document_title: Certiorari

question_text: case where supreme court issued a writ of certiorari

text: Certiorari

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The term comes from the words used at the beginning of these writs when they were written in Latin: certiorārī (volumus) "(we wish) to be informed". Certiorari is the present passive infinitive of the Latin verb certioro, certiorare ("to inform, apprise, show").[2][3]

text: Historical and modern jurisdictions[edit]

text: Historical usage dates back to Roman Law. In modern law, certiorari is recognized in many jurisdictions, including the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, India, and the Philippines.[4]

text: Ancient Rome[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In Roman law, certiorari was suggested in terms of reviewing a case—much as the term is applied today—although the term was also used in writing to indicate the need or duty to inform other parties of a court's ruling. It was a highly technical term appearing only in jurisprudential Latin, most frequently in the works of Ulpian.

text: The term certiorari is often found in Roman literature on law but applied in a philosophical rather than tangible manner when concerning the action of review of a case or aspects of a case. Essentially, it states that the case will be heard.

text: Common law and Commonwealth[edit]

text: At common law, certiorari was a supervisory writ, serving to keep "all inferior jurisdictions within the bounds of their authority ... [protecting] the liberty of the subject, by speedy and summary interposition".[5] In England and Wales, and separately in Northern Ireland, the Court of King's Bench was tasked with the duty of supervising all lower courts, and had power to issue all writs necessary for the discharge of that duty; the justices of that Court appeared to have no discretion as to whether it was heard, as long as an application for a bill of certiorari met established criteria, as it arose from their duty of supervision.

text: The underlying policy is that all inferior courts and authorities have only limited jurisdiction or powers and must be kept within their legal bounds. This is the concern of the Crown, for the sake of orderly administration of justice, but it is a private complaint which sets the Crown in motion.[6]

text: As Associate Justice James Wilson, the person primarily responsible for the drafting of Article Three of the United States Constitution,[7] explains:

text: In every judicial department, well arranged and well organized, there should be a regular, progressive, gradation of jurisdiction; and one supreme tribunal should superintend and govern all the others.

text: An arrangement in this manner is proper for two reasons:

text:
The supreme tribunal produces and preserves a uniformity of decision through the whole judicial system.
It confines and supports every inferior court within the limits of its just jurisdiction.

text: If no superintending tribunal of this nature were established, different courts might adopt different and even contradictory rules of decision; and the distractions, springing from these different and contradictory rules, would be without remedy and without end. Opposite determinations of the same question, in different courts, would be equally final and irreversible.[8]

text: Consistent with Justice Wilson's explanation, the power to issue writs of certiorari is invested in the highest court of every Commonwealth jurisdiction, in some way, shape, or manner. While some incorporate this remedy into their constitutions, e.g., India,[9] others treat it as an implied power of superior courts, e.g., Australia,[10] but in all Commonwealth jurisdictions—as distinguished from their American counterpart—it has evolved into a general remedy for the correction of plain error, to bring decisions of an inferior court or tribunal or public authority before the superior court for review so that the court can determine whether to quash such decisions.[11]

text: United States[edit]

text: Federal courts[edit]

text: In the United States, certiorari is most often seen as the writ that the Supreme Court of the United States issues to a lower court to review the lower court's judgment for legal error (reversible error) and review where no appeal is available as a matter of right. Before the Judiciary Act of 1891,[12] the cases that could reach the Supreme Court were heard as a matter of right, meaning that the Court was required to issue a decision in each of those cases.[13] That is, the Court had to review all properly presented appeals on the merits, hear oral argument, and issue decisions. As the United States expanded in the nineteenth century, the federal judicial system became increasingly strained, and the Supreme Court, which routinely took three months off every year, not surprisingly had a backlog of cases several years long.[14] The Act solved these problems by transferring most of the court's direct appeals to the newly created Circuit Courts of Appeals, whose decisions in those cases would normally be final.[15] The Supreme Court did not completely give up its judiciary authority, however, because it gained the ability to review the decisions of the courts of appeals at its discretion through writ of certiorari.[16]

text: Since the Judiciary Act of 1925 and the Supreme Court Case Selections Act of 1988,[17] most cases cannot be appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States as a matter of right. A party who wants the Supreme Court to review a decision of a federal or state court files a "petition for writ of certiorari" in the Supreme Court. A "petition" is printed in booklet format and 40 copies are filed with the Court.[18] If the Court grants the petition, the case is scheduled for the filing of briefs and for oral argument. A minimum of four of the nine justices is required to grant a writ of certiorari, referred to as the "rule of four". The court denies the vast majority of petitions and thus leaves the decision of the lower court to stand without review; it takes roughly 80 to 150 cases each term. In the term that concluded in June 2009, for example, 8,241 petitions were filed, with a grant rate of approximately 1.1 percent.[19] Cases on the paid certiorari docket are substantially more likely to be granted than those on the in forma pauperis docket.[20] The Supreme Court is generally careful to choose only cases over which the Court has jurisdiction and which the Court considers sufficiently important, such as cases involving deep constitutional questions, to merit the use of its limited resources. See also Cert pool. While both appeals of right and cert petitions often present several alleged errors of the lower courts for appellate review, the court normally grants review only of one or two questions presented in a certiorari petition.

text: The Supreme Court sometimes grants a writ of certiorari to resolve a "circuit split", when the federal appeals courts in two (or more) federal judicial circuits have ruled differently in similar situations. These are often called "percolating issues."

text: Certiorari is sometimes informally referred to as cert., and cases warranting the Supreme Court's attention as "cert. worthy".[21] The granting of a writ does not necessarily mean that the Supreme Court disagrees with the decision of the lower court. Granting a writ of certiorari means merely that at least four of the justices have determined that the circumstances described in the petition are sufficient to warrant review by the Court.

text: Conversely, the Supreme Court's denial of a petition for a writ of certiorari is sometimes misunderstood as implying that the Supreme Court approves the decision of the lower court. However, as the Court explained in Missouri v. Jenkins,[22] such a denial "imports no expression of opinion upon the merits of the case[.]" In particular, a denial of a writ of certiorari means that no binding precedent is created by the denial itself, and the lower court's decision is treated as mandatory authority only within the geographical (or in the case of the Federal Circuit, subject-specific) jurisdiction of that court. The reasons for why a denial of certiorari cannot be treated as implicit approval were set forth in Maryland v. Baltimore Radio Show, Inc. (1950), in which the Court explained the many rationales which could underlie the denial of a writ which have nothing to do with the merits of the case.

text: Since the vast majority of petitions for certiorari are routinely denied without comment, it is normally unnecessary to indicate that fact in citations to decisions of lower federal courts, unless it happened within the last two years or was otherwise particularly relevant (e.g., to support an inference that a particular appellant is a vexatious litigant).

text: In legal citations, "cert. granted sub nom" is an abbreviation of the legal phrase "certiorari granted sub nomine", meaning "judicial review granted, under name", indicating that a petition for certiorari of a case has been granted, but that the court granting certiorari is hearing the case under a different name than the name under which the subordinate courts heard the case. For example, the case of District of Columbia v. Heller was known as Parker v. District of Columbia in the court below.

text: State courts[edit]

text: Some United States state court systems use the same terminology, but in others, writ of review, leave to appeal, or certification for appeal is used in place of writ of certiorari as the name for discretionary review of a lower court's judgment. A handful of states lack intermediate appellate courts; in most of these, their supreme courts operate under a mandatory review regime, in which the supreme court must take all appeals in order to preserve the loser's traditional right to one appeal (except in criminal cases where the defendant was acquitted). Virginia has an intermediate appeals court, but operates under discretionary review except in family law and administrative cases. Mandatory review remains in place in all states where the death penalty exists; in those states, a sentence of death is automatically appealed to the state's highest court.

text: In two states without an intermediate appeals court—New Hampshire and West Virginia—the supreme court used to operate under discretionary review in all cases, whether civil or criminal. This meant that there was no right of appeal in either state, with the only exception being death penalty cases in New Hampshire. (West Virginia abolished its death penalty in 1965.) However, New Hampshire transitioned to mandatory review for the vast majority of cases beginning in 2004,[23] while West Virginia transitioned to mandatory review for all cases beginning in 2010.[24][25]

text: Texas is an unusual exception to the rule that denial of certiorari by the state supreme court normally does not imply approval or disapproval of the merits of the lower court's decision. In March 1927, the Texas Legislature enacted a law directing the Texas Supreme Court to summarily refuse to hear applications for writs of error when it believed the Court of Appeals opinion correctly stated the law.[26] Thus, since June 1927, over 4,100 decisions of the Texas Courts of Appeals have become valid binding precedent of the Texas Supreme Court itself because the high court refused applications for writ of error rather than denying them and thereby signaled that it approved of their holdings as the law of the state.[26]

text: While Texas' unique practice saved the state supreme court from having to hear relatively minor cases just to create uniform statewide precedents on those issues, it also makes for lengthy citations to the opinions of the Courts of Appeals, since the subsequent writ history of the case must always be noted (e.g., no writ, writ refused, writ denied, etc.) in order for the reader to determine at a glance whether the cited opinion is binding precedent only in the district of the Court of Appeals in which it was decided, or binding precedent for the entire state.[26] In contrast, California[27] and New York[28] solved the problem of creating uniform precedent by simply holding that the first intermediate appellate court to reach a novel question of law always sets binding precedent for the entire state, unless and until another intermediate appellate court expressly disagrees with the first one.

text: Administrative law[edit]

text: In the administrative law context, the common-law writ of certiorari was historically used by lower courts in the United States for judicial review of decisions made by an administrative agency after an adversarial hearing. Some states have retained this use of the writ of certiorari in state courts, while others have replaced it with statutory procedures. In the federal courts, this use of certiorari has been abolished and replaced by a civil action under the Administrative Procedure Act in a United States district court or in some circumstances a petition for review in a United States court of appeals.

text: Philippines[edit]

text: The Philippines has adapted the extraordinary writ of certiorari in civil actions under its Rules of Court.[29]


document_title: Escape the Night

question_text: when does season 2 episode 3 of escape the night come out

root

text: Escape the Night

text: Premise[edit]

text: The series follows The Savant (Joey Graceffa) as he invites a number of guests, involved in their own respective characters varying each season, at a party which transports them into a historical era to survive the night and escape.[6][7] As the season progresses, the guests participate in challenges and puzzles, competing with each other to escape from the historical era by solving and completing them.[8] During each episode, a guest is eliminated via a fictional ″death″ for failing a challenge,[6] until one or more guests ultimately win and are sent back to the Modern World.[7][9]

tag: p

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text:
Name
Title
Death
Eliminated

Eva Gutowski
The Journalist
NA
Winner

Oli White
The Big Game Hunter
NA
Winner

Lele Pons
The Hustler
Electrocuted
Episode 9

Timothy DeLaGhetto
The Mobster
Shot in Russian roulette
Episode 8

Matt Haag
The Professor
Drank poison
Episode 7

Sierra Furtado
The Heiress
Died in an exorcism
Episode 6

GloZell Green
The Jazz Singer
Choked to death
Episode 4

Justine Ezarik
The Gambler
Buried alive
Episode 3

Andrea Brooks
The Fixer
Inhaled toxic gas
Episode 2

Shane Dawson
The Renagade
Poisoned
Episode 1

tag: table

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Paul Chirico as Arthur, head of staff. (Episodes 1-10)
Katia Hayes as Sarah, the maid. (Episodes 1-10)
David Hutchison as Marvin, the groundskeeper. (Episodes 2-10)

tag: ul

text: Season 2[edit]

text:
Name
Title
Death
Eliminated

Andrea Russett
The Mystic
NA
Winner

Tyler Oakley
The Thespian
NA
Winner

Alex Wassabi
The Novelist
Stabbed
Episode 9

Gabbie Hanna
The Vaudevillian
Heart ripped out
Episode 7

Tana Mongeau
The Saloon Girl
Stomach Slashed
Episode 6

Liza Koshy
The Explorer
Throat slit
Episode 5

DeStorm Power
The Railroad Tycoon
Shot by magic arrow
Episode 4

Jesse Wellens
The Outlaw
Eaten by Jorōgumo
Episode 3

Lauren Riihimaki
The Engineer
Eaten alive by vampires
Episode 2

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Lindsay Elston as Alison (Episodes 1-8)
Eva Augustina as The Sorceress (Episodes 1-3, 5, 9, and 10)
AJ Martin as Jet Pack Girl (Episodes 7, 9, and 10)

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In October 2015, YouTube announced YouTube Red, a paid subscription service that would allow streaming videos ad-free, downloading videos for offline usage, and present new exclusive original series for YouTube Red subscribers.[10][11] At the time of announcement, ten various series were announced for 2016, including the Untitled Joey Graceffa project,[12][13] which was set to be produced by Brian Graden Media.[5] The series began filming near Valencia, California.[7]

text: On June 15, 2016, Graceffa released the trailer for his original series entitled Escape the Night,[14] which was set and released on June 22, 2016 with two episodes going live.[15] When interviewed after production, Graceffa commented that the idea behind Escape the Night was inspired by an episode themed around murder mystery appearing on television show Lizzie McGuire,[16] and closely related to the 1985 film Clue.[7] Furthermore, Graceffa shared his experience with filming the series, expressing "It was a really fun concept to put together," additionally mentioning, "And it was an idea that started small and ended up into something much bigger."[5]

text: On October 17, 2016, it was announced by Susanne Daniels, global head of content for YouTube, at MIPCOM that Escape the Night would be renewed for a second season.[17] Later on October 31, 2016, Joey Graecffa via Twitter announced the cast of the second season and scheduled debut of the second season to be on June 22, 2017.[18][19]

text: Reception[edit]

text: On IMDb, the series currently holds a score of 5.7/10; based on 254 reviews.[20] Common Sense Media's critical consensus reads, "Web celebs star in mediocre pseudo-reality horror series", while giving the show a rating of 2/5.[21]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text:
#
Title
Episode Length
Original Release Date

1
"An Invitation"
23:16
June 22, 2016 (2016-06-22)

In this episode, the guests arrive at the house and their dinner party meets with a tragic end (the death of a guest). They discover the house is evil and they must gather special artifacts to free themselves from it.

2
"The Ungodly Machine"
23:55
June 22, 2016 (2016-06-22)

The guests work through a mad scientist’s clues and end up facing his most evil creation, the “Ungodly Machine.”

3
"Buried Alive"
23:59
June 29, 2016 (2016-06-29)

The guests perform a seance to learn the location of a grave only to find one of them must be buried inside it.

4
"Mannequins"
23:48
July 6, 2016 (2016-07-06)

The guests uncover clues hidden inside macabre mannequin displays that represent a serial killers’ finest works.

5
"Freak Show"
24:08
July 13, 2016 (2016-07-13)

The guests must defeat the houses’ monstrous guardian by summoning the wicked circus he was stolen from.

6
"Did Someone Call For An Exorcist?"
23:50
July 20, 2016 (2016-07-20)

The guests exorcise a legion of evil spirits trapped in a young girl to free a former owner trapped in the house.

7
"Mermaid Tails"
23:52
July 27, 2016 (2016-07-27)

The guests uncover secrets at the bottom of the pool to free a wicked mermaid who once owned the house.

8
"All Out War"
24:32
August 3, 2016 (2016-08-03)

The guests “go to war” in an attempt to uncover a stash of stolen WWI gold to free a former owner.

9
"Wicked Hallucinations"
24:03
August 10, 2016 (2016-08-10)

The guests find a mad man escaped from an asylum and must enter his violent and terrifying hallucinations in order to free him from the house. In the process, they discover who among them is in league with the evil of the house.

10
"Betrayal At The House On The Hill"
21:39
August 17, 2016 (2016-08-17)

The guests discover they have been betrayed by Arthur the Butler, a former confidence man, and must unravel clues while being hunted by him and the house staff.

11
"How to Kill a YouTuber"
19:51
August 24, 2016 (2016-08-24)

Relive "Escape the Night" with Joey Graceffa as he looks back on the top kills of the season.

12
"BTS Documentary: The Making of 'Escape the Night'"
23:56
August 24, 2016 (2016-08-24)

Take a look at the making of "Escape the Night" in this behind-the-scenes documentary.

text: Progress chart (Season 1)[edit]

text:
Progress Chart

Guest
Episode 1
Episode 2
Episode 3
Episode 4
Episode 5
Episode 6
Episode 7
Episode 8
Episode 9
Episode 10

Eva
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Escaped

Oli
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Escaped

Lele
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Dead

Timothy
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Dead

Matt
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Dead

Sierra
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Dead

GloZell
Safe
Safe
Safe
Betrayed

Justine
Safe
Safe
Dead

Andrea
Safe
Dead

Shane
Example

text: Season 2[edit]

text:
#
Title
Episode Length
Original Release Date

1
"The Masquerade Part 1"
24:36
June 22, 2017 (2017-06-22)

Nine YouTubers travel through time to attend a Victorian ball at an estate like no other, and soon begin unlocking mysteries and discovering evil forces that are conspiring against them.

2
"The Masquerade Part 2"
26:32
June 22, 2017 (2017-06-22)

The guests must disguise themselves in the bloodiest of masquerades if they want to slay the king of vampires in order to get their first gem.

3
"Tangled Web"
24:21
June 28, 2017 (2017-06-28)

The Sorceress unleashes an evil spider on the guests and they must escape her dangerous web in order to save themselves and will have to send a boy toy to their death in order to receive their next gem.

4
"A Nation Divided"
24:12
July 5, 2017 (2017-07-05)

The guests are divided and must wage war against each other to see who will face the dark army in the final challenge where one will be executed to get the next gem.

5
"The Gingerbread Woman"
26:45
July 12, 2017 (2017-07-12)

When an evil Gingerbread Woman traps unsuspecting children in an oven, the guests must fight to free them before it’s too late and will then have to bake one of their own for a meat pie for the next gem.

6
"Endless Winter Night"
25:03
July 19, 2017 (2017-07-19)

The guests venture into a realm of fantasy in hopes of recovering the next gem, but first they must outmaneuver the Ice Witch and her wicked harpies and will have to betray one of their own for a gem.

7
"Automaton Love Story"
22:12
July 26, 2017 (2017-07-26)

The self-destruct system has been enabled in the estate and the guests must race against time to satisfy the horrifying demands of the system’s creator which is a heart of one of their own to receive their next gem.

8
"Full Moon Slaughter"
23:30
August 2, 2017 (2017-08-02)

It is now midnight and the guests find themselves being hunted by a most unexpected enemy -- werewolves and soon learn that they will go through a challenge to determen which one of them will be the werewolves next meal for a gem.

9
"The Dark Dimension"
26:07
August 9, 2017 (2017-08-09)

The guests must battle a horrifying demon and find their way into the dark dimension to recover the last gem.

10
"The Sorcress"
24:04
August 16, 2017 (2017-08-16)

The Sorceress unleashes a legion of villains on the last remaining guests, forcing them to literally run for their lives if they want to escape her spell.

11
"Monster's Ball"
21:47
August 23, 2017 (2017-08-23)

A behind-the-scenes look at the creation and design of some of Season Two’s most terrifying monsters.

12
"Behind the Scenes with Joey Graceffa"
25:41
August 30, 2017 (2017-08-30)

A behind-the-scenes look at the YouTubers and their all-night filming antics during Season Two.

text: Progress chart (Season 2)[edit]

text:
Progress Chart

Guest
Episode 1
Episode 2
Episode 3
Episode 4
Episode 5
Episode 6
Episode 7
Episode 8
Episode 9
Episode 10

Andrea
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Escaped

Tyler
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Escaped

Alex
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Dead

Gabbie
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Dead

Tana
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Betrayed

Liza
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Dead

DeStorm
Safe
Safe
Safe
Dead

Jesse
Safe
Safe
Dead

Lauren
Safe
Dead


document_title: Knossos

question_text: scholars estimate the palace of knossos may have been approximately how many stories tall

text: Knossos

text: Spelling[edit]

text: The name Knossos was formerly Latinized as Cnossus or Cnossos, and occasionally Knossus, Gnossus, or Gnossos[9][10] but is now almost always written Knossos.[11]

text: Neolithic period[edit]

text: The site of Knossos has had a very long history of human habitation, beginning with the founding of the first Neolithic settlement c. 7000 BC. Neolithic remains are prolific in Crete. They are found in caves, rock shelters, houses and settlements. Knossos has a thick Neolithic layer indicating the site was a sequence of settlements before the Palace Period. The earliest was placed on bedrock.[12]

text: Arthur Evans, who unearthed the palace of Knossos in modern times, estimated that about 8000 BC a Neolithic people arrived at the hill, probably from overseas by boat, and placed the first of a succession of wattle and daub villages (modern radiocarbon dates have raised the estimate to 7000 – 6500 BC[13]). Large numbers of clay and stone incised spools and whorls attest to local cloth-making. There are fine ground axe and mace heads of colored stone: greenstone, serpentine, diorite and jadeite, as well as obsidian knives and arrowheads along with the cores from which they were flaked. Most significant among the other small items were a large number of animal and human figurines, including nude sitting or standing females with exaggerated breasts and buttocks. Evans attributed them to the worship of the Neolithic mother goddess and figurines in general to religion.[14]

text: John Davies Evans (no relation to Arthur Evans) undertook further excavations in pits and trenches over the palace, focusing on the Neolithic.[15] In the Aceramic Neolithic, 7000–6000 BC, a hamlet of 25–50 persons existed at the location of the Central Court. They lived in wattle and daub huts, kept animals, grew crops, and, in the event of tragedy, buried their children under the floor. In such circumstances as they are still seen today, a hamlet consisted of several families, necessarily interrelated, practicing some form of exogamy, living in close quarters, with little or no privacy and a high degree of intimacy, spending most of their time in the outdoors, sheltering only for the night or in inclement weather, and to a large degree nomadic or semi-nomadic.

text: In the Early Neolithic, 6000–5000 BC, a village of 200–600 persons occupied most of the area of the palace and the slopes to the north and west. They lived in one- or two-room square houses of mud-brick walls set on socles of stone, either field stone or recycled stone artifacts. The inner walls were lined with mud-plaster. The roofs were flat, composed of mud over branches. The residents dug hearths at various locations in the center of the main room. This village had an unusual feature: one house under the West Court contained eight rooms and covered 50 m2 (540 sq ft). The walls were at right angles. The door was centered. Large stones were used for support under points of greater stress. The fact that distinct sleeping cubicles for individuals was not the custom suggests storage units of some sort.

text: The settlement of the Middle Neolithic, 5000–4000 BC, housed 500–1000 people in more substantial and presumably more family-private homes. Construction was the same, except the windows and doors were timbered, a fixed, raised hearth occupied the center of the main room, and pilasters and other raised features (cabinets, beds) occupied the perimeter. Under the palace was the Great House, a 100 m2 (1,100 sq ft) area stone house divided into five rooms with meter-thick walls suggesting a second story was present. The presence of the house, which is unlikely to have been a private residence like the others, suggests a communal or public use; i.e., it may have been the predecessor of a palace. In the Late or Final Neolithic (two different but overlapping classification systems), 4000–3000 BC, the population increased dramatically.

text: Minoan period[edit]

text: Legends[edit]

text: In Greek mythology, King Minos dwelt in a palace at Knossos. He had Daedalus construct a labyrinth, a very large maze (by some connected with the double-bladed axe, or labrys) in which to retain his son, the Minotaur. Daedalus also built a dancing floor for Queen Ariadne.[16] The name "Knossos" was subsequently adopted by Arthur Evans because it seemed to fit the local archaeology.

text: As far as is currently known, it was William Stillman, the American consul who published Kalokairinos' discoveries, who, seeing the sign of the double axe on the massive walls partly uncovered by Kalokairinos, first associated the complex with the labyrinth of legend, calling the ruins "labyrinthine".[17] Evans agreed with Stillman. The myth of the Minotaur tells that Theseus, a prince from Athens, whose father is an ancient Greek king named Aegean, reason for the name of the Greek sea (the Aegean Sea), sailed to Crete, where he was forced to fight a terrible creature called the Minotaur. The Minotaur was a half man, half bull, and was kept in the Labyrinth – a building like a maze – by the king Minos, the ruler of Crete. The king's daughter Ariadne fell in love with Theseus. Before he entered the Labyrinth to fight the Minotaur, Ariadne gave him a ball of thread which he unwound as he went into the Labyrinth so that he could find his way back by following it. Theseus killed the Minotaur, and then he and Ariadne fled from Crete, escaping her angry father.

text: As it turns out, there probably was an association of the word labyrinth, whatever its etymology, with ancient Crete. The sign of the double axe was used throughout the Mycenaean world as an apotropaic mark: its presence on an object would prevent it from being "killed". Axes were scratched on many of the stones of the palace. It appears in pottery decoration and is a motif of the Shrine of the Double Axes at the palace, as well as of many shrines throughout Crete and the Aegean. And finally, it appears in Linear B on Knossos Tablet Gg702 as da-pu2-ri-to-jo po-ti-ni-ja, which probably represents the Mycenaean Greek Daburinthoio potniai, "to the mistress of the Labyrinth," recording the distribution of one jar of honey.[18] A credible theory uniting all the evidence has yet to be formulated.

text: Hellenistic and Roman period[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Fieldwork in 2015 revealed that during the early Iron Age, Knossos was rich in imports and was nearly three times larger than indicated by earlier excavations. Whilst archaeologists had previously believed that the city had declined in the wake of a socio-political collapse around 1200 BC, the work found that the city had prospered instead, with its final abandonment coming later.[19]

text: After the fall of the Minoans, Knossus was repopulated around 1000 BC and it remained one of the most important centers of Crete. The city had two ports: Amnisos and Heraklion. According to the geographer Strabo the Knossians colonized the city of Brundisium in Italy.[20] In 343 BC Knossos was allied with Philip II of Macedon. The city employed a Phocian mercenary named Phalaikos against their enemy, the city of Lyttus. The Lyttians appealed to the Spartans who sent their king Archidamus III against the Knossians.[21] In Hellenistic times Knossos came under Egyptian influence, but despite considerable military efforts during the Chremonidean War (267-261 BC) the Ptolemies were not able to unify the warring city states. In the 3rd century BC Knossos expanded its power to dominate almost the entire island, but during the Cretan Civil War in 220 BC it was checked by a coalition led by the Polyrrhenians and the Macedonian king Philip V.[22]

text: Twenty years later, during the Cretan War (205–200 BC), the Knossians were once more among Philip's opponents and through Roman, and Rhodian aid this time they managed to liberate Crete from the Macedonian influence.[23] With Roman aid Knossus became once more the first city of Crete. But in 67 BC the Roman Senate chose Gortys as the capital of the newly created province Creta et Cyrene.[24] In 36 BC, Knossus became a Roman colony named Colonia Iulia Nobilis. The Greek and Roman city was situated in the vicinity of the Palace, but has been excavated only in a small part.

text: The identification of Knossos with the Bronze Age site is supported the Roman coins that were scattered over the fields surrounding the pre-excavation site, then a large mound named Kephala Hill, elevation 85 m (279 ft) from current sea level. Many of them were inscribed with Knosion or Knos on the obverse and an image of a Minotaur or Labyrinth on the reverse.[25] The coins came from the Roman settlement of Colonia Julia Nobilis Cnossus, a Roman colony placed just to the north of, and politically including, Kephala. The Romans believed they were the first to colonize Knossos.[26]

text: In Christian times Knossos became a titular see, but during the 9th century AD the local population shifted to the new town of Chandax (modern Heraklion). By the 13th century, it was called Makruteikhos 'Long Wall'; the bishops of Gortyn continued to call themselves Bishops of Knossos until the 19th century.[27] Today, the name is used only for the archaeological site now situated in the expanding suburbs of Heraklion.

text: Discovery and modern history of the antiquities[edit]

text: The site of Knossos was discovered in 1878 by Minos Kalokairinos. The excavations in Knossos began in 1900 by the English archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans (1851–1941) and his team, and continued for 35 years. Its size far exceeded his original expectations, as did the discovery of two ancient scripts, which he termed Linear A and Linear B, to distinguish their writing from the pictographs also present. From the layering of the palace Evans developed an archaeological concept of the civilization that used it, which he called Minoan, following the pre-existing custom of labelling all objects from the location Minoan.

text: Since their discover, the ruins have undergone a history of their own, from excavation by renowned archaeologists, education and tourism, to occupation as a headquarters by governments warring over the control of the eastern Mediterranean in two world wars. This site history is to be distinguished from the ancient.

text: Palace complex[edit]

text: The features of the palace depend on the time period. Currently visible is an accumulation of features over several centuries, the latest most dominant. The palace was thus never exactly as depicted today. In addition, it has been reconstituted in modern materials. The custom began in an effort to preserve the site from decay and torrential winter rain. After 1922, the chief proprietor, Arthur Evans, intended to recreate a facsimile based on archaeological evidence. The palace is not exactly as it ever was, perhaps in places not even close, and yet in general, judging from the work put in and the care taken, as well as parallels with other palaces, it probably is a good general facsimile. Opinions range, however, from most skeptical, viewing the palace as pure fantasy based on 1920s architecture and art deco, to most unquestioning, accepting the final judgements of Arthur Evans as most accurate. The mainstream of opinion falls between.

text: Location[edit]

text: From an archaeological point of view, the terms, "Knossos," and "palace," are somewhat ambiguous. The palace was never just the residence of a monarch, although it contained rooms that might have been suitable for a royal family. Most of the structures, however, were designed to serve a civic, religious and economic center. The term palace complex is more accurate. In ancient times, Knossos was a town surrounding and including Kephala Hill. This hill was never an acropolis in the Greek sense. It had no steep heights, remained unfortified, and was not very high off the surrounding ground. These circumstances cannot necessarily be imputed to other Minoan palaces. Phaestos, contemporaneous with Knossos, was placed on a steep ridge, controlling access to the Mesara Plain from the sea, and was walled.[28] To what degree Minoan civilization might be considered warlike remains debatable. It can, however, be said that Knossos bore no resemblance to a Mycenaean citadel, whether before or during Mycenaean Greek occupation.

text: The complex was constructed ultimately around a raised Central Court on the top of Kephala Hill. The previous structures were razed and the top was made level to make way for the court. The court is oblong, with the long axis, which points north-northeast, generally described as pointing "north." Plot plans typically show the court with the long axis horizontal, apparently east-west with the north on the right, or vertical with the north on the top. Either arrangement is confusing unless the compass points are carefully marked. About 5 km (3.1 mi) to the north of the palace complex is the sea at the Port of Heraklion. Directly to the south is Vlychia Stream, an east-west tributary of the north-south Kairatos River. Kephala Hill is an isolated hill at the confluence.

text: The Kairatos River reaches the sea between the port of Heraklion and Heraklion Airport to the east. In ancient times the flow continued without interruption. Today the stream loses itself in the sewers of Heraklion before emerging from under a highway on the shore east of the port. It flows down from higher ground at Arkhanes to the south, where part of it was diverted into the Knossos Aqueduct. The water at that point was clean enough for drinking. When it reached Knossos it became the main drain of the sewer system of a town of up to 100,000 people, according to Pendlebury's estimate.[29] Today the population is mainly to the north, but the sewer function continues, in addition to which much of the river is siphoned off, and the water table is tapped, for irrigation. Looming over the right bank of the Vlychia, on the opposite shore from Knossos, is Gypsades Hill, where the Minoans quarried their gypsum. The limestone was quarried from the ridge on the east.

text: The archaeological site, Knossos, refers either to the palace complex itself or to that complex and several houses of similar antiquity nearby, which were inadvertently excavated along with the palace. To the south across the Vlychia is the Caravanserai. Further to the south are Minoan houses. The Minoan Road crossed the Vlychia on a Minoan Bridge, immediately entering the Stepped Portico, or covered stairway, to the palace complex. Near the northwest corner of the complex are the ruins of the House of the Frescoes. Across the Minoan Road entering from the northwest is the Arsenal. On the north side of the palace is the Customs House and the Northeast House. From there to the northeast is the modern village of Makrotoichos. Between it and the palace complex is the Royal Villa. On the west side is the Little Palace.[30]

text: The Royal Road is the last vestige of a Minoan road that connected the port to the palace complex. Today a modern road built over or replacing the ancient, Leoforos Knosou, serves that function and continues south. The excavated ancient Royal Road is part of the complex. The junction of the ancient and the modern roads is partly over the Little Palace. Just to the northwest of there, off the modern road, is where Evans chose to have Villa Ariadne built as his home away from home and an administrative center. The villa is on a slope overlooking the ruins. At the edge of the property, on the road, is a pre-excavation house renovated many times as a residence for the official Keeper, called the Taverna. Immediately to the south of the villa, over parts of the Little Palace, is the modern Stratigraphical Museum, a square building. Excavation continues sporadically on its grounds. To the south of the museum is a modern settlement across from the entrance to the west court. Parking facilities are to the north, off Leoforos Knosou. A band of fields has been left on the northwest between the palace complex and the city streets of Heraklion. The east and west are protected by north-south mountain ridges, between which is the valley of the Kairatos.

text: General features[edit]

text: The great palace was gradually built between 1700 and 1400 BC, with periodic rebuildings after destruction. Structures preceded it on Kephala hill. The features currently most visible date mainly to the last period of habitation, which Evans termed Late Minoan. The palace has an interesting layout[31] – the original plan can no longer be seen due to the subsequent modifications. The 1,300 rooms are connected with corridors of varying sizes and direction, which differ from other contemporaneous palaces that connected the rooms via several main hallways. The 6 acres (24,000 m2) of the palace included a theater, a main entrance on each of its four cardinal faces, and extensive storerooms (also called magazines). Within the storerooms were large clay containers (pithoi) that held oil, grains, dried fish, beans, and olives. Many of the items were processed at the palace, which had grain mills, oil presses, and wine presses. Beneath the pithoi were stone holes that were used to store more valuable objects, such as gold. The palace used advanced architectural techniques: for example, part of it was built up to five stories high.

text: Water management[edit]

text: The palace had at least three separate water-management systems: one for supply, one for drainage of runoff, and one for drainage of waste water.

text: Aqueducts brought fresh water to Kephala hill from springs at Archanes, about 10 km away. Springs there are the source of the Kairatos river, in the valley in which Kephala is located. The aqueduct branched to the palace and to the town. Water was distributed at the palace by gravity feed through terracotta pipes to fountains and spigots. The pipes were tapered at one end to make a pressure fit, with rope for sealing. No hidden springs have been discovered as at Mycenae.

text: Sanitation drainage was through a closed system leading to a sewer apart from the hill. The queen's megaron contained an example of the first water-flushing system latrine adjoining the bathroom. This toilet was a seat over a drain that was flushed by pouring water from a jug. The bathtub located in the adjoining bathroom similarly had to be filled by someone heating, carrying, and pouring water, and must have been drained by overturning into a floor drain or by bailing. This toilet and bathtub were exceptional structures within the 1,300-room complex.

text: As the hill was periodically drenched by torrential rains, a runoff system was a necessity. It began with channels in the flat surfaces, which were zigzag and contained catchment basins to control the water velocity. Probably the upper system was open. Manholes provided access to parts that were covered.

text: Some links to photographs of parts of the water-collection-management system follow.

text:
Runoff system.[32] Sloped channels lead from a catchment basin.
Runoff system.[33] Note the zig-zags and the catchment basin.

text: Ventilation[edit]

text: Due to its placement on the hill, the palace received sea breezes during the summer. It had porticoes and air shafts.

text: Minoan columns[edit]

text: The palace also includes the Minoan column, a structure notably different from other Greek columns. Unlike the stone columns that are characteristic of other Greek architecture, the Minoan column was constructed from the trunk of a cypress tree, common to the Mediterranean. While most Greek columns are smaller at the top and wider at the bottom to create the illusion of greater height (entasis), the Minoan columns are smaller at the bottom and wider at the top, a result of inverting the cypress trunk to prevent sprouting once in place.[34] The columns at the Palace of Minos were painted red and mounted on stone bases with round, pillow-like capitals.

text: Pottery[edit]

text: Pottery at Knossos is prolific, heavily decorated and uniquely styled by period. It is used as a layer diagnostic. Comparing it to similar pottery elsewhere in the eastern Mediterranean, Evans established a wider chronology, which, on that account, is difficult to question successfully. On the negative side, careful records of the locations of some objects were not always kept, due to the very size of the project and the difficulties under which the archaeologists and workmen had to labor.

text: Frescoes[edit]

text: The palace at Knossos was a place of high color, as were Greek buildings in the classical period, and as are Greek buildings today. In the EM Period, the walls and pavements were coated with a pale red derived from red ochre. In addition to the background coloring, the walls displayed fresco panel murals, entirely of red. In the subsequent MM Period, with the development of the art, white and black were added, and then blue, green and yellow. The pigments were derived from natural materials, such as ground hematite. Outdoor panels were painted on fresh stucco with the motif in relief; indoor, on fresh, pure plaster, softer than the plaster with additives ordinarily used on walls.[35]

text: The decorative motifs were generally bordered scenes: people, mythological creatures, real animals, rocks, vegetation, and marine life. The earliest imitated pottery motifs. Most have been reconstructed from various numbers of flakes fallen to the floor. Evans had various technicians and artists work on the project, some artists, some chemists and restorers. The symmetry and use of templates made possible a degree of reconstruction beyond what was warranted by only the flakes. For example, if evidence of the use of a certain template existed scantily in one place, the motif could be supplied from the template found somewhere else. Like the contemporary murals in the funerary art of the Egyptians, certain conventions were utilized that also assisted prediction. For example, male figures are shown with darker or redder skin than female figures.

text: Some archaeological authors have objected that Evans and his restorers were not discovering the palace and civilization as it was, but were creating a modern artefact based on contemporary art and architecture.[36]

text: Throne Room[edit]

text: The centerpiece of the "Minoan" palace was the so-called Throne Room or Little Throne Room,[37] dated to LM II. This chamber has an alabaster seat identified by Evans as a "throne" built into the north wall. On three sides of the room are gypsum benches. A sort of tub area is opposite the throne, behind the benches, termed a lustral basin, which means that Evans and his team saw it as a place for ceremonial purification.

text: The room was accessed from an anteroom through two double doors. The anteroom was connected to the central court, which was four steps up through four doors. The anteroom had gypsum benches also, with carbonized remains between two of them thought to possibly be a wooden throne. Both rooms are located in the ceremonial complex on the west of the central court.

text: The throne is flanked by the Griffin Fresco, with two griffins couchant (lying down) facing the throne, one on either side. Griffins were important mythological creatures, also appearing on seal rings, which were used to stamp the identities of the bearers into pliable material, such as clay or wax.

text: The actual use of the room and the throne is unclear. The two main theories are as follows:

text:
The seat of a priest-king or his consort, the queen. This is the older theory, originating with Evans. In that regard Matz speaks of the "heraldic arrangement" of the griffins, meaning that they are more formal and monumental than previous Minoan decorative styles. In this theory, the Mycenaean Greeks would have held court in this room, as they came to power in Knossos at about 1450. The "lustral basin" and the location of the room in a sanctuary complex cannot be ignored; hence, "priest-king."
A room reserved for the epiphany of a goddess,[38] who would have sat in the throne, either in effigy, or in the person of a priestess, or in imagination only. In that case the griffins would have been purely a symbol of divinity rather than a heraldic motif.

text: It is also speculated that the throne was made specifically for a female individual, since the indentation seems to be shaped for a woman's buttocks. Also, the extensive use of curved edges and the crescent moon carved at its base both symbolize femininity.

text: The lustral basin was originally thought to have had a ritual washing use, but the lack of drainage has more recently brought some scholars to doubt this theory. It is now speculated that the tank was used as an aquarium, or possibly a water reservoir.

text: Society[edit]

text: A long-standing debate between archaeologists concerns the main function of the palace, whether it acted as an administrative center, a religious center, or both, in a theocratic manner. Other important debates consider the role of Knossos in the administration of Bronze Age Crete, and whether Knossos acted as the primary center, or was on equal footing with the several other contemporaneous palaces that have been discovered on Crete. Many of these palaces were destroyed and abandoned in the early part of the 15th century BC, possibly by the Mycenaeans, although Knossos remained in use until it was destroyed by fire about one hundred years later. Knossos showed no signs of being a military site; for example, it had neither fortifications nor stores of weapons.

text: Notable residents[edit]

text:
Aenesidemus (1st century BC) sceptical philosopher
Chersiphron (6th century BC) architect
Epimenides (6th century BC) seer and philosopher-poet
Ergoteles of Himera (5th century BC) expatriate Olympic runner
Metagenes (6th century BC) architect
Minos (mythical) Father of the Minotaur


document_title: Popup camper

question_text: what is the weight of a pop up camper

question_tokens: what is the weight of a pop up camper

text: Popup camper

text: Features[edit]

text: A conventional pop-up consists of a trailer frame, a box, a hard roof, pull-out bunks and “soft” walls. The walls are made of vinyl, canvas or a similar material and include windows with screens.

text: Basic popups usually include the following features: fold-down dinette (table top and bench seating combination), on-board fresh water tank, sink, 12-volt DC power system (including an AC to DC converter and a deep cycle battery), interior DC lighting, two sleeping bunks and storage cabinets. Many pop-ups also include a gas/electric absorption refrigerator, stove, rooftop air conditioner, propane furnace, water heater, electric water pump, exterior shower, skylight/roof vent, one or two propane tanks, electric or surge brakes, large storage trunk at the front of the box, and an awning. Some premium models also include a shower, toilet, wastewater tanks, slide-out section (to increase interior space), microwave, and an oven.[1]

text: Since space is at a premium in popup campers, it is common for a single structure to serve multiple purposes. Generally, the dinette, which can seat four people for a meal, can be converted into a bed to provide additional sleeping space. Likewise, the couch, if present, can usually be folded down into a bed. Often, the inside table (part of the dinette) and the gas stove can be taken outside and attached to the side of the camper.

text: Dimensions[edit]

text: Modern pop-ups range in weight from approximately 700 pounds (320 kg) to 3,800 pounds (1,700 kg) pounds empty or full. Models are generally classified by the length of their box, which ranges from 8 feet (2.4 m) to 16 feet (4.9 m). When opened, the length is roughly double the box length. Most pop-ups are between 7 feet (2.1 m) and 7 feet 6 inches (2.29 m) in width and between 4 feet 6 inches (1.37 m) and 5 feet (1.5 m) in height when closed, but “high wall” models are tall. Published sleeping capacities range from 4 to 8 people.[2][3][4][5][6]

text: Setting up[edit]

text: To open a pop-up, the trailer must be chocked, disconnected from the tow vehicle, and leveled. The roof must first be raised using a winch that extends telescoping poles on each corner of the box. Next, bunks at the front and the back of the trailer are pulled out by hand. Then, the tent material (which is fastened to the box and to the roof) is unfurled, pulled over the ends of the bunks, and attached. Interior support poles for the bunk and the entry door are then installed.

text: Depending on the configuration and included equipment, several additional set up steps may be required. These steps include hooking up to utilities (electricity, water, sewer), reassembling the dinette, unfolding the sink, turning on systems (water pump, water heater, etc.), making beds and unpacking belongings.

text: Setup time for a pop-up camper is typically longer than that for a travel trailer, fifth wheel or motorhome.

text: Types of Pop-ups[edit]

text: In addition to the traditional pop-up campers described above, there are a number of special types of pop-ups on the market:

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Modern tent trailer

Travel trailer Model T 1925 b

German Flip-out tent trailer from 1935

European tent trailer from 1976

Pop-up camper from 1980s or 1990s

Modern tent trailer

Pop-up camper from 1990s

Camptourist CT6-2 folded

Camptourist CT6-2 being folded

Camptourist CT6-2 unfolded


document_title: The Perks of Being a Wallflower (film)

question_text: who does patrick date in perks of being a wallflower

text: The Perks of Being a Wallflower (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: The film is set against the background of a young student, Charlie (Logan Lerman), who has been suffering from clinical depression from childhood setbacks and has recently been discharged from a mental health care institution to begin his adaptation to a normal lifestyle as a young high school student. Charlie is uneasy about beginning his freshman year of high school; he is shy and finds difficulty in making friends, but he connects with his English teacher, Mr. Anderson (Paul Rudd).

text: When he sits with two seniors, Sam (Emma Watson) and her stepbrother Patrick (Ezra Miller), at a football game, they invite him to join them to several social activities. At a party, Charlie unwittingly eats a cannabis brownie, gets high and discloses to Sam that the year before, his best friend committed suicide. He also walks in on Patrick and Brad (Johnny Simmons), a popular athlete, kissing. Sam realizes that Charlie has no other friends so she and Patrick make a special effort to bring Charlie into their group. Sam needs to improve her SAT scores to be accepted to Pennsylvania State University, so Charlie offers to tutor her. On the way home from the party, when the three hear a song with which they are unfamiliar, Sam instructs Patrick to drive through a tunnel so she can stand up in the back of the pickup while the music blasts.

text: At Christmas, Sam gives Charlie a vintage typewriter to help his aspirations of being a writer. The two discuss relationships, and Charlie reveals he has never been kissed. Sam, though already involved with someone else, tells Charlie she wants his first kiss to be from someone who loves him, and kisses him. Charlie, in love with Sam, begins to try to find ways to show her how he feels.

text: At a regular Rocky Horror Picture Show performance, Charlie is asked to fill in for Sam's boyfriend Craig, who is unavailable. Their friend Mary Elizabeth (Mae Whitman) is impressed and asks Charlie to the Sadie Hawkins dance. The two enter into a desultory relationship. Finally, at a party, when Charlie is dared to kiss the most beautiful girl in the room, he chooses Sam, upsetting both her and Mary Elizabeth. Patrick recommends Charlie stay away from the group for a while, and the isolation causes him to sink back into depression. He experiences flashbacks of his Aunt Helen (Melanie Lynskey), who died in a car accident when he was seven years old.

text: When Brad shows up at school with a black eye having been caught by his father having sex with Patrick, he lies, saying that he was jumped and beaten up. Brad distances himself from Patrick, calling him a "faggot". Brad's friends begin beating Patrick, but Charlie forcefully intervenes, then blacks out. He recovers to find he has bruised knuckles and Brad's friends are on the floor, incapacitated. Charlie threatens, "Touch my friends again, and I'll blind you," then leaves. Sam and Patrick express their gratitude to Charlie, and the three become friends again.

text: Sam is accepted into Penn State, and breaks up with Craig on prom night after learning he has been cheating on her. The night before she departs, she brings Charlie to her room and asks him "Why do I and everyone I love pick people who treat us like we're nothing?" to which he repeats advice he received from Mr. Anderson, "We accept the love we think we deserve." They confide in each other and kiss, but when Sam touches Charlie's thigh, he experiences a momentary flashback of his Aunt Helen, which he passes off as nothing, and they continue to kiss. After she leaves for college, though, his emotional state deteriorates and his flashbacks worsen. He calls his sister blaming himself for Helen's death, and admits he may have wished it upon her. His sister realizes he is in trouble and calls the police. Charlie passes out as they burst through the door and wakes up in a hospital, where psychiatrist Dr. Burton (Joan Cusack) manages to bring out Charlie's repressed memories of his aunt sexually abusing him.

text: Charlie then is later visited by Sam and Patrick. Sam explains what college life is like, and how she has found "The Tunnel Song" — "Heroes" by David Bowie. The three revisit the tunnel, where Charlie kisses Sam again and stands up in the back of the truck. Charlie acknowledges that he feels alive and in that moment—"We are infinite."

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Logan Lerman as Charlie Kelmeckis
Emma Watson as Sam
Ezra Miller as Patrick
Mae Whitman as Mary Elizabeth
Paul Rudd as Mr. Anderson, Charlie's English teacher
Nina Dobrev as Candace Kelmeckis, Charlie's sister
Johnny Simmons as Brad
Erin Wilhelmi as Alice
Adam Hagenbuch as Bob
Kate Walsh as Mrs. Kelmeckis
Dylan McDermott as Mr. Kelmeckis
Melanie Lynskey as Aunt Helen
Joan Cusack as Dr. Burton
Zane Holtz as Chris Kelmeckis, Charlie's older brother
Reece Thompson as Craig, Sam's college boyfriend
Nicholas Braun as Ponytail Derek, Candace's boyfriend
Landon Pigg as Peter
Tom Savini as Mr. Callahan
Julia Garner as Susan

text: Development[edit]

text: John Hughes read the novel and attempted to write a screenplay after he got the rights from Chbosky; however, he never finished this screenplay. Hughes was going to use the project as a directorial comeback with more of a black comedy style. He had in mind particular actors while writing the screenplay, namely, Shia LaBeouf as Charlie; Kirsten Dunst (The Virgin Suicides) as Sam; and Patrick Fugit (Almost Famous) as Patrick.

text: Other filmmakers who were interested in the project were Ron Howard, Richard Linklater, Josh Schwartz, McG, Joel Schumacher, Ryan Murphy and British filmmaker Danny Boyle.

text: Mr. Mudd Productions (producers of Juno) became interested in the project and wanted Chbosky to adapt the film. The producers—John Malkovich, Lianne Halfon, and Russell Smith—hired Chbosky to write a screenplay adaptation (instead of Hughes) and to direct the film. Chbosky found value in half of Hughes' screenplay, so he negotiated for the rights from Hughes' heirs and added his own touches. In January 2011, Summit acquired distribution rights.[8] The following month, Summit sought a buyer for the project at the European Film Market held simultaneously with the Berlin International Film Festival.[9]

text: In May 2010, actors Logan Lerman and Emma Watson were reported as in talks for the project[10] and confirmed the following year.[11] In April 2011, Mae Whitman signed on as Mary Elizabeth and Nina Dobrev was cast as Candace. Paul Rudd was cast as Mr Anderson later that month.[12] On May 9, 2011, Kate Walsh announced that she was cast in the film as Charlie's mother and had begun filming.[13]

text: Filming[edit]

text: The film was shot in the Pittsburgh metropolitan area from May 9 to June 29, 2011.[14] Initial filming began in Pittsburgh's South Hills, including South Park, Upper St. Clair, and Peters Township High School.[15][16]

text: The Rocky Horror Picture Show scenes were filmed at The Hollywood Theater in Dormont[17] after Chbosky learned that the theater was re-opening; he had seen The Rocky Horror Picture Show there when younger.[18]

text: The film also has scenes within Pittsburgh city limits inside the Fort Pitt Tunnel, Fort Pitt Bridge on Interstate 376 and on Mount Washington.[19]

text: Music[edit]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
The Perks of Being a Wallflower (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)

Soundtrack album by Various Artists

Released
August 1, 2012

Genre
Alternative rock, dream pop, new wave, jangle pop, pop rock, folk rock

Length
51:58

Label
Atlantic Records

text: The Perks of Being a Wallflower (Soundtrack) is the official music for the book turned film, The Perks of Being a Wallflower (2012). The soundtrack was selected by music supervisor, Alexandra Patsavas and the score was composed Michael Brook. The film itself follows the main characters Charlie, and step brother and sister combo Patrick and Sam, as they grow throughout high school.[20]

text: Screenwriter and director Stephen Chbosky writes in the album’s liner notes. “I’ve shared them with friends. And they have shared their favourites with me. Some of the songs are popular. Some of them are not known by a whole lot of people. But they are all great in their own way. And since these songs have meant a lot to me, I just wanted you to have them as a soundtrack for whatever you need them to be for your life.”[21]

text: Soundtrack Song List[edit]

text:
Song Title
Artist
Song Length
When it appears in the film

Could it Be Another
The Samples
3:28
Opening Credits

Come on Eileen
Dexys Midnight Runners
4:47
Sam, Patrick and Charlie dance at homecoming

Tugboat
Galaxie 500
3:54
Sam makes a milkshake for Charlie

Temptation
New Order
5:24
Charlie goes to a party after seeing the Rocky Horror Picture Show

Evensong
The Innocence Mission
3:40
Sam and Charlie talk at the Sadie Hawkins dance

Asleep
The Smiths
4:10
The first song that plays when Charlie listens to ponytail Derek's mixtape.

Low
Cracker
4:36
Charlie unknowingly eats a magic brownie

Teen Age Riot
Sonic Youth
6:58
Patrick and Sam drop Charlie off at home

Dear God
XTC
3:37
Charlie talks about the relationship between Brad and Patrick

Pearly-Dewdrops' Drops'
Cocteau Twins
4:11
Montage of the last day of school and graduation

Charlie's Last Letter
Micheal Brook
1:48
Charlie, Sam and Patrick drive through a tunnel[22]

"Heroes"
David Bowie
6:10
Sam stands up in the back of the pick-up truck, into ending credits[23]

text:
Chart Performance

Chart
Weeks spent on Charts
Peak Number
Peak Date

US Billboards
16 weeks
#7
October 27, 2012[24]

US Top Rock Albums
2 weeks
#40
March 9, 2013[25]

text: Advertisement and Marketing[edit]

text: The soundtrack, with a run time of 1hr and 48mins,[26] was released Aug 1st, 2012 by Atlantic Records. The cover of the soundtrack shows the three main characters with a green backdrop behind them. The character Sam (Emma Watson) is leaning her head on the main character Charlie’s (Logan Lerman) shoulder. The third member of the famous trio, Patrick (Ezra Miller), stands on the other side of Sam looking straight forward. Written above their heads are the words, “The Perks of being a Wallflower: The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack”.[27]

text: Helping the film in its advertisement was the song It’s Time by the Las Vegas native band Imagine Dragons. This song found its way on the trailer for the movie, however, it was not in the film itself.[28]

text: Score[edit]

text:
The Perks of Being a Wallflower (Original Motion Picture Score)

Soundtrack album by Michael Brook

Released
September 25, 2012

Genre
Score

Length
23:41

Label
Lionsgate Records

text: The score was composed by Michael Brook and released Sep 25, 2012. The official time of the score in its entirety is 23:41 minutes long. The cover shows five people on the border of a bridge looking out, with two characters having their arms up cheerfully.[29][30][31]

text:
Song Title
Length on Film

First Day
2:32

Home Again
1:40

Charlie Speaks
2:03

Candace
1:46

Charlie's Gift
0:55

Kiss Breakdown
5:12

Acid
3:13

Charlie's First Kiss
3:34

Shard
2:47

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was scheduled to be released on September 14, 2012, but it was announced in August 2012 that it would be released a week later, on September 21, 2012, in selected cities.[32] The film continued to expand on September 28, 2012, with a nationwide release on October 12, 2012. The UK premiere was on September 23[33] at the Cambridge Film Festival.

text: Rating[edit]

text: The film originally received an R rating for "teen drug and alcohol use, and some sexual references". The filmmakers appealed and the MPAA changed it to PG-13 for "mature thematic material, drug and alcohol use, sexual content including references, and a fight—all involving teens".[34]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Perks of Being a Wallflower received a limited release of four theaters in the United States on September 21, 2012, and grossed $228,359 on its limited opening weekend, averaging $57,089 per theater. The film earned $17,742,948 in North America and $15,641,179 in other countries, for a worldwide total of $33,384,127.[3][35][36]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The film received mainly positive reviews. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a "Certified Fresh" score of 86%, based on reviews from 153 critics, with an average score of 7.5/10. The site's consensus states: "The Perks of Being a Wallflower is a heartfelt and sincere adaptation that's bolstered by strong lead performances."[37] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 based on reviews from critics, the film has a score of 67 based on 36 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[38]

text: The lead cast also received positive notices. Ian Buckwalter of The Atlantic said "The primary trio of actors delivers outstanding performances, starting with Watson, who sheds the memory of a decade playing Hermione in the Harry Potter series with an about-face as a flirtatious but insecure free spirit. Miller also plays against his most recent performance, which was as the tightly wound eponymous teenage psychopath in We Need to Talk About Kevin, to deliver a giddy, scene-stealing turn as Patrick. Lerman, best known from the Percy Jackson series, shines as Charlie, a role that demands he be immediately likeable while still holding onto some deep darkness that can't be fully revealed until the end."[39]

text: John Anderson of Newsday also praised the cast saying "As Sam, the quasi-bad girl trying to reinvent herself before college, she (Emma Watson) brings honesty and a lack of cliche to a character who might have been a standard-issue student. But equally fine are her co-stars: Ezra Miller, who plays the gay character Patrick as something messy and unusual; Paul Rudd, as their English teacher, is refreshingly thoughtful. And Charlie is portrayed by Lerman as quietly observant, yearning and delicate in a way that will click with audiences regardless of age".[40]

text: Allison M. Lyzenga of My Film Habit praised the film saying "This movie especially recognizes that even while high-school can be a battlefield of insecurity and bullying, you can find allies to help you through the struggle. It also shows that we all have a brighter future ahead if we let ourselves reach for it."[41]

text: Some critics had a less positive response to the film, with the main criticism being that the portrayal of teenage issues is idealized and the casting uninspired. The Miami Herald critic Connie Ogle notes that "the suicide of Charlie’s best friend, which takes place before the film opens, seems glossed over too quickly" despite the event being Charlie's main character motivation in the film.[42] Jack Wilson of The Age writes, "the script is transparently fake at almost every moment, congratulating the gang on their non-conformity while soft-pedalling any aspect of adolescent behaviour—drug use, sex, profanity—that might upset the American mainstream."[43] Richard Corliss of Time criticized the casting of actors in their twenties to play teenagers, unlike the film Heathers where the cast were actually teenagers.[44]

text: MTV, Us Weekly and Complex named The Perks of Being a Wallflower one of the best films of the year.[45][46][47]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipient
Result

2012
Boston Society of Film Critics Awards
Best Supporting Actor
Ezra Miller
Won

Best Supporting Actress
Emma Watson
Nominated

Chicago Film Critics Association Awards
Best Adapted Screenplay
Stephen Chbosky
Nominated

Most Promising Filmmaker
Nominated

Detroit Film Critics Society Awards
Breakthrough Performance
Nominated

Best Screenplay
Nominated

Best Supporting Actor
Ezra Miller
Nominated

Hollywood Film Festival
Spotlight Award
Won

Indiana Film Critics Association Awards
Best Adapted Screenplay
Stephen Chbosky
Won

National Board of Review Awards
Top Films
The Perks of Being a Wallflower
Won

Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards
Best Supporting Actor
Ezra Miller
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress
Emma Watson
Nominated

Best Adapted Screenplay
Stephen Chbosky
Nominated

Most Overlooked Film
The Perks of Being a Wallflower
Nominated

Best Breakthrough Performance Behind the Camera
Stephen Chbosky
Nominated

San Diego Film Critics Society Awards
Best Adapted Screenplay
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress
Emma Watson
Won

Best Ensemble Performance
Cast
Won

St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Awards
Best Supporting Actress
Emma Watson
Nominated

Best Adapted Screenplay
Stephen Chbosky
Nominated

Utah Film Critics Association Awards
Best Adapted Screenplay
Won

Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards
Best Adapted Screenplay
Nominated

Best Youth Performance
Logan Lerman
Nominated

2013
Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards
Best Young Performer
Nominated

Best Adapted Screenplay
Stephen Chbosky
Nominated

GLAAD Media Awards[48]
Outstanding Film - Wide Release
The Perks of Being a Wallflower
Won

Independent Spirit Awards[49]
Best First Feature
Stephen Chbosky
Won

MTV Movie Awards[50]
Best Female Performance
Emma Watson
Nominated

Best Kiss
Emma Watson and Logan Lerman
Nominated

Best Breakthrough Performance
Ezra Miller
Nominated

Best Musical Moment
Emma Watson, Logan Lerman and Ezra Miller
Nominated

People's Choice Awards
Favorite Drama Movie
The Perks of Being a Wallflower
Won

Favorite Dramatic Movie Actress
Emma Watson
Won

Writers Guild of America Awards
Best Adapted Screenplay
Stephen Chbosky
Nominated

Teen Choice Awards
Choice Movie: Drama
The Perks of Being a Wallflower
Won

Choice Movie Actor: Drama
Logan Lerman
Won

Choice Movie Actress: Drama
Emma Watson
Won

Choice Movie Breakout: Actor
Ezra Miller
Nominated

Choice Movie Liplock
Logan Lerman and Emma Watson
Nominated


document_title: List of UEFA Champions League broadcasters

question_text: what channel is showing champions league in ireland

text: This is a list of television broadcasters which provide coverage of the UEFA Champions League, European football's top level continental competition, as well as the UEFA Super Cup. Starting from 2018–19 season, during the group stage, two matches will kick off at 18:55 CET and the rest of the matches, including the knockout phase will kick-off at 21:00 CET.[1]

text: UEFA sells the broadcast rights in a three-season basis and various packages are available for bidders, with UEFA weighing balance between free and pay television under the UEFA and European Union (EU) agreement. While balancing between free and pay television, if the rights do not sell within "sales windows", the rights may be sold on an individual basis to pay-per-view television broadcasters.[2]

text: The 2010 final attracted an audience of 109 million people around the world, a record number for the competition, and replaced the Super Bowl as the most-watched annual sports event.[3]

text: Broadcasters[edit]

text: 2018–2021 seasons[edit]

text:
Territory

Free

Pay

Ref

Albania

Tring

[4]

Andorra

Movistar+

[5]

Armenia

Armenia TV

[6]

Australia

Optus Sport

[7][8]

Austria

Sky Sport
DAZN

[9]

Azerbaijan

CBC Sport
Idman TV

[10][11]

Belarus

Belteleradio

[12]

Belgium

RTL
SBS
Medialaan

Proximus

[13][14][15][16]

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Nova BH

Arena Sport

[6][17]

Brazil

Facebook

Turner

[18][19]

Brunei

Astro SuperSport
beIN Sports

[20]

Bulgaria

bTV Media
Max Sport

[21][22]

Cambodia

Goal.com

[23]

Canada

DAZN

[24][25][26]

Caribbean

Flow Sports
SportsMax

[27]

China

PPTV

[28]

Croatia

HRT

PlanetSport

[6][29][30][31]

Cuba

Tele Rebelde

[32]

Cyprus

CytaVision

[33]

Czech Republic

O2 TV

[34][35]

Denmark

NENT

NENT

[36]

Estonia

All Media Baltics

[6]

Fiji

FBC

[37]

Finland

MTV3

C More

[38]

France

RMC Sport

[39]

Georgia

Silk Sport

[6]

Germany

Sky Sport
DAZN
Telekom Sport

[9][40]

Greece

Cosmote Sport

[41]

Hong Kong

Cable TV
beIN Sports

[42]

Hungary

MTVA

TV2

[43][44]

Iceland

Stöð 2 Sport

[45]

Indian subcontinent

Sony Pictures Networks

[46]

Indonesia

RCTI

K-Vision

[47][48]

Ireland

RTÉ
Virgin Media

Virgin Media
BT Sport

[49][50][51][52]

Israel

Sport 5

[6][53]

Italy

RAI

Sky Sport

[54][55]

Japan

DAZN

[56][57]

Kazakhstan

Qazaqstan RTRK

[58]

Kosovo

Kujtesa

[59]

Laos

Goal.com

[23]

Latin America

Facebook

ESPN
Fox Sports

[60][61][62]

Latvia

All Media Baltics

[6]

Liechtenstein

SRG SSR
Teleclub

Teleclub

[63]

Lithuania

All Media Baltics

All Media Baltics

[6]

Luxembourg

RTL

Proximus
RMC Sport

[6]

Macau

TDM

[64]

Macedonia

Arena Sport

[6]

Malaysia

Astro SuperSport
beIN Sports

[20]

Malta

PBS

Total Sports Network

[6][65]

MENA

beIN Sports

[66]

Moldova

GMG

[6]

Mongolia

SPS

[67]

Montenegro

Arena Sport
Sport Klub

[6]

Myanmar

Sky Net

[68]

Netherlands

Talpa TV

Ziggo

[69][70]

New Zealand

SKY Sport

[71]

Norway

NENT
TV 2

NENT

[36][72]

Pacific Islands

Sky Pacific

[73]

Philippines

Goal.com

[23]

Poland

TVP

Polsat

[74][75]

Portugal

TVI

Eleven Sports

[76][77]

Romania

Telekom Sport
Digi Sport
Look TV

[78][79][80]

Russia

Match TV

Match TV

[81]

San Marino

RAI

Sky Sport

[54][55]

Serbia

RTS

Arena Sport

[6]

Singapore

beIN Sports
Hub Sports
mio Sports

[23][82][83]

Slovakia

Orange Sport

[34][35][84]

Slovenia

Pro Plus

Sport Klub

[6]

South Africa

SuperSport

[85]

South Korea

SPOTV

[64]

Spain

Movistar+

[5]

Sub-Saharan Africa

SuperSport
Canal+ Afrique

[6][85]

Sweden

NENT

NENT

[36]

Switzerland

SRG SSR
Teleclub

Teleclub

[63][86]

Taiwan

Goal.com

ELTA

[23]

Tajikistan

Varzish TV
TV Futbol

[87]

Thailand

Goal.com

[23]

Turkey

beIN Sports

[88]

Ukraine

Media Group Ukraine

[89]

United Kingdom

BT Sport

[52][90]

United States

Univision

B/R Live
TNT
Univision Deportes Network

[91][92][93]

Uzbekistan

Uzreport TV
Futbol TV

[94]

Vietnam

K+

[95]


document_title: Ottoman Tripolitania

question_text: which european state seized libya from the ottoman empire in 1911

text: Ottoman Tripolitania

text: History[edit]

text:
Part of a series on the

History of Libya

Prehistory

Libyco-Berber era
pre-146 BC

Roman era
to 640 AD

Islamic rule
640–1510

Spanish rule
1510–1530

Order of Saint John
1530–1551

Ottoman rule
1551–1911

Italian occupation
1911–1934

Italian Libya
1934–1943

Allied occupation
1943–1951

Kingdom of Libya
1951–1969

Libyan Arab Republic
1969–1977

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
1977–2011

First Civil War
2011

National Transitional Council
2011–2012

General National Congress
2012–2014

House of Representatives
2014–present

Second Civil War
2014–present

Government of National Accord
2016–present

 Libya portal

v
t
e

text: Ottoman conquest[edit]

text: By the beginning of the 16th century the Libyan coast had minimal central authority and its harbours were havens for unchecked bands of pirates. The Kingdom of Spain occupied Tripoli in 1510, but the Spaniards were more concerned with controlling the port than with the inconveniences of administering a colony. In 1530 the city, along with Malta and Gozo, were ceded by Charles I of Spain to the Knights of St John as compensation for their recent expulsion from the island of Rhodes at the hands of the Ottoman Turks. Christian rule lasted then until 1551, when Tripoli was besieged and conquered by famed Ottoman admirals Sinan Pasha and Turgut Reis. Declared as Bey and later Pasha of Tripoli, Turgut Reis submitted the tribes of the interior and several cities like Misrata, Zuwara, Gharyan, and Gafsa in the next decade. These efforts contributed to cement the foundations of a statal structure in what is today Libya, but control from Constantinople remained loose at best, much like in the rest of the Barbary Coast of North Africa.

text: Under the Ottomans, the Maghreb was divided into three provinces, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli. After 1565, administrative authority in Tripoli was vested in a pasha directly appointed by the Sultan in Constantinople. The sultan provided the pasha with a corps of janissaries, which was in turn divided into a number of companies under the command of a junior officer or bey. The janissaries quickly became the dominant force in Ottoman Libya. As a self-governing military guild answerable only to their own laws and protected by a divan (a council of senior officers who advised the pasha), the janissaries soon reduced the pasha to a largely ceremonial role.

text: Karamanli dynasty and the Barbary Wars[edit]

text: In 1711, Ahmed Karamanli, an Ottoman cavalry officer and son of a Turkish officer and Libyan woman, seized power and founded the Karamanli dynasty, which would last 124 years. The 1793–95 Tripolitanian civil war occurred in those years.

text: In May 1801 Pasha Yusuf Karamanli demanded from the United States an increase in the tribute ($83,000) which it had paid since 1796 for the protection of their commerce from piracy when the Treaty of Tripoli was signed. The demand was refused by third American President Thomas Jefferson, an American naval force was sent and blockaded Tripoli, and the desultory First Barbary War dragged on from 1801 until 3 June 1805. The Regency of Tripoli was defeated by the newly revived United States Navy.

text: The Second Barbary War (1815, also known as the Algerian War) was the second of the two wars fought between the United States and the Ottoman Empire's North African regencies of Algiers, Tripoli, and Tunis, known collectively as the Barbary States.

text: Reassertion of Ottoman authority[edit]

text: In 1835 the government of Sultan Mahmud II took advantage of local disturbances to reassert their direct authority and held it until the final collapse of the Ottoman Empire. As decentralized Ottoman power had resulted in the virtual independence of Egypt as well as Tripoli, the coast and desert lying between them relapsed to anarchy, even after direct Ottoman control was resumed in Tripoli. The indigenous Senussi Movement, led by Islamic cleric Sayyid Mohammed Ali as-Senussi, called on the countryside to resist Ottoman rule. The Grand Senussi established his headquarters in the oasis town of Jaghbub while his ikhwan (brothers) set up zawiyas (religious colleges or monasteries) across North Africa and brought some stability to regions not known for their submission to central authority. In line with the expressed instruction of the Grand Sanusi, these gains were made largely without any coercion.

text: It was one of the first Ottoman provinces to become a vilayet after an administrative reform in 1865, and by 1867 it had been reformed into the Tripolitania Vilayet.[2]

text: The highpoint of the Sanusi influence came in the 1880s under the Grand Senussi's son, Muhammad al-Mahdi as-Senussi, who was a skilled administrator and a charismatic orator. With 146 lodges spanning the entire Sahara, he moved the Senussi capital to Kufra. Harsh Ottoman rule only fuelled the appeal of the Senussi Movement's call to repel foreign occupation. Remarkably, Mohammed al-Mahdi succeeded where so many had failed before him, securing the enduring loyalty of the Amazigh tribes of Cyrenaica. Over a 75‑year period the Ottoman Turks provided 33 governors and Libya remained part of the empire—although at times virtually autonomous—until Italy invaded for the second time in 1911, as the Ottoman Empire was collapsing.

text: Italo-Turkish War[edit]

text: The Italo-Turkish War was fought between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Italy from September 29, 1911 to October 18, 1912.

text: As a result of this conflict, the Ottoman Turks ceded the provinces of Tripolitania, Fezzan, and Cyrenaica to Italy. These provinces together formed what became known as Libya.

text: Administrative divisions[edit]

text: Sanjaks of the Eyalet in the mid‑19th century:[3]

text:
Sanjak of Benghazi; became an independent sanjak in 1863, then became a province for a brief period, but was made an independent sanjak once again in 1888.[4]
Sanjak of Tarablusi Garb
Sanjak of Khoms
Sanjak of Djebel
Sanjak of Gharbi
Sanjak of Fezzan

tag: ol

text: Sanjaks of the Vilayet:[5]

text:
Sanjak of Trablus Garb
Sanjak of Khoms
Sanjak of Celebi-i-Garbi
Sanjak of Fizan
Sanjak of Benghazi