document_title: Geography of North Korea

question_text: what is the climate like in north korea

question_tokens: what is the climate like in north korea

text: Geography of North Korea

text: Topography and drainage[edit]

text: The terrain consists mostly of hills and mountains separated by deep, narrow valleys. The coastal plains are wide in the west and discontinuous in the east.

text: Early European visitors to Korea remarked that the country resembled "a sea in a heavy gale" because of the many successive mountain ranges that crisscross the peninsula. Some 80 percent of North Korea's land area is composed of mountains and uplands, with all of the peninsula's mountains with elevations of 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) or more located in North Korea. The great majority of the population lives in the plains and lowlands.

text: Baekdu Mountain, the highest point in North Korea at 2,743 m (9,003 ft), is a volcanic mountain near Manchuria with basalt lava plateau with elevations between 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) and 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) above sea level. The Hamgyong Range, located in the extreme northeastern part of the peninsula, has many high peaks, including Kwanmobong at approximately 2,541 metres (8,337 ft).

text: Other major ranges include the Rangrim Mountains, which are located in the north-central part of North Korea and run in a north-south direction, making communication between the eastern and western parts of the country rather difficult; and the Kangnam Range, which runs along the North Korea–China border. Geumgangsan, often written Mt Kumgang, or Diamond Mountain, (approximately 1,638 metres (5,374 ft)) in the Taebaek Range, which extends into South Korea, is famous for its scenic beauty.

text: For the most part, the plains are small. The most extensive are the Pyongyang and Chaeryŏng plains, each covering about 500 km2. Because the mountains on the east coast drop abruptly to the sea, the plains are even smaller there than on the west coast.

text: The mountain ranges in the northern and eastern parts of North Korea form the watershed for most of its rivers, which run in a westerly direction and empty into the Yellow Sea and Korea Bay. The longest is the Amnok River, which is navigable for 678 km of its 790 kilometres (490 mi). The Duman River, one of the few major rivers to flow into the Sea of Japan (East Sea of Korea), is the second longest at 521 kilometres (324 mi) but is navigable for only 85 kilometres (53 mi) because of the mountainous topography.

text: The third longest river, the Daedong River, flows through Pyongyang and is navigable for 245 of its 397 km. Lakes tend to be small because of the lack of glacial activity and the stability of the Earth's crust in the region. Unlike neighboring Japan or northern China, North Korea experiences few severe earthquakes. The country has a number of natural spas and hot springs, which number 124 according to one North Korean source.[citation needed]

text: Climate[edit]

text: North Korea has a combination of a continental climate and an oceanic climate, with four distinct seasons.[1][2] Most of North Korea is classified as being of a humid continental climate within the Köppen climate classification scheme, with warm summers and cold, dry winters. In summer, there is a short rainy season called changma.[3]

text: Long winters bring bitter cold and clear weather interspersed with snow storms as a result of northern and northwestern winds that blow from Siberia. The daily average high and low temperatures for Pyongyang in January are −3 and −13 °C (27 and 9 °F). On average, it snows thirty-seven days during the winter. Winter can be particularly harsh in the northern, mountainous regions.[1]

text: Summer tends to be short, hot, humid, and rainy because of the southern and southeastern monsoon winds that bring moist air from the Pacific Ocean. Spring and autumn are transitional seasons marked by mild temperatures and variable winds and bring the most pleasant weather. The daily average high and low temperatures for Pyongyang in August are 29 and 20 °C (84 and 68 °F).[1]

text: On average, approximately 60% of all precipitation occurs from June to September. Natural hazards include late spring droughts which are often followed by severe flooding. Typhoons affect the peninsula on an average of at least once every summer or early autumn.[1] The drought that started in June 2015, according to the Korean Central News Agency, has been the worst seen in 100 years.[4]

text: Environment[edit]

text: The environment of North Korea is diverse, encompassing alpine, forest, farmland, freshwater, and marine ecosystems.[5]

text: In recent years, the environment has been reported to be in a state of "crisis", "catastrophe", or "collapse".[6][7][8]

text: Cultivation, logging, and natural disasters have all put pressure on North Korea's forests. During the economic crisis of the 1990s, deforestation accelerated, as people turned to the woodlands to provide firewood and food. This in turn has led to soil erosion, soil depletion, and increased risk of flooding. In response, the government has promoted a tree planting program.[6][7][8][9] Based on satellite imagery, it has been estimated that 40 percent of forest cover has been lost since 1985.[10]

text: Boundaries, coastline, and islands[edit]

text: North Korea has an area of 120,538 km², of which 120,408 km² is land and 130 km² is water. It has 1,671.5 kilometres (1,038.6 mi) of land boundaries; of these, 1,416 kilometres (880 mi) are with China, 238 kilometres (148 mi) are with South Korea, and 17.5 kilometres (10.9 mi) are with Russia.

text: The Korean Peninsula extends about 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) southward from the northeast Asian continental landmass. The 8,460 kilometres (5,260 mi) coastline of Korea is highly irregular, and North Korea accounts for 2,495 kilometres (1,550 mi) of this, roughly one-third. Some 3579 islands lie adjacent to the Korean Peninsula, mostly along the south and west coasts.[11]

text: The southern stretch of its east coast forms the northern side of the East Korea Bay. At the headland Musu Dan, this ends and the coast turns sharply northward.

text: Maritime claims[edit]

text: The North Korean government claims territorial waters extending 12 nautical miles (22.2 km; 13.8 mi) from shore. It also claims an exclusive economic zone 200 nautical miles (370.4 km; 230.2 mi) from shore. In addition, a maritime military boundary that lies 50 nautical miles (92.6 km; 57.5 mi) offshore in the Sea of Japan (East Sea of Korea) and 200 nautical miles (370.4 km; 230.2 mi) offshore in the Yellow Sea demarcates the waters and airspace into which foreign ships and planes are prohibited from entering without permission.

text: Waters of the Yellow Sea are demarcated between North Korea and South Korea by the disputed Northern Limit Line drawn by the United Nations Command (Korea) in early 1950s and not officially recognized by North Korea. Disputes between North and South Korean naval vessels have occurred in this area. A total of five disputes were noteworthy enough to have been reported in the news (three in 2009 and two in 2010).

text: Resources and land use[edit]

text: Natural resources include coal, petroleum, lead, tungsten, zinc, graphite, magnesite, iron ore, copper, gold, pyrites, salt, fluorspar and hydropower.

text: Land use[edit]

text:
arable land:
19.5%

permanent crops:
1.9%

permanent pasture
0.4%

forest
46.0%

other:
32.2%

[12]

text: Irrigated land[edit]

text: 14,600 km² (2003)

text: Total renewable water resources[edit]

text: 77.15 km3 (2011)

text: Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)[edit]

text:
total: 8.66 km3/yr (10%/13%/76%)
per capita: 360.6 m3/yr (2005)


document_title: List of U.S. states by Gini coefficient

question_text: what is the gini coefficient of the united states

root

text: List of U.S. states by Gini coefficient

text: List of U.S. states by Gini coefficient of income inequality[edit]

text:
487-532
  462-486
  446-461

  431-445
  419-430

tag: table

text: The list goes from lowest Gini coefficient to the highest. The Gini index for the United States as a whole is 0.469.

tag: p

text:
2010
Rank
State
Gini
Coefficient

1
Utah
0.419

2
Alaska
0.422

3
Wyoming
0.423

4
New Hampshire
0.425

5
Iowa
0.427

6
Wisconsin
0.430

7
Nebraska
0.432

8
Hawaii
0.433

8
Idaho
0.433

8
North Dakota
0.433

11
Montana
0.435

12
Maine
0.437

13
Delaware
0.440

14
Indiana
0.440

15
Minnesota
0.440

16
Washington
0.441

17
South Dakota
0.442

18
Maryland
0.443

19
Vermont
0.444

20
Kansas
0.445

21
Nevada
0.448

22
Oregon
0.449

23
Michigan
0.451

23
West Virginia
0.451

25
Ohio
0.452

26
Oklahoma
0.454

27
Arizona
0.455

27
Missouri
0.455

29
Colorado
0.457

30
Arkansas
0.458

31
Virginia
0.459

32
Pennsylvania
0.461

32
South Carolina
0.461

34
New Jersey
0.464

34
New Mexico
0.464

34
North Carolina
0.464

37
Illinois
0.465

38
Kentucky
0.466

39
Rhode Island
0.467

40
Georgia
0.468

40
Mississippi
0.468

40
Tennessee
0.468

43
Texas
0.469

44
California
0.471

45
Alabama
0.472

46
Florida
0.474

47
Louisiana
0.475

47
Massachusetts
0.475

49
Connecticut
0.486

50
New York
0.499

51
District of Columbia
0.532


document_title: List of Free! episodes

question_text: what episode do rin and haru go to australia

text: List of Free! episodes

text: Episode list[edit]

text: This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (August 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Free! - Iwatobi Swim Club (2013)[edit]

text:
No.

Title

Original airdate

1
"Reunion at the Starting Block!""Saikai no Sutātingu Burokku!" (再会のスターティングブロック！) July 4, 2013
After spending their first year at Iwatobi High School in peace and quiet, Haruka Nanase and Makoto Tachibana run into Nagisa Hazuki, a transfer student who was a fellow team member at a local swim club when they were children. With the swim club building being demolished, the trio sneaks in to dig up a time capsule they buried inside, which is when they are reunited with Rin Matsuoka, the fourth member of their team who left to study in Australia. Rin greets them in a rude manner, immediately challenging Haruka to a race. Haruka agrees and they nearly face off until discovering the pool is empty. The following evening, as Makoto and Nagisa visit Haruka, Rin's sister Gou Matsuoka arrives and informs the group that Rin is now attending nearby Samezuka Academy. Makoto and Nagisa pursuede a reluctant Haruka to visit the academy's luxurious nanotorium where they break in after hours only to be discovered by Rin, who aggressively orders them out. Haruka then steps out of the pool and challenges Rin to a freestyle race.
2
"Memories in the Distance!""Tsuioku no Disutansu!" (追憶のディスタンス！) July 11, 2013
The following day, Nagisa suggests they form a school-based swim club. After getting Haruka on board, Makoto and Nagisa propose the idea to their home room teacher, Miho Amakata, who agrees to be their advisor as long as they find one more member and restore the school's swimming pool themselves. Both tasks prove to be quite demanding. During the restoration, Gou asks Makoto about the race between Haruka and Rin and learns that Haruka's loss to Rin was due to his not being in top condition, which angered Rin. Believing that the group can revert Rin to his old personality, Gou volunteers to become the team's manager. Later, Makoto pays one final visit to the Iwatobi Swimming Club and runs into their old coach, Goro Sasabe who reveals why Haruka quit swimming in middle school. Upon learning that Rin quit swimming following a loss to Haruka in a private race during middle school, thus causing Haruka to quit out of guilt, Makoto calls Rin to inform them of their plans. Rin joins the Samezuka swim team out of his grudge against Haruka. Finally, the Iwatobi High Swimming Club is re-established and Haruka can't help but christen the pool with the first swim, much to his friends' dismay.
3
"Theoretical Dolphin Kick!""Riron no Dorufin Kikku!" (理論のドルフィンキック！) July 18, 2013
The Iwatobi Swim Club members continue recruiting. Nagisa tries to recruit Rei Ryūgazaki from the track team, but is turned down. Meanwhile, Gou proposes that the swim club join an indoor gym so they can practice swimming until summer but, due to the expense, she schedules a joint practice with the Samezuka team at their indoor pool. Ms. Amakata reminds them that besides finding a new member, they must also participate in tournaments. The following morning, Nagisa meets Rei during his run to school and again asks Rei to join the club. Worn down by his many requests, Rei agrees to a trial basis. At the joint Samezuka-Iwatobi practice, Rin continues to give the Iwatobi team the cold shoulder. Rei tries to avoid swimming in the time trials, but is forced to do so and, much to everyone's surprise, it is revealed that he cannot swim. However, upon seeing Haruka's elegant crawl, he realizes that swimming can be beautiful and that approaching sport with passion versus calculation may be a better way to do things. The next day at pole vaulting practice, Rei changes his tactic from calculation to passion, yet still falls. Frustrated, he approaches the spectating Iwatobi swim team and admits that he would like to learn how to swim in a beautiful manner, like Haruka. He officially joins the swim club and tasks Nagisa to teach him how to swim.
4
"Captive Butterfly!""Toraware no Batafurai!" (囚われのバタフライ！) July 25, 2013
The Swim Club starts training in the refurbished pool using a training regimen unearthed by Gou. Rei's academic skills at learning swim theory prove useless since his body refuses to move in the water. Elsewhere, Rin realizes that his victory against Haruka was due to Haruka's lack of training and not his own talent. The following day, Gou makes Rei's swimming a priority, insisting that he master the skill in the week remaining before their first tournament. Nagisa and Makoto try and fail to teach Rei their signature techniques (breast stroke and back stroke), causing Rei to blame his inability on their teaching methods. Over the weekend, Rei also attributes his inability to not having proper gear, prompting a team outing to purchase swim essentials. At the store, Haruka and Rin run into each other and have a tense discussion about their differing forms. Rin wants an equal race, stating he will not be able to move forward without that, so they decide to settle the score at the tournament. Afterwards, Haruka takes his turn at teaching Rei freestyle swimming but also fails. Finally, Haruka admits that he is only compatible with freestyle but swims it with passion. The next day, Rei attempts the butterfly stroke and finds it compatible with himself. The Iwatobi Swim Club is ready to race.
5
"Trial in Open Water!""Ōpun Wōtā de Taiken!" (オープンウォーターで体験！) August 7, 2013[9]
As Gou prepares the team for the tournament, she discovers an old training regimen from a past swim club and proposes following its idea of a summer training camp. Although they fail to get school sponsorship, Ms. Amakata agrees to come along for support. Makoto suggests camping on the beach and bribes Coach Sasabe into transporting them with his squid fishing boat. Haruka expresses concern to Makoto, knowing of his friend's thalassophobia since childhood, but Makoto assures that he is fine. On the day of the trip, Coach Sasabe takes the team to the island where they discover the Samezuka Swim Team also training at a facility there. The guys begin stamina training, which involves making three long-distance swimming circuits between the deserted islands of Sukishima, Oshima and Mizushima. At the end of the first day, they only finish half a circuit, leaving Rei disappointed in himself for lagging behind. Later in the day, Gou runs into Rin who voices concern for Makoto after she explains their regimen. That night, Rei secretly enters the ocean to continue training. When a sudden storm rises, he loses his kickboard and flounders, crying out for help. Makoto awakens and goes looking for Rei, casting aside fear when he sees him in trouble at sea. He dives in and swims out.
6
"Shocking No Breathing!""Shōgeki no Nōburījingu!" (衝撃のノーブりージング！) August 15, 2013
Haruka and Nagisa awaken to Makoto's shouts and follow him into the rough waters. Upon approaching Rei, Makoto's phobia sets in and he freezes, but he is rescued by Haruka and dragged to the nearby Sukishima shore. Elsewhere, Nagisa and Rei also make it there with the latter blaming himself for putting the group in danger. When the team reunites, they each blame themselves for their own shortcomings, but are relieved they are all unharmed. With the storm still raging, they take shelter at the abandoned Sukishima Rest House. Rei asks Makoto about his hesitation in the water and, despite Haruka's objection, Makoto reveals his thalassophobia, explaining that when he was younger, he befriended an old fisherman in the harbor whose boat was caught up in a typhoon and sank three kilometers from shore, killing everyone on board. Ever since the fisherman's death, he feels as if an unknown force dwells in the ocean, but planned their trip despite his fear believing that their shared passion for swimming can take them anywhere. The next morning, they swim back to the mainland and collapse from exhaustion on the shore, much to Gou and Ms. Amakata's confusion.
7
"One Style Final!""Kessen no Sutairu Wan!" (決戦のスタイルワン！) August 22, 2013
As the tournament draws closer, the Iwatobi High Swim Club swim times improve. Meanwhile, Rin awakens in a frenzied state after having a nightmare about his father. At training, Rin reveals to Aiichiro Nitori the story of his late father, explaining that his father was the best athlete in the  Iwatobi Swim Club and aspired to become an Olympic swimmer. That dream remained unrealized and his father died when a typhoon struck his boat late one summer while Rin was quite young. Following his death, Rin adopted his father's dream, stating that Haruka is now the only thing standing in his way. On the day of the tournament, Gou reveals that both Haruka and Rin are competing in the fourth freestyle heat and are in neighboring lanes due to having similar qualifying times. Haruka encounters Rin at the lockers where their rivalry escalates. As the race begins, Rin pulls ahead in the first leg, but Haruka catches up at the turn into the second leg until they are neck and neck. Rin wins, much to everyone's surprise, and as he exits the pool, he snidely remarks to Haruka that he will never swim with him again, leaving Haruka taken aback.
8
"Revenge in the Medley!""Gyakushū no Medorē!" (逆襲のメドレー！) August 29, 2013
Following Rin and Haruka's race, the other Iwatobi members compete in their respective events, but none of them make it to the next round. As the day comes to an end, Gou reveals she secretly entered the team in the relay race event taking place the following day, giving them one last chance to qualify for the regional tournament.  Everyone is excited, but Haruka disappears. The group waits at Haruka's home, leaving desperate messages on his cellphone, only to discover the phone is still in the room with them. Late into the evening, Haruka returns to find only Makoto still waiting for him, asleep on the steps. After listening to the phone messages, Haruka awakens his friend and tells him he will participate in the relay. The next day, news of Iwatobi's participation in the relay reaches Rin, who bears witness to the team in action.
9
"Hesitant Loosen Up!""Mayoi no Rūzun Appu!" (迷いのルーズンアップ！) September 5, 2013
Thanks to a strong showing and team spirit, Iwatobi wins the relay race, earning a place in the regional tournament. Afterwards, Haruka tells the others how his expectations were blown by Rin's proclamation, but how he came to realize the joy of relay racing with his friends again. The group celebrates by attending a local summer festival, which Rin and his friends also attend. Wanting to keep Haruka and Rin apart, Nagisa manipulates the situation from behind the scenes and has Rei trail Rin, who wanders off from the festival and who, upon arriving at his old elementary school, is seen holding back strong emotions.
10
"Irritated Heart Rate!""Iradachi no Hāto Reito!" (苛立ちのハートレイト！) September 12, 2013
Rin recalls how he transferred into elementary school and made friends with Haruka and the others, stating his dream of becoming an Olympic champion to honor his father and convincing them to enter the relay together before he went off to Australia. Meanwhile, Rei, not wanting to be left out of the loop, asks Haruka and the others about how their relationship with Rin fell apart. Haruka reveals that while on a school break to visit home, Rin challenged Haruka to a swimming race and lost. Frustrated beyond understanding, Rin announced he was quitting swimming, after which the guilt-striken Haruka also gave up competitive swimming. Upon hearing this, Rei decides to meet Rin face to face.
11
"Furious All-out!""Gekijō no Ōru Auto!" (激情のオ一ルアウト！) September 19, 2013
Rei confronts Rin at Samezuka about why he is participating in the relay, why he changed after going to Australia and what he wants from Haruka. He also states his strong affiliation to the Iwatobi team. Upon hearing about Rin's hostility and Rei's discouragement, the guys visit Rei and remind him that he is a valued team member. Upon arriving at the location of the regional tournament and checking into their hotel, the group visits the swim area. Later that evening, Rin asks Rei to meet up with him which is when he calmly explains that the real reason he quit swimming in middle school was because he struggled while in Australia and felt he would never reach Olympic level. Ironically, it was his private match with Haruka upon his return to Japan that reignited his desire to swim and Iwatobi's prefectural performance that made him want to perform relay again. Before taking his leave, Rin cautions Rei that he needs to make sure he doesn't embarrass Iwatobi's team when they compete against each other. Upon returning to his hotel, however, it is Rin who is embarrassed to learn that he has been taken off Samezuka's relay team because he wasn't focusing on his own team.
12
"Distant Free!""Harukanaru Furī!" (遙かなるフリー！) September 26, 2013
Rin becomes so distracted by being taken off the relay team that he ends up placing terribly in his 100m event, after which, he runs off in an outburst, saying he is quitting swimming yet again. When the Iwatobi team overhears that Rin is off the Samezuka relay team, Rei confesses that he met with him, revealing everything that Rin told him the previous night and stating his belief that what Rin really wants is simply to swim with his friends again. With the relay preliminaries fast approaching, the group splits up in search of Rin, who is eventually found by Haruka by their old elementary school. Initially fighting Haruka, Rin spots the phrase, "For the Team," scratched into the concrete  at its pouring. Rin begins to cry and claims that all he wants is to swim in a relay with Haruka, just as they had promised one another long ago. The rest of the guys find them and Rei lets Rin take his place in the relay. Although disqualified for an unapproved roster change despite placing first, they feel proud for doing what they thought was the right thing.

text: Free! - Eternal Summer (2014)[edit]

text:
No.

Title

Original airdate

1 (13)
"Storm of Dive and Dash!""Arashi no Daibu Dasshu!" (嵐のダイブダッシュ！) July 2, 2014
At the start of a new school year, Haruka and the others meet up with Rin at Samezuka Academy for an event to send off the third-year members, where they end up getting roped into a freestyle relay against the school. Afterwards, as the Iwatobi Swim Club struggles to recruit new members, Coach Sasabe reveals he has restored the Iwatobi Swimming Club (naming it Iwatobi Swimming Club Returns), thus giving the guys a chance to use an indoor pool. Later on, Rin, who has been made captain of the Samezuka Swim Club, participates in a race against Haruka, managing to tie for the lead. That evening, the Iwatobi team invites Rin to the Iwatobi school pool, which they have filled with cherry blossoms, only for rain to ruin the opportunity. The next day, Rin is surprised to find an old acquaintance of his, Sousuke Yamazaki, transfer into his class.
2 (14)
"Stroke of Chance Encounter!""Kaigō no Sutorōku!" (邂逅のストローク！) July 9, 2014
Rin reminisces with Sousuke, his best friend and classmate at Sano elementary school prior to transferring to Iwatobi elementary school. Sousake comes to Samezuka as a way to spend his third-year in his hometown before going pro. Meanwhile, Coach Sasabe plans a community swim festival to be held at ISC Returns and asks the Iwatobi team to spread the word and come up with a main event. Haruka suggests a relay and Rin is asked to assemble a Samezuka team to swim against Iwatobi. Sousuke asks to join on the condition he swim the freestyle leg. On the day of the event, one of Rin's team members is forced to drop out, but they manage to find a replacement in Momotarou Mikoshiba. Prior to the relay, Sousuke confronts Haruka, warning him not to get in Rin's way as he pursues his dream. As the relay gets underway, both teams show strong form with Haruka's team narrowly winning. Afterwards, Rin invites Momotarou to join Samezuka's swim club while Haruka becomes cautious of Sousuke.
3 (15)
"Butterfly of Farewell!""Wakare no Batafurai!" (別れのバタフライ！) July 16, 2014
Rin changes dorm rooms, moving in with Sousuke, while Momotarou becomes Aiichirou's roommate. Iwatobi High School holds a culture festival where the Swim Club participates in a land-based relay race against the other clubs, though their victory does little to attract new members. As the group turns their attention towards the next national tournament, Rei worries whether it is acceptable that he only swims the butterfly stroke. His worries increase when an upperclassman from the track team asks if he would like to return. Nagisa becomes concerned when Rei starts going off on 'errands' after school, with the others becoming suspicious, as well. Spotting Rei speaking with the track team captain, the group corners Rei and implores him not to quit the swim team. After Rei reveals he had no intention of quitting, the group follows him to his 'errand,' where they learn Rei has been secretly taking swimming lessons from Rin in order to learn other styles besides the butterfly.
4 (16)
"Somersault Turn of Promise!""Yakusoku no Samāsoruto Tān!" (約束のサマーソルトターン！) July 23, 2014
With the prefecturals tournament approaching, Gou decides to make nutritional bento lunches for the team. Meanwhile, Sousuke recalls a promise that he had yet to ask of Rin before he left for Australia, especially after hearing how Haruka and the others helped restore his spirits. When Gou's attempt at a nutritional bento proves to be inedible, she compensates by putting together a tough training regimen. Later that evening, Sousuke tells Rin he should give up relays in order to focus on his Olympic goal, but Rin states he can accomplish both. Despite preferring to swim individually, Sousuke asks to join Samezuka's relay team in order to find something he's missing, challenging Rin to a butterfly race to earn his spot. Admiring Sousuke's passion, Rin changes the way swimmers are selected for relays, asking only those who are serious about being in a relay team to step forward.
5 (17)
"Head-Up of Decision!""Ketsui no Heddo Appu!" (決意のヘッドアップ！) July 30, 2014
After his teammates notice him behaving oddly and insisting on sleeping over, Nagisa reveals he has run away from home, explaining that his parents told him to quit the swim club because of his poor grades. Wanting to avoid speaking to them, Nagisa and the others hide out at ISC Returns to discus the situation. Nagisa laments that he doesn't find studying fun, having been forced to do it endlessly during middle school. As the group sees a car pull up to the building, they moves further into the building. Rei tries to convince Nagisa to tell his parents how he really feels. Moved by everyone's words, Nagisa voices his true feelings to the unknown pursuer, who turns out to be their teacher, Ms. Amakata, who came after Haruka quietly informed her of Nagisa's plight. With the support of his friends and his teacher, Nagisa gathers his courage to speak honestly with his parents who agree to allow him to stay in the swim club on the condition that he work hard on both his schoolwork and his sport.
6 (18)
"Prime of Invincibility!""Muteki no Puraimu!" (無敵のプライム！) August 6, 2014
On the day before the prefecturals, Rin and Gou pay their respects at their father's grave, where Rin gives Gou a photo of him to put up at ISC Returns. The next day, Nagisa, Makoto, Rei, Rin and Momotarou all qualify in their respective individual events. Later, Makoto competes against Haruka in the 200m freestyle, wanting to have a real race against him before they graduate high school. Despite losing due to his pacing, Makoto presents a happy appearance to avoid making Haruka feel guilty about winning. Haruka and Rin then face off against each other in the 100m freestyle, with Haruka narrowly beating Rin by a split second, bringing the first day's events to a close.
7 (19)
"Crouching Start of Revenge!""Setsujoku no Kurauchingu Sutāto!" (雪辱のクラウチングスタート！) August 13, 2014
After Rin chooses his team for the medley relay event, which includes Sousuke and Momotarou, Aiichirou feels downhearted over not making the team, but is encouraged by Sousuke. The next day, as the relay gets underway, Samezuka wins the race, though Iwatobi manages to make it to regionals, as well. Afterwards, as Haruka and Rin are both scouted by college coaches, Rin confronts Sousuke about his recent behavior, to which Sousuke waffles, responding he hasn't yet found what he is looking for. Haruka seems less than thrilled about being scouted, but Rei reassures him by telling him he will always be free if he is true to himself. Thereafter, Haruka comes up with a training regimen to improve their relay times. Later, Gou spots Sousuke as he skips team practice.
8 (20)
"Locomotive of Crisis!""Henkyoku no Rokomōtibu!" (変局のロコモーティブ！) August 20, 2014
Makoto takes a part-time job helping Coach Sasabe at ISC Returns, acting as a coach to children learning how to swim.  Makoto discovers that one of his students, Hayato, is the younger brother of Kisumi Shigino, an old classmate from middle school. As the two reminisce, Kisumi explains to Makoto how Hayato developed a fear of swimming after he nearly drowned after falling off of a boat. Makoto tries to help Hayato unsuccessfully until Haruka tells him to remember his own experience of learning to swim. Makoto then teaches Hayato how to do the backstroke, thus helping him overcome his fear. As Makoto's time as a coach comes to an end, Haruka and he learn from Kisumi that Sousuke is nursing an injured shoulder but competing in tournaments in spite of it.
9 (21)
"Forming of Disruption!""Shissoku no Fōmingu!" (失速のフォーミング！) August 27, 2014
On the day before the regional tournament, both Iwatobi and Samezuka end up staying at the same hotel. While Aiichirou is chosen to swim in Samezuka's relay team thanks to his training, Haruka, who is in deep thought about being scouted, ends up sharing an elevator ride with Sousuke, confirming his shoulder injury. The next day, as Rin manages to pass his heat in the 100m freestyle, Haruka becomes overwhelmed by the pressure of performing in front of scouts and stops cold in the middle of a race. When Rin angrily confronts him following the race, Haruka snaps at him, telling him that he doesn't have any dreams and resents being told what to do. Rei, Makoto and Nagisa overhear their fight and, as Haruka assures his friends that he will swim in the relay with them, Sousuke continues to experience pain from his shoulder injury.
10 (22)
"Six-Beat of Tears!""Namida no Shikkusu-Bīto!" (涙のシックスビート！) September 3, 2014
After being informed by Aiichirou, Rin now knows that Sousuke's shoulder injury is serious and that his talk of being scouted is false. As the two take their conversation outside, unaware that Haruka is nearby, Sousuke reveals that he has been training incessantly so he could swim with Rin again, further injuring his shoulder in the process. Having decided to quit swimming, he went to see Rin swim in last year's regionals and witnessed his breakdown, but regained hope for himself when he saw how Rin picked himself up thanks to his friends. Despite Rin's objections, Sousuke wants to swim with everyone in the relay, with Aiichirou and Momotarou backing him up. Having heard this, Haruka asks his team to give it everything they've got in response to Sousuke's dedication. As the match gets underway, Sousuke's shoulder acts up, but Rin encourages him to make it to the end of his leg, leading to the final showdown between Haruka and Rin, with Iwatobi winning by a fraction of a second.
11 (23)
"The Open Turn of Destiny!""Unmei no Nebā Tān!" (運命のネバーターン！) September 10, 2014
As both Iwatobi and Samezuka continue to train for the national tournament, Rei worries about Haruka, who is unable to participate in the freestyle event. Haruka is later approached by Sousuke, who tells him he must move forward so that Rin can improve alongside him. As Obon arrives, Makoto and the others confront Haruka that he isn't being his usual 'free' self, expressing their desire to help him find a dream. Things come to a head when Makoto pushes the issue and Haruka rebukes him for not having a dream for himself. Makoto reveals his heretofore unspoken plans to attend university in Tokyo after graduation and Haruka is stunned. As he starts to seclude himself, Makoto asks Rin for help, who takes the despondent swimmer to Australia.
12 (24)
"A Swim-Off in a Foreign Land!""Ikyō no Suimofu!" (異郷のスイムオフ！) September 17, 2014
Upon arriving in Sydney, Australia, Rin takes Haruka to the beach, where he talks about his experiences in the country before taking him to meet his home stay parents, Russell and Lori. Haruka is upset and unresponsive, revealing his distress over his fight with Makoto. Upon checking into their hotel, the pair find they have to share a double bed for the night, though they manage to get through their discomfort by reminiscing about old times. The next day, Rin takes Haruka to the Sydney International Aquatic Centre to swim alongside Australia's national swim team, reigniting Haruka's passion for swimming. Rin states he came to Australia to approach his old coach about joining his team and Haruka states he has also found a dream for which he can aim.
13 (25)
"The Eternal Summer of Beginnings!""Hajimari no Etānaru Samā!" (はじまりのエターナルサマー！) September 24, 2014
Upon returning to Japan, Haruka thanks Rin and rejoins his teammates, saying that he will begin focusing on times and winning for the sake of reaching his goal of swimming on the global stage. He and Makoto make amends and Makoto shares that he will be studying to become a swim coach and teacher. On the night before the national tournament, the group reminisces about their time together, with Nagisa and Rei becoming emotional about Haruka and Makoto's impending graduation. Haruka assures them tht they will always stay connected. Following a memorable experience at the nationals, in which Iwatobi manages to win their heat and 6th place overall, graduation occurs.  Rin makes Aiichirou Samezuka's new team captain and tells Sousuke that he'll wait for him to return to the world of swimming. Meanwhile, the Iwatobi team buries a time capsule containing the sights they saw at the nationals before joining Rin in a petal-filled pool at Samezuka. Everyone soon goes their separate ways, with a flash forward to Haruka and Rin facing off against each other on the global stage. End credits show Makoto and Haru attending university in Tokyo.
14 (OVA)
"Forbidden All Hard!""Kindan no Ōru Hādo!" (禁断のオールハード！) March 18, 2015
Haruka and the others go to Samezuka Academy's Culture Festival where Rin and the Samezuka Swim Club are hosting a maid café. The two teams decide to participate in a watergun survival game across the campus with Haruka, Sousuke, Nagisa and Momotarou on one team and Rin, Makoto, Rei, and Aiichirou on the other. After several mishaps and plans gone astray, the match boils down to a standoff between Haruka and Rin. Rin wins since Haruka lets himself be dowsed by the watergun. At the end of the day, the eight of them take the time to get to know each other better.

Note: This episode was a direct-to-home release and was included with the 7th Blu-ray/DVD.

text: Free! - Dive to the Future (2018)[edit]

text:
No.

Title

Writer

Original airdate

0 (OVA)
"TBA""TBA" (TBA) TBAJune 23, 2018[10]
As the Iwatobi High School and Samezuka Academy swim teams enjoy the Cherry Blossom Festival, the staff of the mascot wrestling event go awry when Iwatobi's mascot costume is missing its beak and their main wrestler goes missing. Makoto is reluctantly enlisted for this event.

Note: This episode was screened at an event in June 23, 2018 and will be released to the public on the first Blu-ray/DVD on September 26, 2018.
1 (26)
"Sprouting Dive Start!""Mebuki no Daibu Sutāto!" (芽吹きのダイブスタート！) Masahiro YokotaniJuly 11, 2018
Haruka, now a college student at Hidaka University, reunites with Asahi. Meanwhile, in Australia, Rin captures the attention of swim instructor Mikhail. While competing at the Kanto Intercollegiate Newcomer Swimming Tournament, Haruka is surprised to see Ikuya, who he has lost contact with since middle school.
2 (27)
"A Promise on a Shooting Star!""Ryūsei no Puromisu!" (流星のプロミス！) Masahiro YokotaniJuly 18, 2018
Haruka recalls his promise with Ikuya to continue competing on the swim team in middle school, only for Ikuya to feel hurt after he quits the swim team. During the swim meet, Ikuya suddenly experiences oxygen deprivation and nearly drowns, but he is rescued by Haruka. When Haruka runs into Ikuya in the afternoon, he fails to reconcile with him after Hiyori intervenes.
3 (28)
"First Swim in Another Country!""Ikoku no Fisuto Suimu!" (異国のフィストスイム！) Masahiro YokotaniJuly 25, 2018
In Australia, Rin meets Natsuya, who is participating in relays for the cash prizes, and they become friends. Natsuya wants Mikhail to coach him, but Mikhail refuses, noting that his interests remain elsewhere. In the end, Natsuya decides to return to Japan.
4 (29)
"Interference of Loss!""Sōshitsu no Intāfea!" (喪失のインターフェア！) Masahiro YokotaniAugust 1, 2018
When Hiyori refuses to let Haruka, Makoto, and Asahi meet Ikuya, Haruka challenges him to a relay. Makoto offers to race him instead, as they both specialize in backstroke, but he loses. Despite their loss, Hiyori tells them that Ikuya had nearly drowned from oxygen deprivation in America, but has since gotten stronger. He blames Haru for not being there for him, claiming that he causes other swimmers around him to suffer.
5 (30)
"An Ominous Workout!""Kizashi no Wākuauto!" (兆しのワークアウト！) Haruna MatsudaAugust 8, 2018
During the joint practice between Iwatobi High School, Samezuka Academy, and Sofukan High School, Romio, a new member of Iwatobi's swim team, is hesitant to participate after committing a false start in a previous relay. With the support from Rei and the rest of the Iwatobi swim team, he is able to overcome those fears. Meanwhile, Natsuya offers advice to Sosuke, who is unsure of whether to undergo surgery for his shoulder.
6 (31)
"The Mermaid of the Abyss!""Shin'en no Māmeido!" (深淵のマーメイド！) Reiko YoshidaAugust 15, 2018
Hiyori recalls his friendship with Ikuya from their first meeting in their childhood, and he attempts to cheer him up. Realizing he has potential to develop his swimming, Haruka considers learning the other three swimming styles. Ryuji, a mysterious man from Hidaka University who was also a former swimmer, decides to become Haruka's coach.
7 (32)
"A Solitary Medley!""Kokō no Medorē!" (孤高のメドレー！) Masahiro YokotaniAugust 22, 2018

text: FrFr![edit]

text: Several bonus shorts titled FrFr! were included on home release of the series.

text:
No.

Title

Writer

Original release date

1"Makoto's Worries!""Makoto no Nayami!" (真琴の悩み！)Masahiro Yokotani, Hiroko UtsumiSeptember 11, 2013"Member Recruitment!""Buin Boshū!" (部員募集！)
Makoto and Nagisa try to deduce how much water it takes for Haruka to want to take off his clothes and dive into it. Later, the three think up ideas on how to recruit new members.

2"Rin and Nitori's Week!""Rin to Nitori no Isshūkan!" (凛と似鳥の一週間！)Masahiro Yokotani, Hiroko UtsumiOctober 9, 2013"Rei's Intense Diving Training!""Rei no Tobikomi Mō Tokkun!" (怜の飛び込み猛特訓！)
Rin helps Nitori study, but is put off by his messy desk. Rei dreams about diving.

3"Rei, Theories, and Speedos!""Rei to Riron to Būmeran!" (怜と理論とブーメラン！)Masahiro Yokotani, Hiroko UtsumiNovember 6, 2013"The Iwatobi Clan!""Iwatobike no Ichizoku!" (岩鳶家の一族！)"Distant FrFr!""Harukanaru Furi Furi!" (遙かなるフリフリ！)
Nagisa, Haruka and Makoto help Rei pick out a swimsuit. Rin watches the Iwatobi Swim Club parody The Inugamis. The swim club is curious about Haruka's laughter.


document_title: Toiletry bag

question_text: where did the name dopp kit come from

question_tokens: where did the name dopp kit come from

text: Toiletry bag

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: A toiletry bag (also called a toiletry kit, ditty bag, dopp kit, bathroom kit, sponge bag, toilet bag, toilet kit, body hygiene kit, travel kit, wash bag, or wet pack), is a portable container—usually a pouch with a zippered closure[citation needed]—which holds body hygiene and toiletry supplies such as toothbrush and toothpaste, dental floss, cotton swabs, deodorant, nail clippers, tweezers, soap, shaving supplies, hair brush, tampons, contact lenses and supplies, condoms, and similar items while travelling and in other circumstances where permanent shelves and cupboards are unavailable or impractical for use.

text: Dopp kit[edit]

text: Dopp kit is a term particularly in use in America[citation needed] for toiletry bags. The name derives from the early 20th century leather craftsman Charles Doppelt, whose company designed the case in 1919.[1] While the case is named after Doppelt, it appears that the case was actually designed by Doppelt's nephew, Jerome Harris.[2]

text: Dopp kits became widely known during World War I[3] and World War II[4] when they were issued to GIs. The Dopp brand name was purchased by Samsonite in the early 1970s[5], and was acquired by Buxton in 1979.[6]

text: The trademark Dopp was filed by Samsonite for registration at the U.S. Trademark Office on Mar. 24, 1980.[7] The class of goods for which it was applicable was “toilet cases sold empty, briefcases, briefcase type portfolios, sample and catalog cases sold empty, luggage identification tags, and traveling bags”. An additional filing for the trademark Dopp Kit was made on April 3, 1980 for the class of goods “travel kits, sold empty”.[8] In both of those applications Samsonite stated that the trademarks were first used in July 1936. The registration for “Dopp Kit” was cancelled in March 2003 when no one filed a required (Section 8) Declaration of Continued Use, but the required declarations have been filed for “Dopp”. The marks were assigned to DHP Limited Partnership (dba Buxton) in 1990; the current owner of the “Dopp” trademark is listed as Buxton Acquisition Co., LLC, of Chicopee, Massachusetts.[citation needed]


document_title: Mamma Mia!

question_text: when did the new mama mia come out

question_tokens: when did the new mama mia come out

text: Mamma Mia!

text: Background[edit]

text: Mamma Mia! is based on the songs of ABBA, a Swedish pop/dance group active from 1972 to 1982 and one of the most popular international pop groups of all time, topping the charts again and again in Europe, North and South America and Australia.  Following the premiere of the musical in London in 1999, ABBA Gold topped the charts in the United Kingdom again.  This musical was the brainchild of producer Judy Craymer.  She met songwriters Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson in 1983 when they were working with Tim Rice on Chess.[1]  It was the song "The Winner Takes It All" that suggested to her the theatrical potential of their pop songs.[1]  The songwriters were not enthusiastic, but they were not completely opposed to the idea.[1]

text: In 1997, Craymer commissioned Catherine Johnson to write the book for the musical. In 1998, Phyllida Lloyd became the director for the show.[1]

text: Productions[edit]

text: Original West End production[edit]

text: The musical opened in the West End at the Prince Edward Theatre on April 6, 1999, and transferred to the Prince of Wales Theatre on June 9, 2004, where it played until September 2012, when it moved to the Novello Theatre.[2] Directed by Phyllida Lloyd with choreography by Anthony Van Laast, the original cast featured Siobhan McCarthy, Lisa Stokke, and Hilton McRae.[3][4]

text: Original Broadway and U.S. productions[edit]

text: Prior to the musical's Broadway engagement, it opened in Toronto at the Royal Alexandra Theatre in May 2000, where it played for five years. Its US debut was in San Francisco, California, at the Orpheum Theatre from November 17, 2000 to February 17, 2001,[5][6] moving next to Los Angeles, California, at the Shubert Theatre from February 26, 2001 to May 12, 2001,[7] and finally to Chicago, Illinois, at the Cadillac Palace Theatre from May 13, 2001 to August 12, 2001.[8]

text: New York City run[edit]

text: The musical opened on Broadway at the Winter Garden Theatre on October 18, 2001, after beginning previews on October 5. The director is Phyllida Lloyd with choreography by Anthony Van Laast. As of October 2017, it is the ninth longest-running Broadway show and the longest-running jukebox musical in Broadway history. On April 18, 2013, it was announced that Mamma Mia! would transfer from its home at the Winter Garden Theatre to the Broadhurst Theatre later that year to make way for the musical adaptation of Rocky.[9] The show played its final performance at the Winter Garden Theatre on October 19, 2013 and began performances at the Broadhurst Theatre on November 2, 2013.[10]

text: It was announced on April 9, 2015 that the show would close on September 5, 2015.[11] On April 21, 2015, it was then announced that show would play an additional week and would instead close on September 12, 2015.  Mamma Mia! played 5,773 performances on Broadway before closing.[12]

text: International and touring productions[edit]

text: Mamma Mia! has been played in more than 50 countries in all 6 continents, including Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Colombia, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Estonia, Finland, France, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Latvia, Lituania, Malaysia, Mexico, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, and United States, and has been translated into 26 languages: German, Japanese, Dutch, Korean, Spanish, Swedish, Russian, Norwegian, Italian, Danish, French, Portuguese, Mandarin, Hungarian, Czech, Polish, Serbian, Croatian, Slovene, Icelandic, Estonian, Greek, Slovak, Finnish, Romanian, and Bulgarian. Over 60 million people have seen the show worldwide and it has set the record for premiering in more cities faster than any other musical in history.

text: The first city to produce the show after London was Toronto, where it ran from May 22, 2000 to May 22, 2005, being the North America premiere of Mamma Mia!.[13]  The original cast included Louise Pitre as Donna and Tina Maddigan as Sophie, who both of them later reprised their roles in first US Tour and Broadway premiere.

text: Mamma Mia! played in Las Vegas, opening at the Mandalay Bay in February 2003 and closing on January 4, 2009.[14][15] In June 2005, Mamma Mia! played its 1000th performance in Las Vegas, becoming the longest-running West End/Broadway musical in Las Vegas. The clothes and scenarios from this production are now used in Brazil.[16] The show returned to Las Vegas on May 16, 2014 at the Tropicana Hotel & Casino, but announced its closing soon after on July 22.[17]

text: The North American tour started in Providence, Rhode Island in February 28, 2002 and closed in St. Louis, Missouri in July 30, 2017, after more than 4.000 performances.[18]

text: The first non-English version of the show debuted in Hamburg at the Operettenhaus, where it ran from November 3, 2002 to September 8, 2007. With the productions of Stuttgart (2004) and Essen (2007), Mamma Mia! became the first major musical to play concurrently in three German cities.

text: The show has had (and in some cases, still has) permanent productions in London, Toronto, Melbourne, New York, Hamburg, Tokyo (later transferred to Osaka, Fukuoka and Nagoya), Las Vegas, Utrecht, Seoul (later transferred to Seongnam and Daegu), Stuttgart, Madrid (later transferred to Barcelona), Stockholm (later transferred to Gothenburg), Antwerp, Moscow, Essen, Berlin, Oslo, Mexico City, Milan (later transferred to Rome), Copenhagen (later transferred to Aarhus), Paris, São Paulo, Shanghai, Buenos Aires, Vienna and Helsinki.

text: Since its premiere in Dublin on September 9, 2004 (with Helen Hobson as Donna) the international tour has visited more than 85 cities in 38 countries and has been seen by 5 million people.  In addition there have been several touring productions worldwide, including Australia/Asia (2002–2005), Australia (2009–2010), China, France (2012–2013), Germany, Japan, Netherlands (2009–2010), North America (2002–2017), Spain (2009–2011 and 2016–2017), South Africa (2010–2011), South Korea, United Kingdom (2016–2018), and United States (2000–2001).

text: The Dutch actress Lone van Roosendaal has played Donna in three different countries: Netherlands, Belgium and Germany.

text: In the Original Danish Tivoli Copenhagen Cast it was actually Kristine Yde Eriksen as Sophie and Nadia Barbara Abrahamsen as Ali. But when the production moved to Aarhus took Stine Louise Henriksen over for Kristine Yde Eriksen as Sophie and Nadin Reiness took over for Nadia Barbara Abrahamsen as Ali. Stine Louise Henriksen was actually Kristine's understudy in Tivoli, Copenhagen and so was Nadin Reiness for Nadia.

text: The South African tour, conducted at the Artscape Theatre in Cape Town on August 11, 2010 and 3 months later at The Teatro, Montecasino in Johannesburg, featured an all local cast.

text: The Chinese production opened on July 11, 2011 at the Shanghai Grand Theatre and closed on January 18, 2012 at Shanghai Cultural Square after a small tour, marking the first time that a blockbuster contemporary Western musical were presented in Chinese in Shanghai (there was a previous Chinese production of Beauty and the Beast in Beijing in 1999). It was seen by 250,000 people across six venues, with a total of 190 performances. Shadow Zen played the role of Donna.

text: On January 24, 2012, Mamma Mia! opened in Manila at the Main Theater of the Cultural Center of the Philippines as part of the international Tour. The show was originally set to stay only for a week but with the positive response, the organisers decided that it would play until February 19, 2012.[19] The show features Sara Poyzer as Donna Sheridan and Charlotte Wakefield as Sophie. The cast also included Kate Graham (Tanya), Jenny Dale (Rosie) and David Roberts (Sky).[20]

text: A New Zealand tour production of Mamma Mia! opened at the Auckland Civic Theatre on March 4, 2014, featuring an all new set design by John Harding. International theatre star Deliah Hannah played Donna, and popular New Zealand entertainment icon Jackie Clark plays Rosie. The NZ tour visited 11 cities in 2014–2016.

text: The musical is performed on sailings of Royal Caribbean's Quantum of the Seas and Allure of the Seas. Unlike other cruise ship performances of musicals, the show is performed in its entirety.

text: In Prague, the capital of the Czech Republic, the musical had its premiere on December 12, 2014.  Czech is the seventeenth language in which the musical was performed. At the date of the premiere a record 70,000 tickets were sold.[21]

text: On February 21, 2015, the musical premiered in Warsaw, Poland at Roma Musical Theatre.[22]

text: The Belgrade, Serbia – Terazije Theatre (Pozorište na Terazijama) premiere was on March 27, 2015.[23][24]

text: On June 15, 2015 in Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia, premiere of Slovene production took place in Križanke Outdoor Theatre as a part of Ljubljana Summer Festival (Poletni festival Ljubljana).[25]

text:
On March 18, 2016, Mamma Mia! opened for the first time in Panama City, Panama, at the Anayansi Theatre in the Atlapa Convention Centre, directed by  Aaron Zebede.
[26]

text: On May 27, 2016 the first regional production opened at the Barter Theatre in Abingdon, Virginia.

text: On 31 August 2016, it was announced that the show would once again tour Australia with the premier being held in Canberra in November 2017 before transferring to Brisbane the following month. The tour has been confirmed to include all 6 major Australian cities.[27]

text: From July 28, 2017 to July 30, 2017, Mamma Mia! was performed at the Hollywood Bowl. Directed and choreographed by Kathleen Marshall, the show starred Jennifer Nettles as Donna, Dove Cameron as Sophie, Corbin Bleu as Sky, Jaime Camil as Sam, Tisha Campbell-Martin as Tanya, and Lea Delaria as Rosie.[28]

text: Nová scéna Theatre in Bratislava, Slovakia opened on November 11, 2017 for the first time in Slovak. In Slovakia were formerly performed Czech and original version.[29]

text: A Finnish-language production premiered at the Messukeskus Helsinki in Helsinki, Finland on May 4, 2018.[30]

text: A Bulgarian production opened on July 18, 2018 at the National opera and ballet in Sofia. There will be other shows on July 19,20,21 and 22, 2018.

text: A revival of the Dutch production will be premiering at the Beatrix Theater Utrecht in Utrecht, Netherlands on 6 September 2018.[31]

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Act I[edit]

text: Before the curtain rises, the orchestra starts playing the overture, which is a montage of  instrumental versions of some of ABBA's hit songs.

text: On the fictional Greek island of Kalokairi (Skopelos), 20-year-old Sophie is preparing to marry her fiancé, Sky. She wants her father to walk her down the aisle ("Prologue") but doesn't know who he is. Sophie discovers her mother's old diary and finds entries which describe intimate dates with three men (Sam Carmichael, Bill Austin [Anderson in the film version], and Harry Bright) ("Honey, Honey").  Sophie believes one of these men is her father and, three months before her nuptials, sends each an invitation to her wedding, writing in her mother's name, Donna, without letting her unsuspecting mother know.

text: The day before the wedding, Donna begins receiving guests at her taverna. The first to arrive are her long-term best friends, Tanya, a rich woman who has been married and divorced three times, and Rosie, an unmarried, carefree woman. The trio used to comprise a girl group called "Donna and the Dynamos". The three women catch up and talk about their lives ("Money, Money, Money").

text: Later that day, Sophie's three possible fathers arrive: Sam (an American architect), Harry (a British banker), and Bill (originally an Australian writer and adventurer, Swedish in the film, and currently American in New York and on tour). Sophie convinces them not to tell Donna that she invited them ("Thank You for the Music"). Donna is surprised to see her ex-lovers ("Mamma Mia") and leaves in tears. Donna, crying, explains to Tanya and Rosie the situation, and they cheer her up ("Chiquitita"). Tanya and Rosie try to convince Donna that she can still be the girl she once was ("Dancing Queen").

text: Sophie had hoped she would know her father the moment she saw him but is now only confused. She tries to tell her fiancé, Sky, how she feels without confessing what she has done. Sky tells her he will be the only man she ever needs ("Lay All Your Love on Me").

text: At Sophie's hen party, Donna and the Dynamos don their old costumes and perform a song, ("Super Trouper"). Sam, Bill, and Harry accidentally walk in on the party, and the guests persuade them to stay ("Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)").

text: Sophie first pulls Sam out of the room to talk to him. After he asks why he is there, she is overcome with guilt and goes to talk to Harry, instead. But Harry asks if Sophie's father is at the party, and she tells him the whole truth.

text: Lastly, she draws Bill aside to talk with him. She learns that Bill has an aunt Sophia who left all her money to Donna's family. Bill learns that Donna built the taverna with money she inherited from a friend she lived with when Sophie was a baby; that friend was Bill's aunt. They both think this means he is her father.

text: Sophie asks Bill to walk her down the aisle, but Bill wants to discuss it first with Donna. This has been her secret, after all. But no one knows yet that even Donna does not know who the father is, because she slept with the three men in such swift succession. Sophie insists they must not tell Donna anything ("The Name of the Game") and finally, Bill agrees.

text: Afterward, everybody crashes the hen party (including the guys from the stag party). During the party, Sam pulls Sophie aside and tells her he has figured out why she invited him. He knows he is her father and promises to walk her down the aisle the next day. Then, Harry approaches Sophie, apologizing for being so slow on the uptake; he is also convinced that she is his daughter and promises to walk her down the aisle. Sophie leaves the party, hopelessly confused; she doesn't want to turn any of them down ("Voulez-Vous").

text: Act II[edit]

text: (Entr'acte) Sophie's having a nightmare, involving her three possible fathers all fighting for the right to walk her down the aisle and wakes up despairing ("Under Attack").

text: Sophie's upset, and Donna assumes that Sophie wants to cancel the wedding and offers to handle all the details. Sophie is offended and vows that her children won't grow up not knowing who their father is. As Sophie storms out of the room, Sam enters and tries to tell Donna that Sophie may not be all she seems, but Donna won't listen ("One of Us"). She hates Sam; at the end of their affair, she said she never wanted to see him again.  But it seems that Sam was the man Donna cared about the most, and both of them wish they could go back to the start ("SOS"').

text: At the beach, Harry asks Tanya what the father of the bride ought to be doing for Sophie's wedding. Tanya explains that for her part, her father gave her his advice and then paid. Pepper, one of the guys who works at Donna's taverna, makes advances to Tanya, but she rebuffs him ("Does Your Mother Know").

text: Sky finds out what Sophie has done in inviting Sam, Harry and Bill to the wedding. He accuses her of wanting a big white wedding only so that she can find out who her father is. He's very hurt that she kept this plan a secret from him. He storms off just as Sam walks in. Sam tries to give Sophie some fatherly advice by describing his failed marriage ("Knowing Me, Knowing You"), but Sophie isn't consoled.

text: Harry offers to Donna to pay for the wedding, and they reminisce about their fling ("Our Last Summer"). Sophie arrives and Donna helps her get dressed. She cannot believe her daughter is going to be a bride ("Slipping Through My Fingers"). Donna admits that her own mother disowned her when she learned that she was pregnant. They reconcile and Sophie asks her mother if she will walk her down the aisle. Sam arrives and tries to speak to Donna again, but she doesn't want to see him, and asks him to leave. He refuses, and a bitter confrontation ensues. Donna tells Sam that he broke her heart, presumably when she found out he was engaged ("The Winner Takes It All"). It emerges that the two still love each other dearly, albeit against Donna's better judgment.

text: Rosie is making final preparations in the taverna when Bill arrives. He's upset because he has received a note that Donna will be walking Sophie down the aisle. Bill reaffirms his commitment to the single life, but Rosie has become attracted to him, and urges him to reconsider ("Take a Chance on Me"). They are about to have sex in the taverna, but the guests arrive, leaving Rosie quite stunned.

text: The wedding begins, with Donna walking Sophie down the aisle. Before the priest has a chance to begin the ceremonies, Donna acknowledges to everyone that Sophie's father is present. Sophie tells her mother that she knows about her father. Donna realizes that Sophie invited them to the wedding for that very reason. The issue of Sophie's parentage is left unsettled, as none of them have any idea whether they are actually her father. Everyone involved agrees that it does not matter which one of them her biological parent is, as Sophie loves all three and they are all happy to be "one-third of a father" and a part of her life at last. Finally, Harry, who has made frequent references to his "other half" throughout the show, is revealed to be in a committed gay relationship.

text: Suddenly, Sophie calls a halt to the proceedings. She isn't ready to get married and Sky agrees with Sophie about not getting married. Sam seizes his chance and proposes to Donna in order to prevent the wedding preparations from going to waste. He explains that he loved her, even when he left to get married. It is revealed that he called off the wedding with his fiancée and came back to the island, only to be told that Donna was going out with another man (Bill). He went back, married his fiancée and had children but he got divorced. Surprisingly, Donna accepts ("I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do"). In the end, Sam and Donna are married, and at the end of the night, Sophie and Sky depart on a round-the-world tour ("I Have a Dream").

text: Finale and encore[edit]

text: After their final bows to the audience, the ensemble performs a reprise of "Mamma Mia". A reprise of "Dancing Queen" follows, during which Donna, Tanya, Rosie are revealed wearing brightly colored ABBA inspired costumes. The cast ends the finale with "Waterloo", during which Sam, Bill, and Harry join the rest of the cast onstage in brightly colored costumes that match the leading ladies. The Dynamos and the Dads often invite the audience to clap, dance, and sing along during the finale.

text: Musical numbers[edit]

text:
Act I
"Overture/Prologue" - Sophie
"Honey, Honey" - Sophie, Ali, & Lisa
"Money, Money, Money" - Donna, Tanya, Rosie, Pepper, & Company
"Thank You for the Music" - Sophie, Sam, Harry, & Bill
"Mamma Mia" - Donna & Company
"Chiquitita" - Donna, Tanya & Rosie
"Dancing Queen" - Donna, Tanya & Rosie
"Lay All Your Love on Me" - Sky, Sophie, & Male Ensemble
"Super Trouper" - Donna, Tanya, Rosie & Female Ensemble
"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)" - Female Ensemble
"The Name of the Game" - Sophie & Bill
"Voulez-Vous" - Company

Act II
"Entr'acte" - Orchestra
"Under Attack" - Sophie & Company
"One of Us" - Donna
"SOS"  - Donna & Sam
"Does Your Mother Know" - Tanya, Pepper & Company
"Knowing Me, Knowing You" - Sam
"Our Last Summer" - Harry & Donna
"Slipping Through My Fingers" - Donna & Sophie
"The Winner Takes It All" - Donna
"Take a Chance on Me" - Rosie & Bill
"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do" - Sam, Donna & Company
"I Have a Dream" - Sophie

text: Encore

text:
"Mamma Mia"  - Company
"Dancing Queen"  - Donna, Tanya, Rosie & Company
"Waterloo" - Company

tag: ul

text: Notes on the music[edit]

text: During the preview period in London, the musical had the song "Summer Night City" just after the prologue. The "Summer Night City" scene was a wedding rehearsal and during the song, Ali, Lisa, Tanya, and Rosie arrived on the island. Now, part of the song is used as underscoring to connect the end of "The Winner Takes It All" and "Take a Chance on Me". You can also hear a couple of lines of "Summer Night City" in the 'Entr'acte' (the most noticeable line is: 'Time to breathe and time to live').

text: Donna hums a few lines of "Fernando", when she repairs the doors of the taverna just before she sees her three former lovers. In the Mexican production Donna sings a few lines of ABBA's original Spanish version of the song.

text: In the German production, Sky (Bernhard Forcher) sang a few lines of "King Kong Song" before starting "Lay All Your Love on Me". Niklas Riesbeck uses the same song in the Swedish production. Andrey Kozhan sang a few lines of Summer Night City in the Russian production. In the international tour version, Sky (David Roberts) sings a few lines of "She's My Kind of Girl", a Björn & Benny song. In the 2015 International tour version, Sky (Justin Thomas) sings a few lines of "Dum Dum Diddle".

text: The wedding march that is played as Sophie walks down the aisle is a slower arrangement of "Dancing Queen".

text: The creators also intended to include "Just Like That", an unreleased ABBA song recorded in 1982. The song was apparently dropped just before the first public previews in March 1999, though it was listed in the program available during the preview period.

text: Originally the outro after the encore was a 5-minute instrumental medley (in the style of the Ouverture and Entr'Acte) featuring Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight), SOS, Voulez-Vous, Does Your Mother Know, Money, Money, Money and Dancing Queen. It was later replaced with the short Dancing Queen instrumental, still being used today.

text: The last three songs, performed as an encore/finale by the whole cast are: "Mamma Mia", "Dancing Queen" and "Waterloo". The version of "Mamma Mia" used in the encore/finale is sung by the Company. The finale song Mamma Mia has been extended in theatres where Donna and the Dynamos had to go downstairs for taking the stage lift in Dancing Queen. Then, during the intro of "Dancing Queen", Donna, Tanya and Rosie join the Company (as the girl-power band "Donna and the Dynamos", wearing ABBA's 1970s-style colorful and flashy costumes). Sam, Bill and Harry join them during Waterloo, wearing male versions of the girls' ABBA's costumes. The Encore is included on the 5th Anniversary Cast Recording (commemorating said anniversary for the Broadway production).

text: In the Brazilian production, all three songs from the encore/finale were kept in English. Though "Waterloo" was adapted into Brazilian Portuguese, this version was never used.

text: In the Russian production the song "Happy New Year" is sung at the encore on New Year holidays shows.

text: Principal roles and cast[edit]

text:
Character

Original London Cast

Original Broadway Cast

Original German Cast

Original Russian 2006 Cast

Original Russian 2012 Cast

Original Danish Copenhagen Cast

Original Danish Aarhus Cast[32]

Original Hollywood Bowl 2017 Cast

Original Finnish 2018 Cast[33]

Utrecht 2018 Cast[34]

Donna Sheridan
Siobhán McCarthy
Louise Pitre

Carolin Fortenbacher

Yelena Charkviani

Nicoline Siff Møller
Jennifer Nettles

Laura Voutilainen

Antje Monteiro

Rosie
Jenny Galloway
Judy Kaye

Jasna Ivir

Yelena Kazarinova

Eteri Bariashvili

Pernille Schrøder
Lea Delaria

Nina Tapio

TBA

Tanya
Louise Plowright
Karen Mason

Kerstin Marie Mäkelburg

Natalia Koretskaya

Anastasia Sapozhnikova

Nastja Arcel
Tisha Campbell-Martin

Johanna Kokko

TBA

Sam Carmichael
Hilton McRae
David W. Keeley

Frank Logemann

Andrey Klyuev

Morten Lützhøft
Jaime Camil

Veeti Kallio

TBA

Bill Austin (Anderson in the film)
Nicolas Colicos
Ken Marks

Ulrich Wiggers

Vladimir Khalturin

Peter Oliver Hansen
Steven Weber

Arne Nylander

TBA

Harry Bright
Paul Clarkson
Dean Nolen

Cusch Jung

Oleg Taysaev

Igor Portnoy

Lars Oluf Larsen
Hamish Linklater

Vallu Lukka

TBA

Sophie Sheridan
Lisa Stokke
Tina Maddigan

Katja Berg

Natalia Bystrova

Antonina Beryozka

Kristine Yde Eriksen

Stine Louise Henriksen
Dove Cameron

Petra Pääkkönen

TBA

Sky
Andrew Langtree
Joe Machota

Jörg Neubauer

Andrey Kozhan

Andrey Birin

Christian Lund
Corbin Bleu

Jukka Nylund

TBA

Pepper
Neal Wright
Mark Price

Guido Zarncke

Dmitry Bunin (Golovin)

Kim Nielsen
Payson Lewis

Lasse Lipponen

TBA

Eddie
Nigel Harman
Michael Benjamin Washington

Wolf Wrobel

Alexander Davydov

Silas Holst
Rodd Farhadi

Tuukka Raitala

TBA

Ali
Eliza Lumley
Sara Inbar

Bettina Oswald

Anna Guchenkova

Yulia Churakova

Nadia Barbara Abrahamsen

Nadin Reiness

Charlotte Mary Wen

Marissa Lattu

TBA

Lisa
Melissa Gibson
Tonya Doran

Florence Kasumba

Victoria Kanatkina

Daria Zueva

Astrid Højgaard
Tiana Okoye

Nea-Maria Alanko

TBA

text: Film adaptation[edit]

text:
Film Cast

Donna
Meryl Streep

Rosie
Julie Walters

Tanya
Christine Baranski

Sam
Pierce Brosnan

Bill
Stellan Skarsgård

Harry
Colin Firth

Sophie
Amanda Seyfried

Sky
Dominic Cooper

text: Mamma Mia! was adapted as a film, produced by Judy Craymer and Gary Goetzman, written by Catherine Johnson directed by Phyllida Lloyd and with Tom Hanks, Rita Wilson, Björn Ulvaeus, and Benny Andersson as executive producers. Meryl Streep stars as Donna Sheridan and Amanda Seyfried as Sophie and Pierce Brosnan as Sam Carmichael. The movie also features Christine Baranski, Dominic Cooper, Colin Firth, Stellan Skarsgård and Julie Walters. It premiered July 18, 2008, in the US.  Most of the songs remained intact with the exceptions of "Under Attack", "One of Us", "Knowing Me, Knowing You", and "Thank You for the Music". "Knowing Me, Knowing You" was used as the wedding music and "Thank You for the Music" is sung during the second half of the end credits. The first half is occupied with a "Dancing Queen" reprise and "Waterloo", with a "Mamma Mia" reprise and "I Have a Dream" sung before the credits (though the latter is sung as Sophie mails the invitations at the start of the film). "When All Is Said and Done", a song not used in the musical, was added for the film sung by Sam, Donna, and the company. "Our Last Summer" was used earlier in the movie, with Sophie, Bill, Sam, and Harry singing it. "The Name of the Game", while filmed, was subsequently edited out of the film for the final cut.  The song is included in full on the motion picture soundtrack  – an abbreviated version of the song and scene appear on the DVD/Blu-ray as a supplement. In addition, "Thank You for the Music" is used as a hidden track, and is performed by Amanda Seyfried.

text: A sequel to the film titled Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again has been filmed and was released in 2018. It tells the story of how Donna met each of the 3 men who are potentially Sophie's father. "One of Us" and "Knowing Me, Knowing You" are both included in this film.

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: Original West End production[edit]

text:
Year

Award Ceremony

Category

Nominee

Result

1999

Evening Standard Award

Ned Sherrin Award for Best Musical

Nominated

2000

Laurence Olivier Award

Best New Musical

Nominated

Best Actress in a Musical

Siobhan McCarthy

Nominated

Best Performance in a Supporting Role in a Musical

Jenny Galloway

Won

Louise Plowright

Nominated

2002

Grammy Award

Best Musical Theater Album

Nominated

text: Original Broadway production[edit]

text:
Year

Award Ceremony

Category

Nominee

Result

2002

Tony Award

Best Musical

Nominated

Best Book of a Musical

Catherine Johnson

Nominated

Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical

Louise Pitre

Nominated

Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical

Judy Kaye

Nominated

Best Orchestrations

Benny Andersson, Björn Ulvaeus and Martin Koch

Nominated

Drama Desk Award

Outstanding Actress in a Musical

Louise Pitre

Nominated

Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical

Judy Kaye

Nominated

Karen Mason

Nominated

Drama League Award

Distinguished Production of a Musical

Nominated

Outer Critics Circle Award

Outstanding Broadway Musical

Nominated

Outstanding Actress in a Musical

Louise Pitre

Nominated

Theatre World Award

Outstanding Debut Stage Performance

Louise Pitre

Won

text: Original North American tour[edit]

text:
Year

Award Ceremony

Category

Nominee

Result

2003

Helen Hayes Award

Outstanding Non-Resident Production

Nominated

Touring Broadway Award

Best Musical Score

Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus

Won

text: Response[edit]

text: Box office and business[edit]

text: On any given day, there are at least seven performances of Mamma Mia! being performed around the globe.[citation needed]

text: On May 15, 2005, Mamma Mia! surpassed the original Broadway runs of The Sound of Music, The King and I, and Damn Yankees with 1,500 performances.[16]  On March 6, 2014, it surpassed Rent to become the 8th longest-running Broadway musical and 9th longest-running show of all time with 5,124 performances,[35][36] then surpassed Beauty and the Beast's 5,462 performances that same year, on December 14, to become Broadway's 7th longest-running musical and 8th longest-running show.[37] The Broadway run ended on September 12, 2015, with its 5,758th performance, and was passed two years later (August 16, 2017) by Wicked to move one spot down in the list of longest-running Broadway shows.[38]

text: When Mamma Mia! opened in Russia, it received a very positive response.[39] As of January 2008, Mamma Mia! became the longest daily running show in the history of Russian theatre.

text: Thematic analysis[edit]

text: Mamma Mia! does not only heighten a nostalgic and emotional reactions to the ABBA fans[40], it has also been celebrated for its feminist overtones. The musical features strong female protagonists living in a strong female-power community [41]. The theme of single motherhood breaks the family stereotype of a child being raised by both parents by showing a different perspective of a family raised single-handedly by a mother, to show that there can still be happiness and love. Having Donna, her two good friends and her daughter, Sophie as the main strong female characters of the musical, it can be seen as an empowerment for women as it celebrates and caters to the rise in liberation of female in the society[42], female sexuality,[43] refuses to shame Donna for her promiscuity,[44] and because it asserts that women should prioritise following their goals and enjoying their youths over marriage.[45] It also celebrates female friendship, [46] and undermines the importance of fathers in women’s lives, prioritising self-actualisation and the role of the mother instead.[47] Librettist Catherine Johnson manages to express these themes through her transformation of ABBA’s music, as she turns these somewhat stereotypical songs into empowering ones by having characters of different genders sing them. [48]


document_title: List of countries by spending on education (% of GDP)

question_text: how much of the gdp does nepal spend on education

text: This list shows the government education expenditure of various countries in % of GDP (1980-2009).[1][2]

text:
Rank

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

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25

26

27

28

29

30

31

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33

34

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37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

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64

65

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68

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70

71

72

73

74

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77

78

79

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83

84

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87

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91

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101

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189

190

191

192

193

194

195

Country
Expenditures on education (% of GDP)
Year
Source

 Timor-Leste
10.1
2012
[1]

 Trinidad and Tobago
3.8
2000
[1]

 Marshall Islands
14.6
2000
[1]

 Cuba
12.9
2012
[1]

 Lesotho
13
2012
[1]

 Kiribati
11
2000
[1]

 Maldives
7.2
2012
[1]

 Palau
9.8
2000
[1]

 Moldova
8.6
2012
[1]

 Saint Kitts and Nevis
4.2
2012
[1]

 Suriname
n.a.
n.a.
[1]

 Botswana
7.8
2012
[1]

 Djibouti
8.4
2012
[1]

 Burundi
6.1
2012
[1]

 Monaco
1.6
2012
[1]

 Denmark
8.7
2012
[1]

 Swaziland
7.8
2012
[1]

 Comoros
7.6
2012
[1]

 Iceland
7.8
2012
[1]

 Uzbekistan
n.a.
n.a.
[1]

 Libya
2.3
1999
[2]

 Tunisia
6.2
2012
[1]

 Kenya
6.7
2012
[1]

 Micronesia
6.7
2000
[1]

 Jordan
4.9
1999
[2]

 Norway
6.9
2012
[1]

 Tanzania
6.2
2012
[1]

 Barbados
7.5
2012
[1]

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
5.1
2012
[1]

 Sweden
7
2012
[1]

 Argentina
5.8
2012
[1]

 Malta
5.4
2012
[1]

 Namibia
8.4
2012
[1]

 Bolivia
7.6
2012
[1]

 Costa Rica
6.3
2012
[1]

 Guyana
3.6
2012
[1]

 New Zealand
7.2
2012
[1]

 South Africa
6
2012
[1]

 Belgium
6.6
2012
[1]

 Cape Verde
5.6
2012
[1]

 Fiji
4.1
2012
[1]

 Finland
6.8
2012
[1]

 Israel
6
2012
[1]

 Kyrgyzstan
5.8
2012
[1]

 Tonga
4.9
2000
[1]

 Jamaica
6.4
2012
[1]

 Senegal
5.6
2012
[1]

 Belize
6.6
2012
[1]

 Samoa
5.8
2012
[1]

 Slovenia
5.7
2012
[1]

 France
5.9
2012
[1]

 Grenada
n.a.
n.a.
[1]

 Mongolia
5.5
2012
[1]

 Morocco
5.4
2012
[1]

 Saudi Arabia
5.6
2012
[1]

 Ethiopia
4.7
2012
[1]

 United Kingdom
5.6
2012
[1]

 United States
5.6
2012
[1]

 Austria
6
2012
[1]

 Ghana
8.2
2012
[1]

 Netherlands
6
2012
[1]

 Ukraine
5.3
2012
[1]

 Vietnam
6.6
2012
[1]

 Hungary
4.9
2012
[1]

 Malawi
5.4
2012
[1]

 Portugal
5.8
2012
[1]

 Solomon Islands
7.3
2012
[1]

  Switzerland
5.4
2012
[1]

 Yemen
5.2
2012
[1]

 Brazil
5.8
2012
[1]

 South Korea
5
2012
[2]

 Latvia
5
2012
[1]

 Mozambique
5
2012
[1]

 Seychelles
4.8
2012
[1]

 Albania
3.3
2012
[1]

 Canada
5.5
2012
[1]

 Ireland
6.5
2012
[1]

 Poland
5.2
2012
[1]

 Syria
5.1
2012
[1]

 Bhutan
4.7
2012
[1]

 Colombia
4.5
2012
[1]

 Estonia
5.7
2012
[1]

 Mexico
5.3
2012
[1]

 Vanuatu
5.2
2012
[1]

 Dominica
3.5
2012
[1]

 Iran
4.7
2012
[1]

 Lithuania
5.4
2012
[1]

 Serbia
4.7
2012
[1]

 Burkina Faso
3.4
2012
[1]

 Côte d'Ivoire
4.6
2012
[1]

 Croatia
4.3
2012
[1]

   Nepal
4.7
2012
[1]

 Togo
4.6
2012
[1]

 Zimbabwe
2.5
2012
[1]

 Australia
5.1
2012
[1]

 Belarus
5.2
2012
[1]

 Germany
5.1
2012
[1]

 Hong Kong
3.4
2012
[1]

 Niger
4.5
2012
[1]

 Saint Lucia
4.4
2012
[1]

 Uruguay
2.9
2012
[1]

 Mali
4.7
2012
[1]

 Algeria
4.3
2012
[1]

 China
>4.0
2016
[3]

 Italy
4.5
2012
[1]

 Romania
4.2
2012
[1]

 Sierra Leone
2.7
2012
[1]

 Spain
5
2012
[1]

 Czech Republic
4.2
2012
[1]

 Bulgaria
4.1
2012
[1]

 Cyprus
7.3
2012
[1]

 Iraq
2.3
1980
[1]

 Malaysia
5.1
2012
[1]

 Qatar
2.5
2012
[1]

 Rwanda
4.8
2012
[1]

 Thailand
5.8
2012
[1]

 Chile
4.1
2012
[1]

 Greece
4.1
2012
[1]

 Paraguay
4.1
2012
[1]

 Nicaragua
4.7
2012
[1]

 Oman
4.3
2012
[1]

 Russia
4.1
2012
[1]

 Egypt
3.8
2012
[1]

 Gabon
3.8
2000
[1]

 Kuwait
3.8
2012
[1]

 Panama
4.1
2012
[1]

 Brunei
3.3
2012
[1]

 Cameroon
3.2
2012
[1]

 Venezuela
3.6
2012
[1]

 El Salvador
3.4
2012
[1]

 Honduras
3
1980
[1]

 Slovakia
4.2
2012
[1]

 Benin
5.3
2012
[1]

 Japan
3.8
2012
[1]

 Tajikistan
3.9
2012
[1]

 Bahamas
2.8
2000
[1]

 Andorra
3
2012
[1]

 Chad
2.6
2012
[1]

 Georgia
2.7
2012
[1]

 Guatemala
2.8
2012
[1]

 Mauritius
3.7
2012
[1]

 Uganda
3.3
2012
[1]

 India
3.3
2012
[1]

 Armenia
3.1
2012
[1]

 Madagascar
2.8
2012
[1]

 Singapore
3.3
2012
[1]

 South Sudan
n.a.
n.a.
[1]

 Sudan
n.a.
n.a.
[1]

 Bahrain
2.9
2012
[1]

 Mauritania
3.7
2012
[1]

 Azerbaijan
2.8
2012
[1]

 Indonesia
2.8
2012
[1]

 Kazakhstan
3.1
2012
[1]

 Liberia
1.9
2012
[1]

 Philippines
2.7
2012
[1]

 Antigua and Barbuda
2.5
2012
[1]

 Gambia
3.9
2012
[1]

 Pakistan
2.4
2012
[1]

 Peru
2.6
2012
[1]

 Angola
3.5
2012
[1]

 Luxembourg
4.6
1980
[1]

 Sri Lanka
2
2012
[1]

 Turkey
2.9
2012
[1]

 Democratic Republic of the Congo
2.5
2012
[1]

 Bangladesh
2.2
2012
[1]

 Guinea
3.1
2012
[1]

 Dominican Republic
2.2
2012
[1]

 Laos
3.3
2012
[1]

 Cambodia
2.6
2012
[1]

 Eritrea
2.1
2012
[1]

 Liechtenstein
2.1
2012
[1]

 Afghanistan
3.1
2012
[2]

 Congo
6.2
2012
[1]

 Lebanon
1.6
2012
[1]

 Central African Republic
1.2
2012
[1]

 Ecuador
5.2
2012
[1]

 Zambia
1.3
2012
[1]

 United Arab Emirates
1.3
2000
[1]

 Haiti
n.a.
n.a.
[1]

 Nigeria
n.a.
n.a.
[1]

 Equatorial Guinea
0.7
2000
[1]

 Myanmar
0.8
2012
[1]

 Somalia
n.a.
n.a.
[1]

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
n.a.
n.a.
[1]

 Guinea-Bissau
2.1
2012
[2]

 Macedonia
n.a.
n.a.
[1]

 Montenegro
n.a.
n.a.
[1]

 Nauru
n.a.
n.a.
[1]

 North Korea
n.a.
n.a.
[1]

 State of Palestine
n.a.
n.a.
[1]

 Papua New Guinea
n.a.
n.a.
[1]

 San Marino
3.2
1990
[1]

 Sao Tome and Principe
6
2012
[2]

 Turkmenistan
3
2012
[2]

 Tuvalu
7.6
1990
[1]