document_title: List of school districts in California

question_text: how many elementary schools are there in california

text: List of school districts in California

text: This is a list of school districts in California. California's public education system is huge (2007–2008): 6,275,469 students and 295,222 teachers in 9,846 schools, which are governed by 1,050 school boards and regulated by a complex Education Code.[1] California schools vary in their grade-level configuration. Most elementary schools encompass K–5 or K–6, middle schools 6–8, junior high 7–8 or 7–9, and high schools 9–12. K–8 schools are becoming more popular again, even in larger districts.

text: California school districts are of several varieties, usually a Unified district, which includes all of the Elementary and High Schools in the same geographic area; Elementary school districts, which includes K–6 or K–8 schools only, which may have several elementary districts within one high school district's geographic area; and High School Districts, which include one or more high schools in the same geographic area. Elementary districts sometimes includes the word Elementary within their names, but often do not. Sometimes the words Joint and/or Union are included in the district's name.  A joint school district serves students from more than one county.  A union elementary school district was formed as the result of a merger between two previous school districts, while a union high school district serves students from multiple elementary school districts.

text: The typical district grade configurations in California are elementary (K–8), high (9–12), and unified (K–12), but there are some K–6 elementary districts and a handful of 7–12 high school districts. Districts sometimes merge or consolidate; the number of districts can change annually.[1]

text: In California there are 560 Elementary districts, 87 High School districts, 330 Unified districts. There are also 58 County Offices of Education, the California Education Authority School District (under the California Division of Juvenile Justice[2]), 6 State Special Schools, and 8 State Board of Education charter schools, now classified as a "school district" since 2004–05.[3]

text: Most of these are listed here,[4] by their public name which they call themselves on their District websites.[5]

text: School district list[edit]

text:
Top
0–9
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z

text: A[edit]

text:
ABC Unified School District
Acalanes Union High School District
Ackerman Charter School District
Acton-Agua Dulce Unified School District
Adelanto School District
Alameda Unified School District
Alameda County Office of Education
Albany Unified School District
Alexander Valley Union School District
Alhambra Unified School District
Alisal Union School District
Allensworth Elementary School District
Alpaugh Unified School District
Alpine County Office of Education
Alpine County Unified School District
Alpine Union School District
Alta Loma School District
Alta Vista Elementary School District
Alta-Dutch Flat School District
Alum Rock Union School District
Alview-Dairyland Union School District
Alvina Elementary School District
Alvord Unified School District
Amador County Office of Education
Amador County Unified School District
American Union School District
Anaheim City School District
Anaheim Union High School District
Anderson Union High School District
Anderson Valley Unified School District
Antelope School District
Antelope Valley Union High School District
Antioch Unified School District
Apple Valley Unified School District
Arcadia Unified School District
Arcata School District
Arcohe Union School District
Arena Union Elementary School District
Armona Union Elementary School District
Aromas-San Juan Unified School District
Arvin Union School District
Atascadero Unified School District
Atwater Elementary School District
Auburn Union School District
Azusa Unified School District

text: B[edit]

text:
Baker Valley Unified School District
Bakersfield City School District
Baldwin Park Unified School District
Ballard Elementary School District
Ballico-Cressey Elementary School District
Bangor Union Elementary School District
Banning Unified School District
Banta Elementary School District
Barstow Unified School District
Bass Lake Joint Union Elementary School District
Bassett Unified School District
Bayshore Elementary School District
Bear Valley Unified School District
Beardsley School District
Beaumont Unified School District
Bella Vista Elementary School District
Belleview Elementary School District
Bellevue Union Elementary School District
Bellflower Unified School District
Belmont – Redwood Shores School District
Belridge School District
Bend School District
Benicia Unified School District
Bennett Valley Union School District
Berkeley Unified School District
Berryessa Union School District
Beverly Hills Unified School District
Big Creek Elementary School District
Big Lagoon School District
Big Oak Flat-Groveland Unified School District
Big Pine Unified School District
Big Springs Union Elementary School District
Big Sur Unified School District
Big Valley Joint Unified School District
Biggs Unified School District
Bishop Joint Union High School District
Bishop Union Elementary School District
Bitterwater-Tully Union School District
Black Butte Union Elementary School District
Black Oak Mine Unified School District
Blake School District
Blochman Union School District
Blue Lake Union School District
Bogus Elementary School District
Bolinas-Stinson Union School District
Bonita Unified School District
Bonny Doon Union Elementary School District
Bonsall Union School District
Borrego Springs Unified School District
Bradley Union School District
Brawley Elementary School District
Brawley Union High School District
Brea Olinda Unified School District
Brentwood Union School District
Bret Harte Union High School District
Bridgeville Elementary School District
Briggs School District
Brisbane School District
Brittan School District
Browns Elementary School District
Buckeye Union School District
Buellton Union School District
Buena Park School District
Buena Vista School District (California)
Burbank Unified School District
Burlingame School District
Burnt Ranch School District
Burrel Union Elementary School District
Burton School District
Butte County Office of Education
Butte Valley Unified School District
Butteville Union Elementary School District
Buttonwillow Union School District
Byron Union School District

text: C[edit]

text:
Cabrillo Unified School District
Cajon Valley Union School District
Calaveras County Office of Education
Calaveras Unified School District
Calexico Unified School District
Caliente Union School District
Calipatria Unified School District
Calistoga Joint Unified School District
Cambrian School District
Camino Union School District
Campbell Union Elementary School District
Campbell Union High School District
Camptonville School District
Canyon Elementary School District
Capay Elementary School District
Capistrano Unified School District
Cardiff Elementary School District
Carlsbad Unified School District
Carmel Unified School District
Carpinteria Unified School District
Caruthers Unified School District
Cascade Union Elementary School District
Casmalia School District
Castaic Union School District
Castle Rock Union Elementary School District
Castro Valley Unified School District
Cayucos Elementary School District
Center Joint Unified School District
Centinela Valley Union High School District
Central School District
Central Unified School District
Central Union School District
Central Union High School District
Centralia School District
Ceres Unified School District
Chaffey Joint Union High School District
Charter Oak Unified School District
Chatom Union School District
Chawanakee Unified School District
Chicago Park School District
Chico Unified School District
Chinese Camp Elementary School District
Chino Valley Unified School District
Chowchilla School District
Chowchilla Union High School District
Chualar Union School District
Chula Vista Elementary School District
Cienega Union School District
Cinnabar School District
Citrus South Tule Elementary School District
Claremont Unified School District
Clay Joint Elementary School District
Clear Creek School District
Cloverdale Unified School District
Clovis Unified School District
Coachella Valley Unified School District
Coalinga-Huron Joint Unified School District
Coast Unified School District
Coffee Creek Elementary School District
Cold Spring School District
Colfax Elementary School District
College School District
Colton Joint Unified School District
Columbia School District
Columbia Union School District
Columbine Elementary School District
Colusa County Office of Education
Colusa Unified School District
Compton Unified School District
Conejo Valley Unified School District
Contra Costa County Office of Education
Corcoran Joint Unified School District
Corning Union Elementary School District
Corning Union High School District
Corona-Norco Unified School District
Coronado Unified School District
Cotati-Rohnert Park Unified School District
Cottonwood Union School District
Covina-Valley Unified School District
Cox Bar Elementary School District
Cucamonga School District
Cuddeback Union School District
Culver City Unified School District
Cupertino Union School District
Curtis Creek School District
Cutler-Orosi Joint Unified School District
Cutten Elementary School District
Cuyama Joint Unified School District
Cypress School District

text: D[edit]

text:
Davis Joint Unified School District
Death Valley Unified School District
Dehesa School District
Del Mar Union School District
Del Norte County Office of Education
Del Norte County Unified School District
Del Paso Heights School District
Delano Joint Union High School District
Delano Union School District
Delhi Unified School District
Delphic Elementary School District
Delta View Joint Union School District
Denair Unified School District
Desert Center Unified School District
Desert Sands Unified School District
Di Giorgio School District
Dinuba Unified School District
Dixie School District
Dixon Unified School District
Dos Palos-Oro Loma Joint Unified School District
Douglas City School District
Downey Unified School District
Dry Creek Joint Elementary School District
Duarte Unified School District
Dublin Unified School District
Ducor Union Elementary School District
Dunham Elementary School District
Dunsmuir Elementary School District
Dunsmuir Joint Union High School District
Durham Unified School District

text: E[edit]

text:
Earlimart School District
East Nicolaus Joint Union High School District
East Side Union High School District
East Whittier City School District
Eastern Sierra Unified School District
Eastside Union School District
Edison School District
El Centro Elementary School District
El Dorado County Office of Education
El Dorado Union High School District
El Monte City School District
El Monte Union High School District
El Nido Elementary School District
El Rancho Unified School District
El Segundo Unified School District
El Tejon Unified School District
Elk Grove Unified School District
Elk Hills School District
Elkins School District
Elverta Joint Elementary School District
Emery Unified School District
Empire Union School District
Encinitas Union School District
Enterprise Elementary School District
Escalon Unified School District
Escondido Union Elementary School District
Escondido Union High School District
Esparto Unified School District
Etiwanda School District
Eureka City Schools District
Eureka Union School District
Evergreen Elementary School District
Evergreen Union School District
Exeter Union School District
Exeter Union High School District

text: F[edit]

text:
Fairfax school district
Fairfield-Suisun Unified School District
Fall River Joint Unified School District
Fallbrook Union Elementary School District
Fallbrook Union High School District
Farmersville Unified School District
Feather Falls Union Elementary School District
Ferndale Unified School District
Fieldbrook Elementary School District
Fillmore Unified School District
Firebaugh-Las Deltas Joint Unified School District
Flournoy Union School District
Folsom-Cordova Unified School District
Fontana Unified School District
Foresthill Union School District
Forestville Union Elementary School District
Forks of Salmon Elementary School District
Fort Bragg Unified School District
Fort Ross Elementary School District
Fort Sage Unified School District
Fortuna Elementary School District, formed effective July 1, 2012, from Fortuna Union Elementary School District and Rohnerville Elementary School District
Fortuna Union High School District
Fountain Valley School District
Fowler Unified School District
Franklin Elementary School District
Franklin-McKinley School District
Fremont Unified School District
Fremont Union High School District
French Gulch-Whiskeytown Union Elementary District
Freshwater School District
Fresno County Office of Education
Fresno Unified School District
Fruitvale School District
Fullerton School District
Fullerton Joint Union High School District

text: G[edit]

text:
Galt Joint Union Elementary School District
Galt Joint Union High School District
Garden Grove Unified School District
Garfield School District
Garvey School District
Gateway Unified School District
Gazelle Union Elementary School District
General Shafter School District
Gerber Union Elementary School District
Geyserville Unified School District
Gilroy Unified School District
Glendale Unified School District
Glendora Unified School District
Glenn County Office of Education
Gold Oak Union Elementary School District
Gold Trail Union School District
Golden Feather Union Elementary School District
Golden Plains Unified School District
Golden Valley Unified School District
Goleta Union School District
Gonzales Unified School District
Gorman School District
Grant Elementary School District
Grant Joint Union High School District
Grass Valley School District
Gratton School District
Gravenstein Union School District
Graves Elementary School District
Green Point School District
Greenfield Union School District
Grenada Elementary School District
Gridley Unified School District
Grossmont Union High School District
Guadalupe Union School District
Guerneville School District
Gustine Unified School District

text: H[edit]

text:
Hacienda La Puente Unified School District
Hamilton Union Elementary School District
Hamilton Union High School District
Hanford Elementary School District
Hanford Joint Union High School District
Happy Camp Union Elementary School District
Happy Valley Elementary School District
Happy Valley Union Elementary School District
Harmony Union School District
Hart-Ransom Union School District
Hawthorne School District
Hayward Unified School District
Healdsburg Unified School District
Heber Elementary School District
Helendale School District
Hemet Unified School District
Hermosa Beach City Elementary School District
Hesperia Unified School District
Hickman Community Charter School District
Hillsborough City School District
Hilmar Unified School District
Hollister Elementary School District
Holtville Unified School District
Hope Elementary School District
Horicon School District
Hornbrook Elementary School District
Hot Springs Elementary School District
Howell Mountain Elementary School District
Hueneme School District
Hughes-Elizabeth Lakes Union Elementary School District
Hughson Unified School District
Humboldt County Office of Education
Huntington Beach City School District
Huntington Beach Union High School District
Hydesville Elementary School District

text: I[edit]

text:
Igo, Ono, Platina Union Elementary School District
Imperial County Office of Education
Imperial Unified School District
Indian Diggings School District
Indian Springs Elementary School District
Inglewood Unified School District
Inyo County Office of Education
Irvine Unified School District
Island Union Elementary School District

text: J[edit]

text:
Jacoby Creek Charter School District
Jamestown Elementary School District
Jamul-Dulzura Union School District
Janesville Union Elementary School District
Jefferson Elementary School District
Jefferson Union High School District
John Swett Unified School District
Johnstonville Elementary School District
Julian Union School District
Julian Union High School District
Junction City Elementary School District
Junction Elementary School District
Jurupa Unified School District

text: K[edit]

text:
Kashia Elementary School District
Kelseyville Unified School District
Kentfield School District
Kenwood School District
Keppel Union School District
Kerman Unified School District
Kern County Office of Education
Kern High School District
Kernville Union School District
Keyes Union School District
King City Joint Union High School District
King City Union School District
Kings Canyon Unified School District
Kings County Office of Education
Kings River Union School District
Kings River-Hardwick School District
Kingsburg Elementary Charter School District
Kingsburg Joint Union High School District
Kirkwood School District
Kit Carson Union School District
Klamath River Union Elementary School District
Klamath-Trinity Joint Unified School District
Kneeland Elementary School District
Knights Ferry Elementary School District
Knightsen School District
Konocti Unified School District

text: L[edit]

text:
La Cañada Unified School District
La Grange School District
La Habra City School District
La Honda-Pescadero Unified School District
La Mesa-Spring Valley School District
Lafayette School District
Laguna Beach Unified School District
Laguna Joint School District
Lagunita Elementary School District
Lagunitas School District
Lake County Office of Education
Lake Elementary School District
Lake Elsinore Unified School District
Lake Tahoe Unified School District
Lakeport Unified School District
Lakeside Joint School District
Lakeside Union School District (Bakersfield)
Lakeside Union Elementary School District (Kings County)
Lakeside Union School District (Lakeside)
Lammersville Elementary School District
Lamont School District
Lancaster School District
Larkspur-Corte Madera School District
Las Lomitas Elementary School District
Las Virgenes Unified School District
Lassen County Office of Education
Lassen Union High School District
Lassen View Union Elementary School District
Laton Unified School District
Latrobe School District
Lawndale Elementary School District
Laytonville Unified School District
Le Grand Union Elementary School District
Le Grand Union High School District
Leggett Valley Unified School District
Lemon Grove School District
Lemoore Union Elementary School District
Lemoore Union High School District
Lennox School District
Lewiston Elementary School District
Liberty School District
Liberty Union High School District
Lincoln School District
Lincoln Unified School District
Linden Unified School District
Lindsay Unified School District
Linns Valley-Poso Flat Union School District
Little Lake City School District
Little Shasta Elementary School District
Live Oak School District
Live Oak Unified School District
Livermore Valley Joint Unified School District
Livingston Union School District
Lodi Unified School District
Loleta Union School District
Loma Prieta Joint Union Elementary School District
Lompoc Unified School District
Lone Pine Unified School District
Long Beach Unified School District
Loomis Union School District
Los Alamitos Unified School District
Los Alamos School District
Los Altos School District
Los Angeles County Office of Education
Los Angeles Unified School District
Los Banos Unified School District
Los Gatos Union School District
Los Gatos-Saratoga Union High School District
Los Molinos Unified School District
Los Nietos School District
Los Olivos School District
Lost Hills Union Elementary School District
Lowell Joint School District
Lucerne Elementary School District
Lucerne Valley Unified School District
Lucia Mar Unified School District
Luther Burbank School District
Lynwood Unified School District

text: M[edit]

text:
Madera County Office of Education
Madera Unified School District
Magnolia School District
Mammoth Unified School District
Manchester Union Elementary School District
Manhattan Beach Unified School District
Manteca Unified School District
Manton Joint Unified School District
Manzanita Elementary School District
Maple Creek Elementary School District
Maple Elementary School District
Marcum-Illinois Union Elementary School District
Maricopa Unified School District
Marin County Office of Education
Mariposa County Office of Education
Mariposa County Unified School District
Mark Twain Union Elementary School District
Mark West Union School District
Martinez Unified School District
Marysville Joint Unified School District
Mattole Unified School District
Maxwell Unified School District
McCabe Union School District
McCloud Union Elementary School District
McFarland Unified School District
McKinleyville Union School District
McKittrick School District
McSwain Union Elementary School District
Meadows Union Elementary School District
Mendocino County Office of Education
Mendocino Unified School District
Mendota Unified School District
Menifee Union School District
Menlo Park City Elementary School District
Merced City School District
Merced County Office of Education
Merced River Elementary School District
Merced Union High School District
Meridian Elementary School District
Mesa Union School District
Middletown Unified School District
Midway School District
Mill Valley School District
Millbrae School District
Millville Elementary School District
Milpitas Unified School District
Mineral School District
Mission Union School District
Modesto City Schools
Modoc County Office of Education
Modoc Joint Unified School District
Mojave Unified School District
Mono County Office of Education
Monroe Elementary School District
Monrovia Unified School District
Monson-Sultana Joint Union Elementary School District
Montague Elementary School District
Monte Rio Union Elementary School District
Montebello School District
Montebello Unified School District
Montecito Union Elementary School District
Monterey County Office of Education
Monterey Peninsula Unified School District
Montgomery Elementary School District
Moorpark Unified School District
Moraga School District
Moreland School District
Moreno Valley Unified School District
Morgan Hill Unified School District
Morongo Unified School District
Mother Lode Union School District
Mt Baldy School District
Mount Diablo Unified School District
Mount Pleasant Elementary School District
Mount Shasta Union School District
Mountain Elementary School District
Mountain Empire Unified School District
Mountain House School District
Mountain Union School District
Mountain Valley Unified School District
Mountain View School District
Mountain View-Los Altos Union High School District
Mountain View-Whisman School District
Mulberry Elementary School District
Mupu School District
Muroc Joint Unified School District
Murrieta Valley Unified School District

text: N[edit]

text:
Napa County Office of Education
Napa Valley Unified School District
National Elementary School District
Natomas Unified School District
Needles Unified School District
Nevada City School District
Nevada County Office of Education
Nevada Joint Union High School District
New Haven Unified School District
New Hope Elementary School District
New Jerusalem School District
Newark Unified School District
Newcastle Elementary School District
Newhall School District
Newman-Crows Landing Unified School District
Newport-Mesa Unified School District
Nicasio School District
Norris School District
North County Joint Union School District
North Cow Creek School District
North Monterey County Unified School District
North Sacramento Elementary School District
Northern Humboldt Union High School District
Norwalk-La Mirada Unified School District
Novato Unified School District
Nuestro Elementary School District
Nuview Union School District

text: O[edit]

text:
Oak Grove School District
Oak Grove Union School District
Oak Park Unified School District
Oak Run Elementary School District
Oak Valley Union Elementary School District
Oak View Union Elementary School District
Oakdale Joint Unified School District
Oakland Unified School District
Oakley Union Elementary School District
Ocean View School District (Elementary)
Ocean View School District
Oceanside Unified School District
Ojai Unified School District
Old Adobe Union School District
Ontario-Montclair School District
Ophir Elementary School District
Orange Center School District
Orange County Department of Education School District
Orange Unified School District
Orchard Elementary School District
Orcutt Union School District
Orick Elementary School District
Orinda Union Elementary School District
Orland Unified School District
Oro Grande School District
Oroville City Elementary School District
Oroville Union High School District
Outside Creek Elementary School District
Owens Valley Unified School District
Oxnard School District
Oxnard Union High School District

text: P[edit]

text:
Pacheco Union School District
Pacific Grove Unified School District
Pacific Union School District (Arcata, California)
Pacific Union School District (Fresno, California)
Pacifica School District
Palermo Union School District
Palm Springs Unified School District
Palmdale School District
Palo Alto Unified School District
Palo Verde Unified School District
Palo Verde Union Elementary School District
Palos Verdes Peninsula Unified School District
Panama Buena Vista Union School District
Panoche School District
Paradise Elementary School District
Paradise Unified School District
Paramount Unified School District
Parlier Unified School District
Pasadena Unified School District
Paso Robles Joint Unified School District
Patterson Joint Unified School District
Peninsula Union School District
Perris Elementary School District
Penn Valley Union Elementary School District
Perris Union High School District
Petaluma City Schools
Piedmont Unified School District
Pierce Joint Unified School District
Pine Ridge Elementary School District
Piner-Olivet Union Elementary School District
Pioneer Union Elementary School District, Berry Creek
Pioneer Union Elementary School District, Hanover
Pioneer Union School District
Pittsburg Unified School District
Pixley Union Elementary School District
Placentia-Yorba Linda Unified School District
Placer County Office of Education
Placer Hills Union Elementary School District
Placer Union High School District
Placerville Union Elementary School District
Plainsburg Union Elementary School District
Planada Elementary School District
Plaza Elementary School District
Pleasant Grove Joint Union School District
Pleasant Ridge Union School District
Pleasant Valley Joint Union Elementary School District
Pleasant Valley School District (California)
Pleasant View Elementary School District
Pleasanton Unified School District
Plum Valley Elementary School District
Plumas County Office of Education
Plumas Lake Elementary School District
Plumas Unified School District
Point Arena Joint Union High School District
Pollock Pines Elementary School District
Pomona Unified School District
Pond Union Elementary School District
Pope Valley Union Elementary School District
Porterville Unified School District
Portola Valley Elementary School District
Potter Valley Community Unified School District
Poway Unified School District
Princeton Joint Unified School District

text: R[edit]

text:
Raisin City Elementary School District
Ramona City Unified School District
Rancho Santa Fe Elementary School District
Ravendale-Termo Elementary School District
Ravenswood City Elementary School District
Raymond-Knowles Union Elementary School District
Ready Springs Union School District
Red Bluff Joint Union High School District
Red Bluff Union Elementary School District
Redding Elementary School District
Redlands Unified School District
Redondo Beach Unified School District
Redwood City Elementary School District
Reed Union Elementary School District
Reeds Creek Elementary School District
Reef-Sunset Unified School District
Rescue Union Elementary School District
Rialto Unified School District
Richfield Elementary School District
Richgrove Elementary School District
Richland Union Elementary School District
Richmond Elementary School District
Rim Of The World Unified School District
Rincon Valley Union Elementary School District
Rio Bravo-Greeley Union Elementary School District
Rio Dell Elementary School District
Rio Elementary School District
Rio Linda Union Elementary School District
Ripon Unified School District
River Delta Joint Unified School District
Riverbank Unified School District
Riverdale Joint Unified School District
Riverside County Office of Education
Riverside Unified School District
Roberts Ferry Union Elementary School District
Robla Elementary School District
Rockford Elementary School District
Rocklin Unified School District
Rohnerville Elementary School District, consolidated with Fortuna Union Elementary School District into Fortuna Elementary School District effective July 1, 2012
Romoland Elementary School District
Rosedale Union Elementary School District
Roseland Elementary School District
Rosemead Elementary School District
Roseville City Elementary School District
Roseville Joint Union High School District
Ross Elementary School District
Ross Valley Elementary School District
Round Valley Joint Elementary School District
Round Valley Unified School District (California)
Rowland Unified School District

text: S[edit]

text:
Sacramento City Unified School District
Sacramento County Office of Education
Saddleback Valley Unified School District
Saint Helena Unified School District
Salida Union Elementary School District
Salinas City Elementary School District
Salinas Union High School District
San Antonio Union School District
San Ardo Union Elementary School District
San Benito County Office of Education
San Benito High School District
San Bernardino City Unified School District
San Bernardino County Office of Education
San Bruno Park Elementary School District
San Carlos Elementary School District
San Diego Community College
San Diego County Office of Education
San Diego Unified School District
San Dieguito Union High School District
San Francisco County Office of Education
San Francisco Unified School District
San Gabriel Unified School District
San Jacinto Unified School District
San Joaquin County Office of Education
San Jose Unified School District
San Juan Unified School District
San Leandro Unified School District
San Lorenzo Unified School District
San Lorenzo Valley Unified School District
San Lucas Union School District
San Luis Coastal Unified School District
San Luis Obispo County Office of Education
San Marcos Unified School District
San Marino Unified School District
San Mateo County Office of Education
San Mateo Union High School District
San Mateo-Foster City Elementary School District
San Miguel Joint Union School District
San Pasqual Union Elementary School District
San Pasqual Valley Unified School District
San Rafael City Elementary School District
San Rafael City High School District
San Ramon Valley Unified School District
San Ysidro Elementary School District
Sanger Unified School District
Santa Ana Unified School District
Santa Barbara County Office of Education
Santa Barbara Elementary School District
Santa Barbara High School District
Santa Clara County Office of Education
Santa Clara Elementary School District
Santa Clara Unified School District
Santa Cruz City Elementary School District
Santa Cruz City High School District
Santa Cruz County Office of Education
Santa Maria Joint Union High School District
Santa Maria-Bonita Elementary School District
Santa Monica-Malibu Unified School District
Santa Paula Elementary School District
Santa Paula Union High School District
Santa Rita Union School District
Santa Rosa Elementary School District
Santa Rosa High School District
Santa Ynez Valley Union High School District
Santee School District
Saratoga Union Elementary School District
Saucelito Elementary School District
Saugus Union School District
Sausalito Marin City School District
Savanna Elementary School District
Scotia Union School District
Scott Valley Unified School District
Scotts Valley Unified School District
Sebastopol Union Elementary School District
Seeley Union Elementary School District
Seiad Elementary School District
Selma Unified School District
Semitropic Elementary School District
Sequoia Union Elementary School District
Sequoia Union High School District
Shaffer Union Elementary School District
Shandon Joint Unified School District
Shasta County Office of Education
Shasta Union Elementary School District
Shasta Union High School District
Shiloh Elementary School District
Shoreline Unified School District
Sierra County Office of Education
Sierra Sands Unified School District
Sierra Unified School District
Sierra-Plumas Joint Unified School District
Silver Fork Elementary School District
Silver Valley Unified School District
Simi Valley Unified School District
Siskiyou County Office of Education
Siskiyou Union High School District
Snelling-Merced Falls Union Elementary School District
Snowline Joint Unified School District
Solana Beach Elementary School District
Solano County Office of Education
Soledad Unified School District
Solvang Elementary School District
Somis Union School District
Sonoma County Office of Education
Sonoma Valley Unified School District
Sonora Elementary School District
Sonora Union High School District
Soquel Union Elementary School District
Soulsbyville Elementary School District
South Bay Union School District
South Fork Union Elementary School District
South Pasadena Unified School District
South San Francisco Unified School District
South Whittier Elementary School District
Southern Humboldt Unified School District
Southern Kern Unified School District
Southern Trinity Joint Unified School District
Southside School District (California)
Spencer Valley Elementary School District
Spreckels Union School District
Springville Union Elementary School District
Standard Elementary School District
Stanislaus County Office of Education
Stanislaus Union Elementary School District
Stockton Unified School District
Stone Corral Elementary School District
Stony Creek Joint Unified School District
Strathmore Union Elementary School District
Sulphur Springs School District
Summerville Elementary School District
Summerville Union High School District
Sundale Union Elementary School District
Sunnyside Union Elementary School District
Sunnyvale Elementary School District
Sunol Glen Unified School District
Surprise Valley Joint Unified School District
Susanville Elementary School District
Sutter County Office of Education
Sutter Union High School District
Sweetwater Union High School District
Sylvan Union Elementary School District

text: T[edit]

text:
Taft City School District
Taft Union High School District
Tahoe-Truckee Joint Unified School District
Tamalpais Union High School District
Tehachapi Unified School District
Tehama County Office of Education
Temecula Valley Unified School District
Temple City Unified School District
Templeton Unified School District
Terra Bella Union School District
Thermalito Union Elementary School District
Three Rivers Union Elementary School District
Tipton Elementary School District
Torrance Unified School District
Tracy Joint Unified School District
Traver Joint Elementary School District
Travis Unified School District
Tres Pinos Union Elementary School District
Trinidad Union School District
Trinity Center Elementary School District
Trinity County Office of Education
Trinity Union High School District
Trona Joint Unified School District
Tulare City School District
Tulare County Office of Education
Tulare Joint Union High School District
Tulelake Basin Joint Unified School District
Tuolumne County Superintendent of Schools School District
Turlock Unified School District
Tustin Unified School District
Twain Harte-Long Barn Union Elementary School District
Twin Hills Union Elementary School District
Twin Ridges Elementary School District
Two Rock Union School District

text: U[edit]

text:
Ukiah Unified School District
Union School District
Union Hill School District
Union Joint Elementary School District
Upland Unified School District
Upper Lake Union Elementary School District
Upper Lake Union High School District

text: V[edit]

text:
Vacaville Unified School District
Val Verde Unified School District
Valle Lindo Elementary School District
Vallecito Union School District
Vallecitos Elementary School District
Vallejo City Unified School District
Valley Center-Pauma Unified School District
Valley Home Joint Elementary School District
Ventura County Office of Education
Ventura Unified School District
Victor Elementary School District
Victor Valley Union High School District
Vineland Elementary School District
Visalia Unified School District
Vista Del Mar Union School District
Vista Unified School District

text: W[edit]

text:
Walnut Creek Elementary School District
Walnut Valley Unified School District
Warner Unified School District
Wasco Union Elementary School District
Wasco Union High School District
Washington Colony Elementary School District
Washington Unified School District
Washington Union Elementary School District
Washington Union High School District
Waterford Unified School District
Waugh School District
Waukena Joint Union Elementary School District
Weaver Union School District
Weaverville Elementary School District
Weed Union Elementary School District
West Contra Costa Unified School District
West Covina Unified School District
West Fresno Elementary School District
West Park Elementary School District
West Side Union Elementary School District
West Sonoma County Union High School District
Western Placer Unified School District
Westminster School District
Westmorland Union Elementary School District
Westside Elementary School District
Westside Union School District
Westwood Unified School District
Wheatland Elementary School District
Wheatland Union High School District
Whitmore Union Elementary School District
Whittier City Elementary School District
Whittier Union High School District
William S. Hart Union High School District
Williams Unified School District (California)
Willits Unified School District
Willow Creek Elementary School District
Willow Grove Union School District
Willows Unified School District
Wilmar Union Elementary School District
Wilsona Elementary School District
Windsor Unified School District
Winship-Robbins School District
Winters Joint Unified School District
Winton School District
Wiseburn Elementary School District
Woodlake Union Elementary School District
Woodlake Union High School District
Woodland Joint Unified School District
Woodside Elementary School District
Woodville Union Elementary School District
Wright Elementary School District

text: Y[edit]

text:
Yolo County Office of Education
Yosemite Unified School District
Yreka Union School District
Yreka Union High School District
Yuba City Unified School District
Yuba County Office of Education
Yucaipa-Calimesa Joint Unified School District


document_title: Ford F-Series

question_text: when did ford switch from f100 to f150

question_tokens: when did ford switch from f100 to f150

root

text: Ford F-Series

text: First generation (1948–1952)[edit]

text: The first-generation F-Series pickup (known as the Ford Bonus-Built) was introduced in 1948 as a replacement for the previous car-based pickup line introduced in 1942. The F-Series was sold in eight different weight ratings, with pickup, panel truck, cab-over engine (COE), conventional truck, and school bus chassis body styles.

tag: p

text: Second generation (1953–1956)[edit]

text: For the 1953 model year, an all-new version of the F-Series made its debut. Increased dimensions, improved engines, and an updated chassis were features of the second generation.

text: Additionally, a change to the F-Series naming scheme would remain in place to the present day. The half-ton F-1 became the F-100 (partially influenced by the North American F-100 Super Sabre); the F-2 and F-3 were combined into the F-250 while the F-4 became the F-350. Conventional F-Series trucks were F-500 to F-900; COE chassis were C-Series trucks.

text: Third generation (1957–1960)[edit]

text: Introduced in 1957, the third generation F-series was a significant modernization and redesign. Front fenders became integrated into the body, and the new Styleside bed continued the smooth lines to the rear of the pickup.

text: The cab-over F-Series was discontinued, having been replaced by the tilt-cab C-Series.

text: In 1959, Ford began in-house production of four-wheel-drive pickups.

text: Fourth generation (1961–1966)[edit]

text: Ford introduced a dramatically new style of pickup in 1961 with the fourth generation F-Series. Longer and lower than its predecessors, these trucks had increased dimensions and new engine and gearbox choices. Additionally, the 1961–1963 models were constructed as a unibody design with the cab and bed integrated. This proved unpopular and Ford reverted to the traditional separate cab/bed design in 1964.

text: In 1965, the F-Series was given a significant mid-cycle redesign. A completely new platform, including the "Twin I-Beam" front suspension, was introduced that would be used until 1996 on the F-150 and until 2016 on the F-250/350 4x2. Additionally that year, the Ranger name made its first appearance on a Ford pickup; previously a base model of the Edsel, it was now used to denote a high-level styling package for F-Series pickups.[4]

text: Fifth generation (1967–1972)[edit]

text: Introduced in 1967, the fifth generation F-series pickup was built on the same platform as the 1965 revision of the fourth generation. Dimensions and greenhouse glass were increased, engine options expanded, and plusher trim levels became available during the fifth generation's production run.

text: Suspension components from all 1969 F-Series models are completely interchangeable.

text: A variant of the fifth generation F-series was produced until 1992 in Brazil for the South American market.

text: Sixth generation (1973–1979)[edit]

text: The sixth generation F-series was introduced in 1973. This version of the F-series continued to be built on the 1965 fourth generation's revised platform, but with significant modernizations and refinements. Front disc brakes, increased cabin dimensions, gas tank relocated outside the cab and under the bed, significantly improved heating and air conditioning, full double wall bed construction, increased use of galvanized steel, SuperCab was introduced in the sixth generation pickup.

text: The FE engine series was discontinued in 1976 after a nearly 20-year run, replaced by the more modern 351 series (Modified) and 400 series engines.

text: In 1975, the F-150 was introduced in between the F-100 and the F-250 in order to avoid certain emission control restrictions. For 1978, square headlights replaced the previous models' round ones on higher trim package models, such as Lariat and Ranger, and in 1979 became standard equipment. Also for 1978, the Ford Bronco was redesigned into a variant of the F-series pickup. 1979 was the last year that the 460 big block engine was available in a half ton truck.

text: Seventh generation (1980–1986)[edit]

text: The 1980 F-Series was redesigned with an all-new chassis and larger body; this was the first ground-up redesign since 1965. The exterior styling of the truck was redone to improve aerodynamics and fuel economy. Medium-duty F-Series (F600-F900) were also redesigned; although they shared the cabin of the smaller pickup trucks, the largest version of F-Series now wore a bonnet with separate front wings (like the L-Series). Medium duty Ford F-Series would carry the 1980–1986 interior design until 2000 (though pickups were restyled again in 1987 and 1992), with very subtle changes such as window glass and electronics.

text: In a move towards fuel efficiency, Ford dropped the M-Series engines (the 5.8 Liter 351M and 6.6 Liter 400 cu in V8s) in 1981, replacing them with the 4.2 Liter 255 C.I. and 5.8 Liter 351 C.I. Windsor V8 engines from the Panther platform. The 255 V8 was simply a 5.0L, 302 V8 with a smaller bore, built specifically for better fuel economy, but was dropped for the 1982 model year due to being underpowered and having limited demand. For 1982 and 1983, the 3.8L, 232 C.I. Essex V6 was the base engine but was quickly dropped for the 1984 model year. In 1983, Ford added Diesel power to the F-Series through a partnership with International Harvester (later Navistar). The 6.9L, 420 C.I. IDI V8 produced similar power output as the gasoline 351 Windsor V8, with the fuel economy of the 4.9L, 300 I6. From this point on (1983-present), the heavier duty f-series trucks (F-250 and above) were usually equipped with the Diesel engines as standard horsepower. 1985 was the first year of electronic fuel injection on the 5.0L V8, all other engines following suit in 1988. There was a new "high output" version of the 5.8L Windsor beginning in 1984.

text: A noticeable change was made to the F-Series in 1982 as the Ford "Blue Oval" was added to the center of the grill, also the Ranger and Custom trims were no longer available. The Ranger name had been shifted onto the all-new compact pickup developed as a replacement for the Courier. The new trim levels were a no-badge base model (essentially the new Custom), XL, a very rare XLS, and XLT Lariat.

text: 1983 marked the final year of the F-100, making the F-150 the lightest pickup available on the market. F-100s and F-150s were virtually identical with the exception of smaller brakes and a 5x4.5 bolt pattern on the F-100 axles, as opposed to 5x5.5 on the F-150. F-100s over a certain GVWR and/or without power brakes did use the F-150 axles. Also, the 1980–1983 F-100 was never offered with four-wheel-drive.

text: 1986 marked the final year that the F-150 was available with a 3-speed manual gearbox that shifted via a steering column lever (3-on-the-tree). Incidentally, this was the second-last vehicle in the United States that offered this set up. 1986 was also the last year the Explorer package was available.

text: This is the first generation of trucks to incorporate amenities such as power mirrors, power windows, and power door locks.

text: Eighth generation (1987–1991)[edit]

text: The 1987 F-Series carried over the same body style from the seventh generation, yet sported a new rounded front clip that improved aerodynamics, as well as the softening of body lines around the rear of the bed and fender arches around the wheel wells. The interior was also completely redesigned in 1987. The transmissions available on SuperCab models were a four-or five-speed manual; regular cab models were also available with automatic transmission. The Custom trim made a comeback for the eighth generation. In 1988, the 4.9 Liter inline-six, 5.8 Liter V8, and 7.5 Liter V8 engines gained electronic fuel injection. International Navistar also increased the displacement of their 6.9 Liter V8 in the same year, resulting in the new 7.3 Liter unit. This was also the first year of a five-speed manual overdrive transmission, which included the Mazda M5OD in the F-150s and the heavy-duty ZF5 in the F-250s and F-350s. Four-speed manuals were dropped as standard equipment after 1987, but were available as a customer-ordered option until 1989. In 1989, the C6 three-speed automatic was replaced as the base automatic transmission with the E4OD, a four-speed electronically controlled automatic overdrive unit, though the C6 was still available as an option, mostly in F-250s and F-350s, until 1997. Heavy-Duty models included F-250s and F-350s (along with F-Super Dutys) that were classified as incomplete vehicles only that were produced with no bed, but appeared as tow trucks, box trucks (notably U-Haul), flatbed trucks, dump trucks and other models. Although the F-250s, F-250 HDs (heavy duty), and F-350s were built as a Chassis cab models only from 1987 to 1997, owners can convert the models to pickup trucks. However General Pacheco, Argentina and São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil assemblies were the only places F-250, F-250 HD, and F-350 were built and sold as pickup trucks models. Despite being produced only in General Pacheco, Argentina and São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil assemblies (located in South America) F-250s, F-250 HDs, and F-350s were shipped from South America to the United States as imports from 1987 to 1997.

text: Ninth generation (1992–1997)[edit]

text: For the 1992 model year, the body-shell of the 1980 F-Series was given another major upgrade. To further improve its aerodynamics, the forward bodywork was given a slightly lower hoodline, rounding the front fenders and grille; in addition, the changes matched the F-Series with the design of the newly introduced Explorer and redesigned E-Series and Ranger. Along with the exterior updates, the interior received a complete redesign.

text: Dormant since 1987, the FlareSide bed made its return as an option for 1992. To increase its appeal for younger buyers, the bed bodywork was redesigned, borrowing the sides of the F-350 dual-rear wheel bed (fitted to the narrower F-150 single-wheel chassis). To commemorate the 75th anniversary of the first Ford factory-produced truck (the 1917 Ford Model TT), Ford offered a 75th anniversary package on its 1992 F-series, consisting of a stripe package, an argent colored step bumper, and special 75th anniversary logos. In 1993, the 240 hp SVT Lightning was introduced as a specially-tuned performance truck; over 11,000 were built from 1993 to 1995.

text: In a trim shift, the XLT Lariat was dropped and combined with the XLT; the XL took over for the Custom trim after 1993 (marking the last usage of the Custom nameplate by Ford). In 1995, the Eddie Bauer trim made its return.

text: In 1995, the medium-duty Ford F-Series (F-600 through F-800 and all Ford B-Series) were given their first update since 1980. All versions (except severe-service) received a hood redesign which enlarged the grille and moved the turn signal indicators to the outside of the front headlights.

text: During the second half of 1997, the F-250 HD (heavy duty) was in the same series as the F-350. The body style stayed the same until the end of 1997. The only change of the F-250 HD and F-350 was that they no longer has classic style tailgates, with the stainless steal cap on them which read FORD. Instead the tailgate had the F-250 Heavy Duty/F-350 nameplate labeled on its left side, while Ford's blue oval was labeled on The right side (similarly styled like the 1997 Ford F-150 around this same time). The F-250 HD also had some minor changes in trim location, and options available. The 1997 F-250 HD with the 7.3 Powerstroke Diesel is also the rarest and most desirable of ninth generation Fords.

text: Following the introduction of the tenth-generation F-150, the F-250 and F-350 continued into production into the 1998 model year, becoming part of the Ford F-Series Super Duty line as they were replaced in 1999.

text: Tenth generation (1997–2003)[edit]

text: For 1997, Ford Motor Company made a major change to its F-Series family of trucks as the F-Series pickup line was essentially split in two. During the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, buyers of pickup trucks had increasingly purchased the vehicles for the purposes of personal use over work use. To further increase its growing market share, Ford sought to develop vehicles for both types of buyers. In its ultimate decision, the company decided to make the F-150 as a contemporary vehicle for personal use, while the F-250 and F-350 would be designed more conservatively for work-based customers.

text: Introduced in early 1996 as a 1997 model, the F-150 was a completely new vehicle in comparison from its predecessor. Similar to the original Ford Taurus of 1986, the 1997 F-150 was developed with a radically streamlined body. Dispensing with the traditional Twin I-Beam for a fully independent front suspension, the all-new chassis shared only the transmissions with the previous generation. In a major change, the long-running 4.9L inline-6 was replaced by a V6 engine as standard. The 4.6L Modular V8 shared with the Panther cars was optional (with a 5.4L version added in mid-1997); originally developed for use in the F-Series, the Modular/Triton V8 was the first overhead-cam engine ever fitted to a full-size pickup truck.

text: To improve rear-seat access for SuperCab models, a rear-hinged (curb-side) door was added to all versions. Following its popularity, the SuperCab gained a fourth door for 1999. In 2001, the F-150 became the first pickup truck in its size segment to become available with four full-size doors. Sharing the length of a standard-bed SuperCab, the F-150 SuperCrew was produced with a slightly shortened bed.

text: During the second half of the 1997 model year, Ford introduced a heavier GVWR version (8800 GVW), bearing the F-250 name. It was distinguished by seven-lug nut wheels. At the same time, the F-250 HD (heavy duty) was in the same series as the F-350 (same body style as the 1992 to 1997 model years; it was still built in South America only). Following the introduction of the Super Duty for 1999, it was quietly dropped.

text: In 1999, the SVT Lightning made its return, with output expanded to 360 hp; over 28,000 were produced from 1999 to 2003. For 2002, Lincoln-Mercury gained its first full-size pickup truck since 1968 with the introduction of the Lincoln Blackwood, the first Lincoln pickup. Sharing the front bodywork of the Lincoln Navigator SUV, the Blackwood was designed with a model-exclusive bed and was sold only in black. Due to very poor sales, the Blackwood was discontinued after 2002.

text: In 1998, the F-250 and F-350 pickups were introduced as the 1999 Ford F-Series Super Duty model line. While remaining part of the F-Series, the Super Duty trucks use a different platform architecture, powertrain, and design language, primarily as they are intended for heavy-duty work use. Designed in a joint venture with Navistar International, the medium-duty F-650/F-750 Super Duty were introduced in 2000.

text: Eleventh generation (2004–2008)[edit]

text: For the 2004 model year, the F-150 was redesigned on an all-new platform. Externally, the eleventh-generation model was different from its predecessor, with sharper-edged styling; a major change was the adoption of the stepped driver's window from the Super Duty trucks. Regardless of cab type, all F-150s were given four doors, with the rear doors on the regular cab providing access to behind-the-seat storage. Ford also introduced the Triton engines in the variants of the F-150.

text: From 2005 to 2008, Lincoln-Mercury dealers sold this version of the F-150 as the Lincoln Mark LT, replacing the Blackwood.

text: In late 2006, the Super Duty trucks were also given an all-new platform. While using the same bed and cabin as before, these are distinguished from their predecessors by an all-new interior and a much larger grille and head lamps. Previously available only as a chassis-cab model, the F-450 now was available as a pickup directly from Ford.[5]

text: From 2004 to 2006 offered a different bed style as well.

text: Twelfth generation (2009–2014)[edit]

text: The twelfth generation F-150 was introduced for the 2009 model year as an update of the Ford full-size truck platform. Similar to its predecessor, these trucks are distinguished by their Super Duty-style grilles and head lamps; standard cab models again have two-doors instead of four. The FlareSide bed was continued until 2010, dropped along with the manual gearbox; outside of Mexico, the Lincoln Mark LT was replaced by the F-150 Platinum. A new model for 2010 included the SVT Raptor, a dedicated off-road pickup.

text: As part of a major focus on fuel economy, the entire engine lineup for the F-150 was updated for the 2011 model year. Along with two new V8 engines, the F-150 gained a new 3.7 Liter base V6 engine, and a powerful twin-turbocharged 3.5 Liter V6, dubbed EcoBoost by Ford. An automatic transmission is the only option. Other modifications include the addition of a Nexteer Automotive Electric Power Steering (EPS) system on most models.

text: A recent study conducted by iSeeCars.com and published on the Ford Motor Company Web site listed Ford F-250 Super Duty as the top longest-lasting vehicle and Expedition, Explorer and F-150 in the top 20 longest-lasting vehicle.[6]

text: Thirteenth generation (2015–present)[edit]

text: For the 2015 model year, Ford Motor Company introduced the thirteenth-generation F-150. Without physically changing any dimensions from its predecessor, in the interest of fuel economy, designers reduced curb weight by nearly 750 pounds. In a radical change for a mass-market vehicle, much of the weight reduction stems the change from steel to aluminum in its body structure (the majority of the frame itself remains high-strength steel).[7][8] With the lone exception of the firewall, all sheet metal used for the F-150 body is aluminum.[8][9]

text: Largely previewed by the Ford Atlas concept vehicle at the 2013 Detroit Auto Show, the styling introduced a completely new design language for the Ford F-Series; only the stepped window from the Super Duty was carried over. To prove the durability of the aluminum-intensive design, camouflaged prototypes were entered in the Baja 1000 endurance race, in which the vehicles finished.

text: To further increase fuel economy, a 3.5L V6 became the base engine with the introduction of a 2.7L EcoBoost twin-turbo V6 alongside the 3.5L version; the 5.0L V8 remained available. The 2015 F-150 is the first pickup truck with adaptive cruise control, which uses radar sensors on the front of the vehicle to maintain a set following distance between it and the vehicle ahead of it, decreasing speed if necessary.

text: Ford has made several changes to their engine lineup for the 2018 model-year pickup, which Ford has confirmed will be a member of the thirteenth generation.[10][11][12] The 3.5L base engine has been replaced with a more efficient 3.3L V6 that boasts the same power as the outgoing 3.5, but promises better mileage.[13] The new 3.3L V6 will be mated to the existing 6-speed transmission. The 2.7L and 3.5L EcoBoost engines, as well as the 5.0L V8 have had minor upgrades and improvements towards power and efficiency, and will all be mated to the new 10-speed transmission. These 3 engines will also all feature the stop/start technology which was previously only available with the 2.7L, further improving mileage across the board.[14]

text: Ford is also introducing its first Diesel engine in an F-150, which they're calling the "Power Stroke" engine. The Diesel engine is a twin turbocharged 3.0L V6 from the "Lion" lineup of engines shared by PSA Peugot Citroën and Jaguar Land Rover. The engine will produce 440 lb-ft of torque and be mated to the new 10-speed transmission, and also feature the stop/start technology.[14][15][16]

text: Outside of new engine features, Ford has stopped offering the Sony stereo system as an option and replaced it with B&O PLAY, a sound system designed by Danish audio system manufacturer Bang & Olufsen.[14]

text: Exact mileage improvements have not been announced yet. This model will be expected to launch in the Fall of 2017, and will be American built at both the Dearborn Truck Plant in Michigan, and the Kansas City Assembly Plant in Claycomo, Missouri.[15] The F-150 is assembled at a speed of one per minute.[17]

text: Special models[edit]

text: Throughout its production, variants of the Ford F-Series has been produced to attract buyers. While these variants primarily consist of trim packages, others are high-performance versions while other variants were designed with various means of improving functionality.

text: Unibody F-Series[edit]

text: For 1961 into part of the 1963 model year, Ford offered the F-Series with a pickup bed integrated with the cab (similar to the Ford Ranchero). While still produced on a separate frame, the design simplified assembly and streamlined the exterior design of the pickup

text: Specials[edit]

text: Introduced in 1961, the Camper Special was an option package for F-Series trucks; designed for owners of slide-in truck campers, the Camper Special featured pre-wiring for the camper, heavy-duty transmission and engine cooling, and a larger alternator. Introduced for 1968, the Contractor's Special and Farm and Ranch Special featured toolboxes and heavy-duty suspension; the Explorer Special was a lower-priced version of the Ranger trim level.

text: During the 1980 redesign of the F-Series, these options were no longer continued as part of the F-Series.

text: F-150 Nite[edit]

text: Sold from 1991 to 1992 on the Ford F-150 XLT Lariat, the Nite special edition was an monochromatic option package, featuring black paint and trim with a multicolor accent stripe. For 1991, it was exclusive to the regular-cab F-150; for 1992, it was available on all bodystyles of the F-150 and introduced on the Ford Bronco.

text: The Nite edition was available with two-wheel drive or four-wheel drive with either the 5.0L or 5.8L V8; it also included a sport suspension and alloy wheels on 235/75R15 white-letter tires.

text: Eddie Bauer[edit]

text: For 1994, Ford introduced the Eddie Bauer trim level for the F-150. In a fashion similar to the same trim packages on the Aerostar, Bronco, and Explorer/Bronco II, it consisted of outdoors-themed interior trim with two-tone exterior paint.

text: SVT Lightning[edit]

text: Introduced as a 1993 model, the Ford SVT Lightning is a high-performance version of the F-150 produced by the Ford Special Vehicle Team (SVT).

text: Intended as a competitor for the Chevrolet 454SS, the SVT Lightning shared much of its structure with the F-150, but extensive modifications were made to the suspension and frame in order to improve the handling. Powered by a 240 hp version of the 5.8L V8, the Lightning used the 4-speed automatic transmission from the F-350 (normally paired with the 7.5L or Diesel V8s).

text: Though being 3 seconds slower in the 0-60 than the discontinued GMC Syclone, the Lightning retained much of the towing and payload capacity of its F-150 counterpart.

text: The Lightning was produced from 1993 to 1995; it was discontinued as Ford began design work on the 1997 F-150.

text: For 1999, the SVT Lightning returned after a three-year hiatus. As with its 1993-1995 predecessor, the design of the Lightning used the F-150 as a basis with a number of suspension modifications. Instead of a model-specific engine, the Lightning now used the 5.4L engine from the F-150; fitted with a supercharger, it produced 360 hp (increased to 380 hp in 2001). As before, the transmission was borrowed from the F-350 Diesel pickups.

text: In 2004, the Lightning was discontinued, as it was not included in the redesigned F-150 model line.

text: Harley-Davidson Edition[edit]

text: From 2000 to 2012, the Harley-Davidson Edition was an option package available on the F-150 (also the F-250/F-350 from 2004-2011). Primarily an appearance package featuring monochromatic black trim, from 2002 to 2003, the edition included a slightly detuned version of the supercharged 5.4L V8 engine from the SVT Lightning. In 2003, a 100th Anniversary Edition was produced on F-150 SuperCrews.

text: After 2008, the option package adopted many of the options featured from the Platinum trim level, featuring leather seating produced from materials reserved for Harley-Davidson biker jackets.[18] For 2012, the Harley-Davidson Edition was replaced by the Limited trim level.

text: SVT Raptor[edit]

text: For 2010, Ford introduced its second high-performance truck, the SVT Raptor. In sharp contrast to the SVT Lightning, the Raptor is based on Ford's 1000 baja truck, with modifications designed to improve its on-road performance while still including standard Fox suspension, and the most capable off-road, mass-produced vehicle available. For the 2010 model year, the base engine was a 5.4 Liter V8 producing 310 hp (230 kW), the 6.2 Liter V8 was an option added mid year. Between 2011 and 2014, a 411 hp (306 kW), 6.2 Liter V8, both were paired with a six-speed automatic was available. The Raptor features a model-exclusive suspension with long-travel springs and shocks. To make room for its larger tires, the Raptor shares only the cab with a standard F-150; the pickup bed, hood and front fenders are wider and exclusive to the model. Initially available only as a SuperCab, a SuperCrew cab was added in late 2010.

text: For the first time on a Ford in North America since 1983, the word "Ford" was spelled on the grille of the SVT Raptor in place of the Ford Blue Oval badge.

text: In late 2016, the second-generation Ford Raptor (dropping the SVT prefix) returned as a 2017 model. The 2017 Ford Raptor is based on the aluminum-body Ford F-150 introduced for 2015. In a major change, the powertrain sourced from the Ford Super Duty is replaced by a re-engineered 3.5 Liter twin-turbo EcoBoost V6 paired with an all-new 10-speed automatic transmission.[19]

text: F-150 Platinum[edit]

text: Following the 2008 discontinuation of the Lincoln Mark LT in the United States and Canada,[20] the truck remained in production in Mexico until 2014.

text: For 2009, to replace the Mark LT, Ford moved into the luxury pickup truck segment with the Platinum trim level. Combining much of the content and luxury features of the Mark LT with more subdued styling, the F-150 Platinum saw more success than either the Lincoln Blackwood or Lincoln Mark LT. In 2011, the Platinum trim level was expanded to the F-250 and F-350 Super Duty trucks.

text: F-150 Tremor[edit]

text: For the 2014 model year, Ford introduced the Tremor model of the F-150. The Tremor was released as high-performance sport truck for street truck enthusiasts. The regular-cab Tremor is based on the style of the FX Appearance Package with the 3.5 Liter EcoBoost engine and a 4.10 rear axle. The interior uses a console-mounted shifter, custom bucket seats and a flow-through center console not found in any other F-150. The Tremor is available in both 4x2 and 4x4. Both options feature an electronic locking rear differential and customized suspension. There were 2,230 Tremors built.[citation needed]

text: Motorsports[edit]

text: The truck won the San Felipe 250 eight times between 1999 and 2007.

text: Greg Biffle won the 2000 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series.

text: Drivers such as Roger Norman and Larry Roeseler won the Primm 300 in 2003, 2007 and 2008.

text: In 2008, Ford announced its entrance into the Baja 1000 class-eight race for moderately modified, full-size pickups. The driver of record was Steve Oligos, supported by co-drivers Randy Merritt, Greg Foutz, and Bud Brutsman.[21] The vehicle was built with collaboration between the Ford Special Vehicle Team (SVT), Ford Racing, and Foutz Motorsports, Inc. The Ford F-150 SVT Raptor R completed the 2008 41st Tecate SCORE Baja 1000 race in 25.28:10,[22] and ranked third in its class.[23] Tavo Vildosola and Gus Vildosola won the event in 2010.

text: In the Best in the Desert race series, an F-150 SVT Raptor R completed the "Terrible's 250" race, placing second overall in the class 8000.[24]

text: In January 2010, a single Raptor SVT (No. 439), driven by Chilean driver Javier Campillay, competed in the Argentina-Chile Dakar Rally. However, the pickup was unable to finish due to a catch-up crash with another car in the middle of the road during stage seven. In January 2011, two Raptors started in the Argentina-Chile Dakar Rally in Buenos Aires, with Campillay driving the more reliable Raptor (No. 375), and American female driver Sue Mead driving a T2 Raptor (No. 374). Mead crossed the finish line in Buenos Aires and won the "super production" class, the first North American class win in Dakar history. Campillay was unable to finish the 12th stage after losing time due to mechanical failure during the 11th stage, which led to his disqualification for failing to reach the race camp by the designated deadline.

text: Awards and recognition[edit]

text: The Ford F-150 has won numerous awards; in 2009 alone, it received:[25]

text:
Motor Trend 2009 Truck of the Year Award
2009 Best Redesigned Vehicle from Kelley Blue Book's kbb.com
Top honors as the "truck of Texas" as well as the "best luxury pickup" for the 2009 F-150 King Ranch from Texas Auto Writers Association
Automotive Excellence Award in the Workhorse Category from Popular Mechanics
"Top safety pick" from the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety for its standard safety technology: safety canopy side curtain air bags and AdvanceTrac with roll stability control
Residual Value Award from Automotive Leasing Guide (ALG) for retaining the highest percentage of its original price among 2009 full-size light-duty pickups at the end of a conventional three-year lease, based on ALG projections
Motor Trend's Truck Trend Top 5 Pickups from Specialty Equipment Market Association (SEMA) for 2009 Ford F-150 Heavy Duty DeWalt Contractor Concept
Accessory-Friendly Pickup Design Award from SEMA
"Best overall half-ton pickup" from PickupTrucks.com

tag: ul

text: Sales[edit]

text: Quantities of Ford F-Series sold.

text:
Calendar Year
United States
Canada

1997
746,111[26]

1998
836,629

1999[27]
869,001

2000
876,716

2001[28]
911,597

2002[29]
813,701

2003
845,586
68,375

2004[30]
939,511
71,790

2005
901,463
69,549

2006[31]
796,039
72,128

2007
690,589
73,618

2008[32]
515,513
67,749

2009[33]
413,625
81,396

2010[34]
528,349
97,913[35]

2011
584,917
96,325

2012
645,316
106,358[36]

2013
763,402[37]
122,325

2014
753,851[38]
126,277[39]

2015
780,354[40]
118,837

2016
820,799[41]
145,409[42]

2017
896,764
155,290

tag: table

text: Variants[edit]

text: Medium-duty trucks[edit]

text: For most of its production, the F-Series was sold in a medium-duty conventional truck configuration alongside the traditional pickup trucks. Beginning in 1948 with the 1½ ton F-5 (later F-500), the medium-duty trucks ranged up to the F-8 (F-800). Prior to the 1957 introduction of the Ford C-Series tilt-cab, the medium-duty range was offered as both a conventional and in a COE (cabover) configuration.

text: Following the introduction of the fifth-generation F-Series in 1967, the medium-duty trucks were designed separately from the pickup truck range. Although remaining part of the F-Series range, the medium-duty trucks shared only the cab and interior with the F-Series pickup trucks. Since 1967, the cab design has changed only in 1980 and in 2000. Redesigned on an all-new chassis, the 2017 F-Series medium-duty trucks retain an updated version of the 2000-2016 F-650/F750 cab.

text: The medium-duty F-Series served as the donor platform for the B-Series cowled bus chassis produced from 1948 to 1998. Produced primarily for school bus bodies, the B-Series was discontinued as part of the sale of the Ford heavy-truck line to Freightliner in 1996.

text: Heavy-duty trucks[edit]

text: Above its medium-duty truck ranges, the Ford F-Series was used as a heavy-truck chassis during its early production. In 1951, Ford debuted its "Big Job" line, denoting the F-8 conventional.[43] In 1958, the "Super Duty" and "Extra Heavy Duty" replaced the Big Job trucks, marking the debut of the Super Duty V8 engine line.[44] In 1963, the N-Series became the first short-hood conventional built by Ford, replacing the F-900 Super Duty/Extra Heavy Duty. Although based on an all-new chassis and separate bodywork, the cab was sourced from the F-Series.

text: In 1970, Ford introduced the L-Series "Louisville" line of conventional trucks, moving all heavy truck development away from the F-Series. The L-Series/Aeromax would remain in production through 1998, as Ford exited the heavy-truck segment.

text: Vans[edit]

text: From 1948 until 1960, Ford manufactured the F-Series in a panel van configuration, largely replacing it with the Econoline in 1961. In contrast to General Motors, the panel van was never produced in a passenger "carryall" variant, such as the Chevrolet/GMC Suburban.

text: For much of its production life, the Ford E-Series vans shared a high degree of mechanical commonality with the F-Series; in the late 1970s, some body components were shared. Since the 1990s, this changed somewhat, as Ford updated the F-Series several times since 1992 while the E-Series continued on with very few changes; no powertrains were shared as of 2016.

text: Export[edit]

text: As of 2015, outside of the United States, Canada, and Mexico, the Ford F-150 is officially sold in most Caribbean countries (except Trinidad and Tobago, Saint Kitts and Nevis and Cuba), Suriname, Ecuador, Peru, Chile, the Middle East, Iceland, Nigeria, the Dutch territories of Aruba, Curaçao, Saint Maarten and the British overseas territory of the Cayman Islands. The SVT Raptor is sold in the United States, Canada, Mexico, the Middle East, Ecuador, Chile and Peru. Both are available in LHD only.

text: In Mexico, the F-150 (XLT and higher trim levels) is called the "Ford Lobo" while the F-150 SVT Raptor is called the "Ford Lobo Raptor". The F-150 XL is called F-150 XL.

text: There is a strong grey market presence of Ford F-Series trucks around the world, most notably in Europe, China, and Australia, and usually driven by wealthy car enthusiasts, as the higher end trim models are the most sought-after versions.

text: In Bolivia, Ford F-series truck are imported from the United States. F-150 single, super cab and crew cab are available with short and long bed. F-series Heavy Duty like F-250, F-350 are available in Super Cab and Crew cab with long bed, but the F-450 is available only in a chassis version. The F-150 Raptor is available, too.

text: In Australia, Ford F-series trucks are imported and converted to right-hand drive by several Australian importers, mostly by the Harrison Motoring Group, which as become the largest importer of F-Series vehicles in the Southern Hemisphere. Harrison F-Trucks have become Australia's number one converter and supplier of the famous Ford F-Series badges.

text: In the United Kingdom, most imported Ford F-Series trucks are the F-150 model, and usually the higher-end four door versions.

text: Right-hand drive versions of the F-Series for the United Kingdom and Australia are manufactured in Brazil.

text: In Argentina and Brazil, the petrol engines are often converted to also run with alternative fuels, E-96h (Brazilian-spec ethanol) and compressed natural gas (CNG). Biodiesel also is used in Diesel engines.[citation needed]


document_title: Canada School of Public Service

question_text: what is the canada school of public service

text: Canada School of Public Service

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Coordinates: 45°25′48″N 75°41′50″W / 45.4301052°N 75.6972469°W / 45.4301052; -75.6972469

text: The Canada School of Public Service was created on April 1, 2004. The School is the main educational institution for the Government of Canada, and is part of the Treasury Board portfolio. It was created from an amalgamation of the following three organizations: the Canadian Centre for Management Development, Training and Development Canada and Language Training Canada.

text: Mission[edit]

text: The School's primary responsibility is to provide a broad range of learning opportunities and establish a culture of learning within the public service. The School is a departmental corporation whose mission is set out in the Canada School of Public Service Act.

text: Governance and Organizational Structure[edit]

text: The School is headed by a Deputy Minister/President (currently Wilma Vreeswijk) who has supervision over and direction of the work and staff of the School. The School reports to the President of the Treasury Board. The work of the School is carried out by their branches and regional offices under the leadership of the Deputy Minister/President.

text:
The Deputy Minister/President's Office is responsible for setting the direction of the School's policies and programs and ensuring that the organization meets the learning needs of public servants across Canada.
The Learning Programs Branch is the delivery arm for all learning programs and services offered by the School across Canada. The Branch is responsible for the design, development and delivery of the School's curriculum to all public servants.
The Corporate Services Branch is responsible for corporate management services in the areas of finance, administration, information technology and human resources. The Vice-President serves as the School's Chief Financial Officer (CFO).
The Strategic Directions and Service Excellence Branch provides corporate leadership and direction for the School's agenda and business development and develops integrated marketing, communications approaches. Roles include planning, policy, evaluation, client relations and service excellence.


document_title: Roland Garros (aviator)

question_text: who was the roland garros tennis tournament named after

text: Roland Garros (aviator)

text: Biography[edit]

text: Eugène Adrien Roland Georges Garros[3] was born in Saint-Denis, Réunion, and studied at the Lycée Janson de Sailly and HEC Paris. He started his aviation career in 1909 flying a Demoiselle (Dragonfly) monoplane, an aircraft that only flew well with a small lightweight pilot.  He gained Ae.C.F. licence no. 147 in July 1910. In 1911 Garros graduated to flying Blériot monoplanes and entered a number of European air races with this type of machine, including the 1911 Paris to Madrid air race and the Circuit of Europe (Paris-London-Paris), in which he came second.[4]

text: On 4 September 1911, he set an altitude record of 3,950 m (12,960 ft). The following year, on 6 September 1912, after Austrian aviator Philipp von Blaschke had flown to 4,360 m (14,300 ft), he regained the height record by flying to 5,610 m (18,410 ft).[5][6][7]

text: By 1913 he had switched to flying the faster Morane-Saulnier monoplanes, and gained fame for making the first non-stop flight across the Mediterranean Sea from Fréjus in the south of France to Bizerte in Tunisia[8] in a Morane-Saulnier G. The following year, Garros joined the French army at the outbreak of World War I.

text: Myth of first air battle[edit]

text: Reports published in August 1914 claimed Garros was involved in the "first air battle in world history" and that he had flown his plane into a Zeppelin, destroying the airship and killing its pilots and himself.[9] This story was quickly contradicted by reports that Garros was alive and well in Paris.[10] Such early reports maintained that an unidentified French pilot had indeed rammed and destroyed a Zeppelin,[10] however, German authorities denied the story.[11] Later sources indicated the first aerial victory against a Zeppelin occurred in June 1915 and that earlier reports, including that of Garros, had been discredited.[12]

text: Development of interrupter gear[edit]

text: In the early stages of the air war in World War I the problem of mounting a forward-firing machine gun on combat aircraft was considered by a number of individuals.  The so-called "interrupter gear" did not come into use until Anthony Fokker developed a synchronization device which had a large impact on air combat; however, Garros also had a significant role in the process of achieving this goal.[13]

text: As a reconnaissance pilot with the Escadrille MS26, Garros visited the Morane-Saulnier Works[14] in December 1914.  Saulnier's work on metal deflector wedges attached to propeller blades was taken forward by Garros; he eventually had a workable installation fitted to his Morane-Saulnier Type L aircraft. The Aero Club of America awarded him a medal for this invention three years later.[15] Garros achieved the first ever shooting-down of an aircraft by a fighter firing through a tractor propeller, on 1 April 1915; two more victories over German aircraft were achieved on 15 and 18 April 1915.[14]

text: On 18 April 1915, either Garros's fuel line clogged or, by other accounts, his aircraft was downed by ground fire, and he glided to a landing on the German side of the lines. Garros failed to destroy his aircraft completely before being taken prisoner: most significantly, the gun and armoured propeller remained intact.[14] Legend has it that after examining the plane, German aircraft engineers, led by Fokker, designed the improved interrupter gear system. In fact the work on Fokker's system had been going for at least six months before Garros's aircraft fell into their hands.[16] With the advent of the interrupter gear the tables were turned on the Allies, with Fokker's planes shooting down many Allied aircraft, leading to what became known as the Fokker Scourge.[17]

text: After internment in a POW camp[edit]

text: Garros finally managed to escape from a POW camp in Germany on 14 February 1918, after several attempts, and rejoined the French army.[18] He settled into Escadrille 26 to pilot a Spad, and claimed two victories on 2 October 1918, one of which was confirmed.

text: Death[edit]

text: On 5 October 1918, he was shot down and killed near Vouziers, Ardennes, a month before the end of the war and one day before his 30th birthday.[19][2] His adversary was probably German ace Hermann Habich from Jasta 49.[20]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Garros is erroneously called the world's first fighter ace. In fact, he shot down only four aircraft; the definition of "ace" is five or more victories. The honour of becoming the first ace went to another French airman, Adolphe Pégoud, who had six victories early in the war.[21]

text: Eponyms[edit]

text: A tennis centre constructed in Paris in the 1920s was named after him, the Stade Roland Garros. The stadium accommodates the French Open, one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments.[22]  Consequently, the tournament is officially called Les Internationaux de France de Roland-Garros (the "French Internationals of Roland Garros").[23]

text: According to Vũ Trọng Phụng's urban novel, Dumb Luck, (1936), during colonial times the Hanoi government named the city's main tennis stadium after Roland Garros.[24]

text:
The international airport of La Réunion, Roland Garros Airport, is also named after him.
There is a monument to Garros in Bizerte at the site of his landing, which is called "Roland Garros Plaza".[25]

text: The French car manufacturer Peugeot commissioned a 'Roland Garros' limited edition version of its 205 model in celebration of the tennis tournament that bears his name. The model included special paint and leather interior. Because of the success of this special edition, Peugeot later created Roland Garros editions of its 106, 108, 206, 207, 208, 306, 307, 406, and 806 models.[26]


document_title: Degree (music)

question_text: what is the name given to the first scale degree

text: Degree (music)

text: In music theory, scale degree refers to the position of a particular note on a scale[3] relative to the tonic, the first and main note of the scale from which each octave is assumed to begin. Degrees are useful for indicating the size of intervals and chords, and whether they are major or minor.

text: In the most general sense, the scale degree merely is the number given to each step of the scale, usually starting with 1=tonic. Defining it like this implies that a tonic is specified. For instance the 7-tone diatonic scale may become the major scale once the proper degree has been chosen as tonic (e.g. the C-major scale C–D–E–F–G–A–B, in which C is the tonic). If the scale has no tonic, the starting degree must be chosen arbitrarily. In set theory, for instance, the 12 degrees of the chromatic scale usually are numbered starting from C=0, the twelve pitch classes being numbered from 0 to 11.

text: In a more specific sense, scale degrees are given names that indicate their particular function within the scale. This definition implies a functional scale, as is the case in tonal music.

text: The expression scale step is sometimes used synonymously with scale degree, but it may alternatively refer to the distance between two successive and adjacent scale degrees (see Steps and skips). The terms "whole step" and "half step" are commonly used as interval names (though "whole scale step" or "half scale step" are not used). The number of scale degrees and the distance between them together define the scale they are in.

text: Major and minor scales[edit]

text: The degrees of the traditional major and minor scales may be identified several ways:

text:
the first, second, (major or minor) third, fourth, fifth, major or minor sixth, and major or minor seventh degrees of the scale;
by Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, 4 ...), sometimes with circumflexes (

1
^

,

2
^

,

3
^

.
.
.

{\displaystyle {\hat {1}},{\hat {2}},{\hat {3}}...}

);
by Roman numerals (I, II, III, IV ...);
the diatonic mode which starts on the degree, and contains all the notes in the key
in English, by the names and function: tonic, supertonic, mediant, subdominant, dominant, submediant, leading note (leading tone in the United States) and tonic again.

text: in English, by the "moveable Do" Solfege system, which allows a person to name each scale degree with a single syllable while singing.

text:
Degree
Name (Diatonic Function)
Corresponding mode (major key)
Corresponding mode (minor key)
Meaning
Note (in C major)
Note (in C minor)

1st
Tonic
Ionian
Aeolian
Tonal center, note of final resolution
C
C

2nd
Supertonic
Dorian
Locrian
One whole step above the tonic
D
D

3rd
Mediant
Phrygian
Ionian
Midway between tonic and dominant, (in minor key) root of relative major key
E
E♭

4th
Subdominant
Lydian
Dorian
Lower dominant, same interval below tonic as dominant is above tonic
F
F

5th
Dominant
Mixolydian
Phrygian
2nd in importance to the tonic
G
G

6th
Submediant
Aeolian
Lydian
Lower mediant, midway between tonic and subdominant, (in major key) root of relative minor key
A
A♭

7th
Leading tone(in Major scale) / Subtonic (in Natural Minor Scale)
Locrian
Mixolydian
Melodically strong affinity for and leads to tonic/One half step below tonic in Major scale and whole step in Natural minor.
B
B♭

1st (8th)
Tonic (octave)
Ionian
Aeolian
Tonal center, note of final resolution
C'
C'


document_title: The Santa Clause 2

question_text: who plays the toy santa in santa clause 2

text: The Santa Clause 2

text: Plot[edit]

text: Eight years have elapsed since Scott Calvin took on the mantle of Santa Claus and became subject to The Santa Clause. Now he is at the top of his game at the North Pole and could not be happier, at least until Head Elf Bernard and Curtis, the Keeper of the Handbook of Christmas break the news that there is another clause – the "Mrs. Clause".

text: Santa/Scott is now pressed to get married before the next Christmas Eve, or the clause will be broken and Christmas will fade away. At the same time, Abby the Elf delivers news that is more distressing: Santa's own son Charlie is on the naughty list, for acts including vandalizing the walls of the school gymnasium with spray paint, until he is caught by Principal Carol Newman. Scott must return to his home to search for a wife and set things right with Charlie. He brings this up when visited by the Council of Legendary Figures consisting of Mother Nature, Father Time, Cupid, the Easter Bunny, the Tooth Fairy, and the Sandman.

text: To cover for Santa's prolonged absence, Curtis helps Santa create a life-size toy replica of Santa, much to Bernard's horror. However, this replacement can't find any grace or slack in his plastic heart for minor infractions by children the world over, having followed the Handbook too strictly. Toy Santa takes control of the North Pole with an army of life-size toy soldiers. He thinks that everyone is naughty, and he plans to give the entire world lumps of coal.

text: Because of the impending end of his contract, Scott undergoes a "de-Santafication process" that gradually turns him back into Scott Calvin. He has a limited amount of magic to help him. Scott attempts to reconcile with Charlie, who keeps vandalizing his school to get attention. He and Charlie both face the ire of Principal Newman when Charlie defaces the lockers.

text: Charlie confesses to Scott how hard it is for him that Scott is never around like other fathers, and reveals the stress he is under to conceal the secret that his father is Santa. Scott vows to try harder as a dad, and he and Charlie reconcile.

text: After a few failed dates, Scott finds himself falling for Carol, the school principal. He accompanies her in a sleigh to the faculty Christmas party, which turns out to be dull. Using a little of his Christmas magic, Scott enlivens the party by presenting everyone with their childhood dream gifts. He makes a special presentation to Carol, and, with his last remnant of magic, wins her over and they kiss passionately. However, she balks when he attempts to explain he is Santa, believing that Scott is mocking her childhood, until Charlie manages to convince her by showing her his magic snow globe.

text: Curtis flies in to deliver the news about the Toy Santa's coal binge. However, Scott has used up the last of his magic wooing Carol, and reindeer Comet has eaten too many chocolate bars, making him too bloated to fly. With a little help from the Tooth Fairy, Scott and Curtis return to the North Pole. Toy Santa wastes no time in subduing Scott, but Charlie and a now-believing Carol spring him free by summoning the Tooth Fairy to fly them there. Scott goes after the Toy Santa, who has already left with the sleigh, riding Chet, a reindeer-in-training, and they both crash back into the village. With an army of elves, Carol, Bernard, Charlie and Curtis lead a snowball war to overthrow the toy soldiers. Toy Santa is reduced to his normal six-inch height, Scott marries Carol in a ceremony presided over by Mother Nature herself, Scott transforms back to Santa, and Christmas proceeds as it always has. Scott and Carol have a three-month honeymoon to go on the next day. In addition, Scott and Charlie reveal the truth to Lucy, Charlie's younger half-sister (the daughter of Laura and Neil) about Scott being Santa Claus and she can't tell anyone about his secret, but that it's more of a gift than a burden.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Tim Allen as Scott Calvin / Santa Claus and Toy Santa
Eric Lloyd as Charlie Calvin
Elizabeth Mitchell as Principal Carol Newman
Wendy Crewson as Laura Miller
Judge Reinhold as Dr. Neal Miller
Liliana Mumy as Lucy Miller
David Krumholtz as Bernard the Elf
Spencer Breslin as Curtis the Elf
Danielle Woodman as Abby the Elf
Aisha Tyler as Mother Nature
Peter Boyle as Father Time
Jay Thomas as Easter Bunny
Kevin Pollak as Cupid
Art LaFleur as Tooth Fairy
Michael Dorn as Sandman

text: Production[edit]

text: A teaser trailer for this film originally referred to it as Santa Clause 2: The Escape Clause, scheduled for release in November 2001. The subtitle would later become the subtitle of the following sequel in 2006.[2]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 55% based on 113 reviews, with an average rating of 5.5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Though it's harmless as family entertainment and has moments of charm, The Santa Clause 2 is also predictable and forgettable."[3] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 48 out of 100, based on 26 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[4] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[5]

text: The Santa Clause 2 was nominated for Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film.[citation needed]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Santa Clause 2 grossed $139.2 million in the United States and Canada, and $33.6 million in other territories, for a total of $172.8 million, against a production budget of $65 million.[1] It was the fifth-highest-grossing holiday movie.[6][7][8]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: Original Release Date: November 1, 2002

text:
1. Everybody Loves Christmas – Eddie Money
2. Santa Claus Lane – Hilary Duff
3. Santa's Got A Brand New Bag – SHeDAISY
4. Jingle Bells – Brian Setzer
5. Run Rudolph Run – Chuck Berry
6. 'Zat You, Santa Claus? – Louis Armstrong
7. Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town – Smokey Robinson & the Miracles
8. Blue Holiday – The Shirelles
9. Unwritten Christmas – Unwritten Law & Sum 41
10. I'm Gonna Lasso Santa Claus – Brenda Lee
11. Santa Claus Is Coming to Town – Steve Tyrell
12. Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer – Elmo & Patsy

text: Home media[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The film was released on DVD and VHS on November 18, 2003. It was re-released as 3-Movie Collection DVD set in 2007 and first released as a 3-Movie Collection Blu-ray set on October 16, 2012.


document_title: Emulsion test

question_text: what do you use to test for lipids

question_tokens: what do you use to test for lipids

text: Emulsion test

text: The emulsion test is a method to determine the presence of lipids using wet chemistry. The procedure is for the sample to be suspended in ethanol, allowing lipids present to dissolve (lipids are soluble in alcohols). The liquid (alcohol with dissolved fat) is then decanted into water. Since lipids do not dissolve in water, when the ethanol is diluted, it falls out of solution to give a cloudy white emulsion.[1]

text: Add ethanol to the solution you want to test, and add water. A colour change to cloudy white shows that lipids are present.