document_title: Indian Science Congress Association

question_text: who is the president of the first indian science congress meeting held in kolkata in 1914

text: Indian Science Congress Association

text: Genesis[edit]

text: The Indian Science Congress Association (ISCA) owes its origin to the foresight and initiative of two British chemists, namely, Professor J. L. Simonsen and Professor P. S. MacMahon. It occurred to them that scientific research in India might be stimulated if an annual meeting of research workers somewhat on the lines of the British Association for the Advancement of Science could be arranged.

text: Objectives[edit]

text: The Association was formed with the following objectives :

text:
To advance and promote the cause of science in India;
To hold an annual congress at a suitable place in India;
To publish such proceedings, journals, transactions and other publications as may be considered desirable;
To secure and manage funds and endowments for the promotion of Science including the rights of disposing of or selling all or any portion of the properties of the Association;
To do and perform any or all other acts, matters and things as are conductive to, or incidental to, or necessary for, the above objects.

tag: ol

text: Indian Science Congress sessions[edit]

text: First Congress[edit]

text: The first meeting of the congress was held from 15–17 January 1914 at the premises of the Asiatic Society, Calcutta. Honorable justice Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee, the then Vice Chancellor of the University of Calcutta presided over the Congress. One hundred and five scientists from different parts of India and abroad attended it. Altogether 35 papers under 6 different sections, namely Botany, Chemistry, Ethnography, Geology, Physics and Zoology were presented.

text: Silver Jubilee[edit]

text: The Silver Jubilee Session of the Science Congress was held at Calcutta in 1938 under the presidency of Lord Rutherford of Nelson but due to his sudden death, Sir James Hopwood Jeans took the chair. It was at this Jubilee Session that the participation of foreign scientists in session of the Indian Science Congress was first initiated.

text: 34th Edition – Participation of foreign scientists[edit]

text: The 34th Annual Session of the Indian Science Congress was held at Delhi in 3–8 January 1947 with Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, First Prime Minister of India, as General president. Pandit Nehru's personal interest in the Science Congress continued and there was hardly any session which he did not attend. He immensely enriched the activities of the Congress by his sustained interest in the development of scientific atmosphere in the country, particularly among young generations. From 1947, his programme for inviting representatives from foreign societies and academies was included in the Science Congress. This trend still continues with the support of the Department of Science & Technology, Government of India.

text: Golden Jubilee[edit]

text: The Science Congress celebrated its Golden Jubilee in October 1963 at Delhi with Prof.D. S. Kothari as General president. On this occasion two special publications were brought out:

text:
A short History of the Indian Science Congress Association and
Fifty Years of Science in India (in 12 volumes, each volume containing reviews of particular branch of science)

text: Diamond Jubilee[edit]

text: The Diamond Jubilee Session of the Science Congress was held at Chandigarh in 3–9 January 1973, under the presidency of Dr.S.Bhagavantam. On this occasion two special publications were brought out:

text:
A Decade (1963–72) Indian Science Congress Association (with life-sketches of General presidents) and
A Decade (1963–72) of Science in India(in section-wise).

text: 63rd edition – Introduction of focal theme[edit]

text: The year 1976 witnessed a significant departure in the trend of deliberations during the congress. It was being felt for sometime that such a gathering of scientists, covering a wide spectrum, ought to be concerned with national issues that have scientific and technological implications. In 1976, Dr. M. S. Swaminathan, the then General President of ISCA introduced the Focal Theme of national relevance which is now discussed in every section, committee and forum during the annual session. These apart, several plenary sessions are organised around various facets of the Focal Theme in which scientists and technologists as well as policy makers and administrators interact with one another. ISCA thus became a platform where members from different disciplines and from different walks of life could contribute to discussions on the Focal Theme.

text: 67th edition – Setting up of a task force[edit]

text: Another significant breakthrough was made in 1980 when the Department of Science & Technology, Government of India, set up a permanent Task Force involving representatives of ISCA and chiefs of different agencies and voluntary organizations chaired by Secretary, DST, as being responsible for following up various recommendations on the Focal Theme. Every year follow-up actions on recommendations made in the previous Science Congress are discussed at a General Session organized by DST during the Science Congress. Through this process, the Indian Science Congress Association has been contributing to the development of Science in general and National Science Policy, in particular.

text: Platinum Jubilee[edit]

text: The Indian Science Congress Association celebrated the seventy-fifth year of its inception, popularly called otherwise, Platinum Jubilee, in 1988, with Prof. C. N. R. Rao as General president. Keeping this in view, a special brochure, entitled "Indian Science Congress Association-Growth & Activities" was published so as to highlight the programmes of the Association over the years. The main programmes were:

text:
Bringing out special publication on the occasion of the Platinum Jubilee
Presentation of Plaques to the General presidents of the Association
Establishment of Platinum Jubilee Lectures to be organised in each section during the annual session of the Science Congress and
Extension of the recent activities of the ISCA and its further diversification to generate scientific temper and popularise science

text: 98th edition[edit]

text: The five-day-long session, from 3 to 7 January 2011, at the Campus of SRM University, Chennai was inaugurated by prime minister Manmohan Singh on 3 January 2011. The focal theme of this session was: "Quality education and excellence in scientific research in Indian universities". The prime minister said: "The Indian scientific community must apply its research findings and translate them into marketable products for the country to realize the true benefits of scientific progress. At the same time, he cautioned on "illiberal" uses of technology and cited use of nuclear weapons, applications of synthetic chemistry in agriculture and in poison gases and "perverse use" of genetics in Nazi Germany to drive home his point.

text: Nobel laureates Amartya Sen, Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Ada Yonath, Thomas A. Steitz, Tim Hunt and Martin Chalfie delivered special lectures at the congress. Venkata Ramakrishnan inaugurated the parallel Children's Science Congress on Tuesday, 4 January 2011.[1]

text: 99th edition[edit]

text: The five-day, 99th edition of the ISCA, from 3 to 7 January 2012 was hosted by KIIT University and National Institute of Science Education and Research(NISER) in Bhubaneswar, Orissa. It saw the participation of more than 15000 delegates, which included 500 foreign scientists and 20 Nobel laureates. It was inaugurated by the incumbent Prime Minister of India, Manmohan Singh. On its sidelines, the first Women's Science Congress was inaugurated by Nirupama Rao, India's ambassador to United States of America and the Children's Science Congress was inaugurated by the former President of India, A. P. J. Abdul Kalam.

text: Centenary edition[edit]

text: The 100th edition was hosted by the University of Calcutta which is in the city of Kolkata from 3 to 7 January 2013. The theme of the Centenary Congress was, “Science for shaping the future of India.”[2] It was inaugurated by the incumbent President of India Pranab Mukherjee in the presence of the incumbent Prime Minister of India Dr.Manmohan Singh and the incumbent Chief Minister of West Bengal Mamata Banerjee.

text: 101st edition[edit]

text: The 101st edition of Indian Science Congress was held in Jammu starting from February 3, 2014 to February 8.[3]

text: 102nd edition[edit]

text: The 102nd edition of Indian Science Congress was held in Mumbai from January 3, 2015 to January 7, 2015.[4] It was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in Mumbai University.[5] Studies and papers on Ancient Indian Vedas were presented in this Congress.[6][7][8][9][10] Accomplishments of Ancient Indian Science in the fields of medicine, mathematics, surgery etc. were presented.[11][12] There was also a session on India's successful Mars Orbiter Mission.[13]

text: Sections, committees and forums of ISCA[edit]

text: From a modest beginning of only hundred and five members, ISCA has grown into a strong fraternity with more than ten thousand members as of 2012. Only thirty-five papers were presented at the first Congress, a number that has risen to nearly one thousand.

text: In 2000, there were sixteen sections, including Agricultural Science, Anthropology & Archaeology, Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Botany, Chemistry, Computer science, Earth system science, Engineering science, Material science, Mathematics, Medical & Veterinary sciences, Physics, Physiology, Psychology & Educational Science, Statistics, Zoology, Entomology & Fisheries;

text: Two committees, including Home science and Science & Society;

text: Six forums, including Communication & Information sciences, Environmental science, Forensic science, Science education, Science for school students and women & science.

text: There are now fourteen sections, including Agriculture and Forestry sciences, Animal, Veterinary and Fishery sciences, Anthropological and Behavioral sciences (including Archaeology and Psychology & Educational sciences), Chemical science, Earth system science, Engineering science, Environmental science, Information and Communication science & technology (including Computer science), Material science, Mathematical science (including Statistics), Medical science (including Physiology), New Biology (including Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology; and Biotechnology), Physical science, Plant science;

text: Interaction with foreign scientific academies/associations[edit]

text: After independence ISCA has been actively represented in various foreign scientific academies/associations, namely British Association for the Advancement of Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science, French Academy of Sciences, Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Sri Lanka Association for the Advancement of Science, etc. with a view to have a first hand knowledge on topics of mutual interest.

text: Conflict within the Indian science system[edit]

text: Corruption in India is a major problem and the science sector is no exception.[14][15] ISCA has served as a platform to discuss the issues facing Indian scientists, with some calling for transparency, a meritocratic system, and an overhaul of the bureaucratic agencies that oversee science and technology.[16] In her commentary on the centenary session of ISCA, Sumit Bhaduri stated, “[t]he challenges of turning Indian science into part of an innovation process are many. … Many competent Indian scientists aspire to be ineffectual administrators [due to administrative power and political patronage], rather than do the kind of science that makes a difference.”[17] Prime minister Manmohan Singh spoke at the 99th Indian Science Congress and commented on the state of the sciences in India, after an advisory council informed him there were problems with "the overall environment for innovation and creative work" and a 'warlike' approach was needed.[18]

text: Sessions of Indian Science Congress[edit]

text:
Session
Year
Place
General President
Title/Theme

1st
1914
Kolkata
Ashutosh Mukherjee
About Science Congress

2nd
1915
Chennai
W. B. Bannermann
The importance of knowledge of biology of medical, sanitary and scientific men working in the tropics

3rd
1916
Lucknow
Sidney J. Burrard
The plains of northern India and their relationship to the Himalayan mountains

4th
1917
Bengaluru
Alfred Gibbs Bourne
On scientific research

5th
1918
Lahore
Gilbert T. Walker
On teaching of science

6th
1919
Mumbai
Leonard Rogers
Researches on cholera

7th
1920
Nagpur
Prafulla Chandra Roy
Dawn of science in modern India

8th
1921
Kolkata
Rajendranath Mookerjee
On science and industry

9th
1922
Chennai
C. S. Middlemiss
Relativity

10th
1923
Lucknow
M. Visvesvaraya
Scientific institutions and scientists

11th
1924
Bengaluru
N. Annandale
Evolution convergent and divergent

12th
1925
Varanasi
M. O. Forster
On experimental training

13th
1926
Mumbai
Albert Howard
Agriculture and science

14th
1927
Lahore
J. C. Bose
Unity of life

15th
1928
Kolkata
J. L. Simonsen
On chemistry of natural products

16th
1929
Chennai
C. V. Raman
On Raman Effect

17th
1930
Allahabad
C. S. Christopher
The science and disease

18th
1931
Nagpur
R. B. Seymour Sewell
The problem of evolution experimental modification of bodily structure

19th
1932
Bengaluru
Lala Shiv Ram Kashyap
Some aspects of the Alpine vegetation of the Himalaya and Tibet

20th
1933
Patna
Lewis L. Fermor
The place of geology in the life of a nation

21st
1934
Mumbai
Meghnad Saha
Fundamental cosmological problems

22nd
1935
Kolkata
J. H. Hutton
Anthropology and India

23rd
1936
Indore
U. N. Brahmachari
The Role of science in the recent progress of medicine

24th
1937
Hyderabad
T. S. Venkataraman
The Indian village – its past, present and future

25th
1938
Kolkata
James Jeans (Lord Rutherford of Nelson died prematurely)
Researches in India and in Great Britain

26th
1939
Lahore
J. C. Ghosh
On research in Chemistry in India

27th
1940
Chennai
Birbal Sahni
The Deccan Traps: an episode of the Tertiary era

28th
1941
Varanasi
Ardeshir Dalal
Science and industry

29th
1942
Vadodra
D. N. Wadia
The making of India

30th
1943
Kolkata
D. N. Wadia
Minerals’ share in the war

31st
1944
Delhi
S. N. Bose
The Classical Determinism and the Quantum Theory

32nd
1945
Nagpur
Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar
Give science a chance

33rd
1946
Bengaluru
M. Afzal Hussain
The food problem of India

34th
1947
Delhi
Jawaharlal Nehru
Science in the service of the nation

35th
1948
Patna
Ram Nath Chopra
Rationalisation of medicine in India

36th
1949
Allahabad
K. S. Krishnan

37th
1950
Pune
P. C. Mahalanobis
Why statistics?

38th
1951
Bengaluru
H. J. Bhabha
The present concept of the physical world

39th
1952
Kolkata
J. N. Mukherjee
Science and our problems

40th
1953
Lucknow
D. M. Bose
The living and the non-living

41st
1954
Hyderabad
S. L. Hora
Give scientists a chance

42nd
1955
Vadodra
S. K. Mitra
Science and progress

43rd
1956
Agra
M. S. Krishnan
Mineral resources and their problems

44th
1957
Kolkata
B. C. Roy
On science for human welfare and development of the country

45th
1958
Chennai
M. S. Thacker
Grammar of scientific development

46th
1959
Delhi
A. L. Mudaliar
Tribute to basic sciences

47th
1960
Mumbai
P. Parija
Impact of society on science

48th
1961
Roorkee
N. R. Dhar
Nitrogen problem

49th
1962
Cuttack
B. Mukherji
Impact of life sciences on man

50th
1963
Delhi
D. S. Kothari
Science and the universities

51st
1964
Kolkata
Humayun Kabir
Science and the state

52nd
1965
Kolkata
Humayun Kabir

53rd
1966
Chandigarh
B. N. Prasad
Science in India

54th
1967
Hyderabad
T. R. Seshadri
Science and national welfare

55th
1968
Varanasi
Atma Ram
Science in India – some aspects

56th
1969
Mumbai
A. C. Joshi (A. C. Banerjee died prematurely)
A breathing spell:plant sciences in the service of man

57th
1970
Kharagpur
L. C. Verman
Standardization: a triple point

58th
1971
Bengaluru
B. P. Pal
Agricultural science and human welfare

59th
1972
Kolkata
W. D. West
Geology in the service of India

60th
1973
Chandigarh
S. Bhagavantam
Sixty years of science in India

61st
1974
Nagpur
R. S. Mishra
Mathematics – queen or handmaid

62nd
1975
Delhi
Asima Chatterjee(the first lady scientist to be elected as the General President)
Science and technology in India: present and future

63rd
1976
Waltair
M. S. Swaminathan
Science and integrated rural development

64th
1977
Bhubaneswar
H. N. Sethna
Survey, conservation and utilisation of resources

65th
1978
Ahmedabad
S. M. Sircar
Science, education and rural development

66th
1979
Hyderabad
R. C. Mehrotra
Science and technology in India during the coming decades

67th
1980
Jadavpur
A. K. Saha
Energy strategies for India

68th
1981
Varanasi
A. K. Sharma
Impact of development of science and technology on environment

69th
1982
Mysuru
M. G. K. Menon
Basic Research as an integral component of self-reliant base of science and technology

70th
1983
Tirupati
Barry Ramachandra Rao
Man and the ocean – resource and development

71st
1984
Ranchi
R. P. Bambah
Quality science in India – ends and means

72nd
1985
Lucknow
A. S. Paintal
High altitude studies

73rd
1986
Delhi
T. N. Khoshoo
Role of science and technology in environment management

74th
1987
Bengaluru
Archana Sharma
Resources and human well-being-inputs from science and technology

75th
1988
Pune
C. N. R. Rao
Frontiers in science and technology

76th
1989
Madurai
A. P. Mitra
Science and technology in India:technology missions

77th
1990
Kochi
Yash Pal
Science in society

78th
1991
Indore
D. K. Sinha
Coping with natural disaster: an integrated approach

79th
1992
Vadodra
Vasant Gowarikar
Science, population and development

80th
1993
Goa
S. Z. Qasim
Science and quality of life

81st
1994
Jaipur
P. N. Shrivastava
Science in India: excellence and accountability

82nd
1995
Kolkata
S. C. Pakrashi
Science, technology and industrial development of India

83rd
1996
Patiala
U. R. Rao
Science and technology for achieving food, economic and healthy security

84th
1997
Delhi
S. K. Joshi
Frontiers in science and engineering, and their relevance to national development

85th
1998
Hyderabad
P. Rama Rao
Science & Technology in Independent India : Retrospect and Prospect

86th
1999
Chennai
Manju Sharma
New bioscience: opportunities and challenges as we move into the next millennium

87th
2000
Pune
R. A. Mashelkar
Indian science and technology into the next millennium

88th
2001
Delhi
R. S. Paroda
Food, nutrition and environmental security

89th
2002
Lucknow
S. K. Katiyar
Health care, education and information technology

90th
2003
Bengaluru
K. Kasturirangan
Frontiers of science and cutting-edge technologies

91st
2004
Chandigarh
Asis Datta
Science and society in the twenty first century : quest for excellence

92nd
2005
Ahmedabad
N. K. Ganguly
Health technology as fulcrum of development for the nation

93rd
2006
Hyderabad
I. V. Subba Rao
Integrated rural development: science and technology

94th
2007
Annamalainagar
Harsh Gupta
Planet Earth

95th
2008
Visakhapatnam
Ramamurthi Rallapalli
Knowledge Based Society Using Environmentally Sustainable Science And Technology

96th
2009
Shillong
T. Ramasami
Science Education and Attraction of Talent for Excellence in Research

97th
2010
Thiruvananthapuram.
G. Madhavan Nair
Science & Technology of 21st Century – National Perspective

98th
2011
Chennai
K. C. Pandey
Quality education and excellence in science research in Indian Universities.

99th
2012
Bhubaneshwar
Geetha Bali
Science And Technology for Inclusive Innovation- Role of Women

100th
2013
Kolkata
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh
Science for shaping the future of India[19]

101st
2014
Jammu
Ranbir Chander Sobti
Innovations in Science & Technology for Inclusive Development

102nd
2015
Mumbai[20]
Sarjerao Bhaurao Nimse
Science and Technology for Human Development

103rd
2016
Mysore
Ashok Kumar Saxena
Science and Technology for Indigenous Development in India[21]

104th
2017
Tirupati (Venue -> S. V. University)[22]
D.Narayana Rao
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

105th
2018
Hyderabad(Osmania university)
Dr.Achyuta samanta
Reaching the unreached through science and technology

tag: table


document_title: Lightning McQueen

question_text: who does the voice of lightning mcqueen in cars 3

root

text: Lightning McQueen

text: Characterization

text: During the initial research for the first film, John Lasseter met with General Motors designers to discuss the new Corvette design[2] but subsequent changes to the storyline left both Lightning McQueen and rivals Chick Hicks (Cars) and Bobby Swift, Brick Yardley, Cal Weathers and Jackson Storm (Cars 3) as generic.

tag: p

text: “He’s the new rookie, he’s kinda sexy, he’s fast, he’s different. So he’s invented. We took the best of our favourite things, from GT40s to Chargers… just sketching them out, we came up with what McQueen looks like.”

text: In order to create a cocky but likable character for McQueen, Pixar looked at sports figures like boxer Muhammad Ali, basketball player Charles Barkley, and football quarterback Joe Namath, as well as rap and rock singer Kid Rock.[3]

text: “For the other race cars, we looked at how race cars drive. For McQueen, we looked at surfers and snowboarders and Michael Jordan, these truly great athletes and the beauty of how they move. You watch Jordan in his heyday against every other player, he’s playing a different game. We wanted to have that same type of feeling, so that when they’re talking about ‘the rookie sensation,’ you’re seeing that he is really gifted.”

text: The end result is a character which, despite the usually-meticulous approach to "truth to material" in which each car's animation is mechanically consistent with its respective model's capabilities, can occasionally bend the rules to move more like an athlete than a motorcar.[3]

text: He is voiced by actor Owen Wilson in Cars, Cars 2, Cars 3, Mater and the Ghostlight, the Cars video game, the Cars Toon The Radiator Springs 500 ½, as well as Keith Ferguson in most of the Cars Toons, Cars Mater-National Championship, and Cars Race-O-Rama.

text: In the original film, McQueen is one of the three contestants in a Piston Cup tiebreaker race before an audience of "more than two hundred thousand cars" in Los Angeles, California. By the start of Cars 2, he has won four Piston Cup championships.[4]

text: McQueen appears in Kinect Rush: A Disney/Pixar Adventure.[5]

text: Cars (2006)

text: Lightning McQueen is a racer participating in the Piston Cup. McQueen is sponsored by Rust-eze Medicated Bumper Ointment, which uses the catchphrase, "With Just a Little Rust-eze, you can look like Lightning McQueen!" However, he secretly disdains Rust-eze, and hopes to be chosen for sponsorship by the much more glamorous and successful Dinoco oil company. He is certain Dinoco will offer to sponsor him if he wins the prized Piston Cup.

text: At the beginning of the film, McQueen is portrayed as being ungrateful, obnoxious, selfish, and sarcastic. It is noted that he previously fired three crew chiefs. During a pit stop, he foolishly refuses the advice of his pit crew to replace his tires because he wants to remain in the lead. As a result, both rear tires blow out on the last lap. He narrowly avoids losing the race when he sticks his tongue out, leading to a three-way tie with Strip "The King" Weathers and Chick Hicks. He subsequently insults his pit crew, leading them to furiously and suddenly resign.

text: Preparing to leave for California for a tie-breaker race, McQueen begins to realize he has no true friends. On route, he selfishly forces his big rig, Mack, to drive through the night, so they can reach California before their competitors. McQueen quickly falls asleep, therefore breaking his promise to stay awake with Mack. In turn, Mack becomes exhausted himself. After an unfortunate encounter with a quartet of tuner cars, McQueen becomes separated from Mack, and speeds through the night in a desperate search of Mack, only to end up lost in Radiator Springs, a forgotten town along U.S. Route 66, where he is soon arrested and impounded.

text: In Radiator Springs, McQueen awakens, and finds himself being taken to court for ruining the road of Radiator Springs. The local judge, Doc Hudson, orders McQueen to leave town immediately, but the other townsfolk, including its local attorney, Sally Carrera, vote to have McQueen repave the road as a show of power for community service, in which Doc agrees with. McQueen is then ordered to repave the road, but instead, he attempts to escape town. He is quickly recaptured and forced to repave the road in order to regain his freedom. He doesn't do it properly at first, but to take a break, he tries to accept help from Doc, but blows him off. In the process, McQueen learns about the history of Radiator Springs and begins to relate to its inhabitants. A tow truck named Mater befriends him, and he falls in love with Sally. He also reveals an unusual history about Doc, who is revealed to be a former Piston Cup champion, whose racing career ended after a serious crash. After repaving the road, and staying there, McQueen is free to leave Radiator Springs, and resume his journey to California. However, he selflessly delays his departure to show appreciation for his new friends by performing good deeds. During his time at Radiator Springs, McQueen's personality slowly begins to change. He begins to care about others rather than just himself and no longer disrespects them. He also isn't as cocky as he once was while on the race track.

text: During the tie-breaker race in California, McQueen is unable to stop thinking of Radiator Springs and his new friends, causing him to lose focus. Soon, he is surprised to see that Doc Hudson and some of his friends have followed him and taken on the role of his pit crew. Inspired by words of encouragement from Doc, McQueen races with renewed confidence. When Hicks attempts to knock him off course, he recovers by proudly performing moves he learned from Doc and Mater back in Radiator Springs.

text: During the final lap, the Piston Cup is clearly within McQueen's grasp. Hicks, realizing he is about to finish in last place, strikes Weathers from behind, sending him to a dangerous crash. On the track's Jumbotron, McQueen witnesses the crash behind him, which is reminiscent of the crash that ended Doc's career 52 years before. In order to help Weathers, McQueen stops suddenly before reaching the finish line, essentially forfeiting the win. McQueen is nonetheless praised for his selfless sportsmanship, so much so that Dinoco Race Team owner Tex offers to hire him to succeed Weathers. McQueen declines, realizing that he should stay with his Rust-eze sponsors in appreciation for managing to get him where he was. Tex respects his decision and instead offers to do him a favor. McQueen uses the favor to gain a ride on the Dinoco helicopter for Mater, fulfilling Mater's dream.

text: McQueen returns to Radiator Springs to establish his racing headquarters, putting the town back on the map and bringing success to all his friends. He resumes his relationship with Sally and becomes Hudson's pupil.

text: Cars: The Video Game (2006)

text: In Cars: The Video Game, written by Pixar and considered a continuation to the story started in the movie, McQueen finds himself at the start of the next Piston Cup season. With the help of the citizens of Radiator Springs, McQueen readies to start his quest for the Piston Cup, taking lessons in powersliding from Doc, boosting from Fillmore, and racing backwards from Mater. With his new skills, McQueen once again makes a championship run in the Piston Cup, much to the irritation of Chick Hicks.

text: Fearing his title is in jeopardy, Chick enlists the assistance of The Delinquent Road Hazards - DJ, Boost, Wingo, and Snot Rod — the same rowdy cars who detoured McQueen to Radiator Springs, to hijack McQueen's racing gear from Mack on Interstate 40. McQueen is able to retrieve his equipment and bring the delinquents to justice before winning the next race, which sends Chick into a frenzy. Lightning challenges Chick to a Grand Prix in Radiator Springs, followed by one more Piston Cup race in L.A.. McQueen wins these events, taking the Piston Cup in his sophomore season.

text: At the end, McQueen, Mater, and Sally decide to take a celebratory trip across the country. When asked if he brought his trophy, McQueen notes he did not, but left it in a good place, revealed to be at Doc Hudson's clinic next to the racing legend's own three Piston Cups.

text: Though McQueen is still sponsored by Rust-eze, players are able to unlock McQueen with a Dinoco paint job while playing as him in Story Mode, Arcade Mode, and VS. Mode.

text: Cars 2 (2011)

text: Five years after the events of the first film, McQueen, now a four-time Piston Cup champion (2007-2011), returns to Radiator Springs after a successful racing season. He is pleased to renew his friendship with Mater. McQueen's respite is interrupted when he is recruited to participate in the first ever World Grand Prix, sponsored by former oil tycoon Miles Axelrod to promote his new biofuel, Allinol. McQueen initially declines but is publicly taunted by Formula One race car Francesco Bernoulli. Mater intervenes to defend McQueen, leading him to reconsider and join the race. Mater hopes to tag along on the tour and, despite concerns about Mater's meddling behavior, McQueen reluctantly agrees.

text: In Tokyo at a pre-race party, McQueen is embarrassed by Mater's antics and he begins to regret bringing him along. Soon after, Mater unwittingly gets caught up in a spy mission with Finn McMissile and Holley Shiftwell. This leads to more antics during the first race, which McQueen initially dominates. However, a miscommunication by Mater ultimately costs him the race. Upset, McQueen confronts Mater, and tells him that he doesn't need his help, and ends their friendship.

text: Feeling disappointed, Mater decides to head back home, leaving a heart-felt apology for McQueen, leaving McQueen feeling bad for being too harsh. On the way home, Mater ends up involved in the spy mission once again. Meanwhile, the World Grand Prix moves on to Italy, however, McQueen is too depressed to enjoy it since his argument with Mater. There, McQueen comes to understand even the best of friends will argue every now and then, and he is inspired to patch up his friendship with Mater.

text: McQueen wins the second race in Porto Corsa, Italy, though many cars end up damaged. Through his spy mission, Mater learns an unidentified criminal mastermind is sabotaging the cars. An unknowing public begins to question whether Allinol is to blame, since the fuel is one common thing being used by all of the cars. In response, Axelrod decides to remove Allinol from the final race, allowing the cars to choose their own fuel. McQueen elects to continue with Allinol based on advice from his friend and pit crew member Fillmore. (Unbeknownst to McQueen, his fuel had already been replaced with Fillmore's bio-fuel.) The mastermind orders Professor Zündapp (Professor Z) to seize the opportunity and have McQueen killed, so that Allinol will be blamed. Mater overhears the order and tries to warn McQueen, but is unable to do so before being captured and rendered unconscious.

text: During the third and final race in London, Mater escapes and resumes his attempt to warn McQueen. At McQueen's pit, Mater learns that the mastermind planted a bomb in his engine compartment while he was unconscious, and it will be detonated when McQueen comes near, killing them both. McQueen sees Mater and approaches him, hoping to deliver his apology. Mater speeds away in order to avoid killing McQueen. McQueen pursues him, thinking that Mater is fleeing out of guilt. Soon they are out of range of the detonator's remote control. After stopping, McQueen finally realizes the spy mission was real after Shiftwell and McMissile appear with a captured Zündapp. Zündapp reveals that only the mastermind can deactivate Mater's bomb. Mater alone pieces together the final clues and identifies the mastermind as Miles Axelrod. This makes sense to no one else until Mater explains that Axelrod wanted to give alternative energy a bad name, because he owns the largest untapped oil reserves in the world. Mater managed to prove this by personally forcing Axelrod to disarm the bomb in person, which made McQueen and the others realize that Axelrod was indeed the true mastermind after all.

text: Following the arrest of Axelrod and his cohorts, it was revealed that Allinol was actually gasoline engineered by Axelrod as part of his plan to discredit alternative energy just as Mater suspected, and that McQueen's Allinol supply was switched with Fillmore's organic fuel by Sarge, which would explain how McQueen managed to avoid being struck by the radiation. Being so amazed to see that Mater actually foiled a world criminal conspiracy with his own wits, McQueen happily declares that Mater can come to all races from now on if he likes, much to Mater's delight. McQueen also witnessed Mater's knighting by the Queen in honor for his actions.

text: Back in Radiator Springs, the competitors assemble in a show of sportsmanship for a race with nothing at stake. The film ends with McQueen taking first place during the Radiator Springs Grand Prix, joined by Mater thanks to new rocket boosters he was given by Finn and Holley.

text: McQueen's paint scheme is nearly the same as it was in the first movie (his large lightning bolt is repainted dark red, and a smaller bolt is threaded through his number, and has only three sponsor stickers on either side), though it is modified for the World Grand Prix with green-tinted flames on the end of his large bolt and a Piston Cup logo on the hood instead of his usual Rust-Eze sponsor. His reflective lightning decals are removed, he has a different spoiler, and his sticker headlights and taillights are replaced with actual working lights.

text: Planes: Fire & Rescue (2014)

text: Lightning McQueen makes a cameo appearance in Planes: Fire & Rescue, appearing in a photograph in a newspaper being read by Sparky.[6]

text: Cars 3 (2017)

text: Six years after the events of the second film, the story starts out with McQueen, now a seven-time Piston Cup winner (2007-2014) and racing legend, racing in the Piston Cup while pitted against his old racing friends, Cal Weathers and Bobby Swift all who pull pranks on each other after each race. On the final lap of one race, Jackson Storm, a high-tech racer, appears out of nowhere on the track, roaring past McQueen to win. Storm continues to win race after race throughout the season, and many veteran racers are prompted to retire or are fired by their sponsors to make room for the next generation - including Cal and Bobby. During the final race of the season in Los Angeles, McQueen pushes himself too hard while trying to catch up to Storm, and sends himself into a dangerous crash. Sally, Mater, Sarge, Fillmore, Luigi and Guido are all shocked in horror to see McQueen's crash. The film's premise revolves around McQueen recovering from the crash that happened earlier and being trained by Cruz Ramirez, a technician and lifelong fan of McQueen, during the offseason in hopes of returning to his racing career. His main motivation to return to racing is to be able to enter the Florida 500 race and defeat Storm, after being given an ultimatum by new sponsor Sterling to permanently retire to a life as a paid spokesperson if he loses his next race. Sterling was planning for him to retire anyway so that he could make money out of McQueen's retirement merchandises, but he hid his nature and pretended to be a fan.

text: After several unsuccessful attempts at training, including damaging Sterling's simulator and participating in a demolition derby, McQueen decides to seek out Doc's old pit boss, Smokey, and eventually meets him at the Thomasville Motor Speedway in Doc's old hometown, in what appears to be the Great Smoky Mountains. Trained on smarts as well as speed, McQueen runs the first half of the Florida 500, with Smokey as his crew chief, before pulling out and giving Cruz a shot at stardom, with him as the crew chief. Cruz and McQueen share the victory due to Lightning starting the race, and ultimately a sponsorship under the merged Dinoco-Rust-Eze brand, thus he wins the bet with Sterling and decides to keep racing, and Cruz becomes his pupil. McQueen ends the film with a race with Cruz at Radiator Springs, now a mentor of young talent while running the occasional Piston Cup race.

text: He reverts to the body type he had back in the first film, but the paint job features a cross between the lightning bolts seen in the first film, and the flames seen in the second film, said that the bolts are solid colored instead of halftone, the Rust-Eze logos were enlarged, and has fewer sponsor stickers than he had in the first film. He also sports a second paint scheme prior to his crash (With a slightly desaturated red paintwork, a more modernized version of the Rust-Eze logo and different lightning bolts), a third "training" paint job in which he is darker red with metallic yellow accents, and a fourth "demolition derby" paint job in which he is all mud brown and numbered 15. At the end of the film, McQueen is decked in a blue "Fabulous Lightning McQueen" paint job reminiscent of Doc Hudson's. He also keeps his working lights.


document_title: Whassup?

question_text: where did the phrase what's up come from

question_tokens: where did the phrase what 's up come from

text: Whassup?

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Whassup? (also known as Wazzup) was a commercial campaign for Anheuser-Busch Budweiser beer from 1999 to 2002.[1] The first spot aired during Monday Night Football, December 20, 1999. The ad campaign was run worldwide and became a pop culture catchphrase. The phrase itself is a slurred version of the phrase "What's up?".

text: The commercials were based on a short film, entitled True, written and directed by Charles Stone III, that featured Stone and several of his childhood friends – Fred Thomas, Paul Williams, Terry Williams, Jimmy "Puerto Rock" Perez and Kevin Lofton. The characters sat around talking on the phone and saying "whassup?" to one another in a comical way. The short was popular at a number of film festivals around the country and eventually caught the attention of creative director Vinny Warren and art director Chuck Taylor at the Chicago-based ad agency DDB, who took the idea to August A. Busch IV, vice president of Anheuser-Busch, and signed Stone to direct Budweiser TV commercials based on the film. Scott Martin Brooks won the role of Dookie when Kevin Lofton declined to audition.[2]

text: Whassup? won the Cannes Grand Prix award and the Grand Clio award, among others. In May 2006, the campaign was inducted into the CLIO Hall of Fame.

text: Eight years later, Stone made another version of the ad with the same cast, called Wassup 2008. The 2-minute short film was heavily critical of the presidency of George W. Bush and was a clear endorsement of the presidential campaign of Barack Obama.[3] The 2008 video was nominated for the Favorite User Generated Video award at the 35th People's Choice Awards.

text: In culture[edit]

text: The film Scary Movie (2000) parodied the ad in one scene.

text: Professional wrestling tag team The Dudley Boyz incorporated part of the ad as one of their signature moves. D-Von would climb to the top rope while Bubba Ray held an opponent's legs apart, before they both stuck out their tongues and did the Whassup head shake. D-Von would then execute a diving headbutt to the crotch of the opponent.

text: The Simpsons episodes "The Bart Wants What It Wants" (2002) and "See Homer Run"[citation needed] (2005) both feature the character Milhouse using the expression in an attempt to be cool.

text: The Greg the Bunny episode "Father and Son Reunion" (2002) featured the character Gil trying to bond with his son Jimmy. Gil thinks all young people use the expression to be cool. They go out together along with Greg the Bunny and Gil shouts the expression at everyone they meet, much to the embarrassment of Jimmy.

text: In the 2003 Friends episode "The One With Phoebe's Rats", Ross enters Monica and Chandler's apartment saying "Whassup" trying to imitate the commercial, to which Chandler replies, "Seriously dude, three years ago!"

text: The Office episode "Pilot" has Michael Scott, played by Steve Carell, and Dwight K. Schrute exchanging the expression with each,[clarification needed] which Jim Halpert implies to the audience that Scott is still doing it seven years after the ad was popular.

text: The Aqua Teen Hunger Force episode "Multiple Meat" (2010) had Frylock using the expression to Master Shake and when the latter does not react to it he asks "I'm sorry is that out now?"

text: The band Falling in Reverse parodied the ad in the music video of the song "Good Girls, Bad Guys" (2011).[4]

text: In the film Central Intelligence (2016), Bob Stone sends Calvin Joyner a video clip of the ad and asks, "remember those commercials?"

text: In the How I Met Your Mother episode "Trilogy Time" Barney Stinson uses the expression in supposed "dream" futures.


document_title: List of longest novels

question_text: longest work of fiction in the english language

text: List of longest novels

text: Comparison of methods[edit]

text: Three possible ways to determine length exist and each has its own method for determining length. Character counts are at best estimations of spaces, written characters and punctuation; Guinness World Records uses this criterion.[2] Word counts is another method that counts each word and omits punctuation, but still considered an estimation for length. Using computer software to count words is the currently preferred method for academia and publications.[3] An arbitrary way is to assume that a standard formatted page with 12 pt Courier font and double-spaced lines is 250 words.[4] Due to formatting, page counts are subject to change from font, style, formatting or paper size of the published work and cannot be considered a measure of length despite it being the easiest physical indicator of length. For the purposes of this list, word counts are ideal. Page counts are a relative indicator of length; for proper comparison the page size will be included.

text: Some difficulty is created when comparing word counts across different writing systems. The logographic Chinese characters used to write East Asian languages each represent one morpheme and are not separated by spaces. The same character may at times stand for one word, and other times form part of a larger word. For instance the characters zhong 中 and guo 囯 can be used independently to mean "middle" and "kingdom", respectively, but can also be combined into Zhongguo 中囯, "China" (i.e. "The Middle Kingdom"). One could theoretically construct a noun phrase Zhongguo zhong guo 中囯中囯 meaning "kingdoms in the middle of China". The absence of any formal marking of word boundaries means that it would be difficult to mechanically determine if such a phrase consists of two, three, or four words without knowing Chinese. East Asian bibliographies therefore generally give only the character count without attempting any word count.

text: While a rough approximation might seemingly be gotten from citing the word count of a translation into a Latin alphabet language like English, this is hazardous as the great grammatical and stylistic differences between the languages might cause one to require more or less words to convey the same meaning as the other. Citing a translation only indicates how many words are required to convey the same meaning in the target text, not how many words the source text actually consists of.

text: Definitions[edit]

text: What counts as a novel is another variable. For the purposes of the list, a "novel" is defined as a single work in print or electronic form that has been published through a mainstream publisher, one that has acquired publishing rights from authors. A "single work" includes works thought of as one novel by the author, but published in multiple volumes for reasons of convenience.

text: Excluded are self-published, printed-on-demand, vanity works, unpublished novels like Henry Darger's, novel sequences like the Chronicles of Barsetshire, novel cycles such as those set in the James Bond universe, and record-grabbing stunts. Also not included are any Internet novel (mainly in China).[clarification needed]

text: List[edit]

text:
Book title

Author

Edition/publisher

Page count

Page size

Word count

Language

Notes
−

Artamène ou le Grand Cyrus

Georges and/or[5] Madeleine de Scudéry

Augustin Courbé, 1649–53

7004130950000000000♠13,095 pages, ten volumes[6]

7006195430000000000♠1,954,300[7]

French

Het Bureau

J. J. Voskuil

Van Oorschot, 1996-2000

7003505800000000000♠5,058 pages, seven volumes

7.85 inches (19.9 cm) x 4.95 inches (12.6 cm)

7006159000000000000♠1,590,000[8]

Dutch

Venmurasu

Jeyamohan

Narrinai/Kizhakku

7004111590000000000♠11,159 pages, 13 volumes[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]

8.25 inches (21.0 cm) x 5.85 inches (14.9 cm)

7006155602800000000♠1,556,028 (as of August 9, 2016)

Tamil

Ongoing novel based on Mahabaratham - written so far 15 volumes and 13 published as books.

Gordana

Marija Jurić Zagorka

Školska knjiga, 2007

7003876800000000000♠8,768 pages, twelve volumes[22][23][24]

7006140000000000000♠1,400,000 (estimated)

Croatian

The longest Croatian novel.

 À la recherche du temps perdu

Marcel Proust

Gallimard (Collection Folio edition, 1988–1990)

7003303100000000000♠3,031 pages, seven volumes[25]

7 inches (17.8 cm) x 5 inches (12.7 cm)[26]

7006126706900000000♠1,267,069[27]

French

Guinness World Record holder for longest novel. Uses estimated character count of 9,609,000 characters.[28]

Zettels Traum

Arno Schmidt

Suhrkamp Verlag (2010 edition)

7003153600000000000♠1,536 pages

14.1 inches (35.8 cm) x 10.8 inches (27.4 cm)[29]

7006110000000000000♠1,100,000 (estimated)

German

6,800,000 characters;[30] longest novel published in one volume

A Dance to the Music of Time

Anthony Powell

?

7006100000000000000♠1,000,000

English

12 volumes

Kelidar

Mahmoud Dowlatabadi

Farhang Moaaser

7003283600000000000♠2,836 pages, ten volumes [31]

7005950000000000000♠950,000 [31]

Persian

The longest Persian novel

Clarissa, or, the History of a Young Lady

Samuel Richardson

Penguin Classics (1986)

7003153400000000000♠1,534 pages, seven volumes

9.2 inches (23.4 cm) x 5.8 inches (14.7 cm)[32]

7005943000000000000♠943,000 and 984,870

English

Word count obtained through Project Guttenberg digitization and 1964 estimate by The New York Times[33]

Ponniyin Selvan

Kalki Krishnamurthy

(1950 edition)

7003240000000000000♠2,400 pages, five volumes

7005900000000000000♠900,000

Tamil

Released in five volumes, this historical novel, originally written in Tamil, tells the story of Arulmozhivarman (Raja Raja Chola I), one of the kings of the Chola Dynasty

Poor Fellow My Country

Xavier Herbert

HarperCollins Publishers (Australia)

7003146600000000000♠1,466 pages, hardcover

8.1 inches (20.6 cm) x 5.6 inches (14.2 cm)[34]

7005852000000000000♠852,000[35]

English

1975 winner of the Miles Franklin Award[36]

Women and Men

Joseph McElroy

Knopf (1987)

7003119200000000000♠1,192 pages, hardcover

9 inches (22.9 cm) x 6 inches (15.2 cm)[37]

7005850000000000000♠850,000 (estimated[38])
700,000 (estimated[39])

English

紅樓夢 (The Story of the Stone)

Cao Xueqin

Penguin Classics

7003233900000000000♠2,339

7.75 inches (19.7 cm) x 5 inches (13 cm)

7005845000000000000♠845,000 (estimated)

Chinese to English translation

Sironia, Texas

Madison Cooper

Houghton Mifflin (1952)

7003173100000000000♠1,731 pages, two volumes[40]

7005840000000000000♠840,000 (estimated[41][42])

English

Homestuck

Andrew Hussie

Viz Media

7003812600000000000♠8,126 pages[43]

7005817929000000000♠817,929 [44]

English

三國演義 (Romance of the Three Kingdoms)

Luo Guanzhong

Foreign Languages Press (1995)

7003234000000000000♠2,340 pages, four volumes

7.2 inches (18.3 cm) x 4.5 inches (11.4 cm)[45]

7005800000000000000♠800,000 (estimate[46])

Chinese to English translation

Miss MacIntosh, My Darling

Marguerite Young

Scribners (1965)

7003119800000000000♠1,198 pages

7005750000000000000♠750,000 (estimated[47]) 576,000 (estimated[48])

English

Sir Charles Grandison

Samuel Richardson

Oxford World's Classics (1986)

7003164700000000000♠1,647 pages

7.2 inches (18.3 cm) x 4.6 inches (11.7 cm)

7005750000000000000♠750,000 (estimated)

English

Varney the Vampire

James Malcolm Rymer and Thomas Peckett Prest

Edward Lloyd (1845–47)

7002866000000000000♠866 pages

7005667000000000000♠667,000[49]

English

Originally published anonymously, in serial "penny dreadful" pamphlets. Present-day opinions are divided regarding its authorship.

Les Misérables

Victor Hugo

Gutenberg ebook edition

7005655478000000000♠655,478[50]

French

Atlas Shrugged

Ayn Rand

Signet Books (1996 edition)

7003108800000000000♠1,088 pages, paperback

6.9 inches (17.5 cm) x 4.1 inches (10.4 cm)[51]

7005645000000000000♠645,000 (estimate by the publisher and by The New York Times[52] and by the author herself quoting printer's word count[53])

English

Jean-Christophe

Romain Rolland

Henry Holt (1910,1911,1913)

7003166600000000000♠1,666 pages, three volumes

7005610000000000000♠610,000 (estimated)

French to English translation

Author received the 1915 Nobel Prize for Literature.

Jerusalem

 Alan Moore

Knockabout (2016)

7003126600000000000♠1,266 pages

9.6 inches (24.4 cm) x 6.6 inches (16.8 cm)

7005600000000000000♠600,000 (estimated[54])

English

"...And Ladies of the Club"

Helen Hooven Santmyer

Ohio State University Press (1982)

7003134400000000000♠1,344 pages

7005600000000000000♠600,000 (newspaper estimate)[55]

English

1984 surprise bestseller

 A Suitable Boy

Vikram Seth

Penguin Books

7003136800000000000♠1,368 pages, paperback

8 inches (20.3 cm) x 5.5 inches (14 cm)[56]

7005593674000000000♠593,674[56]

English

Word count obtained from Amazon digitization (eBook) word count.

Война и мир (War and Peace)

Leo Tolstoy

Oxford World's Classics

7003144000000000000♠1,440 pages, paperback

7.6 inches (19.3 cm) x 5.1 inches (13.0 cm)[57]

7005587287000000000♠587,287 New American Library Version[58] and 561,093 Oxford World's Classics[59]

Russian to English translation

Edition and translation largely account for differences in word count.

F. L. Věk

Alois Jirásek

Československý spisovatel (last printed edition, 1976–1977)

7003187000000000000♠1,870 pages (1972 ed.)

7005571350000000000♠571,350

Czech

Word count obtained from 2011 eBook.[60]

Il mulino del Po

Riccardo Bacchelli

Arnoldo Mondadori Editore

7003211300000000000♠2,113 pages, paperback

8 inches (20.3 cm) x 5.4 inches (13.7 cm)[61]

7005559830000000000♠559,830[citation needed]

Italian

Infinite Jest

David Foster Wallace

Back Bay Books

7003110400000000000♠1,104 pages, paperback

9.2 inches (23.4 cm) x 6 inches (15.2 cm)[62]

7005543709000000000♠543,709

English

Remembrance Rock

Carl Sandburg

Mariner Books

7003108800000000000♠1,088 pages, paperback

9 inches (22.9 cm) x 6 inches (15.2 cm)[63]

7005532030000000000♠532,030[63] and 673,000[64]

English

Word counts obtained from Amazon digitization (eBook) word count, and author's own count.

To Green Angel Tower

Tad Williams

DAW Books

7003108300000000000♠1,083 pages, hardcover

7005520000000000000♠520,000[65]

English

Word counts obtained from Amazon digitization (eBook) word count.

Horcynus Orca

Stefano D'Arrigo

Arnoldo Mondadori Editore

7003125700000000000♠1,257 pages, hardcover

8.2 inches (20.8 cm) x 5.6 inches (14.2 cm)[66]

7005508751000000000♠508,751[67][citation needed]

Italian

text: Other list (non Latin and Cyril)[edit]

text: Tokugawa Ieyasu by Sohachi Yamaoka (ja): The 40 volumes of this historical novel were published serially between 1950 and 1967. The complete text includes more than 10 million Japanese characters. It is the longest Japanese novel but also one of the longest ever written.[68]

tag: ul

text: The Popular Romance of the Dynasties by Cai Dongfan (zh): Published in 11 volumes and 1080 chapters (1040 chapters by Cai Dongfan, the last 40 chapters by Xu Jinfu), this historical novel includes 6 million Chinese characters.[69]

text: Daibosatsu Toge by Nakazato Kaizan (ja): Published in 41 volumes and 1533 chapters, this historical novel includes 5.7 million Japanese characters.[70]

text: On the Plateau by Zhang Wei: Scheduled to include 4.5 million Chinese characters, the ten volume fully published in 2010 and became the longest Chinese novel in prose.[71]

text: The Swordspeople from Shu Mountains  by Huanzhu Louzhu (zh): Published in 309 chapters, this Wuxia novel includes 4.1 million Chinese characters.[72]

text: Li Zicheng by Yao Xueyin: This historical novel completed in 1999 includes 3.4 million Chinese characters. It has been published in 5 volumes over a period of 40 years. It is currently the longest novel published in modern Chinese.[73]

text: Avakasikal by Vilasini: This book in Malayalam is known as the longest written in an Indian language. It contains 3,958 pages in four volumes and took 10 years to complete.[74]


document_title: Constituent Assembly of India

question_text: who was the chairman of constitution making assembly

text: Constituent Assembly of India

text: Description [edit]

text: The Constituent Assembly, consisting of indirectly elected representatives, was established to draft a constitution for India (including the now-separate countries of Pakistan and Bangladesh). It existed for approximately three years, the first parliament of India after independence in 1947. The Assembly was not elected on the basis of universal adult suffrage, and Muslims and Sikhs received special representation as minorities. The Muslim League boycotted the Assembly after failing to prevent its creation. Although a large part of the Constituent Assembly was drawn from the Congress Party in a one-party environment, the Congress Party included a wide diversity of opinions—from conservative industrialists to radical Marxists, to Hindu revivalists.

text: The Assembly met for the first time in New Delhi on 9 December 1946, and its last session was held on 24 January 1950.[1] The hope of the Assembly was expressed by Jawaharlal Nehru:

text: The first task of this Assembly is to free India through a new constitution, to feed the starving people, and to clothe the naked masses, and to give every Indian the fullest opportunity to develop himself according to his capacity. This is certainly a great task. Look at India today. We, are sitting here and there in despair in many places, and unrest in many cities. The atmosphere is surcharged with these quarrels and feuds which are called communal disturbances, and unfortunately we sometimes cannot avoid them. But at present the greatest and most important question in India is how to solve the problem of the poor and the starving. Wherever we turn, we are confronted with this problem. If we cannot solve this problem soon, all our paper constitutions will become useless and purposeless. Keeping this aspect in view, who could suggest to us to postpone and wait?

text: Background and election[edit]

text: India was still under British rule when the Constituent Assembly was established following negotiations between Indian leaders and members of the 1946 Cabinet Mission to India from the United Kingdom. Provincial assembly elections were held early in 1946. Constituent Assembly members were elected indirectly by members of the newly elected provincial assemblies, and initially included representatives for those provinces that formed part of Pakistan (some of which are now in Bangladesh). The Constituent Assembly had 299 representatives, including nine women.

text: The Interim Government of India was formed on 2 September 1946 from the newly elected Constituent Assembly. The Congress Party held a large majority in the Assembly (69 percent of the seats), and the Muslim League held nearly all the seats reserved in the Assembly for Muslims. There were also members of smaller parties, such as the Scheduled Caste Federation, the Communist Party of India and the Unionist Party.

text: In June 1947 delegations from Sindh, East Bengal, Baluchistan, West Punjab and the North West Frontier Province withdrew to form the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, meeting in Karachi. On 15 August 1947 the Dominion of India and Dominion of Pakistan became independent nations, and members of the Constituent Assembly who had not withdrawn to Karachi became India's Parliament. Twenty-eight members of the Muslim League joined the Indian Assembly, and 93 members were later nominated from the princely states; the Congress Party secured a majority of 82 percent.

text: Constitution and elections[edit]

text: At 11 am on 9 December 1946 the Assembly began its first session, with 208 members attending.  By early 1947, representatives of the Muslim League and princely states joined, and the Assembly approved the draft constitution on 26 November 1949. On 26 January 1950 the constitution took effect (commemorated as Republic Day), and the Constituent Assembly became the Provisional Parliament of India (continuing until after the first elections under the new constitution in 1952).

text: Organization[edit]

text: Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha was the first chairman (temporary) of Constituent Assembly. Later Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as the president and Its vice-president was Harendra Coomar Mookerjee, a Christian from Bengal and former vice-chancellor of Calcutta University. Also chairing the assembly's Minorities Committee, Mookerjee was appointed governor of West Bengal after India became a republic. Jurist B. N. Rau was appointed constitutional adviser to the assembly; Rau prepared the original draft of the constitution, and was later appointed a judge in the Permanent Court of International Justice in The Hague.

text: The assembly's work had five stages:

text:
Committees presented reports on issues.
B.N. Rau prepared an initial draft based on the reports and his research into the constitutions of other nations.
The drafting committee, chaired by B. R. Ambedkar, presented a detailed draft constitution which was published for public discussion.
The draft constitution was discussed, and amendments proposed and enacted.
The constitution was adopted, with a committee of experts led by the Congress Party (known as the Congress Assembly Party) played a pivotal role.[2]

text: Timeline[edit]

text:
9 December 1946: The first meeting of the Constituent Assembly was held in the constitution hall (now the Central Hall of Parliament House). Demanding a separate state, the Muslim League boycotted the meeting. Sachchidananda Sinha was elected temporary president of the assembly, in accordance with French practice.
11 December 1946: Rajendra Prasad was elected as president and H. C. Mukherjee was elected as vice-president of the constituent assembly. B. N. Rau was appointed as its constitutional adviser.
13 December 1946: An 'Objective Resolution' was moved by Jawaharlal Nehru in the assembly, laying down the underlying principles of the constitution. It finally became the Preamble of the constitution.
22 January 1947: Objective resolution unanimously adopted.
22 July 1947: National flag adopted.
15 August 1947: Indian independence achieved as the Dominion of India.
29 August 1947: Drafting Committee appointed with Dr. B. R. Ambedkar as the Chairman.
16 July 1948: Along with Harendra Coomar Mookerjee V. T. Krishnamachari was also elected as second vice-president of Constituent Assembly.
26 November 1949: Constitution passed and accepted by the assembly.
24 January 1950: "Jana Gana Mana" adopted as the national anthem, with the first two verses of "Vande Mataram" the national song. Rajendra Prasad elected the first president of India.

text: The assembly was chaired by Dr. Rajendra Prasad when it met as a constituent body, and by G. V. Mavlankar when it met as a legislative body. It completed the task of drafting a constitution in two years, eleven months and eighteen days, at a total expenditure of ₹6.4 million.

text: Committees of the Constituent Assembly[edit]

text: The Constituent Assembly appointed a total of 22 committees to deal with different tasks of constitution-making. Out of these, eight were major committees and the others were minor committees.

text: Major Committees

text:
Drafting Committee – Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
Union Powers Committee – Jawaharlal Nehru
Union Constitution Committee – Jawaharlal Nehru
Provincial Constitution Committee – Sardar Patel
Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights, Minorities and Tribal and Excluded Areas – Sardar Patel.	This committee had the following subcommittees:
Fundamental Rights Sub-Committee – J.B. Kripalani
Minorities Sub-Committee – Harendra Coomar Mookerjee,
North-East Frontier Tribal Areas and Assam Excluded & Partially Excluded Areas Sub-Committee – Gopinath Bardoloi
Excluded and Partially Excluded Areas (Other than those in Assam) Sub-Committee – A V Thakkar
Rules of Procedure Committee – Dr. Rajendra Prasad
States Committee (Committee for Negotiating with States) – Jawaharlal Nehru
Steering Committee – Dr. Rajendra Prasad

text: Prominent members[edit]

text:
B. R. Ambedkar, Minister for Law; Chairman of Drafting Committee.
B. N. Rau, Constitutional Advisor
Jawaharlal Nehru, first Prime Minister of India
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, first Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Minister for Education
Rajendra Prasad, President of Constituent Assembly
C. Rajagopalachari, Governor-General of India
Sarat Chandra Bose, Barrister and Indian independence activist
Krishna Sinha, first Chief Minister, Bihar
Binodanand Jha,  Minister, Bihar
Shyam Nandan Prasad Mishra
Anugrah Narayan Sinha, Deputy Chief Minister and Finance Minister, Bihar
Rafi Ahmed Kidwai
Asaf Ali
Syama Prasad Mookerjee, Industries Minister, President, Hindu Mahasabha
Moturi Satyanarayana, Freedom Fighter
Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, Health Minister
Hansa Mehta, President, All India Women's Conference
N. G. Ranga
Deep Narayan Singh, Minister, Bihar
Gopinath Bordoloi, Prime Minister of Assam[3]
Sir Syed Muhammad Saadulla, Assam
P. Subbarayan
Kailashnath Katju
N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar
T. T. Krishnamachari
Rameshwar Prasad Sinha
Durgabai Deshmukh
K. M. Munshi
Krishana Ballabh Sahay
Frank Anthony, Anglo-Indian representative
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
John Mathai,first railway minister of India
Pratap Singh Kairon
L. Krishnaswamy Bharati - Madras Province
Chidambaram Subramaniam
Jaipal Singh Munda, Former Indian Hockey captain, and Tribal leader

text: Members (by province/state)[edit]

text:
Madras:
Annie Mascarene, O. V. Alagesan,
Mrs. Ammu Swaminathan,
M. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar,
Moturi Satyanarayana,
Mrs. Dakshayani Velayudhan,
Mrs. G. Durgabai,
Kala Venkatarao,
N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar,
D. Govinda Das,
Revd. Jerome D'Souza,
P. Kakkan,
T.M. Kaliyannan Gounder,
K. Kamaraj,
V. C. Kesava Rao,
T. T. Krishnamachari,
Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer
L. Krishnaswami Bharathi,
P. Kunhiraman,
Mosalikanti Thirumala Rao,
V. I. Munuswamy Pillai,
M. A. Muthiah Chettiar,
V. Nadimuthu Pillai,
S. Nagappa,
P. L. Narasimha Raju,
B. Pattabhi Sitaramayya,
C. Perumalswamy Reddy,
T. Prakasam,
S. H. Prater,
Raja Swetachalapati Ramakrishna Renga Roa of Bobbili,
R. K. Shanmukham Chetty,
T. A. Ramalingam Chettiar,
Ramnath Goenka,
O. P. Ramaswamy Reddiar,
N. G. Ranga,
Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy,
Sheik Galib Sahib,
K. Santhanam,
B. Shiva Rao,
Kallur Subba Rao,
U. Srinivasa Mallya,
P. Subbarayan,
C. Subramaniam,
V Subramaniam,
M. C. Veerabahu Pillai,
P. M. Velayudapani,
A. K. Menon,
T. J. M. Wilson,
Mohamed Ismail Sahib,
K. T. M. Ahmed Ibrahim,
Mahboob Ali Baig Sahib Bahadur,
B. Pocker Sahib Bahadur, pattam Tanupillai

text:
Bombay:
Balchandra Maheshwar Gupte,
Hansa Mehta,
Hari Vinayak Pataskar,
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar,
Joseph Alban D'Souza,
Kanayalal Nanabhai Desai,
Keshavrao Marutirao Jedhe,
Khandubhai Kasanji Desai,
Bal Gangadhar Kher,
M.R. Masani,
K.M. Munshi,
Narahar Vishnu Gadgil,
S. Nijalingappa,
S. K. Patil,
Ramchandra Manohar Nalavade,
R. R. Diwakar,
Shankarrao Deo,
G. V. Mavalankar,
Vallabhbhai Patel,
Abdul Kadar Mohammad Shaikh,
A. A. Khan

text:
West Bengal:
Monomohan Das,
Arun Chandra Guha,
Lakshmi Kanta Maitra,
Mihir Lal Chattopadhyay,
Satis Chandra Samanta,
Suresh Chandra Majumdar,
Upendranath Barman,
Prabhudayal Himatsingka,
Basanta Kumar Das,
Renuka Ray,
H. C. Mukherjee,
Surendra Mohan Ghose,
Syama Prasad Mookerjee,
Ari Bahadur Gurung,
R. E. Platel,
K. C. Neogy,
Raghib Ahsan,
Somnath Lahiri,
Jasimuddin Ahmad,
Naziruddin Ahmad,
Abdul Hamid,
Abdul Halim Ghuznavi

text:
United Provinces:
Ajit Prasad Jain,
Algu Rai Shastri,
Balkrishna Sharma,
Banshi Dhar Misra,
Bhagwan Din,
Damodar Swarup Seth,
Dayal Das Bhagat,
Dharam Prakash,
A. Dharam Dass,
R. V. Dhulekar,
Feroz Gandhi,
Gopal Narain,
Krishna Chandra Sharma,
Govind Ballabh Pant,
Govind Malviya,
Har Govind Pant,
Harihar Nath Shastri,
Hriday Nath Kunzru,
Jaspat Roy Kapoor,
Jagannath Baksh Singh,
Jawaharlal Nehru,
Jogendra Singh,
Jugal Kishore,
Jwala Prasad Srivastava,
B. V. Keskar,
Kamala Chaudhry,
Kamalapati Tripathi,
J. B. Kripalani,
Mahavir Tyagi,
Khurshed Lal,
Masurya Din,
Mohan Lal Saksena,
Padampat Singhania,
Phool Singh,
Paragi Lal,
Purnima Banerjee,
Purushottam Das Tandon,
Hira Vallabha Tripathi,
Ram Chandra Gupta,
Shibban Lal Saxena,
Satish Chandra,
John Matthai,
Sucheta Kripalani,
Sunder Lall,
Venkatesh Narayan Tiwari,
Mohanlal Gautam,
Vishwambhar Dayal Tripathi,
Vishnu Sharan Dublish,
Begum Aizaz Rasul,
Hyder Hussain,
Hasrat Mohani,
Abul Kalam Azad,
Muhammad Ismail Khan,
Rafi Ahmad Kidwai,
Mohd. Hifzur Rahman,
Z H Lari

text:
East Punjab:
Bakshi Tek Chand,
Jairamdas Daulatram,
Thakurdas Bhargava,
Bikramlal Sondhi,
Yashwant Rai,
Ranbir Singh Hooda,
Lala Achint Ram,
Nand Lal,
Baldev Singh,
Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir,
Sardar Hukam Singh,
Sardar Bhopinder Singh Mann,
Sardar Rattan Singh Lohgarh
Chaudhry Suraj Mal

text:
Bihar:
Nasif Arafat,
Amiyo Kumar Ghosh,
Anugrah Narayan Sinha,
Banarsi Prasad Jhunjhunwala,
Bhagwat Prasad,
Boniface Lakra,
Brajeshwar Prasad,
Chandika Ram,
K. T. Shah,
Devendra Nath Samanta,
Dip Narain Sinha,
Guptanath Singh,
Jadubans Sahay,
Jagat Narain Lal,
Jagjivan Ram,
Jaipal Singh Munda,
Kameshwar Singh of Darbhanga,
Kamaleshwari Prasad Yadav,
Mahesh Prasad Sinha,
Krishna Ballabh Sahay,
Raghunandan Prasad,
Rajendra Prasad,
Rameshwar Prasad Sinha,
Ramnarayan Singh,
Sachchidananda Sinha,
Sarangdhar Sinha,
Satyanarayan Sinha,
Binodanand Jha,
P. K. Sen,
Sri Krishna Sinha,
Sri Narayan Mahtha,
Syamanandan Mishra,
Hussain Imam,
Syed Jafar Imam,
Latifur Rahman,
Mohammad Tahir,
Tajamul Hussain,
Choudhry Abid Hussain.
Hargovind Mishra

text:
Central Provinces and Berar:
Ambica Charan Shukla,
Raghu Vira,
Rajkumari Amrit Kaur,
B.A. Mandloi,
Brijlal Nandlal Biyani,
Thakur Cheedilal,
Seth Govind Das,
Hari Singh Gour,
Hari Vishnu Kamath,
Hemchandra Jagobaji Khandekar,
Ghanshyam Singh Gupta,
Lakshman Shrawan Bhatkar,
Panjabrao Shamrao Deshmukh,
Ravi Shankar Shukla,
R. K. Sidhva,
Shankar Trimbak Dharmadhikari,
Frank Anthony,
Kazi Syed Karimuddin,
Ganpatrao Dani

text:
Assam:
Nibaran Chandra Laskar,
Dharanidhar Basu-Matari,
Gopinath Bardoloi,
J. J. M. Nichols-Roy,
Kuladhar Chaliha,
Rohini Kumar Chaudhury,
Muhammad Saadulla,
Abdur Rouf

text:
Orissa:
Biswanath Das,
Krishna Chandra Gajapati Narayana Dev,
Harekrushna Mahatab,
Laxminarayan Sahu
Lokanath Mishra,
Nandkishore Das,
Rajkrishna Bose,
Santanu Kumar Das,
Yudhishir Mishra

text:
Delhi:
Deshbhandhu Gupta

text:
Ajmer-Merwara:
Mukut Bihari Lal Bhargava

text:
Coorg:
C. M. Poonacha

text:
Mysore:
K.C. Reddy,
T. Siddalingaiya,
H. R. Guruv Reddy,
S. V. Krishnamurthy Rao,
K. Hanumanthaiya,
H. Siddaveerappa,
T. Channiah

text:
Jammu and Kashmir:
Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah,
Motiram Baigra,
Mirza Mohammad Afzal Beg,
Maulana Mohammad Sayeed Masoodi

text:
Travancore-Cochin:
Pattom A. Thanu Pillai,
R. Sankar,
P. T. Chacko,
Panampilly Govinda Menon,
Annie Mascarene,
P.S.Nataraja Pillai,
K.A. Mohamed

text:
Madhya Bharat:
Vinayak Sitaram Sarwate,
Brijraj Narain,
Gopikrishna Vijayavargiya,
Ram Sahai,
Kusum Kant Jain,
Radhavallabh Vijayavargiya,
Sitaram S. Jajoo

text:
Saurashtra:
Balwant Rai Gopalji Mehta,
Jaisukhlal Hathi,
Amritlal Vithaldas Thakkar,
Chimanlal Chakubhai Shah,
Samaldas Laxmidas Gandhi

text:
Rajasthan:
V. T. Krishnamachari,
Hiralal Shastri,
Sardar Singhjhi of Khetri,
Jaswant Singhji,
Raj Bhadur,
Manikya Lal Varma,
Gokul Lal Asava,
Ramchandra Upadhyaya,
Balwant Sinha Mehta,
Dalel Singh,
Jainarain Vyas

text:
Patiala and East Punjab States Union:
Ranjit Singh,
Sochet Singh,
Bhagwant Roy

text:
Bombay States:
Vinayakrao Balshankar Vaidya,
B. N. Munavalli,
Gokulbhai Daulatram Bhatt,
Jivraj Narayan Mehta,
Gopaldas A. Desai,
Paranlal Thakurlal Munshi,
B. H. Khardekar,
Ratnappa Bharamappa Kumbhar

text:
Orissa States:
Lal Mohan Pati,
N. Madhava Rau,
Raj Kunwar,
Sarangadhar Das,
Yudhishthir Mishra

text:
Central Provinces States:
R. L. Malaviya,
Kishorimohan Tripathi,
Ramprasad Potai

text:
United Provinces States:
B. H. Zaidi,
Krishna Singh

text:
Madras States:
V. Ramaiah,
Ramakrishna Ranga Rao

text:
Vindhya Pradesh:
Avdesh Pratap Singh,
Shambu Nath Shukla,
Ram Sahai Tiwari,
Mannulalji Dwidedi

text:
Cooch Behar:
Himmat Singh K. Maheshwari

text:
Tripura and Manipur:
Girja Shankar Guha

text:
Bhopal:
Lal Singh

text:
Kutch:
Bhawani Arjun Khimji

text:
Himachal Pradesh:
Yashwant Singh Parmar

text: Members who later withdrew after partition[edit]

text:
East Bengal:
Abdullah al Mahmood,
Maulana Mohd Abdullah el Baqui,
Abdul Hamid,
Abdul Kasem Khan,
Mohammad Akram Khan,
A. Hamid,
Azizuddin Ahmad,
Muhammad Habibullah Bahar,
Prem Hari Barma,
Raj Kumar Chakraverty,
Sris Chandra Chattopadhyaya,
Abdul Matin Chaudhary,
Murtaza Raza Choudhry,
Hamidul Haq Chowdhury,
Akhay Kumar Das,
Dhirendra Nath Datta,
Bhupendra Kumar Datta,
Ebrahim Khan,
Fazlul Huq,
Fazlur Rahman,
Ghayasuddin Pathan,
Begum Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah,
Liaquat Ali Khan,
Mafizuddin Ahmad,
Mahmud Hussain,
Jnanendra Chandra Majumdar,
A. M. Malik,
Birat Chandra Mandal,
Jogendra Nath Mandal,
Mohammed Ali,
Khwaja Nazimuddin,
M.A.B.L. Nur Ahmed,
Nurul Amin,
Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi,
Sri Dhananjoy M.A. B.L. Roy,
Maudi Bhakesh Chanda,
B.L. Serajul Islam,
Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Osmani,
Shahabudin Khwaja,
H.S. Suhrawardy,
Harendra Kumar Sur,
Tamizuddin Khan,
Kawivi Kerwar Datta,
Ghulam Mohammed

text:
West Punjab:
Mian Mumtaz Mohammad Khan Daultana,
Ganga Saran,
Zafarullah Khan,
Iftikhar Hussain Khan,
Mian Muhammad Iftikharuddin,
Muhammad Ali Jinnah,
Sheikh Karamat Ali,
Nazir Ahmad Khan,
Sardar Abdur Rab Nistar,
Feroz Khan Noon,
Omar Hayat Malik,
Shah Nawaz Begum Jahan Ara,
Sardar Shaukat Hyat Khan,

text:
Northwest Frontier Province:
Khan Abdul Ghafar Khan,
Khan Sardar Bahadur Khan,
Sardar Asad Ullah Jan Khan

text:
Sindh:
Abdus Sattar Abdur Rahman,
Alhajj Muhammad Hashim Gazder,
M.A. Khuhro

text:
Balochistan:
S. B. Nawab Mohammad Khan Jogezai

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Jawaharlal Nehru and other members taking pledge during the midnight session of the Constituent Assembly of India held on 14 and 15 August 1947.

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Chairman, Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution with other members on Aug. 29, 1947.

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, chairman of the Drafting Committee, presenting the final draft of the Indian Constitution to Dr. Rajendra Prasad on 25 November, 1949.

B. R. Ambedkar in Constituent Assembly of India.

Jawaharlal Nehru addressing the constituent assembly in 1946.


document_title: Hikkim, Himachal Pradesh

question_text: where is the world’s highest post office located

question_tokens: where is the world 's highest post office located

text: Hikkim, Himachal Pradesh

text: Access[edit]

text: Hikkim village is situated at a very high elevation (4,400 m (14,400 ft)) in the Himalayas. The village and the region itself remain cut off from other parts of the Himachal Pradesh state for half the year due to heavy snowfall over the mountain passes. An arduous track connects the village to Spiti Valley's Kaza town, 46 km (29 mi) away, the nearest town with access to asphalted road.

text: Highest post office in the world[edit]

text: Hikkim village has a post office situated at an elevation of 4,400 m (14,400 ft) and this post office is the highest post office in the world.[2] The post office connects small villages in this isolated region to the rest of the world. It receives and sends postal letters. It also acts as a savings bank where villagers can deposit money in their savings accounts or withdraw money. Intrepid travellers make it this far to Hikkim village to take pride in mailing their letters from the highest post office on Earth. The Postal Index Number or PIN of the village is 172114.[3]

text: Rinchen Chhering has been the postmaster since its inception in 1983.[4]. The mail is carried on foot to Kaza. The post office is forced to shut during winter months due to heavy snowfall.

text: Highest polling station in the world[edit]

text: Hikkim village is also the world's highest polling station.[5] It is recorded in the Limca Book of Records also.[6][7]

text: The village appeared in the Wanderlust photo of the year for the year 2009.[8]


document_title: Fullmetal Alchemist (film)

question_text: where was the movie full metal alchemist filmed

text: Fullmetal Alchemist (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the country of Ametris, Edward Elric and his younger brother Alphonse live in the rural town of Resembool with their mother Trisha while self-learning alchemy at a young age. When the brothers commit the taboo act of Human Transmutation to resurrect Trisha after she dies of illness, it backfires and they suffer the consequences via the Law of Equivalent Exchange: Edward loses his left leg, while Alphonse is dragged into the Gate of Truth. Edward then sacrifices his right arm to save his brother's soul and bind it to a suit of armor via a blood seal, later replacing his missing limbs with "automail" prosthetics. Edward later receives an invitation by Colonel Roy Mustang to join the military so he can research a means of restoring Alphonse's body. After becoming a State Alchemist with the title "Fullmetal Alchemist", accompanied by their childhood friend and Automail mechanic Winry Rockwell, Edward begins his quest with Alphonse to find the legendary philosopher's stone which could repair their bodies.

text: Years later, Edward and Alphonse confront a cultist named Father Cornello, whom they believe is using a philosopher's stone to recruit the people of Liore. As Mustang arrives to personally handle the situation, Edward exposes Cornello while the stone is revealed to be a fake. After reaching East City and spending the night at the home of Major Maes Hughes and his pregnant wife, the brothers are provided with lodging when Major General Hakuro introduces them to Shou Tucker, a bio-alchemy authority who obtained his State Alchemist credentials by creating a talking chimera. As the brothers become fast friends with the man's young daughter Nina and their dog Alexander, Tucker suggests Edward to find Dr. Tim Marcoh as he created a philosopher's stone prior to going into hiding. Alphonse remains behind to be examined by Tucker, who causes Alphonse to question his existence, while Edward and Winry head to Marcoh's last known whereabouts.

text: Though Marcoh was murdered by Cornello's benefactor Lust as he and Winry find him, Edward acquires the man's notes and asks Hughes to decipher them while unknowingly alienating Alphonse to keep him safe. Hughes later makes a horrific discovery from his investigation and ends up being killed by Lust's associate Envy, who assumes Mustang's form to frame the colonel for the murder. Edward manages to escape being interrogated with help from Mustang's aide Lieutenant Riza Hawkeye, using what he could deduce from the notes to investigate the clandestine Fifth Laboratory. At the same time, after revealing the new talking chimera that he created from Nina and Alexander, Tucker forces Alphonse and Winry to accompany him to the Fifth Laboratory, where they find Edward as he verbally realizes that the Philosopher's Stone is created from humans.

text: Tucker confirms Edward's realization, justifying their respective actions of selfishly manipulating life before Lust kills him while revealing herself as a homunculus. After Lust cryptically hints of her group's reach in the government and an upcoming event that Edward has a vital role in, Hakuro reveals the Mannequin Soldier homunculi and gets killed when he prematurely activates them. Mustang has Riza and their men keep the Mannequin Soldiers from flooding out of the laboratory while he confronts Lust and Envy, killing the former while ripping her philosopher's stone core from her body. While Mustang gives Edward the stone so he can restore Alphonse, Edward instead uses it to appear before his brother's body and promises to find another way to restore him. Edward then returns to his reality to reaffirm Alphonse's existence to him. Sometime after, as Gluttony mourns Lust's death, Envy is revealed to have survived Mustang's attack but has been diminished to its true parasitic form as a result.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Ryosuke Yamada as Edward Elric[3]
Atomu Mizuishi (ja) as Alphonse Elric (voice)
Tsubasa Honda as Winry Rockbell[3]
Dean Fujioka as Roy Mustang[3]
Misako Renbutsu as Riza Hawkeye[3]
Kanata Hongō as Envy[3]
Jun Kunimura as Tim Marcoh[3]
Kenjirō Ishimaru as Father Cornello[3]
Natsuki Harada as Gracia Hughes[3]
Shinji Uchiyama (ja) as Gluttony[3]
Natsuna Watanabe as Maria Ross[3]
Yo Oizumi (special appearance) as Shou Tucker[3]
Ryuta Sato as Maes Hughes[3]
Fumiyo Kohinata as General Hakuro[3]
Yasuko Matsuyuki as Lust[3]

text: Production[edit]

text: The film was originally planned to be produced in 2013 but because of low budget and also technology, it was delayed until it was officially announced for production in May 2016. According to the director's press conference in March 2017:

text: That’s right. Well, since the main characters are the two brothers, where there is Ed, there will always be Al. Even just based on that, the amount of CG used becomes enormous. In this work, I’m using a technology that was used in Hollywood movies such as The Avengers. We’re using a lot new techniques that were never used in Japanese movies before, I would like to boost Japan’s CG level with this movie."

text: Since the original story consists of 27 volumes, I cut it down in to two hours, but we will stay faithful to the manga. I can’t tell you much details yet, but I think that you can guess what will be the main story based from the cast that was already announced. Since I’m a big fan of the original myself, I don’t plan to change the setting, the world view, and make a different story, so please don’t worry about that. Of course we will have the philosopher's stone coming out [somewhere in the story].[7][excessive quote]

text: On adapting the source material, Fumihiko Sori said, "I want to create a style that follows the original manga as much as possible. The cast is entirely Japanese, but the cultural background is Europe. However, it's a style that doesn't represent a specific race or country." Regarding the faithfulness of the adaptation, which has characters of non-Japanese ethnicity, the director said, "There will never be a scene in which a character says something that would identify him/her as Japanese."

text: Sori told Oricon he has a deep affection for the story that tells the "truth of living," and said, "It is my dearest wish to turn this wonderful story into a film, and it is not an exaggeration to say that I am living for this reason." He added that he "wants to create a wonderful film that uses techniques that challenge Hollywood," and noted that nowadays Japanese filmmaking techniques have progressed greatly.[2]

text: On 19 February 2018, the film released on Netflix as a Netflix Original Film.

text: Principal photography took place in Italy. Shooting was spotted in Volterra on the first week of June and some scenes continued filming in Japan from June and finished on 26 August 2016.

text: Japanese VFX company OXYBOT inc. provided the visual effects for the film.[2]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film received mostly mixed reviews.[8] On Rotten Tomatoes, the film received a 42% approval rating based on 12 reviews, with an average rating of 5.8/10.[9] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 48 out of 100, based on 5 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[10]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: In July 2017, Sori and Yamada said a sequel was in development.[11]


document_title: Project Runway All Stars

question_text: who won project runway all stars season 1

text: Project Runway All Stars

text: Format[edit]

text: Same as Project Runway, All Stars follows the same format with challenges, judging's and eliminations.

text: Judging[edit]

text:
Judges on Project Runway All Stars

Judge
Season

1
2
3
4
5

Angela Lindvall

Main

Georgina Chapman

Main

Isaac Mizrahi

Main

Carolyn Murphy

Main

Alyssa Milano

Main

text: Judging duties on the first season of All Stars were taken up by host, Angela Lindvall, fashion designers Georgina Chapman, Isaac Mizrahi, and a fourth guest judge, usually a fashion designer, a supermodel, a celebrity, or a professional from an industry related to the challenge given. The second season saw the replacement of Lindvall as host and judge by supermodel Carolyn Murphy, who only remained with the show for one season also. American actress Alyssa Milano became the host and judge on All Stars in the third season, and has remained on the show for three seasons. Joanna Coles acts as a mentor to the designers, giving them suggestions and tips for their designs throughout the episode, but she does not participate in the judging's. Coles was the stable mentor for the first and second season, until Zanna Roberts Rassi replaced her in the third season.

text: Seasons[edit]

text:
Season
Premiere Date
Finale Date
No. of
Designers
Winner
Runner-up
2nd runner-up
Designer Prizes
Runners-up Prizes

1
January 5, 2012
March 22, 2012
13
Mondo Guerra
Austin Scarlett
Michael Costello

Exclusive designer’s boutique in select Neiman Marcus stores and on NeimanMarcus.com
$100,000 in technology and office space to help grow their business from HP and Intel
$100,000 cash from L’Oreal Paris
A feature spread in Marie Claire, for which he serve as a guest editor for one year
A sewing and embroidery studio provided by Brother International

An exclusive first class flight to Paris, courtesy of Open Skies Airlines
A Hotel retreatment for one week in Paris at Le Meurice and at Plaza Athénéé

2
October 25, 2012
January 17, 2013
13
Anthony Ryan Auld
Emilo Sosa
Uli Herzner

A custom-branded capsule collection for Nine West, receive $150,000 in cash
A sewing and embroidery studio provided by Brother Sewing and Embroidery
An all-expenses paid trip around the world to attend fashion week, courtesy of Laura Mercier
A technology suite provided by HP and Intel
A fashion spread in Marie Claire magazine
A position with the publication of the aforementioned magazine as Contributing Editor for one year

N/A

3
October 24, 2013
January 9, 2014
11
Seth Aaron Henderson
Korto Momolu
Elena Slivnyak

A custom-branded capsule collection for QVC, receive $150,000 in cash
A sewing and embroidery studio provided by Brother Sewing and Embroidery
A year's supply and an all-expenses paid trip for two to South-East Asia, courtesy of resource®
A year's professional hair styling and photography for all of the designer’s upcoming fashion shows, courtesy of Alterna Haircare
A year’s worth of beauty products for their fashion shows as well as professional makeup artist services for their debut show, courtesy of Mary Kay Cosmetics
A technology suite provided by HP and Intel
A fashion spread in and a contributing editor position for one year at Marie Claire magazine

N/A

4
October 30, 2014
February 12, 2015
14
Dmitry Sholokhov
Sonjia Williams
Helen Castillo

A chance to create a capsule collection with QVC
Appear during QVC’s Spring Fashion Week programming
A fashion spread in Marie Claire and a position at the magazine as Contributing Editor for one year
A special guest stay at CHI Haircare's International conference in Cancun, Mexico
Product and staff for an entire year of runway shows
From Mary Kay, an entire year’s worth of beauty products for fashion shows and professional makeup artist services for his/her debut show
A cash prize of $150,000
A complete custom sewing studio to launch his/her winning line from Brother Sewing and Embroidery

N/A

5
February 11, 2016
May 5, 2016
13
Dom Streater
Kiniokahokula "Kini" Zamora
Ken Laurence

The opportunity to design an exclusive line of jewelry for BaubleBar.com
A capsule footwear collection by Chinese Laundry
A fashion spread in Marie Claire and a position at the magazine as Contributing Editor
A complete sewing studio to launch his/her winning line from Brothers Sewing and Embroidery
A cash prize of $100,000

N/A

text: All Stars: Season 1[edit]

text: Lifetime's first season of Project Runway All Stars consisted of twelve one-hour episodes featuring 13 past contestants competing in a series of challenges. The airdate was set for November 3, 2011, but was pushed back to January 5, 2012.[2] The season was hosted by Angela Lindvall and the recurring judges were fashion designers Isaac Mizrahi and Georgina Chapman. The winner was Mondo Guerra.

text: All Stars: Season 2[edit]

text: The second season of All-Stars began airing October 25, 2012. Carolyn Murphy replaced Angela Lindvall as host, while Isaac Mizrahi and Georgina Chapman were back for Season 2 as judges. Season 2 also featuring 13 designers, and Anthony Ryan Auld was the winner.

text: All Stars: Season 3[edit]

text: It was announced in June 2013 that a third All Stars season was in the works with Alyssa Milano as the host.[3] Isaac Mizrahi and Georgina Chapman were also returning as judges.[3] Zanna Roberts Rassi, the senior fashion editor for Marie Claire, joined this season as the mentor. The season started production in late June 2013,[3] and premiered on October 24, 2013.[4] Mary Kay Cosmetics is the supplier for all makeup used by the designers for this season, and it is their first time to be featured on the series.[citation needed]. Seth Aaron Henderson was the winner among 11 participating designers.

text: All Stars: Season 4[edit]

text: Reports of a fourth season of All Stars, once again hosted by Milano, were confirmed on social media by Nicole "Snooki" Polizzi, who served as a guest judge.[5] The cast of 14 designers was revealed on September 16, with a premiere date set for October 30, 2014. Dmitry Sholokhov was the winner.[6]

text: All Stars: Season 5[edit]

text: The fifth season of All Stars premiered in the beginning of 2016. Alyssa Milano returned as host as well as Isaac Mizrahi, Georgina Chapman and Zanna Roberts Rassi. Season 5 features 13 designers, and Dom Streater was the winner.

text: Participants[edit]

text:
Original season
All Stars 1
All Stars 2
All Stars 3
All Stars 4
All Stars 5
Total

1
Austin Scarlett
Wendy Pepper

Daniel Franco
3

2
Kara Janx
Andrae Gonzalo

2

3

Kayne Gillaspie
Uli Herzner
Jeffrey Sebelia
Mychael Knight

4

4
Elisa Jimenez
Sweet P
Rami Kashou

Chris March

4

5
Jerell Scott
Kenley Collins
Suede Baum
Korto Momolu

Stella Zotis
5

6
Gordana Gehlhausen
Althea Harper
Irina Shabayeva

3

7
Anthony Williams
Mila Hermanovski
Emilio Sosa
Seth Aaron
Jay Sario

5

8
Mondo Guerra
Michael Costello
April Johnston
Peach Carr
Carlos Casanova
Ivy Higa
Ari South

Valerie Mayen
8

9

Laura Kathleen
Joshua McKinley
Anthony Ryan
Viktor Luna

4

10

Melissa Fleis
Christopher Palu
Elena Slivnyak
Dmitry Sholokhov
Sonjia Williams
Fabio Costa
Gunnar Deatherage

7

11

Daniel Esquivel
Michelle Lesniak
Patricia Michaels
Samantha Black
Benjamin Mach
Kate Pankoke
Layana Aguilar
7

12

Alexandria von Bromssen
Justin LeBlanc
Helen Castillo
Dom Streater
Alexander Pope
Ken Laurence
6

13

Kini Zamora
Emily Payne
Fäde zu Grau
Mitchell Perry
4

Under the Gunn

Sam Donovan
Asha Daniels
2

Total
13
13
11
14
13
64


document_title: Margaret Hale

question_text: how old is margaret in north and south

question_tokens: how old is margaret in north and south

text: Margaret Hale

text: Descriptions[edit]

text: From Chapter Two:

text: "Margaret was more like him than like her mother. Sometimes people wondered that parents so handsome should have a daughter who was so far from regularly beautiful; not beautiful at all, was occasionally said. Her mouth was wide; no rosebud that could only open just enough to let out a 'yes' and 'no,' and 'an't please you, sir.' But the wide mouth was one soft curve of rich red lips; and the skin, if not white and fair, was of an ivory smoothness and delicacy. If the look on her face was, in general, too dignified and reserved for one so young, now, talking to her father, it was bright as the morning,—full of dimples, and glances that spoke of childish gladness, and boundless hope in the future."

text: From Chapter Seven:

text:
"Margaret could not help her looks; but the short curled upper lip, the round, massive up-turned chin, the manner of carrying her head, her movements, full of a soft feminine defiance, always gave strangers the impression of haughtiness."
"She sat facing [Mr Thornton] and facing the light; her full beauty met his eye; her round white flexile throat rising out of the full, yet lithe figure; her lips, moving so slightly as she spoke, not breaking the cold serene look of her face with any variation from the one lovely haughty curve; her eyes, with their soft gloom, meeting his with quiet maiden freedom."

text: Margaret was a character created to challenge stereotypes about women's role in the 19th century. The theme of challenging stereotypes is one which is integral throughout the novel.

text: Biography[edit]

text: Margaret Hale is nineteen years old and before she was 10, lived in Helstone in Hampshire, in the south of England, with her parents—Richard, a Anglican minister, and Maria—and older brother, Frederick. When she was nine years old, Margaret was sent to live in London with her aunt, Mrs Shaw, and cousin. Edith and Margaret were the same age, and became fast friends.

text: Frederick, meanwhile, joined the Royal Navy. Once at sea, he took part in a mutiny against his cruel captain. The Hales realized that Frederick, branded a traitor, would be hanged if he ever returned to England.

text: When the girls grew up, Edith married Capt. Lennox. Lennox had a younger brother, Henry, who became infatuated with Margaret. She rejected his advances, and chose to move back to Helstone. Mr Hale, however, had begun to question his faith and the doctrines laid out in the Book of Common Prayer. When asked to renew his vows by the bishop, Mr Hale could not. Quitting his profession, Mr Hale moved his wife and daughter to Milton, in the north of England, where he took up work as a tutor.

text: One of Mr Hale's pupils is a local mill owner, John Thornton. Margaret takes an instant dislike to Thornton, seeing him as the embodiment of the harsh, working-class north. Margaret, feeling homesick, romanticizes the south. Mr Thornton, on the other hand, is immediately struck by Margaret. "He did not understand who she was," when he first saw her, "as he caught the simple, straight, unabashed look, which showed that his being there was of no concern to the beautiful countenance, and called up no flush of surprise to the pale ivory of the complexion. He had heard that Mr. Hale had a daughter, but he had imagined that she was a little girl." Margaret eventually comes to feel at home in the north; she makes friends, including Bessy Higgins, a dying young woman.

text: The workers in all of the mills around Milton are dissatisfied and strike. As the strikers grow desperate, a mob of workers comes to the Thornton's house, where Margaret is calling on Mrs Thornton, John's mother, and his sister Fanny. Thornton goes out to speak to the rioters at Margaret's behest. Afraid that they will kill him, Margaret rushes out to Thornton. Margaret believes that no one would try to hurt a woman, and throws her arms around Thornton, to protect him. Margaret is mistaken, however. A rock is thrown from the crowd by a "group of lads", and Margaret is knocked out.

text: Mrs Thornton, who is wary of Margaret and her son's affection for her, surmises that Margaret acted as she did out of love for Mr Thornton. She tells her son so, and Thornton proposes to Margaret. She insists that it was her responsibility to save him because she had sent him out to talk to the men, and that she would have done the same thing for any other "poor desperate man in that crowd".

text: Mrs Hale, even less happy to be in Milton than Margaret, is dying. She wants to see Frederick one last time, so Margaret secretly writes to him in Spain, where he has been living. Frederick comes to visit the Hales in Milton, and manages to stay hidden before she dies. When Margaret takes Frederick to the train station, to get him out of Milton; they are seen by three people. The first, Mr Thornton, sees Margaret with an unknown man "with whom she had stood in an attitude of such familiar confidence". Margaret sees him watching her, and spends much of the rest of the novel bearing the guilt of having fallen from Thornton's regard. The other man who sees the Hale siblings is a man named Leonards. He knows that there is a bounty on Frederick's head, and tries to grab him. The two struggle and Leonards is tripped and falls onto the side of the railroad. Fatally injured, he dies the next morning.

text: There is an inquest into Leonards' death. The third person to see Margaret and her brother, a boy who works at a Milton grocer's, comes forward. He claims to have seen Margaret with the man who fought Leonards. Margaret does not know if her brother is still in the country. Trying to protect Frederick, she denies having been at the train station. Mr Thornton is a local magistrate, and becomes involved in the case. He knows that Margaret was at the station, but, still in love with her, defends her, taking over the case. Margaret is declared innocent of any involvement in Leonards' death. She knows that Thornton has heard her claiming not to have been at the train station. Margaret is humbled by Thornton's deed and is acutely aware that she must now be accounted as a liar in his eyes.

text: Margaret and her father slowly begin to recover from Mrs Hale's death—they are helped by the news of Frederick's safe return to Spain, though not by Bessy's death. Mr Hale receives an invitation to visit an old friend, Mr Bell, in Oxford. Margaret insists that her father go; while there, however, he dies.

text: Margaret moves back to London, to live with Capt. and Mrs Lennox. She is unhappy, however, and listless. She spends much time considering the events of the past and longs to set the record straight with Thornton and win back his regard, which she believes is her only hope in repairing the damaged relationship with him. She longs for any word from Milton and, believing that she threw her one chance for happiness in marriage away, she declares to her cousin that she will never marry. She develops a close bond with Edith's young son, Sholto. It is Margaret who disciplines the child, whereas Edith would simply spoil him, and the Lennox family appreciates this—along with their genuine love for Margaret, they encourage her to stay with them. Edith and her mother even hint to Henry to begin wooing Margaret, again; they dream of the whole family living together, forever.

text: She visits Helstone with Mr. Bell, and finds herself quite disillusioned with the place she had idealised for so long. Margaret asks Mr Bell to tell Thornton about Frederick, but Mr Bell dies before he can do so. He leaves Margaret a legacy which includes Marlborough Mills and the Thornton house.

text: Meanwhile, Mr Thornton's cotton business has failed. He is in London to settle his business affairs with his new landlord, Margaret. When Margaret presents Thornton with a generous business proposal that will save the mill, he realises that she is no longer indifferent or antagonistic to him. He again proposes marriage and, since she has learned to love him, she accepts.

text: Television Adaptations[edit]

text: North and South has been adapted for the small screen, twice. In 1975, Rosalind Shanks played Margaret. In 2004, Margaret was played by Daniela Denby-Ashe.