document_title: Calorimeter

question_text: when was the system of measuring calories invented

text: Calorimeter

text: History[edit]

text: The name calorimeter was made up by Antoine Lavoisier.[1] In 1780, he used a guinea pig in his experiments with this device to measure heat production. The heat from the guinea pig's respiration melted snow surrounding the calorimeter, showing that respiratory gas exchange is combustion, similar to a candle burning.[2]

text: Adiabatic calorimeters[edit]

text: An adiabatic calorimeter is a calorimeter used to examine a runaway reaction. Since the calorimeter runs in an adiabatic environment, any heat generated by the material sample under test causes the sample to increase in temperature, thus fuelling the reaction.

text: No adiabatic calorimeter is fully adiabatic - some heat will be lost by the sample to the sample holder. A mathematical correction factor, known as the phi-factor, can be used to adjust the calorimetric result to account for these heat losses. The phi-factor is the ratio of the thermal mass of the sample and sample holder to the thermal mass of the sample alone.

text: Reaction calorimeters[edit]

text: A reaction calorimeter is a calorimeter in which a chemical reaction is initiated within a closed insulated container. Reaction heats are measured and the total heat is obtained by integrating heatflow versus time. This is the standard used in industry to measure heats since industrial processes are engineered to run at constant temperatures. Reaction calorimetry can also be used to determine maximum heat release rate for chemical process engineering and for tracking the global kinetics of reactions. There are four main methods for measuring the heat in reaction calorimeter:

text: Heat flow calorimeter[edit]

text: The cooling/heating jacket controls either the temperature of the process or the temperature of the jacket. Heat is measured by monitoring the temperature difference between heat transfer fluid and the process fluid. In addition, fill volumes (i.e. wetted area), specific heat, heat transfer coefficient have to be determined to arrive at a correct value. It is possible with this type of calorimeter to do reactions at reflux, although the accuracy is not as good.

text: Heat balance calorimeter[edit]

text: The cooling/heating jacket controls the temperature of the process. Heat is measured by monitoring the heat gained or lost by the heat transfer fluid.

text: Power compensation[edit]

text: Power compensation uses a heater placed within the vessel to maintain a constant temperature. The energy supplied to this heater can be varied as reactions require and the calorimetry signal is purely derived from this electrical power.

text: Constant flux[edit]

text: Constant flux calorimetry (or COFLUX as it is often termed) is derived from heat balance calorimetry and uses specialized control mechanisms to maintain a constant heat flow (or flux) across the vessel wall.

text: Bomb calorimeters[edit]

text: A bomb calorimeter is a type of constant-volume calorimeter used in measuring the heat of combustion of a particular reaction. Bomb calorimeters have to withstand the large pressure within the calorimeter as the reaction is being measured. Electrical energy is used to ignite the fuel; as the fuel is burning, it will heat up the surrounding air, which expands and escapes through a tube that leads the air out of the calorimeter. When the air is escaping through the copper tube it will also heat up the water outside the tube. The change in temperature of the water allows for calculating calorie content of the fuel.

text: In more recent calorimeter designs, the whole bomb, pressurized with excess pure oxygen (typically at 30atm) and containing a weighed mass of a sample (typically 1–1.5 g) and a small fixed amount of water (to saturate the internal atmosphere, thus ensuring that all water produced is liquid, and removing the need to include enthalpy of vaporization in calculations), is submerged under a known volume of water (ca. 2000 ml) before the charge is electrically ignited. The bomb, with the known mass of the sample and oxygen, form a closed system — no gases escape during the reaction. The weighed reactant put inside the steel container is then ignited. Energy is released by the combustion and heat flow from this crosses the stainless steel wall, thus raising the temperature of the steel bomb, its contents, and the surrounding water jacket. The temperature change in the water is then accurately measured with a thermometer. This reading, along with a bomb factor (which is dependent on the heat capacity of the metal bomb parts), is used to calculate the energy given out by the sample burn. A small correction is made to account for the electrical energy input, the burning fuse, and acid production (by titration of the residual liquid). After the temperature rise has been measured, the excess pressure in the bomb is released.

text: Basically, a bomb calorimeter consists of a small cup to contain the sample, oxygen, a stainless steel bomb, water, a stirrer, a thermometer, the dewar or insulating container (to prevent heat flow from the calorimeter to the surroundings) and ignition circuit connected to the bomb. By using stainless steel for the bomb, the reaction will occur with no volume change observed.

text: Since there is no heat exchange between the calorimeter and surroundings → Q = 0 (adiabatic) ; no work performed → W = 0 Thus, the total internal energy change ΔE(total) = Q + W = 0

text: Also, total internal energy change ΔE(total) = ΔE(system) + ΔE(surroundings) = 0 → ΔE(system) = −ΔE(surroundings) = −Cv ΔT (constant volume → dV = 0)

text: where Cv = heat capacity of the bomb

text: Before the bomb can be used to determine heat of combustion of any compound, it must be calibrated. The value of Cv can be estimated by Cv (calorimeter) = m (water). Cv (water) + m (steel). Cv (steel)

text: m (water) and m (steel) can be measured;

text: Cv(water)= 1 cal/g.K

text: Cv(steel)= 0.1 cal/g.K

text: In laboratory, Cv is determined by running a compound with known heat of combustion value: Cv = Hc/ΔT

text: Common compounds are benzoic acid (Hc = 6318 cal/g) or p-methyl benzoic acid (Hc = 6957 cal/g).

text: Temperature (T) is recorded every minute and ΔT = T(final) − T(initial)

text: A small factor contributes to the correction of the total heat of combustion is the fuse wire. Nickel fuse wire is often used and has heat of combustion = 981.2 cal/g

text: In order to calibrate the bomb, a small amount (~ 1 g) of benzoic acid, or p-methyl benzoic acid is weighed. A length of Nickel fuse wire (~10 cm) is weighed both before and after the combustion process. Mass of fuse wire burned Δm = m(before) − m(after)

text: The combustion of sample (benzoic acid) inside the bomb ΔHc = ΔHc (benzoic acid) x m (benzoic acid) + ΔHc (Ni fuse wire) x Δm (Ni fuse wire)

text: ΔHc = Cv. ΔT → Cv = ΔHc/ΔT

text: Once Cv value of the bomb is determined, the bomb is ready to use to calculate heat of combustion of any compounds by ΔHc = Cv. ΔT

text: [3] [4]

text: Combustion of non-flammables[edit]

text: The higher pressure and concentration of O2 in the bomb system can make compounds that are not normally flammable combustible, which is needed for this procedure, although some substances don’t combust completely, making the calculations harder once it have to take in consideration the remaining mass, making the possible error considerably bigger and compromising the data.

text: When working with compounds that are not as flammable (that might not combust all the way) one solution would be to mix the compound with some flammable compounds with a known heat of combustion and make a pallet with the mixture. Once it's known the Cv of the bomb, the heat of combustion of the flammable compound (CFC), of the wire (CW) and the masses (mFC and mW), and the temperature change (ΔT), the heat of combustion of the less flammable compound (CLFC) can be calculated with:

text: CLFC = Cv. ΔT - CFC*mFC - CW*mW [5]

text: Calvet-type calorimeters[edit]

text: The detection is based on a three-dimensional fluxmeter sensor. The fluxmeter element consists of a ring of several thermocouples in series. The corresponding thermopile of high thermal conductivity surrounds the experimental space within the calorimetric block. The radial arrangement of the thermopiles guarantees an almost complete integration of the heat. This is verified by the calculation of the efficiency ratio that indicates that an average value of 94% +/- 1% of heat is transmitted through the sensor on the full range of temperature of the Calvet-type calorimeter. In this setup, the sensitivity of the calorimeter is not affected by the crucible, the type of purgegas, or the flow rate. The main advantage of the setup is the increase of the experimental vessel's size and consequently the size of the sample, without affecting the accuracy of the calorimetric measurement.

text: The calibration of the calorimetric detectors is a key parameter and has to be performed very carefully. For Calvet-type calorimeters, a specific calibration, so called Joule effect or electrical calibration, has been developed to overcome all the problems encountered by a calibration done with standard materials. The main advantages of this type of calibration are as follows:

text:
It is an absolute calibration.
The use of standard materials for calibration is not necessary. The calibration can be performed at a constant temperature, in the heating mode and in the cooling mode.
It can be applied to any experimental vessel volume.
It is a very accurate calibration.

tag: ul

text: An example of Calvet-type calorimeter is the C80 Calorimeter (reaction, isothermal and scanning calorimeter).[6]

text: Constant-pressure calorimeter[edit]

text: A constant-pressure calorimeter measures the change in enthalpy of a reaction occurring in solution during which the atmospheric pressure remains constant.

text: An example is a coffee-cup calorimeter, which is constructed from two nested Styrofoam cups and a lid with two holes, allowing insertion of a thermometer and a stirring rod. The inner cup holds a known amount of a solute, usually water, that absorbs the heat from the reaction. When the reaction occurs, the outer cup provides insulation. Then

text:
C

p

=

W
Δ
H

M
Δ
T

{\displaystyle C_{p}={\frac {W\Delta H}{M\Delta T}}}

text: where

text: The measurement of heat using a simple calorimeter, like the coffee cup calorimeter, is an example of constant-pressure calorimetry, since the pressure (atmospheric pressure) remains constant during the process. Constant-pressure calorimetry is used in determining the changes in enthalpy occurring in solution. Under these conditions the change in enthalpy equals the heat.

text: Differential scanning calorimeter[edit]

text: In a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), heat flow into a sample—usually contained in a small aluminium capsule or 'pan'—is measured differentially, i.e., by comparing it to the flow into an empty reference pan.

text: In a heat flux DSC, both pans sit on a small slab of material with a known (calibrated) heat resistance K. The temperature of the calorimeter is raised linearly with time (scanned), i.e., the heating rate dT/dt = β is kept constant. This time linearity requires good design and good (computerized) temperature control. Of course, controlled cooling and isothermal experiments are also possible.

text: Heat flows into the two pans by conduction. The flow of heat into the sample is larger because of its heat capacity Cp. The difference in flow dq/dt induces a small temperature difference ΔT across the slab. This temperature difference is measured using a thermocouple. The heat capacity can in principle be determined from this signal:

text:
Δ
T
=
K

d
q

d
t

=
K

C

p

β

{\displaystyle \Delta T=K{dq \over dt}=KC_{p}\,\beta }

text: Note that this formula (equivalent to Newton's law of heat flow) is analogous to, and much older than, Ohm's law of electric flow: ΔV = R dQ/dt = R I.

text: When suddenly heat is absorbed by the sample (e.g., when the sample melts), the signal will respond and exhibit a peak.

text:
d
q

d
t

=

C

p

β
+
f
(
t
,
T
)

{\displaystyle {dq \over dt}=C_{p}\beta +f(t,T)}

text: From the integral of this peak the enthalpy of melting can be determined, and from its onset the melting temperature.

text: Differential scanning calorimetry is a workhorse technique in many fields, particularly in polymer characterization.

text: A modulated temperature differential scanning calorimeter (MTDSC) is a type of DSC in which a small oscillation is imposed upon the otherwise linear heating rate.

text: This has a number of advantages. It facilitates the direct measurement of the heat capacity in one measurement, even in (quasi-)isothermal conditions. It permits the simultaneous measurement of heat effects that respond to a changing heating rate (reversing) and that don't respond to the changing heating rate (non-reversing). It allows for the optimization of both sensitivity and resolution in a single test by allowing for a slow average heating rate (optimizing resolution) and a fast changing heating rate (optimizing sensitivity).[7]

text: Safety Screening:- DSC may also be used as an initial safety screening tool. In this mode the sample will be housed in a non-reactive crucible (often Gold, or Gold plated steel), and which will be able to withstand pressure (typically up to 100 bar). The presence of an exothermic event can then be used to assess the stability of a substance to heat. However, due to a combination of relatively poor sensitivity, slower than normal scan rates (typically 2–3°/min - due to much heavier crucible) and unknown activation energy, it is necessary to deduct about 75–100 °C from the initial start of the observed exotherm to suggest a maximum temperature for the material. A much more accurate data set can be obtained from an adiabatic calorimeter, but such a test may take 2–3 days from ambient at a rate of 3 °C increment per half hour.

text: Isothermal titration calorimeter[edit]

text: In an isothermal titration calorimeter, the heat of reaction is used to follow a titration experiment. This permits determination of the midpoint (stoichiometry) (N) of a reaction as well as its enthalpy (delta H), entropy (delta S) and of primary concern the binding affinity (Ka)

text: The technique is gaining in importance particularly in the field of biochemistry, because it facilitates determination of substrate binding to enzymes. The technique is commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry to characterize potential drug candidates.


document_title: Escape the Night

question_text: who dies in escape the night season 2 ep 5

root

text: Escape the Night

text: Premise

text: The series follows The Savant (Joey Graceffa) as he invites a number of guests, involved in their own respective characters varying each season, at a party which transports them into a historical era to survive the night and escape.[6][7] As the season progresses, the guests participate in challenges and puzzles, competing with each other to escape from the historical era by solving and completing them.[8] During each episode, a guest is eliminated via a fictional ″death″ for failing a challenge,[6] until one or more guests ultimately win and are sent back to the Modern World.[7][9]

tag: p

text: Cast and characters

text: Season 1

text:
Name
Title
Eliminated

Eva Gutowski
The Journalist
Winner

Oli White
The Big Game Hunter
Winner

Lele Pons
The Hustler
Episode 9

Timothy DeLaGhetto
The Mobster
Episode 8

Matt Haag
The Professor
Episode 7

Sierra Furtado
The Heiress
Episode 6

GloZell Green
The Jazz Singer
Episode 4

Justine Ezarik
The Gambler
Episode 3

Andrea Brooks
The Fixer
Episode 2

Shane Dawson
The Renagade
Episode 1

tag: table

text: Recurring

text:
Paul Chirico as Arthur, head of staff. (Episodes 1-10)
Katia Hayes as Sarah, the maid. (Episodes 1-10)
David Hutchison as Marvin, the groundskeeper. (Episodes 2-10)

text: Season 2

text:
Name
Title
Eliminated

Andrea Russett
The Mystic
Winner

Tyler Oakley
The Thespian
Winner

Alex Wassabi
The Novelist
Episode 9

Gabbie Hanna
The Vaudevillian
Episode 7

Tana Mongeau
The Saloon Girl
Episode 6

Liza Koshy
The Explorer
Episode 5

DeStorm Power
The Railroad Tycoon
Episode 4

Jesse Wellens
The Outlaw
Episode 3

Lauren Riihimaki
The Engineer
Episode 2

text: Recurring

text:
Lindsay Elston as Alison (Episodes 1-8)
Eva Augustina as The Sorceress (Episodes 1-3, 5, 9, and 10)
AJ Martin as Jet Pack Girl (Episodes 7, 9, and 10)

text: Production

text: Development

text: In October 2015, YouTube announced YouTube Red, a paid subscription service that would allow streaming videos ad-free, downloading videos for offline usage, and present new exclusive original series for YouTube Red subscribers.[10][11] At the time of announcement, ten various series were announced for 2016, including the Untitled Joey Graceffa project,[12][13] which was set to be produced by Brian Graden Media.[5] The series began filming near Valencia, California.[7]

text: On June 15, 2016, Graceffa released the trailer for his original series entitled Escape the Night,[14] which was set and released on June 22, 2016 with two episodes going live.[15] When interviewed after production, Graceffa commented that the idea behind Escape the Night was inspired by an episode themed around murder mystery appearing on television show Lizzie McGuire,[16] and closely related to the 1985 film Clue.[7] Furthermore, Graceffa shared his experience with filming the series, expressing "It was a really fun concept to put together," additionally mentioning, "And it was an idea that started small and ended up into something much bigger."[5]

text: On October 17, 2016, it was announced by Susanne Daniels, global head of content for YouTube, at MIPCOM that Escape the Night would be renewed for a second season.[17] Later on October 31, 2016, Joey Graecffa via Twitter announced the cast of the second season and scheduled debut of the second season to be on June 22, 2017.[18][19]

text: Reception

text: On IMDb, the series currently holds a score of 5.7/10; based on 254 reviews.[20] Common Sense Media's critical consensus reads, "Web celebs star in mediocre pseudo-reality horror series", while giving the show a rating of 2/5.[21]

text: Episodes

text: Season 1

text:
#
Title
Episode Length
Original Release Date

1
"An Invitation"
23:16
June 22, 2016 (2016-06-22)

In this episode, the guests arrive at the house and their dinner party meets with a tragic end (the death of a guest). They discover the house is evil and they must gather special artifacts to free themselves from it.

2
"The Ungodly Machine"
23:55
June 22, 2016 (2016-06-22)

The guests work through a mad scientist’s clues and end up facing his most evil creation, the “Ungodly Machine.”

3
"Buried Alive"
23:59
June 29, 2016 (2016-06-29)

The guests perform a seance to learn the location of a grave only to find one of them must be buried inside it.

4
"Mannequins"
23:48
July 6, 2016 (2016-07-06)

The guests uncover clues hidden inside macabre mannequin displays that represent a serial killers’ finest works.

5
"Freak Show"
24:08
July 13, 2016 (2016-07-13)

The guests must defeat the houses’ monstrous guardian by summoning the wicked circus he was stolen from.

6
"Did Someone Call For An Exorcist?"
23:50
July 20, 2016 (2016-07-20)

The guests exorcise a legion of evil spirits trapped in a young girl to free a former owner trapped in the house.

7
"Mermaid Tails"
23:52
July 27, 2016 (2016-07-27)

The guests uncover secrets at the bottom of the pool to free a wicked mermaid who once owned the house.

8
"All Out War"
24:32
August 3, 2016 (2016-08-03)

The guests “go to war” in an attempt to uncover a stash of stolen WWI gold to free a former owner.

9
"Wicked Hallucinations"
24:03
August 10, 2016 (2016-08-10)

The guests find a mad man escaped from an asylum and must enter his violent and terrifying hallucinations in order to free him from the house. In the process, they discover who among them is in league with the evil of the house.

10
"Betrayal At The House On The Hill"
21:39
August 17, 2016 (2016-08-17)

The guests discover they have been betrayed by Arthur the Butler, a former confidence man, and must unravel clues while being hunted by him and the house staff.

11
"How to Kill a YouTuber"
19:51
August 24, 2016 (2016-08-24)

Relive "Escape the Night" with Joey Graceffa as he looks back on the top kills of the season.

12
"BTS Documentary: The Making of 'Escape the Night'"
23:56
August 24, 2016 (2016-08-24)

Take a look at the making of "Escape the Night" in this behind-the-scenes documentary.

text: Progress chart (Season 1)

text:
Progress Chart

Guest
Episode 1
Episode 2
Episode 3
Episode 4
Episode 5
Episode 6
Episode 7
Episode 8
Episode 9
Episode 10

Eva
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Escaped

Oli
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Escaped

Lele
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Dead

Timothy
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Dead

Matt
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Dead

Sierra
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Dead

GloZell
Safe
Safe
Safe
Dead

Justine
Safe
Safe
Dead

Andrea
Safe
Dead

Shane
Dead

text: Season 2

text:
#
Title
Episode Length
Original Release Date

1
"The Masquerade Part 1"
24:36
June 22, 2017 (2017-06-22)

Nine YouTubers travel through time to attend a Victorian ball at an estate like no other, and soon begin unlocking mysteries and discovering evil forces that are conspiring against them.

2
"The Masquerade Part 2"
26:32
June 22, 2017 (2017-06-22)

The guests must disguise themselves in the bloodiest of masquerades if they want to slay the king of vampires in order to get their first gem.

3
"Tangled Web"
24:21
June 28, 2017 (2017-06-28)

The Sorceress unleashes an evil spider on the guests and they must escape her dangerous web in order to save themselves and will have to send a boy toy to their death in order to receive their next gem.

4
"A Nation Divided"
24:12
July 5, 2017 (2017-07-05)

The guests are divided and must wage war against each other to see who will face the dark army in the final challenge where one will be executed to get the next gem.

5
"The Gingerbread Woman"
26:45
July 12, 2017 (2017-07-12)

When an evil Gingerbread Woman traps unsuspecting children in an oven, the guests must fight to free them before it’s too late and will then have to bake one of their own for a meat pie for the next gem.

6
"Endless Winter Night"
25:03
July 19, 2017 (2017-07-19)

The guests venture into a realm of fantasy in hopes of recovering the next gem, but first they must outmaneuver the Ice Witch and her wicked harpies and will have to betray one of their own for a gem.

7
"Automaton Love Story"
22:12
July 26, 2017 (2017-07-26)

The self-destruct system has been enabled in the estate and the guests must race against time to satisfy the horrifying demands of the system’s creator which is a heart of one of their own to receive their next gem.

8
"Full Moon Slaughter"
23:30
August 2, 2017 (2017-08-02)

It is now midnight and the guests find themselves being hunted by a most unexpected enemy -- werewolves and soon learn that they will go through a challenge to determen which one of them will be the werewolves next meal for a gem.

9
"The Dark Dimension"
26:07
August 9, 2017 (2017-08-09)

The guests must battle a horrifying demon and find their way into the dark dimension to recover the last gem.

10
"The Sorcress"
24:04
August 16, 2017 (2017-08-16)

The Sorceress unleashes a legion of villains on the last remaining guests, forcing them to literally run for their lives if they want to escape her spell.

11
"Monster's Ball"
21:47
August 23, 2017 (2017-08-23)

A behind-the-scenes look at the creation and design of some of Season Two’s most terrifying monsters.

12
"Behind the Scenes with Joey Graceffa"
25:41
August 30, 2017 (2017-08-30)

A behind-the-scenes look at the YouTubers and their all-night filming antics during Season Two.

text: Progress chart (Season 2)

text:
Progress Chart

Guest
Episode 1
Episode 2
Episode 3
Episode 4
Episode 5
Episode 6
Episode 7
Episode 8
Episode 9
Episode 10

Andrea
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Escaped

Tyler
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Escaped

Alex
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Dead

Gabbie
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Dead

Tana
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Dead

Liza
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Dead

DeStorm
Safe
Safe
Safe
Dead

Jesse
Safe
Safe
Dead

Lauren
Safe
Dead


document_title: Abbey Road, London

question_text: where did the beatles take the abbey road picture

text: Abbey Road, London

text: Location[edit]

text: The north-western end of Abbey Road begins in Kilburn, at the junction with Quex Road and West End Lane. The road was once a track leading to Kilburn Priory and its associated Abbey Farm, and was developed in the early 19th century.[2] It continues south-east for roughly a mile, crossing Belsize Road, Boundary Road, and Marlborough Place, ending at the junction of Grove End Road and Garden Road.

text: History[edit]

text: The Abbey National Building Society (now Santander UK) was founded in 1874 as The Abbey Road & St John's Wood Permanent Benefit Building Society in a Baptist church on Abbey Road.

text: EMI's Abbey Road Studios are located at the south-eastern end, at 3 Abbey Road, St John's Wood. The Beatles and many other famous popular music performers have recorded at this studio, and The Beatles named their last studio LP after this street. The album's cover photograph shows the four group members walking across the zebra crossing just outside the studio entrance. As a result of its association with The Beatles, since 1969 this part of Abbey Road has been featured on the London tourism circuit. In December 2010 the crossing was given Grade II Listed Building status by English Heritage despite its age not being contemporary to that era.[3]

text: The zebra crossing featured on the Beatles cover, as well as the crossing directly north of it, have become popular photo-opportunity areas, despite the road still being a busy thoroughfare for traffic. The Beatles album cover has been parodied many times over the years on the crossing.

text: The tin street sign on the corner of Grove End Road and Abbey Road is now mounted high on the building on the corner, to save the local council the expense of cleaning and replacing the sign, which was frequently defaced and stolen. The council repaints the wall next to the zebra crossing every three months to cover fans' graffiti.[4]

text: Abbey Road is also a ward of the City of Westminster. At the 2011 Census this ward had a population of 11,250.[5]


document_title: A Dog's Purpose (film)

question_text: who voiced bailey in a dog's purpose

question_tokens: who voiced bailey in a dog 's purpose

text: A Dog's Purpose (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the 1950s, a feral puppy named Toby is whisked away to the dog pound and quickly euthanized, wondering if "fun" truly is life's purpose.

text: His strong spirit is reborn and reincarnated as a newborn Retriever puppy in 1961, Toby leaves his cage at a puppy mill and is found by two garbage men who plan to sell him for their own profit. They leave to drink and Toby is spotted locked inside their pick-up truck by a young boy named Ethan and his mother, who rescue him from the brink of death by heatstroke. After they convince Ethan's father, the dog is allowed to stay and renamed Bailey.

text: Bailey and Ethan bond quickly, especially over the summer when the family visits Ethan's maternal grandparents' farm, and Bailey now believes Ethan alone is his purpose. Years pass and after several attempts at advancing in his job failed, Ethan's father has become a deadbeat alcoholic, though teenage Ethan still tries to respect him - inviting him to a football game now that he has been named starting quarterback.

text: Over the summer, Ethan goes to a fair with Bailey and meets Hannah, who he quickly begins dating, with Bailey referring to her as "part of the pack". Ethan and Hannah spend their summer happy together though their senior years are upcoming, but they plan to go to the same school; popular Ethan getting a football scholarship and Hannah following him on an academic one. When he goes home one night though, Ethan's father is drunk and shouting at Ethan's mother. He turns on Ethan then and when his mother tries to keep them separated, he shoves her to the ground. Ethan orders his father to leave and never come back, and becomes "the leader of the pack."

text: Later, at a game watched by scouts, Ethan is offered a full 4-year scholarship to Michigan State, but that night a vindictive classmate named Todd throws a lit firecracker into Ethan's house as a prank, which unintentionally results in a house fire. Bailey alerts Ethan, who goes to save his mother. Unable to get out of the door, they head out through his mother's bedroom window upstair. Ethan first lowers her with her sheets to the neighbors below, then Bailey — but when trying to jump himself, Ethan badly fractures his leg, ending his dreams of an athletic scholarship. Bailey attacks Todd, who is apprehended by the police. Instead Ethan must go to an agricultural school where he will learn to take over his grandparents' farm. Falling into depression, self-pity and bitterness, he grudgingly breaks off his romance with Hannah before leaving for college. Sometime afterwards, an aged Bailey slowly expires at the veterinarian's office after sharing an eleventh-hour teary goodbye with Ethan.

text: Bailey reincarnates into another dog life, a female German Shepherd Police dog named Ellie, sometime in the late 1970s/early 1980s, while possessing full memories and experiences of his past lives. Ellie is partnered with a widowed officer named Carlos from the Chicago Police Department, and works hard at "showing" and "finding", now seeing the job as life's purpose. The two form a close relationship which ends after Ellie jumps into a rushing river and saves a kidnapped girl from drowning, and is then fatally shot during a struggle with the armed kidnapper who was a moment away from killing an unsuspecting Carlos.

text: Reborn again in the mid-1980s as a Pembroke Welsh Corgi, he forms a bond with an Atlanta college student named Maya who names him Tino. Maya is lonely, which Tino, having bonded closely with the girl, realizes, and makes his purpose to find her some happiness. She starts a relationship with another classmate named Al who she begins seeing after Tino falls for Al's dog, a black and white Landseer named Roxie, and allows her to open up to him. Maya and Al marry and have 3 children who all love the Corgi. In love with Roxie (though she does not seem to reciprocate the romance), Tino is permanently heartbroken when one day she does not return from the vet. As he lies dying of old age in the late 1990s, Tino thanks Maya for giving him one of his best lives.

text: Bailey is again reborn and reincarnated, this time, as a St. Bernard-Australian Shepherd mix, sometime during the next decade, only to be taken in by an abusive and neglectful urban couple who name him Waffles. Waffles is eventually dumped in an abandoned lot and reluctantly sets off in search of a new life. Walking past a dog park and remembering how long it had been since he played, Waffles meets a dog and her human who hold a familiar scent to him, though he knows neither of them. He gradually makes his way to the country area where he spent summers as Bailey without even realizing at first where he is headed. He joyfully reunites with his old master Ethan, who is now somewhere in his 50s, living a lonely life and apparently broken in spirit at his Grandparents' old farm, which he now owns and runs. Ethan, of course, initially has no idea who this wandering dog really is and hands him over to the local animal shelter. But he soon has a change of heart and reclaims him, naming him Buddy. Buddy, sensing that he has finally found the true purpose of life that has long evaded him, finds a way to reunite Ethan with a widowed Hannah, and they eventually get married.

text: Buddy finally convinces Ethan that he is his beloved childhood pet by performing some tricks and responding to key phrases that were known only to the two of them all those many, many long years ago. The dog in voiceover tells the viewer that life is about having fun; saving others; not getting caught in the past or regrets; finding someone to be with; and living for today.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Josh Gad as the voice of Toby, Bailey, Ellie, Tino, Waffles and Buddy.
Dennis Quaid as Ethan Montgomery (adult)[8]

KJ Apa as teenage Ethan Montgomery[8]
Bryce Gheisar as eight-year old Ethan Montgomery

Juliet Rylance as Elizabeth Montgomery, Ethan's mother.[8]
Peggy Lipton as Hannah (adult)[8]

Britt Robertson as young Hannah[8]

John Ortiz as Carlos Ruiz
Kirby Howell-Baptiste as Maya
Pooch Hall as Al[9]
Luke Kirby as Jim Montgomery, Ethan's father
Michael Bofshever as Bill, Ethan's grandfather
Gabrielle Rose as Fran, Ethan's grandmother
Logan Miller as Todd, the vindictive classmate

text: Production[edit]

text: In 2015, DreamWorks acquired the film rights for Cameron's novel.[10] On May 8, 2015, it was announced Lasse Hallström would direct the film.[11] On August 5, 2015, Britt Robertson and Dennis Quaid joined the cast.[8] On September 18, 2015, Pooch Hall was cast in the film.[9] On October 15, 2015, Bradley Cooper joined the cast to play the dog's inner voice.[12] He was eventually replaced by Josh Gad.[13] Principal photography began on August 17, 2015.[14]

text: Release[edit]

text: In December 2015, the film switched from a DreamWorks Pictures release to under the Amblin Entertainment banner as per Amblin Partners' newly enacted branded strategy.[15] The film was released by Universal Pictures on January 27, 2017.[16] Universal also distributed it overseas, except for countries where Mister Smith Entertainment handled international sales.

text: Box office[edit]

text: A Dog's Purpose has grossed $64.3 million in the United States and Canada and $136.7 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $201 million, against a production budget of $22 million.[3]

text: In North America was released alongside Resident Evil: The Final Chapter and Gold, and was projected to gross $18–22 million from 3,050 theaters in its opening weekend, slightly lower than initial $27 million tracking had the film debuting to before boycotts against the film were called for.[4] It made $466,000 from Thursday night previews and $5.3 million on its first day. It ended up debuting to $18.2 million, finishing second at the box office behind the second weekend of Universal's own Split.[17] The film dropped 40.6% in its second weekend, grossing $10.8 million and finishing third at the box office.[18]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 30% based on 121 reviews, and an average rating of 4.7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "A Dog's Purpose offers an awkward blend of sugary sentiment and canine suffering that tugs at animal-loving audiences' heartstrings with shameless abandon."[19] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, the film has a score 43 out of 100, based on 32 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[20] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[21]

text: Home media[edit]

text: A Dog's Purpose was released on digital HD on April 18, 2017, and was followed by a release on Blu-ray and DVD on May 2, 2017, from Universal Studios Home Entertainment.[22][23] The film topped the home video sales chart for the week ending on May 7, 2017.[24]

text: Animal abuse allegations[edit]

text: Initial reaction[edit]

text: On January 18, 2017, a video surfaced on TMZ showing footage taken from the set of the film, which shows a German Shepherd named Hercules being dragged and dipped into rushing water while visibly resisting.[25] After a cut in the video, the next clip shows the dog being submerged in the water at the other end of the tank while a voice on set can be heard shouting "CUT IT!", and various people are then seen rushing towards the dog.[26] The American Humane Association, which ensures that animals are not harmed in entertainment productions, announced that its representative on set had been suspended over the incident, and that the incident is under further investigation.[27][28] PETA called for a boycott of the film.[29] Actor Josh Gad, who voices the dog in the movie, was not on set during the making of the film, but stated that he was "shaken and sad to see any animal put in a situation against its will".[30] Due to the release of the video, Universal Pictures cancelled the film's scheduled January 19 Los Angeles premiere.[31]

text: Director Lasse Hallström stated on Twitter that he "did not witness" the actions in the video, and was "very disturbed" by the footage.[32]

text: Validity of the video[edit]

text: Amblin Entertainment released a statement in regards to the incident, saying that "on the day of the shoot, Hercules did not want to perform the stunt portrayed on the tape so the Amblin production team did not proceed with filming that shot", and that "Hercules is happy and healthy".[33]

text: Dennis Quaid also came out against the TMZ video, stating that the video did not tell the whole story, saying:

text: My experience is that the animals were treated great. There was no animal abuse. That video that someone took and sold for money and held on to for a year and a half until right before the film's coming out, does not tell the whole story. First of all, it's been edited and manipulated. And I think it's a scam, to tell you the truth. What they (the viewers of the video) saw was completely out of context. It was edited...and all of the footage I saw, the dog was going into the water happily and had to be restrained, actually, from going into the water many times during that day.

text: Quaid also said that the video was shot towards the end of the day and I would not say, in real context, that the dog was frightened. The dog was acting like a dog who was kind of tired of taking a bath and was ready to get out. And, in fact, that's what happened. They took the dog out.[34]

text: On February 4, 2017, the American Humane Association reported that an independent third-party animal-cruelty expert had concluded that safety measures on the set of the film were in place and the video had been deliberately edited to mislead the public.[5]

text: The film was released with AHAD approval number 06202.

text: Sequel[edit]

text: On June 21, 2017, CEO of Amblin Entertainment Michael Wright announced that a sequel was in development.[35]


document_title: Subaru

question_text: what is the country of origin for subaru

text: Subaru

text: History[edit]

text: Fuji Heavy Industries (FHI) and Subaru's first cars[edit]

text: Fuji Heavy Industries started out as The Aircraft Research Laboratory in 1915, headed by Chikuhei Nakajima. In 1932, the company was reorganized as Nakajima Aircraft Company, Ltd and soon became a major manufacturer of aircraft for Japan during World War II. At the end of the Second World War Nakajima Aircraft was again reorganized, this time as Fuji Sangyo Co, Ltd. In 1946, the company created the Fuji Rabbit motor scooter with spare aircraft parts from the war.[9] In 1950, Fuji Sangyo was divided into 12 smaller corporations according to the Japanese Government's 1950 Corporate Credit Rearrangement Act, anti-zaibatsu legislation. Between 1953 and 1955, four of these corporations and a newly formed corporation decided to merge to form Fuji Heavy Industries. These companies were: Fuji Kogyo, a scooter manufacturer; coachbuilders Fuji Jidosha; engine manufacturers Omiya Fuji Kogyo; chassis builders Utsunomiya Sharyo and the Tokyo Fuji Dangyo trading company.[10]

text: Kenji Kita, CEO of Fuji Heavy Industries at the time, wanted the new company to be involved in car manufacturing and soon began plans for building a car with the development code-name P-1. Mr. Kita canvassed the company for suggestions about naming the P1, but none of the proposals was appealing enough. In the end he gave the company a Japanese name that he had "been cherishing in his heart": Subaru, which is the name of the Pleiades star cluster in Japanese. The first Subaru car was named the Subaru 1500.[11] Only twenty were manufactured owing to multiple supply issues. Subsequently, the company designed and manufactured dozens of vehicles including the 1500 (1954), the tiny air-cooled 360 (1958), the Sambar (1961), and the 1000 (which saw the introduction of the Subaru boxer engine in 1965).

text: Later partnerships[edit]

text: Nissan acquired a 20.4% stake in Fuji Heavy Industries, Subaru's parent company, in 1968 during a period of government-ordered merging of the Japanese auto industry in order to improve competitiveness under the administration of Prime Minister Eisaku Sato. Nissan would utilize FHI's bus manufacturing capability and expertise for their Nissan Diesel line of buses. In turn many Subaru vehicles, even today, use parts from the Nissan manufacturing keiretsu. The Subaru automatic transmission, known as the 4EAT, is also used in the first generation Nissan Pathfinder. While under this arrangement with Nissan, Subaru introduced the R-2 (1969), the Rex and the Leone (1971), the BRAT (1978), Alcyone (1985), the Legacy (1989), the Impreza (1993) (and its WRX subtype), and the Forester (1997).

text: Upon Nissan's acquisition by Renault, its stake in FHI was sold to General Motors in 1999. Troy Clarke, of General Motors served as representative to Fuji Heavy Industries on their corporate board. During that time, Subaru introduced the Baja (2003), and the Tribeca (2005). The Subaru Forester was sold as a Chevrolet Forester in India in exchange for the Opel Zafira being sold as a Subaru Traviq in Japan. Also, the Chevrolet Borrego concept was presented in 2002, a crossover coupe/pickup truck being derived from the Japanese-market Legacy Turbo platform. During the brief General Motors period, a "badge engineered" Impreza was sold in the United States as the Saab 9-2X. An SUV (Subaru Tribeca / Saab 9-6X) was also planned[12][13] but the Saab version did not proceed, and styling was recycled in the 2008 Tribeca refresh.[14]

text: GM liquidated their holdings in FHI in 2005. Nearly all Saab-Subaru joint projects were dropped at that time, other than Subaru supplying parts for the Saab 9-2x.[15] Toyota Motors bought a little over 40% of GM's former FHI stock, amounting to 8.7% of FHI. (The rest of GM's shares went to a Fuji stock buy-back program.)[15] Toyota and Subaru have since collaborated on a number of projects, among them building the Toyota Camry in Subaru's Indiana U.S. plant beginning in April 2007.[16] Subaru introduced the Exiga in 2008.

text: Toyota increased their share of FHI to 16.5% in July 2008.[17] Subsequently, Toyota and Subaru jointly developed the Toyota 86, first sold in January 2012 as the Subaru BRZ and by Toyota under various names.

text: Marketing efforts[edit]

text: Some of the advertising slogans Subaru has used in the past include "Inexpensive, and built to stay that way" (USA 1970s - early 1980s), "The World's Favourite Four Wheel Drive" (in the UK), "Plus on y pense, plus on a le gout de la conduire" (Literally: "The more one thinks, the more one has the taste (or desire, impulse, drive) of driving it") in French Quebec,[18] "We built our reputation by building a better car", "What to Drive", "The Beauty of All-Wheel Drive", "Driven by What's Inside", "Think, Feel, Drive", "Love. It's what makes Subaru, a Subaru" (USA early 2010s) and currently "Confidence in Motion" in North America, "All 4 The Driver" in Australia, and "Uncommon Engineering, Uncommon Stability, Uncommon Roadholding, Uncommon Sense" in the UK and "Technology that gives you Confidence in Motion" in Southeast Asia.[19]

text: As a result of this[clarification needed] refocused advertising campaign, Subaru products began to attract a following among the young and educated, who saw the car as a practical alternative to the SUV craze. Subaru has historically been popular in the Northeastern United States as well as the Pacific Northwest. According to Automotive Lease Guide, Subaru ranked second place in vehicles that have the highest overall predicted resale values among all industry and all luxury vehicles for MY 2009.[20] The awards are derived after carefully studying segment competition, historical vehicle performance and industry trends. According to a study done by J.D. Power and Associates for the 2008 Customer Retention Study, Subaru ranked at 50.5%, which was above the national average of 48%.[21]

text: Hōkago no Pleiades (Original net animation)[edit]

text: Subaru launched an animation series Hōkago no Pleiades (放課後のプレアデス, Hōkago no Pureadesu, lit. 'After School Pleiades') developed jointly with Gainax. The 4-part mini episode series was released on YouTube on February 1, 2011. It featured a magical girl plot with Subaru as a leading protagonist.

text: Current operations[edit]

text: Subaru's corporate headquarters are located in Ebisu, Tokyo.

text: Manufacturing facilities[edit]

text: Subaru is distinct from many of its Japanese competitors in that as of early 2016 it still made almost 75% of its cars sold internationally in Japan.[22] Subaru's facilities designated to automotive manufacturing are located in Ōta, Gunma Prefecture, consisting of four locations. Subaru-chō is where the Subaru BRZ/Toyota 86 is built, having been re-purposed from kei car production, Yajima Plant is where all current Subaru cars are built, Otakita Plant is where commercial kei trucks are built (originally a factory location of Nakajima Aircraft Company), and Oizumi Plant in Oizumi, Gunma Prefecture, is where engines and transmissions are built.[23]

text: Subaru's only overseas manufacturing facility is located in Lafayette, Indiana; the factory is called Subaru of Indiana Automotive, Inc.. Due to continued sales growth in North American markets, vehicle production capacity at the Lafayette assembly plant is set to expand to 390,000 vehicles annually. Under the current strategic plan, Subaru will have a total production capacity of 1,026,000 vehicles per year at the end of 2016.[24]

text: Subaru in Canada[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In 1976, Canadians got their first exposure to Subaru vehicles when Subaru Auto Canada Limited (SACL) began offering the Subaru Leone. In 1989, the privately owned SACL was purchased by the Toronto-based Subaru Canada, Inc. who, under the guidance of parent company Fuji Heavy Industries, began an expansion process that would eventually see over 100 Subaru Dealers in operation across the country.

text: Subaru Canada, Inc. is a wholly owned subsidiary of Fuji Heavy Industries of Japan. Headquartered in Mississauga, Ontario, the company markets and distributes Subaru vehicles, parts and accessories through a network of 88 authorized dealers throughout Canada.

text: Subaru in the Philippines[edit]

text: Subaru has entered the Philippine operations started in 1996 under the Columbian Motors Philippines ownership but withdrew in 2000. It returned in 2006 under a new ownership by Motor Image Pilipinas, Inc.[25] Subaru has eleven dealerships in the country: Greenhills, Fort Bonifacio, Manila Bay, Alabang, Davao, Cebu, Cagayan de Oro, Iloilo, Santa Rosa, Batangas, and Pampanga.[26]

text: Motor Image Pilipinas, Inc., part of Motor Image Group, a wholly owned subsidiary of Hong Kong-based Tan Chong International Limited under businessman Glenn Tan, the company markets and distributes Subaru vehicles, parts and accessories through a network of six dealerships in the Philippines.

text: Subaru in the United Kingdom[edit]

text: In 1974 Robert Edmiston was finance director at sports car manufacturer Jensen Motors. When the company went bankrupt, he used a £6,000 redundancy payout to set up International Motors[citation needed], which acquired the UK franchise for Subaru and Isuzu. The Coleshill based company is still the parent for Subaru in the UK.[27]

text: Subaru in the United States[edit]

text: Subaru of America was established in 1968 in Philadelphia by Malcolm Bricklin and Harvey Lamm. It relocated to Pennsauken, New Jersey shortly thereafter and moved to its current headquarters in Cherry Hill, New Jersey when Fuji Heavy Industries acquired full ownership. Subaru of America operates regional offices, zone offices and parts distribution centers throughout the United States. Subaru of America also operates port facilities on both the West and East coasts.[28]

text: In 1989 Subaru and then-partner Isuzu opened a joint factory in Lafayette, Indiana called Subaru-Isuzu Automotive, or SIA, which initially manufactured the Subaru Legacy and Isuzu Rodeo. In 2001 Isuzu sold their stake in the plant to FHI for $1 due to flagging sales and it was renamed Subaru of Indiana Automotive, Inc. SIA has been designated a backyard wildlife habitat by the National Wildlife Federation and has achieved a zero-landfill production designation (the first automotive assembly plant in the United States to earn that designation).[28]

text: According to the Kelley Blue Book in 2015, two Subaru models Forester and the Outback in the United States had very short inventory time (the time between being received by a dealer to being sold).[29]

text: Motorsports[edit]

text: Subaru Rally Team Japan led by Noriyuki Koseki (founder of Subaru Tecnica International, STI) ran Subaru Leone coupé, sedan DL, RX (SRX) and RX Turbo in the World Rally Championship between 1980 and 1989. Drivers for individual rallies included Ari Vatanen, Per Eklund, Shekhar Mehta, Mike Kirkland, Possum Bourne and Harald Demut. Mike Kirkland finished 6th overall and won the A Group at the 1986 Safari Rally. That year Subaru was one of the only manufacturers combining 4WD and turbo after Audi's successful quattro system had been introduced in 1980, but Audi withdrew from the WRC after safety concerns and Ford's serious accident early in the 1986 season. Subaru changed the rally model to Legacy RS for the 1990–1992 period and took part in the first complete season in the World Rally Championship with the same model in 1993.

text: Modified versions of the Impreza WRX and WRX STi have been competing successfully in rallying. Drivers Colin McRae (1995), Richard Burns (2001) and Petter Solberg (2003) have won World Rally Championship drivers' titles with the Subaru World Rally Team and Subaru took the manufacturers' title three years in a row from 1995 to 1997. Subaru's World Rally Championship cars are prepared and run by Prodrive, the highly successful British motorsport team. Several endurance records were set in the early and mid-nineties by the Subaru Legacy. The Subaru Justy also holds the world record for the fastest sub 1.0L car without a turbo: 123.224 mph average, it was set in 1989.[30]

text: Subaru was briefly involved in Formula One circuit racing when it bought a controlling interest in the tiny Italian Coloni team for the 1990 season. The Coloni 3B's 12-cylinder engine was badged as a Subaru and shared the boxer layout with the company's own engines, but was an existing design built by Italian firm Motori Moderni. The cars were overweight and underpowered and the partnership broke down before the season finished.[31] With the rise of rally racing and the Import scene in the US, the introduction of the highly anticipated Subaru Impreza WRX in 2001 was successful in bringing high-performance AWD compact cars into the sports car mainstream. Subaru supplies a factory-backed team, Subaru Rally Team USA for Rally America and has won the driver's title six times, most recently in 2011 with David Higgins.[32] Grassroots Motorsports awarded Subaru with the Editors' Choice Award in 2002.[full citation needed]

text: On 16 December 2008, it was announced that Subaru would no longer be competing in the World Rally Championships.[33] The decision was made by Subaru’s parent company, Fuji Heavy Industries (FHI), partly as a result of the economic downturn but also because it was felt Subaru had achieved its sporting and marketing objectives. Mr Ikuo Mori denied that alterations to the WRC technical regulations in 2010 or a rumoured deterioration in the working relationship with Prodrive had any impact on the decision. He also said that the possibility of a Subaru car back in the top category of WRC in the future is not zero, but for this moment there can be no assumption of a comeback.[34]

text: Since 2005, Cusco Racing have entered an Impreza sedan and a BRZ in the Super GT championship. In 2008, the Impreza was the first 4-door and first 4WD vehicle to win a race.

text: Starting in 2006, Subaru of America (SOA), as the official distributor of Subaru vehicles in the United States participates in the Subaru Road Racing Team (SRRT) with a Subaru Legacy 2.5 GT Spec-B in the Grand-Am Street Tuner class. In 2010, SRRT campaigns a Subaru Impreza WRX STI in the Grand Sport class.[35] In 2011, SRRT switched from the hatchback to a 2011 Subaru Impreza WRX STI sedan.

text: On 4 May 2012, Subaru Rally Team USA announced that a new rallycross team, Subaru Puma Rallycross Team USA will participate in the 2012 Global RallyCross Championship season with Dave Mirra, Bucky Lasek, and Sverre Isachsen.[36] They also competed in the 2014 FIA World Rallycross Championship.

text: In 2011, Mark Higgins used a stock Impreza to set a lap record at the Isle of Man TT course.[37] In 2016, Higgins again broke the record in a modified WRX STI.[38]

text: The impreza has won hillclimbs such as the Silverstone Race to the Sky and Mount Washington Hillclimb Auto Race.[citation needed]

text: Technology[edit]

text: Diesel[edit]

text: The 2007 Frankfurt International Motor Show saw Subaru introduce a horizontally opposed, water-cooled, common rail turbodiesel using a variable geometry turbocharger called the Subaru EE engine, the first of its type to be fitted to a passenger car. Volkswagen had experimented with this idea during the 1950s and made two air-cooled boxer prototype diesel engines that were not turbocharged. VW installed one engine in a Type 1 and another in a Type 2.[39]

text: The Subaru engine was rated at 110 kW (150 PS; 148 hp) and 350 N·m (260 ft·lbf) with a displacement of 2.0 litres. In March 2008 Subaru offered the Legacy sedan and wagon and the Outback wagon with 2.0 litre turbodiesel in the EU with a 5-speed manual transmission.[40][41]

text: In September 2008 Subaru announced that the diesel Forester and diesel Impreza will be introduced at the 2008 Paris Motor Show, with Forester sales to begin October 2008 and diesel Impreza sales to start January 2009.[42] The Forester and Impreza will have a 6-speed manual transmission, whereas the Legacy and Outback have 5-speed manual transmissions.

text: United States Environmental Protection Agency fuel economy estimated is:

text: Electric vehicles[edit]

text: In June 2006, Fuji Heavy Industries, Inc. (FHI) launched its Subaru Stella Plug-in electric vehicle which is a kei car equipped with a lithium-ion battery pack. The vehicle has a short range of 56 miles (90 km) but it actually costs more than the Mitsubishi iMiEV, at ¥4,380,000 (US$44,860), including Japanese Government consumption taxes with an exemption of $2,240. It will also qualify for a rebate from the Japanese Government of up to $14,200, bringing the price down to $30,660. The vehicle is much like the i-MiEV, with a 47-kilowatt motor and a quick-charge capability, but the two-door mini-car has a boxy shape. FHI plans to start delivery in late July and plans to sell 170 vehicles by March 2010.[44]

text: In Japan, Subaru is currently testing two electric vehicles called the Subaru G4e and the Subaru R1e.

text: The Subaru Hybrid Tourer Concept is a four-seat vehicle with gull-wing doors that combines a 2-liter turbocharged direct-injection gasoline engine with a continuously variable transmission and two axle-mounted motors. A lithium-ion battery pack provides energy storage for the vehicle.[45]

text: Electronics[edit]

text: Since the 2005 model year, Subaru has adopted the CAN bus technology for the USA and Canada markets. Starting in the 2007 model year, all Subaru vehicles use the CAN technology.[citation needed] Typically, two CAN-buses are used on vehicles: a high-speed CAN running at 500 kbit/s for powertrain communication, and a low-speed CAN running at 125 kbit/s for body control functions and instrument panels. A body-integrated unit (BIU) is used between these two networks.

text: Clarion and Harman Kardon are among the audio, video, and navigation technology suppliers for Subaru products in North America.[46] Clarion announced in 2015 that it was introducing its "Smart Access" platform, formerly only offered on Clarion's aftermarket products, to the units to be installed in certain Subaru 2015 models in North America. Smart Access is able to work with the driver's smartphone (either iPhone or Android) and allows access to various car-safe apps running on the phone via the car's built-in infotainment screen. [47][48] Subaru and Clarion have also, with Liberty Mutual Insurance, introduced the "RightTrack" in-vehicle app which will be able to monitor the driver's habits, make suggestions for safer driving, and possibly offer insurance discounts. [49][50]

text: Environmental record[edit]

text: Subaru claims to have implemented advanced policies which include recycling, reducing harmful emissions, and educating their employees. Their efforts have helped them in their environmental initiatives. The Subaru plant in Lafayette, Indiana (SIA) was the first auto assembly plant to achieve zero landfill status;[51] nothing from the manufacturing process goes into a landfill. The company has developed a recycling plan for the "end-of-life" of their cars. Most of their modern products use highly recyclable materials throughout the vehicle, in the engine, transmission, suspension and elsewhere in each vehicle leaving Subaru with a 97.3% recycling ratio rate for their end-of-life vehicles.[52]

text: An excerpt from the Subaru website stated "In 2006, SIA was awarded the United States Environmental Protection Agency´s Gold Achievement Award as a top achiever in the agency's WasteWise program to reduce waste and improve recycling." The website also stated that "It also became the first U.S. automotive assembly plant to be designated a wildlife habitat."

text: Subaru currently offers a Partial Zero Emissions Vehicle (PZEV) certified Legacy, Outback, Impreza,[53] XV/Crosstrek[54] and Forester models[55] which are available for sale anywhere in the U.S. Subaru PZEV vehicles meet California's Super-Ultra-Low-Emission Vehicle exhaust emission standard.[51] All other models have been certified LEV2.

text: Current and former Subaru vehicles[edit]

text:
360 (1958-1971)
1000 (1966-1969)
1500 (1954)
FF-1 G (1971-1972)
FF-1 Star (1969-1973)
R-2 (1969–1972)

text:
Subaru Loyale (1971-1994)
BRAT (1978-1994)
Rex (1972-1992)

text:
Sumo / Libero / Domingo / Columbuss / E series / Estratto (1983-1998)
Justy / Tutto(1984-2010, 2016-present)
XT / Alcyone / Vortex (1985-1991)
Legacy / Liberty (1989-present)

text:
Vivio (1992-1998)
Impreza (1992-present)

Impreza WRX (2001-2014) and Impreza WRX STI (2001-2014)

Outback Sport / Gravel Express / RV (1994-present)
Alcyone / SVX (1991-1996)
Forester (1997-present)
Traviq (rebadged Opel Zafira) (1999-2005)

text:
Baja (2003-2006)
R2 (2003-2010)
R1 (2005-2010)
Tribeca (2005-2014)
Trezia (2005-2017)
Exiga (2008-present)

text:
BRZ( Toyota 86 ) (2012-present)
Subaru XV (2012-present)
Levorg (2014-present)
Subaru WRX (2015-present)

text: Other manufacturers[edit]

text: Subaru has partnered with various manufacturers over time - here are some of the models are sold in Asia and Europe. In Japan they are in the Kei car class with either front or all wheel drive and a straight engine. An article posted by Autoblog on April 16, 2008 stated that due to a corporate investment by Toyota, all Kei cars built by Subaru will be replaced by Daihatsu models beginning in 2010.[56]

text:
Lucra
Pleo
Sambar
Stella
Dex

text: Concept vehicles[edit]

text: The following concepts vehicles did not go forward as production vehicles:

text:
Subaru SRD-1 (Experimental design study introduced in 1990)
Subaru Suiren ( Concept replacement for the BRAT/Brumby )
Subaru Exiga (1996, wagon)[57]
Subaru B9 Scrambler
Subaru B11S[58]
Subaru B5 TPH (Turbo Parallel Hybrid) (Japanese: Subaru B5-TPH)
Subaru Fleet-X
Subaru HS500[59]
Subaru VIZIV


document_title: The Amityville Horror (1979 film)

question_text: where was the original amityville horror movie filmed

text: The Amityville Horror (1979 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the early morning hours on November 13, 1974, Ronald DeFeo Jr. murders his entire family with a shotgun at their home in Amityville, New York.

text: One year later, George and Kathy Lutz, a young married couple, move into the property. George appears not to be strong of faith, but Kathy is a Catholic in name at least. She has three children from her prior marriage: Greg, Matt, and Amy. The couple turn to Father Delaney to bless the home, but Delaney encounters troubles in trying to bless the home, including a room full of flies, out of season; violent stomach sickness; and later, blisters on his palm when trying to make a phone call to Kathy at their home. As he continues to help the Lutz Family, Delaney experiences more strange events (his car brakes and steering malfunction) and frustrations (lack of support by his superiors in the diocese). He ultimately appears to lose faith, becoming blind and having a breakdown.

text: Kathy's aunt, a nun, comes by the house one afternoon, but becomes violently ill. George begins to be more sullen and angry over perceived cold in the house, and obsesses with splitting logs and keeping the fireplace stoked. Before Kathy's brother's engagement party one night, $1,500 to be used for the caterer inexplicably goes missing in the house. Meanwhile, the babysitter watching Amy for the evening is locked inside a bedroom closet by an unseen force. Further unexplained incidents occur with one the two boys suffering a crushed hand when a sash window falls on it, and Amy having an imaginary friend, Jody, who seems to be of a malevolent nature. Kathy catches a glimpse of two red, swine-like eyes outside the daughter's second-story bedroom window. Even the family dog obsesses over a secret room in the basement.

text: George's land surveying business begins to suffer with his lack of attendance, and his partner grows concerned. His business partner's wife, very sensitive to the paranormal, is both repulsed and intrigued by the things she feels when at the house. Throughout the strange incidents, Kathy observes George's persistent waking up at 3:15 a.m., feeling he must go check on the boathouse. She also has nightmares, in which she is given details about the killings of the home's prior family. Research at the library and county records office suggest that the house is built atop a Shinnecock burial ground and that a known Satanic worshipper named John Ketchum had once lived on the land. She also discovers the news clippings about the DeFeo murders and notices Ronald DeFeo's striking resemblance to George.

text: Finally, the paranormal events culminate one stormy night and drive the family to flee, abandoning their home and belongings. The final titles reads: "George and Kathleen Lutz and their family never reclaimed their house or their personal belongings. Today they live in another state."

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Margot Kidder as Kathleen "Kathy" Lutz
James Brolin as George Lutz
Rod Steiger as Father Delaney
Don Stroud as Father Bolen
Murray Hamilton as Father Ryan
John Larch as Father Nuncio
Natasha Ryan as Amy
K. C. Martel as Greg
Meeno Peluce as Matt
Michael Sacks as Jeff
Helen Shaver as Carolyn
Amy Wright as Jackie
Val Avery as Sgt. Gionfriddo
Elsa Raven as Mrs. Townsend
Irene Dailey as Aunt Helena
Marc Vahanian as Jimmy
Ellen Saland as Jimmy's wife
Eddie Barth as Agucci
James Tolkan as Coroner

text: Production[edit]

text: Conception[edit]

text: Producer Samuel Z. Arkoff purchased the rights to the Anson novel by Jay Anson, which was a commercial success upon its publication in 1977.[5] Anson himself wrote a screenplay based on his work, but the script was rejected by Arkoff, and screenwriter Sandor Stern was assigned to write an entirely new script.[5] Initially, the film had been conceived as a made-for-television film.[5]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Brolin was hesitant when first offered the role of George Lutz.[6] At the time of his casting, the script was unfinished, and so Brolin obtained a copy of Anson's novel to read. Brolin started the book and read until two o'clock in the morning. He had hung up a pair of his pants in the room earlier and during an especially tense passage of the book, the pants fell to the floor. Brolin jumped from his chair in fright. It was then that Brolin decided to do the film, convinced that the material would make an effective film.[6]

text: Kidder was cast in the role of Kathy Lutz after her breakthrough performance as Lois Lane in Superman the year prior.[6]

text: Filming[edit]

text: The on-location scenes of The Amityville Horror were filmed at a private residence in Toms River, New Jersey, which had been converted to look like the 112 Ocean Avenue home after authorities in Amityville denied permission for filming on the actual location.[5] Exterior scenes were also filmed in Toms River and Point Pleasant Beach. Local police and ambulance workers would play extras in the film, while the Toms River Volunteer Fire Company was used to provide the rain during several scenes. Indoor shots were filmed at the MGM studio lot in Los Angeles, California.[6][7]

text: The film shoot was widely publicized in national media when the studio attempted to concoct stories of "unusual" occurrences on the set (not dissimilar from what was claimed to have occurred during the filming of The Exorcist).[8] According to Brolin, he and Kidder were both asked by the studio and the press, "'Is there weird stuff going on?'... and we were looking for stuff now. We'd have liked to tell them, 'Oh yeah, you wouldn't believe the stuff that happened yesterday—my lunch fell off the table in my lap.'"[6]

text: Musical score[edit]

text: Lalo Schifrin's musical score was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Score, but lost out to the score for A Little Romance by Georges Delerue. It is sometimes claimed that this score was the one rejected in 1973 for The Exorcist, but Schifrin has denied this in interviews.[9]

text:
Main Theme from The Amityville Horror

Clip from the music by Lalo Schifrin.

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: Release[edit]

text: Publicity and promotion[edit]

text: In promotion for the film's premiere, stars James Brolin and Margot Kidder visited the actual home at 112 Ocean Avenue, accompanied by the press.[6] Brolin would later reflect that the actual home was much more "condensed" than the location where the film was shot.[6] Both Brolin and Kidder were skeptics of the claims made in the book; "I didn't buy that this really had happened," Kidder would say in a 2005 interview.[6] During the press junkets promoting the film, when asked whether she believed the Lutzes' claims, Kidder purportedly turned to the producers, who responded: "We'll never tell."[6]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The Amityville Horror premiered in the United States on July 27, 1979. It was one of the most successful films produced by an independent studio at the time and was the most profitable AIP release since The Born Losers (1968).[4][10][11] The film grossed a total of $86,432,520 at the U.S. box office and was the second-highest-grossing film of 1979 in the United States alone.[12] It was the highest-grossing independent film of all time until 1990, when it was surpassed by Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.[8]

text: Though a commercial success, the film received generally negative reviews from critics such as Leonard Maltin and Roger Ebert, the latter describing it as "dreary and terminally depressing".[13] Based on 28 reviews, the film has a 29% rating on Rotten Tomatoes with the consensus: "Dull and disappointing, the best that can be said for The Amityville Horror is that it set a low bar for its many sequels and remakes."[14] The film resulted in several lawsuits.[15]

text: In a 2012 retrospective on the film, historian James F. Broderick praised it, writing: "Director Stuart Rosenberg crafted an effective horror movie that succeeds largely because the performers take the over-the-top material seriously... The film is taut, tense, and filled with the bizarre, unsettling events chronicled in the book."[5] In a 2013 assessment, John Kenneth Muir called The Amityville Horror a "blunt and effective horror film," also noting author Stephen King's analysis of the film's subtext revolving around financial turmoil among the family: "If one follows King's lead, it's easy to contextualize The Amityville Horror as a financial nightmare... Similarly, the movie's dialogue constantly references financial matters. "Bills have to be paid," says one character. "The IRS is calling," warns another. 'They'll nickel and dime you to death" is a mantra not just about the bill collectors, perhaps, but a warning about the demons in the house."[16]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Nominated - Academy Award for Best Original Score (Lalo Schifrin)
Nominated - Saturn Award for Best Actress (Margot Kidder)