document_title: Dairy Queen

question_text: when did dairy queen come out with the blizzard

text: Dairy Queen

text: History[edit]

text: The soft-serve formula was first developed in 1938 by Douds, Iowa-born John Fremont "J.F." "Grandpa" McCullough (1871‒1963)[8] and his son Alex. They convinced friend and loyal customer Sherb Noble to offer the product in his ice cream store in Kankakee, Illinois.[9] On the first day of sales, Noble dished out more than 1,600 servings of the new dessert within two hours.[10] Noble and the McCulloughs went on to open the first Dairy Queen store in 1940 in Joliet, Illinois. While this Dairy Queen has not been in operation since the 1950s, the building still stands at 501 N Chicago St. as a city-designated landmark.[11]

text: Since 1940, the chain has used a franchise system to expand its operations globally. In the US, the state with the most Dairy Queen restaurants is Texas.

text: International Dairy Queen, Inc. (IDQ) is the parent company of Dairy Queen. In the United States, it operates under American Dairy Queen Corp.[12][13] IDQ is a wholly owned subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway.

text: At the end of fiscal year 2014, Dairy Queen reported over 6,400 stores in more than 25 countries; about 4,500 of its stores (approximately 70%) were located in the United States.[12][13][14]

text: DQ was an early pioneer of food franchising, expanding its 10 stores in 1941 to 100 by 1947, 1,446 in 1950, and 2,600 in 1955. The first store in Canada opened in Melville, Saskatchewan, in 1953.[15]

text: The red Dairy Queen symbol was introduced in 1958.

text: The company became International Dairy Queen, Inc. (IDQ) in 1962.

text: In 1987, IDQ bought the Orange Julius chain. IDQ was acquired by Berkshire Hathaway in 1998.[16]

text: Dairy Queens were a fixture of social life in small towns of the Midwestern and Southern United States during the 1950s and 1960s. In that role, they have often come to be referenced as a symbol of life in small-town America, as in Walter Benjamin at the Dairy Queen: Reflections at Sixty and Beyond by Larry McMurtry, Dairy Queen Days by Robert Inman, and Chevrolet Summers, Dairy Queen Nights by Bob Greene.

text: Stores[edit]

text: The company's stores are operated under several brands, all bearing the distinctive Dairy Queen logo and carrying the company's signature soft-serve ice cream (along with the trademark "curl"). In the 1970s, most restaurants were "Brazier" locations with a second floor for storage, recognizable for their red mansard roofs.

text: As of the end of 2014, Dairy Queen had more than 6,400 stores in 27 countries, including more than 1,400 locations outside the United States and Canada.[17]

text: The largest Dairy Queen in the United States is located in Bloomington, Illinois.[18] The busiest store in the United States is in Rosedale, Maryland.[19] The largest store in the world was built in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.[20] The busiest store in the world is located in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada.[19]

text: Standard stores[edit]

text: While some stores serve a very abbreviated menu primarily featuring DQ frozen treats and may be open only during spring and summer, the majority of DQ restaurants also serve hot food and are open all year.

text: So-called "Limited Brazier" locations may additionally offer hot dogs, barbecue beef (or pork) sandwiches, and in some cases french fries and chicken, but not hamburgers. Dairy Queen Full Brazier restaurants serve a normal fast-food menu featuring burgers, french fries, and grilled and crispy chicken in addition to frozen treats and hot dogs. Dairy Queen now offers happy hour. They offer certain items half off for a limited time.

text: In some locations built in the 1990s, the "Hot Eats, Cool Treats" slogan can be seen printed on windows or near the roof of the building. One such example was a former Dairy Queen Brazier location in Woodenville, Washington, where the slogan was printed near the tops of the windows. This location was converted into a Grill & Chill store around late 2016-2017.

text: DQ / Orange Julius[edit]

text: Also known as the "Treat Center" concept, an enhanced version of the original stores also serves drinks and foods from the Orange Julius menu. This was the company's preferred concept for new, small-scale locations, primarily in shopping mall food courts. Some early Treat Centers also included Karmelkorn. Since 2012, all Dairy Queen locations feature Orange Julius drinks.[21]

text: Dairy Queen Brazier[edit]

text: The name "Brazier" originated in 1957 when one of the company's franchisees, Jim Cruikshank, set out to develop the standardized food system. When he witnessed flames rising from an open charcoal grill (a brazier) in a New York eatery, he knew he had found the Brazier concept.

text: The "Brazier" name has been slowly phased out of signage and advertising since 1993, although it has not been removed from all existing signage, especially in many smaller towns and rural locations. Since the early 2000s, new or renovated locations which are similar to Brazier restaurants in terms of size and menu selection, but have been updated with the current logo and/or exterior, usually carry the name "DQ Restaurant", although the website's store locator still lists the stores that do not carry the "Grill & Chill" name as "Dairy Queen Brazier" and the smaller stores "Dairy Queen Ltd Brazier" and "Dairy Queen Stores".

text: However, the company website still considers their burger and hot dog lines as "Brazier Foods", according to the history section and some FAQ listed topics in the website.

text: DQ Grill and Chill[edit]

text: DQ Grill & Chill locations feature hot food, treats, table delivery and self-serve soft drinks. It is the new concept for new and renovated full-service restaurants. Stores are larger than older-style locations and feature a completely new store design. In most cases, they offer an expanded menu including breakfast, Grill Burgers, and grilled sandwiches, as well as limited table service (customers still place orders at the counter). They also contain self-serve soft drink fountains allowing free refills. Some of the older stores have upgraded to the new format. However, there are still older stores and stores that have not upgraded to the new format. In December 2001, Chattanooga, Tennessee was the site of the first two Dairy Queen Grill and Chill restaurants in the United States.[22][23][24] The nation's largest DQ Grill & Chill is located in Bloomington, Illinois.[25]

text: Texas Country Foods[edit]

text: Most locations in Texas, including those which otherwise resemble the Brazier or DQ Grill & Chill formats, use a separate hot food menu branded as Texas Country Foods. Among other differences, "Hungr-Buster" burgers are available in place of the Brazier and GrillBurger offerings. Other food offerings not found outside Texas include the "Dude" chicken-fried steak sandwich, steak finger country baskets, T-Brand tacos, and a one-half pound double meat hamburger, the "BeltBuster.".

text: Texas is home to the largest number of Dairy Queens in the U.S. All Texas Dairy Queen restaurants are owned and operated by franchisees. The Texas Dairy Queen Operators' Council (TDQOC) runs a separate marketing website from the national website. Bob Phillips, host of the popular Texas syndicated television series Texas Country Reporter, was for many years the DQ spokesman in Texas, as the restaurant was a co-sponsor of the program at the time.

text: Products[edit]

text: The company's products expanded to include malts and milkshakes in 1949, banana splits in 1951, Dilly Bars in 1955, Mr. Misty slush treats in 1961 (later renamed Misty Slush, then again to Arctic Rush; as of 2017, DQ again calls them Misty Slush, as seen on dairyqueen.com), Jets, Curly Tops, Freezes in 1964, and a range of hamburgers and other cooked foods under the Brazier banner in 1958. In 1971, the Peanut Buster Parfait, consisting of peanuts, hot fudge, and vanilla soft serve, was introduced. In 1995, the Chicken Strip Basket was introduced, consisting of chicken strips, Texas toast (only in the US), fries, and cream gravy (gravy in Canada). Other items include sundaes and the blended coffee drink, the MooLatte.

text: The majority of Dairy Queen locations serve Pepsi-Cola products, but unlike most other restaurants such contracts are not mandated onto the franchisee, and as a result, some locations serve Coca-Cola products instead. Wendy's (until 1998), Subway (until 2003), Arby's (until 2006), IHOP (until 2012), and Applebee's (until 2012) also allowed such leniency on beverage choice before signing exclusive soft drink deals with Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola, making Dairy Queen the last major restaurant chain without an exclusive soft drink contract.[citation needed]

text: Blizzard[edit]

text: A popular Dairy Queen item is the Blizzard, which is soft-serve mechanically blended with mix-in ingredients such as sundae toppings and/or pieces of cookies, brownies, or candy. It has been a staple on the menu since its introduction in 1985, a year in which Dairy Queen sold more than 100 million Blizzards.[26] Popular flavors include Oreo Cookies, mint Oreo, chocolate chip cookie dough, M&M's, Reese's Peanut Butter Cups, Heath Bar (Skor in Canada), and Butterfinger (Crispy Crunch in Canada). Seasonal flavors are also available such as October's pumpkin pie and June's cotton candy.[27] It has been argued that Dairy Queen drew its inspiration from the concrete served by the St. Louis-based Ted Drewes.[28] On July 26, 2010, Dairy Queen introduced a new "mini" size Blizzard, served in 6 oz. cups. During the 25th anniversary of the Blizzard, two special flavors were released: Strawberry Golden Oreo Blizzard and Buster Bar Blizzard. Salted Caramel Truffle was released in 2015 during the Blizzard's 27th anniversary and Dairy Queen's 75th anniversary, and is still on the menu today.

text: Blizzards get their name from the fact that they are so cold that they can be held upside-down and nothing will come out. Employees will demonstrate this to customers. There is a company policy that one Blizzard per order is to be flipped upside-down by the employee. If they do not, then the customer may request a coupon for a free Blizzard to use on their next visit, though this is at the owner's discretion.[29]

text: Prior to the reintroduction of the Blizzard in 1985, Dairy Queen served conventional "thick" milkshakes called "Blizzards" in the 1960s. These were served in traditional flavors such as vanilla, chocolate, and strawberry, with or without added malt on request.

text: In addition, Dairy Queen offers a Blizzard Cake in flavors such as Oreo and Reese's. Much like the restaurant's conventional ice cream cake, this variation is aimed toward celebrations and birthdays.[30]

text: Frozen yogurt[edit]

text: In 1990, Dairy Queen began offering frozen yogurt as a lower-calorie alternative to its soft serve ice cream. According to a company representative, Dairy Queen's regular soft serve has 35 calories per ounce and is 95% fat-free, whereas the frozen yogurt was 25 calories per ounce. However, in 2001, the company phased out the frozen yogurt option in all its stores, citing a lack of demand.[31][32]

text: In 2010, International Dairy Queen Inc filed a request for a preliminary injunction to stop Yogubliz Inc, a small California-based frozen yogurt chain, from selling "Blizzberry" and "Blizz Frozen Yogurt", alleging that the names could confuse consumers due to their similarity to Dairy Queen's Blizzard. U.S. District Judge R. Gary Klausner denied Dairy Queen's request.[33]

text: Advertising[edit]

text: For many years, the franchise's slogan was "We treat you right." During the early and mid-1990s, the slogan "Hot Eats, Cool Treats" came into use and preceded the aforementioned line in the Dairy Queen jingle. In recent years, it has been changed to "DQ: Something Different." A recent tagline, featured in early 2011, was "So Good It's RiDQulous,"[34] with Dairy Queen's current logo infused in the word "ridiculous". Their newest tagline reads, "Fan Food, not Fast Food".[35]

text: In Texas, at the end of advertisements, there is frequently a Texas flag waving, and the new DQ logo and slogan below saying, "The Texas Stop Sign", though the jingle uses "This is where we stop in Texas." Previous slogans included "That's what I like about Texas", "For Hot Eats & Cool Treats, Think DQ", "Nobody beats DQ Treats & Eats", "DQ is Value Country", and "This is DQ Country". These advertisements featured Texas Country Reporter host Bob Phillips as spokesperson since his program was mainly sponsored by Dairy Queen.

text: Dennis the Menace and other characters from the comic strip appeared in Dairy Queen marketing as a spokestoon from 1971 until December 2002, when he was dropped because Dairy Queen felt children could no longer relate to him.[36][37]

text: The advertising focused on a mouth with a tongue licking its large lips, which morphs into the present Dairy Queen logo (2001 logo in 2006) was removed in 2011.

text: In 2011, Grey New York produced outlandish spots featuring a dapper man, played by John Behlmann, sporting a moustache, performing crazy feats for Dairy Queen. After announcing tasty menu offers, he would do something outrageous, like blow bubbles with kittens in them, water ski while boxing, or break a piñata, out of which tumbles Olympic gymnastics great Mary Lou Retton. Later, the same firm made additional commercials based around odd situation titles with the DQ logo placed somewhere in them, like "Gary DQlones Himself", "Now That's A Lunchtime DQuandary!" and "After The DQonquest". All were narrated by a man with an English accent.

text: In 2015, Dairy Queen and model railroad company of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Wm. K. Walthers came out with a Walthers Cornerstone HO 1:87 Scale models of a restaurant – one from the 1950s with the original logo and one from 2007–present with the current logo. The models are both officially licensed replicas.

text: Logos[edit]

text: The original Dairy Queen logo was simply a stylized text sign with a soft serve cone at one end. In the late 1950s, the widely recognized red ellipse design was adopted. The initial shape was asymmetrical, with one of the side points having a greater extension than the other, especially when matched with the Brazier sign—a similarly sized yellow ovoid, tucked diagonally below its companion. By the 1970s, both sides were more closely matched, becoming symmetrical with the 2006 update (see online images for comparison). Some of the new 1950s signs continued to display a soft serve cone jutting from the right side.

text: "Little Miss Dairy Queen" began appearing in Pennsylvania signage in 1961.[38] She had a Dutch bonnet, resembling the ellipse logo, with a pinafore apron over her dress and wooden shoes.

text: A yellow trapezoid Brazier sign, placed below the red Dairy Queen logo, was developed in the late 1960s. It matched the roofline of the new store design of the era.

text: Although it had been used interchangeably with the Dairy Queen name for many decades, "DQ" became the company's official name in 2001. The font remained the same as in the original signage introduced 60 years prior. Throughout this period, the company placed the registered mark symbol immediately to the right, on the bottom side of the logo. When the company modernized its signage and logos in late 2006, it modified the font and italicized the letters, as well as adding arced lines, an orange one to represent its hot foods above and a blue one below to represent its ice cream products.[39] In the new design, the registered mark symbol was moved to be adjacent to the letter "Q".[40] The first overhaul of its logo in almost 70 years, the company claimed that the new logo would show brand growth and reflect the "fun and enjoyment" associated with its products.[39] Advertising industry observers have noted that the new logo was an unneeded update of a known and trusted industry brand and that its new features were distracting.[40][41]

text: The original signage is still in use in older locations or in locations that use a "retro" design motif in the property's design. One example was the sign used at the Dairy Queen in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, which was destroyed and replaced in 2013.

text:
Prototype Dairy Queen logo from 1940 to 1958, still in use at a small number of locations

1958-2001, still in use on some signs, including Brazier locations

2001-2007, secondary logo from 1960-2007 on packaging, still in use on some signs

2007–present

text: Global locations[edit]

text: Countries currently with Dairy Queen locations:

text:
Bahamas
Bahrain
Brunei
Cambodia
Canada
Cayman Islands
China
Costa Rica
Egypt
Guatemala
Guyana
Indonesia
Jamaica
Jordan
Kuwait
Laos
Mexico
Oman
Panama
Philippines
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
Thailand
Taiwan
Trinidad and Tobago
United Arab Emirates
United States
Vietnam

tag: ol

text: Countries formerly with Dairy Queen locations:

text:
Austria (withdrew around 1999)
Cyprus
Dominican Republic (withdrew in the 2000s)
Gabon
Guam
Hungary (withdrew in the 1990s)
Italy
Japan (withdrew around 2000)
Morocco (withdrew in the 2000s)
Poland (withdrew in 2016)
Slovenia (withdrew in 2000)
Korea
Turkey (withdrew in the 1990s)
Macao (withdrew in 2016)


document_title: Witney Carson

question_text: when did witney carson start dancing with the stars

root

text: Witney Carson

text: Personal life[edit]

text:
Carson was born in American Fork, Utah.[3] She is the oldest of four children. She has two brothers and a sister. She started her career as a dancer at the age of three, training in different dance styles including ballet, jazz, hip hop, ballroom and tap among many others. She has competed and performed around the world and has won several awards and scholarships throughout her career.[citation needed] On October 3, 2015, Carson confirmed her engagement on Instagram to her boyfriend of four years, Carson McAllister.[4]
The couple married on January 1, 2016 in a private Mormon ceremony at the Salt Lake Temple in Salt Lake City. Fellow Dancing with the Stars dancers Brittany Cherry, Jenna Johnson, and Emma Slater were among her bridesmaids, with Lindsay Arnold serving as her matron of honor.[5]

tag: p

text: So You Think You Can Dance[edit]

text: At the age of 18, Carson auditioned for season nine of Fox network's hit show So You Think You Can Dance. She made it through to the top twenty finalists. Her partner was ballet dancer and season winner Chehon Wespi-Tschopp. When only ten dancers remained, the contestants switched partners to a new all-star each week. As she proceeded to the top 6 dancers, Carson partnered with dancers Nick Lazzarini, Stephen "Twitch" Boss and Marko Germar before she was eliminated after the week-seven round which aired on September 2012.[6]

text: She returned as an all-star in season ten, partnering with top 6 dancer Paul Karmiryan and season winner, Du-shaunt "Fik-shun" Stegall.[7]

text: Performances and results[edit]

text:
Week

Partner(s) / type

Style

Music

Choreographer

Meet the Top 20(June 27)

Lindsay Arnold, Nick Bloxsom-Carter

Cha-cha-cha

"Dance Again"—Jennifer Lopez feat. Pitbull

Jason Gilkison

Meet the Top 20(June 27)

Top 10 Girls

Contemporary

"Where the Light Gets In"—Sennen

Travis Wall

Meet the Top 20(June 27)

Top 20

Contemporary

"Eyes" (Coachella Live 2012 version)—Kaskade

Mia Michaels

Week 1(July 11)

Group Dance

Modern

"Architect of the Mind"—Kerry Muzzey

Christopher Scott

Week 1(July 11)

Chehon Wespi-Tschopp

Samba

"Jump"—The Cube Guys & Luciana Caporaso

Louis van Amstel

Week 2(July 18)

Group Dance

Jazz

"The Beautiful People (District 78 remix)" — Marilyn Manson

Nappytabs

Week 2(July 18)

Chehon Wespi-Tschopp

Bollywood

"Tandav Music"—Aatish Kapadia

Nakul Dev Mahajan

Week 3(July 25)

Group Dance

Contemporary

"The Here and After"—Jun Miyake

Tyce Diorio

Week 3(July 25)

Chehon Wespi- Tschopp

Contemporary

"I Will Always Love You"—Whitney Houston

Stacey Tookey

Week 4(August 15)

Group Dance

Contemporary

"Hanging On" Active Child

Mia Michaels

Week 4(August 15)

Chehon Wespi-Tschopp

Contemporary

"Calling You"—Celine Dion

Mia Michaels

Week 5(August 22)

Group Dance

Broadway

"The Cool World Stomp"—Mark Isham

Tyce Diorio

Week 5(August 22)

Nick Lazzarini

Jazz

"Sing It Back"—Moloko

Travis Wall

Week 5(August 22)

Solo

Samba

"You’ll find a Way" (Switch & Sinden remix)—Santigold

Week 6(August 29)

Group Dance

Contemporary

"Run Boy Run"—Woodkid

Peter Chao

Week 6(August 29)

Stephen "Twitch" Boss

Hip-hop

"My Homies Still"—Lil Wayne feat. Big Sean

Luther Brown

Week 6(August 29)

Solo

Cha-cha-cha

"Where Have You Been"—Rihanna

Week 7(September 5)

Group Dance

Jazz

"Scream"—Kelis

Sonya Tayeh

Week 7(September 5)

Marko Germar

Lyrical Jazz

"No Nothing"—Curtis & Reinhard feat. Blaire

Ray Leeper

Week 7(September 5)

Chehon Wespi-Tschopp

Cha-cha-cha

"Where Have You Been"—Rihanna

Jean-Marc Généreux

Week 7(September 5)

Solo

Paso doble

"Malagueña"—Brian Setzer '68 Comeback Special

Eliminated

Week 7(August 13)

Paul Karmiryan

Cha-cha-cha

"Live It Up"—Jennifer Lopez

Jean-Marc Généreux

Week 9(August 27)

Du-shaunt "Fik-shun" Stegall

Foxtrot

"Sexy Silk"—Jessie J

Jonathan Roberts

tag: table

text: Dancing with the Stars[edit]

text: Witney was announced as a troupe dancer on reality television series, Dancing with the Stars in March 2013.[8] Carson (along with DWTS pro dancer, Lindsay Arnold) was a contestant on So You Think You Can Dance season nine.[8] She continued dancing and choreographing for the troupe on season 17.

text: On season 18, Carson was promoted to professional dancer, partnering with singer Cody Simpson.[1] They were eliminated on April 14, 2014, finishing in ninth place.

text: For season 19, Carson returned as a professional dancer partnering with actor Alfonso Ribeiro. On November 25, 2014, she and Ribeiro were declared the season's champions. It was Carson's first win in two seasons as a professional dancer on the show.

text: Carson returned for season 20 as partner for season 19 Bachelor, Chris Soules. They were the eighth couple to be eliminated, finishing in fifth place.[9]

text: For season 21, Carson was paired with Big Time Rush singer and actor Carlos PenaVega. They reached the Finals but were eliminated on Night 1 and finished in fourth place.

text: For season 22, Carson was paired with NFL player Von Miller. During a double elimination on week 7, Miller and Carson were eliminated and finished in 8th place.

text: For season 23, Carson was paired with rapper Vanilla Ice. During a double elimination on week 4, they were eliminated and finished in 10th place.

text: For season 24, Carson was partnered with comedian Chris Kattan. They were first eliminated on March 27, 2017.

text: For season 25, Carson was partnered with Malcolm in the Middle actor Frankie Muniz. They reached the finals and ultimately finished in third place.

text: For season 26, Carson was paired with Olympic luger Chris Mazdzer. They were eliminated on the third week of competition, tying in fourth place with Jennie Finch Daigle and Mirai Nagasu and their partners Keo Motsepe and Alan Bersten.

text: The scores below have been adjusted to be out of 30, not 40.*

tag: ul

text:
Season

Partner

Place

Average Score

18

Cody Simpson

9th

23.8

19

Alfonso Ribeiro

1st

27.7*

20

Chris Soules

5th

21.9*

21

Carlos PenaVega

4th

26.6

22

Von Miller

7th

22.9

23

Vanilla Ice

10th

19.6*

24

Chris Kattan

12th

14.7*

25

Frankie Muniz

3rd

26.0

26

Chris Mazdzer

4th

23.5

text: Dancing with the Stars performances[edit]

text: With Cody Simpson[edit]

text:
Week #

Dance / Song

Judges' scores

Result

Inaba

Goodman

Tonioli

1

Cha-cha-cha / "Timber"

7

7

8

No Elimination

2

Tango / "Yeah 3x"

7

7

8

Last to be called safe

3

Jazz / "Surfboard"

9

8 / 91

9

Safe

42

Foxtrot / "I'm Yours"

8

7 / 83

8

No Elimination

5

Samba / "I Just Can't Wait to Be King"

9

8 / 84

9

Eliminated

text: 1 Score given by guest judge Robin Roberts.

text: 2 For this week only, as part of the "Partner Switch-Up" week, Simpson performed with Sharna Burgess instead of Carson. Carson performed with Drew Carey.

text: 3 Score given by guest judge Julianne Hough.

text: 4 Score given by guest judge Donny Osmond.

text: With Alfonso Ribeiro[edit]

text:
Week #

Dance / Song

Judges' scores

Result

Inaba

Goodman

Hough

Tonioli

1

Jive / "3-6-9"

9

9

9

9

Safe

2

Samba / "Gettin' Jiggy wit It"

8

8

8

8

Safe

3

Quickstep / "Hey Goldmember"

8

81

8

8

Safe

4

Jazz / "It's Not Unusual"

10

102

10

10

Safe

53

Flamenco / "Angelica"

8

94

9

8

No elimination

6

Salsa / "Booty"

10

105

9

10

Safe

7

Rumba / "Ghost"  Team freestyle / "Time Warp"

98

98

98

98

Safe

8

Cha-cha-cha / "Trust"  Jive dance-off / "Rip It Up"

10Awarded

93

9extra

10points

Safe

9

Foxtrot / "Ain't That a Kick in the Head?"  Trio Paso doble / "Turn Down for What"

910

910

910

1010

Safe

10(Semi-finals)

Argentine Tango / "Love Runs Out"  Contemporary / "Love Runs Out" (acoustic)

910

99

910

910

Safe

11(Finals)

Jive / "3-6-9"   Freestyle / "Sing, Sing, Sing (With a Swing)"  Cha-cha-cha & Argentine Tango fusion / "Shut Up and Dance"

101010

101010

101010

101010

Winner

text:
Score given by guest judge Kevin Hart in place of Goodman.
The American public scored the dance in place of Goodman with the averaged score being counted alongside the three other judges.
This week only, for "Partner Switch-Up" week, Ribeiro performed with Cheryl Burke instead of Carson. Carson performed with Michael Waltrip.
Score given by guest judge Jessie J in place of Goodman.
Score given by guest judge Pitbull in place of Goodman.

text: With Chris Soules[edit]

text:
Week #

Dance / Song

Judges' scores

Result

Inaba

Goodman

Hough

Tonioli

1

Jive / "Footloose"

7

6

6

7

No Elimination

2

Cha-cha-cha / "Time of Our Lives"

5

6

5

5

Safe

3

Argentine Tango / "Dangerous"

7

7

7

7

Last to be called safe

4

Rumba / "The Book of Love"

7

6

7

7

Safe

5

Quickstep / "Zero to Hero"

7

6

7

7

Last to be called safe

6

Viennese Waltz / "Hopelessly Devoted to You"  Team freestyle / "Trouble"

810

79

810

810

Safe

7

Foxtrot / "Five Minutes More"  Foxtrot dance-Off / "Orange Colored Sky"

8No

7extra

8points

8awarded

Safe

8

Contemporary / "Lay Me Down"  Trio Paso doble / "Outside"

97

87

98

88

Eliminated

text: With Carlos PenaVega[edit]

text: This season returned having three judges.

text:
Week #

Dance / Song

Judges' scores

Result

Inaba

Hough

Tonioli

1

Jive / "I Got You (I Feel Good)"

8

8

7

No elimination

2

Foxtrot / "Home" Cha-cha-cha / "Hound Dog"

87

87

87

Safe

3

Jazz / "Thank You for Being a Friend"

7

81/8

8

Safe

4

Waltz / "Amazing Grace"

9

8

8

Last to be called safe

52

Quickstep / "Bossa Nova Baby"

10

10/93

10

No elimination

6

Rumba / "Pony"

10

9/94

10

Safe

7

Paso doble / "O Fortuna" Team freestyle / "Ghostbusters"

99

1010

99

Safe

8

Salsa / "Valió la Pena" Jive Dance-Off / "Travelin' Band"

9Awarded

92

9points

Last to be called safe

9

Argentine Tango / "What Do You Mean?" Team-up dance Paso doble / "We Will Rock You

98

98

98

Last to be called safe

10Semifinals

Contemporary / "Drag Me Down" Cha-cha-cha dance-off / "Fun" Trio Charleston / "Booty Swing"

9  Awarded  9

9  3  10

10  points  10

No elimination

11Finals

Foxtrot / "The Hills"Freestyle / "WTF (Where They From)"

1010

1010

1010

Eliminated

text: 1 Score given by guest judge Alfonso Ribeiro.

text: 2 This week only, for "Partner Switch-Up" week, PenaVega performed with Lindsay Arnold instead of Carson. Carson performed with Nick Carter.[10]

text: 4 Score given by guest judge Olivia Newton-John.

text: With Von Miller[edit]

text:
Week #

Dance / Song

Judges' scores

Result

Inaba

Goodman

Tonioli

1

Foxtrot / "My House"

8

6

7

No elimination

2

Cha-cha-cha / "Ain't Too Cool"

7

6

7

Safe

3

Contemporary / "In the Air Tonight"

7

6

7

Safe

4

Viennese Waltz / "A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes"

8

8/81

8

Safe

52

Jive / "Hips"

8

7/73

7

No elimination

6

Jazz / "Bad"

8

8

8

Last to be called safe

7

Salsa / "A Little Less Conversation"  Team Freestyle / "Super Bad", "Living in America" & "I Got You (I Feel Good)"

89

89

810

Eliminated

text: 1 Score given by guest judge Zendaya.2 For this week only, as part of "America's Switch Up", Miller performed with Lindsay Arnold instead of Carson. Carson performed with Wanyá Morris.3 Score given by guest judge Maksim Chmerkovskiy.

text: With Vanilla Ice[edit]

text:
Week #

Dance / Song

Judges' scores

Result

Inaba

Goodman

Hough

Tonioli

1

Cha-cha-cha / "Ice Ice Baby"

7

5

6

7

No Elimination

2

Foxtrot / "Love and Marriage"

6

7

6

7

Safe

3[11]

Paso doble / "Save Tonight"

6

6

5

6

Safe

4

Viennese Waltz / "La Nouba"

8

–

7

8

Eliminated

text: With Chris Kattan[edit]

text:
Week #

Dance / Song

Judges' scores

Result

Inaba

Goodman

Hough

Tonioli

1

Cha-cha-cha / "What Is Love"

5

4

4

4

No Elimination

2

Jazz / "Hey Ya!"

6

5

6

5

Eliminated

text: With Frankie Muniz[edit]

text:
Week #

Dance / Song

Judges' scores

Result

Inaba

Goodman

Tonioli

1

Foxtrot / "Sign of the Times"

7

6

6

No Elimination

2

Tango / "Whatever It Takes"  Cha-cha-cha / "Perm"

8  8

7  8

8  9

Safe

3

Samba / "It's Gonna Be Me"

7

7

7

No Elimination

4

Quickstep / "Adventure of a Lifetime"

8

8

8

Safe

5

Argentine Tango / "Angelica"

10

9

10

Last to be called safe

6

Jazz / "Holly Rock"

7

8/81

8

Safe

7

Contemporary / "Every Breath You Take"  Team Freestyle / "The Phantom of the Opera"

10  10

10  10

10  10

Safe

8

Viennese Waltz / "Perfect"  Trio Jive / "Good Place"

9  9

8  9

9  9

Last to be called safe

9(Semi-finals)

Salsa / "Shake"  Paso doble / "Carnaval de Paris"

8  9

8  8

9  9

Last to be called safe

10(Finals)

Foxtrot / "I Won't Dance"  Freestyle / "Run Boy Run"  Argentine Tango / "Angelica"  Foxtrot & Tango Fusion / "Without You"

10  9  10  10

9/102  9/102  10  9

9  10  10  9

Third place

text: 1 Score given by guest judge Shania Twain.

text: 2 Score given by guest judge Julianne Hough.

text: With Chris Mazdzer[edit]

text:
Week #

Dance / Song

Judges' scores

Result

Inaba

Goodman

Tonioli

1

Salsa / "Mr. Put It Down"

7

7

7

Safe

2

Viennese Waltz / "Next to Me"  Team Freestyle / "...Baby One More Time"

9  8

8/81  8/91

8  8

Last to be called safe

3

Foxtrot / "I Got Rhythm"  Salsa Dance-Off / "WTF (Where They From)"

8  No

7/92  Extra

9  Points

Eliminated

text: 1 Score given by guest judge Rashad Jennings.

text: 2 Score given by guest judge David Ross.

text: Dancin': It's On![edit]

text: Carson is part of the dancing cast of the 2015 movie Dancin': It's On! in the role of Jennifer. She joins former SYTYCD winners Russell Ferguson (season 6), and Chehon Wespi-Tschopp (season 9).[12]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year

Association

Category

Nominated work

Result

Ref.

2015

Primetime Emmy Awards

Outstanding Choreography

Dancing with the Stars

Nominated

[13]

2016

Industry Dance Awards

Favorite Dance Idol

Nominated

[14]


document_title: Fiddler on the Roof

question_text: who sings far from the home i love

question_tokens: who sings far from the home i love

text: Fiddler on the Roof

text: Background[edit]

text: Fiddler on the Roof is based on Tevye and his Daughters (or Tevye the Dairyman), a series of stories by Sholem Aleichem that he wrote in Yiddish between 1894 and 1914 about Jewish life in a village in the Pale of Settlement of Imperial Russia at the turn of the 20th century. It is also influenced by Life Is with People, by Mark Zborowski and Elizabeth Herzog.[2] Aleichem wrote a dramatic adaptation of the stories that he left unfinished at his death, but which was produced in Yiddish in 1919 by the Yiddish Art Theater and made into a film in the 1930s. In the late 1950s, a musical based on the stories, called Tevye and his Daughters, was produced Off-Broadway by Arnold Perl.[3] Rodgers and Hammerstein and then Mike Todd briefly considered bringing this musical to Broadway but dropped the idea.[4]

text: Investors and some in the media worried that Fiddler on the Roof might be considered "too Jewish" to attract mainstream audiences. Other critics considered that it was too culturally sanitized, "middlebrow" and superficial; Philip Roth, writing in The New Yorker, called it shtetl kitsch. For example, it portrays the local Russian officer as sympathetic, instead of brutal and cruel, as Sholom Aleichem had described him. Aleichem's stories ended with Tevye alone, his wife dead and his daughters scattered; at the end of Fiddler, the family members are alive, and most are emigrating together to America.[3][4] The show found the right balance for its time, even if not entirely authentic, to become "one of the first popular post-Holocaust depictions of the vanished world of Eastern European Jewry".[3] Harold Prince replaced the original producer Fred Coe and brought in director/choreographer Jerome Robbins.[5] The writers and Robbins considered naming the musical Tevye, before landing on a title suggested by various paintings by Marc Chagall that also inspired the original set design. Contrary to popular belief, the "title of the musical does not refer to any specific painting".[6] During rehearsals, one of the stars, Jewish actor Zero Mostel, feuded with Robbins, whom he held in contempt because Robbins had testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee and hid his Jewish heritage from the public. Other cast members also had run-ins with Robbins, who reportedly "abused the cast, drove the designers crazy [and] strained the good nature of Hal Prince".[4]

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Act I[edit]

text: Tevye, a poor Jewish milkman with five daughters, explains the customs of the Jews in the Russian shtetl of Anatevka in 1905, where their lives are as precarious as the perch of a fiddler on a roof ("Tradition"). At Tevye's home, everyone is busy preparing for the Sabbath meal. His sharp-tongued wife, Golde, orders their daughters, Tzeitel, Hodel, Chava, Shprintze and Bielke, about their tasks. Yente, the village matchmaker, arrives to tell Golde that Lazar Wolf, the wealthy butcher, a widower older than Tevye, wants to wed Tzeitel, the eldest daughter. The next two daughters, Hodel and Chava, are excited about Yente's visit, but Tzeitel is unenthusiastic ("Matchmaker, Matchmaker"). A girl from a poor family must take whatever husband Yente brings, but Tzeitel wants to marry her childhood friend, Motel the tailor.

text: Tevye is delivering milk, pulling the cart himself, as his horse is lame. He asks God: Whom would it hurt "If I Were a Rich Man"? Avram, the bookseller, has news from the outside world about pogroms and expulsions. A stranger, Perchik, hears their conversation and scolds them for doing nothing more than talk. The men dismiss Perchik as a radical, but Tevye invites him home for the Sabbath meal and offers him food and a room in exchange for tutoring his two youngest daughters. Golde tells Tevye to meet Lazar after the Sabbath but does not tell him why, knowing that Tevye does not like Lazar. Tzeitel is afraid that Yente will find her a husband before Motel asks Tevye for her hand. But Motel resists: he is afraid of Tevye's temper, and tradition says that a matchmaker arranges marriages. Motel is also very poor and is saving up to buy a sewing machine before he approaches Tevye, to show that he can support a wife. The family gathers for the "Sabbath Prayer."

text: After the Sabbath, Tevye meets Lazar at Mordcha's inn, assuming mistakenly that Lazar wants to buy his cow. Once the misunderstanding is cleared up, Tevye agrees to let Lazar marry Tzeitel – with a rich butcher, his daughter will never want for anything. All join in the celebration of Lazar's good fortune; even the Russian youths at the inn join in the celebration and show off their dancing skills ("To Life"). Outside the inn, Tevye happens upon the Russian Constable, who has jurisdiction over the Jews in the town. The Constable warns him that there is going to be a "little unofficial demonstration" in the coming weeks (a euphemism for a minor pogrom). The Constable has sympathy for the Jewish community but is powerless to prevent the violence.

text: The next morning, after Perchik's lessons with her young sisters, Tevye's second daughter Hodel mocks Perchik's Marxist interpretation of a Bible story. He, in turn, criticizes her for hanging on to the old traditions of Judaism, noting that the world is changing. To illustrate this, he dances with her, defying the prohibition against opposite sexes dancing together. The two begin to fall in love. Later, a hungover Tevye announces that he has agreed that Tzeitel will marry Lazar Wolf. Golde is overjoyed, but Tzeitel is devastated and begs Tevye not to force her. Motel arrives and tells Tevye that he is the perfect match for Tzeitel and that he and Tzeitel gave each other a pledge to marry. He promises that Tzeitel will not starve as his wife. Tevye is stunned and outraged at this breach of tradition, but impressed at the timid tailor's display of backbone. After some soul-searching ("Tevye's Monologue"), Tevye agrees to let them marry, but he worries about how to break the news to Golde. An overjoyed Motel celebrates with Tzeitel ("Miracle of Miracles").

text: In bed with Golde, Tevye pretends to be waking from a nightmare. Golde offers to interpret his dream, and Tevye "describes" it ("Tevye's Dream"). Golde's grandmother Tzeitel returns from the grave to bless the marriage of her namesake, but to Motel, not to Lazar Wolf. Lazar's formidable late wife, Fruma-Sarah, rises from her grave to warn, in graphic terms, of severe retribution if Tzeitel marries Lazar. The superstitious Golde is terrified, and she quickly counsels that Tzeitel must marry Motel. While returning from town, Tevye's third daughter, the bookish Chava, is teased and intimidated by some gentile youths. One, Fyedka, protects her, dismissing the others. He offers Chava the loan of a book, and a secret relationship begins.

text: The wedding day of Tzeitel and Motel arrives, and all the Jews join the ceremony ("Sunrise, Sunset") and the celebration ("The Wedding Dance"). Lazar gives a fine gift, but an argument arises with Tevye over the broken agreement. Perchik ends the tiff by breaking another tradition: he crosses the barrier between the men and women to dance with Tevye's daughter Hodel. The celebration ends abruptly when a group of Russians rides into the village to perform the "demonstration". They disrupt the party, damaging the wedding gifts and wounding Perchik, who attempts to fight back, and wreak more destruction in the village. Tevye instructs his family to clean up the mess.

text: Act II[edit]

text: Months later, Perchik tells Hodel he must return to Kiev to work for the revolution. He proposes marriage, admitting that he loves her, and says that he will send for her. She agrees ("Now I Have Everything"). They tell Tevye that they are engaged, and he is appalled that they are flouting tradition by making their own match, especially as Perchik is leaving. When he forbids the marriage, Perchik and Hodel inform him that they do not seek his permission, only his blessing. After more soul searching, Tevye relents – the world is changing, and he must change with it ("Tevye's Rebuttal"). He informs the young couple that he gives them his blessing and his permission.

text: Tevye explains these events to an astonished Golde. "Love," he says, "it's the new style." Tevye asks Golde, despite their own arranged marriage, "Do You Love Me?" After dismissing Tevye's question as foolish, she eventually admits that, after 25 years of living and struggling together and raising five daughters, she does. Meanwhile, Yente tells Tzeitel that she saw Chava with Fyedka. News spreads quickly in Anatevka that Perchik has been arrested and exiled to Siberia ("The Rumor/I Just Heard"), and Hodel is determined to join him there. At the railway station, she explains to her father that her home is with her beloved, wherever he may be, although she will always love her family ("Far From the Home I Love").

text: Time passes. Motel has purchased a used sewing machine, and he and Tzeitel have had a baby. Chava finally gathers the courage to ask Tevye to allow her marriage to Fyedka. Again Tevye reaches deep into his soul, but marriage outside the Jewish faith is a line he will not cross. He forbids Chava to speak to Fyedka again. When Golde brings news that Chava has eloped with Fyedka, Tevye wonders where he went wrong ("Chavaleh Sequence"). Chava returns and tries to reason with him, but he refuses to speak to her and tells the rest of the family to consider her dead. Meanwhile, rumors are spreading of the Russians expelling Jews from their villages. While the villagers are gathered, the Constable arrives to tell everyone that they have three days to pack up and leave the town. In shock, they reminisce about "Anatevka" and how hard it will be to leave what has been their home for so long.

text: As the Jews leave Anatevka, Chava and Fyedka stop to tell her family that they are also leaving for Kraków, unwilling to remain among the people who could do such things to others. Tevye still will not talk to her, but when Tzeitel says goodbye to Chava, Tevye prompts her to add "God be with you." Motel and Tzeitel go to Poland as well but will join the rest of the family when they have saved up enough money. As Tevye, Golde and their two youngest daughters leave the village for America, the fiddler begins to play. Tevye beckons with a nod, and the fiddler follows them out of the village.

text: Musical numbers[edit]

text:
Act I

"Prologue: Tradition" – Tevye and the Company
"Matchmaker, Matchmaker" – Tzeitel, Hodel and Chava
"If I Were a Rich Man" – Tevye
"Sabbath Prayer" – Tevye, Golde and the Company
"To Life" – Tevye, Lazar Wolf and the Company
"Tevye's Monologue" – Tevye
"Miracle of Miracles" – Motel
"Tevye's Dream" – Tevye, Golde, Grandma Tzeitel, Fruma-Sarah
and the Company
"Sunrise, Sunset" – Tevye, Golde, Perchik, Hodel and the Company
"The Bottle Dance" – Instrumental

Act II

"Entr'acte" – Orchestra
"Now I Have Everything" – Perchik and Hodel
"Tevye's Rebuttal" – Tevye
"Do You Love Me?" – Tevye and Golde
"The Rumor/I Just Heard" – Yente and villagers§
"Far From the Home I Love" – Hodel
"Chavaleh (Little Bird)" – Tevye
"Anatevka" – The Company

text: § The 2004 revival featured a song for Yente and some women of the village (Rivka and Mirala) titled "Topsy Turvy", discussing the disappearing role of the matchmaker in society. The number replaced "The Rumor/I Just Heard".

text: Principal characters[edit]

text: All of the characters are Jewish, except as noted:

text:
Tevye, a poor milkman with five daughters. A firm supporter of the traditions of his faith, he finds many of his convictions tested by the actions of his three oldest daughters.
Golde, Tevye's sharp-tongued wife.
Tzeitel, their oldest daughter, about nineteen. She loves her childhood friend Motel and marries him, even though he's poor, begging her father not to force her to marry Lazar Wolf.
Hodel, their daughter, about seventeen. Intelligent and spirited, she falls in love with Perchik and later joins him in Siberia.
Chava, their daughter, about fifteen. A shy book lover, who falls in love with Fyedka.
Shprintze, their daughter, about twelve.
Bielke, their youngest daughter, about nine.
Motel Kamzoil, a poor but hardworking tailor who loves, and later marries, Tzeitel.
Perchik, a scholar and Bolshevik revolutionary who comes to Anatevka and falls in love with Hodel. He leaves for Kiev and is exiled to Siberia.
Fyedka, a young Christian man. He shares Chava's passion for reading and is outraged by the Russians' treatment of the Jews.
Lazar Wolf, the wealthy village butcher. Widower of Fruma-Sarah. Attempts to arrange a marriage for himself to Tzeitel.
Yente, the gossipy village matchmaker who matches Tzeitel and Lazar.
Fruma-Sarah, Lazar Wolf's dead wife, who rises from the grave in Tevye's "nightmare".
Grandma Tzeitel, Golde's dead grandmother, also featured in the "nightmare".
Mordcha, the innkeeper.
Rabbi, the wise village rabbi.
Constable, a Christian man; the head of the local Russian police.

text: Productions[edit]

text: Original productions[edit]

text: Following its tryout at Detroit's Fisher Theatre in July and August 1964,[7] then Washington in August to September,[8] the original Broadway production opened on September 22, 1964, at the Imperial Theatre, transferred in 1967 to the Majestic Theatre and in 1970 to The Broadway Theatre, and ran for a record-setting total of 3,242 performances.[9] The production was directed and choreographed by Robbins – his last original Broadway staging.[10] The set, designed in the style of Marc Chagall's paintings, was by Boris Aronson.[11] A colorful logo for the production, also inspired by Chagall's work, was designed by Tom Morrow. Chagall reportedly did not like the musical.[4]

text: The cast included Zero Mostel as Tevye the milkman, Maria Karnilova as his wife Golde (each of whom won a Tony for their performances), Beatrice Arthur as Yente the matchmaker, Austin Pendleton as Motel, Bert Convy as Perchik the student revolutionary, Gino Conforti as the fiddler, and Julia Migenes as Hodel. Mostel ad-libbed increasingly as the run went on, "which drove the authors up the wall."[9] Joanna Merlin originated the role of Tzeitel, which was later assumed by Bette Midler during the original run. Carol Sawyer was Fruma Sarah, Adrienne Barbeau took a turn as Hodel, and Pia Zadora played the youngest daughter, Bielke. Both Peg Murray and Dolores Wilson made extended appearances as Golde, while other stage actors who have played Tevye include Herschel Bernardi, Theodore Bikel and Harry Goz (in the original Broadway run), and Leonard Nimoy. Mostel's understudy in the original production, Paul Lipson, went on to appear as Tevye in more performances than any other actor (until Chaim Topol), clocking over 2,000 performances in the role in the original run and several revivals.[12] Florence Stanley took over the role of Yente nine months into the run.[13] The production earned $1,574 for every dollar invested in it.[14] It was nominated for ten Tony Awards, winning nine, including Best Musical, score, book, direction and choreography, and acting awards for Mostel and Karnilova.[9]

text: The original London West End production opened on February 16, 1967, at Her Majesty's Theatre and played for 2,030 performances.[15] It starred Topol as Tevye, a role he had previously played in Tel Aviv, and Miriam Karlin as Golde. Alfie Bass, Lex Goudsmit and Barry Martin eventually took over as Tevye.[citation needed] Topol later played Tevye in the 1971 film adaptation, for which he was nominated for an Academy Award, and in several revivals over the next four decades.[16] The show was revived in London for short seasons in 1983 at the Apollo Victoria Theatre and in 1994 at the London Palladium.[citation needed]

text: Broadway revivals[edit]

text: The first Broadway revival opened on December 28, 1976, and ran for 176 performances at the Winter Garden Theatre. Zero Mostel starred as Tevye. Robbins directed and choreographed. A second Broadway revival opened on July 9, 1981, and played for a limited run (53 performances) at Lincoln Center's New York State Theater. It starred Herschel Bernardi as Tevye and Karnilova as Golde. Other cast members included Liz Larsen, Fyvush Finkel, Lawrence Leritz and Paul Lipson. Robbins directed and choreographed. The third Broadway revival opened on November 18, 1990, and ran for 241 performances at the George Gershwin Theatre. Topol starred as Tevye, and Marcia Lewis was Golde. Robbins' production was reproduced by Ruth Mitchell and choreographer Sammy Dallas Bayes. The production won the Tony Award for Best Revival.

text: A fourth Broadway revival opened on February 26, 2004, and ran for 36 previews and 781 performances at the Minskoff Theatre. Alfred Molina, and later Harvey Fierstein, starred as Tevye, and Randy Graff, and later Andrea Martin and Rosie O'Donnell, was Golde. Barbara Barrie and later Nancy Opel played Yente, Laura Michelle Kelly played Hodel and Lea Michele played Sprintze.[17] It was directed by David Leveaux. This production replaced Yente's song "The Rumor" with a song for Yente and two other women called "Topsy-Turvy". The production was nominated for six Tonys but did not win any. In June 2014, to celebrate the show's 50th anniversary, a gala celebration and reunion was held at The Town Hall in New York City to benefit The National Yiddish Theatre – Folksbiene, with appearances by many of the cast members of the various Broadway productions and the 1971 film.[8]

text: The fifth Broadway revival began previews on November 20 and opened on December 20, 2015 at the Broadway Theatre, with concept and choreography based on the original by Jerome Robbins. Bartlett Sher directed, and Hofesh Shechter choreographed. The cast starred Danny Burstein as Tevye, with Jessica Hecht as Golde, Alexandra Silber as Tzeitel, Adam Kantor as Motel, Ben Rappaport as Perchik, Samantha Massell as Hodel and Melanie Moore as Chava. Judy Kuhn replaced Hecht as Golde on November 22, 2016, for the last five weeks of the run.[18] Designers include Michael Yeargan (sets), Catherine Zuber (costumes) and Donald Holder (lighting).[19] Initial reviews were mostly positive, finding Burstein and the show touching.[20] The production was nominated for three Tony Awards but won none. It closed on December 31, 2016 after 463 performances.[21]

text: London revivals[edit]

text: Fiddler was first revived in London in 1983 at the Apollo Victoria Theatre (a four-month season starring Topol) and again in 1994 at the London Palladium for two months and then on tour, again starring Topol, and directed and choreographed by Sammy Dallas Bayes, recreating the Robbins production.[22]

text: After a two-month tryout at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield, England, a London revival opened on May 19, 2007, at the Savoy Theatre starring Henry Goodman as Tevye, Beverley Klein as Golde, Alexandra Silber as Hodel, Damian Humbley as Perchik and Victor McGuire as Lazar Wolf. The production was directed by Lindsay Posner. Robbins' choreography was recreated by Sammy Dallas Bayes (who did the same for the 1990 Broadway revival), with additional choreography by Kate Flatt.[23]

text: UK tours[edit]

text: A 2003 national tour played for seven months, with a radical design, directed by Julian Woolford and choreographed by Chris Hocking. The production's minimalist set and costumes were monochromatic, and Fruma-Sarah was represented by a 12-foot puppet. This production was revived in 2008 starring Joe McGann.[24]

text: The show toured the UK again in 2013 and 2014 starring Paul Michael Glaser as Tevye with direction and choreography by Craig Revel Horwood.[25]

text: Australian productions[edit]

text: The original Australian production opened on June 16, 1967, at Her Majesty's Theatre in Sydney. It starred Hayes Gordon as Tevye and Brigid Lenihan as Golde.[26] The production ran for two years.[citation needed] The first professional revival tour was staged by Opera Australia in 1984 with Gordon again playing Tevye. A young Anthony Warlow played Fyedka.[citation needed]

text: For two years, beginning in 2005, Topol recreated his role as Tevye in an Australian production, with seasons in Sydney, Brisbane, Melbourne, Perth, Wellington and Auckland.[citation needed] The musical was revived in Melbourne in December 2015 with Anthony Warlow as Tevye, Sigrid Thornton as Golde and Lior as Motel. The production is scheduled to move to Sydney in March 2016.[27]

text: US tours[edit]

text: Topol in 'Fiddler on the Roof': The Farewell Tour opened on January 20, 2009, in Wilmington, Delaware. Topol left the tour in November 2009 due to torn muscles in his arms. He was replaced by Harvey Fierstein.[28]

text: International and amateur productions[edit]

text: The musical was an international hit, with early productions playing throughout Europe, in South America, Africa and Australia; 100 different productions were mounted in the former West Germany in the first three decades after the musical's premiere, and within five years after the collapse of the Berlin Wall, 23 productions were staged in the former East Germany; and it was the longest-running musical ever seen in Tokyo.[29]

text: A Hebrew language staging was produced in Tel Aviv by the Israeli impresario Giora Godik in the 1960s.[30] This version was so successful that Godik soon produced a Yiddish version translated by Shraga Friedman.[31] A 2008 Hebrew language production ran at the Cameri Theatre in Tel Aviv for more than six years. It was directed by Moshe Kepten, choreographed by Dennis Courtney and starred Natan Datner.[32][33]

text: Un violon sur le toît was produced in French at Paris's théâtre Marigny from November 1969 to May 1970, resuming from September to January 1971 (a total of 292 performances) with Ivan Rebroff as Tevye and Maria Murano as Golde. Another adaptation was produced in 2005 at the théâtre Comédia in Paris with Franck Vincent as Tevye and Isabelle Ferron as Golde.[34] The Stratford Shakespeare Festival produced the musical from April to October 2013 at the Festival Theatre directed and choreographed by Donna Feore. It starred Scott Wentworth as Tevye.[35]

text: The musical receives about 500 amateur productions a year in the US alone.[36]

text: Film adaptation and recordings[edit]

text: The film version was released in 1971, directed and produced by Norman Jewison, and Stein adapted his own book for the screenplay. The casting of Chaim Topol over Zero Mostel for the role of Tevye caused controversy at first.[citation needed] The film received mostly positive reviews from film critics[37] and became the highest-grossing film of 1971.[38] Fiddler received eight Oscar nominations, including Best Picture, Best Director for Jewison, Best Actor in a Leading Role for Topol, and Best Actor in a Supporting Role for Leonard Frey (as Motel; in the original Broadway production, Frey was the rabbi's son). It won three, including best score/adaptation for arranger-conductor John Williams.[39]

text: In the film version, the character of Yente is reduced, and Perchik's song to Hodel "Now I Have Everything" is cut and replaced by a scene in Kiev. The "Chagall color palette" of the original Broadway production was exchanged for a grittier, more realistic depiction of the village of Anatevka.[40][41]

text: Theatre writer John Kenrick writes that the original Broadway cast album released by RCA Victor in 1964, "shimmers – an essential recording in any show lover's collection", praising the cast. The remastered CD includes two recordings not on the original album, the bottle dance from the wedding scene and "Rumor" performed by Beatrice Arthur. Kenrick writes that while the original Broadway cast version is the clear first choice among recordings of this musical, he also likes the Columbia Records studio cast album with Bernardi as Tevye; the film soundtrack, although he feels that the pace drags a bit; and some of the numerous foreign versions, including the Israeli, German and Japanese casts.[42]

text: Cultural influence[edit]

text: The musical's popularity has led to numerous references in popular media and elsewhere.[43] The show or its songs have been parodied and covered widely:

text: Parodies[edit]

text: Parodies relating to the show have included Antenna on the Roof (Mad Magazine #156, January 1973), which speculated about the lives of Tevye's descendants living in an assimilated 1970s suburban America.[43] The H. P. Lovecraft Historical Society published a musical theatre and album parody of Fiddler on the Roof called A Shoggoth on the Roof, which incorporates the works of H. P. Lovecraft.[44] In the film Mrs. Doubtfire (1993), Robin Williams parodies "Matchmaker".[45]

text: References to the musical on television have included a 2005 episode of Gilmore Girls titled "Jews and Chinese Food", involving a production of the musical.[46] A skit by The Electric Company about a village fiddler with a fear of heights, so he is deemed "Fiddler on the Chair". In the Family Guy episode "When You Wish Upon a Weinstein" (2003), William Shatner is depicted as playing Tevye in a scene from Fiddler.[47] The second episode of Muppets Tonight, in 1996, featured Garth Brooks doing a piece of "If I were a Rich Man" in which he kicks several chickens off the roof. "The Rosie Show", a 1996 episode of The Nanny, parodied the dream scene, when Mr. Sheffield fakes a dream to convince Fran not to be a regular on a TV show. A 2011 episode of NBC's Community, entitled "Competitive Wine Tasting", included a parody of Fiddler titled, "Fiddler, Please!", with an all-black cast dressed in Fiddler on the Roof costumes singing "It's Hard to Be Jewish in Russia, Yo". Chabad.org kicked off their 2008 "To Life" Telethon with a pastiche of the fiddle solo and bottle dance from the musical.[48]

text: Broadway references have included Spamalot, where a "Grail dance" sends up the "bottle dance" in Fiddler's wedding scene.[49] The Producers (2001) includes a musical number in the style of Jerry Bock that features an actual fiddler on a roof. Also in 2001, Chicago's Improv Olympic produced a well-received parody, "The Roof Is on Fiddler", that used most of the original book of the musical but replaced the songs with 1980's pop songs.[50] The original Broadway cast of the musical Avenue Q and the Broadway 2004 revival cast of Fiddler on the Roof collaborated for a Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS benefit and produced an approximately 10-minute-long show, "Avenue Jew", that incorporated characters from both shows, including puppets.

text: Covers[edit]

text: Songs from the musical have been covered by notable artists. For example, in 1964, jazz saxophonist Cannonball Adderley recorded the album Fiddler on the Roof, which featured jazz arrangements of eight songs from the musical. AllMusic awarded the album 4 stars and states "Cannonball plays near his peak; this is certainly the finest album by this particular sextet".[51] That same year, Eydie Gormé released a single of "Matchmaker".[52] In 1999, Knitting Factory Records released Knitting on the Roof, a compilation CD featuring covers of Fiddler songs by alternative bands such as The Residents, Negativland, and The Magnetic Fields.[53][54] Indie rock band Bright Eyes recorded an adaptation of "Sunrise, Sunset" on their 2000 album Fevers and Mirrors. Allmusic gave the album a favorable review,[55] and the online music magazine Pitchfork Media ranked it at number 170 on their list of top 200 albums of the 2000s.[56] In 2005, Melbourne punk band Yidcore released a reworking of the entire show called Fiddling on Ya Roof.[57]

text: Gwen Stefani and Eve covered "If I Were a Rich Man" as "Rich Girl" for Stefani's 2004 debut solo album Love. Angel. Music. Baby. in 2004. The song was inspired by the 1993 British Louchie Lou & Michie One ragga version of the same name.[58] Stefani's version reached #7 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, where it remained for over six months.[59] It was certified gold by the RIAA[60] and nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration.[61] It was also covered in 2008 and 2009 by the Capitol Steps, poking fun at Illinois politics, especially then-Governor Rod Blagojevich.[62] The Santa Clara Vanguard Drum and Bugle Corps performs the "Bottle Dance" from Fiddler as a "recurring trademark", including at the Drum Corps International World Championships.[63]

text: Other song versions[edit]

text: The song "Sunrise, Sunset" is often played at weddings,[citation needed] and in 2011 Sheldon Harnick wrote two versions of the song, suitable for same-sex weddings, with minor word changes. For example, for male couples, changes include "When did they grow to be so handsome".[64]

text: Awards[edit]

text: Fiddler's original Broadway production in 1964 was nominated for ten Tony Awards, winning nine, including Best Musical, score, and book, and Robbins won for best direction and choreography. Mostel and Karnilova won as best leading actor and best featured actress. In 1972, the show won a special Tony on becoming the longest-running musical in Broadway history.

text: Its revivals have also been honored. At the 1981 Tony Awards, Bernardi was nominated as best actor. Ten years later, the 1991 revival won for best revival, and Topol was nominated as best actor. The 2004 revival was nominated for six Tony Awards and three Drama Desk Awards but won none. The 2007 West End revival was nominated for Olivier Awards for best revival, and Goodman was nominated as best actor.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ TIME magazine reported in its May 26, 2008, issue, p. 51, that this musical ranked as the seventh most frequently produced musical by U.S. high schools in 2007.
Jump up ^ Joselit, Jenna Weissman. "Fiddler on the Roof Distorted Sholem Aleichem", The New Republic, June 7, 2014, accessed November 3, 2014
^ Jump up to: a b c Solomon, Alisa. "How Fiddler Became Folklore", The Jewish Daily Forward, September 1, 2006, accessed January 29, 2015
^ Jump up to: a b c d Brustein, Robert. "Fiddle Shtick", The New York Review of Books, December 18, 2014, vol. 61, No. 20, pp. 82–83
Jump up ^ Fiddler on the Roof. Additional Facts, MTI, accessed May 6, 2010
Jump up ^ Wecker, Menachem. "Marc Chagall: The French painter who inspired the title Fiddler on the Roof", The Washington Post, October 24, 2014
Jump up ^ "Show Archive" Archived 2014-01-16 at the Wayback Machine., Broadway in Detroit, accessed January 15, 2014
^ Jump up to: a b Henneberger, Melinda. "50th anniversary of Fiddler on the Roof reunites Tevye's many daughters", The Washington Post, June 14, 2014
^ Jump up to: a b c Hernandez, Ernio. "Fiddler on the Roof – 1964" Archived 2004-06-03 at the Wayback Machine., Playbill, February 26, 2004, accessed June 17, 2015
Jump up ^ He staged Jerome Robbins' Broadway, a "greatest hits" collection of some of his most famous stagings, at the Imperial Theatre on February 26, 1989, which ran for 633 performances.
Jump up ^ Rich, p. 172
Jump up ^ Gussow, Mel. "Paul Lipson, 82, Who Appeared As Tevye Over 2,000 Times". The New York Times, January 5, 1996, accessed October 19, 2015
Jump up ^ "Florence Stanley", PlaybillValult.com, accessed July 29, 2015
Jump up ^ Kantor, p. 302: "The 1960s was the decade that nurtured long-running blockbusters in unprecedented quantities: ten musicals passed the rarefied 1,000 performance mark, three of them passed the 2,000 mark (Hello, Dolly!, a Merrick smash, grossed $27 million on Broadway), and one, Fiddler on the Roof, passed the 3,000 mark, earning back $1,574 for every dollar put into it."
Jump up ^ Fiddler On The Roof, Guide to Musical Theatre, accessed July 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ Heller, Aron. "Iconic Israeli Actor Chaim Topol Reflects Upon His Long Career", Haaretz, April 21, 2015, accessed August 4, 2016; and Propst, Andy. "Harvey Fierstein Replaces Topol in Fiddler on the Roof Tour", TheaterMania.com, November 11, 2009, accessed July 24, 2016
Jump up ^ Fiddler on the Roof (2004), IBDB database, accessed July 22, 2012
Jump up ^ Gans. Andrew. "Broadway's Fiddler on the Roof Welcomes Judy Kuhn Tonight", Playbill, November 22, 2016
Jump up ^ Simoes, Monica. "To Life! Watch Danny Burstein, Alexandra Silber and Company Give a Spirited Sneak Peek at Fiddler on the Roof", Playbill, October 15, 2015
Jump up ^ "Review Roundup: L'Chaim! Danny Burstein Leads Fiddler on the Roof Revival", broadwayworld.com, December 20, 2015
Jump up ^ Gans, Andrew. "Fiddler on the Roof Ends Broadway Run December 31", playbill.com, December 31, 2016
Jump up ^ Information on the 1994 production Archived 2007-10-14 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Information about the 2007 London production of Fiddler on the Roof
Jump up ^ Fiddler on the Roof Archived December 27, 2008, at the Wayback Machine., Thisistheatre.com, April 27, 2015
Jump up ^ "Fiddler on the Roof official UK tour page", Music & Lyrics, accessed December 16, 2014
Jump up ^ "Hayes Gordon OBE AO 1920-1999", Live Performance Australia (2007), accessed January 1, 2016
Jump up ^ Bennet, Sally. "Anthony Warlow returns to Australian stage for Fiddler on the Roof", Herald-Sun, September 12, 2015
Jump up ^ Jones, Kenneth. "Harvey Fierstein to Replace Topol in Touring Fiddler on the Roof", playbill.com, November 11, 2009
Jump up ^ Whitfield, pp. 107–108
Jump up ^ Nahshon, Edna. "Israeli Theater: The revival of the Hebrew Language" Archived 2014-11-04 at the Wayback Machine., All About Jewish Theatre, accessed January 14, 2011
Jump up ^ Almagor, Dan (translated to English by Jay Shir). "Musical Plays on the Hebrew Stage"]. All About Jewish Theater, Ariel 103 (1996), pp. 19–25
Jump up ^ "Cameri Theatre Repertoire: Fiddler on the Roof" Archived 2015-07-24 at the Wayback Machine., www.cameri.co.il, accessed July 26, 2015
Jump up ^ Kae, Helen. "Theatre Review: Fiddler On The Roof", Jerusalem Post, 2008, accessed July 26, 2015; Izso, Lauren. "L'Chaim! Fiddler on the Roof to return to Broadway", Jerusalem Post, March 10, 2014, accessed July 26, 2015
Jump up ^ Un violon sur le toît, Opérette – Théâtre Musical, accessed September 17, 2016 (in French)
Jump up ^ "Fiddler on the Roof at the Stratford Shakespeare Festival" Archived 2013-07-14 at the Wayback Machine., accessed August 30, 2013
Jump up ^ Whitfield, p. 107
Jump up ^ Fiddler on the Roof (1971), Rottentomatoes.com, accessed August 2, 2015
Jump up ^ Tino Balio, United Artists: The Company That Changed the Film Industry, University of Wisconsin Press (1987), p. 194
Jump up ^ "The 44th Academy Awards (1972) Nominees and Winners", Oscars.org, accessed August 27, 2011
Jump up ^ Huttner, Jan Lisa. "Fiddler: Stage versus Screen", JUF.org, November 14, 2011, accessed September 7, 2015
Jump up ^ Fiddler on the Roof, AFI.com, accessed September 7, 2015
Jump up ^ Kenrick, John. "Comparative Cast CD Reviews II: Fiddler on the Roof", Musicals101.com, accessed June 5, 2016
^ Jump up to: a b Solomon, Alisa. "Tevye, Today and Beyond", Part 2 of 2, The Jewish Daily Forward, September 8, 2006, accessed March 30, 2012
Jump up ^ A Shoggoth on the Roof Archived 2012-04-15 at the Wayback Machine., H. P. Lovecraft Historical Society, March 30, 2012
Jump up ^ Willistein, Paul. "Mrs. Doubtfire Offers Williams At His Best", The Morning Call, November 25, 1993, accessed March 30, 2012
Jump up ^ "Episode Recap: Gilmore Girls: 'Jews and Chinese Food'", TV.com, accessed March 30, 2012
Jump up ^ "When You Wish Upon a Weinstein" Archived 2014-08-09 at the Wayback Machine., San Francisco Jewish Film Festival, 2009, accessed April 3, 2012
Jump up ^ "The Amazing Bottle Dancers Kick Off the 2008 Chabad Telethon!", Bottledancers.com, 2008, accessed October 19, 2015
Jump up ^ Demers, Ben. "Monty Python’s Spamalot", DCTheatreScene.com, March 15, 2012
Jump up ^ Jones, Chris. "Parody hits the Roof", Chicago Tribune, June 28, 2001, accessed January 25, 2012
Jump up ^ Yanow, S. "Cannonball Adderley's Fiddler on the Roof", Allmusic, accessed March 30, 2012
Jump up ^ Sobel, Robert. "For Eydie and Steve, It's Fun and Songs – Marriage Style", Billboard magazine, October 15, 1966, p. 18, accessed October 28, 2016
Jump up ^ Kim, Wook. "Music Review: Knitting on the Roof", Entertainment Weekly, January 7, 2000, accessed March 30, 2012
Jump up ^ Layne, Joslyn. "Review: Knitting on the Roof", Allmusic, accessed March 30, 2012
Jump up ^ Fevers and Mirrors, Allmusic, accessed March 30, 2012
Jump up ^ "The Top 200 Albums of the 2000s: 200–151", Pitchfork Media, September 28, 2009, accessed March 30, 2012
Jump up ^ Shand, John. "Yidcore: Eighth Day Slice/Fiddlin' on Ya Roof", Sydney Morning Herald, October 20, 2005, accessed March 30, 2012
Jump up ^ Ives, Brian and C. Bottomley. "Gwen Stefani: The Solo Express", VH1, MTV Networks, January 5, 2005, accessed May 22, 2007
Jump up ^ "Rich Girl – Gwen Stefani". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved October 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Gold & Platinum", Recording Industry Association of America, March 29, 2005, accessed
Jump up ^ "Complete list of 2006 Grammy winners", The Baltimore Sun, Tribune Company, February 9, 2006, accessed March 14, 2007
Jump up ^ Lariviere, John. "The Capitol Steps", Talkin' Broadway, accessed March 30, 2012
Jump up ^ Boo, Michael. "Fanfare: Five great DCI color guard moments", Drum Corps International News, April 6, 2011, accessed March 30, 2012
Jump up ^ Jones, Arnold Wayne. "'Sunrise, Sunset' gets gay lyric", Dallas Voice, October 6, 2011, accessed August 5, 2013


document_title: French fries

question_text: where did they get the name french fries

text: French fries

text: Preparation

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: French fries are prepared by first peeling and cutting the potato into even strips. These are then wiped off or soaked in cold water to remove the surface starch, and thoroughly dried.[4][5] They may then be fried in one or two stages. Chefs generally agree that the two-bath technique produces better results.[4][6][7] Potatoes fresh out of the ground can have too high a water content - resulting in soggy fries - so preference is for spuds that have been in storage for a while.[8]

text: In the two-stage or two-bath method, the first bath, sometimes called blanching, is in hot fat (around 160 °C / 320 °F) to cook them through. This may be done in advance.[4] Then they are more briefly fried in very hot fat (190 °C / 375 °F) to crisp the exterior. They are then placed in a colander or on a cloth to drain, salted, and served. The exact times of the two baths depend on the size of the potatoes. For example, for 2–3mm strips, the first bath takes about 3 minutes, and the second bath takes only seconds.[4] There are several common techniques to cook French Fries. Deep frying is a cooking method in which food is submerged in hot fat, most commonly oil. Vacuum fryers are fit to process low-quality potatoes that contain higher sugar levels than normal, as they frequently have to be processed in spring and early summer before the potatoes from the new harvest become available. In the UK, a Chip pan is a deep-sided cooking pan used for deep-frying. Chip pans are named for their traditional use in frying chips.

text: Most French fries are produced from frozen potatoes which have been blanched or at least air-dried industrially.[9] Most chains that sell fresh cut fries rely on the Idaho Russet Burbank variety of potatoes. It has been the standard for French fries in the United States.[8] The usual fat for making French fries is vegetable oil. In the past, beef suet was recommended as superior,[4] with vegetable shortening as an alternative. In fact, McDonald's used a mixture of 93% beef tallow and 7% cottonseed oil until 1990, when they switched to vegetable oil with beef flavoring.[10][11] Starting in the sixties, more fast food restaurants have been using frozen French fries.[8]

text: Etymology

text: Thomas Jefferson had "potatoes served in the French manner" at a White House dinner in 1802.[12][13] The expression "French fried potatoes" first occurred in print in English in the 1856 work Cookery for Maids of All Work by E. Warren: "French Fried Potatoes. – Cut new potatoes in thin slices, put them in boiling fat, and a little salt; fry both sides of a light golden brown colour; drain."[14] This account referred to thin, shallow-fried slices of potato – it is not clear where or when the now familiar deep-fried batons or fingers of potato were first prepared. In the early 20th century, the term "French fried" was being used in the sense of "deep-fried" for foods like onion rings or chicken.[15][16]

text: By country

text: Belgium and the Netherlands

text: There is an ongoing dispute between the French and Belgians about where fries were invented, with both countries claiming ownership.[17] From the Belgian standpoint the popularity of the term "French fries" is explained as a "French gastronomic hegemony" into which the cuisine of Belgium was assimilated because of a lack of understanding coupled with a shared language and geographic proximity between the two countries.[17]

text: Belgian journalist Jo Gérard claims that a 1781 family manuscript recounts that potatoes were deep-fried prior to 1680 in the Meuse valley, in what was then the Spanish Netherlands (present-day Belgium): "The inhabitants of Namur, Andenne, and Dinant had the custom of fishing in the Meuse for small fish and frying, especially among the poor, but when the river was frozen and fishing became hazardous, they cut potatoes in the form of small fish and put them in a fryer like those here."[18][19] Gérard has not produced the manuscript that supports this claim due to the fact that it is unrelated to the later history of the French fry, as the potato did not arrive in the region until around 1735. Also, given 18th century economic conditions: "It is absolutely unthinkable that a peasant could have dedicated large quantities of fat for cooking potatoes. At most they were sautéed in a pan...".[20]

text: "French fries" for deep-fried potato batons were also introduced when American soldiers arrived in Belgium during World War I. The Belgians had previously been catering to the British soldiers' love of chips and continued to serve them to the Americans when they took over the western end of the front.[21] The Americans took them to be French fried potatoes because they believed themselves to be in France, with French being the local language and the official language of the Belgian Army at that time.[18] At that time, the term "French fries" was growing in popularity – the term was already used in the United States as early as 1899 – although it isn't clear whether this referred to batons (chips) or slices of potato e.g. in an item in Good Housekeeping which specifically references "Kitchen Economy in France": "The perfection of French fries is due chiefly to the fact that plenty of fat is used".[22]

text: "Pommes frites" or just "frites" (French), "frieten" (Flemish) or "patat" (Dutch) became the national snack and a substantial part of several national dishes, such as Moules-frites or Steak-frites.[23] Fries are very popular in Belgium, where they are known as frieten (in Dutch) or frites (in French), and the Netherlands, where among the working classes they are known as patat in the north and, in the south, friet.[24] In Belgium, fries are sold in shops called friteries (French), frietkot/frituur (Dutch), or Fritüre/Frittüre (German). They are served with a large variety of Belgian sauces and eaten either on their own or with other snacks. Traditionally fries are served in a cornet de frites (French), patatzak[25]/frietzak/fritzak (Dutch/Flemish), or Frittentüte (German), a white cardboard cone, then wrapped in paper, with a spoonful of sauce (often mayonnaise) on top.

text: Friteries and other fast food establishments tend to offer a number of different sauces for the fries and meats. In addition to ketchup and mayonnaise, popular options include:[26] aioli, sauce andalouse, sauce Americaine, Bicky Dressing (Gele Bicky-sauce), curry mayonnaise, mammoet-sauce, peanut sauce, samurai-sauce, sauce "Pickles", pepper-sauce, tartar sauce, zigeuner sauce, and à la zingara.

text: Spain

text: In Spain, fried potatoes are called patatas fritas or papas fritas. Another common form, involving larger irregular cuts, is patatas bravas. The potatoes are cut into big chunks, partially boiled and then fried. They are usually seasoned with a spicy tomato sauce, and the dish is one of the most preferred tapas by Spaniards.[27] Fries may have been invented in Spain, the first European country in which the potato appeared from the New World colonies, and assume fries' first appearance to have been as an accompaniment to fish dishes in Galicia,[28] from which it spread to the rest of the country and then further away, to the "Spanish Netherlands", which became Belgium more than a century later. Professor Paul Ilegems, curator of the Frietmuseum in Bruges, Belgium, believes that Saint Teresa of Ávila of Spain cooked the first French fries, and refers also to the tradition of frying in Mediterranean cuisine as evidence.[19][29]

text: France

text: In France and other French-speaking countries, fried potatoes are formally pommes de terre frites, but more commonly pommes frites, patates frites, or simply frites. The words aiguillettes ("needle-ettes") or allumettes ("matchsticks") are used when the French fries are very small and thin. One enduring origin story holds that French fries were invented by street vendors on the Pont Neuf bridge in Paris in 1789, just before the outbreak of the French Revolution.[30] However, a reference exists in France from 1775 to "a few pieces of fried potato" and to "fried potatoes".[31]

text: Eating potatoes for sustenance was promoted in France by Antoine-Augustin Parmentier, but he did not mention fried potatoes in particular. Many Americans attribute the dish to France and offer as evidence a notation by U.S. President Thomas Jefferson: "Pommes de terre frites à cru, en petites tranches" ("Potatoes deep-fried while raw, in small slices") in a manuscript in Thomas Jefferson's hand (circa 1801–1809) and the recipe almost certainly comes from his French chef, Honoré Julien.[12] In addition, from 1813[32] on, recipes for what can be described as "French fries" occur in popular American cookbooks. By the late 1850s, a cookbook was published that used the term French fried potatoes.[33] The thick-cut fries are called Pommes Pont-Neuf[4] or simply pommes frites (about 10 mm); thinner variants are pommes allumettes (matchstick potatoes; about 7 mm), and pommes paille (potato straws; 3–4 mm). (Roughly 0.4, 0.3 and 0.15 inch respectively.) Pommes gaufrettes are waffle fries. A popular dish in France is steak-frites, which is steak accompanied by thin French fries.

text: Canada

text: The town of Florenceville-Bristol, New Brunswick, headquarters of McCain Foods, calls itself "the French fry capital of the world" and also hosts a museum about potatoes called "Potato World".[34] It is also one of the world's largest manufacturers of frozen French fries and other potato specialties.[35]

text: Frites are the main ingredient in the Canadian/Québécois dish known (in both Canadian English and French) as poutine; a dish consisting of fried potatoes covered with cheese curds and brown gravy. Poutine has a growing number of variations but is generally considered to have been developed in rural Québec sometime in the 1950s, although precisely where in the province it first appeared is a matter of contention.[36][37][38] Canada is also responsible for providing 22% of China's French fries.[39][40]

text: Germany, Austria and Switzerland

text: French fries migrated to the German-speaking countries during the 19th century. In Germany, where they are usually known by the French words pommes frites, or only Pommes or Fritten (derived from the French words but pronounced as German words). They are often served with mayonnaise, and are a popular walking snack offered by Schnellimbiss ("quick bite") kiosks.[41] Since the advent of Currywurst in the 1950s, a paper tray of sausage (bratwurst or bockwurst) anointed with curry ketchup, laced with additional curry powder and a side of french fries, has become an immensely popular fast food meal.[42]

text: United Kingdom and Ireland

text: The standard deep-fried cut potatoes in the United Kingdom are called chips, and are cut into pieces between 10 and 15 mm (0.39 and 0.59 in) wide. They are occasionally made from unpeeled potatoes (skins showing). British chips are not the same thing as potato chips (an American term); those are called "crisps" in Britain. In the UK, chips are part of the popular, and now international, fast food dish fish and chips.

text: The first chips fried in the UK were sold by Mrs. 'Granny' Duce in one of the West Riding towns in 1854.[43] A blue plaque in Oldham marks the origin of the fish-and-chip shop, and thus the start of the fast food industry in Britain.[44] In Scotland, chips were first sold in Dundee: "in the 1870s, that glory of British gastronomy – the chip – was first sold by Belgian immigrant Edward De Gernier in the city's Greenmarket".[45] In Ireland the first chip shop was "opened by Giuseppe Cervi", an Italian immigrant, "who arrived there in the 1880s".[46] It is estimated that in the UK, 80% of households buy frozen chips each year.[47]

text: United States

text: Although French fries were a popular dish in most British commonwealth countries, the "thin style" French fries have been popularized worldwide in large part by the large American fast food chains like McDonald's, Burger King, and Wendy's.[48] In the United States, the J. R. Simplot Company is credited with successfully commercializing French fries in frozen form during the 1940s. Subsequently, in 1967, Ray Kroc of McDonald's contracted the Simplot company to supply them with frozen fries, replacing fresh-cut potatoes as an ingredient. In 2004, 29% of the United States' potato crop was used to make frozen fries – 90% consumed by the food services sector and 10% by retail.[49] The United States is also known for supplying China with most of their French fries as 70% of China's French fries are imported.[50].[40] Pre-made French fries have been available for home cooking since the 1960s, having been pre-fried (or sometimes baked), frozen and placed in a sealed plastic bag.[51] Some varieties of French fries that appeared later have been battered and breaded, and many fast food chains in the U.S. dust the potatoes with kashi, dextrin, and other flavor coatings for crispier fries with particular tastes.[52] French fries are one of the most popular dishes in the United States, commonly being served as a side dish to entrees and being seen in fast food restaurants. The average American eats around 30 pounds of French fries a year. [53][54]

text: Variants

text: There are several variants of French fries. A partial list, in alphabetical order:

text:
Carne asada fries – fries covered with carne asada, guacamole, sour cream and cheese
Cheese fries (UK – cheesy chips) – fries covered with cheese
Chile fries – (not to be confused with chili fries) fries topped with green chile peppers, common in the US state of New Mexico
Chili fries – (not to be confused with chile fries) fries covered with chili con carne
Chili cheese fries – fries covered with chili and cheese
Crinkle-cut fries – also known as "wavy fries", they're cut in a corrugated, ridged fashion[55]
Curly fries – characterized by their spring-like shape, cut from whole potatoes using a specialized spiral slicer.[55]
Curry chips – fries covered in curry sauce, a popular item served by chip shops in Ireland
French fry sandwich[56] – such as the chip butty and the Mitraillette
Oven fries – fries that are cooked in the oven as a final step in the preparation (having been coated with oil during preparation at the factory), often sold frozen
Potato wedges – Thick-cut fries[55] with the skin
Poutine – a dish consisting of fries topped with cheese curds and light brown gravy and principally associated with the Canadian province of Québec
Shoestring fries – thin-cut fries[55]
Steak fries – thick-cut fries[55] In France, when served with steak, Steak frites
Sweet potato fries – fries made with sweet potatoes instead of traditional white potatoes
Tornado fries – spiral-cut potatoes that are placed on a skewer and then deep fried[55]
Waffle fries – lattice-shaped fries[55] obtained by quarter-turning the potato before each next slide over a grater and deep-frying just once

text:
Chili fries

Chili cheese fries

Crinkle-cut fries

Curly fries

Curry chips

Shoestring fries with blue cheese dressing

Sweet potato fries

text: Accompaniments

text: Fries tend to be served with a variety of accompaniments, such as salt and vinegar (malt, balsamic or white), pepper, Cajun seasoning, grated cheese, melted cheese, mushy peas, heated curry sauce, curry ketchup (mildly spiced mix of the former), hot sauce, relish, mustard, mayonnaise, bearnaise sauce, tartar sauce, chili, tzatziki, feta cheese, garlic sauce, fry sauce, butter, sour cream, ranch dressing, barbecue sauce, gravy, honey, aioli, brown sauce, ketchup, lemon juice, piccalilli, pickled cucumber, pickled gherkins, pickled onions or pickled eggs.[57]

text: Health aspects

text: French fries primarily contain carbohydrates (mostly in the form of starch) and protein from the potato, and fat absorbed during the deep-frying process. Salt, which contains sodium is almost always applied as a surface seasoning. For example, a large serving of French fries at McDonald's in the United States is 154 grams. The 510 calories come from 66 g of carbohydrates, 24 g of fat, 7 g of protein and 350 mg of sodium.[58]

text: French fries have been critically panned by experts for being very unhealthy. According to Jonathan Bonnet, MD, in a TIME magazine article, "fries are nutritionally unrecognizable from a spud" as they "involve frying, salting, and removing one of the healthiest parts of the potato: the skin, where many of the nutrients and fiber are found."[59]Kristin Kirkpatrick, RD, calls French fries "...an extremely starchy vegetable dipped in a fryer that then loads on the unhealthy fat, and what you have left is a food that has no nutritional redeeming value in it at all."[59] David Katz, MD states that "French fries are often the super-fatty side dish to a burger—and both are often used as vehicles for things like sugar-laced ketchup and fatty mayo."[59]

text: Frying french fries in beef tallow, lard, or other animal fats adds saturated fat to the diet. Replacing animal fats with tropical vegetable oils, such as palm oil, simply substitutes one saturated fat for another. For many years partially hydrogenated vegetable oils were used as a means of avoiding cholesterol and reducing saturated fatty acid content, but in time the trans fat content of these oils was perceived as contributing to cardiovascular disease.[60] Starting in 2008, many restaurant chains and manufacturers of pre-cooked frozen French fries for home reheating phased out trans fat containing vegetable oils[61][62]

text: French fries contain some of the highest levels of acrylamides of any foodstuff, and concerns have been raised about the impact of acrylamides on human health.[63][64] According to the American Cancer Society, it is not clear as of 2013[update] whether acrylamide consumption affects people's risk of getting cancer.[63] A meta-analysis indicated that dietary acrylamide is not related to the risk of most common cancers, but could not exclude a modest association for kidney, endometrial or ovarian cancers.[64] A lower-fat method for producing a French fry-like product is to coat "Frenched" or wedge potatoes in oil and spices/flavoring before baking them. The heat will not be as high as when deep frying, and this also reduces acrylamides.[65]

text: Legal issues

text: In June 2004, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), with the advisement of a federal district judge from Beaumont, Texas, classified batter-coated French fries as a vegetable under the Perishable Agricultural Commodities Act. This was primarily for trade reasons; French fries do not meet the standard to be listed as a processed food.[66][67] This classification, referred to as the "French fry rule", was upheld in the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit case Fleming Companies, Inc. v. USDA.[68][69]

text: In the United States, in 2002, the McDonald's Corporation agreed to donate to Hindus and other groups to settle lawsuits filed against the chain for mislabeling French fries and hash browns as vegetarian because beef extract was added in their production.[11]