document_title: My Big Fat Greek Wedding

question_text: where is my big fat greek wedding set

question_tokens: where is my big fat greek wedding set

text: My Big Fat Greek Wedding

text: Plot[edit]

text: Being 30-years-old and single, Fotoula "Toula" Portokalos is her family's black sheep. The daughter of staunchly proud Greek immigrants, she was raised to follow her cultural tradition of marriage and motherhood. Her golden-child sister Athena met her family's expectations by marrying young to another Greek and becoming, in Toula's words, "a Greek baby-breeding machine". Toula still lives with her parents and works at Dancing Zorba's, her family's restaurant in Chicago. Toula longs for her own life away from the restaurant and her intrusive family. Frumpy and cynical, she fears her life will never change. One day at the restaurant, Toula notices a handsome young customer—Ian Miller, a school teacher. She tries to speak to him, only to embarrass herself with her social awkwardness. Ian is bewildered by her behavior, and Toula figures she's lost her chance to get to know him.

text: Toula's idea for independence is taking computer classes at a community college. When Toula approaches her father Gus about the classes, he forbids it, thinking she wants to leave her family. He insists she's "smart enough for a girl" and it is too dangerous for her to be out in the city alone. After some crafty persuasion by his wife, Maria, Gus reluctantly permits Toula to attend classes. As her classes progress, Toula gains self-confidence. She trades her thick glasses for contact lenses and her baggy, drab clothes for flattering, colorful outfits. She updates her hairstyle and learns to apply makeup. With her new computer skills and polished image, Toula asks her mother and her Aunt Voula to convince Gus that Toula should work at Voula's travel agency instead of the restaurant.

text: Toula thrives in her new job, and one day she sees Ian walking by the travel agency. He notices Toula, not recognizing that she is the same woman who tried to talk to him at Dancing Zorba's. Despite Toula's lingering shyness, they introduce themselves and begin dating. When Ian realizes Toula was the woman at the restaurant, Toula is sure Ian will lose interest. Instead, he loves her even more for who she is, and they become a couple.

text: Because Ian is not Greek, Toula keeps the relationship secret from her family, but her parents find out when a family friend sees them kissing in a parking lot. As she feared, Gus is angry because Ian is not an ethnic Greek—referring to Ian as a "Xeno"—and both Gus and Maria tell Toula to end the relationship. Toula insists she loves Ian. Her parents try to dissuade her by bringing various Greek bachelors home to meet her, all to no avail.

text: When Ian proposes to Toula, she happily accepts, but Gus is upset that Ian did not ask him for permission to date Toula, let alone marry her. Ian tries to adapt to the family's Greek customs and mannerisms. Ian and Toula cannot marry in the Greek Orthodox Church unless Ian converts, and Toula is already worried the wedding will be a fiasco. She suggests to Ian that they elope instead. He refuses, saying if it's that important to her family to marry in their religion, then he will be baptized Greek Orthodox. Ian's willingness to do this encourages Gus and Maria to gradually accept Ian into the family.

text: As Toula feared, her numerous well-meaning female relatives take over much of the wedding plans, while the men keep testing Ian. Her cousin Nikki selects tacky bridesmaids dresses without Toula's permission; her brother Nick semi-jokingly threatens Ian that he'll kill him if he ever hurts Toula. Other cousins trick Ian into saying inappropriate things in Greek. When Toula invites Ian's quiet, reserved parents to meet her parents at their home, she insists that it be a simple dinner with just the six of them. Toula and Ian arrive to find all of Toula's extended family at the dinner, where they dance and drink for hours. Ian's parents are unaware of Greek culture and are shocked by the family's rambunctiousness.

text: On the wedding day, Toula is nervous and surrounded by relatives, but the traditional Greek wedding goes perfectly. At the reception, Gus gives a speech accepting Ian and his parents as family. He then presents the newlyweds with a deed to a house. Both Ian and Toula are deeply touched by Gus's generosity. Following the reception, Toula and Ian leave for a honeymoon in Greece, both appreciating the craziness of their Greek family.

text: An epilogue shows the couple's life six years later. Toula got pregnant "a minute later" after their honeymoon with their daughter Paris. As Ian and Toula are walking Paris from their house to Greek school, Paris asks why she has to go to Greek school. Toula replies that she had to go to Greek school as a child, so Paris will too. But she assures her that when the time comes, she can marry whomever she wants. As they walk, it is revealed that their home is next door to Toula's parents.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Nia Vardalos as Fotoula "Toula" Portokalos-Miller
John Corbett as Ian Miller
Lainie Kazan as Maria Portokalos
Michael Constantine as Costas "Gus" Portokalos
Andrea Martin as Aunt Voula
Louis Mandylor as Nick Portokalos
Gia Carides as Cousin Nikki
Gerry Mendicino as Uncle Taki
Joey Fatone as Cousin Angelo
Bess Meisler as Yiayia (Grandma)
Stavroula Logothettis as Athena Portokalos
Ian Gomez as Mike, Ian's best man; he is Vardalos's real-life husband
Bruce Gray as Rodney Miller
Fiona Reid as Harriet Miller
Jayne Eastwood as Mrs. White
Arielle Sugarman as Paris Miller

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: My Big Fat Greek Wedding started as a one-woman play written by and starring Vardalos, performed for six weeks at the Hudson Backstage Theatre in Los Angeles in the summer of 1997.[5] Vardalos later jokingly stated that she only wrote the play "to get a better agent."[6][7] The play was based on Vardalos's own family in Winnipeg in Canada and on her experience marrying a non-Greek man (actor Ian Gomez).[6] The play was popular, and was sold out for much of its run, in part due to Vardalos's marketing it across Greek Orthodox churches in the area.[8] A number of Hollywood executives and celebrities saw it, including actress Rita Wilson, who is herself of Greek origin;[8] Wilson convinced her husband, actor Tom Hanks, to see it as well.

text: Vardalos began meeting various executives about making a film version of the play and began writing a screenplay as well. However, the meetings proved fruitless because the executives insisted on making changes that they felt would make the film more marketable, which Vardalos objected to: these included changing the plot, getting a known actress in the lead role (Marisa Tomei was one name mentioned),[8] and changing the family's ethnicity to Hispanic.[6] Two months after the play's initial run ended, Hanks's production company, Playtone, contacted Vardalos about producing a film based on her vision for it; they also agreed to remount the play in early 1998, this time at LA's Globe Theatre.[5] Hanks later said that casting Vardalos in the lead role "brings a huge amount of integrity to the piece, because it's Nia's version of her own life and her own experience. I think that shows through on the screen and people recognize it."[6]

text: In 2000, while in Toronto doing pre-production for the film, Vardalos and Playtone producer Gary Goetzman overheard actor John Corbett (who was in town shooting the film Serendipity) at a bar, telling a friend of his about having read the script for My Big Fat Greek Wedding, and being upset that he couldn't make the auditions. Vardalos and Goetzman approached Corbett and offered him the part of Ian Miller on the spot, which he accepted.[6]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Despite being based on life in the Greek community of Winnipeg, the film was set in Chicago and shot in both Toronto and Chicago. Toronto's Ryerson University and Greektown neighborhood feature prominently in the film. The home used to depict Gus and Maria Portokalos's residence (as well as the home bought next door at the end of the film for Toula and Ian) is located on Glenwood Crescent just off O'Connor Drive in East York. The real home representing the Portokalos' residence actually has most of the external ornamentation that was shown in the film. Also, some minor parts of the movie were shot at Jarvis Collegiate Institute in Toronto.

text: Release[edit]

text: After a February 2002 premiere, it was initially released in the United States via a limited release on April 19, 2002 before receiving a wider release worldwide over the summer, including a wide release in the United States on August 2.

text: Box office performance[edit]

text: My Big Fat Greek Wedding became a sleeper hit and grew steadily from its limited release. Despite never hitting the number one spot and being an independent film with a $5 million budget, it ultimately grossed over $368.7 million worldwide, becoming one of the top romantic films of the 21st century according to Echo Bridge Entertainment.[9] It was the fifth highest-grossing film of 2002 in the United States and Canada,[10] with USD$241,438,208, and the highest-grossing romantic comedy in history.[3] Domestically, it also held the record for the highest-grossing film never having been number one on the weekly North American box office charts,[11] until the release of the 2016 animated film, Sing, 14 years later. The film is among the most profitable of all time, with a 6150% return on a (inflation adjusted) cost of $6 million to produce.[12]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating 76% based on 121 reviews, with an average rating of 6.7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Though it sometimes feels like a television sitcom, My Big Fat Greek Wedding is good-hearted, lovable, and delightfully eccentric, with a sharp script and lead performance from Nia Vardalos."[13] On Metacritic, which assigns a rating based on reviews, the film has an average score of 62 out of 100, based on 29 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[14]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
2008: AFI's 10 Top 10:
Nominated Romantic Comedy Film[15]

text: 10th-anniversary edition[edit]

text: In 2012, a 10th anniversary edition of the film was released via DVD and Blu-ray. The edition contains a digital copy of the film and features deleted scenes as well as a 30-minute retrospective with Vardalos and Corbett.

text: Lawsuit[edit]

text: The cast (with the exception of Vardalos, who had a separate deal), as well as Hanks’s production company, Playtone, later sued the studio for their part of the profits, charging that Gold Circle Films was engaging in so-called "Hollywood accounting" practices.[16]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Television series[edit]

text: The film inspired the brief 2003 TV series My Big Fat Greek Life, with most of the major characters played by the same actors, with the exception of Steven Eckholdt replacing Corbett as the husband. Corbett had already signed on to the TV series Lucky. He was scheduled to appear as the best friend of his replacement's character, but the show was cancelled before he appeared. The show received poor reviews from critics noting the random character entrances and serious plot "adjustments" that did not match the film.

text: The seven episodes from the series are available on DVD from Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, whose TV studio division produced the show.

text: Sequel[edit]

text: In a 2009 interview for her film My Life in Ruins, asked about a possible sequel for My Big Fat Greek Wedding, Vardalos stated that she had an idea for a sequel and had started writing it, hinting that, like Ruins, the film would be set in Greece.[17]

text: Asked about a sequel again in a November 2012 interview, she stated:

text:
“

Well, actually, yes. And it's only now that I've really become open to the idea. Over the years, I've heard from everybody about what the sequel should be. People next to me at Starbucks would say, 'Hey, let me tell you my idea,' and I'd be like, 'Hey, I'm just trying to get a cup of coffee.' I never thought much about it. But then when John (Corbett) and I recently sat down to do that interview (for the 10th anniversary edition), we laughed so hard through the whole thing. It made me think that it's time. He said, "Come on, write something, will you?" And I now think I will. We have such an easy chemistry together. And we have chemistry because we never 'did it.' That's the surefire way to kill chemistry in a scene. You have to make sure your actors don't 'do it' off-screen. If they don't 'do it,' then they'll have chemistry on camera.[18]

”

text: On May 27, 2014, various news and media outlets reported that a sequel was in the works. Nia Vardalos later confirmed this via Twitter, and she also has written a script for the film.[19] The first trailer for My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2 was aired on NBC's The Today Show on November 11, 2015 and it was released on March 25, 2016,[20] to mixed reviews from critics and modest box office success.


document_title: The Jungle Book (1994 film)

question_text: where was the jungle book (1994) filmed

question_tokens: where was the jungle book ( 1994 ) filmed

root

text: The Jungle Book (1994 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1886, during the British Raj in India, Mowgli (Sean Naegeli) is the 5-year-old son of the widowed Nathoo, whose wife died in childbirth. Nathoo works as a tour guide. On one of his tours, he is leading Colonel Geoffrey Brydon (Sam Neill) and his men as well as Brydon's 5-year-old daughter Katherine (Joanna Wolff). Unfortunately, fellow tour guide Buldeo and a few soldiers kill several animals for sport. This enrages Shere Khan, A Tiger who serves as the Jungle's keeper and begins to pursue the tour group. That night Mowgli tells his father of a dream where he faced Shere Khan and showed no fear, becoming a Tiger himself. Shere Khan attacks the encampment. He succeeds in killing the two soldiers, but when he tries to kill Buldeo, Nathoo defends Buldeo, who ungratefully leaves him to be mauled to death by the Tiger. In the confusion, Mowgli is lost in the jungle with his pet wolf cub, Grey Brother. Brydon and his men believe Mowgli has been killed too. Mowgli is taken by Bagheera, a gentle black panther, to the wolf pack. Mowgli also befriends a bear cub named Baloo.

tag: p

text: Twenty years later, Mowgli, now a young man, discovers Monkey City, a legendary ancient city filled with treasure belonging to King Louie the Orangutan, who has his treasure guarded by Kaa the python. Forced to fight for his life, Mowgli succeeds in wounding the snake with a golden dagger that he retrieves from the treasure horde. Winning King Louie's respect, Mowgli keeps the dagger as a trophy.

text: Elsewhere, Katherine and her father are still stationed in India. She and Mowgli meet again, but neither recognize the other. Katherine is also in a relationship with one of Brydon's soldiers, Captain William Boone. Mowgli enters the village in search of Katherine. Boone and his men manage to capture him and find the golden dagger from Monkey City in his possession. Katherine discovers an old bracelet of her mother's, one she gave to Mowgli when they were children, and instantly realizes who Mowgli is. She and Dr. Julius Plumford (a good friend of Brydon's) decide that they must re-introduce Mowgli to civilization. In doing so, Mowgli and Katherine fall in love, much to Boone's displeasure. Eventually, Boone convinces Mowgli to tell him of Monkey City and the treasure hoard that it holds, but refrains from revealing its location to him upon realizing his lack of respect for the jungle. Boone later proposes to Katherine, and she accepts. Around this time, after Boone and his men publicly humiliate him, Mowgli returns to the jungle as he does not feel at home in the village. After Boone's cruel treatment of Mowgli, Katherine realizes she cannot marry Boone, so she decides to go back to England to get away from him.

text: Meanwhile, Boone and his associates Lieutenant Wilkins and Sergeant Harley team up with Buldeo. The men recruit a jungle guide, Tabaqui, and gather some bandits to capture Mowgli in order to find out where the treasure is. Wilkins and Boone shoot Baloo when he comes to Mowgli's defense, much to Mowgli's distress. Buldeo and the bandits then ambush Katherine and her father (who is shot and wounded in the process). Even though Mowgli, along with Bagheera, Grey Brother, and the rest of the wolves, attack and kill most of the bandits, Buldeo manages to capture Katherine and her father and hands them over to Boone and his men, who plan to use them as blackmail: If Mowgli leads them to the treasure, Katherine and her father shall live. That night, the group learn Shere Khan is hunting them, enraged at Baloo being shot. Because of this Mowgli decides to escape.

text: The next morning, Harley catches Mowgli escaping with the aid of Bagheera and gives chase, only to fall into quicksand and drown, despite Wilkins' attempts to save him. Mowgli then has an elephant take the injured Brydon back to the village, after promising him to rescue Katherine. As the day progresses, Mowgli kills Tabaqui in self-defense when the latter attacks and tries to murder him. As the group reaches the outside of Monkey City, Wilkins becomes separated from the group and walks right into Shere Khan, where, after a brief chase, the Tiger mauls him to death. Eventually, the remaining group enters Monkey City, where Buldeo inadvertently entombs himself in a trap while trying to shoot Mowgli. Only Mowgli, Katherine, and Boone reach the treasure room, where Mowgli and Boone engage in a fierce fight until Mowgli injures the soldier with another dagger. Mowgli then escapes with Katherine, while Boone begins greedily pocketing treasure, only for Kaa to attack and kill him.

text: As they escape from Monkey City, Mowgli and Katherine are confronted by Shere Khan. However, Mowgli shows no fear and stands up by roaring back at the Tiger who roars at Mowgli to make him run away. Shere Khan, impressed by Mowgli's bravery, acknowledges him as a creature of the jungle and allows Mowgli and Katherine to leave peacefully. Mowgli and Katherine meet both the Colonel and Baloo, both of whom have recovered from their injuries under Plumford's care. Mowgli becomes the new lord of the jungle after fulfilling his childhood dream of facing Shere Khan with no fear and he begins a relationship with Katherine.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Jason Scott Lee as Mowgli

Sean Naegeli as 5-year-old Mowgli

Lena Headey as Katherine "Kitty" Brydon

Joanna Wolff as 5-year-old Kitty

Cary Elwes as Captain William Boone
Sam Neill as Colonel Geoffrey Brydon
John Cleese as Dr. Julius Plumford[7]
Jason Flemyng as Lt. John Wilkins
Ron Donachie as Sgt. Harley
Stefan Kalipha as Buldeo
Anirudh Agarwal as Tabaqui
Faran Tahir as Nathoo (Mowgli's Father)
Frank Welker as various animal sound effects (uncredited)

tag: ul

text:
Casey as Baloo, a male black bear.
Shadow as Bagheera, a male black leopard.
Shannon as Grey Brother, a female gray wolf.
Lowell as King Louie, a male Bornean orangutan.
Bombay as Shere Khan, a male Bengal tiger.

text: Kaa is portrayed by both a computer-generated and a real anaconda. Other trained animals were monkeys, elephants, camel, horses, zebu, and wolves. The sounds used for the monkeys were actually those of chimps[8] siamangs and even Frank Welker

text: Production[edit]

text: Raju Patel, an Indian producer, figured the 100th anniversary of Kipling's "Jungle Book" stories publication should be commemorated with a film adaptation.[4]

text: Principal photography took place in India (Jodhpur and Bombay) as well as parts of the Southern United States (South Carolina and Fall Creek Falls State Park, Tennessee).[1]

text: Score[edit]

text: While electronics dominated most of his work during the early '90s, composer Basil Poledouris returned to his symphonic roots for his score to this film. Most European versions of Milan's official CD release include "Two Different Worlds," a pop song performed by Kenny Loggins.[9]

text:
The Jungle Book (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)

Film score by Basil Poledouris

Released
December 13, 1994

Genre
Soundtrack

Length
48:20

Label
Milan Records

tag: table

text:
The Jungle Book (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)

No.
Title
Length

1.
"Main Titles/The Caravan"
4:24

2.
"Shere Khan Attacks"
4:49

3.
"Mowgli"
3:41

4.
"Monkey City"
4:41

5.
"Kitty"
5:23

6.
"Treasure Room"
4:13

7.
"Civilization"
5:35

8.
"Baloo"
2:52

9.
"Spoils"
9:13

10.
"Finale"
3:29

Total length:
48:20

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical[edit]

text: The film was well received, with praise for its performances, action, and visuals, but it was also chided for not staying true to Kipling's work, even though his name remains in the title.

text: Noted critic Roger Ebert of The Chicago Sun-Times shared this sentiment. He said the film "has so little connection to Rudyard Kipling or his classic book that the title is beyond explanation."[10]

text:
“
The sweet innocence of Kipling's fables about a boy who learns to live among the animals is replaced here by an "Indiana Jones" clone, an action thriller that Kipling would have viewed with astonishment.[10]
”

text: He goes on to say that it is a good film, awarding it three stars out of four, but it does not fit its target audience; some "scenes are unsuitable for small children, and the 'PG' rating is laughable."[10]

text: Brian Lowry of Variety said that, "Technically, Jungle Book is an encyclopedia of wonders, from the dazzling scenery (shot largely in Jodhpur, India), cinematography, costumes and sets, to the animals, who frequently out-emote their two-legged counterparts. Even so, Book may have been more effective had its story stayed on one page."[11] Rita Kempley from The Washington Post was more favorable, stating that "the narrative shifts from romance to adventure the way Cheetah used to hop from foot to foot, but Sommers nevertheless delivers a bully family picture."[12]

text: The film currently holds a 79% 'fresh' rating at review aggregate Rotten Tomatoes, based on 38 reviews with the consensus: "Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book may not hew as closely to the book as its title suggests, but it still offers an entertaining live-action take on a story best known in animated form."[13]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The film was nominated for Excellence in Media's 1994 Golden Angel Award for best motion picture.[1]

text: Video game[edit]

text: The film was adapted into a 1996 game, which includes clips from the film, while providing an original story and new characters.

text: The game follows the player in his/her quest to save the jungle. Soldiers have stolen King Louie's crown and the player must recover it to prevent the jungle from losing its magic. The player is aided by a Scotsman named Ilgwom ("Mowgli" spelled backwards) and his chimpanzee, Lahtee, while also guided by a spirit made from Mowgli's memories.


document_title: SportsCentury

question_text: who was selected as the sports illustrated best female athlete of the twentieth century

text: SportsCentury

text: Controversy[edit]

text: The final order of choices led to debate, some of which came from the SportsCentury camp. Bob Costas, one of the series' voters, said, "I had Babe Ruth as my number one, but I think the list they came up with was a good one. Everybody more or less deserved to be there." ESPN writer Bud Morgan conceded that the Secretariat pick "was kind of controversial because a lot of people took the attitude 'What is a four-legged animal doing on this list?'"

text: Tony Kornheiser, whose ballot was topped by Ruth, Muhammad Ali and Michael Jordan, said, "I can't conceive of how Ruth didn't finish number one. He had the greatest impact of anybody on a sport by far... Michael Jordan didn't have as many championships as Bill Russell and didn't score as many points as Wilt Chamberlain, and really didn't do anything to advance his sport, so maybe in retrospect I upgraded him a bit too much because the way he performed was so spectacular, and because of television I got to see highlights. They may have overpersuaded a lot of us... Did Jim Thorpe get the praise he deserved? Probably not, because there weren't enough people old enough to really remember him."

text: ESPN anchor Charley Steiner said "I think picking [Jordan] number one was a generational decision, not a historical one. Babe Ruth deserved it more."[3]

text: The list was dramatically North American-centric. Only one athlete in the Top 100 list, Martina Navratilova, was born outside of the United States or Canada. Australian cricketer Donald Bradman, "considered by many to be the pre-eminent sportsman of all time" was also omitted.[4] Bradman scored a lifetime average far in excess of average - 4.4 standard deviations above the mean, compared to Jordan's inferior 3.4 - leading to the statement that "no other athlete dominates an international sport to the extent that Bradman does cricket".[5] No soccer player was included in the rankings despite it being the world's most popular sport; Brazilian soccer player Pelé also scored further above average than did Jordan.[6] Baseball player Ty Cobb, appearing at 20 on the list, also ranked objectively above Jordan on the same ground.

text: Recognition[edit]

text: SportsCentury won a Peabody Award in 1999 "for overall excellence in sports broadcasting."[7]

text: SportsCentury: Top 50 American Athletes of the 20th Century (Original series)[edit]

text:
Number
Athlete
Sport

1
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan
Basketball

2
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth
Baseball

3
Ali, MuhammadMuhammad Ali
Boxing

4
Brown, JimJim Brown
Football

5
Gretzky, WayneWayne Gretzky
Ice hockey

6
Owens, JesseJesse Owens
Track and field

7
Thorpe, JimJim Thorpe
Multiple sports

8
Mays, WillieWillie Mays
Baseball

9
Nicklaus, JackJack Nicklaus
Golf

10
Zaharias, BabeBabe Zaharias
Multiple sports

11
Louis, JoeJoe Louis
Boxing

12
Lewis, CarlCarl Lewis
Track and field

13
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain
Basketball

14
Aaron, HankHank Aaron
Baseball

15
Robinson, JackieJackie Robinson
Baseball

16
Williams, TedTed Williams
Baseball

17
Johnson, MagicMagic Johnson
Basketball

18
Russell, BillBill Russell
Basketball

19
Navratilova, MartinaMartina Navratilova
Tennis

20
Cobb, TyTy Cobb
Baseball

21
Howe, GordieGordie Howe
Ice hockey

22
DiMaggio, JoeJoe DiMaggio
Baseball

23
Joyner-Kersee, JackieJackie Joyner-Kersee
Track and field

24
Robinson, Sugar RaySugar Ray Robinson
Boxing

25
Montana, JoeJoe Montana
Football

26
Abdul-Jabbar, KareemKareem Abdul-Jabbar
Basketball

27
Rice, JerryJerry Rice
Football

28
Grange, RedRed Grange
Football

29
Palmer, ArnoldArnold Palmer
Golf

30
Bird, LarryLarry Bird
Basketball

31
Orr, BobbyBobby Orr
Ice hockey

32
Unitas, JohnnyJohnny Unitas
Football

33
Spitz, MarkMark Spitz
Swimming

34
Gehrig, LouLou Gehrig
Baseball

35
Secretariat, Secretariat
Horse racing

36
Robertson, OscarOscar Robertson
Basketball

37
Mantle, MickeyMickey Mantle
Baseball

38
Hogan, BenBen Hogan
Golf

39
Payton, WalterWalter Payton
Football

40
Taylor, LawrenceLawrence Taylor
Football

41
Rudolph, WilmaWilma Rudolph
Track and field

42
Koufax, SandySandy Koufax
Baseball

43
Erving, JuliusJulius Erving
Basketball

44
Jones, BobbyBobby Jones
Golf

45
Tilden, BillBill Tilden
Tennis

46
Heiden, EricEric Heiden
Speed skating, cycling

47
Moses, EdwinEdwin Moses
Track and field

48
Sampras, PetePete Sampras
Tennis

49
Simpson, O. J.O. J. Simpson
Football

50
Evert, ChrisChris Evert
Tennis

text: SportsCentury: 51-100[edit]

text:
Number
Athlete
Sport

51
Marciano, RockyRocky Marciano
Boxing

52
Dempsey, JackJack Dempsey
Boxing

53
Johnson, RaferRafer Johnson
Track and field

54
Louganis, GregGreg Louganis
Diving

55
Lemieux, MarioMario Lemieux
Ice hockey

56
Rose, PetePete Rose
Baseball

57
Shoemaker, BillBill Shoemaker
Horse racing

58
Baylor, ElginElgin Baylor
Basketball

59
King, Billie JeanBillie Jean King
Tennis

60
Johnson, WalterWalter Johnson
Baseball

61
Musial, StanStan Musial
Baseball

62
West, JerryJerry West
Basketball

63
Paige, SatchelSatchel Paige
Baseball

64
Baugh, SammySammy Baugh
Football

65
Gibson, AltheaAlthea Gibson
Tennis, golf

66
Arcaro, EddieEddie Arcaro
Horse racing

67
Gibson, BobBob Gibson
Baseball

68
Oerter, AlAl Oerter
Track and field

69
Blair, BonnieBonnie Blair
Speed skating

70
Butkus, DickDick Butkus
Football

71
Clemente, RobertoRoberto Clemente
Baseball

72
Jackson, BoBo Jackson
Football, baseball

73
Gibson, JoshJosh Gibson
Baseball

74
Sanders, DeionDeion Sanders
Football, baseball

75
Marino, DanDan Marino
Football

76
Sanders, BarryBarry Sanders
Football

77
Young, CyCy Young
Baseball

78
Mathias, BobBob Mathias
Track and field

79
Sayers, GaleGale Sayers
Football

80
Foyt, A. J.A. J. Foyt
Auto racing

81
Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors
Tennis

82
Hull, BobbyBobby Hull
Ice hockey

83
Wagner, HonusHonus Wagner
Baseball

84
o' War, ManMan o' War
Horse racing

85
Richard, MauriceMaurice Richard
Ice hockey

86
Graham, OttoOtto Graham
Football

87
Armstrong, HenryHenry Armstrong
Boxing

88
Namath, JoeJoe Namath
Football

89
Hornsby, RogersRogers Hornsby
Baseball

90
Petty, RichardRichard Petty
Auto racing

91
Beamon, BobBob Beamon
Track and field

92
Andretti, MarioMario Andretti
Auto racing

93
Hutson, DonDon Hutson
Football

94
Cousy, BobBob Cousy
Basketball

95
Blanda, GeorgeGeorge Blanda
Football

96
Johnson, MichaelMichael Johnson
Track and field

97
Citation, Citation
Horse racing

98
Budge, DonDon Budge
Tennis

99
Snead, SamSam Snead
Golf

100
Johnson, JackJack Johnson
Boxing

text: Athlete statistics[edit]

text:
By sport

Baseball: 22
Football: 20
Track/Field: 12
Basketball: 11
Tennis: 8
Boxing: 7
Hockey: 6
Golf: 6
Horse racing: 5 (2 jockeys, 3 horses)
Auto racing: 3
Swimming / Diving: 2
Speed skating: 2
Gymnastics: 1

By gender

89 male
8 female
3 thoroughbred horses

text: Additional SportsCentury episodes[edit]

text: Athletes[edit]

text:
Affirmed & Alydar
Andre Agassi
Lyle Alzado
Lance Armstrong
Arthur Ashe
Charles Barkley
Chuck Bednarik
Albert Belle
Johnny Bench
Yogi Berra
Moe Berg
Barry Bonds
Terry Bradshaw
Tom Brady
Kobe Bryant
Roy Campanella
Jennifer Capriati
Steve Carlton
Hurricane Carter
Rubin Carter
Roger Clemens
Cynthia Cooper
Jim Craig
John Daly
Ernie Davis
Oscar De La Hoya
Dale Earnhardt
Dale Earnhardt, Jr.

Dennis Eckersley
John Elway
Brett Favre
Bob Feller
Mark Fidrych
Charlie Finley
Carlton Fisk
Peggy Fleming
Tim Flock
Curt Flood
Richmond Flowers
Doug Flutie
Cheryl Ford
George Foreman
Bevo Francis
Joe Frazier
Dan Gable
Kevin Garnett
Zina Garrison
Mark Gastineau
Frank Gifford
Jeff Gordon
Steffi Graf
Red Grange
Rocky Graziano
Hank Greenberg
Florence Griffith Joyner
Marvin Hagler

Dorothy Hamill
Mia Hamm
Connie Hawkins
Evander Holyfield
Paul Hornung
Sam Huff
Allen Iverson
Reggie Jackson
Dan Jansen
Bruce Jenner[a]
Derek Jeter
Nile Kinnick
Anna Kournikova
Michelle Kwan
Don Larsen
Sugar Ray Leonard
Ray Lewis
Eric Lindros
Sonny Liston
Nancy Lopez
Jerry Lucas
Karl Malone
Peyton Manning
Pete Maravich
Roger Maris
Billy Martin (2-part)
Pedro Martínez
Gene Mauch

Bill Mazeroski
John McEnroe
Mark McGwire
Denny McLain
Jim McMahon
Rick Mears
Phil Mickelson
Archie Moore
Randy Moss
Alonzo Mourning
Greg Norman
Shaquille O'Neal
Terrell Owens
Pele
Brian Piccolo
Jimmy Piersall
Jacques Plante
Gary Player
Jim Plunkett
Cal Ripken, Jr
Frank Robinson
Andy Roddick
Dennis Rodman
Seabiscuit
Curt Schilling
Willie Shoemaker
Emmitt Smith
Seattle Slew

Sammy Sosa
Latrell Sprewell
Bart Starr
Casey Stengel
Tony Stewart
Darryl Strawberry
Maurice Stokes
Picabo Street
Isiah Thomas
Pat Tillman
Lee Trevino
Mike Tyson
Al Unser, Sr.
Bill Vukovich
Bill Walton
Bud Wilkinson
Chris Webber
Reggie White
Jayson Williams
Venus & Serena Williams
Tyrone Willingham
Tiger Woods
Carl Yastrzemski
Sources[9][10]

text: Coaches, owners, and other personalities[edit]

text:
Sparky Anderson
Red Auerbach
Bobby Bowden
Larry Brown
Bear Bryant
Al Davis

Woody Hayes
Phil Jackson
Willie Jeffries
Don King
Bob Knight
Mike Krzyzewski

Tom Landry
Vince Lombardi
Bill Parcells
Rick Pitino
Pete Rozelle
Adolph Rupp

Don Shula
Dean Smith
George Steinbrenner
Bill Veeck[11]
Dick Vermeil
John Wooden

text: Games, teams, and other special episodes[edit]

text:
1972 Olympic Men's Basketball Final
1977 British Open
Game 5 of the 1997 NBA Finals ("The Flu Game")
Ball Four
Epic in Miami (Chargers vs. Dolphins)
New York Yankees
Jerry's Cowboys
Bears 46 defense
Villanova vs. Georgetown (1985 NCAA Championship)
Disciples of Jackie Robinson
1999 Ryder Cup

text: Special episodes[edit]

text: SportsCentury: Greatest Games of the 20th Century[edit]

text: "Greatest Games" was a top ten countdown of the best games/matches voted on from a wide variety of team and individual sports.

text:
"The Greatest Game Ever Played" – (1958 NFL Championship): Baltimore Colts vs. New York Giants (1958)
The Shot Heard 'Round the World – Bobby Thomson's home run (1951)
Super Bowl III – New York Jets defeat Baltimore Colts (1969)
Miracle on Ice – U.S.A defeats U.S.S.R. (1980)
"Thrilla in Manila" – Muhammad Ali vs. Joe Frazier (1975)
"Ice Bowl" – Green Bay vs. Dallas (1967)
Game 6 of the 1975 World Series – Carlton Fisk's home run (1975)
Tiger Woods wins the Masters (1997)
Willis Reed and Knicks beat Lakers in Game 7 (1970)
Borg-McEnroe Wimbledon thriller (1980)

tag: ol

text: SportsCentury: Greatest Coaches of the 20th Century[edit]

text: "Greatest Coaches" was a top ten countdown of the best coaches voted on from a wide variety of team sports.

text:
Vince Lombardi
John Wooden
Red Auerbach
Dean Smith
Phil Jackson
John McGraw
George Halas
Don Shula
Paul Brown
Knute Rockne

text: SportsCentury: Greatest Dynasties[edit]

text:
New York Yankees
Boston Celtics
Montréal Canadiens
John Wooden's UCLA Bruins (1960s and 1970s)
Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team (1946-1949)
Dallas Cowboys (1990s)
Atlanta Braves (1990s)
Chicago Bulls (1990s)
San Francisco 49ers (1980s)

text: SportsCentury: Most Influential Individuals[edit]

text: Another top ten countdown special, focusing on influential figures in sports during the twentieth century, namely off-the-field contributors.

text:
Branch Rickey
Pete Rozelle
Roone Arledge
Marvin Miller
Kenesaw Mountain Landis
David Stern
Avery Brundage
Walter O'Malley
George Halas
Mark McCormack

text: SportsCentury: The Year in Review[edit]

text:
1980 Year in Review
1981 Year in Review
1982 Year in Review
1983 Year in Review
1984 Year in Review
1985 Year in Review
1986 Year in Review
1987 Year in Review
1988 Year in Review
1989 Year in Review

1990 Year in Review
1991 Year in Review
1992 Year in Review
1993 Year in Review
1994 Year in Review
1995 Year in Review
1996 Year in Review
1997 Year in Review
1998 Year in Review
1999 Year in Review

2000 Year in Review
2001 Year in Review

text: Also included in the overall production was "SportsCenter of the Decade", a series of six two-hour programs (1900-1949, 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s and 1990s). Each episode was presented as a fictional episode of SportsCenter, in the way ESPN would have covered the events at the time (styles, studio/production design, and other various pop culture references).[12]

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ Jenner changed his first name to Caitlyn due to gender transition in 2015.[8]


document_title: Jai Jawan Jai Kisan

question_text: who gave the famous slogan jai jawan jai kisan

text: Jai Jawan Jai Kisan

text: Jai Jawan Jai Kisan ("English: Hail the Soldier, Hail the Farmer") was a slogan of the second Prime Minister of India Lal Bahadur Shastri in 1965 at a public gathering at Ramlila Maidan, Delhi.[1][2]

text: Soon after Shastri took over the prime ministership of India after Nehru's death, India was attacked by Pakistan. At the same time there was scarcity of food grains in the country. Shastri gave the slogan Jai Jawan Jai Kisan to enthuse the soldiers to defend India and simultaneously cheering farmers to do their best to increase the production of food grains to reduce dependence on import. It became a very popular slogan.[1][3]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: After the Pokaran tests in 1998, [Atal Bihari Vajpayee] added Jai Vigyan (Hail Science) to the slogan to underline the importance of knowledge in India's progress.[4]

text: During the acceptance speech of Sunil Bharti Mittal delivered at Teen Murti Bhavan on 15 December 2009 after receiving the 10th Lal Bahadur Shastri National Award from the President of India, the Director of the Lal Bahadur Shastri Institute of Management, Delhi, Dr Kailash Chandra Mishra, restated the slogan as

text: Jai Jawan! Jai Kissan! Jai Vigyan! Jai Vidwan!

text: Jai Vidwan means "hail the learned" to signify knowledge working as the driver of India's current significant economic growth.

text: The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India) commemorated Shastri on his 48th martyr's day:

text: Former Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri was one of those great Indians who has left an indelible impression on our collective life. Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri's contribution to our public life were unique in that they were made in the closest proximity to the life of the common man in India. Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri was looked upon by Indians as one of their own, one who shared their ideals, hopes and aspirations. His achievements were looked upon not as the isolated achievements of an individual but of our society collectively.

text: Under his leadership India faced and repulsed the Pakistani invasion of 1965. It is not only a matter of pride for the Indian Army but also for every citizen of the country. Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri's slogan Jai Jawan Jai Kisan reverberates even today through the length and breadth of the country. Underlying this is the inner-most sentiments 'Jai Hindustan'. The war of 1965 was fought and won for our self-respect and our national prestige. For using our Defence Forces with such admirable skill, the nation remains beholden to Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri. He will be remembered for all times to come for his large heartedness and public service.[5]

text: In 2015, a film based on Shastri's life was released which was named after this slogan.


document_title: The Night Begins to Shine

question_text: who sang the song the night begins to shine

text: The Night Begins to Shine

text:
"The Night Begins to Shine"
Single by B.E.R.from the album Teen Titans Go! Songs from The Night Begins to Shine SpecialReleased
October 30, 2015 (2015-10-30)Format
Digital singleRecorded
2005Genre
SynthwaveRockLength
3:30Label
TelepicturesSongwriter(s)
Carl Burnett, Frank Enea, William J. ReaganProducer(s)
Carl BurnettB.E.R. singles chronology

"The Night Begins to Shine" (2015)

"Forever Mine" (2017)

text:
"The Night Begins to Shine" is a song by the band B.E.R.[1] from the Teen Titans Go! TV series[2] The song was originally written and produced in 2005 as an "'80s-style song" for a music library.[3] The song was first featured in the Teen Titans Go! episode, "Slumber Party" as a throwaway joke. The song became popular with fans of the show.[2][3] The song was subsequently featured in the episode, "40%, 40%, 20%",[4] and was prominently featured in the four-part special, "The Day the Night Stopped Beginning to Shine and
Became Dark Even Though It Was the Day".[5] The special also featured two other songs by B.E.R., "Forever Mine" and "Rise Up", as well as three covers of the song from Fall Out Boy, CeeLo Green, and Puffy AmiYumi.[6]

text: Commercial performance[edit]

text:
Upon its official release, "The Night Begins To Shine" peaked at #23 on the Billboard Hot Rock Songs chart and #7 on the Billboard Rock Digital Songs chart.[7] The song also peaked at #66 on the iTunes music charts and #1 on the iTunes rock music charts.[8]
The song was covered by Fall Out Boy, CeeLo Green, and Puffy AmiYumi for a four-part Teen Titans Go! storyline.[6]

text: Weekly charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2017)

Peakposition

US Hot Rock Songs (Billboard)[9]

23


document_title: Isotopes of oxygen

question_text: how many isotopes of oxygen occur naturally on earth

text: Isotopes of oxygen

text: Stable isotopes[edit]

text: Naturally occurring oxygen is composed of three stable isotopes, 16O, 17O, and 18O, with 16O being the most abundant (99.762% natural abundance). Depending on the terrestrial source, the standard atomic weight varies within the range of [15.99903, 15.99977] (the conventional value is 15.999). Known oxygen isotopes range in mass number from 12 to 24.

text: The relative and absolute abundance of 16O is high because it is a principal product of stellar evolution and because it is a primary isotope, meaning it can be made by stars that were initially made exclusively of hydrogen.[2] Most 16O is synthesized at the end of the helium fusion process in stars; the triple-alpha reaction creates 12C, which captures an additional 4He to make 16O. The neon burning process creates additional 16O.[2]

text: Both 17O and 18O are secondary isotopes, meaning that their nucleosynthesis requires seed nuclei. 17O is primarily made by the burning of hydrogen into helium during the CNO cycle, making it a common isotope in the hydrogen burning zones of stars.[2] Most 18O is produced when 14N (made abundant from CNO burning) captures a 4He nucleus, making 18O common in the helium-rich zones of stars.[2] Approximately a billion degrees Celsius is required for two oxygen nuclei to undergo nuclear fusion to form the heavier nucleus of sulfur.[3]

text: Measurements of the ratio of oxygen-18 to oxygen-16 are often used to interpret changes in paleoclimate. The isotopic composition of oxygen atoms in the Earth's atmosphere is 99.759% 16O, 0.037% 17O and 0.204% 18O.[4] Because water molecules containing the lighter isotope are slightly more likely to evaporate and fall as precipitation,[5] fresh water and polar ice on earth contains slightly less (0.1981%) of the heavy isotope 18O than air (0.204%) or seawater (0.1995%). This disparity allows analysis of temperature patterns via historic ice cores.

text: An atomic mass of 16 was assigned to oxygen prior to the definition of the unified atomic mass unit based upon 12C.[6] Since physicists referred to 16O only, while chemists meant the naturally-abundant mixture of isotopes, this led to slightly different mass scales between the two disciplines.

text: Radioisotopes[edit]

text: Fourteen radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being 15O with a half-life of 122.24 s and 14O with a half-life of 70.606 s.[7] All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 27 s and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 83 milliseconds (ms).[7] For example, 24O has a half-life of 61 ms.[8] The most common decay mode for isotopes lighter than the stable isotopes is β+ decay (to nitrogen)[9][10][11] and the most common mode after is β− decay (to fluorine).

text: Oxygen-13 is an unstable isotope of oxygen. It consists of 8 protons and electrons, and 5 neutrons. It has a spin of 3/2-, and a half-life of 8.58 ms. Its atomic mass is 13.0248 Da. It decays to nitrogen-13 by electron capture, and has a decay energy of 17.765 MeV.[12] Its parent nuclide is fluorine-14.[13]

text: Oxygen-15 is an isotope of oxygen, frequently used in positron emission tomography, or PET imaging. It has 8 protons, 7 neutrons, and 8 electrons. The total atomic mass is 15.0030654 amu. It has a half-life of 122.24 seconds.[14] Oxygen-15 is synthesized through deuteron bombardment of nitrogen-14 using a cyclotron.[15]

text: List of isotopes[edit]

text:
nuclide
symbol
Z(p)
N(n)

isotopic mass (u)

half-life
decay mode(s)[16]
daughter
isotope(s)[n 1]
nuclear
spin
representative
isotopic
composition
(mole fraction)
range of natural
variation
(mole fraction)

12O
8
4
12.034405(20)
580(30)×10−24 s
[0.40(25) MeV]
2p (60.0%)
10C
0+

p (40.0%)
11N

13O
8
5
13.024812(10)
8.58(5) ms
β+ (89.1%)
13N
(3/2−)

β+, p (10.9%)
12C

14O
8
6
14.00859625(12)
70.598(18) s
β+
14N
0+

15O
8
7
15.0030656(5)
122.24(16) s
β+
15N
1/2−

16O[n 2]
8
8
15.99491461956(16)
Stable
0+
0.99757(16)
0.99738–0.99776

17O[n 3]
8
9
16.99913170(12)
Stable
5/2+
3.8(1)×10−4
3.7×10−4–4.0×10−4

18O[n 2][n 4]
8
10
17.9991610(7)
Stable
0+
2.05(14)×10−3
1.88×10−3–2.22×10−3

19O
8
11
19.003580(3)
26.464(9) s
β−
19F
5/2+

20O
8
12
20.0040767(12)
13.51(5) s
β−
20F
0+

21O
8
13
21.008656(13)
3.42(10) s
β−
21F
(1/2,3/2,5/2)+

22O
8
14
22.00997(6)
2.25(15) s
β− (78.0%)
22F
0+

β−, n (22.0%)
21F

23O
8
15
23.01569(13)
82(37) ms
β−, n (57.99%)
22F
1/2+#

β− (42.0%)
23F

24O
8
16
24.02047(25)
65(5) ms
β−, n (57.99%)
23F
0+

β− (42.01%)
24F

text:
Jump up ^ Bold for stable isotopes
^ Jump up to: a b The ratio between 16O and 18O is used to deduce ancient temperatures
Jump up ^ Can be used in NMR studies of metabolic pathways
Jump up ^ Can be used in studying certain metabolic pathways

text: Oxygen isotopes with 25–28 nucleons exist for less than 1 microsecond, since they are beyond the neutron drip line.[17]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
The precision of the isotope abundances and atomic mass is limited through variations. The given ranges should be applicable to any normal terrestrial material.
Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC, which use expanded uncertainties.
Nuclide masses are given by IUPAP Commission on Symbols, Units, Nomenclature, Atomic Masses and Fundamental Constants (SUNAMCO).
Isotope abundances are given by IUPAC Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW).


document_title: Minister of Railways (India)

question_text: who is the union minister for railways in india

text: Minister of Railways (India)

text:
Minister of Railways

Emblem of India

Incumbent
Piyush Goyal
since 3 September 2017

Ministry of Railways

Member of
Cabinet of India

Appointer
President
on the advice of the Prime Minister

Inaugural holder
John Mathai

Formation
15 August 1947

text: The Minister of Railways is the head of the Ministry of Railways of the Government of India. The railway minister is usually accorded a cabinet rank, and is responsible for Indian Railways, one of the largest employers in the world. An important responsibility of the railway minister is to present in Parliament the Railway Budget, the Annual Financial Statement of Indian Railways. Piyush Goyal of the Bharatiya Janata Party is the current Minister of Railways, serving since 3 September 2017.Railways Minister (India)

text: List of railway ministers[edit]

text:
№
Name
Portrait
Term of office
Political party
(Alliance)
Prime Minister

-
Asaf Ali

2 September 1946
14 August 1947
Indian National Congress

None
(Interim govt)

1
John Mathai

15 August 1947
22 September 1948
Jawaharlal Nehru

2
N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar

22 September 1948
13 May 1952

3
Lal Bahadur Shastri

13 May 1952
7 December 1956

4
Jagjivan Ram

7 December 1956
10 April 1962

5
Swaran Singh

10 April 1962
21 September 1963

6
H. C. Dasappa

21 September 1963
8 June 1964

7
S. K. Patil

9 June 1964
12 March 1967
Lal Bahadur Shastri
Indira Gandhi

8
C. M. Poonacha

13 March 1967 and
14 February 1969
Indira Gandhi

9
Ram Subhag Singh

14 February 1969
4 November 1969

10
Panampilli Govinda Menon

4 November 1969
18 February 1970

11
Gulzarilal Nanda

18 February 1970
17 March 1971

12
K. Hanumanthaiya

18 March 1971
22 July 1972

13
T. A. Pai

23 July 1972
4 February 1973

14
Lalit Narayan Mishra

5 February 1973
2 January 1975

15
Kamalapati Tripathi

11 February 1975
23 March 1977

16
Madhu Dandavate

26 March 1977
28 July 1979
Janata Party

Morarji Desai

(13)
T. A. Pai

30 July 1979
13 January 1980
Janata Party (Secular)

Charan Singh

17
Kamalapati Tripathi

14 January 1980
12 November 1980
Indian National Congress

Indira Gandhi

18
Kedar Pandey

12 November 1980
14 January 1982

19
Prakash Chandra Sethi

15 January 1982
2 September 1982

20
A. B. A. Ghani Khan Choudhury

2 September 1982
31 December 1984
Indira Gandhi
Rajiv Gandhi

21
Bansi Lal

31 December 1984
4 June 1986
Rajiv Gandhi

22
Mohsina Kidwai

24 June 1986
21 October 1986

23
Madhavrao Scindia

22 October 1986
1 December 1989

24
George Fernandes

5 December 1989
10 November 1990
Janata Dal

V. P. Singh

25
Janeshwar Mishra

21 November 1990
21 June 1991
Samajwadi Janata Party

Chandra Shekhar

26
C. K. Jaffer Sharief

21 June 1991
16 October 1995
Indian National Congress

P. V. Narasimha Rao

27
Ram Vilas Paswan

1 June 1996
19 March 1998
Janata Dal
(United Front)

H. D. Deve Gowda
I. K. Gujral

28
Nitish Kumar

19 March 1998
5 August 1999
Samata Party
(NDA)

Atal Bihari Vajpayee

29
Ram Naik

6 August 1999
12 October 1999
Bharatiya Janata Party
(NDA)

30
Mamata Banerjee

13 October 1999
15 March 2001
All India Trinamool Congress
(NDA)

(28)
Nitish Kumar

20 March 2001
22 May 2004
Janata Dal (United)
(NDA)

31
Lalu Prasad Yadav

23 May 2004
25 May 2009
Rashtriya Janata Dal
(UPA)

Manmohan Singh

(30)
Mamata Banerjee

26 May 2009
19 May 2011
All India Trinamool Congress
(UPA)

32
Dinesh Trivedi

12 July 2011
14 March 2012

33
Mukul Roy

20 March 2012
21 September 2012

34
C. P. Joshi

22 September 2012
28 October 2012
Indian National Congress
(UPA)

35
Pawan Kumar Bansal

28 October 2012
10 May 2013

(34)
C. P. Joshi

11 May 2013
16 June 2013

36
Mallikarjun Kharge

17 June 2013
25 May 2014

37
D. V. Sadananda Gowda
-
26 May 2014
9 November 2014
Bharatiya Janata Party
(NDA)

Narendra Modi

38
Suresh Prabhu

10 November 2014
3 September 2017

39
Piyush Goyal

3 September 2017
Incumbent

If the office of Minister of Railways is vacant for any length of time, it automatically comes under the charge of the Prime Minister.


document_title: Key signature

question_text: what is one flat in the key signature

question_tokens: what is one flat in the key signature

text: Key signature

text: Conventions[edit]

text: In principle, any piece can be written with any key signature, using accidentals to correct the pattern of whole and half steps. The purpose of the key signature is to minimize the number of such accidentals required to notate the music. The sequence of sharps or flats in key signatures is generally rigid in modern music notation. This allows musicians to identify the key simply by the number of sharps or flats (which is the same in any clef), rather than their position on the staff. For example, if a key signature has only one sharp, it must be an F-sharp,[3] which corresponds to a G major or an E minor key.

text: However, in 20th-century music, there are occasional exceptions to this, where a piece uses an unorthodox or synthetic scale, where a key signature may be invented to reflect this.  This may consist of a number of sharps or flats that are not the normal ones (such as a signature of just C♯ or E♭), or it may consist of one or more sharps combined with one or more flats (such as a signature containing both F♯ and B♭).  Key signatures of this kind can be found in the music of Béla Bartók, for example.

text: The effect of a key signature continues throughout a piece or movement, unless explicitly cancelled by another key signature. For example, if a five-sharp key signature is placed at the beginning of a piece, every A in the piece in any octave will be played as A sharp, unless preceded by an accidental (for instance, the A in scale 2 illustrated – the next-to-last note – is played as an A♯ even though the A♯ in the key signature (the last sharp sign) is written an octave lower).[3]

text: In a score containing more than one instrument, all the instruments are usually written with the same key signature. Exceptions include:

text:
If an instrument is a transposing instrument.
If an instrument is a percussion instrument with indeterminate pitch.
Composers usually omit the key signature for timpani parts. Besides not using a key signature, timpani parts were early on also treated often as transposing instrument parts, the pitch of the high drum being written as C and, as timpani were almost always tuned a perfect fourth apart (dominant on the low drum and tonic on the high drum), the pitch of the low drum being written as G, with the actual pitches indicated at the beginning of the part, e.g. "timpani in D–A", if they were tuned A (low drum) and D (high drum).
Composers may omit the key signature for horn and occasionally trumpet parts. This is perhaps reminiscent of the early days of brass instruments, when crooks would be added to them, in order to change the length of the tubing and allow playing in different keys.[citation needed]
On occasion, in more modern works, instruments may be notated in different keys even when they are not transposing instruments, because the music is polytonal and the different parts are actually in different keys which sound together.

text: Notational conventions[edit]

text: The convention for the notation of key signatures follows the circle of fifths. Starting from C major (or equivalently A minor) which has no sharps or flats, successively raising the key by a fifth adds a sharp, going clockwise round the circle of fifths. The new sharp is placed on the new key's leading note (seventh degree) for major keys or supertonic (second degree) for minor keys. Thus G major (E minor) has one sharp which is on the F; then D major (B minor) has two sharps on F and C and so on.

text: Similarly successively lowering the key by a fifth adds a flat, going counterclockwise around the circle of fifths. The new flat is placed on the subdominant (fourth degree) for major keys or submediant (sixth degree) for minor keys. Thus F major (D minor) has one flat which is on the B; then B♭ major (G minor) has two flats (on B and E) and so on.

text: Put another way: for key signatures with sharps, the first sharp is placed on F with subsequent sharps on C, G, D, A, E and B; for key signatures with flats, the first flat is placed on B with subsequent flats on E, A, D, G, C and F. There are thus 15 conventional key signatures, with up to seven sharps or flats and including the empty signature of C major (A minor).

text: Corollaries:

text:
Starting from a key with flats in its key signature: raising by fifths successively reduces the flats to zero at C major (A minor). Further such raising adds sharps as described above.
Starting from a key with sharps: lowering by fifths successively reduces those sharps to zero. Further such lowering adds flats as described above.
When the process of raising by a fifth (adding a sharp) produces more than five or six sharps, successive such raising generally involves changing to the enharmonic equivalent key using a flat-based signature. Typically this is at F♯ = G♭, but may also be at C♯ = D♭ or B = C♭. The same principle applies to the process of successive lowering by a fifth.

text: The relative minor is a minor third down from the major, regardless of whether it is a flat or a sharp key signature.

text: The key signatures with seven flats (♭) and seven sharps (♯) are rarely used because they have simpler enharmonic equivalents. For example, the key of C♯ major (seven sharps) is more simply represented as D♭ major (five flats). For modern practical purposes these keys are (in twelve tone equal temperament) the same, because C♯ and D♭ are enharmonically the same note. Pieces are written in these extreme sharp or flat keys, however: for example, Bach's Prelude and Fugue No. 3 from Book 1 of The Well-Tempered Clavier BWV 848 is in C♯ major. The modern musical Seussical by Flaherty and Ahrens also has several songs written in these extreme keys.

text: Key signatures can be further extended through double sharps and double flats (for example, a piece in the key of G♯ major can be expressed with a double sharp on F and six sharps on the other six pitches). As with the seven-sharp and seven-flat examples, it is rarely necessary to express music in such keys when simpler enharmonic examples can instead be used (in the case of G♯, the same passage could be expressed in A♭ with only four flats).

text: The key signature may be changed at any time in a piece, usually at the beginning of a measure, simply by notating the new signature, although if the new signature has no sharps or flats, a signature of naturals, as shown, is needed to cancel the preceding signature. If a change in signature occurs at the start of a new line on the page, where a signature would normally appear anyway, the new signature is customarily repeated at the end of the previous line to make the change more conspicuous.

text: Variants of standard conventions[edit]

text: In traditional use, when the key signature change goes from sharps to flats or vice versa, the old key signature is cancelled with the appropriate number of naturals before the new one is inserted; but many more recent publications (whether of newer music or newer editions of older music) dispense with the naturals and simply insert the new signature.

text: Similarly, when a signature with either flats or sharps in it changes to a smaller signature of the same type, strict application of tradition or convention would require that naturals first be used to cancel just those flats or sharps that are being subtracted in the new signature before the new signature itself is written; but, again, more modern usage often dispenses with these naturals.

text: When the signature changes from a smaller to a larger signature of the same type, the new signature is simply written in by itself, in both traditional and newer styles.

text: At one time it was usual to precede the new signature with a double barline (provided the change occurred between bars and not inside a bar), even if it was not required by the structure of the music to mark sections within the movement; but more recently it has increasingly become usual to use just a single barline. The courtesy signature that appears at the end of a line immediately before a change is usually preceded by an additional barline; the line at the very end of the staff is omitted in this case.

text: If both naturals and a new key signature appear at a key signature change, there are also more recently variations about where a barline will be placed (in the case where the change occurs between bars). For example, in some scores by Debussy, in this situation the barline is placed after the naturals but before the new key signature. Hitherto, it would have been more usual to place all the symbols after the barline.

text: In key signatures of five or more sharps or of seven flats, one occasionally encounters variant positions of particular symbols in the key signatures, both of them in the bass clef.

text: The A♯ which is the fifth sharp in the sharp signatures may occasionally be notated on the top line of the bass staff, whereas it is more usually found in the lowest space on that staff. An example of this can be seen in the full score of Ottorino Respighi's Pines of Rome, in the third section, "Pines of the Janiculum" (which is in B major), in the bass-clef instrumental parts.

text: In the case of seven-flat key signatures, the final F♭ may occasionally be seen on the second-top line of the bass staff, whereas it would more usually appear below the bottom line. An example of this can be seen in Isaac Albéniz's Iberia: first movement, "Evocación", which is in A♭ minor.

text: Major scale structure[edit]

text: Except for C major, key signatures appear in two varieties, "sharp key signatures" ("sharp keys") and "flat key signatures" ("flat keys"), so called because they contain only one or other.[4]

text: Scales with sharp key signatures[edit]

text: Sharp key signatures consist of a number of sharps between one and seven, applied in this order: F C G D A E B.[5][6] A mnemonic device often used to remember this is "Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle."[4][not in citation given]Schonbrun indeed offers this mnemonic, but makes no claim whatever about frequency of use, or indeed whether it had ever been used before Schonbrun concocted it for his book.--> The key note or tonic of a piece in a major key is immediately above the last sharp in the signature.[7] For example, one sharp (F♯) in the key signature of a piece in a major key indicates the key of G major, the next note above F♯. (Six sharps, the last one being E♯ (an enharmonic spelling of F♮) indicate the key of F♯ major, since F has already been sharped in the key signature.)

text:
Major key
Numberof sharps
Sharp notes
Minor key
Enharmonicequivalent

C major
0

A minor
None

G major
1
F♯
E minor
None

D major
2
F♯, C♯
B minor
None

A major
3
F♯, C♯, G♯
F♯ minor
None

E major
4
F♯, C♯, G♯, D♯
C♯ minor
None

B major
5
F♯, C♯, G♯, D♯, A♯
G♯ minor
C♭ major/A♭ minor

F♯ major
6
F♯, C♯, G♯, D♯, A♯, E♯
D♯ minor
G♭ major/E♭ minor

C♯ major
7
F♯, C♯, G♯, D♯, A♯, E♯, B♯
A♯ minor
D♭ major/B♭ minor

text: This table shows that each scale starting on the fifth scale degree of the previous scale has one new sharp, added in the order given above.[6]

text: Scales with flat key signatures[edit]

text: "Flat key signatures" consist of one to seven flats, applied as: B E A D G C F[5][6] The mnemonic device is then reversed for use in the flat keys: "Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles' Father".[4] The major scale with one flat is F major. In all other "flat major scales", the tonic or key note of a piece in a major key is four notes below the last flat, which is the same as the second-to-last flat in the signature.[7] In the major key with four flats (B♭ E♭ A♭ D♭), for example, the penultimate flat is A♭, indicating a key of A♭ major.

text:
Major key
Numberof flats
Flat notes
Minor key
Enharmonicequivalent

C major
0

A minor
None

F major
1
B♭
D minor
None

B♭ major
2
B♭, E♭
G minor
None

E♭ major
3
B♭, E♭, A♭
C minor
None

A♭ major
4
B♭, E♭, A♭, D♭
F minor
None

D♭ major
5
B♭, E♭, A♭, D♭, G♭
B♭ minor
C♯ major/A♯ minor

G♭ major
6
B♭, E♭, A♭, D♭, G♭, C♭
E♭ minor
F♯ major/D♯ minor

C♭ major
7
B♭, E♭, A♭, D♭, G♭, C♭, F♭
A♭ minor
B major/G♯ minor

text: In this case each new scale starts a fifth below (or a fourth above) the previous one.

text: Relationship between key signature and key[edit]

text: A key signature is not the same as a key; key signatures are merely notational devices. They are convenient principally for diatonic or tonal music.

text: The key signature defines the diatonic scale that a piece of music uses without the need for accidentals. Most scales require that some notes be consistently sharped or flatted. For example, the only sharp in the G major scale is F sharp, so the key signature associated with the G major key is the one-sharp key signature. However, it is only a notational convenience; a piece with a one-sharp key signature is not necessarily in the key of G major, and likewise, a piece in G major may not always be written with a one-sharp key signature; this is particularly true in pre-Baroque music, when the concept of key had not yet evolved to its present state.

text: In any case, more extensive pieces often change key (modulate) during contrasting sections, and only sometimes is this change indicated with a change of key signature; if not, the passage in the second key will not have a matching key signature.

text: The Toccata and Fugue in D minor, BWV 538 by Bach has no key signature, leading it to be called the Dorian, but it is still in D minor; the B♭s that occur in the piece are written with accidentals.

text: Additional terminology[edit]

text: Keys which are associated with the same key signature are called relative keys.

text: When musical modes, such as Lydian or Dorian, are written using key signatures, they are called transposed modes.

text: Exceptions[edit]

text: Exceptions to common-practice-period use may be found in Klezmer scales, such as Freygish (Phrygian). In the 20th century, composers such as Bartók and Rzewski (see below) began experimenting with unusual key signatures that departed from the standard order.

text:
Because of the limitations of the traditional highland bagpipe scale, key signatures are often omitted from written pipe music, which otherwise would be written with two sharps, the usual
F♯ and C♯.[8] (In this case the pipes are incapable of playing F♮ and C♮ so it is not necessary to specify the sharps.)

text: Unusual signatures[edit]

text: The above 15 key signatures only express diatonic scales and are therefore sometimes called standard key signatures. Other scales are written either with a standard key signature and use accidentals as required, or with a nonstandard key signature. Examples of the latter include the E♭ (right hand), and F♭ and G♭ (left hand) used for the E♭ diminished (E♭ octatonic) scale in Bartók's Crossed Hands (no. 99, vol. 4, Mikrokosmos), or the B♭, E♭ and F♯ used for the D Phrygian dominant scale in Frederic Rzewski's God to a Hungry Child.

text: The absence of a key signature does not always mean that the music is in the key of C major / A minor as each accidental may be notated explicitly as required, or the piece may be modal or atonal. An example is Bartók's Piano Sonata, which has no fixed key and is highly chromatic.

text: If not bound by common practice conventions, microtones can also be notated in a key signature; which microtonal symbols are used depends on the system.

text: The common practice period conventions are so firmly established that some musical notation programs have been unable to show nonstandard key signatures until recently.[9]

text: History[edit]

text: The use of a one-flat signature developed in the Medieval period, but signatures with more than one flat did not appear until the 16th century, and signatures with sharps not until the mid-17th century.[10]

text: When signatures with multiple flats first came in, the order of the flats was not standardized, and often a flat appeared in two different octaves, as shown at right. In the late 15th and early 16th centuries, it was common for different voice parts in the same composition to have different signatures, a situation called a partial signature or conflicting signature. This was actually more common than complete signatures in the 15th century.[11] The 16th-century motet Absolon fili mi attributed to Josquin des Prez features two voice parts with two flats, one part with three flats, and one part with four flats.

text: Baroque music written in minor keys often was written with a key signature with fewer flats than we now associate with their keys; for example, movements in C minor often had only two flats (because the A♭ would frequently have to be sharpened to A♮ in the ascending melodic minor scale, as would the B♭).

text: Table[edit]

text:
Key signature

Major key

Minor key

no sharps or flats

C major

A minor

Key signature

Added ♯

Major key

Minor key

Key signature

Added ♭

Major key

Minor key

1 sharp

F♯

G major

E minor

1 flat

B♭

F major

D minor

2 sharps

C♯

D major

B minor

2 flats

E♭

B♭ major

G minor

3 sharps

G♯

A major

F♯ minor

3 flats

A♭

E♭ major

C minor

4 sharps

D♯

E major

C♯ minor

4 flats

D♭

A♭ major

F minor

5 sharps

A♯

B major

G♯ minor

5 flats

G♭

D♭ major

B♭ minor

6 sharps

E♯

F♯ major

D♯ minor

6 flats

C♭

G♭ major

E♭ minor

7 sharps

B♯

C♯ major

A♯ minor

7 flats

F♭

C♭ major

A♭ minor


document_title: Government of Assam

question_text: who is the deputy chief minister of assam

text: Government of Assam

text:
Government of Assam

Seat of Government
Dispur

Executive

Governor
Jagdish Mukhi[1]

Chief Minister
Sarbananda Sonowal[2]

Legislature

Assembly

Assam Legislative Assembly

Speaker
Hitendra Nath Goswami [3]

Deputy Speaker
Dilip Kumar Paul [4]

Members in Assembly
126

Judiciary

High Court
Gauhati High Court

Chief Justice
Shri Ajit Singh

text: The Government of Assam is the provincial governing authority of Assam, a state of India. It consists of the Governor nominated by the Government of India as the head of the state, currently Jagdish Mukhi.[1] The head of government is the Chief Minister, currently Sarbananda Sonowal,[2] who is the leader of the group that commands a majority in the 126-membered unicameral Assam Legislative Assembly. The Assam Assembly is elected by universal adult suffrage for a period of five years. The Chief Minister is assisted by a Council of Ministers that he nominates, the size of which is restricted.

text: In 2016, the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance won a majority of seats in the legislature, with 86 seats, followed by Congress with 26 seats and AIUDF with 13.

text: Ministers[edit]

text: Ministers sworn on 24 May 2016:[5]

text:
Minister
Ministry
Constituency
District
Party

1
Sarbananda Sonowal
Chief Minister of Assam, GAD, SAD, Personnel, Administrative Reform and Training ( Assam Administrative Staff College ) , Border Area Development, Social Welfare, I&PR, Revenue, Disaster management, Power, Implementation of Assam Accord
Majuli
Jorhat
BJP

2
Himanta Biswa Sarma
Finance, Planning and Development, Health and Family Welfare, Education department
Jalukbari
Kamrup Metropolitan
BJP

3
Atul Bora
Agriculture, Horticulture and Food Processing, Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Urban Development, Town and Country Planning
Bokakhat
Golaghat
AGP

4
Pramila Rani Brahma
Environment and Forests, Soil Conservation and Mines and Mineral departments
Kokrajhar East
Kokrajhar
BPF

5
Ranjit Dutta
Irrigation, Handloom and Textiles
Behali
Sonitpur
BJP

6
Parimal Suklabaidya
PWD, Fisheries and Excise
Dholai
Cachar
BJP

7
Keshab Mahanta
Water resource, Science and Technology, Information & Technology Departments
Kaliabor
Nagaon
AGP

8
Pallab Lochan Das
Labour and Employment and Tea Tribes Welfare
Rangapara
Lakhimpur
BJP

9
Chandra Mohan Patowary
Commerce and Industry, Transport and Parliamentary Affairs
Dharmapur
Nalbari
BJP

10
Rihon Daimary
Public Health Engineering, Food and Civil Supply and Consumer Affairs
Udalguri
Udalguri
BPF

11
Naba Kumar Doley
MoS(I/C) Panchayati Raj and Rural Development, Youth Welfare and Cultural Affairs
Dhakuakhana
Lakhimpur
BJP


document_title: Timeline of HIV/AIDS

question_text: when was the first documented case of aids in the united states

text: Timeline of HIV/AIDS

text: Researchers estimate that some time in the early 1900s a form of simian immunodeficiency virus, SIV, was transmitted to humans in central Africa.[1] This particular virus, group M of HIV-1, went on to become the pandemic strain of HIV, though others have been identified.[2]

text: Scientists estimate that HIV was circulating in Kinshasa by the 1920s.[1]

text:
The first known case of HIV in a human occurs in a man who died in the Congo, later (from his preserved blood samples) confirmed as having HIV infection.[3][4] The authors of the study did not sequence a full virus from his samples, writing that "attempts to amplify HIV-1 fragments of >300 base pairs (bp) were unsuccessful ... However, after numerous attempts, four shorter sequences were obtained"; these represented small portions of two of the six genes of the complete HIV genome.[4]
June 28, in New York City, Ardouin Antonio, a 49-year-old Jamaican-American shipping clerk dies of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, a disease closely associated with AIDS. Gordon Hennigar, who performed the postmortem examination of the man's body, found "the first reported instance of unassociated Pneumocystis carinii disease in an adult" to be so unusual that he preserved Ardouin's lungs for later study. The case was published in two medical journals at the time,[5][6] and Hennigar has been quoted in numerous publications saying that he believes Ardouin probably had AIDS.[7][8][9][10]

text: HIV-2, a viral variant found in West Africa, is thought to have transferred to people from sooty mangabey monkeys in Guinea-Bissau.[11][medical citation needed]

text: Jerome Horwitz of Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute and Wayne State University School of Medicine synthesize AZT under a grant from the US National Institutes of Health (NIH). AZT was originally intended as an anticancer drug.

text: Genetic studies of the virus indicate that, in or about 1966, HIV first arrived in the Americas, infecting one person in Haiti. At this time, many Haitians were working in Congo, providing the opportunity for infection.[12][medical citation needed]

text: A 2003 analysis of HIV types found in the United States, compared to known mutation rates, suggests that the virus may have first arrived in the United States in this year.[11] The disease spread from the 1966 American strain, but remained unrecognized for another 12 years.[12][medical citation needed] This is, however, contradicted by the estimated area of time of initial infection of Robert Rayford who was most likely infected around 1959.

text: A St. Louis teenager, identified as Robert Rayford, dies of an illness that baffles his doctors. Eighteen years later, molecular biologists at Tulane University in New Orleans test samples of his remains and find evidence of HIV.[13]

text:
The first reports of wasting and other symptoms, later determined to be AIDS, are reported in residents of Africa.[14][medical citation needed]
The daughter of Arvid Noe dies in January 1975.

text: Norwegian sailor Arvid Noe dies; it is later determined that he contracted HIV/AIDS in Africa during the early 1960s.

text:
Danish physician Grethe Rask dies of AIDS contracted in Africa.
A San Francisco prostitute gives birth to the first of three children who were later diagnosed with AIDS. The children's blood was tested after their deaths and revealed an HIV infection. The mother died of AIDS in May 1987. Test results show she was infected no later than 1977.[15][medical citation needed]

text:
A Portuguese man known as Senhor José (English: Mr. Joseph) dies; he will later be confirmed as the first known infection of HIV-2. It is believed that he was exposed to the disease in Guinea-Bissau in 1966.[citation needed]
A 34-year-old airline secretary who was treated in Brussels since autumn 1977, dies in Kinshasa in early 1978.[16]

text:
An early case of AIDS in the United States was of a female baby born in New Jersey in 1973 or 1974. She was born to a sixteen-year-old girl, an identified drug-injector, who had previously had multiple male sexual partners. The baby died in 1979 at the age of five. Subsequent testing on her stored tissues confirmed that she had contracted HIV-1.[17][18][unreliable medical source?]
Herbert Heinrich: Bisexual German concert violinist who died in 1979. Tests in 1989 found that he was HIV-positive, and there has been speculation that he was infected by a prostitute who was infected by Røed, but as of 1997, this had not been proven.[19]
A thirty-year-old woman from the Dominican Republic dies at Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York City from CMV infection.

text:
April 24, San Francisco resident Ken Horne, the first AIDS case in the United States to be recognized at the time, is reported to the Center for Disease Control with Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). He was also suffering from Cryptococcus.[19][medical citation needed]
A 36-year-old Danish gay male passes away in the Rigshospitalet in Copenhagen from Pneumocystis pneumonia.[20]
October 31, French-Canadian flight attendant Gaëtan Dugas pays his first known visit to New York City bathhouses. He would later be incorrectly deemed "Patient Zero" for his supposed connection to many early cases of AIDS in the United States.[21][medical citation needed]
December 23, Rick Wellikoff, a Brooklyn schoolteacher, dies of AIDS in New York City. He is the 4th US citizen known to die from the illness.[22]
A Zairian woman and a French woman die in late 1980 of Pneumocystis Pneumonia in the Claude Bernard Hospital in Paris.[23]

text:
January 15, Nick Rock becomes the first known AIDS death in New York City.[21][medical citation needed][dubious – discuss]
May 18, Lawrence Mass becomes the first journalist in the world to write about the epidemic, in the New York Native, a gay newspaper. A gay tipster overheard his physician mention that some gay men were being treated in intensive-care units in New York City for a strange pneumonia. "Disease Rumors Largely Unfounded" was the headline of Mass's article. Mass repeated a New York City public-health official's claims that there was no wave of disease sweeping through the gay community. At this point, however, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) had been gathering information for about a month on the outbreak that Mass's source dismissed.[citation needed]
June 5, The CDC reports a cluster of Pneumocystis pneumonia in five gay men in Los Angeles.[24]
July 3, An article in The New York Times carries the headline: "Rare Cancer Seen in 41 Homosexuals". The article describes cases of Kaposi's sarcoma found in forty-one gay men in New York City and San Francisco.[25]
July 4, The CDC reports clusters of Kaposi's sarcoma and Pneumocystis pneumonia among gay men in California and New York City.[26]
September, "AIDS poster boy" Bobbi Campbell becomes the 16th person in San Francisco diagnosed with Kaposi's sarcoma.[27]
October, first reported case in Spain, a 35-year-old gay man[28]. Died shortly after.
December 12, First known case reported in the United Kingdom.[29]
One of the first reported patients to have died of AIDS (presumptive diagnosis) in the US is reported in the journal Gastroentereology. Louis Weinstein, the treating physician, wrote that "Immunologic incompetence, related to either disease or therapy, or both ... although suspected, could not be proved..."[30]
By the end of the year, 121 people are known to have died from the disease.[11][medical citation needed]

text:
January, the service organization Gay Men's Health Crisis is founded by Larry Kramer and others in New York City.
April 12, Golden Globe-nominated film actor Lenny Baker succumbs to AIDS-related cancer at the age of 37. Baker had been gravely ill and in the final stage of the disease since 1980.[31]
June 18, "Exposure to some substance (rather than an infectious agent) may eventually lead to immunodeficiency among a subset of the homosexual male population that shares a particular style of life."[32] For example, Marmor et al. recently reported that exposure to amyl nitrite was associated with an increased risk of KS in New York City.[33] Exposure to inhalant sexual stimulants, central-nervous-system stimulants, and a variety of other "street" drugs was common among males belonging to the cluster of cases of KS and PCP in Los Angeles and Orange counties."[32]
July 4, Terry Higgins becomes one of the first people to die of AIDS-related illnesses in the United Kingdom, prompting the foundation in November of what was to become the Terrence Higgins Trust.[34]
July 9, The CDC reports a cluster of opportunistic infections (OI) and Kaposi's sarcoma among Haitians recently entering the United States.[1]
July 27, The term AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) is proposed at a meeting in Washington of gay-community leaders, federal bureaucrats and the CDC to replace GRID (gay-related immune deficiency) as evidence showed it was not gay specific.[35]
Summer, First known case in Italy.[36]
September 24, The CDC defines a case of AIDS as a disease, at least moderately predictive of a defect in cell-mediated immunity, occurring in a person with no known cause for diminished resistance to that disease. Such diseases include KS, PCP, and serious OI. Diagnoses are considered to fit the case definition only if based on sufficiently reliable methods (generally histology or culture). Some patients who are considered AIDS cases on the basis of diseases only moderately predictive of cellular immunodeficiency may not actually be immunodeficient and may not be part of the current epidemic.[37]
December 10, a baby in California becomes ill in the first known case of contracting AIDS from a blood transfusion.[21][medical citation needed]
First known case in Brazil.[38]
First known case in Canada.[39]
First known case in Australia, diagnosed at St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney.[40]

text:
January, Françoise Barré-Sinoussi, at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, isolates a retrovirus that kills T-cells from the lymph system of a gay AIDS patient. In the following months, she would find it in additional gay and hemophiliac sufferers. This retrovirus would be called by several names, including LAV and HTLV-III before being named HIV in 1986.[41]
CDC National AIDS Hotline is established.
March, United States Public Health Service (PHS or USPHS) issues donor screening guidelines. AIDS high-risk groups should not donate blood/plasma products.
First known case in Colombia A female sexual worker from Cali was diagnosed with HIV in the Hospital Universitario de Cartagena[42]
First AIDS-related death occurs in Australia, in the city of Melbourne. The Hawke Labor government invests in a significant campaign that has been credited with ensuring Australia has one of the lowest HIV infection rates in the world.
AIDS is diagnosed in Mexico for the first time. HIV can be traced in the country to 1981.[43]
The PCR (polymerase chain reaction) technique is developed by Kary Mullis; it is widely used in AIDS research.
Within a few days of each other, the musicians Jobriath and Klaus Nomi become the first internationally known recording artists to die from AIDS-related illnesses.
First known case in Portugal.[44]

text:
Around January, the first case of HIV infection in the Philippines was reported.[45]
March 30, Gaëtan Dugas dies. He was a French Canadian flight attendant who was falsely linked by the CDC directly or indirectly to 40 of the first 248 reported cases of AIDS in the U.S.[citation needed]
April 23, U.S. Health and Human Services Secretary Margaret Heckler announces at a press conference that an American scientist, Robert Gallo, has discovered the probable cause of AIDS: the retrovirus is subsequently named human immunodeficiency virus or HIV in 1986. She also declares that a vaccine will be available within two years.
June 25, French philosopher Michel Foucault dies of AIDS in Paris.
September 6, First performance at Theatre Rhinoceros in San Francisco of The AIDS Show which runs for two years and is the subject of a 1986 documentary film of the same name.
December 17, Ryan White was diagnosed with AIDS by a doctor performing a partial lung removal. White became infected with HIV from a blood products that were administered to him on a regular basis as part of his treatment for hemophilia. When the public school that he attended, Western Middle School in Russiaville, Indiana, learned of his disease in 1985 there was enormous pressure from parents and faculty to bar him from school premises. Due to the widespread fear of AIDS and lack of medical knowledge, principal Ron Colby and the school board assented. His family filed a lawsuit, seeking to overturn the ban.

text:
March 2, the FDA approves an ELISA test as the first commercially available test for detecting HIV in blood.[46][47] It detects antibodies which the body makes in response to exposure to HIV and is first intended for use on all donated blood and plasma intended for transfusion and product manufacture.[46]
April 21, the play The Normal Heart by Larry Kramer premieres in New York City.
October 2, Rock Hudson dies of AIDS. On July 25, 1985, he was the first American celebrity to publicly admit having AIDS; he had been diagnosed with it on June 5, 1984.
October 12, Ricky Wilson, guitarist of American rock band The B-52's dies from an AIDS related illness. The album Bouncing Off The Satellites, which he was working on when he died, is dedicated to him when it is released the next year. The band is devastated by the loss and do not tour or promote the album. Wilson is eventually replaced on guitar by his former writing partner Keith Strickland, the B52's former drummer.
October, a conference of public health officials including representatives of the Centers for Disease Control and World Health Organization meet in Bangui and define AIDS in Africa as "prolonged fevers for a month or more, weight loss of over 10% and prolonged diarrhea".
First officially reported cases in China.[48]
November 11, An Early Frost, the first film to cover the topic of HIV/AIDS is broadcast in the U.S. on prime time TV by NBC.

text:
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is adopted as name of the retrovirus that was first proposed as the cause of AIDS by Luc Montagnier of France, who named it LAV (lymphadenopathy associated virus) and Robert Gallo of the United States, who named it HTLV-III (human T-lymphotropic virus type III)
January 14, "one million Americans have already been infected with the virus and that this number will jump to at least 2 million or 3 million within 5 to 10 years..." – NIAID Director Anthony Fauci, New York Times.[49]
February, President Reagan instructs his Surgeon General C. Everett Koop to prepare a report on AIDS. (Koop was excluded from the Executive Task Force on AIDS established in 1983 by his immediate superior, Assistant Secretary of Health Edward Brandt.) Without allowing Reagan's domestic policy advisers to review the report, Koop released the report at a press conference on October 22, 1986.[50][51]
Attorney Geoffrey Bowers is fired from the firm of Baker & McKenzie after AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma lesions appeared on his face. The firm maintained that he was fired purely for his performance.[52] He sued the firm, in one of the first AIDS discrimination cases to go to a public hearing. These events were the inspiration for the 1993 film Philadelphia.[53]
November 18, model Gia Carangi dies of AIDS-related illness.
First officially known cases in the Soviet Union[54][medical citation needed]and India.[55]

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AZT (zidovudine), the first antiretroviral drug, becomes available to treat HIV.[11]
On February 4, popular performing musician Liberace dies from AIDS related illness.
In April the FDA approves a Western blot test as a more precise test for the presence of HIV antibodies than the ELISA test.[46]'
In March, the direct action advocacy group ACT UP is founded by Larry Kramer in New York City.
On May 28, playwright and performer Charles Ludlam dies of AIDS-related PCP pneumonia.
On July 11, Tom Waddell, founder of the Gay Games, dies of AIDS.
Randy Shilts's investigative journalism book And the Band Played On published chronicling the 1980–1985 discovery and spread of HIV/AIDS, government indifference, and political infighting in the United States to what was initially perceived as a gay disease. (Shilts himself would die of the disease on February 17, 1994.)
On August 18 the FDA sanctioned the first clinical trial to test an HIV vaccine candidate in a research participant.[46]

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May, C. Everett Koop sends an eight-page, condensed version of his Surgeon General's Report on Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome report named Understanding AIDS to all 107,000,000 households in the United States, becoming the first federal authority to provide explicit advice to US citizens on how to protect themselves from AIDS.[50][56]
November 11, The fact-based AIDS-themed film Go Toward The Light is broadcast on CBS.
December 1, The first World AIDS Day takes place.
In Buenos Aires, Argentina, the rock musicians Miguel Abuelo (March 26) and Federico Moura (December 21), die from AIDS-related complications.

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The television movie The Ryan White Story airs. It stars Judith Light as Jeanne, Lukas Haas as Ryan and Nikki Cox as sister Andrea. Ryan White had a small cameo appearance as Chad, a young patient with AIDS. Another AIDS-themed film, The Littlest Victims, debuted in 1989, biopicing James Oleske, the first U.S. physician to discover AIDS in newborns during AIDS' early years, when many thought it was only spread through homosexual sex.
NASCAR driver Tim Richmond dies from AIDS-related complications.
Amanda Blake best known for her portrayal of saloon owner Miss Kitty on the television show Gunsmoke becomes the first actress of note in the United States to die of AIDS-related illness. Cause of death was Cardiac Arrest stemming from CMV Hepatitis, an AIDS-related hepatitis.

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January 6, British actor Ian Charleson dies from AIDS at the age of 40 — the first show-business death in the United Kingdom openly attributed to complications from AIDS.
February 16, New York artist and social activist Keith Haring dies from AIDS-related illness.
April 8, Ryan White dies at the age of 18 from pneumonia caused by complications associated with AIDS.
Congress enacted The Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency (CARE) Act or Ryan White Care Act, the United States' largest federally funded health related program (excluding Medicaid and Medicare).
July 7, Brazilian singer Cazuza dies in Rio de Janeiro at the age of 32 from an AIDS-related illness.
November 9, American singer-songwriter Tom Fogerty, rhythm guitarist of Creedence Clearwater Revival and older brother of John Fogerty, dies in Berkeley, California of AIDS-related tuberculosis.

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May, the play Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes by Tony Kushner premieres in San Francisco.
November 7, NBA star Magic Johnson publicly announces that he is HIV-positive.
November 24, A little over 24 hours after issuing a statement confirming that he had been tested HIV positive and had AIDS, Freddie Mercury (singer of the British band Queen) dies at the age of 45. The official cause of death is bronchial pneumonia resulting from AIDS.

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The first combination drug therapies for HIV are introduced. Such "cocktails" are more effective than AZT alone and slow down the development of drug resistance.[11]
April 6, popular science fiction writer Isaac Asimov dies. Ten years later, his wife revealed that his death was due to AIDS-related complications. The writer was infected during a blood transfusion in 1983.[57]
June 18, Australian singer Peter Allen dies from complications due to AIDS.
July 20–24, Maria Dolzura Cortez becomes the first Filipino AIDS victim to come out in public to tell about her life and how she acquired the AIDS virus. She died a few months later due to complications related to AIDS.[58]
September 12, American actor Anthony Perkins, known for his role as Norman Bates in the Psycho movies, dies from AIDS.
At the Royal Free Hospital in London, an out-patients' centre for HIV and AIDS is opened by Ian McKellen. It is named the Ian Charleson Day Centre after actor Ian Charleson.
Robert Reed, best known as Mike Brady on the sitcom The Brady Bunch dies of AIDS on May 12.

text: Tennis star Arthur Ashe dies from AIDS-related complications[59]

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Elizabeth Glaser, wife of Starsky & Hutch's Paul Michael Glaser, dies from AIDS-related complications almost ten years after receiving an infected blood transfusion while giving birth. She unknowingly passes AIDS on to her daughter, Ariel, and son, Jake. Ariel died in 1988, Jake is living with HIV, while Paul Michael remains negative.
Sarah Jane Salazar, a 19-year-old Filipino AIDS activist and educator, publicly admits she contracted HIV from a foreign customer while working as a club entertainer in the early 90's. She was the second Filipino to do so.[60][61] The first was Dolzura Cortez.

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Saquinavir, a new type of protease inhibitor drug, becomes available to treat HIV. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) becomes possible.[11] Within two years, death rates due to AIDS will have plummeted in the developed world.
March 26, Rapper Eazy-E dies from AIDS-related pneumonia.
April 4, British DJ and entertainer Kenny Everett dies from AIDS.
Oakland resident Jeff Getty becomes the first person to receive a bone marrow transplant from a Baboon as an experimental procedure to treat his HIV infection. The graft did not take, but Getty experienced some reduction in symptoms, before dying of heart failure after cancer treatment, in 2006.[62]

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Robert Gallo's discovery that some natural compounds known as chemokines can block HIV and halt the progression of AIDS is hailed by Science as one of that year's most important scientific breakthroughs.
HIV resistance due to the CCR5-Δ32 discovered. CCR5-Δ32 (or CCR5-D32 or CCR5 delta 32) is an allele of CCR5.[63][64]

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September 2, The Washington Post carries an article stating, "The most recent estimate of the number of Americans infected (with HIV), 750,000, is only half the total that government officials used to cite over a decade ago, at a time when experts believed that as many as 1.5 million people carried the virus."[citation needed]
Based on the Bangui definition the WHO's cumulative number of reported AIDS cases from 1980 through 1997 for all of Africa is 620,000.[65] For comparison, the cumulative total of AIDS cases in the USA through 1997 is 641,087.
December 7, "French President Jacques Chirac addressed Africa's top AIDS conference on Sunday and called on the world's richest nations to create an AIDS therapy support fund to help Africa. According to Chirac, Africa struggles to care for two-thirds of the world's persons with AIDS without the benefit of expensive AIDS therapies. Chirac invited other countries, especially European nations, to create a fund that would help increase the number of AIDS studies and experiments. AIDS workers welcomed Chirac's speech and said they hoped France would promote the idea to the Group of Eight summit of the world's richest nations."[66]

text: December 10, International Human Rights Day, Treatment Action Campaign (TAC) is launched to campaign for greater access to HIV treatment for all South Africans, by raising public awareness and understanding about issues surrounding the availability, affordability and use of HIV treatments. TAC campaigns against the view that AIDS is a death sentence.

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January 31, Studies suggest that a retrovirus, SIVcpz (simian immunodeficiency virus) from the common chimpanzee Pan troglodytes, may have passed to human populations in west equatorial Africa during the twentieth century and developed into various types of HIV.[67][68]
Edward Hooper releases a book called The River, which accuses doctors who developed and administered the oral polio vaccine in 1950s Africa of unintentionally starting the AIDS epidemic. The OPV AIDS hypothesis receives a great deal of publicity.[11] It was later refuted by studies demonstrating the origins of HIV as a mutated variant of a simian immunodeficiency virus that is lethal to humans.[69][70][71][72][73] Hooper's hypothesis should not be confused with the Heart of Darkness origin theory.

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World Health Organization estimates between 15% and 20% of new HIV infections worldwide are the result of blood transfusions, where the donors were not screened or inadequately screened for HIV.[citation needed]
February 23, Israeli singer Ofra Haza died in Tel Aviv of AIDS-related pneumonia.
June 11, Sarah Jane Salazar died at the age of 25 from AIDS complications. Before her death, Salazar was confined at the National Center for Mental Health after being diagnosed with manic depression which doctors said may have been related to anti-AIDS drugs she was taking.[74]

text: September 21, FDA licenses the first nucleic acid test (NAT) systems intended for screening of blood and plasma donations.

text: ·President George W Bush initiates the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief. By the time he leaves office it provides medicine for 2 million Africans.[75]

text: January 5, "Individual risk of acquiring HIV and experiencing rapid disease progression is not uniform within populations", says Anthony S. Fauci, the director of NIAID.[76] [2]

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January 21, The CDC recommends anti-retroviral post-exposure prophylaxis for people exposed to HIV from rapes, accidents or occasional unsafe sex or drug use. This treatment should start no more than 72 hours after a person has been exposed to the virus, and the drugs should be used by patients for 28 days. This emergency drug treatment has been recommended since 1996 for health-care workers accidentally stuck with a needle, splashed in their eyes with blood, or exposed in some other work-related way.[77]
A highly resistant strain of HIV linked to rapid progression to AIDS is identified in New York City.[11][medical citation needed]
In August, IFLA/FAIFE (International Federation of Library Associations/Free Access to Information and Freedom of Expression Committee) launches its world report, highlighting that library and information workers are making efforts to raise awareness of HIV and AIDS in the United States. This type of library service has yet to be initiated in other parts of the world.[78]

text: November 9, SIV found in gorillas.[79]

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The first case of someone being cured of HIV is reported. A San Francisco man, Timothy Ray Brown, suffering from leukemia and HIV, is cured of HIV through a bone marrow transplant in Germany from a homozygous CCR5-Δ32 donor. Other similar cases are being studied to confirm similar results.[citation needed]
Maraviroc, the first available CCR5 receptor antagonist, is approved by the FDA as an antiviral drug for the treatment of AIDS.

text: Confirmation is published that the first patient cured of HIV, Timothy Ray Brown, still has a negative HIV status, 4 years after treatment.[80][medical citation needed]

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Confirmation is published that a toddler has been "functionally cured" of HIV infection.[81] However, in 2014, it was announced that the child had relapsed and that the virus had re-appeared.[82]
A New York Times Article says that 12 people of 75 who began combination antiretroviral therapy soon after becoming infected may have been "functionally cured" of HIV according to a French study. A functionally cured person will not experience an increase of the virus in the bloodstream despite stopping antiretroviral therapy, and therefore not progress to AIDS.[83][84]

text: Former International AIDS Society president Joep Lange and other HIV/AIDS researchers were killed in the MH17 plane crash in July.[85]

text: New, aggressive strain of HIV discovered in Cuba[86] Researchers at the University of Leuven in Belgium say the HIV strain CRF19 can progress to AIDS within two to three years of exposure to virus. Typically, HIV takes approximately 10 years to develop into AIDS. Patients with CRF19 may start getting sick before they even know they've been infected, which ultimately means there's a significantly shorter time span to stop the disease's progression.