document_title: Top Gun

question_text: who does tom cruise play in top gun

question_tokens: who does tom cruise play in top gun

text: Top Gun

text: Plot[edit]

text: United States Naval Aviator LT Pete "Maverick" Mitchell and his Radar Intercept Officer LT(jg) Nick "Goose" Bradshaw fly the F-14A Tomcat aboard USS Enterprise (CVN-65). During an interception with two hostile MiG-28 aircraft (portrayed by a Northrop F-5), Maverick gets missile lock on one, while the other hostile aircraft locks onto Maverick's wingman, Cougar. While Maverick drives off the remaining MiG-28, Cougar is too shaken to land, and Maverick, defying orders, shepherds him back to the carrier. Cougar gives up his wings, citing his newborn child that he has never seen. Despite his dislike for Maverick's recklessness, CAG "Stinger" sends him and Goose to attend the Top Gun school at NAS Miramar.

text: At a bar the day before Top Gun starts, Maverick, assisted by Goose, unsuccessfully approaches a woman. He learns the next day that she is Charlotte "Charlie" Blackwood, an astrophysicist and civilian Top Gun instructor. She becomes interested in Maverick upon learning of his inverted maneuver with the MiG-28, which disproves US intelligence on the enemy aircraft's performance.

text: During Maverick's first training sortie he defeats instructor Rick "Jester" Heatherly but through reckless flying breaks two rules of engagement and is reprimanded by chief instructor Mike "Viper" Metcalf. Maverick also becomes a rival to top student Tom "Iceman" Kazansky, who considers Maverick's flying "dangerous." Charlie also objects to Maverick's aggressive tactics, but eventually admits that she admires his flying and omitted it from her reports to hide her feelings for him, and the two begin a romantic relationship.

text: During a training sortie Maverick abandons his wingman "Hollywood" to chase Viper, but is defeated when Viper maneuvers Maverick into a position from which his wingman Jester can shoot down Maverick from behind, demonstrating the value of teamwork over individual prowess.

text: Maverick and Iceman, now direct competitors for the Top Gun Trophy, chase Jester in a later training engagement. Maverick pressures Iceman to break off his engagement so he can shoot down Jester, but Maverick's F-14 flies through the jet wash of Iceman's aircraft and suffers a flameout of both engines, going into an unrecoverable flat spin. Maverick and Goose eject, but Goose hits the jettisoned aircraft canopy head-first and is killed.

text: Although the board of inquiry clears Maverick of responsibility for Goose's death, he is overcome by guilt and his flying skill diminishes. Charlie and others attempt to console him, but Maverick considers retiring. He seeks advice from Viper, who reveals that he served with Maverick's father Duke Mitchell on the USS Oriskany. Mitchell was subject to an unspecified disgrace, which has hampered Maverick's career and self-confidence, but Viper reveals classified information that proves Mitchell died heroically, and informs Maverick that he can succeed if he can regain his self-confidence. Maverick chooses to graduate, though Iceman wins the Top Gun Trophy.

text: During the graduation party, Viper calls in the newly graduated aviators with the orders to deploy. Iceman, Hollywood, and Maverick are ordered to immediately return to Enterprise to deal with a "crisis situation", providing air support for the rescue of a stricken ship that has drifted into hostile waters.

text: Maverick and Merlin are assigned as back-up for F-14s flown by Iceman and Hollywood, despite Iceman's reservations over Maverick's state of mind. The subsequent hostile engagement with six MiGs sees Hollywood shot down; Maverick is scrambled alone due to a catapult failure and nearly retreats after encountering circumstances similar to those that caused Goose's death. Upon finally rejoining Iceman, Maverick shoots down three MiGs, and Iceman one, forcing the other two to flee. Upon their triumphant return to Enterprise, Iceman and Maverick express a new respect for one other.

text: Offered any assignment he chooses, Maverick decides to return to Top Gun as an instructor. At a bar at Miramar, Maverick and Charlie reunite.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Tom Cruise as LT Pete "Maverick" Mitchell
Kelly McGillis as Charlotte "Charlie" Blackwood. The character is based on a real-life person, Christine Fox, who worked at the Miramar Naval Air Station.
Val Kilmer as LT Tom "Iceman" Kazansky
Anthony Edwards as LTJG Nick "Goose" Bradshaw
Tom Skerritt as CDR Mike "Viper" Metcalf
Michael Ironside as LCDR Rick "Jester" Heatherly
John Stockwell as LT Bill "Cougar" Cortell
Barry Tubb as LTJG Leonard "Wolfman" Wolfe
Rick Rossovich as LTJG Ron "Slider" Kerner
Tim Robbins as LTJG Sam "Merlin" Wells
Clarence Gilyard, Jr. as LTJG Marcus "Sundown" Williams
Whip Hubley as LT Rick "Hollywood" Neven
James Tolkan as CDR Tom "Stinger" Jardian
Meg Ryan as Carole Bradshaw
Adrian Pasdar as LT Charles "Chipper" Piper

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Background[edit]

text: The primary inspiration for the film was the article "Top Guns" by Ehud Yonay, from the May 1983 issue of California magazine, which featured aerial photography by then-Lieutenant Commander Charles "Heater" Heatley.[4] The article detailed the life of fighter pilots at the Naval Air Station Miramar in San Diego, self-nicknamed as "Fightertown USA". Numerous screenwriters allegedly turned down the project.[4] Bruckheimer and Simpson went on to hire Jim Cash and Jack Epps, Jr., to write the first draft. The research methods, by Epps, included an attendance at several declassified Top Gun classes at Miramar and gaining experience by being flown in an F-14. The first draft failed to impress Bruckheimer and Simpson, and is considered to be very different from the final product in numerous ways.[5]

text: Actor Matthew Modine turned down the role of LT Pete "Maverick" Mitchell (that went to Tom Cruise) because he felt the film's pro-military stance went against his politics.[6]

text: The producers wanted the assistance of the US Navy in production of the film. The Navy was influential in relation to script approval, which resulted in changes being made. The opening dogfight was moved to international waters as opposed to Cuba, the language was toned down, and a scene that involved a crash on the deck of an aircraft carrier was also scrapped.[7] Maverick's love interest was also changed from a female enlisted member of the Navy to a civilian contractor with the Navy, due to the US military's prohibition of fraternization between officers and enlisted personnel.[4] The "Charlie" character also replaced an aerobics instructor from an early draft as a love interest for Maverick after producers were introduced to Christine "Legs" Fox, a civilian mathematician employed by the Center for Naval Analyses as a specialist in Maritime Air Superiority (MAS), developing tactics for aircraft carrier defense.[8] Rear Admiral Pete "Viper" Pettigrew, a former Navy aviator, Vietnam War veteran, and Top Gun instructor served as a technical advisor on the film, and also made a cameo appearance in the film as a colleague of Charlie's.

text: Former Top Gun instructor pilot and Congressman Randy "Duke" Cunningham claimed to have been the inspiration for Pete Mitchell, although the film's producers have denied that the character was based on any specific Naval aviator.[9]

text: Filming[edit]

text: The Navy made several aircraft from F-14 fighter squadron VF-51 "Screaming Eagles" (which Tom Skerritt mentions in the scene at his home) available for the film. Paramount paid as much as $7,800 per hour for fuel and other operating costs whenever aircraft were flown outside their normal duties. Shots of the aircraft carrier sequences were filmed aboard the USS Enterprise, showing aircraft from F-14 squadrons VF-114 "Aardvarks" and VF-213 "Black Lions".[10] The majority of the carrier flight deck shots were of normal aircraft operations and the film crew had to take what they could get, save for the occasional flyby which the film crew would request. During filming, director Tony Scott wanted to shoot aircraft landing and taking off, back-lit by the sun. During one particular filming sequence, the ship's commanding officer changed the ship's course, thus changing the light. When Scott asked if they could continue on their previous course and speed, he was informed by the commander that it cost $25,000 to turn the ship, and to continue on course. Scott wrote the carrier's captain a $25,000 check so that the ship could be turned and he could continue shooting for another five minutes.[11]

text: Most of the sequences of the aircraft maneuvering over land were shot at NAS Fallon, in Nevada, using ground-mounted cameras. Air-to-air shots were filmed using a Learjet. Grumman, manufacturer of the F-14, was commissioned by Paramount Pictures to create camera pods to be placed upon the aircraft that could be pointed toward either the front or rear of the aircraft providing outside shots at high altitude.[citation needed]

text: In July 1985, Kansas City Barbeque served as a filming location for two scenes. The first scene features Goose and Maverick singing "Great Balls of Fire" while seated at the piano. The final scene, where "You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'" can be heard on the restaurant's jukebox, was also filmed at the restaurant. Both scenes were filmed consecutively. After release of the movie, the restaurant went on to collect a significant amount of memorabilia from the motion picture until a kitchen fire on June 26, 2008 destroyed much of the restaurant. Some memorabilia and props, including the original piano used in the film, survived the fire, and the restaurant re-opened in November 2008.

text: Renowned aerobatic pilot Art Scholl was hired to do in-flight camera work for the film. The original script called for a flat spin, which Scholl was to perform and capture on a camera on the aircraft. The aircraft was observed to spin through its recovery altitude, at which time Scholl radioed "I have a problem... I have a real problem". He was unable to recover from the spin and crashed his Pitts Special bi-plane into the Pacific Ocean off the Southern California coast near Carlsbad on September 16, 1985. Neither Scholl's body nor his aircraft were recovered, leaving the official cause of the accident unknown.[12] Top Gun was dedicated to Scholl's memory.[13]

text: Music[edit]

text: The Top Gun soundtrack is one of the most popular soundtracks to date, reaching 9× Platinum certification[14] and #1 on the Billboard Hot 200 albums chart for five nonconsecutive weeks in the summer and fall of 1986.[15] Harold Faltermeyer, who previously worked with both Jerry Bruckheimer and Don Simpson on the films Flashdance and Beverly Hills Cop, was sent the script of Top Gun by Bruckheimer before filming began. Giorgio Moroder and Tom Whitlock worked on numerous songs including the Oscar-winning "Take My Breath Away". Kenny Loggins performed two songs on the soundtrack, "Playing with the Boys", and "Danger Zone". Berlin recorded the song "Take My Breath Away", which would later win numerous awards, sending the band to international acclaim. After the release of Loggins's single "Danger Zone", sales of the album exploded, selling 7 million in the United States alone. On the re-release of the soundtrack in 2000, two songs that had been omitted from the original album (and had been released many years before the film was made), "Great Balls of Fire" by Jerry Lee Lewis and "You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'" by The Righteous Brothers, were added. The soundtrack also includes "Top Gun Anthem" and "Memories" by Steve Stevens/Faltermeyer and Faltermeyer. However, no soundtrack release to date has included the full Faltermeyer score.[citation needed]

text: Other artists were considered for the soundtrack project but did not participate. Bryan Adams was considered as a potential candidate but refused to participate because he felt the film glorified war.[16] Likewise, REO Speedwagon was considered but backed down because they would not be allowed to record their own composition.[citation needed] The band Toto was originally meant to record "Danger Zone", and had also written and recorded a song "Only You" for the soundtrack. However, there was a dispute between Toto's lawyers and the producers of the film, paving the way for Loggins to record "Danger Zone" and "Only You" being omitted from the film entirely.[17]

text: Release[edit]

text: Home media[edit]

text: In addition to its box office success, Top Gun went on to break further records in the then still-developing home video market. Backed by a massive $8 million marketing campaign including a Top Gun-themed Diet Pepsi commercial,[18] the advance demand was such that the film became the best-selling videocassette in the industry's history on pre-orders alone. It was also one of the first video cassette releases in the $20 price range.[19] Top Gun's home video success was again reflected by strong DVD sales, which were furthered by a special-edition release in 2004. Bomber jacket sales increased and Ray-Ban Aviator sunglasses jumped 40%, due to their use by characters in the film.[20] The film also had boosted Navy recruitment. The Navy had recruitment booths in some theaters to attract enthusiastic patrons.[21]

text: IMAX 3D re-release[edit]

text: Top Gun was re-released in IMAX 3D on February 8, 2013, for six days.[22] A four-minute preview of the conversion, featuring the "Danger Zone" flight sequence, was screened at the 2012 International Broadcasting Convention in Amsterdam, Netherlands.[23] Subsequently, the film was released in Blu-ray 3D on February 19, 2013.[24]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film opened in the United States in 1,028 theaters on May 16, 1986. It quickly became a success and was the highest-grossing film of 1986. It would be six months before its theater count dropped below that of its opening week.[2] It was number one on its first weekend with an $8,193,052 gross, and went on to a total domestic figure of $176,786,701. Internationally it took in an estimated $177,030,000 for a worldwide box office total of $353,816,701.[25] The film sold an estimated 47,650,100 tickets in North America in its initial theatrical run.[26]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Upon the film's original release, critical response was mixed. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 56% of 52 critics have given the film a positive review, with a rating average of 5.8 out of 10 and the critical consensus states: "Though it features some of the most memorable and electrifying aerial footage shot with an expert eye for action, Top Gun offers too little for non-adolescent viewers to chew on when its characters aren't in the air".[27]

text: Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 2.5 out of 4 stars, pointing out that "Movies like Top Gun are hard to review because the good parts are so good and the bad parts are so relentless. The dogfights are absolutely the best since Clint Eastwood's electrifying aerial scenes in Firefox. But look out for the scenes where the people talk to one another."[28]

text: Awards[edit]

text: The film was nominated for and won many awards, most prominently for its sound and effects the film won the following awards:

text:
Year
Award
Category – Recipient(s)

1987
ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards
Most Performed Songs from Motion Pictures – Giorgio Moroder and Tom Whitlock for the song "Take My Breath Away".

1987
Academy Awards
Best Original Song – Giorgio Moroder (music) and Tom Whitlock (lyrics) for "Take My Breath Away".

1986
Apex Scroll Awards
Achievement in Sound Effects

1987
BRIT Awards
Best Soundtrack

1987
Golden Globe Awards
Best Original Song – Motion Picture – Giorgio Moroder (music) and Tom Whitlock (lyrics) for the song "Take My Breath Away".

1987
Golden Screen Award

1987
Grammy Awards
Best Pop Instrumental Performance (Orchestra, Group or Soloist) – Harold Faltermeyer and Steve Stevens for "Top Gun Anthem".

1987
Motion Picture Sound Editors
Golden Reel Award for Best Sound Editing

Best Sound Editing – Sound Effects

1987
People's Choice Awards
Favorite Motion Picture

1988
Award of the Japanese Academy
Best Foreign Language Film

text: The film was nominated for the following awards:

text:
Academy Awards (1987)[29]

Best Sound Effects Editing – Cecelia Hall and George Watters II
Best Film Editing – Billy Weber and Chris Lebenzon
Best Sound – Donald O. Mitchell, Kevin O'Connell, Rick Kline and William B. Kaplan
Best Original Song – Giorgio Moroder and Tom Whitlock for "Take My Breath Away"

Apex Scroll Awards (1986)

Actress in a Supporting Role – Meg Ryan
Film Editing – Billy Weber and Chris Lebenzon
Best Original Song – Motion Picture – Giorgio Moroder (music) and Tom Whitlock (lyrics) for the song "Take My Breath Away".
Best Picture – Don Simpson, Jerry Bruckheimer
Achievement in Compilation Soundtrack
Achievement in Sound

Golden Globe Awards (1987)

Best Original Score – Motion Picture – Harold Faltermeyer

Award of the Japanese Academy (1988)

Best Foreign Language Film

Fennecus Awards (1986)

Achievement in Compilation Soundtrack
Best Original Song – Motion Picture – Giorgio Moroder (music) and Tom Whitlock (lyrics) for the song "Take My Breath Away".
Film Editing – Billy Weber and Chris Lebenzon
Achievement in Sound
Achievement in Sound Effects

text: In 2008, the film was ranked at number 455 in Empire's list of the 500 greatest films of all time.[30] Yahoo! Movies ranked Top Gun #19 on their list of greatest action films of all-time.[31] The film has been nominated multiple times for various AFI lists, ranking only once. In 2005, the line "I feel the need... the need for speed!" was ranked 94 on AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes list.

text:
AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills – Nominated[32]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains:

Lt. Pete "Maverick" Mitchell – Nominated Hero[33]

AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:

"Take My Breath Away" – Nominated[34]

AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:

"I feel the need — the need for speed." – #94

AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – Nominated[35]

text: Effect on military recruiting[edit]

text: Movie producer John Davis claimed that Top Gun was a recruiting video for the Navy, that people saw the movie and said, "Wow! I want to be a pilot." After the film's release, the US Navy stated that the number of young men who joined wanting to be Naval Aviators went up by 500 percent.[36]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: Since its initial release, the film has made many top film lists and has been the subject of comedic interpretation.

text: The 1991 film Hot Shots! was a comedy spoof of Top Gun.

text: The masculine theme of the film has been the subject of humorous examination, with the homoerotic subtext examined in a monologue performed by Quentin Tarantino in the 1994 film Sleep with Me.[37][38][39][40][41]

text: Top Gun is one of many war and action films, especially those by Jerry Bruckheimer, parodied in the 2004 comedy Team America: World Police.[42]

text: The DisneyToon Studios film Planes (2013), pays homage to Top Gun with Val Kilmer and Anthony Edwards appearing in the film as part of the voice cast.[43]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: A sequel has been in active development since at least 2010.[44] However plans have been complicated by Scott's suicide in 2012.[45] In 2013, all parties were still reported interested in the project with Bruckheimer, "For 30 years we've been trying to make a sequel and we're not going to stop. We still want to do it with Tom and Paramount are still interested in making it. What Tom tells me is that no matter where he goes in the world, people refer to him as Maverick. It's something he is excited about so as long as he keeps his enthusiasm hopefully we'll get it made."[46]

text: By September 2014 it was revealed that Justin Marks was already in negotiations to write the screenplay,[47] which was confirmed that following June.[48] Marks would go on later to say that the film was a dream project for him, calling the original an "iconic film in my memory" due in part to it being one of the first films he remembers seeing in a movie theater.[49]

text: In May 2017, during the promotional tour for The Mummy, Cruise confirmed that a sequel to Top Gun will start filming in 2018.[50] By June of the same year, he revealed that the title will be Top Gun: Maverick with Faltermeyer back as composer for the sequel. Cruise further stated that, “Aviators are back, the need for speed. We’re going to have big, fast machines. It’s going to be a competition film, like the first one…but a progression for Maverick.” [51] Later that month it was announced Joseph Kosinski, who directed Cruise in 2013's Oblivion, was set to direct the sequel.[52]

text: Top Gun: Maverick is scheduled for release on July 19, 2019.[53]

text: Video games[edit]

text: Top Gun also spawned a number of video games for various platforms. The original game was released in 1987 under the same title as the film. It was released on five platforms in total: PC, Commodore 64, ZX Spectrum, Amstrad CPC and Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) (with an equivalent version for Nintendo's "VS." arcade cabinets). In the game, the player pilots an F-14 Tomcat fighter, and has to complete four missions. A sequel, Top Gun: The Second Mission, was released for the NES three years later.

text: Another game, Top Gun: Fire at Will, was released in 1996 for the PC and later for the Sony PlayStation platform. Top Gun: Hornet's Nest was released in 1998. Top Gun: Combat Zones was released for PlayStation 2 in 2001 and was ported to the GameCube and Windows PCs a year later. Combat Zones was considerably longer and more complex than its predecessors, and also featured other aircraft besides the F-14. In late 2005, a fifth game, simply titled Top Gun, was released for the Nintendo DS. At E3 2011, a new game was announced, Top Gun: Hard Lock, which was released in March 2012 for Xbox 360, PC, and PlayStation 3.


document_title: Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football

question_text: when was the last time georgia tech won a national championship

question_tokens: when was the last time georgia tech won a national championship

root

text: Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football

text: History[edit]

text: The beginnings: 1892–1903[edit]

text: Tech began its football program with several students forming a loose-knit troop of footballers called the Blacksmiths. On November 5, 1892, Tech played its first football game against Mercer University. The team lost to Mercer 12–6 in Macon, Georgia.[n 1] Tech played two other games during their first season and lost both of them for a season record of 0–3. Discouraged by these results, the Blacksmiths sought a coach to improve their record. Leonard Wood, an Army officer and Atlantan, heard of Tech's football struggles and volunteered to player-coach the team.[5]

tag: p

text: Over the span of 1892–1903, Tech only won 8 games, tied in 5, and lost 32.[6] In 1893, Tech played against the University of Georgia for the first time. Tech defeated Georgia 28–6 for the school's first-ever victory. The angry Georgia fans threw stones and other debris at the Tech players during and after the game. The poor treatment of the Blacksmiths by the Georgia faithful gave birth to the rivalry now known as Clean, Old-Fashioned Hate.[7][8]

text: In 1902, Jesse Thrash was the team's first All-Southern selection. He began the season as a sub and closed it as the undisputed star of the Tech team.[9] Oliver Jones Huie was selected by Ga Tech's athletic association to coach the football team for the 1903 season when the team won 3 and lost 5 games. A professional coach was desperately needed if Tech wished to build a truly competitive football program. The first game of the 1903 season was a 73–0 destruction at the hands of John Heisman's Clemson; shortly after the season, Tech offered Heisman a coaching position.

text: Heisman's legend: 1904–1919[edit]

text: John Heisman put together 16 consecutive non-losing seasons, amassed 104 wins, including three undefeated campaigns and a 32-game undefeated streak. From 1915 to 1918 Georgia Tech went 30–1–2 and outscored opponents 1611 to 93 utilizing his jump shift offense.[n 2] He would also muster a 5-game winning streak against the hated Georgia Bulldogs from 1904–1908 before incidents led up to the cutting of athletic ties with Georgia in 1919.[7]

text: Heisman was hired by Tech for $2,250 a year and 30% of the home ticket sales. Heisman would not disappoint the Tech faithful as his first season was an 8–1–1 performance, the first winning season since 1893.[10] One source relates: "The real feature of the season was the marvelus advance made by the Georgia School of Technology which burst from fetters that kept it in the lowest class for ten years."[11] His team posted victories over Georgia, Tennessee, University of Florida at Lake City, and Cumberland, and a tie with his last employer, Clemson. He suffered just one loss, to another first year coach, Mike Donahue of Auburn.

text: The 1905 team went 6–0–1. The 1906 team beat Auburn for the first time. Stars of this early period for Tech include Lob Brown and Billy Wilson. The 1907 and 1908 teams were led by "Twenty Percent" Davis.

text: Pat Patterson was All-Southern in 1910. Patterson was captain in 1911, a season in which future coach William Alexander was a reserve quarterback. Heisman helped students construct Grant Field in 1913, when Alf McDonald was quarterback. The 1915 team went undefeated.

text: Arguably the most notable game of Heisman's career was the most lopsided victory in college football history. In 1916, Cumberland College ended its football program and attempted to cancel a scheduled game with Heisman's Jackets. Heisman, however, was seeking vengeance for a 22–0 baseball loss to Cumberland in the spring of 1916, a game in which Heisman suspected Cumberland of hiring professional players to pose as Cumberland students. Heisman refused the game's cancellation and Cumberland mustered up a group of commonfolk to play Tech.[12] Tech won 222–0.[13] Neither team achieved a first down other than a touchdown, as Cumberland either punted or turned the ball over before a first down and Tech scored on almost every play from scrimmage.[12] Jim Preas, Tech's kicker, kicked 16 point after tries, which is still a record for a single game.

text: In 1917 Tech won its first national championship behind the backfield of Everett Strupper, Joe Guyon, Al Hill, and Judy Harlan. It was the first national title for a Southern team, and for many years the "Golden Tornado" was considered the finest team the region ever produced. Strupper and captain Walker Carpenter were the first two players from the Deep South ever selected first-team All-American.

text: Heisman challenged Pop Warner's undefeated Pittsburgh team to a decisive national championship game, but he declined. In the next season of 1918, Tech lost a lopsided game to Pitt 32–0. Center Bum Day became the first player from the south selected for Walter Camp's first team. In 1919, Auburn upset Tech for the SIAA crown. By 1919, Heisman had divorced his wife and felt that he would embarrass his wife socially if he remained in Atlanta.[14] Heisman moved to Pennsylvania, leaving Tech in the hands of William Alexander.[15]

text: Alexander continues the trend: 1920–1944[edit]

text: Alexander had attended Georgia Tech and after graduating as valedictorian of his class in 1912, taught mathematics at Tech and served as Heisman's assistant coach.[15] In 1920, he was given the job of head coaching Tech's football team. He retained and Heisman's shift and in his first season he saw Tech win an SIAA title behind captain Buck Flowers, the first Georgia Tech played inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame. Tech suffered its only loss again to Warner's Pitt, and finished the season with a win over rival Auburn.[16][17] Tackle Bill Fincher made Camp's first team All-America.[n 3]

text: The 1921 and 1922 teams also claimed SIAA titles. The 1921 team suffered its only loss to undefeated, eastern power Penn State. Tech was captained by fullback Judy Harlan. Future Tech fullback Sam Murray was asked about a certain strong runner in the 1930s, "He's good. But if I were playing again, I would have one wish – never to see earing down upon me a more fearsome picture of power than Judy Harlan blocking for Red Barron."[19] Barron ran for 1,459 yards on the season.[20]

text: From 1923 to 1925, though Tech failed to claim a conference title, it had one of its best-ever players: fullback Doug Wycoff, "the outstanding back of the South for the past two years."[21] Coach Alexander recalled "The work of Douglas Wycoff against Notre Dame two years in succession was brilliant in the extreme, as was his plunging against Penn. State when we defeated them twice."[22][n 4] Tech and UGA renewed their annual rivalry game in 1925 after an eight-year hiatus. Quarterback Ike Armstrong thought the game clock read five seconds remaining in the game when in actuality it was five minutes. Williams set up his offense for a field goal and kicked it to put Tech up 3–0 on first down. Luckily for Williams, Tech won 3–0.

text: In 1927, Alexander instituted "the Plan." Georgia was highly rated to start the 1927 season, known as the "dream and wonder team", and justified their rating throughout the season going 9–0 in their first 9 games. Alexander's plan was to minimize injuries by benching his starters early no matter the score of every game before the UGA finale. On December 3, 1927, UGA rolled into Atlanta on the cusp of a national and conference title. Tech's well rested starters were helped by the rain and shut out the Bulldogs 12–0, ending any chance of UGA's first national title, while netting the SIAA title.[24]

text: Alexander's 1928 team amassed a perfect record and won the school's second national title. The team was led at center by captain Peter Pund and upset Notre Dame. "I sat at Grant Field and saw a magnificent Notre Dame team suddenly recoil before the furious pounding of one man–Pund, center", said legendary coach Knute Rockne. "Nobody could stop him. I counted 20 scoring plays that this man ruined."[25] The 1928 team was also the very first Tech team to attend a bowl game. The team was invited to the Rose Bowl to play California.[n 5] The game was a defensive struggle, with the first points scored after a Georgia Tech fumble. The loose ball was scooped up by California center Roy Riegels and then accidentally returned in the wrong direction. Riegels returned the ball all the way to California's 3-yard line. After Riegels was finally stopped by his own teammate at the 1-yard line, he was swarmed by a group of Tech players. The Bears opted to punt from the end zone. The punt was blocked and converted by Tech into a safety giving Tech a 2–0 lead.[n 6] Cal scored a touchdown and a point after but Tech would score another touchdown to win the game 8–7. This victory made Tech the 10–0 undefeated national champion of 1928.[26][27][n 7]

text: Coach Alexander found campus spirit to be particularly low following the Great Depression. His successful football program (and the other athletic teams) had very few student fans attending the games. He helped to establish a spirit organization known as the Yellow Jacket Club in 1930 to bolster student spirit.[29] The group would later become the Ramblin' Reck Club. The 1939 team was SEC co-champion.

text: The only retired jersey in Georgia Tech football history is No. 19.[30] The number belonged to Tech halfback Clint Castleberry. Castleberry played on the #5 ranked 1942 Tech team as a true freshman and was third place in the 1942 Heisman Trophy voting. After ending his freshman year at Tech, Castleberry elected to join the war effort and signed up for the Army Air Corps. While co-piloting a B-26 Marauder over Africa, Castleberry, his crew, and another B-26 disappeared and were never heard from again.[n 8] Castleberry has been memorialized on Grant Field ever since, with a prominent No. 19 on display in the stadium.[30]

text: The 1943 and 1944 teams won SEC titles. Coach Alexander finally retired in 1944 after winning 134 games as head coach and taking Tech to the Rose Bowl, Orange Bowl, Cotton Bowl Classic, and Sugar Bowl. To this day, Alexander has the second most victories of any Tech football coach. The record for most coaching victories in Tech history is still held by Alexander's then coordinator and eventual successor Bobby Dodd.

text: Dodd wins titles, sets records, & beats the Dogs: 1945–1966[edit]

text: Bobby Dodd took over the Georgia Tech football program following Coach Alexander's retirement in 1944. Dodd's coaching philosophy revolved around player treatment and character development.[32] He did not believe in intense physical practices but rather precise and well executed practices. Dodd's philosophy translated to winning. He set the record for career wins at Tech at 165 career coaching wins including a 31-game winning streak from 1951–1952.[32] He also managed to capture two Southeastern Conference Titles and the 1952 National Title, which concluded a 12–0 perfect season and Sugar Bowl conquest of previously undefeated, seventh ranked Ole Miss[32] in a season that also included victories over Orange Bowl champions, 9th ranked, Alabama; 15th ranked Gator Bowl champions Florida Gators football; 16th ranked Duke; and a 7–4 rival Georgia. While 9–0 Michigan State would capture the AP and UP titles, the Yellow Jackets' were ranked first in the International News Service poll.

text: Dodd also understood the deep-seated rivalry with the University of Georgia. His teams won 8 games in a row over the Bulldogs from 1949–1956 outscoring the Bulldogs 176–39 during the winning streak.[33] This 8–game winning streak against Georgia remains the longest winning streak by either team in the series. Dodd would finish his career with a 12–9 record against the Bulldogs.[33]

text: Dodd's tenure included Georgia Tech's withdrawal from the Southeastern Conference.[32] The initial spark for Dodd's withdrawal was a historic feud with Alabama Crimson Tide Coach Bear Bryant.[34] The feud began when Tech was visiting the Tide at Legion Field in Birmingham in 1961. After a Tech punt, Alabama fair-caught the ball. Chick Granning of Tech was playing coverage and relaxed after the signal for the fair catch. Darwin Holt of Alabama continued play and smashed his elbow into Granning's face causing severe fracturing in his face, a broken nose, and blood-filled sinuses. Granning was knocked unconscious and suffered a severe concussion, the result of which left him unable to play football ever again. Dodd sent Bryant a letter asking Bryant to suspend Holt after game film indicated Holt had intentionally injured Granning.[34] Bryant never suspended Holt. The lack of discipline infuriated Dodd and sparked Dodd's interest in withdrawing from the SEC.

text: Another issue of concern for Dodd was Alabama's and other SEC schools' over-recruitment of players.[34] Universities would recruit more players than they had roster space for. During the summer practice sessions, the teams in question would cut the players well after signing day thus preventing the cut players from finding new colleges to play for. Dodd appealed the SEC administration to punish the "tryout camps" of his fellow SEC members but the SEC did not. Finally, Dodd withdrew Georgia Tech from the SEC in 1964.[34] Tech would remain an independent like Notre Dame and Penn State (at the time) during the final four years of Dodd's coaching tenure. In 1967, Dodd passed the head coach position to his favorite coordinator, Bud Carson. Dodd simply retained his athletic director position, which he had acquired in 1950. He would not retire from athletic directing until 1976.

text: Coaching in Dodd's shadow: 1967–1986[edit]

text: Bud Carson was Tech's defensive coordinator in 1966. His job was to appease the Tech fan base Bobby Dodd had accumulated. Carson was not the charismatic leader like Dodd but rather a strategy man that enjoyed intense game planning. Carson's most notable achievements included recruiting Tech's first ever African American scholarship athlete and being the first Tech head coach to be fired.

text: Carson recruited Eddie McAshan to play quarterback in 1970.[35] After several Summer practices, McAshan won the starting quarterback job and became the first African American quarterback to start for a major Southeastern university.[35] This decision initially polarized Georgia Tech's fan base, but after winning his first 4 starts and leading Tech to a 9–3 season after three straight 4–6 seasons, McAshan won the hearts of the Tech faithful. McAshan's besting of UGA in the annual rivalry game made McAshan a fixture on campus. The following season, however, led to Carson's demise. In 1971, Tech went 6–6 and a fan base used to Bobby Dodd's 8 wins per season average forced Carson out by James E. Boyd's hand. Carson went on to form the Steel Curtain Pittsburgh Steelers defense.

text: Bill Fulcher supplanted Bud Carson. Fulcher appeared to be the right choice but quit after two seasons, overwhelmed by racial incidents. Fulcher's tenure included a terrible feud with Eddie McAshan, which peaked before the 1972 UGA game. McAshan had requested additional tickets for the game so that his family could attend. Fulcher refused the ticket request and McAshan sat out of practice in protest.[35] Fulcher responded by suspending the quarterback for the UGA game and the upcoming Liberty Bowl. The story exploded on the national scene when Jesse Jackson attended the UGA game, allowing McAshan to sit with him outside of the stadium in protest.[35]

text: Pepper Rodgers was hired soon after Fulcher quit. Rodgers was hired away from the UCLA Bruins and like Carson and Fulcher, simply could not return Tech to its national prominence of Dodd's era, and after six seasons, Rodgers had accumulated only 34 wins and barely a 50% winning percentage.[36] Rodgers flamboyant demeanor shortened his welcome at the school, and Athletic Director Doug Weaver, replaced him with Bill Curry. Homer Rice became Athletic Director, and attempted to reinvigorate Tech's program by joining the Atlantic Coast Conference in 1980.

text: Curry had no experience as a head coach, but was a refreshing change after the flamboyant Rodgers. Curry's early years saw Tech reach its lowest point in modern history. His first two Tech teams from 1980–1981 went 2-19-1, with the only bright spots being a brilliant 24-21 victory over Bear Bryant's Alabama team at Legion Field to open the 1981 season and a 3-3 slug fest in 1980 with then No.1 rated Notre Dame at Grant Field. Things had gotten so bad, they could only get better.[37] He slowly rebuilt the team, restored a winning mentality to the Georgia Tech fan base, and in 1985 Tech won 9 games, including a 17-14 victory over Michigan State in the All American Bowl.

text: Tech's 1984–1985 teams featured the "Black Watch" defense. The Black Watch defense was created by defensive coordinator Don Lindsey and featured linebackers Ted Roof and Jim Anderson, safety Mark Hogan, and lineman Pat Swilling.[38][39] The elite defensive players were awarded black stripes down the center of their helmets and black GT emblems on the side of their helmets.[39] Curry's leadership and ability to build a winning program sparked interest from the Crimson Tide and Alabama hired Curry away from Tech in 1986. After Curry's departure, Tech hired the talented Maryland Terrapins Coach Bobby Ross, who departed a Maryland athletic program in turmoil after the Len Bias tragedy.

text: Old gold gets new shine: 1987–1991[edit]

text: Bobby Ross came from Maryland after winning three ACC titles over four years. Ross' first season at Tech experienced a severe talent vacuum after Curry's departure, and the players Ross inherited resisted the changes he demanded. The team only won two games, and Ross contemplated ending his coaching career after a humbling loss to Wake Forest in 1987. Ross decided to remain at Tech and continued to rebuild Tech's program. The turning point came in 1989 with the recruitment of Shawn Jones and several other key freshman. After two seasons and only five total wins, Jones helped the Jackets rebound at the end of the 1989 season.[40]

text: In Jones' sophomore season, Tech powered through their schedule and won the ACC. The four game unbeaten streak in 1989 extended all the way through 1990 and into the 1991 Citrus Bowl. The key victory in the streak was a huge 41-38 come from behind upset victory over then No.1 ranked Virginia in Charlottesville before a nationwide TV audience. Tech demolished Nebraska 45–21 in the 1991 Citrus Bowl, finishing the season 11–0–1, and earning a share of the 1990 National Title with the Colorado Buffaloes.[41][42]

text: Tech's winning streak ended against Penn State in the 1991 Kick Off Classic. Ross and Jones never replicated that 1990 season but managed to win 8 games in 1991 making Shawn Jones one of the most heralded quarterbacks in Tech history. Ross was offered a head coach position after the 1991 season for the San Diego Chargers, which he took.[43] After first considering Ross assistant coaches, Ralph Friedgen and George O'Leary, Tech hired Bill Lewis away from East Carolina soon after Ross' departure.

text: Controversies and Heisman contention: 1992–2001[edit]

text: When Lewis was hired, the Tech faithful hoped he would continue to build on Ross' success. He had just led East Carolina to an 11-1 record and a final ranking of ninth in the nation. However, Lewis' first season at Tech in 1992 saw the Jackets collapse to only a 5-6 record just two years removed from a national championship. Preseason All-American Shawn Jones suffered from nagging injuries, leaving Tech's offense inept. After Jones' fourth year ran out, redshirt freshman Donnie Davis stepped in to fill his shoes in 1993, which saw another 5-6 season. In just two years, Lewis had completely squandered the successful momentum established by Bobby Ross.

text: During the Summer of '94, George O'Leary was rehired as defensive coordinator. With Davis injured in spring practice, Lewis recruited Tom Luginbill as his replacement. Luginbill was a proficient passer at Palomar College, a junior college in California, and his first two games in 1994 showed promise. Tech almost upset Arizona who was projected as the No. 1 team in the nation by Sports Illustrated and won 45-26 over Western Carolina. However, Tech lost its next six games before Lewis was fired with three games remaining in the season. O'Leary was named interim coach for the rest of the season. They lost their final three games, including a 48-10 drubbing at the hands of Georgia. Despite this, Tech dropped the "interim" tag from O'Leary's title and named him head coach in 1995. O'Leary's first season saw Senior Donnie Davis return as starter and Tech won 6 games. O'Leary's second season saw the emergence of Joe Hamilton as starter when Brandon Shaw struggled in his first two starts. Hamilton would eventually lead the Jackets back to bowl contention and Tech attended its first bowl in six years, the 1997 Carquest Bowl.

text: Hamilton's prowess as a runner and passer thrilled the Georgia Tech fans. Offensive coordinator Ralph Friedgen utilized a complex offense with Hamilton that featured option football mixed in with complex timing routes. Hamilton racked up yardage, touchdowns, and wins for Tech. In 1998, Hamilton and Tech's high powered offense won 10 games and a season ending victory over Notre Dame in the Gator Bowl. Hamilton's senior year put him on the national stage. He was a leading candidate for the Heisman Trophy against rushing phenomenon Ron Dayne. Hamilton passed for over 3,000 yards and rushed for over 700 yards.[44] But while Hamilton dazzled, the Georgia Tech defense was a liability (they allowed around 28 points per game), and may have ultimately cost Hamilton the 1999 Heisman Trophy. In a late-season, nationally televised game against Wake Forest, Tech gave up 26 points and Hamilton threw two interceptions and no touchdowns. As an indirect result, Dayne went on to win the Heisman (Joe was runner-up). Hamilton's Georgia Tech career ended on a sour note in the 2000 Gator Bowl against the Miami, where the Jackets lost 28–13.[45] The following season, redshirt junior George Godsey, a more traditional pocket passer, succeeded Hamilton at the helm of Tech's powerful offense. The drop-off was minimal—Godsey continued where Hamilton left off, winning 9 games in 2000 and 8 games in 2001. In 2000, Godsey also led Tech to their third straight victory over the archival Georgia Bulldogs.[46]

text: The end of the 2001 season saw George O'Leary entertain a coaching offer from Notre Dame after Bob Davie announced resignation as Irish head coach. O'Leary was eventually awarded the position, but it was revoked shortly thereafter when Notre Dame discovered that O'Leary had fabricated several aspects of his resume. He claimed to have played three years for the University of New Hampshire and to have attained a master's degree from New York University; in actuality, he had attended NYU but did not graduate, and he never played a down of New Hampshire football.[47][48] Following O'Leary's departure, Mac McWhorter was named interim head coach for Georgia Tech's bowl game, a victory over Stanford in the 2002 Seattle Bowl. The following spring, Chan Gailey was hired to replace O'Leary as Georgia Tech's head coach.

text: Great upsets, upsetting losses, and a termination: 2002–2007[edit]

text: Chan Gailey came to Georgia Tech in 2002 after head coaching stints with the Dallas Cowboys, Samford Bulldogs, and Troy Trojans. Gailey's first team in 2002 managed to win seven games under the quarterbacking of A.J. Suggs. The most notable game of the 2002 season was an upset of National Title Contender North Carolina State. Georgia Tech rallied in the fourth quarter to upset NC State and end Philip Rivers's Heisman Trophy hopes. In 2003, eleven Georgia Tech players were found academically ineligible.[49] Despite the academic losses and the playing of true freshman Reggie Ball, Gailey would lead Tech to a seven-win season and humiliation of Tulsa in the Humanitarian Bowl. P.J. Daniels racked up over 300 yards rushing in the effort.

text: 2004 and 2005 saw Georgia Tech improve talent and skill wise but Tech won seven games again. Star Calvin Johnson arrived as a true freshman in 2004. His performance against Clemson in 2004 helped cement Johnson's place in the annals of all-time Tech greats. Two off-the-field problems affected the Yellow Jackets' 2005 season. First, Reuben Houston, a starting cornerback, was arrested for possession of over one hundred pounds of marijuana. Houston was dismissed from the football team immediately following this arrest but a later court order forced Coach Gailey to allow Houston to return to the team. Houston would see little playing time following the court order.[50][51]

text: At the end of the 2005 season, an NCAA investigation found that eleven ineligible players had played for the Yellow Jackets between the 1998 and 2005 seasons.[52] These players played while not making progress towards graduation on the NCAA-approved schedule. The football victories for that season were initially revoked, and Georgia Tech was put on two years of NCAA probation. Twelve football scholarships were stricken from Georgia Tech's allotment for the 2006 and 2007 freshman classes.[53] The Georgia Tech Athletic Department appealed this decision by the NCAA, and the records were restored but scholarship reductions and probation remained.[54] Athletic Director Dave Braine retired in January 2006, and Dan Radakovich was hired as Athletic Director.

text: Gailey's most successful year at Georgia Tech was in 2006 with nine victories and the ACC Coastal Division championship. The Yellow Jackets football team reached its first New Year's Bowl since the 1999 Gator Bowl and played the West Virginia Mountaineers in the Gator Bowl. Tashard Choice led the ACC in rushing yards and Calvin Johnson led the ACC in receptions and receiving yardage. After an impressive 33-3 victory at Notre Dame to open the 2007 season, the team slid to finish 7-6. On the morning of Monday, November 26, 2007, Gailey was fired from the Yellow Jackets, two days after another heartbreaking loss to the University of Georgia.[55]

text: The Yellow Jackets' Athletic Department hired Paul Johnson, then the head coach at Navy and former Georgia Southern head coach, as Gailey's replacement on December 7, 2007.[56]

text: Paul Johnson era: 2008–present[edit]

text: On Friday, December 7, 2007, less than two weeks after Georgia Tech announced the firing of Chan Gailey, Paul Johnson was announced as the new Georgia Tech head football coach.[56] Johnson was hired under a seven-year contract worth more than $11 million. Johnson immediately began installing his unique flexbone option offense at Georgia Tech.[57] By the regular season's end, Johnson had led the Yellow Jackets to a 9–3 record including an ACC Coastal Division Co-Championship and a 45–42 win in Athens, Georgia over arch-rival UGA, Tech's first win against the Bulldogs since 2000.[58] In recognition of his accomplishments in his first season, Johnson was named 2008 ACC Coach of the Year by the Atlantic Coast Sports Media Association as well as the CBSSports.com coach of the year.[59][60]

text: Several weeks after Johnson's defeat of rival Georgia, Georgia Tech rewarded Johnson with a new contract worth $17.7 million, a 53% raise that made him the second highest paid coach in the ACC before he had even completed his first year in the conference.[61] In 2009, Johnson led the Yellow Jackets to their first win over Florida State in Tallahassee in school history, a 49-44 shootout that featured over 1000 total yards between the two teams. One week later, Johnson defeated No. 4 Virginia Tech 28-23 at Bobby Dodd Stadium. The win broke an 0–17 losing streak to top five opponents at Grant Field in the past 47 years. On October 24, 2009, Johnson led the Yellow Jackets to their first win against the Virginia Cavaliers in Charlottesville, Virginia since 1990. At Duke University Johnson and his team clinched the ACC Coastal Division for the first time since 2006. Still, Johnson and company could not win their second game in a row over hated Georgia as the Bulldogs upset Tech 30–24 in the final home game of the season in 2009. On December 5 the Jackets defeated the Clemson Tigers to make them ACC champions, a title that would be vacated on July 14, 2011 due to NCAA infractions. The Yellow Jackets went on to lose to Iowa in the Orange Bowl, 24-14.

text: Georgia Tech had another significant win over the Clemson Tigers on October 29, 2011 at Bobby Dodd Stadium. Clemson was ranked nationally No. 5 at the time, and the Tigers suffered their first defeat of the season at the hands of the Yellow Jackets. Tevin Washington led the Yellow Jackets to a 31–17 upset victory by rushing for 176 yards on 27 carries and a touchdown, which was the most rushing yards ever by a Georgia Tech quarterback. In addition, Clemson's offense was almost completely shutdown by Georgia Tech's defense in the first half, and the Tigers were plagued by turnovers, which contributed to the win for the Yellow Jackets.[62]

text: In 2012, Georgia Tech was declared the winner of the ACC Coastal Division on November 19, 2012. Georgia Tech clinched the Coastal Division by beating Duke 42–24 and finished with 5-3 league record. Georgia Tech played against Florida State in the 2012 ACC Championship Game on December 1 in Charlotte, which was coach Paul Johnson's second appearance in the title game. The Yellow Jackets lost to the Seminoles 21–15.[63][64][65]

text: The 2014 Yellow Jackets, despite being predicted to finish 5th in Coastal Division by ESPN, garnered a 10-2 regular season record (6-2 ACC),[66] including wins over then No. 19 Clemson and No. 9 Georgia to finish the regular season ranked No. 11 by the College Football Playoff Committee. The highlight of the season came when Georgia Tech defeated the Bulldogs in Athens in an overtime game that featured numerous swings in momentum. After a couple of controversial calls that gave UGA the advantage, the Rambling Wreck fought back, staying with the Bulldogs. With 18 seconds left, the Yellow Jackets delivered 30-yard drive that ended up with Harrison Butker's 53-yard field goal sending the game into overtime. After a 1-yard rushing touchdown by Georgia Tech RB Zack Laskey, the win was clinched by the Jackets when cornerback D.J. White intercepted UGA quarterback, Hutson Mason.[67] Georgia Tech won the Atlantic Coast Conference Coastal Division and met No. 4 Florida State in the 2014 ACC Championship Game in Charlotte, North Carolina, losing 37-35.[68] The 2014 appearance marked Georgia Tech's third ACC Championship Game in seven seasons under Paul Johnson. With the advent of the College Football Playoff, Florida State was chosen in the top four (ranked No. 3), under which circumstance the Orange Bowl selected Georgia Tech, now ranked No. 12, as its replacement to face the No. 7 Mississippi State Bulldogs on December 31, 2014.[69] In the orange bowl game, Justin Thomas led the Jackets to a dominating 49-34 win over No. 7 Mississippi State. The Yellow Jackets finished the season 11–3, No. 8 in AP poll and No. 7 in the American Coaches Poll.

text: The 2015 season showed the Yellow Jackets a 3-9 record, after numerous injuries throughout the entire year. Their only notable win was a 22-16 upset over #9 Florida State on Tech’s Homecoming Night. As time expired, the Yellow Jackets blocked an attempted field goal by Florida State Kicker Roberto Aguayo, which was picked up by Lance Austin, who returned it for the game-winning touchdown. This year marked the first year since 1996 that Georgia Tech did not make a bowl appearance.

text: The next year, 2016, marked a bounce-back season, with the Yellow Jackets, led by team captain Justin Thomas, posting a 9-4 record, including a win over Kentucky in the TaxSlayer Bowl. 2016 also saw a 28-27 victory over Georgia in Athens. The win came after a 14-point comeback in the 4th quarter, which was topped off by a 6-yard TD rush on third down by Qua Searcy, with 30 seconds left in the game.

text: In 2017, the Yellow Jackets took a step back, finishing 5-6 (4-4 ACC) with close losses to Tennessee (42-41 in 2OT) and at Miami (25-24). A second-half collapse against Georgia ended Tech's chances for a bowl game.

text: Championships[edit]

text: Georgia Tech Yellow Jacket football has been ranked as the 18th most prestigious college football program in American history by ESPN U.[70]

text: National championships[edit]

text:
Season
Coach
Selectors
Record
Bowl

1917
John Heisman
National Championship Foundation, Helms Athletic Foundation, Houlgate
9–0
–

1928
William Alexander
National Championship Foundation, Helms Athletic Foundation, Houlgate
10–0
Won Rose Bowl

1952
Bobby Dodd
Berryman, INS, Poling
12–0
Won Sugar Bowl

1990
Bobby Ross
UPI Coaches'
11–0–1
Won Citrus Bowl

National Championships
4

tag: table

text: Conference championships[edit]

text: Georgia Tech has won sixteen conference championships, nine outright and seven shared.

text:
Year
Conference
Coach
Overall record
Conference record

1916
SIAA
John Heisman
8–0–1
5–0

1917
9–0
4–0

1918
6–1
3–0

1920†
William Alexander
8–1
5–0

1921†
8–1
4–0

1922†
Southern
7–2
4–0

1927†
8–1–1
7–0–1

1928
10–0
7–0

1939†
SEC
8–2
6–0

1943
8–3
3–0

1944
8–3
4–0

1951†
Bobby Dodd
11–0–1
7–0

1952
12–0
7–0

1990
ACC
Bobby Ross
11–0–1
6–0–1

1998†
George O'Leary
10–2
7–1

2009
Paul Johnson
11–3
7–1

† Denotes co-champions

text: Divisional championships[edit]

text: Georgia Tech has won five division championships, with four of those leading to an appearance in the ACC Championship Game.

text:
Year
Division
Coach
Opponent
Result

2006
ACC Coastal
Chan Gailey
Wake Forest
L 6–9

2008†
Paul Johnson
—
—

2009
Clemson
W 39–34

2012†
Florida State
L 15–21

2014
Florida State
L 35–37

† Denotes co-champions

text: Bowl games[edit]

text: Georgia Tech has appeared in 41 bowl games and ranks ninth in all time bowl wins with 23.[71] Georgia Tech's first four bowl game appearances, the Rose Bowl (1929), Orange Bowl (1940), Cotton Bowl Classic (1943), and Sugar Bowl (1944), marked the first time a team had competed in all four of the Major Bowl Games.[72]

text:
W/L/T
Date
Bowl
Opponent
Points for
Points against

W
January 1, 1929
Rose Bowl
California
8
7

W
January 1, 1940
Orange Bowl
Missouri
21
7

L
January 1, 1943
Cotton Bowl Classic
Texas
7
14

W
January 1, 1944
Sugar Bowl
Tulsa
20
18

L
January 1, 1945
Orange Bowl
Tulsa
12
26

W
January 1, 1947
Oil Bowl
Saint Mary's (CA)
41
19

W
January 1, 1948
Orange Bowl
Kansas
20
14

W
January 1, 1952
Orange Bowl
Baylor
17
14

W
January 1, 1953
Sugar Bowl
Ole Miss
24
7

W
January 1, 1954
Sugar Bowl
West Virginia
42
19

W
January 1, 1955
Cotton Bowl Classic
Arkansas
14
6

W
February 1, 1956
Sugar Bowl
Pittsburgh
7
0

W
Dec 29, 1956
Gator Bowl
Pittsburgh
21
14

L
February 1, 1960
Gator Bowl
Arkansas
7
14

L
Dec 30, 1961
Gator Bowl
Penn State
15
30

L
Dec 22, 1962
Bluebonnet Bowl
Missouri
10
14

W
Dec 22, 1965
Gator Bowl
Texas Tech
31
21

L
February 1, 1967
Orange Bowl
Florida
12
27

W
Dec 19, 1970
Sun Bowl
Texas Tech
17
9

L
Dec 30, 1971
Peach Bowl
Ole Miss
18
41

W
Dec 18, 1972
Liberty Bowl
Iowa State
31
30

L
Dec 25, 1978
Peach Bowl
Purdue
21
41

W
Dec 31, 1985
Hall of Fame Classic
Michigan State
17
14

W
January 1, 1991
Florida Citrus Bowl
Nebraska
45
21

W
Dec 25, 1991
Aloha Bowl
Stanford
18
17

W
Dec 29, 1997
Carquest Bowl
West Virginia
35
30

W
January 1, 1999
Gator Bowl
Notre Dame
35
28

L
January 1, 2000
Gator Bowl
Miami
13
28

L
Dec 29, 2000
Peach Bowl
LSU
14
28

W
Dec 27, 2001
Seattle Bowl
Stanford
24
14

L
Dec 31, 2002
Silicon Valley Football Classic
Fresno State
21
30

W
March 1, 2004
Humanitarian Bowl
Tulsa
52
10

W
Dec 21, 2004
Champs Sports Bowl
Syracuse
51
14

L
Dec 29, 2005
Emerald Bowl
Utah
10
38

L
January 1, 2007
Gator Bowl
West Virginia
35
38

L
Dec 31, 2007
Humanitarian Bowl
Fresno State
28
40

L
Dec 31, 2008
Chick-fil-A Bowl
LSU
3
38

L
May 1, 2010
Orange Bowl
Iowa
14
24

L
Dec 27, 2010
Independence Bowl
Air Force
7
14

L
Dec 31, 2011
Sun Bowl
Utah
27
30

W
Dec 31, 2012
Sun Bowl
USC
21
7

L
Dec 30, 2013
Music City Bowl
Ole Miss
17
25

W
Dec 31, 2014
Orange Bowl
Mississippi State
49
34

W
Dec 31, 2016
TaxSlayer Bowl
Kentucky
33
18

text: Home stadium[edit]

text: The Yellow Jackets play their home games at Bobby Dodd Stadium at Historic Grant Field in Atlanta, Georgia. Upon his hiring in 1904, John Heisman insisted that the Institute acquire its own football field. Grant Field was constructed to appease Heisman as well as bring a true home field advantage to Tech football.[73]

text: From 1893–1912, the team used area parks such as Brisbane Park, Ponce de Leon Park, and Piedmont Park as the home field.[74] Georgia Tech took out a seven-year lease on what is now the southern end of Grant Field, although the land was not adequate for sports, due to its unleveled, rocky nature. In 1905, Heisman had 300 convict laborers clear rocks, remove tree stumps, and level out the field for play; Tech students then built a grandstand on the property. The land was purchased by 1913, and John W. Grant donated $15,000 towards the construction of the field's first permanent stands; the field was named Grant Field in honor of the donor's deceased son, Hugh Inman Grant.[74][75]

text: The stadium now sits amongst a unique urban skyline and is the oldest Division I FBS football stadium. In fact, the only Division I stadiums older are Franklin Field at the University of Pennsylvania and Harvard Stadium.[76] Grant Field was natural grass until 1971. The astroturf was replaced by grass in 1995.[73] The stadium officially holds 55,000 but has held up to 56,412 in 2005[77] and 56,680 in 2006.[78]

text: Logos and uniforms[edit]

text: The interlocking GT logo was created in 1967 at the request of Bobby Dodd. One of the varsity players was asked to design a logo for the helmets. Several variations of the design were submitted, including a yellow jacket design. The yellow jacket was not submitted because to make the insect look mean it would have to be stinging and therefore flying backwards. The interlocking GT was selected during the summer of 1967 and formalized into decals for the helmets. Over the years it became the official logo for Georgia Tech Athletics.[79]

text: When head coach Paul Johnson was hired in 2008, the Yellow Jackets adopted a new uniform style. One year later, the uniforms were altered to change the yellow to gold. A year after that, the uniforms were altered again. This time, the team adopted separate white uniforms for both home and away games, while retaining the previous styles' navy and gold jerseys for occasions when the Yellow Jackets could not wear white at home.

text: Rivalries[edit]

text:
Georgia – Georgia Tech's fight songs and cheers are tailored to belittle the University of Georgia Bulldogs, and the perennial catch-phrase for Georgia Tech fans for many decades has been "To Hell with Georgia". Georgia Tech and the Univ. of Georgia have played each other in football over 100 times (and hundreds more times in basketball, baseball, track and field, tennis, etc.) and this rivalry has become known as Clean, Old-Fashioned Hate. The annual football game is by far the most important game on the schedule for most Georgia Tech sports fans. The winner of this game takes home the Georgia State Governor's Cup. Georgia Tech trails Georgia in the all-time series 64-41-5.
Auburn Tigers – The Yellow Jackets have played the Auburn University Tigers more than 90 times in football, and the series of football games between the two is the second-oldest in the Southeast. Auburn Univ. or A.P.I. is by far Georgia Tech's second-most-often played opponent in football.[80] The rivalry is also intense in basketball, baseball, etc.

text: Clemson Tigers – The Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets and the Clemson Tigers have the fourth-most-played series in Georgia Tech football history. Clemson is Tech's closest opponent, geographically, in the Atlantic Coast Conference. Also, in the ACC's new two-division arrangement, each team has one football opponent in the opposite division which has been selected as the two teams' official cross-division rival that they play every year. The Yellow Jackets and the Clemson Tigers are one of these six pairs.[81] In addition to their geographical closeness and the Heisman connection, the Georgia Tech – Clemson pairing is also a logical one because of both schools' long history in engineering, technology, and science education. Recently, the game has become known for last-minute, extremely close finishes. From 1996 to 2001, each of the six games was decided by exactly three points.

text:
Notre Dame – The Georgia Tech-Notre Dame Fighting Irish football rivalry is infamous more for atrocious off-the-field behavior, rather than the actual games. Georgia Tech fans pelted the Notre Dame players, coaches, and visiting fans with fish and liquor bottles during the games played at Bobby Dodd Stadium during the 1960s and 1970s.[83] One of the more noteworthy games was the 1980 3–3 slug fest at Grant Field during Bill Curry's first season, when then No.1 ranked Notre Dame left Grant Field with its hopes for a national championship in ruins, and once again the visitors were pelted with fish. The football game in 1975 was made famous nationwide in the movie Rudy, in which the Notre Dame player Rudy Ruettiger tackles the Georgia Tech quarterback Rudy Allen. Georgia Tech trails Notre Dame in the all-time series 27–6–1. The rivalry was reinstated in 2015 as part of the agreement by which Notre Dame joined the Atlantic Coast Conference for non-football sports, which calls for the Irish to play five football games each season against ACC teams and play each other ACC member at least once every three years. The next game under the current deal is expected to be in 2018.
Virginia Tech- The Georgia Tech – Virginia Tech (V.P.I. – Virginia Polytechnic Institute) rivalry has grown considerably since Virginia Tech entered the ACC. In previous years, the teams played infrequently. The intra-conference game has often seen both teams ranked and the outcome has played a key part in determining the winner of the ACC Coastal Division. Since the ACC switched to Division format in 2005, the winner of this game has gone on to win the Coastal Division all but once, with VT winning six times and GT winning four times.[84] Dubbed the Battle of the Techs, the game has seen some very close, very intense match-ups.[85]
Tennessee– Georgia Tech and Tennessee haven't met since 1987 but have scheduled a labor day game in Atlanta in 2017 that will renew the rivalry between the two.[86] When Georgia Tech was part of the Southeastern Conference they played annually. After Georgia Tech left the SEC in 1964, the teams still met until 1987.

text: Traditions[edit]

text:
Colors – Georgia Tech football features old gold and white uniforms with old gold helmets. Navy blue and black have been used as alternate jerseys. In 2006, Georgia Tech featured a throwback jersey based on Bud Carson-era uniforms. The jerseys were mustard gold and the helmets were white.
Songs – The fight songs for Georgia Tech are "Ramblin' Wreck from Georgia Tech" and "Up With the White and Gold". If Georgia Tech scores a touchdown, then both songs are played. If Georgia Tech only kicks a field goal, "Ramblin' Wreck" is played. For some big plays, a shortened version of either song is played.
Nicknames – Georgia Tech football teams have had several nicknames over the years including the "Blacksmiths", the "Engineers", the "Golden Tornado", or just the "Techs". Officially, the teams are called the "Yellow Jackets" or the "Ramblin' Wreck".
Mascots – The "Ramblin' Wreck" and the yellow jacket "Buzz" are the mascots of Georgia Tech football. The "Ramblin' Wreck" is a 1930 Ford Model A Sports Coupe, and it has led the football team on to Grant Field every game since September 30, 1961.[87] "Buzz" began pacing the sidelines of Grant Field as a mischievous anthropomorphized yellow jacket during the 1970s.[88] "Buzz" was ranked the number three top mascot in all of college football by "America's Best" and the "Top Ten" Web site.[89]
Yellow Jacket Alley – "Yellow Jacket Alley" is an event staged before every game. It is a players' walk in which the team and coaches walk from the buses to the stadium, and the fans surround and cheer the walking players.[90]
Steam Whistle – An industrial steam whistle has been present on Georgia Tech's campus ever since the early industrial shop years. It typically was blown for the change of classes at five minutes before the hour. On football game days, the whistle is blown after every Yellow Jackets' score, and again after every Yellow Jackets' victory.[91]
Student Section – The student sections for the Yellow Jackets' home football games are primarily located in the North and South End Zones of Grant Field. Until the 2011 season, Flash Card displays were performed by the student section every football season since 1957. A semi-official student cheering section called the "Swarm" is located in the North End Zone adjacent to the marching band. The Swarm began in 1996.[92]
RAT Caps - Incoming Georgia Tech freshmen are referred to as RATs, which stands for Recruits At Tech, although in recent years the Student Government has begun incorrectly using Recently Acquired Tech Students. A RAT is encouraged to wear the gold colored beanie caps with the front bill worn turned up and bearing the students name, hometown, major, class year and the letters "RAT". A RAT should record the scores of each football game on the sides of their RAT Cap, written right side up for victories, upside down for losses, and sideways for ties. A RAT should write the "Good Word" on their caps: "To HELL with georgia". It is the responsibility of a RAT to know the fight songs, the Alma Mater, all of the cheers and the "Good Word". Before ACC conference regulations prohibited the practice, upperclassmen ordered "RATs on the field" before each home game, and RATs would line up in the end zone along both sides of the entry way from the locker room forming an alley way for the Ramblin' Wreck to drive through leading the team out onto the field. The ACC forced an end to this tradition after the 1980 season. The RAT cap tradition is most strictly observed by members of the marching band.
Marching Band - Even though Georgia Tech is a high-ranking Institute of Technology, and not a college of the arts and humanities, it still fields a 300+ member marching band at all home football games and Bowl Games. A smaller Pep Band attends road games which the full band doesn't attend. Among other songs, the Yellow Jacket Marching Band always plays the Georgia Tech fight songs and the Alma Mater, and in addition, it plays "When You Say Budweiser, You've Said It All" at the completion of the third quarter.

text: Individual achievements[edit]

text: Heisman Trophy finalists[edit]

text: Georgia Tech has had several players receive votes in the Heisman Trophy balloting. Eddie Prokop finished fifth in the 1943 Heisman voting,[93] Lenny Snow finished 14th in the 1966 voting,[94] Eddie Lee Ivery finished 8th in the 1978 voting,[95] and Calvin Johnson finished 10th in the 2006 voting.[96] Billy Lothridge is the only Tech player to receive votes in multiple years. He was 8th in 1962 and runner-up in 1963.[94] Clint Castleberry was the only freshman in the history of the Heisman to finish as high as third until Herschel Walker's third-place finish in 1980.[97] Castleberry and Walker, however, were both surpassed in 2004 by true freshman Adrian Peterson's Heisman runner-up season. Joe Hamilton tied Lothridge's runner-up status in 1999.[98]

text:
Player
Position
Year
Finish

Clint Castleberry
HB
1942
3rd

Eddie Prokop
QB
1943
5th

Billy Lothridge
QB
1963
2nd

Joe Hamilton
QB
1999
2nd

text: All-Americans[edit]

text: Georgia Tech has fielded 50 First Team All-Americans. The first All-Americans at Tech were Walker Carpenter and Everett Strupper in 1917 while the most recent were Durant Brooks in 2007,[99] Michael Johnson in 2008, and Derrick Morgan in 2009, and Shaquille Mason in 2014.

text:
[show]Name
Position
Selected
Hometown

Maxie Baughan
C
1959
Bessemer, Alabama

Ray Beck
G
1951
Cedartown, Georgia

Don Bessillieu
DB
1978
Decatur, Georgia

Jim Breland
C
1966
Blacksburg, Virginia

George Broadnax
E
1948
Atlanta

Durant Brooks
P
2007
Macon, Georgia

Chris Brown
T
2000
Augusta, Georgia

Pete Brown
OC
1952
Rossville, Georgia

Gerry Bussell
DB
1964
Jacksonville, Florida

Walker Carpenter
T
1917
Newnan, Georgia

Marco Coleman
OLB
1990
Dayton, Ohio

Bobby Davis
T
1947
Columbus, Georgia

John Davis
T
1985
Ellijay, Georgia

A.M. Day
C
1918
-

Paul Duke
C
1946
Atlanta

Bill Fincher
E
1918, 1920
-

Smylie Gebhart
DE
1971
Meridian, Mississippi

Rufus Guthrie
G
1962
Atlanta

Joe Guyon
T, HB
1918
White Earth, Minnesota

Joe Hamilton
QB
1999
Alvin, South Carolina

Leon Hardeman
HB
1952
LaFayette, Georgia

Harvey Hardy
G
1942
Marion, Alabama

Bill Healy
DG
1948
-

Robert Ison
E
1939
-

Calvin Johnson
WR
2005, 2006
Tyrone, Georgia

Michael Johnson
DE
2008
Selma, Alabama

Billy Lothridge
QB
1963
Gainesville, Georgia

Billy Martin
E
1963
Gainesville, Georgia

Buck Martin
E
1952
Haleyville, Alabama

Shaquille Mason
OG
2014
Columbia, Tennessee

Hal Miller
OT
1952
Kingsport, Tennessee

Warner Mizell
HB
1928
-

Derrick Morgan
DE
2009
Coatesville, Pennsylvania

Bobby Moorhead
DB
1952
Miami, Florida

George Morris
LB
1952
Vicksburg, Mississippi

Larry Morris
C
1953
Decatur, Georgia

Craig Page
C
1998
Jupiter, Florida

Rock Perdoni
DT
1970
Wellesley, Massachusetts

Peter Pund
C
1928
Augusta, Georgia

Randy Rhino
DB
1972
Charlotte, North Carolina

Coleman Rudolph
DT
1992
Valdosta, Georgia

Lucius Sanford
LB
1977
Atlanta

Scott Sisson
K
1992
Marietta, Georgia

Lenny Snow
TB
1966
Daytona Beach, Florida

Frank Speer
T
1928
Atlanta

John Steber
G
1943
-

Don Stephenson
C
1956
Bessemer, Alabama

Everett Strupper
HB
1917
Columbus, Georgia

Ken Swilling
FS
1990
Toccoa, Georgia

Pat Swilling
DE
1985
Toccoa, Georgia

Phil Tinsley
E
1944
Bessemer, Alabama

Lamar Wheat
DT
1951
Chattanooga, Tennessee

text: Position award winners[edit]

text: Three Georgia Tech players have been awarded the highest collegiate award possible for their position. Joe Hamilton won the Davey O'Brien Award after his senior season in 1999, Calvin Johnson won the Fred Biletnikoff Award after his junior season in 2006, and Durant Brooks won the Ray Guy Award in 2007. Hamilton and Johnson were the only Tech players to be named ACC Player of the Year until Jonathan Dwyer received the honor in 2008.[100]

text:
Name
Award
Year

Joe Hamilton
O'Brien
1999

Calvin Johnson
Biletnikoff
2006

Durant Brooks
Ray Guy
2007

text: Post-collegiate accolades[edit]

text: Georgia Tech has had three coaches and fourteen players inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame just down the street in Atlanta.[101][102] Coaches Heisman, Alexander, and Dodd were inducted in the 1954, 1951, and 1993 classes respectively.

text:
Name
Position
Played
Inducted

Maxie Baughan
C
1957–1959
1988

Ray Beck
G
1948–1951
1997

Bobby Davis
T
1944–1947
1978

Bill Fincher
E, T
1916–1920
1974

Buck Flowers
HB
1918–1920
1955

Joe Guyon
HB, T
1917–1918
1971

Joe Hamilton
QB
1996–1999
2014

Calvin Johnson
WR
2004-2006
2018

George Morris
C
1950–1952
1981

Larry Morris
C
1951–1954
1992

Peter Pund
C
1926–1928
1963

Randy Rhino
S
1972–1974
2002

Everett Strupper
HB
1915–1917
1972

Pat Swilling
DE
1982–1985
2009

text: Georgia Tech has over 150 alumni that have played in the National Football League.[103] Tech has had ten players selected in the first round of the NFL draft since its inception in 1937.[104] The first Georgia Tech player ever to be drafted was Middleton Fitzsimmons in 1937. He was drafted 2nd in the 10th round by the Chicago Bears.[105] The first Tech player selected in the first round was Eddie Prokop in 1945 and the most recent first round Yellow Jackets were Demaryius Thomas and Derrick Morgan in 2010.[104]

text:
Name
Position
Year
Overall Pick
Team

Derrick Morgan
DE
2010
16th
Tennessee Titans

Demaryius Thomas
WR
2010
22nd
Denver Broncos

Calvin Johnson
WR
2007
2nd
Detroit Lions

Keith Brooking
LB
1998
12th
Atlanta Falcons

Marco Coleman
DE
1992
12th
Miami Dolphins

Eddie Lee Ivery
RB
1979
15th
Green Bay Packers

Kent Hill
OG
1979
26th
L.A. Rams

Rufus Guthrie
OG
1963
10th
L.A. Rams

Larry Morris
LB
1955
7th
L.A. Rams

Eddie Prokop
QB
1945
4th
Boston Yanks

text: Two Yellow Jackets have been inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame.[106] Joe Guyon played professional football from 1920–1927. Guyon was a collegiate teammate of Jim Thorpe at Carlisle Indian Industrial School before transferring to Georgia Tech. His playing career began with the Canton Bulldogs and finished with the New York Giants. He was inducted into the Hall of Fame in the class of 1966.[107] Billy Shaw played professional football for the Buffalo Bills from 1961–1969. He was inducted into the Hall of Fame in the class of 1999.[108]

text:
Name
Position
Played
Inducted

Joe Guyon
HB, T
1920–1927
1966

Billy Shaw
OG
1961–1969
1999

text: Future non-conference opponents[edit]

text: Announced schedules as of February 15, 2018.[109]

text:
Year
Opponent 1
Opponent 2
Opponent 3
Opponent 4

2018
09/01 vs Alcorn State
09/08 at USF
09/29 vs Bowling Green
11/24 at Georgia

2019
09/07 vs USF
09/14 vs The Citadel
09/28 at Temple
11/30 vs Georgia

2020

09/19 vs UCF
11/14 vs Notre Dame
11/28 at Georgia

2021
09/04 vs Kennesaw State

11/20 at Notre Dame
11/27 vs Georgia

2022

09/17 vs Ole Miss
11/26 at Georgia

2023

09/16 at Ole Miss
11/25 vs Georgia

2024

10/19 vs Notre Dame
11/30 at Georgia

2025
08/30 at Colorado
09/20 vs Temple

11/29 vs Georgia

2026
09/05 vs Colorado

11/28 at Georgia

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ The Macon Telegraph reported, "The game, while not brilliant, was full of earnest and determined effort, and this sort of playing, is after all, the most enjoyable to watch."[4]
Jump up ^ From 1915 to 1920 the team went 45–5–2 and outscored opponents 2180 to 142.
Jump up ^ The yearbook remarked, "Bill began his great work on the sand lots of Tech Hi here in Atlanta years ago and ended it up by smearing "Fatty" Warren of the Auburn Tigers all over the flats of Grant Field on Turkey Day last."[18]
Jump up ^ Morgan Blake, sports writer for the Atlanta Journal, said of an all-time All-Southern list:[23]

"It seems to us that one name is left out in this collection, who may have been the best all-around player the South has had. "We have reference to Doug Wycoff of Tech who, for three straight years, was practically the unanimous all-Southern football choice, despite the fact that Georgia Tech had very lean years during his period of play at this institution. If Wycoff had been flanked by such a pair of halfbacks as Red Barron and Buck Flowers, or Thomason and Mizell while he was with the Jackets, he would have been an all-American. As it was he had to carry all of the offensive load and on the defense he was a wheelhorse. He was a great punter and passer. If Wycoff was not the best all-around player the South had produced then he was very close to the peak."

Jump up ^ Tech traveled by train to meet the awaiting Golden Bears.
Jump up ^ Vance Maree blocked the punt.
Jump up ^ After the game, "Stumpy" Thomason acquired a live bear cub. He brought the cub back to Atlanta, where it lived under the bleachers of Grant Field for several years before it moved along with Stumpy up to Pittsburgh.[28]
Jump up ^ Despite an extensive six-day search involving American and British search crews, on November 23, 1944, all crew members were officially re-classified from MIA to KNB (killed, no body).[31]

tag: ol

text: Endnotes[edit]

text:
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Jump up ^ Georgia Tech Athletics Marks (PDF). November 1, 2017. Retrieved December 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets Official Athletic Site". RamblinWreck.com. Retrieved January 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Macon Telegraph, November 6, 1892 Archived February 21, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Byrd, Joseph (Spring 1992). "From Civil War Battlefields to the Moon: Leonard Wood". Tech Topics. Georgia Tech Alumni Association. Archived from the original on February 9, 2007. Retrieved March 12, 2007.
Jump up ^ Wallace, p. 467
^ Jump up to: a b Cromartie, Bill (1977). Clean Old-fashioned Hate: Georgia Vs. Georgia Tech. Strode Publishers. ISBN 0-932520-64-2.
Jump up ^ Nelson, Clark (November 19, 2004). "For Tech fans, victory against UGA means far more than ordinary win". The Technique. Archived from the original on February 20, 2006. Retrieved May 17, 2007.
Jump up ^ "JESSE THRASH MADE CAPTAIN". Atlanta Constitution. December 14, 1902. p. 35. Retrieved March 18, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
Jump up ^ McMath, p. 96
Jump up ^ "On Gridiron In South". Atlanta Constitution. December 25, 1904. p. 7. Retrieved March 10, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Jump up to: a b Burns, G. Frank. "222–0: The Story of The Game of the Century". Archived from the original on November 15, 2006. Retrieved March 23, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Cumberland 0, Tech 222". Tech Topics. Georgia Tech Alumni Association. Archived from the original on January 3, 2006. Retrieved May 21, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Tech Timeline: 1910s". Tech Traditions. Georgia Tech Alumni Association. Archived from the original on October 16, 2007. Retrieved May 21, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b McMath, p. 140
Jump up ^ McMath, p. 141
Jump up ^ Wallace, p. 84
Jump up ^ "The Blueprint".
Jump up ^ Lynn Hogan (1973). "They Walked Away Into Legend..." Georgia Tech Alumni Magazine. 51 (4): 15–19.
Jump up ^ "Georgia Tech statistics" (PDF).
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Jump up ^ W. A. Alexander (1926). "Forty-Five Yards for Georgia Tech" (PDF). Kansas City Star.
Jump up ^ "Famous Footballers". Times-Picayune. January 30, 1932.
Jump up ^ Wallace, pp. 88–90
Jump up ^ Against All Odds.
Jump up ^ Wallace, pp. 92–93
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^ Jump up to: a b "Ramblins – Tech player was legendary on the field and in the sky". The Technique. Retrieved August 12, 2007.
Jump up ^ Edwards, Pat (December 6, 1996). "Ramblins". The Technique. Retrieved October 5, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Bobby Dodd Bio". RamblinWreck.com. Georgia Tech Athletic Association. Retrieved August 10, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b "Georgia Tech vs Georgia". cfdatawarehouse.com. College Football Data Warehouse. Archived from the original on May 17, 2007. Retrieved August 10, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Dodd, Bobby; Jack Wilkinson (1988). Dodd's Luck. Golden Coast Publishing Company. ISBN 0-932958-09-5.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Lapchick, Richard (February 5, 2007). "Georgia Tech's McAshan helped pave the way". ESPN Black History Month. ESPN. Retrieved May 15, 2007. [dead link]
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Jump up ^ "Ted Roof Bio". GoDuke.Com. Retrieved August 15, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Chavez, Luciana (November 24, 2006). "Duke's faith in Roof far from blind". The News & Observer. Archived from the original on November 29, 2006. Retrieved August 15, 2007.
Jump up ^ Clarke, Michael (Winter 1990). "Mays Days". Georgia Tech Alumni Association Technotes. Archived from the original on October 20, 2007. Retrieved August 15, 2007.
Jump up ^ Clarke, Michael (September 16, 2005). "Football program builds on strong history". The Technique. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved August 10, 2007.
Jump up ^ "1990 National Championship". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved August 10, 2007.
Jump up ^ "SPORTS PEOPLE: PRO FOOTBALL; Ross to Leave Ga. Tech And Coach Chargers". New York Times. January 1, 1992. Archived from the original on April 9, 2015. Retrieved August 10, 2007.
Jump up ^ Sivasubramanian, Raj (January 21, 2000). "Despite bowl loss, '99 football season still memorable to fans". Retrieved September 15, 2007. [dead link]
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Jump up ^ Joshi, Nikhil (July 1, 2005). "Houston arrested in marijuana conspiracy". The Technique. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved August 9, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Georgia Tech Penalized for Allowing Academically Ineligible Student-Athletes to Compete, Lack of Institutional Control". NCAA. November 17, 2005. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved September 16, 2007.
Jump up ^ Clarke, Michael (December 2, 2005). "NCAA adds to self-imposed sanctions". The Technique. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved August 9, 2007.
Jump up ^ "NCAA Preserves Football Record". Buzz Words. Georgia Tech Athletic Association. June 2006. Archived from the original on October 12, 2008. Retrieved September 17, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Gailey Relieved Of Duties As Georgia Tech Head Coach". RamblinWreck.com. Georgia Tech Athletic Association. November 26, 2007. Retrieved November 26, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Schlabach, Mark (December 7, 2007). "Johnson accepts offer to become Yellow Jackets coach". ESPN. Retrieved December 7, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Johnson introduced as Tech coach". Atlanta Journal Constitution. December 7, 2007. Archived from the original on May 22, 2011. Retrieved April 9, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Ga. Tech overcomes 16-point halftime deficit, snaps 7-game skid to Georgia". ESPN. Associated Press. November 29, 2008. Retrieved November 29, 2008.
Jump up ^ Ken Sugiura (December 2, 2008). "Ga. Tech's Paul Johnson wins ACC coach of the year". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on December 5, 2008. Retrieved December 2, 2008.
Jump up ^ Dodd, Dennis (December 2, 2008). "CBSSports.com coach of year: Johnson's confidence runneth over". CBSSports.com. Archived from the original on December 5, 2008. Retrieved October 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Tech's Johnson gets 53 percent pay raise". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. December 18, 2008. Archived from the original on June 22, 2011. Retrieved December 29, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Tevin Washington runs for 176 yards as Georgia Tech knocks off Clemson". espn.com. Retrieved December 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ Sugiura, Ken (November 19, 2012). "Miami self-imposes, Tech headed to ACC title game". Atlanta Journal Constitution. Archived from the original on November 22, 2012. Retrieved November 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ Sugiura, Ken (December 2, 2012). "Tech rally falls short in ACC title defeat". Atlanta Journal Constitution. Archived from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ Scott, David (December 2, 2012). "Seminoles close the deal, beat Georgia Tech to win ACC title". newsobserver.com. Archived from the original on December 9, 2012. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Georgia Tech 2014 Schedule - Yellow Jackets Home and Away - ESPN". Espn.go.com. Retrieved January 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Rankings". College Football Playoff. Archived from the original on October 23, 2016. Retrieved January 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Final (December 7, 2014). "Florida State vs. Georgia Tech - Game Recap - December 6, 2014 - ESPN". Espn.go.com. Retrieved January 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ http://game.orangebowl.org/assets/1/7/GEORGIA_TECH_AND_MISSISSIPPI_STATE_TO_MEET_IN_2014_CAPITAL_ONE_ORANGE_BOWL.pdf
Jump up ^ Chris Fallica, Nick Loucks and Harold Shelton (January 20, 2009). "Prestige Rankings: Nos. 16-20". ESPN. Retrieved October 8, 2012. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
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Jump up ^ "100 Years of Georgia Tech Football". Tech Topics. Georgia Tech Alumni Association. Fall 1992. Archived from the original on March 13, 2006. Retrieved August 15, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b "Bobby Dodd Stadium at Historic Grant Field". RamblinWreck.com. Georgia Tech Athletic Association. Retrieved August 9, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Edwards, Pat (October 15, 1999). "Students build first stands at Grant Field". The Technique. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved April 10, 2007.
Jump up ^ McMath, p. 111
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Jump up ^ "Freshman Survival: You certainly won't find these in Webster's..." The Technique. August 23, 2002. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved August 9, 2007.
Jump up ^ Cunningham, Robert (October 12, 2001). "Techsters swarm to join student-run cheering squad". The Technique. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved September 16, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Angelo Bertelli Heisman Voting". heisman.com. Archived from the original on August 5, 2007. Retrieved September 15, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b "Player Honors" (PDF). fansonly.com. Georgia Tech Athletic Association. Retrieved September 15, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Eddie Lee Ivery Stats". pro-football-reference.com. Retrieved September 15, 2007.
Jump up ^ "2006 Expanded Heisman Trophy voting results". MSNBC. Archived from the original on May 14, 2007. Retrieved September 15, 2007.
Jump up ^ Heerji, Asif (September 1, 2006). "Legend of Castleberry remains in Tech lore". The Technique. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved September 15, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Player Bio: Joe Hamilton". RamblinWreck.com. Georgia Tech Athletic Association. Retrieved September 15, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Georgia Tech All-Americans". RamblinWreck.com. Georgia Tech Athletic Association. Retrieved September 15, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Calvin Johnson Player Achievements". RamblinWreck.com. Georgia Tech Athletic Association. Retrieved August 15, 2007.
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text: Bibliography[edit]

text:
McMath, Robert C.; Ronald H. Bayor; James E. Brittain; Lawrence Foster; August W. Giebelhaus; Germaine M. Reed (1985). Engineering the New South: Georgia Tech 1885-1985. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press.
Wallace, Robert (1969). Dress Her in WHITE and GOLD: A biography of Georgia Tech. Georgia Tech Foundation.


document_title: Jean (song)

question_text: who sang the song jean from the prime of miss jean brodie

text: Jean (song)

text:
"Jean"

Single by Oliver

from the album Good Morning Starshine

B-side
"The Arrangement"

Released
August 1969

Format
7" single (45 rpm)

Recorded
1969

Genre
Pop

Length
3:22

Label
Crewe Records

Songwriter(s)
Rod McKuen

Producer(s)
Bob Crewe

Oliver singles chronology

"Good Morning Starshine"
(1969)
"Jean"
(1969)
"Sunday Mornin'"
(1969)

"Good Morning Starshine"
(1969)
"Jean"
(1969)
"Sunday Mornin'"
(1969)

text: "Jean" is a popular song from 1969. It was written by the American poet and composer Rod McKuen who also recorded a version of the song.

text: Recordings[edit]

text: The song was the theme to the 1969 film adaptation of Dame Muriel Spark's The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie, which starred noted British film actress Maggie Smith. Smith won an Academy Award for Best Actress for her portrayal of the lead character in the film, Jean Brodie. The song was performed by songwriter McKuen, who was nominated for an Academy Award in the category Best Original Song. Although released as a single in the summer of 1969, McKuen's version of the song failed to reach the American music charts. Sergio Franchi performed the song on the January 3, 1971, broadcast of The Ed Sullivan Show, subsequently released on a rare Franchi DVD.[1]

text: "Jean" was also recorded by the American singer Oliver. Earlier in 1969, Oliver had reached #3 on the Billboard pop and easy listening charts with his version of "Good Morning Starshine," a song from the musical Hair. While working on an album with producer Bob Crewe (which would also be called Good Morning Starshine), "Jean" was selected as a song for the record and subsequently chosen as the follow-up single. It became another hit for the singer, reaching #2 on the pop chart and spending four weeks at #1 on the adult contemporary chart. Oliver would later describe his cover version of the song: "We had no idea it would be a single. It was a 3/4 ballad in the psychedelic era...it was a beautiful arrangement."[2]


document_title: Compal Electronics

question_text: what is compal information (kunshan) co. ltd

question_tokens: what is compal information ( kunshan ) co. ltd

text: Compal Electronics

text: Overview[edit]

text: The company is known for producing select models for Dell (Alienware included), Hewlett-Packard and Compaq, and Toshiba. Compal has designed and built laptops for all of the major brands as well as custom builders for over 22 years. The company is listed in Taiwan Stock Exchange. As of 2008, revenues were $12.83 billion USD, with a total workforce of 30,000. The company's headquarters is in Taipei, Taiwan, with offices in the People's Republic of China, South Korea, the United Kingdom and the United States. Compal's main production facility is in Kunshan, China.

text: Compal is the second largest notebook manufacturer in the world,[3][4] after Quanta Computers, also based in Taiwan. It is one of the main supporters of Intel's Common Building Block initiatives.[citation needed]

text: History[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2015)

text: Compal was founded in June 1984[1] as a computer peripherals supplier.[5] It went public in April 1990.[1]

text: In September 2011, Compal announced it would form a joint venture with Lenovo to make laptops in China.[6] The venture was expected to start producing laptops by the end of 2012.

text: In January 2015, Toshiba announced that due to intense price competition it will stop selling televisions in the USA, and will instead license the Toshiba TV brand to Compal.[7]

text: CCI[edit]

text: Compal subsidiary, Compal Communications (華寶通訊, CCI), is a major manufacturer of mobile phones. The phones are produced on an ODM basis, i.e. the handsets are sold though other brands. In 2006, CCI produced 68.8 million handsets, and was the largest mobile handset ODM in the world. CCI's largest customer by far was Motorola. Year by year, Motorola's volumes have been reduced, and CCI's volumes have followed. In 2007, the volume was 48.7 million.[8]