document_title: Crease (cricket)

question_text: how far is the crease from the wicket

question_tokens: how far is the crease from the wicket

text: Crease (cricket)

text: History[edit]

text: The origin of creases is uncertain but they were certainly in use by the beginning of the 18th century when they were created by scratch marks, the popping crease being 46 inches in front of the wicket at each end of the pitch. In the course of time, the scratches became cuts which were an inch deep and an inch wide. The cut was in use until the second half of the 19th century.[1] Sometime during the early career of Alfred Shaw, he suggested that the creases should be made by lines of whitewash and this was gradually adopted through the 1870s.[2]

text: Popping crease[edit]

text: The origin of the term "popping crease" is unknown. One popping crease is drawn at each end of the pitch in front of each set of stumps. The popping crease is 4 feet (1.22 m) in front of and parallel to the bowling crease. Although it is considered to have unlimited length (in other words, runs across the entire field) the popping crease must be marked to at least 6 feet (1.83 metres) perpendicular to the pitch, on either side of the middle of the pitch.[3][4]

text: For the fielding side[edit]

text: For the fielding team the popping crease is used as one test of whether the bowler has bowled a No ball. To avoid a No ball, some part of the bowler's front foot in the delivery stride (that is, the stride when he releases the ball) must be behind the popping crease when it lands, although it does not have to be grounded. The foot may be on the line as long as some part of his/her foot is behind the line.[3][5] This has given rise to the term "the line belongs to the umpire."[6]

text: For the batting side[edit]

text: For a batsman the popping crease – which can be referred to as the batting crease in the context of batting – determines whether they have been stumped or run out. This is described in Laws 29, 38, and 39 of the Laws of Cricket.[4] Both involve the wicket being put down before a batsman can touch his body or bat to the ground behind the popping crease and make his ground and return safely from his run.[7] A 2010 amendment to Law 29 clarified the circumstance where the wicket is put down while a batsman has become fully airborne after having first made his ground; the batsman is regarded to not be out of his ground.[8]

text:
If the batsman facing the bowler (the striker) steps out of his ground to play the ball but misses and the wicket-keeper takes the ball and puts down the wicket, then the striker is out stumped.[4]
If a fielder puts down either wicket whilst the batsmen are running between the wickets (or otherwise forward of the popping crease during the course of play), then the batsman nearest the downed wicket is out run out. There is no limit of how far a bowler may bowl behind the crease.[3]

text:
The popping crease is visible here, with England's Marcus Trescothick playing a shot that has involved him moving forward over his own crease to intercept the ball. In taking a successful run, he must ground his bat behind the corresponding crease at the other end of the pitch, and his batting partner must in turn ground himself behind Trescothick's crease.[4] Should Trescothick have ventured beyond his crease in playing his shot, he risked being stumped.[3][4]

Jim Allenby bowling, he must ground some part of his foot behind his popping crease and within the return creases for the ball to be a legal delivery. As a member of the fielding side, he can also attempt to run out a batsman by breaking the stumps with the ball before the batsman manages to return to the popping crease.[3][4]

Here the batsman has played a shot and missed, with the wicketkeeper receiving the ball. The 'keeper, believing that in playing his shot the batsman has ventured beyond his popping crease, has broken the stumps with the ball in an attempt to dismiss him 'stumped'. He is appealing to the umpire to review and either accept or refuse the dismissal. It now falls to the umpire to adjudge whether the batsman had indeed ventured beyond his crease, a decision that in modern cricket is assisted by technology and replays.

text: Bowling crease[edit]

text: Drawn parallel with the popping crease and four feet away from it. The bowling crease is the line through the centres of the three stumps at each end. It is 8 ft 8 in (2.64 m) long, with the stumps in the centre.

text: Return crease[edit]

text: Four return creases are drawn, one on each side of each set of stumps. The return creases lie perpendicular to the popping crease and the bowling crease, 4 feet 4 inches (1.32 m) either side of and parallel to the imaginary line joining the centres of the two middle stumps. Each return crease line starts at the popping crease but the other end is considered to be unlimited in length and must be marked to a minimum of 8 feet (2.44 m) from the popping crease.[3][4]

text: The return creases are primarily used to determine whether the bowler has bowled a No ball. To avoid a No ball, the bowler's back foot in the delivery stride must land within and not touch the return crease. This is to stop the bowler from bowling at the batsmen from an unfair angle (i.e. diagonally).[3]

text: Using the crease[edit]

text: Though the relatively small size of the crease is such that they limit the degree to which a batsman or a bowler can alter where they stand to face or deliver a ball, there is a degree of latitude afforded whereby both can move around the crease as long as they remain within the aforementioned confines. Batsmen 'use the crease' when they move toward leg or off, before or while playing a shot. Bowlers 'use the crease' by varying the position of their feet, relative to the stumps, at the moment of delivery. In so doing, they can alter the angle of delivery and the trajectory of the ball.[4]


document_title: Child labor in the Philippines

question_text: when did child labor start in the philippines

question_tokens: when did child labor start in the philippines

root

text: Child labor in the Philippines

text: Definitions[edit]

text: Republic Act No. 7610, known as the Special Protection of Children Against Abuse, Exploitation, and Discrimination Act, gives the followings definitions pertinent to understanding the Child Labor situation in the Philippines:

tag: p

text:
Children - refers to persons below eighteen (18) years of age or those over but are unable to fully take care of themselves or protect themselves from abuse, neglect, cruelty, exploitation or discrimination because of a physical or mental disability/condition. (Section 3)[1]
Child Labor - refers to the illegal employment of children below the age of fifteen (15), where they are not directly under the sole responsibility of their parents or legal guardian, or the latter employs other workers apart from their children, who are not members of their families, or their work endangers their life, safety, health and morals or impairs their normal development including schooling. This also extends to the situation of children below the age of eighteen (18) who are employed in hazardous occupations. (Section 12)[1]

tag: ul

text: The joint project of the Philippine National Statistics Office and International Labour Organization made distinctions on the kinds of work that children subjected to.[4]

text: Hazardous Work[edit]

text:
Chemical - work involves exposure to: Dust (e.g. silica, dust, standing dust), Liquid (e.g. oil, gasoline, mercury), Mist, fumes, or vapors (e.g. paint, insecticides or pesticide spraying), Gas (e.g. oxygen, ammonia), etc.
Physical - work involves exposure to: Noise,Temperature or humidity, Pressure, Inadequate illumination or lighting, Slip, trip, or fall hazards, Insufficient exit for prompt escape, Congested lay-out Radiation, ultraviolet, or microwave, etc.
Biological - work involves exposure to: Viral, Bacterial, Fungal, Parasitic (e.g. drinking water affected with amoeba), etc.

text: Permissible Work[edit]

text: Children are allowed to undertake work under certain conditions.[5]

text:
A child below 15 years old can be permitted to work if he/she is under supervision by family senior/ parents provided that the child works directly under the sole responsibility of his/her parents or legal guardian and where only members of his/her family are employed.
The child’s employment does not endangers his/her life, safety, health, and morals, or impairs his/her normal development.
The parent or legal guardian shall provide the said child with the prescribed primary and/or secondary education.
The employer first secures a work permit for the child from the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE).

text: Children aged 15 to below 18 years of age are permitted to work in any economic activity not considered child labor, but not more than eight (8) hours a day and in no case beyond forty (40) hours a week. They shall not be allowed to work between 10:00 P.M. and 6:00 A.M. of the following day, and employer should provide the child with access to at least elementary and secondary education.[5]

text: Current Status[edit]

text: As of now, there are 3.210 million child laborers in the Philippines. In 2001 there were 2.4 million.[6] There are a total of 9.8 million children aged 5 to 17 working in the Philippines. 2.46 million (44.9%) of these are doing legal work. 66.8% of child labourers are boys.[7]

text: 2.4 million children did hazardous work in 2001 out of a total number of working children of 4 million. In 1995, the number of children doing hazardous work was 2.2 million, out of a total of 3.6 million.[8]

text: In its report Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor in 2013, the U.S. Department of Labor estimated the percentage of working children aged 5 to 14 to be around 11% which corresponds to about 2,180 million children. 65% of these children were found in the agricultural sector, 5% in the industrial sector and 29% engaged in domestic service.[9] The 2014 List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor reported 13 goods produced exclusively by child labor in the Philippines. These included 8 agricultural goods (namely sugarcane, bananas, coconuts, corn, hogs, rice, rubber, and tobacco). Gold mining, pornography and pyrotechnics complete the list.

text: Philippine Legislation on Child Labor[edit]

text: Historical Evolution of Child Labor Laws in the Philippines[edit]

text: The concern for the welfare of Children being employed to work started in the Philippines as early as 1923.[10] The American colonial government of that time enacted the very first set of rules and regulations in the country regarding Child-labor through Act No. 3071, also known as “An Act to Regulate the Employment of Women and Children in Shops, Factories, Industrial, Agricultural and Mercantile Establishments, and Other Place of Labor in the Philippine Islands, to Provide Penalties for Violations Hereof and for Other Purposes.”[11] The enforcement of this law was eventually overseen by the Woman and Child Labor Section of the Inspection Division of the then Bureau of Labor in 1925. When the Philippines declared independence from American rule in 1946, all existing laws enacted under the former regime were replaced by Republic Acts. Act No. 3071 was renamed R.A. 695 thereafter and the implementation was entrusted to the Women and Minors Division of the former Bureau of Labor Standards, in 1957.[10]

text: In 1932, the Philippines enacted into law to codify its penal laws, they came to be known as the Revised Penal Code (RPC).[12] The RPC contains several provisions barring certain types of child work, such as “Exploitation of Child Labor” (Article 273) which prohibits an employer from retaining a child worker in service against his or her will under the pretext of reimbursing a debt incurred by the child’s ascendants. The PRC also includes a clause regarding the “Exploitation of Minors” (Article 278). This provision prohibits the employment of a minor less than sixteen (16) years of age in what the code describes as “dangerous exhibits”. Other provisions of the RPC relating to slavery, prostitution, corruption, illegal detention, and kidnapping of minors are all applicable to child workers. The RPC remains in effect to this day in the Philippines.[10]

text: Two years after Philippine independence from American control, the Republic became a member state of the International Labour Organization on June 15, 1948.[13] Since then, the Philippines have ratified a number of international conventions adopted by ILO, relating to child labor. The country first ratified in 1953, ILO Convention No. 90, which prohibits the employment of children in industry during night time and in 1960,[14] the government ratified ILO Convention No. 59, which fixes the minimum age of employment for industry at 15 years.[15] The convention, however, allows younger workers to be employed in undertakings which only members of the employer’s family are employed, but only if the work in question is not a danger to the life, health, or morals of the children employed. ILO Convention No. 77, which requires the medical examination and subsequent re-examination of children as a prerequisite for their employment,[16] was also put into effect in 1960. The ILO Convention No. 138 or the Minimum Age Convention of 1973[17] was not ratified in the Philippines until 1998.[18]

text: During the Martial Law, a handful of Presidential Decrees (P.D.’s) were enforced concerning child labor laws in the Philippines. One of which is P.D. no. 148 which amended R.A. 679, the Woman and Child Labor Law. The new decree simplified the complex provisions of R.A. 679 regarding confusing age limits imposed by this law under different types of undertakings allowing "any person between 14 and 18 years of age may be employed in any non-hazardous undertaking."[19] It is important to note that P.D. no 148 was in direct disagreement with ILO Convention No. 59. The new law didn’t last that long since only a year after, P.D. no 148 was amended by the passage of P.D. no 442, otherwise known as the Labor Code. The new law raised the minimum age of employment from 14 to 15 years old, and has maintained the previous minimum age for hazardous undertakings at 18 years old. The Labor Code failed, however, to include the terms and conditions of employment of children previously provided by R.A. 679, as amended by P.D. no. 148 creating a huge gap in the new law. This was eventually addressed through P.D. 603 or the Child and Youth Welfare Code, a codification of different provisions for the well-being of all children.[10]

text: Child Labor Laws in the Philippines[edit]

text: After the fall of the Marcos regime in 1986, increasing demands for reforms in government policies, legislation and programs affecting children made the government respond by ratifying the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) on July 26, 1990. The CRC entered into force as an international agreement on September 2, 1990. The convention directs the ratifying countries to “recognize the right of the child to be protected from economic exploitation and from performing any work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the child's education, or to be harmful to the child's health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development.”[20]

text: To comply with the mandate of the U.N CRC, the government enacted R.A. 7610, “An Act Providing for Stronger Deterrence and Special Protection of Children Against Abuse, Exploitation, and Discrimination, Providing Penalties for its Violation and for Other Purposes” on June 17, 1992.[10] Initially, the act was lauded for its innovation in promoting child welfare, especially those found in extremely difficult situations. However, the act was also severely criticized because of how its provisions severely changed existing policies regarding Child labor laws. Article VIII, Section 12, of R.A. 7610 legalized the employment of all children below 15 years of age, but only if the employer is able to secure a working permit from the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE).[10]

text: Public opinion and international organizations like the ILO and the UNICEF, along with the local Department of Justice pushed to amend R.A. 7610, Article VII, Section 12, as it was in flagrant violation of ILO convention no. 59. A new law called R.A. 7658 or “An Act Prohibiting the Employment of Children below 15 Years of Age in Public and Private Undertakings” was passed in October 1993 for this purpose.[10] R.A. 7658 allows only two exceptions to the prohibition on employment below the minimum age, first for the concerned child to “work directly under the sole responsibility of the child's parents or legal guardian and where only members of the employer's family are employed” and second, “where a child's employment in public entertainment or information through cinema, theater, radio or television is essential”. Additionally, the new law requires the employers to first secure for the child a work permit from the DOLE before the child can begin to work.[21]

text: In 2003, the Philippines passed a new law known as R.A. 9231 or the “Special Protection of Children Against Child Abuse, Exploitation and Discrimination Act”.[22] This law specifically limits the employment of children below 15 years old, with the same exceptions as R.A. 7658, with additional provisions regarding restrictions on the number of hours children are allowed to work, provisions on expanding working children’s access to education, social, medical, and legal assistance.

text: Laws and Regulations Related to Child Labor[23][edit]

text:
Standard
Yes/No
Age
Related Legislation

Minimum Age of Work
Yes
15
Labor Code; An Act Instituting Policies for the Protection and
Welfare of Domestic Workers

Minimum Age for Hazardous Work
Yes
18
Labor Code

List of Hazardous Occupations
Prohibited for Children

Yes
-
Republic Act No. 679, as further amended by Presidential Decree
No. 148, Woman and Child Labor Law, Department Order 4

Prohibition of Forced Labor
Yes
-
Expanded Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2012, Republic Act
No. 10364

Prohibition of Child Trafficking
Yes
-
Act Providing for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child
Labor and Affording Stronger Protection for the Working Child,
Republic Act No. 9231; Expanded Anti-Trafficking in Persons
Act of 2012; Special Protection of Children Against Abuse,
Exploitation and Discrimination Act

Prohibition of Commercial Sexual
Exploitation of Children

Yes
-
Act Providing for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child
Labor and Affording Stronger Protection for the Working Child;
Special Protection of Children Against Abuse, Exploitation
and Discrimination Act; Anti-Child Pornography Act of 2009,
Republic Act No. 9775; Cybercrime Prevention Act

Prohibition of Using Children in Illicit
Activities

Yes
-
Act Providing for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child
Labor and Affording Stronger Protection for the Working Child,
Republic Act No. 9231; Special Protection of Children Against
Abuse, Exploitation and Discrimination Act; Comprehensive
Dangerous Drugs Act

Minimum Age for Compulsory Military
Recruitment

Yes
18
Memorandum Circular No. 13 on Selective Enlistment/
Reenlistment of the Department of National Defense and the
Armed Forces of the Philippines; Special Protection of Children
Against Abuse, Exploitation and Discrimination Act

Minimum Age for Voluntary Military
Service

Combat:
Yes

Non-Combat:
Yes

18/17
Memorandum Circular No. 13 on Selective Enlistment/
Reenlistment of the Department of National Defense and the
Armed Forces of the Philippines; 2003 Declaration on Ratifying
the Optional Protocol

Compulsory Education Age
Yes
18
Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013

Free Public Education
Yes
-
Philippine Constitution

tag: table

text: Despite government efforts on amendments and ratification of laws and policies regarding child labor, the present policies and legislation responsible for the protection and rights of child workers in the Philippines still remain scattered among the different laws of the country.

text: Causes and Effects[edit]

text: There are different reasons to why children are pushed to work below the legal age of 18. Listed below are some of the main problems.

text: Causes[edit]

text: Poverty[edit]

text: According to a survey conducted by the Philippine Statistics Authority or the NSCB in 2009 and released in 2011, 26.5% of the Filipino population is considered poor. This amounts to 23.1 million Filipinos who live below the poverty threshold. The poverty threshold refers to the minimum income a family or individual must earn in order to be considered “not poor”. An individual is considered poor if he/she is below the annual per capita poverty threshold of P16, 871. Recent research cites that poverty incidence among Filipino families have been increasing. Poverty incidence percentage declined from 21% in 2006 to 20.5% in 2009 and to 19.7% in 2012; however due to growing population the number of families rose from 3.8 million to 4.03 million and to 4.2 million respectively. Furthermore, a family of five would need an average of P7, 890 to cover their family’s basic food and non-food needs.[24]

text: The widespread poverty and unemployment rates in the country means that poor or low-income households are vulnerable to income and employment shocks. Lacking in physical assets that may be sold oroffered as collateral in order to reduce or prevent interruptions to their income streams, poor households may resort to sending their younger members to work as a risk-reducing strategy. Especially during economic downturns when adult unemployment is rising and incomes are falling, child work provides a way for augmenting household incomes. It is thus reasonable to expect that the incidence of child labor will be higher among poor households than non-poor households and that such incidence should rise especially during periods of economic slowdown or decline.[25]

text: Child labor tends to reinforce intergenerational cycle of poverty because it interferes with their education and increases their vulnerability to exploitation.[26]

text: Educational Status[edit]

text: In a study done by Anna Leah Colina for Ecumenical Institute for Labor Education and Research (EILER),

text: This study has shown that most children are either forced to work at an early age or just work to have a steady income to help their families in their financial situations.

text: Population[edit]

text: From the 90's to 00's to 10's the Philippines population have steadily increased from 60,703,810 to 76,506,928 and to 92,337,852 respectively, a growth rate of 2.12 percent.[28] And by 2045, it is projected to be at 142 million Filipinos according to (Sgd) Lisa Grace S. Bersales, Ph. D.[29]

text: Effects[edit]

text: Educational[edit]

text: Based on the result of the 2013 Functional Literacy, Education and Mass media survey facilitated by the National Statistic Office, 10.6% of ages 6–24 of the country’s population is out of school. One of the top reasons is poverty. Insufficient income to sustain schooling constitutes 19.2% of the out of school youth. Another alarming sign is that lack of interest which constitutes to 19.1%. Lastly, 5.5% of both male and female youths are out of school because they are either employed or looking for work. These factors affect the kids as they try to help their families earn more that resulted to the negligence of their education.[30]

text: A study indicated that school attendance among child workers tends to be sacrificed. Although schooling can be combined with work in many instances, various factors like poverty and the conditions of work may prevent working children from either attending school or benefiting to any significant degree from doing so. Children laboring under hazardous conditions are also at great risk of getting injured or contracting various diseases. Psychological and emotional problems have also been noted among children working under extreme conditions. These effects have implications on the future productive capacity and earning potential of working children. The failure to invest in human capital now means that the working children of today will be the impoverished parents of tomorrow, bearing children who like them will also be pushed prematurely into the labor market to make ends meet. Child labor, especially the worst forms, tends to reproduce the very same conditions that brought it about.[25]

text: The relationship between child work, bad performance at school, and eventual non-attendance can take various routes as illustrated in many documented cases. In general, time divided between work and studying does not permit a child to focus on the latter, causing him to fall behind with his lessons and to get low grades. Conditions of work are, therefore, critical as they can affect a child’s readiness to tackle schoolwork.[25]

text: Health and Abuse[edit]

text: Numerous problems were highlight in a research by Anna Leah Colina for a non-government Ecumenical Institute for Labor Education and Research (EILER).

text: Continuous exposure to various hazards in their work environments, especially chemical and biological ones that are invisible, places children’s health and lives at great risk. While adults working under the same conditions face similar risks, an argument for minimum health and safety regulations would pose that children are especially vulnerable to work-related illnesses. Their yet undeveloped biological processes make their bodies less resistant to the chemicals and other toxic substances they are regularly exposed to. The lack of proper nutrition, so characteristic among the poor, moreover increases the vulnerability of working children to both the short, and long-term debilitating effects of work, which can cut short economically productive life.[25]

text: Government Organizations[edit]

text: In order to progressively eliminate the proliferation of child labor cases in the Philippines, the following agencies, DOLE, DSWD, and CWC jointly collaborate on the programs and actions that assure the prevention of more child labor cases and the protection of the children in the society.

text: Primary Agency[edit]

text: Department of Labor and Employment[edit]

text: The Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) is the national government agency responsible for formulating policies, the implementation of programs, and they serve as the policy-coordinating program arm of the Executive Branch in the labor and employment field.[31] They are leading the networks in the progressive eradication of child labor through protecting, preventing, and removing the children out of the hazardous and exploitative works, which also includes curing and redeeming them back into society.[32] Their projects, programs, and activities are as follows:

text:
Philippine Program Against Child Labor (PPACL)
Child Labor Prevention and Elimination Program
H.E.L.P. M.E. or the Health, Education and training, Livelihood, Protection and prevention, and Monitoring and Evaluation Program
Project Angel Tree
KaSaMa Program
Special Program for the Employment of Students (SPES)
Child-Labor Free Barangays

tag: ol

text: DOLE also enforced national laws such as "The Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act" (R.A. 9208) and "Special Protection of Children Against Child Abuse, Exploitation and Discrimination Act" (R.A. 9231).

text: Philippine Program Against Child Labor[edit]

text: The Philippine Program Against Child Labor (PPACL) is the founded from the National Program Against Child Labor (NPACL) framework. Led by the Department of Labor and Employment, the latter framework was established for the period 2001-2004 to combat child labor. The program partners used it as a way to unify the goals, missions, visions, and other points needed of the programs to be established. When the period ended, the National Child Labor Committee added breadth to the framework by identifying new objectives that would help sustain the environment NPACL fostered and continue preventing the progressing situation of child labor in the Philippines.

text: In order to protect children and their rights, they proposed seven objectives to influence action:

text:
Create a database system that upholds relevant information on the current events and news on child labor. This database system should be remained updated, inviting stakeholders and program partners to continually add significant studies and other resources.
Ensure the role of the PPACL in all of the different partnerships and organizations geared to fight against child labor. This will help create a more responsive National Child Labor Committee.
Engage the committee by creating awareness of the prevalent child labor issue through encouraging them to participate in the advocacies and other programs established for them.
Encourage social workers and other entitled workers to participate in the programs to add more quality and authenticity.
Provide opportunities for children in order to avoid the continuance of child labor while protecting their rights as children.
Conventionalize the initiatives against child labor to ensure success and better implementation of laws and policies.
Establish programs within laws and policies attributed and associated to child labor in order to proceed to a more national level, wherein all cities and provinces will be able to access the programs and initiatives.[33]

text: Child Labor Prevention and Elimination Program[edit]

text: For further progression in child labor elimination, DOLE established a program called Child Labor Prevention and Elimination Program. To be consistent with the PPACL framework, the objectives of the programs was founded on the framework to promote consistency and efficiency in combating child labor. Its five initiatives are as follows:

text:
The Child Labor Knowledge Sharing System was created with updated information and resources contributed by 300 and counting users.
The partnerships were strengthened through restructuring the National Child Labor Committee and its sub-committees, and creating the Sagip Batang Manggagawa Quick Action Team and other initiatives to focus on strengthening the regional committees.
They provided authentic and effective service through projects such as Kabuhayan para sa Magulang ng Batang Manggagawa (KASAMA) Project, Project Angel Tree, Eliminating Child Labor in the Tobacco Industry (ECLTI) Project, and Integrated Services for Migratory Sugar Workers (I-SERVE SACADAS) Project.
They strengthened campaigns and intensified implemented projects to promote the normalization of a child labor-free environment.
Guided by the laws and policies enforced, the programs aided in working through the cases and provided legal actions such as creating the Working Child’s Permit and closing establishments that promote child labor.[34]

text: Child Labor-Free Barangays[edit]

text: Consistent with the PPACL framework, the project Child Labor-Free Barangay aims what the name insinuates: eliminate child labor in every barangay in every country. Each labor-free barangay will be given a three-year certification and endorsement to DOLE programs once the barangay has completed the criteria and other requirements and submitted the proper documents in being enlisted as child labor-free. They should also have at least four agencies working within their area in order to promote child protection.[35]

text: List of Barangays[36][edit]

text: As of 2014, the Child Labor-Free Barangay has already saved 53 barangays in 10 regions:

text:
Regions
Barangays

National Capital Region

Pasong Putik, Quezon City
Bagong Barrio, Caloocan City
Brgy. 176 (Bagong Silang), Caloocan City
Pinagbuhatan, Pasig City
Sampaloc, Manila
Sitio Damayan, Manila
Brgy. 91, Manila
Brgy. 109, Manila
Almanza Uno, las Piñas
Brgy. 14 (San Jose), Pasay City
Brgy. 201 (Kalayaan), Pasay City

Cordillera Administrative Region

Pide, Sagada
Tanulong, Sagada
Fidelisan, Sagada
Banga-an, Sagada
Aguid, Sagada
Madongo, Sagada

Region 1

Valbuena, Pinili
Macayo, Alcala

Region 3

Pulong Buhangin, Sta. Maria, Bulacan
Pandacaqui, Mexico, Pampanga

Region 4-A

Sta. Maria, Calauag, Batangas
Madulao, Catanauan, Batangas
Sta. Ana, Taytay, Rizal
San Juan, Taytay, Rizal
Mahabang Parang, Angono, Rizal
Kalayaan, Angono, Rizal

Negros Island Region (NIR)

Brgy. Canggohob, Mabinay, Negros Oriental
Brgy. Manlingay, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

Region 10

San Jose, Quezon, Bukidnon
Poblacion, Quezon, Bukidnon
Salawagan, Quezon, Bukidnon
Merangeran, Quezon, Bukidnon
Butong, Quezon, Bukidnon

Region 11

Kiblawan, Pasig, Davao del Sur
Kibuaya, Hagonoy, Davao del Sur
Matina Pangi, Davao City, Davao del Sur
New Barili, Maco, Compostela Valley
New Leyte, Maco, Compostela Valley

Region 12

Kematu, T’boli, South Cotabato
Poblacion, Malungon, Saranggani
Libi, Malapatan, Saranggani
Colon, Maasim, Saranggani
Bula, Gen. Santos City
City Heights, Gen. Santos City
Poblacion, Tacurong, Sultan Kudarat
EJC Montilla, Tacurong, Sultan Kudarat
Saguing, Makilala, North Cotabato
Presbitero, Pigcawayan, North Cotabato
Poblacion Mother, Cotabato City
Rosary Heights 2, Cotabato City

Caraga

Doongan, Butuan City, Agusan Del Norte
Las Navas, Prosperidad, Agusan Del Sur

text: HELP ME Convergence Program Against Child Labor[edit]

text: HELP ME Convergence Program Against Child Labor mainly aims to provide converged strategies to address issues concerning child labor. HELP ME stands for: H for Health services; E for Education and training, L for Livelihood opportunities for people involved; P for Prevention, protection, and prosecution; M for Monitoring; and lastly, E for Evaluation. It is founded by Cabinet's Human Development and Poverty Reduction Cluster (HDPRC) together with President Benigno S. Aquino III., Department of Labor and Employment, and Department of Social Welfare and Development. The whole program will keep in line through the following objectives: keeping a monitoring system for the child laborers and the services provided to them, delivering services fitting to the situations of the child laborers, and finally, collaborating with different departments and program partners such as DOLE, DSWD, DepEd, DOH, DILG, DA, DOJ, TESDA, NEDA, CWC, PIA and NCIP.

text: This convergence program was implemented in the period of 2013 to 2016 with the proposed budget of 9 billion, hoping that by the end of the project, child labor will be eliminated by 75%, or more specifically, to move out at least 893,000 children from the worst forms of child labor.[37]

text: Project Angel Tree[edit]

text: Introduced by the Bureau of Women and Young Workers, the Project Angel Tree works as a connection for child laborers and those stakeholders who wish to collaboratively partake in protecting their rights. This project also contributes to the program Child Labor Prevention and Elimination Program. The primary objective of the project is to create an “Angel Tree Community,” wherein Angels, which are the donors and contributors, grant the “wishes” of the child laborers. The Angel Tree itself is an image for the cause, wherein it is targeted that through this project, the Angels will continue to “bear fruit” for the children who need them. They call this system value networks, where through them, positive social interaction would be formed and child laborers would be granted access to resources.

text: In 2010, Project Angel Tree has already helped 15,902 victims of child labor in the country.[38]

text: Philippine National Strategic Framework for Plan Development for Children[edit]

text: Philippine National Strategic Framework for Plan Development for Children, otherwise known as Child 21, serves as a guide for initiatives and programs established to promote and protect the rights of the children. The framework includes different activities and strategies in order to provide child-friendly environments, education, protection from threats including sexual exploitation, child labor, and child-trafficking, and other modes of development for the children.[39]

text: Secondary Agencies[edit]

text: Department of Social Welfare and Development[edit]

text: The Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) is the government agency who provides direction to the intermediaries and implementers concerned with the delivery and development of social welfare and development services. They also develop and enrich existing programs and services for specific groups which includes the children and youth.[40] They hold Child Protection Services in which they reach out on the children for them to recover from the experience of labor and be reintegrated back to their families. They also have Therapeutic Services for the Abused Children for the children to overcome the negative effects of abuse and for them to be able to live a normal and productive life by maximizing every potential a child has.[41] Aside from their services, they are working together with DOLE in H.E.L.P. M.E.

text: Council for the Welfare of Children[edit]

text: The Council for the Welfare of Children (CWC) actively advocates against trafficking of children. They incorporate issues and concerns affecting trafficking in children in its development and strategic frameworks and ensures the adoption of such by the LGUs and other stakeholders.[42] They do not directly implement programs for the children; they facilitate or support other agencies and service providers through activities that are in line with their functions.[43]

text: Non-Government Organizations[edit]

text: Kamalayan Development Foundation[edit]

text: In 1995-1997, with the help of International Labour Organization (ILO) and United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), Kamalayan Development Foundation progressed from Kamalayan Development Center through establishing anti-child recruitment agencies in Davao City, Cebu City, and Ormoc City. This started numerous initiatives which granted children freedom from work enslavement. The organization founded rescue operations, participated in governmental and international campaigns and advocacy activities, imprisoned child labors, and finally, identified and rescued child laborers in plantations, factories, prostitution facilities, and other exploitative locations.The Kamalayan Development Foundation seeks to expand nationwide through the continuous support of ILO.[44]

text: Visayan Forum Foundation Inc.[edit]

text: As a child laborer herself, Ma. Cecilia Flores-Oebanda spearheaded the Visayan Forum Foundation Inc. (VFI) in order to eradicate slavery and human trafficking. Its actions revolve around providing residential care to victims, mainly women and children, of difficult circumstances such as exploitation and child labor. The organization has established programs such as:

text:
Centers of Hope: These are safe houses that aim to provide protection and shelter to girl-children and women victims.
iFight Movement: This movement seeks to train, equip, and empower the youth with a better mentality for change and information on fighting against human trafficking.
Policy and Advocacy Resource Center: This provides volunteers and partners a space to share information in order to develop the current campaigns and update information on the current environment on human trafficking and domestic work.
Ventures for Freedom: This educates and provides communities innovative strategies in order to stray away from the possibility of human trafficking and domestic work, tackling the cause to prevent the problem from progressing.[45]

text: International Partnerships[edit]

text: International Labour Organization[edit]

text: In 1948, the Philippines joined the International Labour Organization (ILO) and has remained one of the active participants in its advocacy. As the country face problems on employment, more specifically, child labor, the partnership paved way to projects that will help in the elimination of child labor. The organization supports the country through promoting growth and developing their skills through quality education, especially for the children who remain victims to employment.

text: Its social partners include the DOLE, employers Confederation of the Philippines (ECOP), Alliance of Progressive Labor (APL), Associated Labor Unions-TUCP (ALU-TUCP), Federation of Free Workers (FFW), Kilusang Mayo Uno (KMU), Public Services Labor Independent Confederation (PSLINK) and Trade Union Congress of the Philippines (TUCP).[46]

text: International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour[edit]

text: International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) varies from one country after another, dependent on the current situations of child labor persisting in the country specified. It aims to eliminate child labor in its different sectors, such as direct action, advocacy and awareness, institutional development, social services and poverty alleviation, and legislation and policy development. The following are the projects ILO has established through IPEC:

text:
Programme to Combat Child Labour in the Fishing Sector in Indonesia and the Philippines (1999-2004)
Programme to Combat Child Labour in the Footwear Sector in South-East Asia (Phase I)(1999-2004)
Assessing the Situation of Children in the Production, Sales, and Trafficking of Drugs in Indonesia, the Philippines and Thailand (2002-2004)
Supporting the Time-Bound Programme on the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour in the Republic of the Philippines (2002-2006)
Prevention and Reintegration of Children Involved in Armed Conflict: An Inter-Regional Project – The Philippine Component (2003-2006)
Towards a Child Labour-free Philippines: Building on Past Gains and Addressing Challenges (2011-2013)[47]

text: ChildFund Philippines[edit]

text: In 1971, ChildFund began by partnering with religious organizations, and eventually, the communities in the Philippines. The organization helps secure the future of children vulnerable to exploitation, child labour, and other causes, and builds a community that would ensure their safety and protection. Each year, they contribute $8 million to their partnerships worldwide, including the Philippines, directly helping 250,000 children and counting.

text: ChildFund is notable for two projects: Child Protection Committees (CPCs), wherein they protect children from dangerous and harmful acts such as bullying, child abuse, exploitation, and other measures in schools. Another would be the Conditional Socialized Education Assistance: Provide educational assistance to children who face inabilities to meet their educational needs.

text: Currently, their target provinces are: Ifugao, Benguet, Baguio City, Mountain Province, Quezon, Batangas, Laguna, National Capital Region (Metro Manila), Sorsogon, Camarines Sur, Capiz, Iloilo, Negros Occidental, Cebu, Ormoc, Misamis Oriental, North Cotobato, South Cotobato, Cotobato, Maguindanao, Sulu, Zamboanga del Norte.[48]

text: World Vision Development Foundation, Inc.[edit]

text: World Vision Development Foundation Inc. performs through partnering with Christians all over the world to seek justice and promote human welfare through various activities and programs such as spreading awareness, changing unjust structures, and transforming the youth by encouraging involvement and protecting their rights. The partnership with organization started when its founder, Robert Willard Pierce, initiated the China Challenge, which led to sponsoring and caring for the poor and needy. It first helped an orphanage called The Good Shepherd’s Fold in 1957, and since then, it has continued to move to foster a healthy environment for the children and their families.[49]

text: ABK3 LEAP[edit]

text: Pag-Aaral ng Bata para sa Kinabukasan (ABK) LEAP Livelihoods, Education, Advocacy and Protection to Reduce Child Labor in Sugarcane Areas is the third phase of the ABK Initiative that aims to withdraw children from exploitative labor. In four years, 2011-2015, ABK3 LEAP intends to provide education, raise awareness, support research, contribute to the continuous development, and support data collection on child labor. The project mainly focuses on 11 provinces, namely Batangas, Bukidnon, Camarines Sur, Capiz, Cebu, Davao del Sur, Iloilo, Leyte, Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental, and North Cotabato. It targets to provide for 52,000 children at ages 5–17 years old and 25,000 households.

text: The project is implemented by the following organizations: World Vision Development Foundation Inc., ChiWorld Vision Development Foundation, Inc. ChildFund Philippines, Educational Research and Development Assistance Foundation, Inc. (ERDA), Sugar Industry Foundation, Inc. (SIFI), Community Economic Ventures, Inc. (CEVI), and University of the Philippines Social Action and Research for Development Foundation (UPSARDF).[50]

text: ILO-NSO Survey[edit]

text: The 2011 Survey on Children (SOC) is a nationwide survey designed to collect data on the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of working children 5 to 17 years old. The survey is a joint collaboration between the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the National Statistics Office (NSO) as part of the International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (ILO-IPEC).

text: An estimated 5.492 million children aged 5 to 17 years were working in 2011 according to the preliminary results of the SOC. In this survey, children aged 5 to 17 years who worked for at least one hour during the past 12 months were considered working. These working children represented 18.9 percent of the total children 5 to 17 years old. Three in every ten children aged 5 to 17 years in Northern Mindanao (29.6%) were working. In the National Capital Region and in the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, the ratio was one in every ten children. In every ten working children, six were boys while four were girls. By age, 46.7 percent of the working children were 15 to 17 years old, 45.1 percent were 10 to 14 years old and 8.2 percent were 5 to 9 years of age.

text: Out of the 5.492 million working children, 58.4 percent or an estimated 3.210 million were considered as in child labor, while 41.6 percent or an estimated 2.283 million were considered not in child labor. Child labor in this report refers to children who reported to have worked in hazardous work environment regardless of the number of hours they spent at work, or those who have worked for long hours, that is, more than 20 hours a week for children 5 to 14 years old and more than 40 hours a week for children 15 to 17 years old. Those identified working in hazardous work environment numbered 2.993 million, comprising 54.5 percent of the total working children.

text: Of the total number of working children in hazardous labor, two-thirds were boys while one-third were girls. Those in ages 5 to 9 comprised 6.2 percent and those in ages 10 to 14, 44.3 percent. Among children in hazardous labor, the largest percentage resided in the regions of Central Luzon (10.6%) and Bicol (10.2%).

text: Seven in ten children in hazardous labor were at the same time attending school. The percentage of children in hazardous labor who were attending school was higher among children 5 to 9 years old than among children 15 to 17 years old. There were more boys than girls among the children in hazardous labor who were attending school.

text: Sixty-two percent of the children in hazardous labor were working in the agriculture sector, 30.1 percent were in the services sector, and the rest (7.6%) worked in the industry sector. Among the boys, 67.9 percent were in agriculture; while among the girls, 51.2 percent. For every five children in hazardous labor, two were exposed to physical hazards only (39.9%) and one was exposed to both chemical and physical hazards (Table 7). The rest were exposed to other types of hazards.

text: For every ten children in hazardous labor, four were helping in their own household-operated farm or business while three mentioned to supplement family income as their main reason for working. Fifty-two percent of boys and 61.8 percent of girls in hazardous labor were unpaid workers in their own household-operated farm or business. A higher proportion of boys than girls (29.3% compared to 20.0%) were working in private establishments (26.2%). More than half of the children in hazardous labor (55.4%) worked in a farm. Those who reported working in their own house comprised 12.2 percent.

text: The survey involves the collection of data through personal interviews with the household as the reporting unit. This means that the statistics emanating from the survey refer to the characteristics of the population residing in private households. In this survey, the ultimate sampling unit was the child worker 5 to 17 years old.

text: "Child labor" in this survey refers to the working children who reported to have worked in hazardous environment regardless of the number of hours they spent at work (Hazardous Child Labor), or those who have worked for long hours (more than 20 hours a week for children 5 to 14 years old and more than 40 hours a week for children 15 to 17 years old) or "Other Child Labor." The rest of the working children are classified under "Not Child Labor" category.[3]


document_title: John Adams (miniseries)

question_text: who played george washington in the john adams series

text: John Adams (miniseries)

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: Part I: Join or Die (1770 A.D. – 1774 A.D.)[edit]

text: Episode 1 opens in Boston 1770 on the cold winter night of the Boston Massacre. It portrays John Adams arriving at the scene following the gunshots from British soldiers firing upon a mob of Boston citizens. Adams, a respected lawyer in his mid-30s known for his dedication to the law and justice, is sought as defense counsel for the accused Redcoats. Their commander, Captain Thomas Preston, asks him to defend them in court. Reluctant at first, he agrees despite knowing this will antagonize his neighbors and friends. Adams is depicted to have taken the case because he believed everyone deserves a fair trial and he wanted to uphold the standard of justice. Adams' cousin Samuel Adams is one of the main colonists opposed to the actions of the British government. He is one of the executive members of the Sons of Liberty, an anti-British group of agitators. Adams is depicted as a studious man doing his best to defend his clients. The show also illustrates Adams' appreciation and respect for his wife, Abigail. In one scene, Adams is shown having his wife proofread his summation as he takes her suggestions. After many sessions of court, the jury returns verdicts of not guilty of murder for each defendant. The episode also illustrates the growing tensions over the Coercive Acts ("Intolerable Acts"), and Adams' election to the First Continental Congress.

text: Part II: Independence (1774 A.D. – 1776 A.D.)[edit]

text: The second episode covers the disputes among the members of the Second Continental Congress toward declaring independence from Great Britain as well as the final drafting of the Declaration of Independence. At the Continental Congresses Adams is depicted as the lead advocate for independence. He is in the vanguard in establishing that there is no other option than to break off and declare independence. He is also instrumental in the selection of then-Colonel George Washington as the new head of the Continental Army.

text: However, in his zeal for immediate action, he manages to alienate many of the other founding fathers, going so far as to insult John Dickinson, who is for conciliation to the Crown, implying that the man suffers from a religiously based moral cowardice. Later, Benjamin Franklin quietly chastens Adams, saying it is "perfectly acceptable to insult a man in private. He may even thank you for it afterwards. But when you do it in public, they tend to think you are serious." This points out Adams' primary flaw: his bluntness and lack of gentility toward his political opponents, one that would make him many enemies and which would eventually plague his political career. It would also, eventually, contribute to historians' disregard for his many achievements. The episode also shows how Abigail copes with issues at home as her husband was away much of the time participating in the Continental Congress. She employs the use of then pioneer efforts in the field of preventative medicine and inoculation against smallpox for herself and the children.

text: Part III: Don't Tread on Me (1777 A.D. – 1781 A.D.)[edit]

text: In Episode 3, Adams travels to Europe with his young son John Quincy during the war seeking alliances with foreign nations, during which the ship transporting them battles a British frigate. It first shows Adams' embassy with Benjamin Franklin in the court of Louis XVI of France. The old French nobility, who are in the last decade before being consumed by the French Revolution, are portrayed as effete and decadent. They meet cheerfully with Franklin, seeing him as a romantic figure, little noting the democratic infection he brings with him. Adams, on the other hand, is a plain spoken and faithful man, who finds himself out of his depth surrounded by an entertainment- and sex-driven culture among the French elite. Adams finds himself at sharp odds with Benjamin Franklin, who has adapted himself to the French, seeking to obtain by seduction what Adams would gain through histrionics. Franklin sharply rebukes Adams for his lack of diplomatic acumen, describing it as a "direct insult followed by a petulant whine". Franklin soon has Adams removed from any position of diplomatic authority in Paris. His approach is ultimately successful and was to result in the conclusive Franco-American victory at Yorktown.

text: Adams, chastened and dismayed but learning from his mistakes, then travels to the Dutch Republic to obtain monetary support for the Revolution. Although the Dutch agree with the American cause, they do not consider the new union a reliable and credit-worthy client. Adams ends his time in the Netherlands in a state of progressive illness, having sent his son away as a diplomatic secretary to the Russian Empire.

text: Part IV: Reunion (1781 A.D. – 1789 A.D.)[edit]

text: The fourth episode shows John Adams being notified of the end of the Revolutionary War and the defeat of the British. He is then sent to Paris to negotiate the Treaty of Paris in 1783. While overseas, he spends time with Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson and Abigail visits him. Franklin informs John Adams that he was appointed as the first American Ambassador to Great Britain and thus has to relocate to London. John Adams is poorly received by the British during this time—he is the representative for a recently hostile power, and represents in his person what many British at the time regarded as a disastrous end to its early Empire. He meets with his former sovereign, George III, and while the meeting is not a disaster, he is excoriated in British newspapers. In 1789, he returns to Massachusetts for the first presidential election and he and Abigail are reunited with their children, now grown. George Washington is elected the first President of the United States and John Adams as the first Vice President.

text: Initially, Adams is disappointed and wishes to reject the post of Vice President because he feels there is a disproportionate number of electoral votes in favor of George Washington (Adams' number of votes pales in comparison to those garnered by Washington). In addition, John feels the position of Vice President is not a proper reflection of all the years of service he has dedicated to his nation. However, Abigail successfully influences him to accept the nomination.

text: Part V: Unite or Die (1788 A.D. – 1797 A.D.)[edit]

text: The fifth episode begins with John Adams presiding over the Senate and the debate over what to call the new President. It depicts Adams as frustrated in this role: His opinions are ignored and he has no actual power, except in the case of a tied vote. He's excluded from George Washington's inner circle of cabinet members, and his relationships with Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton are strained. Even Washington himself gently rebukes him for his efforts to "royalize" the office of the Presidency, although Washington values Adams' counsel in other areas, considering him to be "reasonable company" when compared with Jefferson and Hamilton. A key event shown is the struggle to enact the Jay Treaty with Britain, which Adams himself must ratify before a deadlocked Senate (although historically his vote was not required). The episode concludes with his inauguration as the second president—and his subsequent arrival in a plundered executive mansion.

text: Part VI: Unnecessary War (1798 A.D. – 1802 A.D.)[edit]

text: The sixth episode covers Adams's term as president and the rift between the Hamilton-led Federalists and Jefferson-led Republicans. Adams's neutrality pleases neither side and often angers both. His shaky relationship with vice president Thomas Jefferson worsens after taking defensive actions against the French because of failed diplomatic attempts and the signing of the Alien and Sedition Acts. Adams also alienates himself from the anti-French Alexander Hamilton after taking all actions possible to prevent a war with France. He disowns his son Charles, who soon dies as an alcoholic vagrant. Adams sees success late in his Presidency with his campaign of preventing a war with France, but his success is clouded after losing the presidential election of 1800. After receiving so much bad publicity while in office, Adams lost the election against his Vice-President, Thomas Jefferson, and runner-up Aaron Burr (both from the same party). Adams leaves the Presidential Palace (now known as the White House) in March 1801 and retires to his personal life in Massachusetts.

text: Part VII: Peacefield (1803 A.D. – 1826 A.D.)[edit]

text: The final episode covers Adams's retirement years. His home life is full of pain and sorrow as his daughter, Nabby, dies of breast cancer and Abigail succumbs to typhoid fever. Adams does live to see the election of his son, John Quincy, as president, but is too ill to attend the inauguration. Adams and Jefferson are reconciled through correspondence in their last years. Both die hours apart on July 4, 1826, the 50th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence. Jefferson was 83, Adams 90.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Paul Giamatti as John Adams
Laura Linney as Abigail Adams
Stephen Dillane as Thomas Jefferson
David Morse as George Washington
Tom Wilkinson as Benjamin Franklin
Rufus Sewell as Alexander Hamilton
Justin Theroux as John Hancock
Danny Huston as Samuel Adams
Clancy O'Connor as Edward Rutledge
Željko Ivanek as John Dickinson
Ebon Moss-Bachrach as John Quincy Adams
Sarah Polley as Abigail Adams Smith
Andrew Scott as William S. Smith
John Dossett as Benjamin Rush
Mamie Gummer as Sally Smith Adams
Caroline Corrie as Louisa Adams
Samuel Barnett as Thomas Adams
Kevin Trainor as Charles Adams
Tom Hollander as King George III
Julian Firth as the Duke of Dorset
Damien Jouillerot as King Louis XVI
Guy Henry as Jonathan Sewall
Brennan Brown as Robert Treat Paine
Paul Fitzgerald as Richard Henry Lee
Tom Beckett as Elbridge Gerry
Del Pentecost as Henry Knox
Tim Parati as Caesar Rodney
John O'Creagh as Stephen Hopkins
John Keating as Timothy Pickering
Hugh O'Gorman as Thomas Pinckney
Timmy Sherrill as Charles Lee
Judith Magre as Madame Helvetius
Jean-Hugues Anglade as Count of Vergennes
Jean Brassard as Admiral d'Estaing
Pip Carter as Francis Dana
Sean McKenzie as Edward Bancroft
Derek Milman as Lieutenant James Barron
Patrice Valota as Jean-Antoine Houdon
Nicolas Vaude as Chevalier de la Luzerne
Bertie Carvel as Lord Carmarthen
Alex Draper as Robert Livingston
Cyril Descours as Edmond-Charles Genet
Alan Cox as William Maclay
Sean Mahan as Gen. Joseph Warren
Eric Zuckerman as Thomas McKean
Ed Jewett as James Duane
Vincent Renart as Andrew Holmes
Ritchie Coster as Captain Thomas Preston
Lizan Mitchell as Sally Hemings
Pamela Stewart as Patsy Jefferson
Lucas N Hall as Continental Army Officer, New York light infantry battalion
Steven Hinkle as Young John Quincy Adams
Buzz Bovshow as John Trumbull

text: Shooting locations[edit]

text: The 110-day shoot took place in Colonial Williamsburg, Virginia; Richmond, Virginia; and Budapest, Hungary.[2][3] Some European scenes were shot in Keszthely, Sóskút, Fertőd and Kecskemét, Hungary.[4]

text: Bruton Parish Church in Colonial Williamsburg was used for the town meeting scene in which Adams gives a speech from the elevated pulpit. The brick wall surrounding the church was the backdrop for a separate outdoor scene.

text: The scene in which Adams first meets the British soldiers accused of murder for their roles in the Boston Massacre was shot at Williamsburg's "public gaol" (jail where lawbreakers were held awaiting trial). The John Greenhow store was used for exterior shots of a tavern in Trenton, New Jersey, that Adams frequented. The Wythe House stood in for the President's House in Philadelphia, though it was modified with a brick facade to mask the wooden fence.

text: The Palace Green was used for the shot of a tent and 40 coffins in Philadelphia's 1793 yellow fever epidemic. Sand scattered on the streets masked the modern pavement. The Palace Green was also the backdrop in the scene of a riot that broke out in front of the "President's House" (George Wythe house); scores of extras were used in the scene.

text: British officers ransacked an abandoned Continental Army war room in a scene shot in the Robert Carter house. Williamsburg's Public Hospital was in the background of the tent encampment of the Continental army which Adams visited in the winter of 1776, which was replicated using special- effects snow. The College of William and Mary's Wren Building represented a Harvard interior. Scenes were also filmed at the Governor's Palace.[5]

text: Sets, stage space, backlot and production offices were housed in an old Mechanicsville AMF warehouse in Richmond, Virginia. Some street scenes with cobblestone pavements and colonial storefronts were shot in historic neighborhoods of Washington D.C., Boston, and Philadelphia. Countryside surrounding Richmond in Hanover County and Powhatan County were chosen to represent areas surrounding early Boston, New York, and Philadelphia.[6][7]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The score for the miniseries was composed by Rob Lane and Joseph Vitarelli. Lane wrote the main theme and scored "Join or Die," "Independence," "Unite or Die" and "Peacefield," with Vitarelli doing "Don't Tread on Me," "Reunion" and "Unnecessary War." The two composers worked independently of each other, with Lane writing and recording his segments in London and Vitarelli in Los Angeles.[8] The soundtrack was released on the Varèse Sarabande label.

text: The main theme heard during the opening credits is also played before Washington Nationals home games during the presentation of the national colors. A shortened version was also used as introductory music for coverage of the 2010 congressional elections and 2012 Presidential elections on CNN.[citation needed]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The critical reception to the miniseries was predominantly positive. Metacritic rates the critical response at 78 out of 100 based upon 27 national reviews.[9] Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly rated the miniseries A-,[10] and Matt Roush of TV Guide praised the lead performances of Paul Giamatti and Laura Linney.[11]

text: David Hinckley of the New York Daily News felt John Adams "is, quite simply, as good as TV gets ... Best of all are two extraordinary performances at the center: Paul Giamatti as Adams and Laura Linney as his wife, Abigail ... To the extent that John Adams is a period piece, it isn't quite as lush as, say, some BBC productions. But it looks fine, and it feels right, and sometimes what's good for you can also be just plain good."[12]

text: Alessandra Stanley of the New York Times had mixed feelings. She said the miniseries has "a Masterpiece Theatre gravity and takes a more somber, detailed and sepia-tinted look at the dawn of American democracy. It gives viewers a vivid sense of the isolation and physical hardships of the period, as well as the mores, but it does not offer significantly different or deeper insights into the personalities of the men — and at least one woman — who worked so hard for liberty ... [It] is certainly worthy and beautifully made, and it has many masterly touches at the edges, especially Laura Linney as Abigail. But Paul Giamatti is the wrong choice for the hero ... And that leaves the mini-series with a gaping hole at its center. What should be an exhilarating, absorbing ride across history alongside one of the least understood and most intriguing leaders of the American Revolution is instead a struggle."[13]

text: Among those unimpressed with the miniseries were Mary McNamara of the Los Angeles Times[14] and Tim Goodman of the San Francisco Chronicle.[15] Both cited the miniseries for poor casting and favoring style over storytelling.

text: Historical inaccuracies[edit]

text: The series deviates from David McCullough's book on several occasions, using creative license throughout.[16]

text: Part I[edit]

text:
John Adams addresses Captain Preston immediately after the massacre, while deliberating whether to defend the soldier; he says: "As of this morning, five are dead". Only three men were killed immediately: Samuel Maverick died the next morning, and Patrick Carr did not die until two weeks later.
Around the time of the trial, John Adams' son Charles is depicted playing with his sister, though he was not born until May 29, 1770 (making him still an infant). Likewise, his older son John Quincy Adams was born in July 1767, but he is depicted as a near-adolescent.
Samuel Adams is depicted as disapproving over John Adams' decision to defend Captain Preston and the other Boston Massacre soldiers, when no other lawyer would act as their counsel. It's implied that the Sons of Liberty also disapproved, and that John for his part disapproved of their group. In fact, Samuel Adams encouraged his cousin John to take the case.[17] John and other leading members of the Sons of Liberty also convinced Josiah Quincy II, another cousin who was a lawyer, to aid Adams in his preparation of the case.[18] Moreover, John himself was a member of the Sons of Liberty.[19]
Captain Preston and the British soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre are shown being tried in a single trial in what seems to be the dead of winter, and declared not guilty of all charges. In actuality, Captain Preston's trial took place on October 24 and ran through October 29, when he was found not guilty. The eight soldiers were brought to trial weeks later in a separate trial that concluded on November 29. Six of the soldiers were found not guilty, but Hugh Montgomery and Matthew Killroy were convicted of manslaughter. They both received brands on their right thumbs as punishment.[20]
John Hancock is confronted by a British customs official, and he orders the crowd to "teach him a lesson, tar the bastard". Hancock and Samuel Adams then look on while the official is tarred and feathered, to the disapproval of John Adams. The scene is fictional and does not appear in McCullough's book. According to Samuel Adams biographer Ira Stoll, there's no evidence that Samuel Adams and John Hancock, who were opposed to mob violence, were ever present at a tarring and feathering, and so the scene succeeds in "tarring the reputations of Hancock and Samuel Adams".[21] Jeremy Stern writes, "Despite popular mythology, tarrings were never common in Revolutionary Boston, and were not promoted by the opposition leadership. The entire sequence is pure and pernicious fiction."[16] According to Stern, the scene is used to highlight a schism between Samuel and John Adams, which is entirely fictional.[16]
The tar and feather scene also improperly uses a black, modern tar. In reality, the liquid known as tar in the 18th century was pine tar, a liquid which is more often light-brown in color. The tar that we know today is actually called petroleum tar or bitumen. Pine tar also has a low melting point, and would not burn the skin the way that hot petroleum tar would.
David McCullough’s biography makes no mention of a pulpit speech by John Adams after being chosen, in summer 1774, to be one of Massachusetts’ representatives to the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia. The text for that speech, at the end of Part I, comes mainly from two documents Adams penned during the Stamp Act crisis 8 years earlier, apparently stitched together in the film so as to evoke the similar-sounding famous passage in the United States Declaration of Independence, about men being created equal and endowed thereby with unalienable rights. Adams (instead of Jefferson) might have served as lead author of the Declaration two years later, and might have foreshadowed key portions of it oratorically before leaving Massachusetts for Philadelphia, but actually did neither. While rhetorically impressive in the film, the climactic final words of that speech, “Liberty will reign in America,” appear to be a dramatic invention, not a passage Adams is known to have ever spoken or written.[22]

text: Part II[edit]

text:
In the opening scene, the final meeting site of the First Continental Congress is incorrectly shown as the Pennsylvania State House (now known as Independence Hall). In fact, the First Continental Congress was held in Carpenters' Hall, located approximately 250 yards (230 m) east of the state house, along Chestnut Street. Carpenters' Hall was and still is privately owned by The Carpenters' Company of the City and County of Philadelphia. It offered more privacy than the Pennsylvania State House. The venue depicted for the Second Continental Congress, however, is correctly depicted as the Pennsylvania State House.[23]
Benjamin Franklin is shown being brought to the Continental Congress in a litter, but he did not use this mode of transport in Philadelphia until the Constitutional Convention, 11 years later.
John Adams did not ride to Lexington and Concord while the battle was still in progress; he visited on April 22, several days later.[24]
The first version of the Declaration of Independence read by Adams’ family was depicted as a printed copy; in reality, it was a copy in Adams’ own hand, which led Mrs. Adams to believe that he had written it himself.[25]
General Henry Knox's ox-driven caravan of cannon (taken from Fort Ticonderoga) is depicted passing by the Adams' house in Braintree, Massachusetts en route to Cambridge, Massachusetts. In reality, General Knox's caravan almost certainly did not pass through Braintree. Ft. Ticonderoga is in upstate New York, northwest of Cambridge, and Knox is assumed to have taken the most likely routes of the day, from the New York border through western and central Massachusetts via what are now Routes 23, 9, and 20, never entering Braintree, which is located approximately 15 miles (24 km) southeast of Cambridge.[26]
The doctor questions Abigail Adams if she has asked her husband regarding the family's smallpox inoculation (variolation) of 1775; she knows that he would approve without asking him because he himself was inoculated in 1764, so the doctor's question and her response were misleading.
The illness of the daughter following the inoculation was inaccurate. In fact, it was their son Charles who developed the pox and who was unconscious and delirious for 48 hours. The series also shows the children suffering from the effects of the inoculation while Abigail and the daughter read the newly drafted Declaration, which would have been sometime in the summer of 1776.[27][28]

text: Part III[edit]

text:
Adams is shown departing for Europe without an upset nine-year-old son Charles, leaving only with older son John Quincy Adams. Adams actually took multiple trips to Europe. According to David McCullough's book, on one such trip young Charles accompanied his brother and father to Paris. He later became ill in Holland, and traveled alone on the troubled vessel South Carolina. After an extended journey of five months, Charles returned to Braintree at 11 years of age.
During Adams's first voyage to France, his ship engages a British ship in a fierce battle while Adams assists a surgeon performing an amputation on a patient who dies. In reality, Adams helped perform the amputation several days after the capture of the British ship, following an unrelated accident. The patient died a week after the amputation, rather than during the operation as shown in the episode.[29]

text: Part IV[edit]

text:
Abigail and John are depicted reuniting outside Paris after many years, but in reality were first reunited in London and traveled to Paris together.
Abigail Adams is depicted reprimanding Benjamin Franklin for cheating on his wife in France, but his wife died seven years earlier in 1774.
Multiple references are made in dialogue throughout the episode to the impending "Constitutional Convention." In reality, the Constitutional Convention was only referred to as such after it disbanded, since the Philadelphia convention was originally called only to revise the Articles of Confederation. When the Convention met, strict secrecy was imposed on its proceedings. It was only under this veil of secrecy that the convention goers changed their mission from one of revising the Articles to one of crafting a new constitution.

text: Part V[edit]

text:
Vice President John Adams is shown casting the tiebreaker vote in favor of ratifying the Jay Treaty. In reality, his vote was never required as the Senate passed the resolution by 20-10.[30] Furthermore, the vice president would never be required to cast a vote in a treaty ratification because Article II of the Constitution requires that treaties receive a two-thirds vote.
Nabby Adams meets and marries Colonel William Stephens Smith upon her parents' return to America from London. John Adams is depicted as refusing to use his influence to obtain political positions for his daughter's new husband, though Colonel Smith requests his father-in-law's assistance repeatedly with an almost grasping demeanor. Mr. Adams upbraids his son-in-law each time for even making the request, stating that Colonel Smith should find himself an honest trade or career and not depend upon speculation. In reality, Nabby met Colonel Smith abroad while her father was serving as United States minister to France and Great Britain, and the couple married in London prior to the end of John Adams' diplomatic posting to the Court of St. James. Both John and Abigail used their influence to assist Colonel Smith and obtain political appointments for him, although this did not curb Colonel Smith's tendency to invest unwisely.[citation needed]
Following his election as President, John Adams is shown delivering his inauguration speech in the Senate chamber, on the second floor of Congress Hall, to an audience of senators. The speech was actually given in the much larger House of Representatives chamber on the first floor of Congress Hall.[31] The room was filled to capacity with members of both the House and Senate, justices of the Supreme Court, heads of departments, the diplomatic corps, and others.[32]
Though Adams was inaugurated as President on March 4, 1797, Washington, DC would not become the capital city until November 1, 1800. John and Abigail Adams moved in to the President's House in Philadelphia where he had been inaugurated as it was still the temporary capital city. Adams had moved to a private home in Washington, DC during the summer of 1800 and under the provisions of the plans for Washington to become the capital, took up residency in the unfinished President's House (renamed the White House later in the century) on November 1, 1800. His wife was home in Quincy. She was not with him as depicted in the series. This is especially important to note because due to her not being with him, President Adams wrote a letter to Abigail on his second night in the mansion that included a very famous quote which President Franklin Roosevelt had inscribed in the fireplace mantle in the State Dining Room--"I pray Heaven to bestow the best of Blessings on this House and on all that shall hereafter inhabit it. May none but honest and wise Men ever rule under this roof."

text: Part VII[edit]

text:
After President Adams refuses to assist Colonel Smith for the last time, Smith is depicted as leaving Nabby and their children in the care of the Adams family at Peacefield; according to the scene, his intention is to seek opportunities to the west and either return or send for his family once he can provide for them. Nabby is living with her family when she discerns the lump in her right breast, has her mastectomy, and dies two years later. Smith does not return until after Nabby's death and it is implied that he has finally established a stable form of income; whether he was returning for his family as he had promised or was summoned ahead of his own schedule by the Adams' pursuant to Nabby's death is not specified. In reality, Smith brought his family with him from one venture to the next, and Nabby only returned to her father's home in Massachusetts after it was determined that she would undergo a mastectomy rather than continue with the potions and poultices prescribed by other doctors at that time. Smith was with her during and after the mastectomy, and by all accounts had thrown himself into extensive research in attempts to find any reputable alternative to treating his wife's cancer via mastectomy. The mastectomy was not depicted in the series as it is described in historical documents. In fact, Nabby's tumor was in the left breast. She returned to the Smith family home after her operation and died in her father's home at Peacefield only because she expressed a wish to die there, knowing that her cancer had returned and would kill her, and her husband acceded to her request. Dr. Benjamin Rush was also not the surgeon who conducted the operation which was actually performed by the noted surgeon Dr. John Warren.[33] Throughout the miniseries, Dr. Rush is shown making occasional house calls to the Adams residence. However, this is highly unlikely as Rush's practice was in far-away Philadelphia, not New England. That said, John and Abigail did consult with Rush regarding Nabby's condition, albeit this consultation was done through the mail.
Adams is shown inspecting John Trumbull's painting Declaration of Independence (1817) and stating that he and Thomas Jefferson are the last surviving people depicted. This is inaccurate since Charles Carroll of Carrollton, who is also depicted in the painting, survived until 1832. In fact, Adams never made such a remark. In reality, when he inspected Trumbull's painting, Adams' only comment was to point to a door in the background of the painting and state, "When I nominated George Washington of Virginia for Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army, he took his hat and rushed out that door."[34]
Benjamin Rush is portrayed as encouraging Adams to start a correspondence with Thomas Jefferson after the death of Abigail Adams. Abigail's death occurred in 1818 but the Adams-Jefferson correspondence started in 1812, and Rush died in 1813.[16]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: Primetime Emmy Awards[edit]

text: John Adams received twenty-three Emmy Award nominations, and won thirteen, beating the previous record for wins by a miniseries set by Angels in America. It also holds the record for most Emmy wins by a program in a single year.[citation needed]

text:
Year
Category
Nominee(s)
Episode
Result

2008
Outstanding Miniseries
Tom Hanks, Gary Goetzman, Kirk Ellis, Frank Doelger, David Coatsworth and Steve Shareshian

Won

Outstanding Writing for a Miniseries or Movie
Kirk Ellis
Episode 2, Independence
Won

Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or Movie
Paul Giamatti

Won

Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie
Laura Linney

Won

Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Movie
Tom Wilkinson

Won

Outstanding Art Direction for a Miniseries or Movie
Gemma Jackson, David Crank, Christina Moore, Kathy Lucas and Sarah Whittle

Won

Outstanding Casting for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special
Kathleen Chopin, Nina Gold and Tracy Kilpatrick

Won

Outstanding Cinematography For A Miniseries or Movie
Tak Fujimoto
Episode 2, Independence
Won

Outstanding Costumes for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special
Donna Zakowska, Amy Andrews and Clare Spragge
Episode 4, Reunion
Won

Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series, Miniseries, Movie or a Special
Trefor Proud, John R. Bayless, Chris Burgoyne and Matthew W. Mungle

Won

Outstanding Sound Editing for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special
Stephen Hunter Flick, Vanessa Lapato, Curt Schulkey, Randy Kelley, Kenneth L. Johnson, Paul Berolzheimer, Dean Beville, Bryan Bowen, Patricio A. Libenson, Solange S. Schwalbe, David Lee Fein, Hilda Hodges and Alex Gibson
Episode 3, Don't Tread On Me
Won

Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Miniseries or a Movie
Jay Meagher, Marc Fishman and Tony Lamberti
Episode 3, Don't Tread On Me
Won

Outstanding Special Visual Effects for a Miniseries, Movie, or Dramatic Special
Erik Henry, Jeff Goldman, Paul Graff, Steve Kullback, Christina Graff, David Van Dyke, Robert Stromberg, Ed Mendez and Ken Gorrell
Episode 1, Join or Die
Won

Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries, Movie or Dramatic Special
Tom Hooper

Nominated

Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Movie
Stephen Dillane

Nominated

David Morse

Nominated

Outstanding Cinematography for a Miniseries or Movie
Tak Fujimoto and Danny Cohen
Episode 3, Don't Tread On Me
Nominated

Outstanding Hairstyling for a Miniseries or a Movie
Jan Archibald and Loulia Sheppard

Nominated

Outstanding Makeup for a Miniseries or a Movie (Non-prosthetic)
Trefor Proud and John R. Bayless

Nominated

Outstanding Original Dramatic Score for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special
Robert Lane
Episode 2, Independence
Nominated

Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Miniseries or a Movie
Melanie Oliver
Episode 2, Independence
Nominated

Outstanding Sound Editing for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special
Jon Johnson, Bryan Bowen, Kira Roessler, Vanessa Lapato, Eileen Horta, Virginia Cook-McGowan, Samuel C. Crutcher, Mark Messick, Martin Maryska, Greg Stacy, Patricio A. Libenson, Solange S. Schwalbe, Hilda Hodges and Nicholas Viterelli
Episode 6, Unnecessary War
Nominated

Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Miniseries or a Movie
Jay Meagher, Michael Minkler and Bob Beemer
Episode 5, Unite Or Die
Nominated

text: Golden Globe Awards[edit]

text: It was nominated for four awards at the 66th Golden Globe Awards and won all four.[35]

text:
Year
Category
Nominee(s)
Result

2009
Best Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for Television

Won

Best Performance by an Actor in a Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for Television
Paul Giamatti
Won

Best Performance by an Actress in a Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for Television
Laura Linney
Won

Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Series, Mini-Series, or Motion Picture Made for Television
Tom Wilkinson
Won

text: Screen Actors Guild Awards[edit]

text: It was also nominated for three awards at the 15th Screen Actors Guild Awards and won two.

text:
Year
Category
Nominee(s)
Result

2009
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Television Movie or Miniseries
Laura Linney
Won

Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Television Movie or Miniseries
Paul Giamatti
Won

Tom Wilkinson
Nominated

text: Other awards[edit]

text: The show also won a 2008 AFI Award for best television series[36] and a Peabody Award "for exploring both public and private elements in the life of a truly great man."[37] It won the Movieguide 2009 Faith & Freedom Award for Television.[38]