document_title: Naruto: Shippuden (season 8)

question_text: when does naruto return to the hidden leaf

text: Naruto: Shippuden (season 8)

text: Episode listing

text:
No.

Title

Original air date

English air date

152
"Somber News""Hihō" (悲報) March 25, 2010February 16, 2013
After extracting the Six Tails from Utakata, the Akatsuki note that only two Jinchuriki remain to be captured as Sasuke Uchiha hands the unconscious Killer Bee over to Tobi. Meanwhile, the Fourth Raikage learns of Taka's action as is livid that they stole his brother. At the Hidden Leaf Village, after recalling his encounter with Itachi prior to his battle with Sasuke, Naruto Uzumaki learns of Jiraiya's death from Tsunade and Fukasaku.
153
"Following the Master's Shadow""Shi no Kage o Otte" (師の影を追って) March 25, 2010February 23, 2013
Naruto, heart-broken of learning Jiraiya's death by the hands of Pain, walks off and recalls his time with his mentor. Fukasaku shows Jiraiya's chakra-encrypted code to Tsunade who has Shikamaru give to their village's best code breaker in translate. The next day, told that the cipher might be known by something Jiraiya knows, Shikamaru visits Naruto and gives him some peace of mind by revealing that Kurenai is pregnant with Asuma's child and that they should stop being children and become the best of what their mentors saw in them.
154
"Decryption""Angō Kaidoku" (暗号解読) April 8, 2010February 23, 2013
The scientists inspect the body of Pain's Animal Path, while Naruto and Shikamaru identify the message. Naruto, noticing the number nine emulated for the "Ta" katakana on the "Make-Out Tactics" Book, informs Tsunade and Fukasaku that the number code unveils the sentence saying, "The Real One Is Not There". Fukasaku memorizes Jiraiya's actions and takes Naruto to Mount Myoboku for training in Sage Mode. There, meeting Gamakichi who tries to help him understand Fukasaku's lecture, Naruto learns the basics of Sage Jutsu and the risk of death.
155
"The First Challenge""Daiichi no Kadai" (第一の課題) April 8, 2010February 23, 2013
Learning that Jiraiya did not perfect his Sage Jutsu, Naruto learns that taking in too much Natural Energy can cause him to turn into a toad and then into stone. Fukasaku has Naruto beginning his training by using "toad oil" to help him gather energy, whacking him and his clones with a special club to prevent them from becoming toads. Fukasaku later gives Naruto Jiraiya's first book, Tales of Gutsy Ninja to read. Meanwhile, as Tobi and the other Akatsuki members discover that the "Killer Bee" in their possession is actually a fragment of the Eight Tails, Pain and Konan head out to the Hidden Leaf to capture the Nine-Tails.
156
"Surpassing the Master""Shi o Koeru Toki" (師を超えるとき) April 15, 2010February 23, 2013
After intense training, Naruto successfully gathers energy to master Sage Mode for the first time and surpass Jiraiya. Fukasaku teaches to Naruto with Frog Kumite, a senjutsu-enhanced taijutsu increasing the range for physical attacks. Meanwhile, the Raikage A orders Samui, Karui and Omoi to find Bee and deliver the letter for Tsunade about capturing Sasuke.
157
"Assault on the Leaf Village!""Konoha Shūgeki!" (木ノ葉襲撃!) April 22, 2010March 2, 2013
While Naruto finishes training on Mount Myoboku, Pain invades the Hidden Leaf with his new Animal Path Pain. While Inoichi reads the Animal Path's mind and Shizune leads a biopsy team to find secrets behind the metal piercings for the Leaf's Intel Division, Pain interrogates with the villagers. Knowing that Pain is attacking the village, Tsunade orders them to get Naruto back.
158
"Power to Believe""Shinjiru Chikara" (信じる力) April 29, 2010March 2, 2013
Danzo, Homura and Koharu ask Tsunade to cancel Naruto's return, but she convinces them to let Naruto come for Pain and Konan. As Tsunade protecting them failed, Danzo kills the messenger frog from getting to Naruto. Kakashi Hatake meets to confront Pain, allowing Iruka's escape.
159
"Pain vs. Kakashi""Pein vs Kakashi" (ペインvsカカシ) May 6, 2010March 2, 2013
Kakashi is stopped by Pain's Asura Path from helping Choza as he and Choji are outmatched against Pain. While Pain annihilates Choza's squad as his Asura Path attacks Kakashi, Choji escapes and get to Tsunade.
160
"Mystery of Pain""Pein no Nazo" (ペインの謎) May 13, 2010March 2, 2013
Naruto attempts to merge with Fukasaku, so that he can move in Sage Mode while Fukasaku gathers Nature Energy for him. But the Nine-Tails forces them to find an alternate method for Naruto to enter Sage Mode in battle. As the Interrogation Corp fights off Pain's new Animal Path and barrages them with an assortments of animal summonings, Ibiki fails to stop them.
161
"Surname Is Sarutobi. Given Name, Konohamaru!""Sei wa Sarutobi, Na wa Konohamaru!" (姓は猿飛、名は木ノ葉丸!) May 20, 2010March 9, 2013
Pain's Naraka Path displays its mysterious power against two leaf shinobi while Konohamaru Sarutobi watches in horror. Pain senses Konohamaru's presence but is interrupted by Ebisu who takes on Pain in order to allow Konohamaru to escape. After seeing Ebisu about to be killed, Konohamaru intervenes and after learning of Naraka's ability, judging souls and then reaping the sinner of their life, with a Shadow Clone, he unleashes the Rasengan and is able to keep Naraka at bay.
162
"Pain to the World""Sekai ni Itami o" (世界に痛みを) May 27, 2010March 9, 2013
As the Inuzuka and Aburame clans battle with his Preta Path and Konan respectively, Pain meets with Tsunade, who recognizes him as Yahiko. As Naruto learns of the village's situation, Human Path discovers his location and then kills Shizune, transmitting the intel to Pain who uses his gravity-manipulating Deva Path ability to completely destroy the village in frustration with Tsunade. In the newly formed crater in the heart of Konoha, Naruto appears with a small armada of toads following Sakura Haruno's cries for his return.
163
"Explode! Sage Mode""Bakuhatsu! Sennin Mōdo" (爆発! 仙人モード) June 3, 2010March 9, 2013
Naruto confronts Pain as his other five Paths reappear. Asura Path attacks Tsunade and Naruto destroys it, telling Tsunade to leave. She does so and reverts to her old self with Sakura. Naruto charges forward as the toads deal with Animal Path's summons. Naruto fights Preta Path with Frog Kumite and defeats it before speaking to Pain. He reveals that they were both Jiraiya's apprentices and how he only wants peace. Angered with his hypocrisy, Naruto throws a finally completed Rasen-Shuriken at the remaining Paths of Pain.
164
"Danger! Sage Mode Limit Reached""Pinchi! Kieta Sennin Mōdo" (危機! 消えた仙人モード) June 10, 2010March 9, 2013
Naruto successfully begins taking out Pain's bodies one after another, but when his Sage Mode reaches its limit, Pain attempts to take control of the battle. Naruto throws another Rasen-Shuriken but it's absorbed by a revived Preta Path. But Fusaku reveals that Naruto created two clones that are harvesting Natural Energy for him, Naruto summoning one of the clones to disperse and obtained the energy to resume Sage Mode. Naruto manages to kill the Naraka Path, just to get repelled by a recovered Pain who uses another Shinra Tensei on the toads. Naruto realizes he can't use taijutsu or ninjutsu on the remaining paths, so he will have to fight them using a genjutsu suggested by Fukasaku.
165
"Nine-Tails, Captured!""Kyūbi Hokaku Kanryō" (九尾捕獲完了) June 17, 2010March 16, 2013
As Hinata worries about Naruto, Inoichi and the others try to find the real Pain. Naruto continues to fight back the remaining paths, but is captured by Preta Path. It absorbs his Sage Mode chakra and is petrified due to the uncontrollable Nature Energy. Fukasaku then attempts to trap Pain in a Genjutsu, but is killed. Pain then impales several Chakra receivers into Naruto's body, immobilizing him to be manipulated by Nagato. Pain explains that the world peace Jiraiya envisioned can not be achieved due to hatred among the people, revealing his intent to use the tailed beasts' power to have every living know suffering and fear it. As he has Pain ask Naruto if he could think of another path to path, Nagato states that his ideal peace is almost in fruition.
166
"Confessions""Kokuhaku" (告白) June 24, 2010March 16, 2013
Hinata decides to come to Naruto's aid as he was about to manipulated by Nagato's Chakra receivers, finally admitting her love for Naruto as she fights a losing battle against Pain. But despite knowing may likely die, Hinata remains adamant before she is quickly defeated and seemingly stabbed by Pain. As Pain explains that the hate from losing loved ones is why there can never be peace in the current world, Naruto goes berserk as the Nine-Tails chakra begins to surface. Meanwhile, Konoha ninja start the search for Nagato.
167
"Planetary Devastation""Chibaku Tensei" (地爆天星) July 1, 2010March 16, 2013
Naruto enters his Four-Tailed form and attacks Pain, who manages to repel his attacks. Angered even further when Pain mentions Sasuke, Naruto continues his transformation into a Six-Tailed form. Pain decides to fall back from the village toward where Nagato is to trap Naruto with Planetary Devastation, a powerful jutsu that the Sage of Six Paths used to create the moon, to trap the Jinchuriki within a miniature moon in midair. But Naruto starts breaks free to Pain's shock, now in a monstrous eight-tailed state. Within his mind, Naruto succumbs to the Nine Tails telling him to embrace his hate and destroy everything. Naruto was about to remove the seal to completely release the Nine-Tails when he is stopped by the Fourth Hokage Minato Namikaze.
168
"The Fourth Hokage""Yondaime Hokage" (四代目火影) July 15, 2010March 16, 2013
Minato appears within Naruto's psyche, revealing himself to a chakra imprint of the actual Fourth Hokage as he takes Naruto to another part of his mind to discuss things away from the furious Nine Tails. It was there that Minato revealed himself as Naruto's father, making Naruto further conflicted on why his own father made him a jinchuriki. But Minato reveals he only sealed half of the Nine Tails into Naruto, revealing that the Nine-Tails's attack on the Hidden Leaf Village 16 years ago was Tobi's doing, theorizing that Pain may be a pawn of the masked ninja to Naruto's shock. Placing his faith that Naruto will find the answer to Pain's question, Minato restores the Nine Tails seal before fading away. Back to normal, and no means to renew his Sage Mode, Naruto confronts Pain and demands to meet Nagato himself. Pain refuses, resulting in a fight with Naruto stabbing himself with a Chakra Receiver to pinpoint Nagato's location. After using up his last Rasen Shuriken followed by a mass clone attack to force his opponent to exhaust his gravity manipulation, Naruto uses the 5-second window to land a Rasengan on Pain.
169
"The Two Students""Futari no Deshi" (ふたりの弟子) July 22, 2010[5]March 23, 2013
Naruto defeats Pain with his final Rasengan, removing his Chakra Receivers before heading to Nagato's location, having Katsuya tell the others not to follow as Sakura finishes healing Hinata. Naruto encounters Inoichi and Shikaku on the way, the latter honoring Naruto's request to stand down to Inoichi's dismay. Naruto finds Nagato and Konan, the former impaling him with a Chakra Rod to control him. But Naruto breaks free, stating his murderous intent as Konan gets between him and Nagato before the youth stopped himself. Naruto states Jiraiya's belief for a peaceful world with Nagato asking if he can still believe in Jiraiya's "peace" after all that has happened. Noticing Nagato and Konan are not like the other Akatsuki members, Naruto requests to hear their story before giving him his answer.
170
"Big Adventure! The Quest for the Fourth Hokage's Legacy - Part 1""Daibōken! Yondaime no Isan o Sagase - Zenpen" (大冒険! 四代目の遺産を探せ・前編) July 29, 2010March 23, 2013
Three years before Pain's attack on the Hidden Leaf, Naruto trains in preparation for the Chūnin Exam's final rounds when he hears Jiraiya speak of “the Fourth Hokage’s legacy". Using information from Guy, Naruto, Sakura and Team 10 head to the Honegami Grounds, where they are instructed by a disguised Guy to enter and complete the obstacle course and obtain the Secret Technique. Meanwhile Hidden Rain Ninja begin their pursuit.
171
"Big Adventure! The Quest for the Fourth Hokage's Legacy - Part 2""Daibōken! Yondaime no Isan o Sagase - Kōhen" (大冒険! 四代目の遺産を探せ・後編) July 29, 2010March 23, 2013
Naruto and the others face the oncoming challenges in order to find the Secret Technique and break the Fourth Hokage's record, but Naruto’s impulsive action leads the group into various troubles. They are attacked by the Rain Ninja, but unknown to them, are saved by Sasuke. They eventually find the scroll which reads: "There is no shortcut in the ninja way". The phrase that becomes Naruto's motto. The story ends as the final rounds of the Chūnin Exam begin the next day.
172
"Meeting""Deai" (出逢い) August 5, 2010March 23, 2013
Learning that Naruto will answer his question after learning how he and Konan ended up as they are, Nagato recalls his two moments of pain, the first of which being the night his Rinnegan activated upon seeing his parents accidentally killed by Leaf Ninja. He then tells Naruto about how he met Konan and Yahiko, all three of them having to resort to thievery to stay alive. After seeing Hanzo the Salamander battle the Three Sannin, they set out to find the three ninja so that they can be taught ninjutsu.
173
"Origin of Pain""Pein Tanjō" (ペイン誕生) August 12, 2010March 30, 2013
Nagato continues talking to Naruto and describes his second pain, how he and Konan helped Yahiko used what they learned from Jiraiya to create the Akatsuki to bring peace to Hidden Rain Village. But Hanzo deemed Yahiko's group a threat to his regime and allied with Danzo to kidnap Konan. Hanzo orders Nagato to kill Yahiko if he wants her to live and Yahiko sacrfices himself for Konan's sake, horrifying Nagato and forcing him into the crippled state and state of mind he is in today.
174
"Tale of Naruto Uzumaki""Uzumaki Naruto Monogatari" (うずまきナルト物語) August 19, 2010March 30, 2013
With Nagato's story done, Naruto answers that he still cannot forgive him but will not abandon their sensei's legacy and will keep striving for peace no matter what pain he is put through. Nagato reflects on Naruto's words, thinking back to how inspired the lead character in Jiraiya's story who Naruto was named after. This causes Nagato to decide to put his faith in Naruto as he perform a technique that will revive all those that he killed in the Hidden Leaf with Konan considered on the consequences of its use.
175
"Hero of the Hidden Leaf""Konoha no Eiyū" (木ノ葉の英雄) August 26, 2010March 30, 2013
Nagato finishes reviving everyone he had killed and dies due to running out of chakra. He entrusts his dreams to Naruto and Konan likewise decides to believe in him. After retrieving Nagato and Yahiko's bodies, she gives Naruto a bouquet of flowers symbolizing the hope Naruto represents. After erecting a memorial for Jiraiya, Naruto returns to the village and is, after years of pain and isolation, finally heralded as a hero.

text: Home releases

text: Japanese

text:
Volume

Date

Discs

Episodes

Reference

1

October 6, 2010

1

152–155

[6]

2

November 3, 2010

1

156–159

[6]

3

December 1, 2010

1

160–163

[6]

4

January 12, 2011

1

164–167

[6]

5

February 2, 2011

1

168–171

[6]

6

March 2, 2011

1

172–175

[6]

text: English

text:
Viz Media (North America, Region 1)

Box set

Date

Discs

Episodes

Reference

12

October 9, 2012

3

141–153

[7]

13

January 29, 2013

3

154–166

[8]

14

April 23, 2013

3

167–179

[9]

text:
Madman Entertainment (United Kingdom, Region 2)

Volume

Date

Discs

Episodes

Reference

12

March 18, 2013
2
141–153
[10]

13

June 24, 2013
2
154–166
[11]

14

September 23, 2013
2
167–179
[12]

text:
Madman Entertainment (Australia/New Zealand, Region 4)

Collection

Date

Discs

Episodes

Reference

12

January 9, 2013
2
141–153
[13]

13

March 20, 2013
2
154–166
[14]

14

June 19, 2013
2
167–179
[15]


document_title: Angle

question_text: an angle that measures greater than 0 degrees and less than 90 degrees

root

text: Angle

text: Identifying angles[edit]

text: In mathematical expressions, it is common to use Greek letters (α, β, γ, θ, φ, . . . ) to serve as variables standing for the size of some angle. (To avoid confusion with its other meaning, the symbol π is typically not used for this purpose.) Lower case Roman letters (a, b, c, . . . ) are also used, as are upper case Roman letters in the context of polygons. See the figures in this article for examples.

tag: p

text:
In geometric figures, angles may also be identified by the labels attached to the three points that define them. For example, the angle at vertex A enclosed by the rays AB and AC (i.e. the lines from point A to point B and point A to point C) is denoted ∠BAC (in Unicode U+2220 ∠ ANGLE) or

B
A
C

^

{\displaystyle {\widehat {\rm {BAC}}}}

. Sometimes, where there is no risk of confusion, the angle may be referred to simply by its vertex ("angle A").

text: Potentially, an angle denoted, say, ∠BAC might refer to any of four angles: the clockwise angle from B to C, the anticlockwise angle from B to C, the clockwise angle from C to B, or the anticlockwise angle from C to B, where the direction in which the angle is measured determines its sign (see Positive and negative angles). However, in many geometrical situations it is obvious from context that the positive angle less than or equal to 180 degrees is meant, and no ambiguity arises. Otherwise, a convention may be adopted so that ∠BAC always refers to the anticlockwise (positive) angle from B to C, and ∠CAB to the anticlockwise (positive) angle from C to B.

text: Types of angles[edit]

text: Individual angles[edit]

text:
Angles smaller than a right angle (less than 90°) are called acute angles ("acute" meaning "sharp").
An angle equal to 1/4 turn (90° or π/2 radians) is called a right angle. Two lines that form a right angle are said to be normal, orthogonal, or perpendicular.
Angles larger than a right angle and smaller than a straight angle (between 90° and 180°) are called obtuse angles ("obtuse" meaning "blunt").
An angle equal to 1/2 turn (180° or π radians) is called a straight angle.
Angles larger than a straight angle but less than 1 turn (between 180° and 360°) are called reflex angles.
An angle equal to 1 turn (360° or 2π radians) is called a full angle, complete angle, or a perigon.
Angles that are not right angles or a multiple of a right angle are called oblique angles.

tag: ul

text: The names, intervals, and measured units are shown in a table below:

text:
Name
acute
right angle
obtuse
straight
reflex
perigon

Units
Interval

Turns
(0,  1/4)
1/4
(1/4,  1/2)
1/2
(1/2,  1)
1

Radians
(0, 1/2π)
1/2π
(1/2π, π)
π
(π, 2π)
2π

Degrees
(0, 90)°
90°
(90, 180)°
180°
(180, 360)°
360°

Gons
(0, 100)g
100g
(100, 200)g
200g
(200, 400)g
400g

tag: table

text: Equivalence angle pairs[edit]

text:
Angles that have the same measure (i.e. the same magnitude) are said to be equal or congruent. An angle is defined by its measure and is not dependent upon the lengths of the sides of the angle (e.g. all right angles are equal in measure).
Two angles which share terminal sides, but differ in size by an integer multiple of a turn, are called coterminal angles.
A reference angle is the acute version of any angle determined by repeatedly subtracting or adding straight angle (1/2 turn, 180°, or π radians), to the results as necessary, until the magnitude of result is an acute angle, a value between 0 and 1/4 turn, 90°, or π/2 radians. For example, an angle of 30 degrees has a reference angle of 30 degrees, and an angle of 150 degrees also has a reference angle of 30 degrees (180 – 150). An angle of 750 degrees has a reference angle of 30 degrees (750 – 720).[4]

text: Vertical and adjacent angle pairs[edit]

text: When two straight lines intersect at a point, four angles are formed. Pairwise these angles are named according to their location relative to each other.

text: A pair of angles opposite each other, formed by two intersecting straight lines that form an "X"-like shape, are called vertical angles or opposite angles or vertically opposite angles. They are abbreviated as vert. opp. ∠s.[5]

text: Adjacent angles, often abbreviated as adj. ∠s, are angles that share a common vertex and edge but do not share any interior points. In other words, they are angles that are side by side, or adjacent, sharing an "arm". Adjacent angles which sum to a right angle, straight angle or full angle are special and are respectively called complementary, supplementary and explementary angles (see "Combine angle pairs" below).

text: A transversal is a line that intersects a pair of (often parallel) lines and is associated with alternate interior angles, corresponding angles, interior angles, and exterior angles.[8]

text: Combining angle pairs[edit]

text: There are three special angle pairs which involve the summation of angles:

text: Complementary angles are angle pairs whose measures sum to one right angle (1/4 turn, 90°, or π/2 radians). If the two complementary angles are adjacent their non-shared sides form a right angle. In Euclidean geometry, the two acute angles in a right triangle are complementary, because the sum of internal angles of a triangle is 180 degrees, and the right angle itself accounts for ninety degrees.

text: Two angles that sum to a straight angle (1/2 turn, 180°, or π radians) are called supplementary angles.

text:
Two angles that sum to a complete angle (1 turn, 360°, or 2π radians) are called explementary angles or conjugate angles.

The difference between an angle and a complete angle is termed the explement of the angle or conjugate of an angle.

text: Polygon related angles[edit]

text:
An angle that is part of a simple polygon is called an interior angle if it lies on the inside of that simple polygon. A simple concave polygon has at least one interior angle that is a reflex angle.

In Euclidean geometry, the measures of the interior angles of a triangle add up to π radians, 180°, or 1/2 turn; the measures of the interior angles of a simple convex quadrilateral add up to 2π radians, 360°, or 1 turn. In general, the measures of the interior angles of a simple convex polygon with n sides add up to (n − 2)π radians, or 180(n − 2) degrees, (2n − 4) right angles, or (n/2 − 1) turn.

The supplement of an interior angle is called an exterior angle, that is, an interior angle and an exterior angle form a linear pair of angles. There are two exterior angles at each vertex of the polygon, each determined by extending one of the two sides of the polygon that meet at the vertex; these two angles are vertical angles and hence are equal. An exterior angle measures the amount of rotation one has to make at a vertex to trace out the polygon.[11] If the corresponding interior angle is a reflex angle, the exterior angle should be considered negative. Even in a non-simple polygon it may be possible to define the exterior angle, but one will have to pick an orientation of the plane (or surface) to decide the sign of the exterior angle measure.

In Euclidean geometry, the sum of the exterior angles of a simple convex polygon will be one full turn (360°). The exterior angle here could be called a supplementary exterior angle. Exterior angles are commonly used in Logo Turtle Geometry when drawing regular polygons.

In a triangle, the bisectors of two exterior angles and the bisector of the other interior angle are concurrent (meet at a single point).[12]:p.149
In a triangle, three intersection points, each of an external angle bisector with the opposite extended side, are collinear.[12]:p. 149
In a triangle, three intersection points, two of them between an interior angle bisector and the opposite side, and the third between the other exterior angle bisector and the opposite side extended, are collinear.[12]:p. 149
Some authors use the name exterior angle of a simple polygon to simply mean the explement exterior angle (not supplement!) of the interior angle.[13] This conflicts with the above usage.

text: Plane related angles[edit]

text:
The angle between two planes (such as two adjacent faces of a polyhedron) is called a dihedral angle.[9] It may be defined as the acute angle between two lines normal to the planes.
The angle between a plane and an intersecting straight line is equal to ninety degrees minus the angle between the intersecting line and the line that goes through the point of intersection and is normal to the plane.

text: Measuring angles[edit]

text: The size of a geometric angle is usually characterized by the magnitude of the smallest rotation that maps one of the rays into the other. Angles that have the same size are said to be equal or congruent or equal in measure.

text: In some contexts, such as identifying a point on a circle or describing the orientation of an object in two dimensions relative to a reference orientation, angles that differ by an exact multiple of a full turn are effectively equivalent. In other contexts, such as identifying a point on a spiral curve or describing the cumulative rotation of an object in two dimensions relative to a reference orientation, angles that differ by a non-zero multiple of a full turn are not equivalent.

text: In order to measure an angle θ, a circular arc centered at the vertex of the angle is drawn, e.g. with a pair of compasses. The ratio of the length s of the arc by the radius r of the circle is the measure of the angle in radians.

text: The measure of the angle in another angular unit is then obtained by multiplying its measure in radians by the scaling factor k/2π, where k is the measure of a complete turn in the chosen unit (for example 360 for degrees or 400 for gradians):

text: The value of θ thus defined is independent of the size of the circle: if the length of the radius is changed then the arc length changes in the same proportion, so the ratio s/r is unaltered. (Proof. The formula above can be rewritten as k = θr/s. One turn, for which θ = n units, corresponds to an arc equal in length to the circle's circumference, which is 2πr, so s = 2πr. Substituting n for θ and 2πr for s in the formula, results in k = nr/2πr = n/2π.) [Note 1]

text: Angle addition postulate[edit]

text: The angle addition postulate states that if B is in the interior of angle AOC, then

text: The measure of the angle AOC is the sum of the measure of angle AOB and the measure of angle BOC. In this postulate it does not matter in which unit the angle is measured as long as each angle is measured in the same unit.

text: Units[edit]

text: Units used to represent angles are listed below in descending magnitude order. Of these units, the degree and the radian are by far the most commonly used. Angles expressed in radians are dimensionless for the purposes of dimensional analysis.

text: Most units of angular measurement are defined such that one turn (i.e. one full circle) is equal to n units, for some whole number n. The two exceptions are the radian and the diameter part.

text: Positive and negative angles[edit]

text: Although the definition of the measurement of an angle does not support the concept of a negative angle, it is frequently useful to impose a convention that allows positive and negative angular values to represent orientations and/or rotations in opposite directions relative to some reference.

text: In a two-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system, an angle is typically defined by its two sides, with its vertex at the origin. The initial side is on the positive x-axis, while the other side or terminal side is defined by the measure from the initial side in radians, degrees, or turns. With positive angles representing rotations toward the positive y-axis and negative angles representing rotations toward the negative y-axis. When Cartesian coordinates are represented by standard position, defined by the x-axis rightward and the y-axis upward, positive rotations are anticlockwise and negative rotations are clockwise.

text: In many contexts, an angle of −θ is effectively equivalent to an angle of "one full turn minus θ". For example, an orientation represented as  −45° is effectively equivalent to an orientation represented as 360° − 45° or 315°. Although the final position is the same, a physical rotation (movement) of  −45° is not the same as a rotation of 315° (for example, the rotation of a person holding a broom resting on a dusty floor would leave visually different traces of swept regions on the floor).

text: In three-dimensional geometry, "clockwise" and "anticlockwise" have no absolute meaning, so the direction of positive and negative angles must be defined relative to some reference, which is typically a vector passing through the angle's vertex and perpendicular to the plane in which the rays of the angle lie.

text: In navigation, bearings are measured relative to north. By convention, viewed from above, bearing angles are positive clockwise, so a bearing of 45° corresponds to a north-east orientation. Negative bearings are not used in navigation, so a north-west orientation corresponds to a bearing of 315°.

text: Alternative ways of measuring the size of an angle[edit]

text: There are several alternatives to measuring the size of an angle by the angle of rotation. The grade of a slope, or gradient is equal to the tangent of the angle, or sometimes (rarely) the sine. A gradient is often expressed as a percentage. For very small values (less than 5%), the grade of a slope is approximately the measure of the angle in radians.

text: In rational geometry the spread between two lines is defined at the square of the sine of the angle between the lines. Since the sine of an angle and the sine of its supplementary angle are the same, any angle of rotation that maps one of the lines into the other leads to the same value for the spread between the lines.

text: Astronomical approximations[edit]

text: Astronomers measure angular separation of objects in degrees from their point of observation.

text:
0.5° is approximately the width of the sun or moon.
1° is approximately the width of a little finger at arm's length.
10° is approximately the width of a closed fist at arm's length.
20° is approximately the width of a handspan at arm's length.

text: These measurements clearly depend on the individual subject, and the above should be treated as rough rule of thumb approximations only.

text: Angles between curves[edit]

text: The angle between a line and a curve (mixed angle) or between two intersecting curves (curvilinear angle) is defined to be the angle between the tangents at the point of intersection. Various names (now rarely, if ever, used) have been given to particular cases:—amphicyrtic (Gr. ἀμφί, on both sides, κυρτός, convex) or cissoidal (Gr. κισσός, ivy), biconvex; xystroidal or sistroidal (Gr. ξυστρίς, a tool for scraping), concavo-convex; amphicoelic (Gr. κοίλη, a hollow) or angulus lunularis, biconcave.[18]

text: Bisecting and trisecting angles[edit]

text: The ancient Greek mathematicians knew how to bisect an angle (divide it into two angles of equal measure) using only a compass and straightedge, but could only trisect certain angles. In 1837 Pierre Wantzel showed that for most angles this construction cannot be performed.

text: Dot product and generalisations[edit]

text: In the Euclidean space, the angle θ between two Euclidean vectors u and v is related to their dot product and their lengths by the formula

text: This formula supplies an easy method to find the angle between two planes (or curved surfaces) from their normal vectors and between skew lines from their vector equations.

text: Inner product[edit]

text:
To define angles in an abstract real inner product space, we replace the Euclidean dot product ( · ) by the inner product

⟨
⋅
,
⋅
⟩

{\displaystyle \langle \cdot ,\cdot \rangle }

, i.e.

text: In a complex inner product space, the expression for the cosine above may give non-real values, so it is replaced with

text: or, more commonly, using the absolute value, with

text:
The latter definition ignores the direction of the vectors and thus describes the angle between one-dimensional subspaces

span

(

u

)

{\displaystyle \operatorname {span} (\mathbf {u} )}

 and

span

(

v

)

{\displaystyle \operatorname {span} (\mathbf {v} )}

 spanned by the vectors

u

{\displaystyle \mathbf {u} }

 and

v

{\displaystyle \mathbf {v} }

 correspondingly.

text: Angles between subspaces[edit]

text:
The definition of the angle between one-dimensional subspaces

span

(

u

)

{\displaystyle \operatorname {span} (\mathbf {u} )}

 and

span

(

v

)

{\displaystyle \operatorname {span} (\mathbf {v} )}

 given by

text:
in a Hilbert space can be extended to subspaces of any finite dimensions. Given two subspaces

U

{\displaystyle {\mathcal {U}}}

,

W

{\displaystyle {\mathcal {W}}}

 with

dim

(

U

)
:=
k
≤
dim

(

W

)
:=
l

{\displaystyle \dim({\mathcal {U}}):=k\leq \dim({\mathcal {W}}):=l}

, this leads to a definition of

k

{\displaystyle k}

 angles called canonical or principal angles between subspaces.

text: Angles in Riemannian geometry[edit]

text: In Riemannian geometry, the metric tensor is used to define the angle between two tangents. Where U and V are tangent vectors and gij are the components of the metric tensor G,

text: Hyperbolic angle[edit]

text: A hyperbolic angle is an argument of a hyperbolic function just as the circular angle is the argument of a circular function. The comparison can be visualized as the size of the openings of a hyperbolic sector and a circular sector since the areas of these sectors correspond to the angle magnitudes in each case. Unlike the circular angle, the hyperbolic angle is unbounded. When the circular and hyperbolic functions are viewed as infinite series in their angle argument, the circular ones are just alternating series forms of the hyperbolic functions. This weaving of the two types of angle and function was explained by Leonhard Euler in Introduction to the Analysis of the Infinite.

text: Angles in geography and astronomy[edit]

text: In geography, the location of any point on the Earth can be identified using a geographic coordinate system. This system specifies the latitude and longitude of any location in terms of angles subtended at the centre of the Earth, using the equator and (usually) the Greenwich meridian as references.

text: In astronomy, a given point on the celestial sphere (that is, the apparent position of an astronomical object) can be identified using any of several astronomical coordinate systems, where the references vary according to the particular system. Astronomers measure the angular separation of two stars by imagining two lines through the centre of the Earth, each intersecting one of the stars. The angle between those lines can be measured, and is the angular separation between the two stars.

text: In both geography and astronomy, a sighting direction can be specified in terms of a vertical angle such as altitude /elevation with respect to the horizon as well as the azimuth with respect to north.

text: Astronomers also measure the apparent size of objects as an angular diameter. For example, the full moon has an angular diameter of approximately 0.5°, when viewed from Earth. One could say, "The Moon's diameter subtends an angle of half a degree." The small-angle formula can be used to convert such an angular measurement into a distance/size ratio.


document_title: History of immigration to the United States

question_text: when did immigration start in the united states

question_tokens: when did immigration start in the united states

text: History of immigration to the United States

text: Colonial Era[edit]

text: In 1607 the first successful English colony settled in Jamestown, Virginia. Once tobacco was found to be a profitable cash crop, many plantations were established along the Chesapeake Bay in Virginia and Maryland.

text: Thus began the first and longest era of immigration, lasting until the American Revolution in 1775; during this time settlements grew from initial English toe-holds from the New World to British America. It brought Northern European immigrants, primarily of British, German, and Dutch extraction. The British ruled from the mid-17th century and they were by far the largest group of arrivals, remaining within the British Empire. Over 90% of these early immigrants became farmers.[1]

text: Large numbers of young men and women came alone as indentured servants. Their passage was paid by employers in the colonies who needed help on the farms or in shops. Indentured servants were provided food, housing, clothing and training but they did not receive wages. At the end of the indenture (usually around age 21) they were free to marry and start their own farms.[2]

text: New England[edit]

text: Seeking religious freedom in the New World, one hundred English Pilgrims established a small settlement near Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1620. Tens of thousands of English Puritans arrived, mostly from the East Anglian parts of England (Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex), as well as Kent and East Sussex.,[3] and settled in Boston, Massachusetts and adjacent areas from around 1629 to 1640 to create a land dedicated to their religion. The earliest New English colonies, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire, were established along the northeast coast. Large scale immigration to this region ended before 1700, though a small but steady trickle of later arrivals continued.[4]

text: The New English colonists were the most urban and educated of all their contemporaries, and they had many skilled farmers, tradesmen and craftsmen among them. They started the first university, Harvard, in 1635 in order to train their ministers. They mostly settled in small villages for mutual support (nearly all of them had their own militias) and common religious activities. Shipbuilding, commerce, agriculture, and fishing were their main sources of income. New England's healthy climate (the cold winters killed the mosquitoes and other disease-bearing insects), small widespread villages (minimizing the spread of disease), and an abundant food supply resulted in the lowest death rate and the highest birth rate of any of the colonies. The Eastern and Northern frontier around the initial New England settlements was mainly settled by the descendants of the original New Englanders. Immigration to the New England colonies after 1640 and the start of the English Civil War decreased to less than 1% (about equal to the death rate) in nearly all of the years prior to 1845. The rapid growth of the New England colonies (approximately 900,000 by 1790) was almost entirely due to the high birth rate (>3%) and the low death rate (<1%) per year.[5]

text: Dutch[edit]

text: The Dutch, primarily driven by the United East Indian Company, first established settlements along the Hudson River in New York starting about 1626. Wealthy Dutch patroons set up large landed estates along the Hudson River and brought in farmers who became renters. Others established rich trading posts to trade with Native Americans and started cities such as New Amsterdam (now New York City) and Albany, New York.[6] After the British took over and renamed the colony New York, Germans (from the Palatinate), and Yankees (from New England) began arriving.[7]

text: Middle colonies[edit]

text: Maryland, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware formed the middle colonies. Pennsylvania was settled by Quakers from Britain, followed by Ulster Scots (Northern Ireland) on the frontier and numerous German Protestant sects, including the German Palatines. The earlier colony of New Sweden had small settlements on the lower Delaware River, with immigrants of Swedes and Finns. These colonies were absorbed by 1676.[8]

text: The middle colonies' were scattered West of New York City (established 1626; taken over by the English in 1664) and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (established 1682). The initially Dutch colony of New York had the most eclectic collection of residents from many different nations and prospered as a major trading and commercial center after about 1700. From around 1680 to 1725, the Pennsylvania colonial center was dominated by the Quakers for decades after they emigrated, mainly from the North Midlands of England. During this time, the main commercial center of Philadelphia was run mostly by prosperous Quakers, supplemented by many small farming and trading communities, with a strong German contingent located in several small towns in the Delaware River valley.[9]

text: Starting around 1680, when Pennsylvania was founded, many more settlers arrived to the middle colonies. Many Protestant sects were encouraged to settle there for freedom of religion and good, cheap land. Their origins were about 60% British and 33% German. By 1780, New York's population were around 27% descendants of Dutch settlers, about 6% were African, and the remainder were mostly English with a wide mixture of other Europeans. New Jersey, and Delaware had a British majority, with 7–11% German-descendants, about 6% African population, and a small contingent of the Swedish descendants of New Sweden.

text: Frontier[edit]

text: The colonial frontier was mainly settled from about 1717 to 1775. These were mostly Presbyterian settlers from North England border lands, Scotland, and Ulster, fleeing hard times and religious persecution.[10] The fourth major center of settlement was the Western frontier, located in the Western parts of Pennsylvania and in the South, which was settled during the early to late 18th century by mostly Scots-Irish, with others mostly from North England border lands. Some French Huguenots and Germans were also present. Between 250,000 and 400,000 Scotch-Irish migrated to America in the 18th century.[10] The Scotch-Irish soon became the dominant culture of the Appalachians from Pennsylvania to Georgia. Areas where people reported 'American' ancestry were the places where, historically, northern English, Scottish and Scotch-Irish Protestants settled: in the interior of the South, and the Appalachian region.[11] Scotch-Irish American immigrants, were made up of people from the southernmost counties of Scotland who had initially settled in Ireland. They were heavily Presbyterian, largely self-sufficient, and generally hostile to Native Americans and Catholics.[citation needed] The Scotch-Irish arrived in large numbers during the early 18th century and they often preferred to settle in the back country and the frontier from Pennsylvania to Georgia, where they mingled with second generation and later English settlers. They enjoyed the very cheap land and independence from established governments common to frontier settlements. Often, the main port of entry for these immigrants was Philadelphia, after which they (or, in many cases, their descendants) migrated west and south.

text: Southern Colonies[edit]

text: The mostly agricultural Southern English colonies initially had very high death rates for new settlers due to malaria, yellow fever, and other diseases as well as skirmishes with Native Americans. Despite this, a steady flow of new settlers, mostly from Central England and the London area, kept up population growth. Initially, the large plantations were mostly owned by friends (mostly minor aristocrats) of the British-appointed governors. A group of Gaelic-speaking Scottish Highlanders created a settlement at Cape Fear in North Carolina, which remained culturally distinct until the mid-18th century, at which point it was swallowed up by the dominant English-origin culture.[citation needed] Many settlers arrived as indentured servants who had to work off their passage with five to seven years of work for room and board, clothing, and training, but no cash wages. After their terms of indentures expired, most of the indentures settled small farms on the frontier. The Southern colonies were about 55% British, 38% Black, and roughly 7% German.[citation needed] The Atlantic slave trade primarily ceased after 1775 and it was outlawed in 1808, although some slaves were smuggled in afterwards.

text: After 1630, the initial areas of settlement had been largely cleared of Native Americans by major outbreaks of measles, smallpox, and bubonic plague beginning decades before the settlers began arriving in large numbers. The leading killer was smallpox, which arrived in the New World around 1510–1530.[12]

text: Characteristics[edit]

text: While the thirteen colonies differentiated in how they were settled and by whom, they had many commonalities. Nearly all were settled and financed by privately organized British settlers or families using free enterprise without any significant English Royal or Parliamentary government support or input. Nearly all commercial activity was run in small, privately owned businesses with good credit both at home and in England, which was essential since they were often cash poor. Most settlements were nearly independent of British trade since they grew or made nearly everything they needed; the average cost of imports per household was 5–15 pounds per year. Most settlements were created by complete family groups with several generations often present. The population was typically rural, with close to 80% owning the land they lived and farmed on. After 1700, as the Industrial Revolution progressed, more of the population started to move to cities, much like what had happened in Britain. Initially, the Dutch and German Americans primarily spoke dialects brought over from Europe, while English was the main trade language. Governments and laws primarily copied the English. The only major British institution to be abandoned was the aristocracy, noted by nearly universal absence. The settlers generally established their own popularly elected governments and courts on as many levels as they could and were nearly all, within a few years, self-governing, self-supporting, and self-replicating. This self-ruling pattern became so ingrained that almost all new settlements would have their own government up and running shortly after arrival for the next 200 years.

text: After the colonies were initially settled, their population growth was made up almost entirely of natural growth with foreign-born immigrant populations rarely exceeding 10% (except in isolated instances). The last significant colonies to be settled primarily by immigrants were Pennsylvania (1680s+), the Carolinas (1663+), and Georgia (1732+). Even here the immigrants came mostly from England and Scotland with the exception of a large Germanic contingent to Pennsylvania. Elsewhere internal American migration from other colonies provided nearly all of the settlers for each new colony or state.[13] Populations grew by about 80% at a 3% "natural" annual growth rate sustained over a 20-year interval.

text: Over half of all new British immigrants in the South initially arrived as indentured servants.[14] They were mostly poor young people who couldn't find work in England and couldn't afford passage to America and. In addition, about 60,000 British convicts were transported to the new British colonies in Georgia in the 18th century. Most of these so-called convicts were guilty of being very poor and out of work. "Serious" criminals were generally executed. Ironically, these "convicts" are often the only immigrants with nearly complete immigration records as other immigrants typically showed up with few or no records.[15]

text: Other colonies[edit]

text: Spanish[edit]

text: Although Spain set up a few forts in Florida, notably San Agustín (present-day Saint Augustine) in 1565, they sent few settlers to Florida. Spaniards moving north from Mexico founded the San Juan on the Rio Grande in 1598, and Santa Fe in 1607–1608. The settlers were forced to leave temporarily for 12 years (1680–1692) by the Pueblo Revolt before returning.

text: Spanish Texas lasted from 1690 to 1821 when Texas was governed as a colony which was separate from New Spain. In 1731, Canary Islanders (or "Isleños") arrived to establish San Antonio.[16] The majority of the few hundred Texan and New Mexican colonizers in the Spanish colonial period were Spaniards and criollos.[17] California, New Mexico, and Arizona all had Spanish settlements. In 1781 Spanish settlers founded Los Angeles.

text: At the time they joined the U.S., Californios in California numbered about 10,000 and Tejanos in Texas about 4,000. New Mexico had 47,000 Spanish settlers in 1842. Arizona was only thinly settled.

text: However, not all these settlers were of European descent. As in the rest of the American colonies, new settlements were based on the casta system, and although all could speak Spanish, it was really a melting pot of whites, Natives, and mestizos.

text: French[edit]

text: In the late 17th century, French expeditions established a foothold on the Saint Lawrence River, Mississippi River, and Gulf Coast. Interior trading posts, forts, and cities were thinly spread throughout Louisiana such as Saint Louis, Baton Rouge, Sault Sainte Marie, Prairie du Rocher, and Sainte-Geneviève. The city of Detroit was the third largest settlement in New France. New Orleans expanded when several thousand French-speaking refugees from the region of Acadia (now Nova Scotia, Canada) made their way to Louisiana following British expulsion, settling largely in the Southwest Louisiana region now called Acadiana. Their descendants are now called Cajun and still dominate the coastal areas.[18] It is estimated that 7,000 European immigrants settled in Louisiana during the 18th century.

text: Population in 1790[edit]

text: The following were the countries of origin for new arrivals to the United States before 1790.[19] The regions marked with an asterisk were part of Great Britain. The ancestry of the 3.9 million population in 1790 has been estimated by various sources by sampling last names from the 1790 census and assigning them a country of origin. The Irish in the 1790 census were mostly Scotch-Irish. The French were primarily Huguenots. The total U.S. Catholic population in 1790 was probably less than 5%. The Native American population inside territorial U.S. boundaries was less than 100,000.[citation needed]

text:
U.S. historical populations

Country
Immigrants before 1790
Population 1790[20]

Africa[21]
360,000
757,000

England*
230,000
2,100,000

Ulster Scotch-Irish*
135,000
300,000

Germany[22]
103,000
270,000

Scotland*
48,500
150,000

Ireland*
8,000
(Incl. in Scot-Irish)

Netherlands
6,000
100,000

Wales*
4,000
10,000

France
3,000
15,000

Jewish[23]
1,000
2,000

Sweden
1,000
6,000

Other[24]
50,000
200,000

British total
425,500
2,560,000

Total[25]
950,000
3,900,000

text: The 1790 population reflected the approximately 50,000 Loyalists, or "Tories", who immigrated to Canada at the end of the American Revolution, and 12,000 others who immigrated to other British possessions including England.

text: Of the total white population of just under 3.2 million in 1790, 85% was of British ancestry (60% English, 4.3% Welsh, 5.4% Scots, Irish (South) 5.8% Scots-Irish 10.5%). Germans were 9%, Dutch 3.4%, French 2.1% and Swedish .25%; blacks made up 19.3% or 762,000 (The American Revolution, Colin Bonwick, 1991, p. 254). The overwhelming majority of Southern Irish were Protestant as there were only 60,000 Catholics in the USA in 1790, 1.6% of the population. Many were descendants of English Catholics settlers in the 17th century. The rest Irish and some Germans. In this era the population roughly doubled by natural increase every 25 years. Relentless population expansion pushed the U.S. frontier to the Pacific by 1848. Most immigrants came long distances to settle in the U.S. However, many Irish left Canada for the U.S. in the 1840s. French Canadians who came down from Quebec after 1860 and the Mexicans who came north after 1911 found it easier to move back and forth.[citation needed]

text: 1790 to 1849[edit]

text: There was relatively little immigration from 1770 to 1830; while there was significant emigration from the U.S. to Canada, including about 75,000 Loyalists as well as Germans and others looking for better farmland in what is now Ontario. Large scale immigration resumed in the 1830s from Britain, Ireland, Germany, and other parts of Central Europe as well as Scandinavia. Most were attracted by the cheap farmland. Some were artisans and skilled factory workers attracted by the first stage of industrialization. The Irish Catholics were primarily unskilled workers who built a majority of the canals and railroads, settling in urban areas. Many Irish went to the emerging textile mill towns of the Northeast, while others became longshoremen in the growing Atlantic and Gulf port cities. Half the Germans headed to farms, especially in the Midwest (with some to Texas), while the other half became craftsmen in urban areas.

text: Nativism took the form of political anti-Catholicism directed mostly at the Irish (as well as Germans). It became important briefly in the mid-1850s in the guise of the Know Nothing party. Most of the Catholics and German Lutherans became Democrats, and most of the other Protestants joined the new Republican Party. During the Civil War, ethnic communities supported the war and produced large numbers of soldiers on both sides. Riots broke out in New York City and other Irish and German strongholds in 1863 when a draft was instituted, particularly in light of the provision exempting those who could afford payment.

text: Based on available records, immigration totaled 8,385 in 1820, with immigration totals gradually increasing to 23,322 by the year 1830; for the 1820s decade immigration more than doubled to 143,000. Between 1831 and 1840, immigration more than quadrupled to a total of 599,000. These included about 207,000 Irish, starting to emigrate in large numbers following Britain's easing of travel restrictions, and about 152,000 Germans, 76,000 British, and 46,000 French, constituting the next largest immigrant groups of the decade.

text: Between 1841 and 1850, immigration nearly tripled again, totaling 1,713,000 immigrants, including at least 781,000 Irish, 435,000 Germans, 267,000 British, and 77,000 French. The Irish, driven by the Potato Famine (1845–1849), emigrated directly from their homeland to escape poverty and death. The failed revolutions of 1848 brought many intellectuals and activists to exile in the U.S. Bad times and poor conditions in Europe drove people out, while land, relatives, freedom, opportunity, and jobs in the US lured them in.

text:
Population and Foreign Born 1790 to 1849
Census Population, Immigrants per Decade

Census
Population
Immigrants1
Foreign Born
%

1790
3,918,000
60,000

1800
5,236,000
60,000

1810
7,036,000
60,000

1820
10,086,000
60,000

1830
12,785,000
143,000
200,000 2
1.6%

1840
17,018,000
599,000
800,000 2
4.7%

1850
23,054,000
1,713,000
2,244,000
9.7%

1. The total number immigrating in each decade from 1790 to 1820 are estimates.
2. The number of foreign born in 1830 and 1840 decades are extrapolations.

text: Starting in 1820, some federal records, including ship passenger lists, were kept for immigration purposes, and a gradual increase in immigration was recorded; more complete immigration records provide data on immigration after 1830. Though conducted since 1790, the census of 1850 was the first in which place of birth was asked specifically. The foreign-born population in the U.S. likely reached its minimum around 1815, at approximately 100,000 or 1% of the population. By 1815, most of the immigrants who arrived before the American Revolution had died, and there had been almost no new immigration thereafter.

text: Nearly all population growth up to 1830 was by internal increase; around 98% of the population was native-born. By 1850, this shifted to about 90% native-born. The first significant Catholic immigration started in the mid-1840s, shifting the population from about 95% Protestant down to about 90% by 1850.

text: In 1848, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, concluding the Mexican War, extended U.S. citizenship to approximately 60,000 Mexican residents of the New Mexico Territory and 10,000 living in California. An additional approximate 2,500 foreign born California residents also become U.S. citizens.

text: In 1849, the California Gold Rush attracted 100,000 would-be miners from the Eastern U.S., Latin America, China, Australia, and Europe. California became a state in 1850 with a population of about 90,000.

text: 1850 to 1930[edit]

text: Demography[edit]

text: Between 1850 and 1930, about 5 million Germans migrated to the United States, peaking between 1881 and 1885 when a million Germans settled primarily in the Midwest. Between 1820 and 1930, 3.5 million British and 4.5 million Irish entered America. Before 1845 most Irish immigrants were Protestants. After 1845, Irish Catholics began arriving in large numbers, largely driven by the Great Famine.[26]

text: After 1880 larger steam-powered oceangoing ships replaced sailing ships, which resulted in lower fares and greater immigrant mobility. Meanwhile, farming improvements in Southern Europe and the Russian Empire created surplus labor. Young people between the ages of 15 to 30 were predominant among newcomers. This wave of migration, constituting the third episode in the history of U.S. immigration, may be better referred to as a flood of immigrants, as nearly 25 million Europeans made the long trip. Italians, Greeks, Hungarians, Poles, and others speaking Slavic languages made up the bulk of this migration. 2.5 to 4 million Jews were among them.

text: Destinations[edit]

text: Each group evinced a distinctive migration pattern in terms of the gender balance within the migratory pool, the permanence of their migration, their literacy rates, the balance between adults and children, and the like. But they shared one overarching characteristic: they flocked to urban destinations and made up the bulk of the U.S. industrial labor pool, making possible the emergence of such industries as steel, coal, automotive, textile, and garment production, enabling the United States to leap into the front ranks of the world's economic giants.

text: Their urban destinations, numbers, and perhaps an antipathy towards foreigners, led to the emergence of a second wave of organized xenophobia. By the 1890s, many Americans, particularly from the ranks of the well-off, white, and native-born, considered immigration to pose a serious danger to the nation's health and security. In 1893 a group formed the Immigration Restriction League, and it, along with other similarly inclined organizations, began to press Congress for severe curtailment of foreign immigration.

text: Irish and German Catholic immigration was opposed in the 1850s by the Nativist/Know Nothing movement, originating in New York in 1843 as the American Republican Party (not to be confused with the modern Republican Party). It was empowered by popular fears that the country was being overwhelmed by Catholic immigrants, who were often regarded as hostile to American values and controlled by the Pope in Rome. Active mainly from 1854–56, it strove to curb immigration and naturalization, though its efforts met with little success. There were few prominent leaders, and the largely middle-class and Protestant membership fragmented over the issue of slavery, most often joining the Republican Party by the time of the 1860 presidential election.[27][28]

text: European immigrants joined the Union Army in large numbers, including 177,000 born in Germany and 144,000 born in Ireland.[29] Many Germans could see the parallels between slavery and serfdom in the old fatherland.[30]

text: Between 1840 and 1930, about 900,000 French Canadians left Quebec in order to immigrate to the United States and settle, mainly in New England. Considering the fact that the population of Quebec was only 892,061 in 1851, this was a massive exodus. 13.6 million Americans claimed to have French ancestry in the 1980 census. A large portion of them have ancestors who emigrated from French Canada, since immigration from France was low throughout the history of the United States. During the same period almost 4 million other Canadians immigrated to the U.S. In the New England states 12% of the population can trace its ancestry back to Quebec and 10% can trace its ancestry back to the Maritime Provinces.

text: Shortly after the U.S. Civil War, some states started to pass their own immigration laws, which prompted the U.S. Supreme Court to rule in 1875 that immigration was a federal responsibility.[31] In 1875, the nation passed its first immigration law, the Page Act of 1875, also known as the Asian Exclusion Act, outlawing the importation of Asian contract laborers, any Asian woman who would engage in prostitution, and all people considered to be convicts in their own countries.[32]

text: In 1882 Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act. By excluding all Chinese laborers from entering the country, the Chinese Exclusion Act severely curtailed the number of immigrants of Chinese descent allowed into the United States for 10 years.[33] The law was renewed in 1892 and 1902. During this period, Chinese migrants illegally entered the United States through the loosely guarded U.S.-Canadian border.[34]

text: Prior to 1890, the individual states, rather than the Federal government, regulated immigration into the United States.[35] The Immigration Act of 1891 established a Commissioner of Immigration in the Treasury Department.[36] The Canadian Agreement of 1894 extended U.S. immigration restrictions to Canadian ports.

text: The Dillingham Commission was set up by Congress in 1907 to investigate the effects of immigration on the country. The Commission's 40-volume analysis of immigration during the previous three decades led it to conclude that the major source of immigration had shifted from Central, Northern, and Western Europeans to Southern Europeans and Russians. It was, however, apt to make generalizations about regional groups that were subjective and failed to differentiate between distinct cultural attributes.[37][38]

text: The 1910s marked the high point of Italian immigration to the United States. Over two million Italians immigrated in those years, with a total of 5.3 million between 1880 and 1920.[39][40] About half returned to Italy, after working an average of five years in the U.S.[41]

text: About 1.5 million Swedes and Norwegians immigrated to the United States within this period, due to opportunity in America and poverty and religious oppression in united Sweden-Norway. This accounted for around 20% of the total population of the kingdom at that time. They settled mainly in the Midwest, especially Minnesota and the Dakotas. Danes had comparably low immigration rates due to a better economy; after 1900 many Danish immigrants were Mormon converts who moved to Utah.

text: Over two million Central Europeans, mainly Catholics and Jews, immigrated between 1880 and 1924. People of Polish ancestry are the largest Central European ancestry group in the United States after Germans. Immigration of Eastern Orthodox ethnic groups was much lower.

text: Lebanese and Syrian immigrants started to settle in large numbers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The vast majority of the immigrants from Lebanon and Syria were Christians, but smaller numbers of Jews, Muslims, and Druze also settled. Many lived in New York City's Little Syria and in Boston. In the 1920s and 1930s, a large number of these immigrants set out West, with Detroit getting a large number of Middle Eastern immigrants, as well as many Midwestern areas where the Arabs worked as farmers.

text: From 1880 to 1924, around two million Jews moved to the United States, mostly seeking better opportunity in America and fleeing the pogroms of the Russian Empire. After 1934 Jews, along with any other above-quota immigration, were usually denied access to the United States.

text: Congress passed a literacy requirement in 1917 to curb the influx of low-skilled immigrants from entering the country.

text: Congress passed the Emergency Quota Act in 1921, followed by the Immigration Act of 1924, which was aimed at further restricting the Southern Europeans and Russians who had begun to enter the country in large numbers beginning in the 1890s. This ultimately resulted in precluding all "extra" immigration to the United States, including Jews fleeing Nazi German persecution.

text: The Immigration Act of 1924 set quotas for European immigrants so that no more than 2% of the 1890 immigrant stocks were allowed into America.

text: New Immigration[edit]

text: "New immigration" was a term from the late 1880s that came from the influx of Catholic and Jewish immigrants from Italy and Russia (areas that previously sent few immigrants).[42] Though the majority of immigrants came through New York, thus making the Northeast a major target of settlement, there were various efforts, such as the Galveston Movement, to redirect immigrants to other ports and disperse some of the settlement to other areas of the country.

text: Nativists feared the new arrivals lacked the political, social, and occupational skills needed to successfully assimilate into American culture. This raised the issue of whether the U.S. was still a "melting pot," or if it had just become a "dumping ground," and many old-stock Americans worried about negative effects on the economy, politics, and culture.[43] A major proposal was to impose a literacy test, whereby applicants had to be able to read and write in their own language before they were admitted.[44]

text: 1930 to 2000[edit]

text: Restriction proceeded piecemeal over the course of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, but immediately after the end of World War I (1914–18) and into the early 1920s, Congress changed the nation's basic policy about immigration. The National Origins Formula of 1921 (and its final form in 1924) not only restricted the number of immigrants who might enter the United States, but also assigned slots according to quotas based on national origins. A complicated piece of legislation, it essentially gave preference to immigrants from Central, Northern and Western Europe, severely limiting the numbers from Russia and Southern Europe, and declared all potential immigrants from Asia unworthy of entry into the United States.

text: The legislation excluded the Western Hemisphere from the quota system, and the 1920s ushered in the penultimate era of U.S. immigration history. Immigrants could and did move quite freely from Mexico, the Caribbean (including Jamaica, Barbados, and Haiti), and other parts of Central and South America. This era, which reflected the application of the 1924 legislation, lasted until 1965. During those 40 years, the United States began to admit, case by case, limited numbers of refugees. Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany before World War II, Jewish Holocaust survivors after the war, non-Jewish displaced persons fleeing Communist rule in Central Europe and Russia, Hungarians seeking refuge after their failed uprising in 1956, and Cubans after the 1960 revolution managed to find haven in the United States when their plight moved the collective conscience of America, but the basic immigration law remained in place.

text: Equal Nationality Act of 1934[edit]

text: This law allowed foreign-born children of American mothers and alien fathers who had entered America before the age of 18 and had lived in America for five years to apply for American citizenship for the first time.[45] It also made the naturalization process quicker for the alien husbands of American wives.[45] This law equalized expatriation, immigration, naturalization, and repatriation between women and men.[45][46] However, it was not applied retroactively, and was modified by later laws, such as the Nationality Act of 1940.[45][47]

text: Tydings–McDuffie Act[edit]

text: In 1934, the Tydings–McDuffie Act provided independence of the Philippines on July 4, 1946. Until 1965, national origin quotas strictly limited immigration from the Philippines. In 1965, after revision of the immigration law, significant Filipino immigration began, totaling 1,728,000 by 2004.[48]

text: Postwar immigration[edit]

text: In 1945, the War Brides Act allowed foreign-born wives of U.S. citizens who had served in the U.S. Armed Forces to immigrate to the United States. In 1946, The War Brides Act was extended to include the fiancés of American soldiers. In 1946, the Luce-Celler Act extended the right to become naturalized citizens to those from the newly independent nation of The Philippines and to Asian Indians, the immigration quota being set at 100 people per year per country.[49]

text: At the end of World War II, "regular" immigration almost immediately increased under the official national origins quota system as refugees from war torn Europe began immigrating to the U.S. After the war, there were jobs for nearly everyone who wanted one, when most women employed during the war went back into the home. From 1941 to 1950, 1,035,000 people immigrated to the U.S., including 226,000 from Germany, 139,000 from the UK, 171,000 from Canada, 60,000 from Mexico and 57,000 from Italy.[50]

text: The Displaced Persons Act of 1948 finally allowed the displaced people of World War II to start immigrating.[51] Some 200,000 Europeans and 17,000 orphans displaced by World War II were initially allowed to immigrate to the United States outside of immigration quotas. President Harry S. Truman signed the first Displaced Persons (DP) act on June 25, 1948, allowing entry for 200,000 DPs, then followed with the more accommodating second DP act on June 16, 1950, allowing entry for another 200,000. This quota, including acceptance of 55,000 Volksdeutschen, required sponsorship for all immigrants. The American program was the most notoriously bureaucratic of all the DP programs and much of the humanitarian effort was undertaken by charitable organizations, such as the Lutheran World Federation as well as other ethnic groups. Along with an additional quota of 200,000 granted in 1953 and more in succeeding years, a total of nearly 600,000 refugees were allowed into the country outside the quota system, second only to Israel's 650,000.

text: In 1950, after the start of the Korean War, the Internal Security Act barred admission of Communists, who might engage in activities "which would be prejudicial to the public interest, or would endanger the welfare or safety of the United States."

text: In 1950, the invasion of South Korea by North Korea started the Korean War and left a war-ravaged Korea behind. There was little U.S. immigration due to the national origin quotas of the immigration law. Significant Korean immigration began in 1965 after revision of the law, totaling 848,000 by 2004.

text: In 1952, the McCarran Walter Immigration Act affirmed the national-origins quota system of 1924 and limited total annual immigration to one-sixth of one percent of the population of the continental United States in 1920, or 175,455. This exempted the spouses and children of U.S. citizens and people born in the Western Hemisphere from the quota. In 1953, the Refugee Relief Act extended refugee status to non-Europeans.

text: In 1954, Operation Wetback forced the return of thousands of illegal immigrants to Mexico.[52] Between 1944 and 1954, "the decade of the wetback," the number of illegal immigrants coming from Mexico increased by 6,000 percent. It is estimated that before Operation Wetback got under way, more than a million workers had crossed the Rio Grande illegally. Cheap labor displaced native agricultural workers, and increased violation of labor laws and discrimination encouraged criminality, disease, and illiteracy. According to a study conducted in 1950 by the President's Commission on Migratory Labor in Texas, the Rio Grande Valley cotton growers were paying approximately half of the wages paid elsewhere in Texas. The United States Border Patrol aided by municipal, county, state, federal authorities, and the military, began a quasi-military operation of the search and seizure of all illegal immigrants. Fanning out from the lower Rio Grande Valley, Operation Wetback moved Northward. Initially, illegal immigrants were repatriated through Presidio because the Mexican city across the border, Ojinaga, had rail connections to the interior of Mexico by which workers could be quickly moved on to Durango. The forces used by the government were relatively small, perhaps no more than 700 men, but were augmented by border patrol officials who hoped to scare illegal workers into fleeing back to Mexico. Ships became a preferred mode of transport because they carried illegal workers farther from the border than buses, trucks, or trains. It is difficult to estimate the number of illegal immigrants that left due to the operation—most voluntarily. The INS claimed as many as 1,300,000, though the number officially apprehended did not come anywhere near this total. The program was ultimately abandoned due to questions surrounding the ethics of its implementation. Citizens of Mexican descent complained of police stopping all "Mexican looking" people and utilizing extreme "police-state" methods including deportation of American-born children who were citizens by law.[53]

text: The failed 1956 Hungarian Revolution, before being crushed by the Soviets, forged a temporary hole in the Iron Curtain that allowed a burst of refugees to escape, bringing in 245,000 new Hungarian families by 1960. From 1950 to 1960, the U.S. had 2,515,000 new immigrants with 477,000 arriving from Germany, 185,000 from Italy, 52,000 new arrivals from the Netherlands, 203,000 from the UK, 46,000 from Japan, 300,000 from Mexico, and 377,000 from Canada.

text: The 1959 Cuban revolution led by Fidel Castro drove the upper and middle classes to exile, and 409,000 families immigrated to the U.S. by 1970.[54] This was facilitated by the 1966 Cuban Adjustment Act, which gave permanent resident status to Cubans physically present in the United States for one year if they entered after January 1, 1959.

text: Hart-Celler Act[edit]

text: This all changed with passage of the Hart-Celler Act in 1965, a by-product of the civil rights revolution and a jewel in the crown of President Lyndon Johnson's Great Society programs. The measure had not been intended to stimulate immigration from Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and elsewhere in the developing world. Rather, by doing away with the racially based quota system, its authors had expected that immigrants would come from "traditional" societies such as Italy, Greece, and Portugal, places that labored under very small quotas in the 1924 law. The law replaced the quotas with preferential categories based on family relationships and job skills, giving particular preference to potential immigrants with relatives in the United States and with occupations deemed critical by the U.S. Department of Labor. After 1970, however, following an initial influx from European countries, immigrants from places like Korea, China, India, the Philippines, and Pakistan, as well as countries in Africa became more common.

text: In 1986, the Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) was passed, creating, for the first time, penalties for employers who hired illegal immigrants. IRCA, as proposed in Congress, was projected to give amnesty to about 1,000,000 workers in the country illegally. In practice, amnesty for about 3,000,000 immigrants already in the United States was granted. Most were from Mexico. Legal Mexican immigrant family numbers were 2,198,000 in 1980, 4,289,000 in 1990 (includes IRCA), and 7,841,000 in 2000. Adding another 12,000,000 illegal immigrants of which about 80% are thought to be Mexicans would bring the Mexican family total to over 16,000,000—about 16% of the Mexican population.[citation needed]

text: Immigration summary since 1830[edit]

text: The top ten birth countries of the foreign born population since 1830, according to the U.S. Census, are shown below. Blank entries mean that the country did not make it into the top ten for that census, not that there is no data from that census. The 1830 numbers are from immigration statistics as listed in the 2004 Year Book of Immigration Statistics.[55]

text: • The 1830 numbers list un-naturalized foreign citizens and does not include naturalized foreign born. The 1850 census is the first census that asks for place of birth. The historical census data can be found online in the Virginia Library Geostat Center [56] Population numbers are in thousands.

text:
Country/Year
1830•
1850
1880
1900
1930
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000

Austria

305
214

Bohemia

85

Canada
2
148
717
1,180
1,310
953
812
843
745
678

China

104

1,391

Cuba

439
608
737
952

Czechoslovakia

492

Dominican Republic

692

El Salvador

765

France
9
54
107

Germany
8
584
1,967
2,663
1,609
990
833
849
712

Hungary

245

India

2,000

Ireland
54
962
1,855
1,615
745
339

Italy

484
1,790
1,257
1,009
832
581

Korea

290
568
701

Mexico
11
13

641
576
760
2,199
4,298
7,841

Netherlands
1
10

Norway

13
182
336

Pakistan

724

Philippines

501
913
1,222

Poland

1,269
748
548
418

Russia/Soviet Union

424
1,154
691
463
406

Sweden

194
582
595

Switzerland
3
13
89

United Kingdom
27
379
918
1,168
1,403
833
686
669
640

Vietnam

543
863

Total Foreign Born
108*
2,244
6,679
10,341
14,204
10,347
9,619
14,079
19,763
31,100

% Foreign Born
0.8%*
9.7%
13.3%
13.6%
11.6%
5.8%
4.7%
6.2%
7.9%
11.1%

Native Born
12,677
20,947
43,476
65,653
108,571
168,978
193,591
212,466
228,946
250,321

% Native Born
99.2%
90.3%
86.7%
86.4%
88.4%
94.2%
95.3%
94%
92.1%
88.9%

Total Population
12,785
23,191
50,155
75,994
122,775
179,325
203,210
226,545
248,709
281,421

1830
1850
1880
1900
1930
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000

text:
Persons Obtaining Legal Permanent Resident Status Fiscal Years 1820 to 2010[57]

Year

Year

Year

1820
8,385
1885
395,346
1950
249,187

1825
10,199
1890
455,302
1955
237,790

1830
23,322
1895
258,536
1960
265,398

1835
45,374
1900
448,572
1965
296,697

1840
84,066
1905
1,026,499
1970
373,326

1845
114,371
1910
1,041,570
1975
385,378

1850
369,980
1915
326,700
1980
524,295

1855
200,877
1920
430,001
1985
568,149

1860
153,640
1925
294,314
1990
1,535,872

1865
248,120
1930
241,700
1995
720,177

1870
387,203
1935
34,956
2000
841,002

1875
227,498
1940
70,756
2005
1,122,257

1880
457,257
1945
38,119
2010
1,042,625

text: Historical foreign-born population by state[edit]

text:
Foreign-Born Population By U.S. State As a % of the Total Population (1850-2010)[58][59]

State/Territory
1850
1860
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010

 United States of America
9.7%
13.2%
14.4%
13.3%
14.8%
13.6%
14.7%
13.2%
11.6%
8.8%
6.9%
5.4%
4.7%
6.2%
7.9%
11.1%
12.9%

 Alabama
1.0%
1.3%
1.0%
0.8%
1.0%
0.8%
0.9%
0.8%
0.6%
0.4%
0.4%
0.5%
0.5%
1.0%
1.1%
2.0%
3.5%

 Alaska

3.6%
2.6%
4.0%
4.5%
5.9%
6.9%

 Arizona

60.1%
39.7%
31.5%
19.7%
23.9%
24.1%
15.1%
7.8%
6.3%
5.4%
4.3%
6.0%
7.6%
12.8%
13.4%

 Arkansas
0.7%
0.8%
1.0%
1.3%
1.3%
1.1%
1.1%
0.8%
0.6%
0.4%
0.5%
0.4%
0.4%
1.0%
1.1%
2.8%
4.5%

 California
23.5%
38.6%
37.5%
33.9%
30.3%
24.7%
24.7%
22.1%
18.9%
13.4%
10.0%
8.5%
8.8%
15.1%
21.7%
26.2%
27.2%

 Colorado

7.8%
16.6%
20.5%
20.4%
16.9%
16.2%
12.7%
9.6%
6.4%
4.6%
3.4%
2.7%
3.9%
4.3%
8.6%
9.8%

 Connecticut
10.4%
17.5%
21.1%
20.9%
24.6%
26.2%
29.6%
27.4%
23.9%
19.3%
14.8%
10.9%
8.6%
8.6%
8.5%
10.9%
13.6%

 Delaware
5.7%
8.2%
7.3%
6.5%
7.8%
7.5%
8.6%
8.9%
7.1%
5.6%
4.1%
3.3%
2.9%
3.2%
3.3%
5.7%
8.0%

 District of Columbia
9.5%
16.6%
12.3%
9.6%
8.1%
7.2%
7.5%
6.7%
6.3%
5.3%
5.3%
5.1%
4.4%
6.4%
9.7%
12.9%
13.5%

 Florida
3.2%
2.4%
2.6%
3.7%
5.9%
4.5%
5.4%
5.6%
4.8%
4.1%
4.7%
5.5%
8.0%
10.9%
12.9%
16.7%
19.4%

 Georgia
0.7%
1.1%
0.9%
0.7%
0.7%
0.6%
0.6%
0.6%
0.5%
0.4%
0.5%
0.6%
0.7%
1.7%
2.7%
7.1%
9.7%

 Hawaii

10.9%
9.8%
14.2%
14.7%
17.5%
18.2%

 Idaho

52.6%
30.6%
20.7%
15.2%
13.1%
9.4%
7.3%
4.7%
3.4%
2.3%
1.8%
2.5%
2.9%
5.0%
5.5%

 Illinois
13.1%
19.0%
20.3%
19.0%
22.0%
20.1%
21.4%
18.7%
16.3%
12.3%
9.1%
6.8%
5.7%
7.2%
8.3%
12.3%
13.7%

 Indiana
5.6%
8.8%
8.4%
7.3%
6.7%
5.6%
5.9%
5.2%
4.4%
3.2%
2.5%
2.0%
1.6%
1.9%
1.7%
3.1%
4.6%

 Iowa
10.9%
15.7%
17.1%
16.1%
17.0%
13.7%
12.3%
9.4%
6.8%
4.6%
3.2%
2.0%
1.4%
1.6%
1.6%
3.1%
4.6%

 Kansas

11.8%
13.3%
11.1%
10.4%
8.6%
8.0%
6.3%
4.3%
2.9%
2.0%
1.5%
1.2%
2.0%
2.5%
5.0%
6.5%

 Kentucky
3.2%
5.2%
4.8%
3.6%
3.2%
2.3%
1.8%
1.3%
0.8%
0.6%
0.5%
0.6%
0.5%
0.9%
0.9%
2.0%
3.2%

 Louisiana
13.2%
11.4%
8.5%
5.8%
4.4%
3.8%
3.2%
2.6%
1.8%
1.2%
1.1%
0.9%
1.1%
2.0%
2.1%
2.6%
3.8%

 Maine
5.5%
6.0%
7.8%
9.1%
11.9%
13.4%
14.9%
14.0%
12.6%
9.9%
8.2%
6.2%
4.3%
3.9%
3.0%
2.9%
3.4%

 Maryland
8.8%
11.3%
10.7%
8.9%
9.0%
7.9%
8.1%
7.1%
5.9%
4.5%
3.7%
3.0%
3.2%
4.6%
6.6%
9.8%
13.9%

 Massachusetts
16.5%
21.1%
24.2%
24.9%
29.4%
30.2%
31.5%
28.3%
25.1%
19.9%
15.4%
11.2%
8.7%
8.7%
9.5%
12.2%
15.0%

 Michigan
13.8%
19.9%
22.6%
23.7%
26.0%
22.4%
21.3%
19.9%
17.6%
13.1%
9.5%
6.8%
4.8%
4.5%
3.8%
5.3%
6.0%

 Minnesota
32.5%
34.1%
36.5%
34.3%
35.9%
28.9%
26.2%
20.4%
15.2%
10.6%
7.1%
4.2%
2.6%
2.6%
2.6%
5.3%
7.1%

 Mississippi
0.8%
1.1%
1.4%
0.8%
0.6%
0.5%
0.5%
0.5%
0.4%
0.3%
0.4%
0.4%
0.4%
0.9%
0.8%
1.4%
2.1%

 Missouri
11.2%
13.6%
12.9%
9.8%
8.8%
7.0%
7.0%
5.5%
4.2%
3.0%
2.3%
1.8%
1.4%
1.7%
1.6%
2.7%
3.9%

 Montana

38.7%
29.4%
32.6%
27.6%
25.2%
17.4%
14.1%
10.1%
7.4%
4.5%
2.8%
2.3%
1.7%
1.8%
2.0%

 Nebraska

22.0%
25.0%
21.5%
19.1%
16.6%
14.8%
11.6%
8.7%
6.2%
4.4%
2.9%
1.9%
2.0%
1.8%
4.4%
6.1%

 Nevada

30.1%
44.2%
41.2%
32.1%
23.8%
24.1%
20.7%
16.6%
10.0%
6.7%
4.6%
3.7%
6.7%
8.7%
15.8%
18.8%

 New Hampshire
4.5%
6.4%
9.3%
13.3%
19.2%
21.4%
22.5%
20.6%
17.8%
13.9%
10.9%
7.4%
5.0%
4.4%
3.7%
4.4%
5.3%

 New Jersey
12.2%
18.3%
20.9%
19.6%
22.8%
22.9%
26.0%
23.5%
21.0%
16.8%
13.2%
10.1%
8.9%
10.3%
12.5%
17.5%
21.0%

 New Mexico
3.5%
7.2%
6.1%
6.7%
7.3%
7.0%
7.1%
8.3%
5.7%
2.9%
2.6%
2.3%
2.2%
4.0%
5.3%
8.2%
9.9%

 New York
21.2%
25.8%
26.0%
23.8%
26.2%
26.1%
30.2%
27.2%
25.9%
21.6%
17.4%
13.6%
11.6%
13.6%
15.9%
20.4%
22.2%

 North Carolina
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.2%
0.2%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.4%
0.5%
0.6%
1.3%
1.7%
5.3%
7.5%

 North Dakota

44.6%
35.4%
27.1%
20.4%
15.5%
11.6%
7.8%
4.7%
3.0%
2.3%
1.5%
1.9%
2.5%

 Ohio
11.0%
14.0%
14.0%
12.3%
12.5%
11.0%
12.6%
11.8%
9.8%
7.5%
5.6%
4.1%
3.0%
2.8%
2.4%
3.0%
4.1%

 Oklahoma

4.4%
2.6%
2.4%
2.0%
1.3%
0.9%
0.8%
0.9%
0.8%
1.9%
2.1%
3.8%
5.5%

 Oregon
7.7%
9.8%
12.8%
17.5%
18.3%
15.9%
16.8%
13.7%
11.6%
8.3%
5.6%
4.0%
3.2%
4.1%
4.9%
8.5%
9.8%

 Pennsylvania
13.1%
14.8%
15.5%
13.7%
16.1%
15.6%
18.8%
16.0%
12.9%
9.9%
7.5%
5.3%
3.8%
3.4%
3.1%
4.1%
5.8%

 Rhode Island
16.2%
21.4%
25.5%
26.8%
30.8%
31.4%
33.0%
29.0%
25.0%
19.5%
14.4%
10.0%
7.8%
8.9%
9.5%
11.4%
12.8%

 South Carolina
1.3%
1.4%
1.1%
0.8%
0.5%
0.4%
0.4%
0.4%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.5%
0.6%
1.5%
1.4%
2.9%
4.7%

 South Dakota

36.7%
34.0%
38.3%
27.7%
22.0%
17.3%
13.0%
9.5%
6.9%
4.7%
2.7%
1.6%
1.4%
1.1%
1.8%
2.7%

 Tennessee
0.6%
1.9%
1.5%
1.1%
1.1%
0.9%
0.9%
0.7%
0.5%
0.4%
0.4%
0.4%
0.5%
1.1%
1.2%
2.8%
4.5%

 Texas
8.3%
7.2%
7.6%
7.2%
6.8%
5.9%
6.2%
7.8%
6.2%
3.7%
3.6%
3.1%
2.8%
6.0%
9.0%
13.9%
16.4%

 Utah
18.0%
31.7%
35.4%
30.6%
25.5%
19.4%
17.6%
13.2%
9.5%
6.0%
4.5%
3.6%
2.8%
3.5%
3.4%
7.1%
8.0%

 Vermont
10.7%
10.4%
14.3%
12.3%
13.3%
13.0%
14.0%
12.6%
12.0%
8.8%
7.6%
6.0%
4.2%
4.1%
3.1%
3.8%
4.4%

 Virginia
1.6%
2.2%
1.1%
1.0%
1.1%
1.0%
1.3%
1.4%
1.0%
0.9%
1.1%
1.2%
1.6%
3.3%
5.0%
8.1%
11.4%

 Washington

27.1%
21.0%
21.0%
25.8%
21.5%
22.4%
19.6%
16.3%
12.1%
8.3%
6.3%
4.6%
5.8%
6.6%
10.4%
13.1%

 West Virginia

3.9%
3.0%
2.5%
2.3%
4.7%
4.2%
3.0%
2.2%
1.7%
1.3%
1.0%
1.1%
0.9%
1.1%
1.2%

 Wisconsin
36.2%
35.7%
34.6%
30.8%
30.8%
24.9%
22.0%
17.5%
13.2%
9.2%
6.3%
4.3%
3.0%
2.7%
2.5%
3.6%
4.5%

 Wyoming

38.5%
28.1%
24.6%
18.8%
19.9%
13.7%
10.3%
6.8%
4.6%
2.9%
2.1%
2.0%
1.7%
2.3%
2.8%