blow can cause a rare condition known as second-impact syndrome, which can result in severe injury or death.[8] Second-impact syndrome is when an athlete suffers a second head injury before the brain has adequate time to heal in between concussions.[9]

text: Repeated concussions have been linked to a variety of neurological disorders among athletes, including CTE, Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinsonism and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).[10][11]

text: Incidence[edit]

text: It is estimated that as many as 1.6-3.8 million concussions occur in the US per year in competitive sports and recreational activities; this is a rough estimate, since as many as 50% of concussions go unreported.[12] Concussions occur in all sports with the highest incidence in American football, hockey, rugby, soccer, and basketball.[4] In addition to concussions caused by a single severe impact, multiple minor impacts may also cause brain injury.[13]

text:
Injury rate per exposure based on sport in collegiate athletes from 1998 to 2004[14]

Sport
Injury rate per 1,000 athletic exposures

Women's ice hockey
0.91

Men's spring football (American)
0.54

Men's ice hockey
0.41

Women's soccer
0.41

Men's football (American)
0.40

Men's soccer
0.28

Men's lacrosse
0.25

Women's lacrosse
0.25

Men's wrestling
0.25

Women's basketball
0.22

Women's field hockey
0.18

Men's basketball
0.16

Women's gymnastics
0.16

Women's softball
0.14

Women's volleyball
0.09

Men's baseball
0.07

All sports
0.28

tag: table

text: Policies[edit]

text: Major League Baseball[edit]

text: Major League Baseball's policy was first started in 2007, and injured players are examined by a team athletic trainer on the field.[15] On March 29, 2011, MLB and the Major League Baseball Players Association announced that they have created various protocols for the league's concussion policy. The new policy includes four primary components:[16]

text:
All teams are to run baseline neurocognitive testing for all players and umpires using the ImPACT (Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing) system during spring training or after a player signing.[17]
The SCAT2 (Sport Concussion Assessment Tool, version 2) has been adopted as the official sideline concussion assessment tool of the league, even though various teams have already adopted this tool.
The establishment of the 7-day disabled list for players with concussions. Players who have been on the list for 14 days are to be transferred to the 15-day list.[17]
Any player who has been diagnosed with a concussion, regardless of being placed on the disabled list, must have his team submit a return-to-play form to the league's medical director to in order for that player to be cleared to play.

tag: ul

text: National Basketball Association[edit]

text: The National Basketball Association does not have a policy, and team procedures after concussions vary by team.[15] The NBA has a meeting to educate the players each year about concussions. Players also go through a neurological and cognitive assessment after each season.[18]

text: During Game 2 of the 2016 NBA Finals on June 5, 2016, Kevin Love was placed in the NBA Concussion Protocol.[19]

text: National Football League[edit]

text: The National Football League's policy was first started in 2007, and injured players are examined on field by the medical team.[15] The league's policy included the "NFL Sidelines Concussion Exam", which requires players who have taken hits to the head to perform tests concerning concentration, thinking and balance.[20] In 2011, the league introduced an assessment test, which combines a symptoms checklist, a limited neurological examination, a cognitive evaluation, and a balance assessment. For a player to be allowed to return, he must be asymptomatic.[21]

text: National Hockey League[edit]

text: The National Hockey League's concussion policy began in 1997, and players who sustain concussions are evaluated by a team doctor in a quiet room.[15] In March 2011, the NHL adopted guidelines for the league's concussion policy. Before the adoptions, examinations on the bench for concussions was the minimum requirement, but the new guidelines make it mandatory for players showing concussion-like symptoms to be examined by a doctor in the locker room.[22]

text: "We celebrate the big hit, we don't like the big head hit. There is an important distinction because we celebrate body-checking."[22]

text: Youth sports[edit]

text: Many children and teenagers participate in sports and extracurricular activities that create a risk of a head injury or concussion, including basketball, cheerleading, soccer, and football.[23] As a consequence, schools and youth sports groups should implement programs to reduce the risk of concussion, ensure prompt diagnosis[24] and provision of medical care, and that young participants are not endangered by a premature return to sports.[25][26]

text: In 2010, more high school soccer players suffered concussions than basketball, baseball, wrestling, and softball players combined, according to the Center for Injury Research and Policy.[27] According to a study in the JAMA Pediatrics medical journal, many girls do not get necessary care and prevention regarding concussions, and 56 percent of players (or their families) reporting concussion symptoms never sought treatment.[28]

text: A growing topic is concussions in girls' soccer, predominantly among high-school girls. Studies show that girls are reporting nearly twice as many concussions as boys in the sports that they both play. The number of girls suffering concussions in soccer accounts for the second largest amount of all concussions reported by young athletes.[29]

text: According to a 2012 study published by ScienceDirect, soccer has the highest injury rate per athlete-exposure among 7- to 13-year-old children.[30]

text: Table[edit]

text:
League
Year policy first introduced
Year baseline testing occurred
Year current policy became effective
First step after injury
Person who approves/denies player to return
Person who decides player return

NFL
2007
2008
2009
Evaluation by medical team
Medical staff
Medical staff/Consultant

MLB
2007
2011
2007
Evaluation by an athletic trainer using National Association Guidelines
Medical staff
Head physician/Medical director

NBA
Never
Never
Never
Depends on team
Depends on team
Depends on team

NHL
1997
1997
2011
Neuropsychological evaluation by team doctor off rink
Team doctor
Team doctor

MLS
2011
2003
2011
Evaluation by medical team
Team physician
Team physician/Neuropsychologist

NASCAR
2003
2003
2003
Ambulance to infield care center
NASCAR
NASCAR

text: Concussions in other sports[edit]

text: American football[edit]

text: American football causes 250,000 concussions annually, and 20% of high-school football players experience a concussion every year.[31][32] In 2000, researchers from the Sports Medicine Research Laboratory at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill analyzed 17,549 players from 242 different schools. 888 (5.1%) of the players analyzed have at least one concussion a season, and 131 (14.7%) of them have had another concussion the year later. Division III and high-school players have a higher tendency to sustain a concussion than Division II and Division I players.[33] In 2001, the National Football League Players Association partnered with the UNC to determine whether professional football players suffer any health effects after any injuries, although the findings were criticized by the NFL for being unreliable due to being based on self-reporting by the players.[34]

text: Association football[edit]

text: Association football— also known as soccer— is a major source of sports-related concussions around the world. Even though 50-80% of injuries in football are directed to the legs, head injuries have been shown to account for between 4 and 22% of football injuries. There is the possibility that heading the ball could damage the head, as the ball can travel at 100 km/hour; although most professional footballers have reported that they experienced head injuries from colliding with other players and the ground.[35][36] A multi-year study by the University of Colorado published in JAMA Pediatrics confirmed that athlete-to-athlete collisions that occur during heading, not impact with the ball itself, is generally the cause for concussion.[37]

text: A Norwegian study consisting of current and former players of the Norway national football team found out that 3% of the active and 30% of the former players had persistent symptoms of concussions, and that 35% of the active and 32% of that former players had abnormal electroencephalogram (EEG) readings.[38]

text: During the 2006-07 English Premier League season, Czech goalkeeper Petr Čech suffered from a severe concussion in a match between his club Chelsea and Reading. During the match, Reading midfielder Stephen Hunt hit Čech's head with his right knee, knocking the keeper out.[39] Čech underwent surgery for a depressed skull fracture and was told that he would miss a year of playing football. Čech resumed his goalkeeper duties on January 20, 2007 in a match against Liverpool, now wearing a rugby helmet to protect his weakened skull.

text: On November 2, 2013 in a match between Tottenham and Everton, Tottenham goal keeper Hugo Lloris sustained a blow to the head by on -coming player Romelu Lukaku's knee. The blow left Lloris knocked out on the ground. Reluctantly manager Andre Villas Boas decided to leave the player on after regaining consciousness and having passed a medical assessment. This broke the rules of the PFA, which state that any player who has lost consciousness must be substituted.[40]

text: There has been a widespread debate on protective head gear in soccer. Known as a sport associated with intricate footwork, speed, and well-timed passes, soccer also is classified as a high- to moderate-intensity contact/collision sport, with rates of head injury and concussion similar to those seen in football, ice hockey, lacrosse, and rugby. While the benefits of helmets and other head protection are more obvious in the latter sports, the role of headgear in soccer is still unclear.[41]

text: There are clear rules from FIFA regarding what to do when a player gets a concussion. FIFA's guidelines say that a player who has been knocked unconscious should not play again that day. The rules do however allow for "a transient alteration of conscious level" following a head injury, which says that a player can return to play following assessment by medical staff. The rules also state that a player who is injured with head damage is not to be played for five days.[40]

text: Auto racing[edit]

text: The death of Dale Earnhardt at the 2001 Daytona 500, along with those of Kenny Irwin, Adam Petty and Tony Roper in 2000, and serious injuries sustained by Steve Park in a wreck in September 2001 at Darlington, led to NASCAR establishing numerous policies to assist in driver safety, such as the introduction of the Car of Tomorrow. Drivers were eventually instructed to wear both head and neck restraints, and SAFER barriers have been installed on racetrack walls, with foam-padded supports on each side of the helmet that would allow a driver's head to move in the event of a crash. Despite this, 29 identified concussions occurred between 2004 and 2012.[42]

text: In 2012, when Dale Earnhardt, Jr. suffered a concussion after being involved in a crash at the end of the Good Sam Roadside Assistance 500 at Talladega, NASCAR expressed consideration in adding baseline testing to its concussion policies. NASCAR was one of few motorsport organizations that do not have baseline testing,[43] though that ended in 2014, as baseline testing started being performed at the start of the seasons.[44]

text: Basketball[edit]

text: In the 2005 high school basketball year, 3.6% of reported injuries were concussions, with 30.5% of concussions occurring during rebounds.[45] Incidence rates for concussions in NCAA men's basketball is lower than NCAA women's basketball, at 0.16 concussion per 1,000 athletes compared to 0.22 per 1,000 athletes respectively. The difference is found mainly in competition activity compared to practice.[46]

text: Boxing[edit]

text: Despite boxing's violent nature, a National Safety Council report in 1996 ranked amateur boxing as the safest contact sport in America.[47] However, concussions are one of the most serious injuries that can occur from boxing, and in an 80-year span from 1918 to 1998, there were 659 boxers who died from brain injury.[48] Incidence rates for concussion in boxing may frequently be miscalculated due to the fact that concussions do not always result from a knockout blow.[49] Olympic boxers deliver punches with high impact velocity but lower HIC and translational acceleration than in football impacts because of a lower effective punch mass. They cause proportionately more rotational acceleration than in football. Modeling shows that the greatest strain is in the midbrain late in the exposure, after the primary impact acceleration in boxing and football.[citation needed]

text: Gymnastics[edit]

text: As many skills as gymnastics involve flipping or a blind landing, incidence of head injury increases. A 15 year study found an incidence of 1.7% for concussion and closed head injury for high school gymnasts.[46]

text: Ice hockey[edit]

text: Ice hockey has also been known to have concussions inflict numerous players. Because of this, the NHL made hockey helmets mandatory in the 1979–80 NHL season.[50] According to a data release by the National Academy of Neuropsychology's Sports Concussion Symposium, from 2006 to 2011, 765 NHL players were diagnosed with a concussion.[51] At the Mayo Clinic Sports Medicine Center Ice Hockey Summit: Action on Concussion conference in 2010, a panel made a recommendation that blows to the head are to be prohibited, and to outlaw body checking by 11- and 12-year-olds. For the 2010–11 NHL season, the NHL prohibited blindside hits to the head, but did not ban hits to the face. The conference also urged the NHL and its minor entities to join the International Ice Hockey Federation, the NCAA and the Ontario Hockey League in banning any contact to the head.[52]

text: The NHL has been criticized for allowing team doctors to determine whether an injured player can return to the ice, instead of independent doctors.[53]

text: Rugby union[edit]

text: Concussions are also a significant factor in rugby union, another full-contact sport. In 2011, the sport's world governing body, World Rugby (then known as the International Rugby Board, or IRB), issued a highly detailed policy for dealing with injured players with suspected concussions. Under the policy, a player suffering from a suspected concussion is not allowed to return to play in that game. Players are not cleared to play after the injury for a minimum of 21 days, unless they are being supervised in their recovery by a medical practitioner. Even when medical advice is present, players must complete a multi-step monitoring process before being cleared to play again; this process requires a minimum of six days.[54] In 2012, the IRB modified the policy, instituting a Pitchside Suspected Concussion Assessment (PSCA), under which players suspected of having suffered concussions are to leave the field for 5 minutes while doctors assess their condition via a series of questions. Players who pass the PSCA are allowed to return to play.[55]

text: However, an incident during the third Test of the 2013 Lions tour of Australia led to criticism of the current protocols. During that match, Australian George Smith clashed heads with the Lions' Richard Hibbard and was sent to pitchside. According to ESPN's UK channel, "despite looking dazed and confused, Smith passed the PSCA and was back on the field minutes later."[55]

text: In 2013, former Scotland international Rory Lamont charged that the current concussion protocols can easily be manipulated. A key part of the current protocols is the "Cogsport" test (also known as COG), a computer-based test of cognitive function. Each player undergoes the test before the start of a new season, and is then tested again on it after a head injury, and the results compared, to determine possible impairment. According to Lamont, some players deliberately do poorly on the pre-season test, so that they will be more likely to match or beat their previous results during play.[56]

text: Lamont was also critical of the PSCA, noting:

text:
“
The problem with the PSCA is a concussed player can pass the assessment. I know from first hand experience it can be quite ineffective in deciding if a player is concussed. It is argued that allowing the five-minutes assessment is better than zero minutes but it is not as clear cut as one might hope. Concussion symptoms regularly take 10 minutes or longer to actually present. Consequently the five-minute PSCA may be giving concussed players a license to return to the field.[56]
”

text: The Concussion bin was replaced by the head bin in 2012 with the players assessment taking 10 minutes.[57] If concussed the player must then recover by first returning to general activities in life, then progressing back to playing. Returning to play, the player must follow the Graduated Return to Play (GRTP) protocol, by having clearance from a medical professional, and no symptoms of concussion.

text: Female sports[edit]

text: Numerous reports have indicated that female athletes suffer more concussions than male athletes.[58] A December 2008 report states that 29,167 female high school soccer players in the United States suffered from concussions in 2005, compared to 20,929 male players. In high school basketball, 12,923 girls suffered from concussions while only 3,823 boys did. Girls also sustained more concussions in softball, compared to boys in baseball.[59] Female athletes also had longer recovery times than males, and also had lower scores on visual memory tests. Girls also have longer recovery times for concussions, which may be due to a greater rate of blood flow in the brain.[60]

text: Women's ice hockey was reported as one of the most dangerous sports in the NCAA, with a concussion rate of 2.72 per 1,000 player hours. Even though men's ice hockey allows body checking, while women's ice hockey does not, the rate of concussions for men is 46% lower, at 1.47 per 1,000 player hours. College football also has lower concussion rates than women's hockey, with a rate of 2.34 per 1,000.[61]

text: Women’s basketball is one of the women’s sports with the highest risks of getting a concussion. Women have a greater risk of getting a concussion by dribbling/ball handling rather than defending. Also it was found that female college basketball players typically receive concussions during games rather than practices.[62]

text: Prevention efforts and technology[edit]

text: There have been numerous attempts at preventing concussions, such as the establishment of the PACE (Protecting Athletes Through Concussion Education) program,[63] which works with the imPACT system, which is currently used by every NFL and some NHL teams.[64] In 2008, the Arena Football League tested an impact monitor created by Schutt Sports called the "Shockometer", which is a triangular device attached to the back of football helmets that has a light on the device that turns red when a concussion occurs.[65] Riddell has also created the Head Impact Telemetry System (HITS) and Sideline Response System (SRS) to record the frequency and severity of player hits during practices and games. On every helmet with the system, MX Encoders are implemented, which can automatically record every hit.[66] Eight NFL teams had originally planned to use the system in the 2010 season, but the NFL Players Association ultimately blocked its use.[67] Other impact-detection devices include CheckLight, by Reebok and MC10.,[68] and the online test providers ImPACT Test, BrainCheck, and XLNTbrain which establish cognitive function baselines against which the athlete is monitored over time. The CCAT online tool developed by Axon Sports is another test to assist doctors in assessing concussion.

text: Media coverage[edit]

text: In 2012, film producer Steve James created the documentary film Head Games, interviewing former NHL player Keith Primeau, and the parents of Owen Thomas, who hanged himself after sustaining brain damage during his football career at Penn.[69] The documentary also interviewed former athletes Christopher Nowinski, Cindy Parlow, and New York Times reporter Alan Schwarz, among other athletes, journalists, and medical researchers.[70]

text: League of Denial was a 2013 book by sports reporters Mark Fainaru-Wada and Steve Fainaru about concussions within the NFL. The American documentary series Frontline covered the topic in two episodes, one based on the book and also called "League of Denial",[71] and the other called "Football High"[72] Political sports journalist Dave Zirin has also covered the topic in detail.[73]


document_title: Döbereiner's triads

question_text: who organized known elements by placing them into groups of three called triads

text: Döbereiner's triads

text: This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Need to sync the masses and elements used here with those used in the actual publications not later modern refinements. Please help improve this article if you can. (December 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In the history of the periodic table, Dobereiner's triads were an early attempt to sort the elements into some logical order by their physical properties. In 1817, a letter reported Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner's observations of the alkaline earths; namely, that strontium had properties that were intermediate to those of calcium and barium.[1]  By 1829, Dobereiner had found other groups of three elements (hence "triads") whose physical properties were similarly related.[2]  He also noted that some quantifiable properties of elements (e.g. atomic weight and density) in a triad followed a trend whereby the value of the middle element in the triad would be exactly or nearly predicted by taking the arithmetic mean of values for that property of the other two elements.

text:
Predicted vs actual atomic mass of the central atom of each triad

Triad name[2]

Elements and atomic masses[2][3]

Element 1Mass

Element 2Mean of 1 and 3Actual mass

Element 3Mass

Alkali-forming elements

Lithium6.94

Sodium23.0222.99

Potassium39.10

Alkaline-earth-forming elements[atomic masses verification needed]

Calcium40.1

Strontium88.787.6

Barium137.3

Salt-forming elements

Chlorine35.470

Bromine80.47078.383

Iodine126.470

Acid-forming elements

Sulfur32.239

Selenium80.74179.263

Tellurium129.243

-[atomic masses verification needed]

Iron55.8

Cobalt57.358.9

Nickel58.7


document_title: The Bodyguard (1992 film)

question_text: who plays rachel's sister in the bodyguard

question_tokens: who plays rachel 's sister in the bodyguard

text: The Bodyguard (1992 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Rachel Marron (Whitney Houston) is an Academy Award-nominated music superstar who is being stalked and sent death threats. Things get dangerously out of hand when a bomb disguised as a doll explodes in her dressing room. Rachel's manager, Bill Devaney (Bill Cobbs), seeks the services of a professional bodyguard, Frank Farmer (Kevin Costner), to protect her.[7] He is a highly successful private bodyguard, mostly protecting corporate VIPs. Formerly he was a Secret Service agent who served as part of the presidential protection detail during two presidencies. Frank is reluctant to accept the offer to guard Rachel as he sees her as a spoiled diva who is oblivious to the threats against her life.

text: Frank's concerns are quickly realized when Rachel looks upon Frank as being paranoid and his extensive protection techniques as intrusive. Rachel's existing bodyguard Tony (Mike Starr) resents Frank's presence. But at a concert where Rachel is performing, a riot breaks out and Frank rescues her from danger. As a result, the two develop a closer relationship. Frank tries to remain professional, but the two sleep together. However, recognizing that this compromises his ability to protect his client, Frank breaks off their affair. Hurt, Rachel begins to defy Frank's painstaking security measures. She even goes as far as attempting to sleep with his former Secret Service colleague Greg Portman (Tomas Arana). But after she has personal contact with her stalker via a threatening phone call, Rachel realizes that she must put her trust in Frank ahead of her own desire for personal gratification. She finally recognizes the seriousness of the situation and cancels the rest of her tour.

text: Frank, Rachel, Rachel's driver Henry (Christopher Birt), Rachel's son Fletcher (DeVaughn Nixon), and her sister Nicki (Michele Lamar Richards) then travel to a large lakefront cabin in the mountains, the home of Frank’s father, Herb (Ralph Waite). The next day, Fletcher is almost killed when a bomb explodes inside the boat he rode moments before. After finding footprints around the cabin and sabotaged automobiles, Frank realizes that Rachel's stalker has followed them. After securing the house for the night, Frank learns that Rachel's obsessive stalker and the person trying to kill her are not the same person. Angry and drunk, Nicki admits that during a drug-induced fit of jealousy she hired a hitman to kill Rachel, but that the letters from the stalker came before that. However, she cannot call it off because she does not know the killer's identity.

text: Abruptly, the hitman breaks into the house and fatally shoots Nicki. Frank, who is armed with a semi-automatic pistol, ensures that his father has secured the rest of the group on the second floor. Upon tracking the killer and then pursuing him into the woods, Frank shoots but misses, allowing the shooter to escape capture. Frank learns the next day, from his Secret Service contacts, that they have apprehended the stalker and were interviewing him when Nicki was shot.

text: Frank and Rachel attend Nicki's funeral and then the Academy Awards ceremony, where Frank gives Rachel a panic button in the shape of a cross to immediately alert him to any trouble. A host of backstage technical issues hamper Frank's efforts to monitor the proceedings closely. During the actual show, Rachel freezes and runs offstage, angry at Frank for embarrassing her with overprotective measures. However, Rachel returns to the audience and is present when announced as the winner for Best Actress. As she comes toward the stage to accept the award, the hitman is revealed to be Portman. Frank notices Portman pointing a gun disguised as a camera at Rachel. As Portman prepares for the fatal shot, Frank runs on stage and leaps in front of Rachel, intercepting the shot. Once regaining his balance, he shoots Portman through his camera-gun, killing him. Frank is left wounded and Rachel calls for help—all the while urging him to stay with her.

text: Frank recovers from the shooting and goes to say goodbye to Rachel at the airport. After the plane starts to taxi, Rachel suddenly jumps out and runs to Frank for one last passionate kiss. The film ends with a scene from Frank's next assignment—protecting a mob-fighting U.S. congressman—where a priest, using the emergency cross earlier given to Rachel, provides a solemn benediction as the lawmaker's new bodyguard keeps a watchful eye.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Kevin Costner as Frank Farmer
Whitney Houston as Rachel Marron
Gary Kemp as Sy Spector
Bill Cobbs as Bill Devaney
Ralph Waite as Herb Farmer
Tomas Arana as Greg Portman
Michele Lamar Richards as Nicki Marron
Mike Starr as Tony Scipelli
Christopher Birt as Henry Adams
DeVaughn Nixon as Fletcher Marron
Tony Pierce as the Stalker
Gerry Bamman as Ray Court
Joe Urla as Minella
Charles Keating as Klingman
Nathaniel Parker as Clive Healy
Richard Schiff as Skip Thomas
Donald Hotton as Reverend Hardy
Rollin Jarrett as Miami Reporter
Robert Wuhl as Academy Awards Host
Chris Connelly as Academy Awards Arrivals M.C.
Debbie Reynolds as herself

text: Background[edit]

text: Lawrence Kasdan's first screenplay,[5] the film was originally proposed in 1976 with Steve McQueen and Diana Ross in the leads,[8] but the project stalled.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The Bodyguard received mixed to negative reviews from film critics. As of August 2017, the film holds a 31% rating on the film aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, with the consensus, "The Bodyguard is a cheesy, melodramatic potboiler with occasional moments of electricity from Whitney Houston."[9] It received seven Golden Raspberry Award nominations, including Worst Picture.[10] Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly reviewed the film negatively, stating, "To say that Houston and Costner fail to strike sparks would be putting it mildly." He added that "the movie gives us these two self-contained celebrity icons working hard to look as if they want each other. It's like watching two statues attempting to mate."[11] Other critics were more mixed or positive, including Roger Ebert, who praised the film and gave it three out of four stars, remarking, "The movie does contain a love story, but it's the kind of guarded passion that grows between two people who spend a lot of time keeping their priorities straight."[12]

text: Two songs from the film, "Run to You" and "I Have Nothing", were nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song.[13] The soundtrack was also nominated for four Grammy Awards, winning three, including Album of the Year for its album of the same name.[14] The film was nominated for several MTV Movie Awards, an Image Award, BMI Film & TV Awards, a Golden Screen Award in Germany and an Award of the Japanese Academy, according to the Internet Movie Database.

text: The film is listed in Golden Raspberry Award founder John Wilson's book The Official Razzie Movie Guide as one of The 100 Most Enjoyably Bad Movies Ever Made.[15]

text: Box office[edit]

text: In the United States, The Bodyguard opened on November 25, 1992 in 1,717 theaters; it grossed $16.6 million in its opening weekend, ranking third.[16] The film was in theaters for thirteen non-consecutive weeks, ultimately grossing $121.9 million domestically, and $410.9 million worldwide. It was the seventh highest-grossing film of 1992 in North America, and the second highest-grossing film of 1992, worldwide.[17] At the time, it was one of the top 100 highest-grossing films of all time, but it has since been overtaken by other films.[18]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text:
2002: AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions – Nominated[19]
2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:

"I Will Always Love You" – #65[20]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The Bodyguard: Original Soundtrack Album became the best-selling soundtrack of all time. It has been certified diamond in the United States (sales of at least ten million) with shipments of over 17 million copies.[21] Worldwide, the sales are over 45 million copies.[22] In addition, Houston's cover of "I Will Always Love You" sold 12 million units worldwide.[23]

text: The soundtrack features five songs which were hit singles for Houston: "I Will Always Love You", "I'm Every Woman", the two Oscar-nominated songs, "I Have Nothing" and "Run to You", and "Queen of the Night".

text: In 2013, La-La Land Records released a limited edition CD (3500 units) of Alan Silvestri's original score.[24]

text: Parodies[edit]

text:
The Simpsons—in the episode "Mayored to the Mob", Homer Simpson receives bodyguard training from an instructor singing "I Will Always Love You" after graduating his class. Also in the episode, Mark Hamill gets carried by Homer in a fashion which parodies the way Costner carries Houston in the film.
30 Rock—in the episode "Hard Ball", Tracy Jordan is rescued from a mob by his entourage; his character sang "I Will Always Love You" during the scene.
Bulletproof—a scene in the film parodies The Bodyguard with Adam Sandler's character singing "I Will Always Love You" and remarking that Damon Wayans's character can always be his bodyguard.
The Venture Bros.—in the second-season episode "I Know Why the Caged Bird Kills", after having fallen in love with her charge, Dr. Venture, bodyguard Myra Brandish says she was taught "Never let them out of your sight. Never let your guard down. Never fall in love", the tag line from the film.
In Living Color—Kim Wayans plays Grace Jones as the Whitney Houston character and Jim Carrey plays the Kevin Costner character, complete with bad hair. The scene when Kevin Costner carries Whitney Houston off-stage from the original movie is reversed with Grace Jones carrying Frank Farmer off while singing "I Will Always Love You".
The Hitman's Bodyguard—Teaser trailer featuring Houston's song "I Will Always Love You", and movie poster spoof.[25][26][27]

text: Sequel and remake[edit]

text: In 2011, Warner Bros. announced a remake that will update the story to reflect the world of the Internet; in which sites such as Twitter, Google Maps and other sites make access to celebrities easier than ever. The remake will be penned by Jeremiah Friedman and Nick Palmer. Singer Rihanna was once sought to play the role of Rachel.[28]

text: On March 10, 2011, Rihanna ruled out playing the part, saying "Absolutely not. I hate it when singers do singing movies all the time, because you can never look at them as anybody else. I want to play a character. My whole life is playing Rihanna; being a singer won't be a stretch for me."[29]

text: Musical adaptation[edit]

text: A musical adaptation of the film opened in London's Adelphi Theatre in the West End in Fall 2012. David Ian, who produces the musical, received the stage rights from Costner, a producer of the film as well as its star, and Kasdan, who wrote the film, reports Baz Bamigboye. The film's famous soundtrack is used as a score for the production. In addition to the mega-hit "I Will Always Love You", the songs include "I'm Every Woman", "Run to You", "Jesus Loves Me", and "Queen of the Night". Several of Houston's other songs are used as well, including "I'm Your Baby Tonight", "How Will I Know", and "I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)". Tony Award-winning actress and singer Heather Headley was cast to play Rachel, the role played in the film by Houston. MOBO Award-winning and BRIT-nominated singer Beverley Knight took over Rachel in September 2013 through to May 2014; she was replaced by Alexandra Burke in June 2014, who was then replaced by Grammy award winning R&B singer Deborah Cox.


document_title: AbioCor

question_text: who invented the abiocor artificial heart and what year was it invented

text: AbioCor

text: History[edit]

text: AbioMed, Inc. began development of the AbioCor device in the 1990s, beginning animal studies in 1998 in preparation to demonstrate readiness for formal clinical trials in humans.[5] On January 30, 2001, the FDA granted AbioMed an investigational device exemption (IDE) for implantation into humans via a clinical trial.[9] This opened the door for the first implantation of the AbioCor into Robert Tools on July 2, 2001. He lived for 151 days before having a fatal cerebrovascular accident.[3][10][11] Time magazine awarded the AbioCor its Invention of the Year award in late 2001.[11]

text: The second patient, Tom Christerson, who was given less than a 20 percent chance of surviving 30 days at the time of his surgery, lived for 512 days after receiving the AbioCor, dying on February 7, 2003 due to the wearing out of an internal membrane of the AbioCor.[12] An additional 12 patients had the device implanted into 2004, resulting in an average life span of less than five months among all 14 patients. In some cases the device extended survival by several months, allowing the patients to spend valuable time with family and friends. In two cases, the device extended survival by 10 and 17 months respectively, and one patient was discharged from the hospital to go home. For a patient to be eligible for implantation with the AbioCor, the person must have had severe heart failure (with failure of both ventricles) and had to be likely to die within two weeks without transplantation.[1][2]

text: Though the device was initially rejected by FDA Circulatory System Devices Panel in 2005 for Humanitarian Device Exemption (HDE) status,[1] it was eventually approved by the Food and Drug Administration on September 5, 2006 for HDE status.[13] However, only one patient received the AbioCor after approval, a "76-year-old man with congestive heart failure, who did not qualify for a heart transplant."[14]

text: In August 2012, key AbioCor researcher and developer David Lederman died from pancreatic cancer.[15]

text: The company also had plans to improve the AbioCor with a second version based upon the AbioCor ventricles and the Penn State energy converter. It was expected to last for five years, more than triple the life expectancy of AbioCor. The company stated it would be 30 percent smaller than the original model, and it could be implanted in smaller men and women. Additional modifications were planned to reduce the patient's risk of stroke, which was a concern of the FDA.[10][16] As of March 2016[update], AbioCor II has not come to fruition, however. Additionally, the AbioCor product has been removed from the AbioMed website, with several news agencies reporting in 2015 that the company had quietly abandoned further development of the device.[6][7]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: The AbioCor heart is featured in the 2009 film Crank: High Voltage, when it is transplanted into the main character Chev Chelios's (Jason Statham) chest after he had been abducted by Chinese mobsters in the very beginning of the movie. However, the heart depicted in the film has a much lower battery life but gives Chev superhuman athleticism when fully charged (for dramatic purposes).[17] The model of the heart in the movie is called AviCor.