document_title: Will & Grace

question_text: who stars in the new will and grace

question_tokens: who stars in the new will and grace

text: Will & Grace

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Nielsen ratings[14]

First aired
Last aired
Rank
Rating
Viewers
(millions)

1
22
September 21, 1998 (1998-09-21)
May 13, 1999 (1999-05-13)
40
N/A
12.3[15]

2
24
September 21, 1999 (1999-09-21)
May 23, 2000 (2000-05-23)
44
N/A
12.0[16]

3
25
October 12, 2000 (2000-10-12)
May 17, 2001 (2001-05-17)
14
11.3
17.3[17]

4
27
September 27, 2001 (2001-09-27)
May 16, 2002 (2002-05-16)
9
11.0[a]
17.3[18]

5
24
September 26, 2002 (2002-09-26)
May 15, 2003 (2003-05-15)
11
11.0[b]
16.8[19]

6
24
September 25, 2003 (2003-09-25)
April 29, 2004 (2004-04-29)
13
10.4
15.2[20]

7
24
September 16, 2004 (2004-09-16)
May 19, 2005 (2005-05-19)
44
N/A
9.4[21]

8
24
September 29, 2005 (2005-09-29)
May 18, 2006 (2006-05-18)
61
N/A
8.7[22]

9
16
September 28, 2017 (2017-09-28)
April 5, 2018 (2018-04-05)
TBA
TBA
TBA

text:
Jump up ^ Tied with Leap of Faith
Jump up ^ Tied with CSI: Miami

text: Will & Grace is set in New York City and focuses on the relationship between Will Truman, a gay lawyer, and his best friend Grace Adler, a Jewish woman who owns an interior design firm. Also featured are their friends Karen Walker, an alcoholic socialite, and Jack McFarland, a flamboyantly gay actor. The interplay of relationships features the trials and tribulations of dating, marriage, divorce, and casual sex; as well as comical key stereotypes of gay and Jewish culture.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Eric McCormack as Will Truman: The first titular protagonist to the show, Will is a gay man who is a successful corporate lawyer who studied at Columbia University, where he met Grace as a freshman; they have been best friends ever since. He is very precise and obsessive when it comes to certain tasks, especially cleaning, dressing, and decorating. However, Will does have a very patient and compassionate nature towards those close to him, often to a fault. Even though Will is gay, he sometimes tries to pass as straight; he has at times avoided admitting his sexual orientation to people. Several characters commented that his relationship with Grace is more like that of a married couple than two friends; at one point Will even considered having a baby with Grace. Will is the more mature and tolerant character of the duo and serves as Grace's rock most times.
Debra Messing as Grace Adler: The second titular protagonist to the show, Grace is a straight interior decorator with a fondness for food. She's been Will's best friend since college and roommate throughout most of the show. Grace is Jewish but does not practice her religion staunchly. She plays as a neurotic counterbalance for Will's more everyman character. Grace tends to heavily rely on Will for moral and emotional support, especially after a break-up.
Megan Mullally as Karen Walker: Karen "works" as Grace's assistant, making "Grace Adler Designs" popular among her socialite acquaintances. She is the wife of the wealthy (but mostly unseen) Stanley Walker. Karen is also known for casually downing alcohol and prescription medication and can be uncaring. However, she is very close to Jack, is friends with Grace, and throughout the show's run warms to Will. Even though she's silly at times, Karen has shown bouts of intelligence: having a working knowledge of business/real-estate market economics, a moderate understanding of computers, and a flair for interior design. She's also a certified public notary and an aficionado of various liquors and prescription drugs. Despite this, she is often unaware of or ambivalent toward habits of the working and middle classes, often criticizing and mocking what she fails to understand.
Sean Hayes as Jack McFarland: Will's other (and first gay) best friend since college. Jack is flamboyantly gay, confident, and free-spirited, having been so from a young age. He drifts from man to man and changes occupations often, being very fickle when it comes to both. He has worked as a struggling actor, an acting instructor, a back-up dancer for Jennifer Lopez and Janet Jackson, a sales associate at Banana Republic and Barneys New York, a cater-waiter, a student nurse, Junior VP for Out TV, and host of his own Out TV talk show, called Jack Talk. Jack made four one-man shows (called Just Jack, Jack 2000, Jack 2001, and Jack 2002) to showcase his singing/dancing/acting abilities; all attempts having only marginal success. Early on in the show he establishes a close friendship with Karen; the pair often spend time together and orchestrate various pranks. Throughout the series, Jack relies on Will and Karen for financial support. His idol is Cher.
Shelley Morrison as Rosario Salazar (Recurring Seasons 1-2; Regular Seasons 3-8): Karen's maid, and later Jack's wife, then ex-wife. Morrison was offered to reprise her role when the series was revived, but declined, having retired from acting.

text: Supporting[edit]

text:
Supporting characters on Will & Grace

Main characters
Will Truman
Grace Adler
Jack McFarland
Karen Walker

Spouses
Vince D'Angelo (Bobby Cannavale)
Leo Markus (Harry Connick Jr.)
Rosario Salazar (Shelley Morrison)
Stanley Walker
Lyle Finster (John Cleese)

Family
George Truman (Sydney Pollack)
Marilyn Truman (Blythe Danner)
Sam Truman (John Slattery / Steven Weber)
Paul Truman (Jon Tenney)
Bobbi Adler (Debbie Reynolds)
Martin Adler (Alan Arkin/Robert Klein)
Janet Adler (Geena Davis/Mary McCormack)
Joyce Adler (Sara Rue)
Eleanor Markus (Judith Ivey)
Judith McFarland (Veronica Cartwright)
Elliot (Michael Angarano)
Daniel McFarland (Beau Bridges)
Skip (Jet Jurgensmeyer )
Lois Whitley (Suzanne Pleshette)
Gin (Bernadette Peters)
Barry (Dan Futterman)
Lorraine Finster (Minnie Driver)
Marion Finster (Tim Curry)
Sumner Davis (Paul Satterfield)

Ben Truman (Ben Newmark), Lila Markus (Maria Thayer)

Friends
Rob (Tom Gallop), Ellen (Leigh-Allyn Baker), Joe (Jerry Levine), Larry (Tim Bagley), Steve (Steve Paymer)
Zandra Zoggin (Eileen Brennan)
Candice Bergen (Candice Bergen)

Neighbors
Val Bassett (Molly Shannon), Mr. Zamir (Marshall Manesh), Nathan (Woody Harrelson)
N/A

Love interests
Michael (Chris Potter)
Scott Sender (Branden Williams)
Matthew (Patrick Dempsey)
James Hanson (Taye Diggs)
Vince D'Angelo (Bobby Cannavale)
Ben Doucette (Gregory Hines)
Danny (Tom Verica)
Josh (Corey Parker)
Nathan (Woody Harrelson)
Nick (Edward Burns)
Tom Cassidy (Eric Stoltz)
Leo Markus (Harry Connick Jr.)
Stuart Lamarack (Dave Foley)
Kevin Bacon (Kevin Bacon)
Lionel Banks (Rip Torn)
Malcolm Widmark (Alec Baldwin)

Rivals
Kevin Wolchek (Adam Goldberg)
Val Bassett (Molly Shannon)
Artemis Johnson (Will Arnett)
Beverley Leslie (Leslie Jordan)
Lorraine Finster (Minnie Driver)
Scott Woolley (Jeff Goldblum)
Candy Pruitt (Christine Ebersole)
Val Bassett (Molly Shannon)
Candice Bergen (Candice Bergen)

Bosses
Harlin (Gary Grubbs)
Ben Doucette (Gregory Hines)
Mr. Stein (Gene Wilder)
Margot (Lily Tomlin)
Malcolm Widmark (Alec Baldwin)
N/A
Jamie (John Ducey)
Tim (Mark Harelik)
Dorleen (Parker Posey)
Grace Adler (Debra Messing)

Employees / Subordinates
Mrs. Freeman (Jo Marie Payton)
Connie (Kari Lizer)
Karen Walker (Megan Mullally)
Gillian (Natasha Lyonne)
Tony (Anthony Ramos)
Dave (Mathew Botuchis)
Rosario Salazar (Shelley Morrison)

Clients
Harlin Polk (Gary Grubbs)
Stanley Walker
N/A
Joanne (Emily Rutherfurd)
Russell (Jon Fleming)
N/A

Co-workers
Gary (Jamie Kaler)
N/A
N/A
N/A

Others
Tina (Lesley Ann Warren), Benji (Brian A. Setzer), Nurse Sheila (Laura Kightlinger)

text: Production[edit]

text: Conception[edit]

text: Creators of Will & Grace and real-life friends Max Mutchnick and David Kohan modeled the show after Mutchnick's relationship with childhood friend Janet Eisenberg, a New York City voice-over casting agent. Mutchnick, who is openly gay, met Eisenberg while rehearsing a play at Temple Emanuel in Beverly Hills, California at age of 13.[23] He was the main star of the Hebrew school musical, while she was a student in the drama department. About three years later, she introduced him to Kohan, the son of comedy writer Alan Kohan, in the drama department at Beverly Hills High School. "Max and Janet seemed to have a lovely rapport, but the romantic element confused me, and it confused them as well," Kohan later recalled. "They went out for a couple of years, then they went off to different colleges. And Max comes out of the closet, springs it on her – and she was stunned. It was a shocking revelation for her, so I kind of functioned as a liaison between the two of them, because they both still really loved each other."[23]

text: While Kohan practiced his shuttle diplomacy, he and Mutchnick began developing sitcom ideas, which prompted the pair to start writing as a duo.[23] They eventually landed staff jobs on HBO's adult-themed sitcom Dream On and executive produced the short-lived NBC sitcom Boston Common.[23] In 1997, they developed an ensemble comedy about six friends, two of them based on Mutchnick and Eisenberg.[23] At the same time, Warren Littlefield, the then-president of NBC Entertainment, was seeking another relationship comedy for the network as Mad About You was going off the air.[24][25] When Kohan and Mutchnick pitched their idea, which centered on three couples, one of which was a gay man living with a straight woman, Littlefield was not excited about the first two couples, but wanted to learn more about the gay and straight couple, so Mutchnick and Kohan were sent to create a pilot script centering on those two characters.[25] While Kohan and Mutchnick elaborated on the pilot script, they spent four tense months faxing Littlefield the box office grosses from hit films with gay characters such as The Birdcage and My Best Friend's Wedding.[23]

text: NBC was positive about the project, but there was still some concern that the homosexual subject matter would cause alarm. Ellen DeGeneres' sitcom Ellen, which aired on ABC, was canceled the year before Will & Grace premiered because ratings had plummeted after the show became "too gay."[26][27] Despite the criticism ABC received for DeGeneres's coming out episode, "The Puppy Episode," Kohan said, "there's no question that show made it easier for Will & Grace to make it on the air." He added: "Will & Grace had a better shot at succeeding where Ellen failed, however, because Will has known about his homosexuality for 20 years. He's not exploring that awkward territory for the first time, as Ellen did. The process of self-discovery and the pain most gay men go through is fascinating, but the average American is put off by it."[28]

text: Pilot[edit]

text: NBC went to sitcom director James Burrows to see what he thought of the homosexual subject matter and if an audience would be interested in the show.[30] Burrows liked the idea and when he first read the script in November 1997, he decided that he wanted to direct it. Burrows said, "I knew that the boys had captured a genre and a group of characters I have never read before."[24] The filming of the pilot began on March 15, 1998. The actors behind Will and Grace, Eric McCormack and Debra Messing, were positive about the series and they thought it had the potential to last long on television. McCormack said: "When shooting was finished that night, Debra and I were sitting on the couch and looking at each other and I said, 'We're gonna be on this set for a while.' And we sort of clasped hands, but we didn't want to say anything beyond that and jinx it."[31]

text: The part of Will Truman went to Eric McCormack, who was the first actor cast in the series.[29] Having played gay characters several times in his career, McCormack did not have a problem with it and thought his character could become a "poster boy for some gay movement", like DeGeneres became a spokesperson with her character.[32] Sean Hayes was invited to audition for Jack after a NBC casting executive saw him in a role in the indie gay romance film Billy's Hollywood Screen Kiss. Even though Hayes enjoyed the script when he read it, he threw it away and decided not to try out for the audition until he was sent the script again.[33] Megan Mullally initially auditioned for the role of Grace Adler, but admitted that she did not want to audition for the part of Karen.[34] By contrast, Debra Messing, with whom Mullally had first worked on Ned & Stacey, was initially unsure if she wanted to play the role of Grace.[35] The last actor to be cast, she later admitted that director Burrows was the reason for doing Will & Grace.[30]

text: Revival[edit]

text: In January 2017, NBC closed a deal for a new 10-episode season of the series, which is airing during the 2017-18 season. Hayes will executive produce this season as well as creators/executive producers Max Mutchnick and David Kohan. Veteran director James Burrows is on board to direct and executive produce.[36] In April 2017, the episode order was increased to 12 episodes.[37] In August 2017, it was extended again to 16 episodes, and a second 13-episode season was ordered.[38] The revival is filmed at Stage 22 at Universal Studios Hollywood, as opposed to Stage 17 at CBS Studio Center. In March 2018, NBC ordered five more episodes for revival's second season bringing the total to 18 episodes and was also renewed for 18-episode third season.[39]

text: Aftershow[edit]

text: Will & Grace: After Party[edit]

text: With the release of the ninth season of the series, NBC also released Will & Grace: After Party, an aftershow hosted by Kristin dos Santos. The guests of the aftershow are composed of cast and crew from the series, including David Kohan, Max Mutchnick, and the series' stars, to discuss the development and behind-the-scenes production of the series. The series premiered on NBC.com on September 29, 2017.[40][41]

text:
No.
Title
Episode discussed
Guest(s)
Original release date

1
"Episode 1"
11 Years Later
Eric McCormack
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)

2
"Episode 2"
Who's Your Daddy
Harry Connick Jr. and Bobby Cannavale
October 6, 2017 (2017-10-06)

3
"Episode 3"
Emergency Contact
Jane Lynch and Glenda Rovello
October 12, 2017 (2017-10-12)

4
"Episode 4"
Grandpa Jack
Minnie Driver
October 19, 2017 (2017-10-19)

5
"Episode 5"
How to Succeed in Business Without Really Crying
Leslie Jordan
October 26, 2017 (2017-10-26)

6
"Episode 6"
Rosario's Quinceañera
Megan Mullaly, David Kohan, and Max Mutchnick
November 2, 2017 (2017-11-02)

text: Lawsuit[edit]

text: In December 2003, in the midst of the series' sixth season, executive producers and creators David Kohan and Max Mutchnick sued NBC and NBC Studios. Alleging that the network sold the rights to the series in an attempt to keep profits within the NBC family, Kohan and Mutchnick felt that they were cheated out of considerable profits by the network's not shopping of the show to the highest bidder. Another allegation against the network was that during the first four seasons of the series, the studio licensed the rights for amounts that were insufficient for covering production costs, thus leading to extraordinarily large production deficits.[42] Three months later, NBC filed a countersuit against Kohan and Mutchnick stating that the co-creators were expected to act as an independent third party in the negotiations between NBC and its subsidiary, NBC Studios (since subsumed into Universal Television).[43]

text: With a pending lawsuit and production beginning on other projects, Kohan and Mutchnick were absent on the Will & Grace set for most of its final seasons. They wrote the season 4 episode, "A Buncha White Chicks Sittin' Around Talkin'" and did not return to the writers' seat until the series finale four years later. Three years after NBC's countersuit and one year after the series ended, the legal battle between NBC and Kohan and Mutchnick ended in 2007 when all parties agreed on a settlement, with the series creators being awarded $49 million, of their original $65 million lawsuit.[44]

text: Syndication[edit]

text: Will & Grace entered off-network syndication in the fall of 2002 and aired locally till 2008. In 2002 WGN America acquired the cable rights to air the series, where it aired until 2005 when Lifetime Television acquired the cable rights to air the series. After eight years and the expiration of Lifetime's contract, the rights to the series were picked up by WeTV and Logo TV in the fall of 2013. The streaming service Hulu later picked up the show, in anticipation of the show's revival in the fall of 2017.

text: In the United Kingdom, the series was aired on Channel 4 up until its season finale in 2006. It was confirmed on 4 December 2017 that the series would premiere in January 2018 on Channel 5.

text: In Ireland, the series first aired on TV3 Ireland until its conclusion in 2006. It was confirmed in January 2018 rival channel RTÉ2 picked up the broadcasting rights for the 2017-2018 season run, beginning in February 2018.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The show garnered a fair amount of criticism and negative reviews upon its debut in 1998, most of which compared the show to the recently canceled ABC sitcom Ellen. Some called it "a gay Seinfeld". One such review said, "If Will & Grace can somehow survive a brutal time period opposite football and Ally McBeal, it could grow into a reasonably entertaining little anomaly – that is, a series about a man and a woman who have no sexual interest in one another. But don't bet on it. If it's doomed relationships viewers want, they'll probably opt for Ally."[45] As popular as the show came to be, particularly among gay viewers, Will & Grace continuously dealt with criticism for having a limited view of the gay community and for reinforcing stereotypes when some felt it should have torn them down.[46]

text: The series finale was heavily promoted by NBC, and McCormack, Messing, Mullally and Hayes appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show and The Today Show to bid farewell, on May 10 and 18, respectively. NBC devoted a two-hour block in its primetime schedule on May 18, 2006, for the Will & Grace send-off. An hour-long series retrospective, "Say Goodnight, Gracie", featuring interviews with the cast, crew, and guest stars, preceded the hour-long series finale. Series creators and executive producers Kohan and Mutchnick, who had not served as writers since the season 4 finale, penned the script for "The Finale". Regarding the finale, Mutchnick stated, "We wrote about what you want to have happen with people you love... All the things that matter in life, they end up having."[47]

text: The ninth season was met with generally positive reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes the season has a rating of 86% based on 37 reviews, with an average rating of 7.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Will & Grace reunites its ever-hilarious cast for a revival season that picks up right where the show left off 11 years ago -- adding a fresh relevance and a series of stories that make sharply funny use of the passage of time."[48] On Metacritic, the season has a weighted average score of 73 out of 100, based on 26 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[49]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: Will & Grace was nominated for 83 Primetime Emmy Awards, winning 16 of them. McCormack, Messing, Hayes, and Mullally each won at least one Emmy Award for their respective performances. Mullally also won a second time for her performance in 2006, a year when Will & Grace was nominated for 10 Emmys for its final season. The year before, the show had garnered 15 nominations, tied with Desperate Housewives as the series receiving the most nominations. This was almost an all-time record; the two shows were second behind The Larry Sanders Show, with 16 nominations in 1996.

text: With three each, both Hayes and Mullally held the record of winning the most Screen Actors Guild Awards for the categories Best Performance by an Actor in a Comedy Series and Best Performance by an Actress in a Comedy Series, respectively, for their roles in Will & Grace; however, Tina Fey went on to tie with Mullally and Alec Baldwin went on to surpass Hayes, both for their roles on the series 30 Rock. Will & Grace has won several GLAAD Media Awards for its advocacy of the gay community. Despite more than two dozen nominations, Will & Grace never won a Golden Globe Award during it's original run.

text: Ratings[edit]

text: The show debuted on Mondays beginning on September 21, 1998 and steadily gained in popularity, culminating when it moved to Thursday night as part of NBC's Must See TV line-up. The show ultimately became a highly rated television show in the United States, earning a top-twenty rating during four of its eight seasons, including one season at # 9. From 2001–2005, Will & Grace was the highest-rated sitcom among adults 18–49. However, when the show lost Friends as its lead-in after the 2003–04 season, Will & Grace began shedding viewers and slipped out of the top 20 during its last two seasons.

text: "The Finale" drew over 18 million viewers,[50][51] ranking # 8 for the week, easily making it the most watched episode of seasons seven & eight. While the season eight finale is considered a ratings success, it is far from being the most watched episode of Will & Grace—that accolade remains with the season four episode "A Chorus Lie", which aired on February 7, 2002 and ranked #8 for the week. When the show was at the height of its popularity (seasons 3–5), ranking in the Top 10 was a common occurrence, but the finale's Top 10 rank was the only such rank for season 8 and the first such rank since the season 7 premiere "FYI: I Hurt, Too".

text: Average seasonal ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Timeslot (EDT)
Season Premiere
Season Finale
TV season
Rank
Viewers
(in millions)
Ref

1
Monday 9:30 P.M. (1–8)
Tuesday 9:30 P.M. (9–17)
Thursday 8:30 P.M. (18–22)
September 21, 1998 (1998-09-21)
May 13, 1999 (1999-05-13)
1998–99
40
12.3
[52]

2
Tuesday 9:00 P.M.
September 21, 1999 (1999-09-21)
May 23, 2000 (2000-05-23)
1999–2000
44
12.0
[53]

3
Thursday 9:00 P.M.
October 12, 2000 (2000-10-12)
May 17, 2001 (2001-05-17)
2000–01
14
17.3
[54]

4
September 27, 2001 (2001-09-27)
May 16, 2002 (2002-05-16)
2001–02
9
17.3
[55]

5
September 26, 2002 (2002-09-26)
May 15, 2003 (2003-05-15)
2002–03
11
16.8
[56]

6
Thursday 9:00 P.M. (1–12, 22–24)
Thursday 8:33 P.M. (13–21)
September 25, 2003 (2003-09-25)
April 29, 2004 (2004-04-29)
2003–04
16
15.2
[57]

7
Thursday 8:30 P.M. (1–21, 23–24)
Tuesday 8:00 P.M. (22)
September 16, 2004 (2004-09-16)
May 19, 2005 (2005-05-19)
2004–05
44
10.0
[58]

8
Thursday 8:30 P.M. (1–9)
Thursday 8:00 P.M. (10–24)
September 29, 2005 (2005-09-29)
May 18, 2006 (2006-05-18)
2005–06
61
8.7
[59]

9
Thursday 9:00 P.M.
September 28, 2017 (2017-09-28)
April 5, 2018 (2018-04-05)
2017–18

text: Cultural impact[edit]

text: The series was the first prime-time television series on U.S. terrestrial television to star openly gay lead characters, making it the highest-profile presence of LGBT characters on U.S. broadcast television since Ellen's eponymous lead character's coming-out in the 1997 "Puppy Episode". It has also been heralded as responsible for opening the door to a string of gay-themed television programs, such as Queer as Folk, Queer Eye for the Straight Guy and Boy Meets Boy.

text: In May 2012, during a Meet the Press interview with host David Gregory, U.S. Vice President Joe Biden cited the series as an influence in American thinking regarding LGBT rights, saying, "I think Will & Grace did more to educate the American public than almost anything anybody has ever done. People fear that which is different. Now they're beginning to understand."[60] In the same interview, Biden stated that he was "absolutely comfortable" with same-sex marriage, a statement which was followed on May 9 by President Barack Obama's speaking in favor of it.[61] The day after Obama's statement, series co-creator Mutchnick later told CBS This Morning that Biden had spoken similar words at a private function which Mutchnick and his husband had attended two weeks prior to Biden's statement, although a White House official was cited by CBS This Morning's Bill Plante as asserting that the Meet the Press interview was not a "trial balloon" for the statement.[62] Both Mutchnick and Kohan praised Biden's statement, but were critical of Obama's stance on marriage during the time between Biden's and Obama's statements.[63]

text: In 2004, the cast of the show were listed in Bravo's 100 Greatest TV Characters.[64] In 2012, The Washington Post ranked Will & Grace the ninth-best NBC comedy of all time.[65]

text: In 2014, scripts, props, and set decor from Will & Grace were donated to the National Museum of American History, which is part of the Smithsonian.[66]

text: Merchandise[edit]

text: Lionsgate Home Entertainment has released all eight seasons of Will & Grace on DVD in Region 1, 2 and 4. The show was re-released and re-packaged on October 3, 2011 on region 2.

text:
Season
Ep#
Discs
Release dates
Notes

1
2
4

1
22
4
August 12, 2003
August 30, 2004
2004

Reissued on August 29, 2017 by Universal
22 uncut episodes

2
24
4
March 23, 2004
August 30, 2004
2004

Syndicated (edited) version "Ben? Her?" appears. However, the full version appears on the complete boxed set and the compilation "Will & Grace: Best of Love & Marriage."
Episode listing on box does not match episode listing on discs
Episodes on the fourth disc appear out of sequence

3
25
4
September 7, 2004
August 30, 2004
2005

"Gypsies, Tramps and Weed" appears as its syndicated version.
The "super-size" episode, "Cheaters", appears as the original version, without the extra footage later added for syndication
"Cheaters" is incorrectly labeled as "Cheaters, part 1"
Various international Season 3 sets feature the syndicated versions of "Cheaters" (in two parts), with the extra footage included.[67]

4
27
4
August 16, 2005
August 30, 2004
2005

27 uncut episodes

5
24
4
August 29, 2006
March 7, 2005
2006

The "super-size" episodes, "Women and Children First", "Dolls and Dolls", "May Divorce Be With You", "23", and the season finale "24", appear as the syndicated versions

6
24
4
May 1, 2007
August 15, 2005
2007

The "super-size" episodes, "Dames at Sea", "A-Story, Bee-Story" and "Ice Cream Balls", appear as the syndicated versions.
Although not a "super-size" episode, "Strangers With Candace" is edited to its syndicated version.
The one-hour season finale, "I Do, Oh, No, You Di-in't," is split into two episodes (Parts 1 & 2). However, there is no footage missing.

7
24
4
December 4, 2007
January 30, 2006
2007

The episode "Friends With Benefits" is presented in its syndicated cut version. The original version can be found on the 2007 Emmy consideration promo DVD.
The bloopers in the US have been censored/cut, with approx. 1 minute of footage removed compared to the international editions.

8
24
4
September 16, 2008
August 7, 2006
2008

All 24 episodes included in their entirety.

Finale
1
1
May 30, 2006
—
—

One-hour series finale included in its entirety.

1–8
194
33
September 16, 2008
August 7, 2006
April 30, 2008
Re-packaged discs from the previous releases with a bonus disc containing:

A re-hashing of season 8's themed featurettes
Eric's favorite episode with commentary by him and Debra Messing
Debra's favorite episode with commentary by her and Eric McCormack
The Pilot Episode with commentary by Max Mutchinck, David Kohan, and James Burrows
A slideshow of stills from over the series' run.

text: Spin-offs[edit]

text: Karen: The Musical[edit]

text: It had been announced that Megan Mullally would be creating and starring in a new Broadway musical entitled Karen: The Musical. This musical would have had Mullally reprising her role of Karen Walker. She stated in an interview that the show may also involve recurring guest star Leslie Jordan in his role as Beverley Leslie, with a story revolving around their rivalry.[68]

text: According to Mullally, the project was cancelled due to the rights to the Karen character being withdrawn. Mullally stated to have already gained approval from the network, as well as having the Broadway production company Fox Theatricals, director and choreographer Casey Nicholaw and composer Jeff Blumenkrantz all lined up to participate in the production, before certain stakeholders in the Karen Walker character withdrew the rights for its use in the production.[69]

text: Jack & Karen[edit]

text: There had been talk in 2008 that a spin-off was being developed by NBC entitled Jack & Karen, featuring Sean Hayes and Megan Mullally reprising their roles. Hayes initially showed interest in the spin-off but was ultimately put off by the short-lived Friends spin-off, Joey. Furthermore, Mullally's new work schedule in the form of her talk show, which was canceled several months later, did not allow her to pursue the spin-off at the time.[70]

text: 2016 Election web special[edit]

text: On September 26, 2016, the main cast—McCormack, Messing, Hayes, and Mullally, plus Morrison in a cameo role—reunited for a 10-minute web special, urging Americans to vote in the 2016 presidential election.[7] In the special, Karen, an avid Donald Trump supporter, tries to persuade Jack to vote for Trump, while Will and Grace, both avid Hillary Clinton supporters, try to persuade him to vote for Clinton. At the end, Will reveals that singer Katy Perry is a supporter of Clinton, which persuades Jack to vote for Clinton.


document_title: History of Louisville, Kentucky

question_text: the only true city that exhibited an urban lifestyle in kentucky in the late 1800s was

question_tokens: the only true city that exhibited an urban lifestyle in kentucky in the late 1800s was

root

text: History of Louisville, Kentucky

text: Pre-Anglo-American settlement history (pre-1778)[edit]

text:
History of Kentucky

Pre-statehood
U.S. Civil War
Since 1900
Timeline
Topics: African-Americans - Cities - Politics

 Kentucky portal

v
t
e

tag: table

text: There was a continuous human presence in the area that became Louisville from at least 1,000 BCE until roughly 1650 CE, and the Beaver Wars which depopulated much of the region. Archeologists have identified several late and one early Archaic sites in Jefferson County's wetlands. One of the most extensive finds was at McNeeley Lake Cave; many others were found around the Louisville International Airport area. People of the Adena culture and the Hopewell tradition that followed it lived in the area, with hunting villages along Mill Creek and a large village near what became Zorn Avenue, on bluffs overlooking the Ohio River. Archeologists have found 30 Jefferson County sites associated with the Fort Ancient and Mississippian cultures, which were active from 1,000 AD until about 1650. The Louisville area was on the eastern border of the Mississippian culture, in which regional chiefdoms built villages and cities with extensive earthwork mounds.[5]

tag: p

text: When European and English explorers and settlers began entering Kentucky in the mid-18th century, there were no permanent Native American settlements in the region. The country was used as hunting grounds by Shawnees from the north and Cherokees from the south.[6]

text: The account of the first European to visit the area, the French explorer, René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle in 1669, is disputed and not supported by facts. La Salle travelled along the St. Lawrence River to Lake Ontario, then to Lake Erie. The two priests travelling with his party departed the group at that point and the written documention of the expedition apparently ceased. Reports of what occurred differ, including abandonment of the journey due to illness, or travelling onward but not to the Ohio River. La Salle did not claim to discover the Ohio River on that voyage nor travel to the falls (of the Ohio).[7] The discovery of the Louisville area in 1669 is perhaps better assigned to myth or legend than an actuality. Subsequently, he explored areas of the Mississippi and Ohio river valleys from the Gulf of Mexico up to modern-day Canada, claiming much of this land for France.[8]

text: In 1751, the English colonist Christopher Gist explored areas along the Ohio River. Following its defeat in the French and Indian War (part of the Seven Years' War in Europe), France relinquished control of the area of Kentucky to Britain.

text: In 1769, colonist Daniel Boone created a trail from North Carolina to Tennessee. He spent the next two years exploring Kentucky. In 1773, Captain Thomas Bullitt led the first exploring party into Jefferson County, surveying land on behalf of Virginians who had been awarded land grants for service in the French and Indian War.[9] In 1774, James Harrod began constructing Fort Harrod in Kentucky. However, battles with the Native American tribes established in the area forced these new settlers to retreat. They returned the following year, as Daniel Boone built the Wilderness Road and established Fort Boonesborough at the site near Boonesborough, Kentucky. The Native Americans allocated a tract of land between the Ohio River and the Cumberland River for the Transylvania Land Company. In 1776, the colony of Virginia declared the Transylvania Land Company illegal and created the county of Kentucky in Virginia from the land involved.

text: Foundation and early settlement (1778–1803)[edit]

text: Col. George Rogers Clark made the first Anglo-American settlement in the vicinity of modern-day Louisville in 1778, during the American Revolutionary War. He was conducting a campaign against the British in areas north of the Ohio River, then called the Illinois Country. Clark organized a group of 150 soldiers, known as the Illinois Regiment, after heavy recruiting in Virginia and Pennsylvania. On May 12, they set out from Redstone, today's Brownsville, Pennsylvania, taking along 80 civilians who hoped to claim fertile farmland and start a new settlement in Kentucky. They arrived at the Falls of the Ohio on May 27. It was a location Clark thought ideal for a communication post. The settlers helped Clark conceal the true reason for his presence in the area.[10][11]

text: The regiment helped the civilians establish a settlement on what came to be called Corn Island, clearing land and building cabins and a springhouse. On June 24, Clark took his soldiers and left to begin their military campaign.[12] A year later, at the request of Clark, the settlers began crossing the river and established the first permanent settlement. By April, they called it "Louisville", in honor of King Louis XVI of France, whose government and soldiers aided colonists in the Revolutionary War.[13] Today, George Rogers Clark is recognized as the European-American founder of Louisville, and many landmarks are named after him.

text: During its earliest history, the colony of Louisville and the surrounding areas suffered from Indian attacks, as Native Americans tried to push out the encroaching colonists. As the Revolutionary War was still being waged, all early residents lived within forts, as suggested by the earliest government of Kentucky County, Virginia. The initial fort, at the northern tip of today's 12th street, was called Fort-on-Shore.[14] In response to the threat of British attacks, particularly Bird's invasion of Kentucky, a larger fort called Fort Nelson was built north of today's Main Street between Seventh and Eighth streets, covering nearly an acre. The GB￡15,000 contract was given to Richard Chenoweth, with construction beginning in late 1780 and completed by March 1781. The fort, thought to be capable of resisting cannon fire, was considered the strongest in the west after Fort Pitt. Due to decreasing need for strong forts after the Revolutionary War, it was in decline by the end of the decade.[15]

text: In 1780, the Virginia General Assembly and then-Governor Thomas Jefferson approved the town charter of Louisville on May 1. Clark recruited early Kentucky pioneer James John Floyd, who was placed on the town's board of trustees and given the authority to plan and lay out the town.[16][17] Jefferson County, named after Thomas Jefferson, was formed at this time as one of three original Kentucky counties from the old Kentucky County, Virginia. Louisville was the county seat.[18]

text: Also, during 1780, three hundred families immigrated to the area, Louisville's first fire department was established, and the first street plan of Louisville was laid out by Willian Pope. Daniel Brodhead opened Louisville's first general store in 1783. He became the first to move out of Louisville's early forts. James John Floyd became the first Judge in 1783 but was killed later that year.[16] The first courthouse was completed in 1784 as a 16 by 20-foot (6.1 m) log cabin. By this time, Louisville contained 63 clapboard finished houses, 37 partly finished, 22 uncovered houses, and over 100 log cabins. Shippingport, incorporated in 1785, was a vital part of early Louisville, allowing goods to be transported through the Falls of the Ohio. The first church was built in 1790, the first hotel in 1793, and the first post office in 1795.[19] During the 1780s and early 1790s, the town was not growing as fast as Lexington in central Kentucky. Factors were the threat of Indian attacks (ended in 1794 by the Battle of Fallen Timbers), a complicated dispute over land ownership between John Campbell and the town's trustees (resolved in 1785), and Spanish policies restricting trade down the Mississippi to New Orleans. By 1800, the population of Louisville was 359 compared to Lexington's 1,759.[20]

text: From 1784 through 1792, a series of conventions were held to discuss the separation of Kentucky from Virginia. On June 1, 1792, Kentucky became the fifteenth state in the United States and Isaac Shelby was named the first Governor.

text: In 1803, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark organized their expedition across North America at the Falls of the Ohio and Louisville. The Lewis and Clark Expedition would take the explorers across the western U.S., surveying the Louisiana Purchase, and eventually to the Pacific Ocean.[21][22][23][24][25][26]

text: City development (1803–1900)[edit]

text: Antebellum[edit]

text: Since settlement, all people and cargo had arrived by flatboats and later keelboats, both of which were non-motorized vessels, meaning that it was prohibitively costly to send goods upstream (towards Pittsburgh and other developed areas). This technical limitation, combined with the Spanish decision in 1784 to close the Mississippi River below Vicksburg, Mississippi to American ships, meant there was very little outside market for goods produced early on in Louisville. This improved somewhat with Pinckney's Treaty, which opened the river and made New Orleans a Free trade zone by 1798.[27]

text: However, most cargo was still being sent downstream in the early 19th century, averaging 60,000 tons downstream to 6,500 tons upstream. Boats passing through still had to unload all of their cargo before navigating the falls, a boon to local businesses. The frontier days quickly fading, log houses and forts began to disappear, and Louisville saw its first newspaper, the Louisville Gazette in 1807 and its first theatre in 1808, and the first dedicated church building in 1809. All of this reflected the 400% growth in population reported by the 1810 Census.[28]

text: The economics of shipping were about to change, however, with the arrival of steamboats. The first, the New Orleans arrived in 1811, traveling downstream from Pittsburgh. Although it made the trip in record time, most believed its use was limited, as they did not believe a steamboat could make it back upriver against the current.[29] However, in 1815, the Enterprise, captained by Henry Miller Shreve, became the first steamboat to travel from New Orleans to Louisville, showing the commercial potential of the steamboat in making upriver travel and shipping practical.[30]

text: Industry and manufacturing reached Louisville and surrounding areas, especially Shippingport, at this time. Some steamboats were built in Louisville and many early mills and factories opened. Other towns were developing at the falls: New Albany, Indiana in 1813 and Portland in 1814, each competing with Louisville to become the dominant settlement in the area. Still, Louisville's population grew rapidly, tripling from 1810 to 1820. By 1830, it would surpass Lexington to become the state's largest city, and would eventually annex Portland and Shippingport.[31]

text: In 1816 the Louisville Library Company, the city's first library, opened its doors with a subscription-based service.[32] Also, in a series of events ranging from 1798 to 1846, the University of Louisville was founded from the Jefferson Seminary, Louisville Medical Institute and Louisville Collegiate Institute.[33]

text: In response to great demand, the Louisville and Portland Canal was completed in 1830. This allowed boats to circumvent the Falls of the Ohio and travel through from Pittsburgh to New Orleans.[34] In response to several epidemics and the increasing need to treat ill or injured river workers, Louisville Marine Hospital was completed in 1825 on Chestnut Street, an area that is today home to Louisville's Medical Center.[35]

text: In 1828, the population surpassed 7,000 and Louisville became Kentucky's first city. John Bucklin was elected the first Mayor. The nearby towns of Shippingport and Portland remained independent of Louisville for the time being. City status gave Louisville some judicial authority and the ability to collect more taxes, which allowed for the establishment of the state's first public school in 1829.[36]

text: In 1831, Catherine Spalding moved from Bardstown to Louisville and established Presentation Academy, a Catholic school for girls. She also established the St. Vincent Orphanage, which was later renamed as St. Joseph Orphanage.[37]

text: Louisville's famous Galt House hotel—the first of three downtown buildings to have that moniker—was erected in 1834. In 1839, a precursor to the modern Kentucky Derby was held at Old Louisville's Oakland Race Course. Over 10,000 spectators attended the two-horse race, in which Grey Eagle lost to Wagner. This race occurred 36 years before the first Kentucky Derby. It was a popular competition to test the quality of horses. Louisville became a center for sales of horses and other livestock from the Bluegrass Region of central Kentucky, where horse breeding became a major part of the economy and traditions.

text: The Kentucky School for the Blind was founded in 1839, the third-oldest school for the blind in the country. In 1847, William H. Gibson opened one of the city's first schools for African Americans in the basement of the Methodist church on Fourth and Green Streets.[38]

text: In 1840 William Burke Belknap the elder (1811–1884) started the Belknap Hardware and Manufacturing Company on the banks of the Ohio River.[39]

text: In 1848, Zachary Taylor, resident of Jefferson County from childhood through early adulthood and a hero of the Mexican–American War, was elected as the 12th President of the United States. He served only sixteen months in office before dying in 1850 from acute gastroenteritis. He was buried in the east end of Louisville at Zachary Taylor National Cemetery.

text: Following the 1850 Census, Louisville was reported as the nation's tenth largest city, while Kentucky was reported as the eighth most populous state.

text: The Louisville and Nashville Railroad (L&N) Company was founded in 1850 by James Guthrie, who also was involved in the founding of the University of Louisville. When the railroad was completed in 1859, Louisville's strategic location at the Falls of the Ohio became central to the city's development and importance in the rail and water freight transportation business.

text: On August 6, 1855, a day dubbed Bloody Monday, election riots stemming from the bitter rivalry between the Democrats and supporters of the Know-Nothing Party broke out. Know-Nothing mobs rioted in Irish and German parts of the city, destroying property by fires and killing numerous people.

text: Founded in 1858, the American Printing House for the Blind is the oldest organization of its kind in the United States. Since 1879 it has been the official supplier of educational materials for blind students in the U.S. It is located on Frankfort Avenue in the Clifton neighborhood, adjacent to the campus where the Kentucky School for the Blind moved in 1855.

text: "Sold down the river"[edit]

text: Louisville had one of the largest slave trades in the United States before the Civil War, and much of the city's initial growth is attributed to that trade. Shifting agricultural needs produced an excess of slaves in Kentucky, and many were sold from here and other parts of the Upper South to the Deep South. In 1820, the slave population was at its height at nearly 26% of the Kentucky population, but by 1860, that proportion had dropped significantly, even though this percentage still represented over 10,000 people. Through the 1850s, slave traders sold 2500–4000 slaves annually from Kentucky down river.[40]

text: The expression "sold down the river" originated as a lament of eastern slaves being split apart from their families in sales to Louisville. Slave traders collected slaves there until they had enough to ship in a group via the Ohio and Mississippi rivers down to the slave market in New Orleans. There slaves were sold again to owners of cotton and sugar cane plantations.[41][42]

text: Louisville was the turning point for many enslaved blacks. If they could get from there across the Ohio River, called the "River Jordan" by escaping slaves, they had a chance for freedom in Indiana and other northern states. They had to evade capture by bounty-seeking slave catchers, but many were aided by the Underground Railroad to get further north for freedom.[43]

text: Civil War[edit]

text: During the Civil War, Louisville was a major stronghold of Union forces, which kept Kentucky firmly in the Union. It was the center of planning, supplies, recruiting and transportation for numerous campaigns, especially in the Western Theater. While the state of Kentucky officially declared its neutrality early in the war, prominent Louisville attorney James Speed, brother of President Abraham Lincoln's close friend Joshua Fry Speed, strongly advocated keeping the state in the Union. Seeing Louisville's strategic importance in the freight industry, General William Tecumseh Sherman formed an army base in the city in the event that the Confederacy advanced.

text: In September 1862, Confederate General Braxton Bragg decided to take Louisville, but changed his mind. There was lack of backup from General Edmund Kirby Smith's forces. In addition, the decision to install Confederate Governor Richard Hawes in the alternative government in Frankfort made people think the state might change. In the summer of 1863, Confederate cavalry under John Hunt Morgan invaded Kentucky from Tennessee and briefly threatened Louisville, before swinging around the city into Indiana during Morgan's Raid. In March 1864, Generals Sherman and Ulysses S. Grant met at the Galt House to plan the spring campaign, which included the capture of Atlanta, Georgia. (As of 2014[update], that this meeting actually occurred has fallen into dispute.[44])

text: By the end of the war, Louisville itself had not been attacked once, although it was surrounded by skirmishes and battles, including the Battle of Perryville and the Battle of Corydon. The Unionists—most of whose leaders owned slaves—felt betrayed by the abolitionist position of the Republican Party. After 1865 returning Confederate veterans largely took political control of the city, leading to the jibe that it joined the Confederacy after the war was over.

text: During the postwar years, the Freedmen's Bureau opened a school, led by W. H. Gibson, and a bank in the city to serve the now free and growing African American population.[45] Confederate women organized in associations to ensure the dead were buried in cemeteries, to identify missing men, and to build memorials to the war and their losses. By the 1890s, the memorial movement came under the control of the United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC) and United Confederate Veterans (UCV), who promoted the "Lost Cause". Making meaning after the war was another way of writing its history.[46] In 1895, in one of their successes, a Confederate monument was erected near the University of Louisville campus.

text: Post-Reconstruction[edit]

text: James Callahan and other area businessmen organized the Louisville, Harrods Creek and Westport Railway in 1870 and continued construction through the Long Depression before failing in 1879. Although the LHC&W never reached beyond Harrods Creek, its service was continued by the L&N and contributed to growth in the city's eastern suburbs, particularly after the LRC purchased and electrified the track between Zane Avenue and Prospect in 1904.

text: The first Kentucky Derby was held on May 17, 1875, at the Louisville Jockey Club track (later renamed to Churchill Downs). The Derby was originally shepherded by Meriwether Lewis Clark, Jr., the grandson of William Clark of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, and grandnephew of the city's founder George Rogers Clark. Ten thousand spectators were present at the first Derby to watch Aristides win the race.

text: On February 2, 1876, professional baseball launched the National League, and the Louisville Grays were a charter member. While the Grays were a relatively short-lived team, playing for only two years, they began a much longer lasting relationship between the city and baseball. In 1883, John "Bud" Hillerich made his first baseball bat from white ash in his father's wood shop. The first bat was produced for Pete "The Gladiator" Browning of the Louisville Eclipse (minor league team). The bats eventually become known by the popular name, Louisville Slugger, and the local company Hillerich & Bradsby rapidly became one of the largest manufacturers of baseball bats and other sporting equipment in the world. Today, Hillerich & Bradsby manufactures over one million wooden bats per year, accounting for about two of three wooden bats sold worldwide.

text: In 1877 the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary relocated to Louisville from Greenville, South Carolina, where it had been founded in 1859. Its new campus, at Fourth and Broadway downtown, was underwritten by a group of Louisville business leaders, including the Norton family, eager to add the promising graduate-professional school to the city's resources. It grew quickly, attracting students from all parts of the nation, and by the early 20th century it was the second largest accredited seminary in the United States. It relocated to its present 100-acre (0.40 km2) campus on Lexington Road in 1926.

text: In February 1882, Oscar Wilde lectured in the city and on that occasion met Emma Speed Keats, the niece of his poetical hero (John Keats), who had settled in the city. She was the daughter of Keats' brother George Keats and she later sent Wilde an autograph manuscript by Keats of his poem 'Sonnet on Blue'.

text: On August 1, 1883, U.S. President Chester A. Arthur opened the first annual Southern Exposition, a series of World's Fairs that would run for five consecutive years adjacent to Central Park in what is now Old Louisville. Highlighted at the show was the largest to-date installation of incandescent light bulbs, having been recently invented by Thomas Edison, a former resident.

text: Downtown Louisville began a modernization period in the 1890s, with Louisville's second skyscraper, the Columbia Building, opening on January 1, 1890.[47] The following year, famous landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted was commissioned to design Louisville's system of parks (most notably, Cherokee, Iroquois and Shawnee Parks) connected by tree-lined parkways. Passenger train service arrived in the city on September 7, 1891, with the completion of the Union Station train hub. The first train arrived at 7:30 am. Louisville's Union Station was then recognized as the largest train station in the South.

text: Interrupting these developments, on March 27, 1890, a major tornado measuring F4 on the Fujita scale visited Louisville. The "whirling tiger of the air" carved a path from the Parkland neighborhood all the way to Crescent Hill, destroying 766 buildings ($2½ million worth of property) and killing an estimated 74 to 120 people. At least 55 of those deaths occurred when the Falls City Hall collapsed. This is one of the highest death tolls due to a single building collapse from a tornado in U.S. history.

text: In 1893, two Louisville sisters, Patty and Mildred J. Hill, both schoolteachers, wrote the song "Good Morning to All" for their kindergarten class. The song did not become popular, and the lyrics were later changed to the more recognizable, "Happy Birthday to You". This is now the most performed song in the English language.

text: Also in 1893, the Louisville Presbyterian Seminary was founded, building a handsome campus at First and Broadway downtown (now occupied by Jefferson Community College). Eight years later, it absorbed an older Presbyterian seminary in Danville, Kentucky. In 1963 Louisville Seminary relocated to a modern campus on Alta Vista Road near Cherokee Park.

text: 20th century and beyond[edit]

text: Early 20th century[edit]

text: In the early 20th century, controversy over political corruption came to a head in the 1905 Mayor election, called the most corrupt in city history. An anti-corruption party unique to Louisville, called themselves the Fusionists, briefly emerged at this time. Democratic boss John Whallen succeeded in getting his candidate, Paul C. Barth, elected, but the results were overturned in 1907. Elections gradually became less corrupt, but political machines would still hold considerable power for decades.

text: The Waverly Hills Sanatorium was opened in 1910 to house tuberculosis patients. The hospital was closed in 1961. It was later used as a retirement home (1963–1982). It was unused for more than a decade until 1991, when it was reopened for tours.

text: During World War I, Louisville became home to Camp Taylor. In 1917, the English-bred colt "Omar Khayyam" became the first foreign-bred horse to win the Kentucky Derby. Two years later, in 1919, Sir Barton became the first horse to win the Triple Crown, though the term for the three prime races did not come into use for another 11 years.

text: In 1920, Louisville's first zoo was founded at Senning's Park (present-day Colonial Gardens), next to Iroquois Park. Barely surviving through the Great Depression, it closed in 1939. Its successor, the current Louisville Zoo, did not open until 1969.[48][49]

text: In 1923, the Brown Hotel's chef Fred K. Schmidt introduced the Hot Brown sandwich in the hotel restaurant, consisting of an open-faced "sandwich" of turkey and bacon smothered with cheese and tomato.[50] The Hot Brown became rather popular among locals and visitors alike, and can be ordered by many local restaurants in the area today.

text: The Belle of Louisville, today recognized as the oldest river steamboat in operation, came to Louisville in 1931. That same year, the Louisville Municipal College for Negroes was established to allow black Louisvillians to attend classes. (The college was dissolved into the University of Louisville with the ending of segregation in 1951.)

text: On March 28, 1936, the river reached a level of 60.6 feet, flooding parts of the city.[51] In late January and February 1937, a month of heavy rain throughout the Ohio River Valley prompted what became remembered as the "Great Flood of '37". The flood submerged about 70 percent of the city and forced the evacuation of 175,000 residents. In Louisville, 90 people died. At the crest on January 27, 1937, the waters reached 30 feet (9.1 m) above flood level in Louisville. Photojournalist Margaret Bourke-White documented the flood and its aftermath in a series of famous photos. Later, flood walls were installed to prevent another such disaster.

text: Standiford Field was built in Louisville by the Army Corps of Engineers in 1941. Bowman Field, a smaller airport, had been previously opened in 1919.

text: Louisville was a center for factory war production during World War II. In May 1942, the U.S. government assigned the Curtiss-Wright Aircraft Company a war plant located at Louisville's air field for wartime aircraft production. The factory produced the C-46 Commando cargo plane, among other aircraft. In 1946 the factory was sold to International Harvester, which began large-scale production of tractors and agricultural equipment. Otter Creek Park was given to Louisville by the U.S. Government in 1947, in recognition of the city's service during World War II.

text: Throughout the 20th century, the arts flourished in Louisville. The Speed Art Museum was opened in 1927 and is now the oldest and largest museum of art in Kentucky. The Louisville Orchestra was founded in 1937. In 1949 the Kentucky Shakespeare Festival was begun, and today it is the oldest free and independently-operating Shakespeare festival in the United States. The Kentucky Opera was started in 1952, and the Louisville Ballet was founded that same year, though it only achieved professional status in 1975. In 1956 the Kentucky Derby Festival was started to celebrate the annual Kentucky Derby. The next year, in 1957, the St. James Court Art Show was started. Both these are still popular festivals in the region.

text: Decline in mid-century[edit]

text: Eight whiskey distilleries opened on 7th Street Road after the end of prohibition, and Louisville attempted to annex them to increase its tax base. Not wanting to pay city taxes, the whiskey companies persuaded the Kentucky General Assembly to pass the Shively Bill, which made it much more difficult for Louisville to annex additional areas. The distilleries used Kentucky's existing laws (which favored the mostly rural communities in the state) to form a ½ square-mile city named Shively in 1938. Shively grew to include residential areas.

text: In 1946 the General Assembly passed a law allowing the formation of a Metropolitan Sewer District, and Louisville's Board of Aldermen approved its creation a few months later. With the expansion of sewer service outside of traditional city limits and laws hindering Louisville's annexation attempts, areas outside of the city limits that were developed during the building boom after World War II became cities in their own right. This status prevented their annexation by Louisville. As a result, Louisville's population figures leveled off. The incorporation of such several new communities contributed to the defeat of Louisville's attempt to merge with Jefferson County in 1956. Louisville continued fighting to annex land to grow.[52]

text: For a variety of reasons, Louisville began to decline as an important city in the 1960s and 1970s. Highways built in the late 1950s facilitated movement by the expanding middle class to newer housing being developed in the suburbs. With the loss in population, the downtown area began to decline economically. Many formerly popular buildings became vacant. Even the previously strong Brown Hotel closed its doors in 1971 (although it later reopened). Fontaine Ferry Park, Louisville's most popular amusement park during the early 20th century, closed in 1969 as people's tastes for entertainment changed.

text: The once-strong farmer's market, Haymarket, ceased operations in 1962 after 71 years of operation. The final death-knell for the Haymarket, already in decline due to changing economic trends, was the construction of an Interstate 65 ramp through the main part of the open-air market. Not only did interstates facilitate suburban living, they sliced through older city neighborhoods and often divided them irreversibly.

text: Another major (F4) tornado hit on April 3, 1974, as part of the 1974 Super Outbreak of tornadoes that struck 13 states. It covered 21 miles (34 km) and destroyed several hundred homes in the Louisville area but was only responsible for 2 deaths. It also caused extensive damage in Cherokee Park.

text: Despite these signs of decline, a number of activities were taking place that presaged the Louisville Renaissance of the 1980s.

text: Southeast Christian Church, today one of the largest megachurches in the U.S., was founded in 1962 with only 53 members. In 1964, Actors Theatre of Louisville was founded. It was later designated the "State Theater of Kentucky" in 1974. It has created a strong regional theater.

text: In 1973, the racehorse Secretariat made the fastest time ever run in the Derby (at its present distance) at 1 minute 59⅖ seconds. Excitement over him raised interest in the Derby.

text: There were signs of revival in the 1970s. Throughout the decade, new buildings came under construction downtown, and many historic buildings were renovated. Louisville's public transportation, Transit Authority of River City, began operating a bus line in 1974. And in 1981 the Falls of the Ohio was granted status as a Federal conservation area.

text: On the downside, in the early morning hours of February 13, 1981, sewer explosions ripped through the southern part of Old Louisville and near the University of Louisville. The cause was traced back to chemical releases into the sewer system from a nearby manufacturing plant.

text: Louisville continued to struggle during the 1980s in its attempt to redevelop and expand. It fought with other Jefferson County communities in two more failed attempts to merge with county government in 1982 and 1983.[52] Barry Bingham, Jr. sold the family business Standard Gravure in 1986, which sent the company into a major restructuring in the following years. The Courier-Journal was one of the papers printed by Standard Gravure. On September 14, 1989, Joseph Wesbecker, on medical leave due to mental illness and work-related stress, entered the Courier-Journal building and shot and killed eight employees, injuring another twelve before killing himself.[53]

text: Civil Rights Movement[edit]

text: During the Civil Rights Movement in the late 1950s and through the 1960s, Louisville was affected, as it had maintained a segregated society. Civil rights groups had undertaken a variety of actions to challenge that. In addition, black neighborhoods had declined during the economic downturn of the city. Urban renewal efforts undertaken for ostensible improvements had adversely affected the center of their neighborhood.[54]

text: After national civil rights legislation had passed in 1964 and 1965, energy continued among African Americans to push for social changes. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) had for years had an office in the Parkland neighborhood, which had an African-American majority population. In Louisville, as in other cities, there was a political struggle between the NAACP and more militant activists associated with Black Power. The latter's attempt to organize people was one of the catalysts for the riot. In addition, feelings were raw because Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. had been assassinated less than two months before.[54] On May 27, 1968, a group of 400 mostly African-Americans gathered for a protest in Parkland. They opposed possible reinstatement of a white officer involved in an incident where physical conflict had occurred in the arrest of two African-American men. The group was organized by the Black Unity League of Kentucky, known as BULK. BULK had announced that activist Stokely Carmichael was to come to Louisville to speak, but he had no such plans.[54] When the crowd gathered, speakers spread rumors that Carmichael's plane had been purposely delayed; protesters got angry, and a disturbance began.[54]

text: The crowd's tossing bottles and looting forced the police to retreat. By midnight, rioters had looted several stores in Downtown Louisville. Cars were overturned and some burned. Mayor Kenneth A. Schmied ordered the 2,178 Kentucky National Guardsmen to help disperse the crowd.[54] The mayor also issued a citywide curfew. 472 arrests were made during the riots, two African-American teenage boys were killed, and over $200,000 in property damage was done.[55] The National Guard remained in place until June 4, 1968.[56] Following these events, the city's demographics changed dramatically; the city became more racially segregated by neighborhoods, and more middle-class people, of both races, moved to newer housing in the suburbs.

text: Despite the Supreme Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, Louisville's public schools were still essentially segregated, especially as regional residential segregation had become more pronounced due to other economic changes. In 1971 and 1972 the Kentucky Civil Liberties Union, Legal Aid Society, and NAACP filed suit in federal court to desegregate the Louisville and Jefferson County school systems. The Kentucky Commission on Human Rights also filed suit asking that desegregation be achieved through merger of the Louisville, Jefferson County and Anchorage school systems, to overcome residential segregation and the inability of the city to expand by annexation and take in a more diverse area.[57] By February 28, 1975, the state Board of Education ordered the merger of the Louisville and Jefferson County schools systems effective April 1, 1975.[58]

text: On July 17, 1975, Judge James F. Gordon stipulated that a desegregation plan would be implemented at the beginning of the 1975–76 school year, to begin September 4, 1975. The school system used mandatory busing to distribute students to integrate the newly merged school systems. The students were bused according to the first initial of their last name and their grade level. The busing was to achieve certain percentages of racial diversity in schools regardless of where the students lived. In practical effects, the plan required black students to be bused up to 10 of their 12 years in school, and white students 2 of their 12 years. In 1978 the judge ended his supervision of the project, but the decree remained in effect in some places. The school system continued the busing system.[57] In the mid-1980s, the school system restructured the plan to try to provide for more local schooling for students. Guidelines remained in effect for percentages of the student population based on ethnicity.

text: Revitalization efforts[edit]

text: This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (July 2014)

text: From the 1980s until the present day, Louisville has experienced a regrowth in popularity and prosperity. This can be seen in the many changes in this period, including a great deal of downtown infrastructure.

text: Many cultural showcases were founded or expanded in this period. The Kentucky Center for the Arts was officially dedicated in 1983. In 1984 the center hosted one of the U.S. presidential election debates between Ronald Reagan and Walter Mondale. Today the Center hosts many touring plays and performances by the Kentucky Opera and the Louisville Ballet. An IMAX theater was added to the Kentucky Science Center in 1988. Phase I of the Louisville Waterfront Park was completed in 1999, and Phase II was completed in 2004. Though originally built as a standard movie theater in 1921, the Kentucky Theater was reopened in 2000 as a performing arts venue.

text: In 1988, the Louisville Falls Fountain, the tallest computerized fountain in the world, began operation on the Ohio River at Louisville. Its 420-foot (130 m) high spray (later reduced to 375 feet (114 m) due to energy costs) and fleur-de-lis patterns graced Louisville's waterfront until the fountain was shut down in 1998. For a single decade Louisville enjoyed this unusual and distinctive landmark on its cityscape.

text: In communications, The Courier-Journal, Louisville's primary local newspaper, was purchased by media giant Gannett in 1987. The Louisville Eccentric Observer (LEO), a popular alternative newspaper, was founded in 1990. Velocity was later released by the Courier-Journal to compete with the LEO in 2003.

text: In 2003, the city of Louisville and Jefferson County merged into a single government named Louisville-Jefferson County Metro Government. This merger made Louisville the 16th or 27th most populous city in the U.S., depending on how the population is calculated. The change enabled consolidation of some services and activities to provide better government for the region.

text: New changes and growth continued in the city. The entertainment and retail district called Fourth Street Live! was opened in 2004, and the Muhammad Ali Center was opened in 2005. Between the 1990 Census and 2000 Census, Louisville's metro area population outgrew Lexington's by 149,415, and Cincinnati's by 23,278.

text: Preservation and presentation of Louisville history[edit]

text: Since 1884, The Filson Historical Society (originally named the Filson Club), with its extensive collections, has led the way in preserving Louisville's history.[59] The University of Louisville and the Louisville Free Public Library have also maintained extensive historical collections.[60]

text: As of 2016, Louisville does not have a dedicated museum focused only on the history of the city, but various museums and historic homes present displays devoted to this history. Prominent among these locations include the Filson, Portland Museum, Historic Locust Grove, Falls of the Ohio State Park interpretive center (Clarksville, Indiana), Howard Steamboat Museum (Jeffersonville, Indiana), Carnegie Center for Art & History (New Albany, Indiana), and the Thomas D. Clark Center for Kentucky History (Frankfort).


document_title: If Loving You Is Wrong (TV series)

question_text: who is ramsey from if loving you is wrong

text: If Loving You Is Wrong (TV series)

text: Overview[edit]

text: If Loving You Is Wrong is loosely based on Perry's 2014 film The Single Moms Club. Actress Zulay Henao reprised her movie role of Esperanza, although her character and storyline was rebooted for the TV series. It was officially ordered straight-to-series on January 9, 2014.[3][4][5] It premiered on September 9, 2014, on the Oprah Winfrey Network (OWN), and the first half of the first season finale aired on November 4, 2014.[5][6][7]

text: The series premiere was the highest-rated in OWN history, setting a new record over The Haves and the Have Nots. The second half of the first season aired on March 24, 2015. On February 27, 2015, the series was renewed for a second season with 22 more episodes. The second season premiered on September 22, 2015. The second half premiered on March 15, 2016. OWN renewed the series for a third season. The third season of the series premiered on September 13, 2016.[8] The second half of the third season premiered on March 21, 2017. On August 29, 2017, OWN announced the show's return for the fourth season, which premiered on September 19, 2017.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Amanda Clayton as Alex Montgomery, a housewife who is married to businessman, Brad. She has two children with him, Peter and Paisley, after which he had a vasectomy. She was caught having an affair with her next door neighbor, Randall, which ends her friendship with Randall's wife Marcie and prompts Brad to leave her. She gave birth to a third child, a son, who may be Randall's son, born from their affair.[5]
Matt Cook as Joey Blackman, Natalie's oldest son who was released from jail. Somewhat naïve in a lot of things while getting used to being out of jail, and is often hovered over by his mother with whom he works with at her place of business, Burger Fast.
Edwina Findley as Kelly Issacs, a single and working mother to a young son named Justice. She is being pursued by a man named Travis, despite his being engaged to someone he met while in Haiti.[5]
Tiffany Haddish as Jackie (season 1), Natalie's loyal assistant at Burger Fast. A very business-savy woman.
Heather Hemmens as Marcie Holmes, a real estate agent and Randall's unhappy wife, who is angry with Alex for her affair with Randall. Gets even with both of them by embarking on a revenge affair with Brad. She demands that Randall divorce her; he refuses because he still loves her, but also loves Alex.[5] In the third season, it is revealed that Marcie is pregnant, but with Brad's child.
Zulay Henao as Esperanza Willis, ex-wife of Edward, a 911 dispatcher for the city of Maxine. Mother of a daughter named Mika with Edward. When she began dating Julius, he immediately became a target of Edward's rage and jealousy, which is later justified as he is the relative of a drug-cartel leader, which constantly places her and Mika in danger.[5]
April Parker Jones as Natalie Henning, a single working mother of four kids who manages a fast food place called Burger Fast. Often hovers over her oldest son, Joey.[5]
Eltony Williams as Dr. Randall Holmes, Marcie's estranged husband, a psychologist. He has an affair with Alex, which destroys both his marriage to Marcie and his friendship with Brad. With the affair out in the second season premiere he is attacked by both Eddie and Brad. Later that night Brad destroys Randall's boat and comes at him with an axe and the two begin to fight as Brad pulls out a gun and shots are fired. In season three Randall gets a dose of his own medicine when he finds Marcie and Brad begin a revenge affair and having sex in his shed where he had his affair with Alex. He refuses to divorce Marcie, because he wants to have both women in his life. In the season three finale it was revealed that Randall is not the father of Alex's newborn baby boy.[5]
Aiden Turner as Brad Montgomery, a former Royal Marine who fought in Iraq with Alex's cousin, Eddie and later became a businessman and married Alex. Now a businessman who was unaware of his wife's affair with his friend, Randall until the second season premiere. He gets into a fight with Randall, demolishes his boat and nearly kills him. He eventually leaves Alex and he begins a revenge affair with Marcie. Brad is the father of Peter and Paisley his children with Alex, Brad had a vasectomy after Paisley's birth, which gives credence to Randall being the father of Alex's newborn son.[5]
Joel Rush as Edward “Eddie” Willis, Esperanza's ex, Alex's cousin and Brad's friend. A former U.S. Marine and a very corrupt police officer for the city of Maxine. He has a daughter named Mika with Esperanza. He still intends to control her life although he himself is remarried and has kids with a woman named Yolanda, who would eventually leave him as well. Later revealed that he is still in love with Esperanza, which drives him to behave the way he does, and is also a recovering cocaine addict.[5]
Octavio Pizano as Julius Escada Jr., Esperanza's new boyfriend, a target of the jealous Edward's rage, in this case, justifiably, as he is the relative of a Drug-Cartel leader, and Edward is concerned for the safety of Esperanza and, more importantly, his daughter, Mika.[5]
Charles Malik Whitfield as Lushion Morgan, Natalie's fiancé and the father of her youngest son, Frankie. He's a rookie cop with Eddie, who has a hostile working relationship with him, due to his corrupt ways. However, he still has enough loyalty to save him from a drive by shooting.[5]
Denzel Wells as Travis Cain, Kelly's love interest, who is away on a relief mission in Haiti. Upon his return, he reveals that he got engaged to another woman while in Haiti and left Kelly. However, he has second thoughts, and ends his engagement. He then pursues Kelly anew, although she is very disinterested. In season three, he becomes very angry and hostile towards Kelly.
Dawan Owens as Quan (seasons 1–3), Joey's old running buddy who is not liked by Lushion and Natalie, and at times, Joey himself. In season 3 he is killed during a shoot-out with Joey, who was seriously injured but survives.

tag: ul

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Brianne Davis as Yolanda, Edward's new wife who would, like Esperanza did, leave him. An alcoholic, she absolutely despises Esperanza, and the two women often quarrel. Has two children (one an unnamed older daughter) with Edward, and is Mika's stepmother.[9]
Claudette Ortiz as Claudia, a new addition to the 911 emergency service who is also the half-sister of Quan.
Jasmine Guy as Mattaline Cain, Travis' mother who did not approve of Kelly, but later accepts her.
Judi Blair as Faun, daughter of Mr. Kym, owner of Burger Fast. Faun is friendly with Joey, who works at Burger Fast with Natalie and Jackie.
Clayton Landey as Captain Daniel Mackey, the immediate superior of Edward and Lushion and the head of the Maxine Police Department.
Sharon Conley as Sally
Celine Areu as Mika Willis, the daughter of Eddie and Esperanza.
Chase Wainscott as Peter Montgomery, the son and oldest child of Brad and Alex.
Ashlyn Areu as Paisley Montgomery, the daughter and youngest child of Brad and Alex.
Timmy Richardson as Justice Issacs, the son of Kelly.
Donielle T. Hansley Jr. as Frank Morgan, the youngest son of Natalie and Lushion.
Trevante Rhodes as Ramsey Walters, Kelly's new neighbor, to whom she is attracted.
Chris V. Pipkin as Pete Davis, a rookie cop who takes it upon himself to investigates Ben's shooting.
Andrea Frye as Louise Holmes, Randall's mother. Tries to be a peace barrier for Marcie and Randall.
Jordan Wiseley as Ben Bryant, a drug addict and rookie cop who works under Eddie.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
20
September 9, 2014 (2014-09-09)
May 26, 2015 (2015-05-26)

2
22
September 22, 2015 (2015-09-22)
May 24, 2016 (2016-05-24)

3
22
September 13, 2016 (2016-09-13)
May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)

4
18
September 19, 2017 (2017-09-19)
TBA


document_title: List of MARC Train stations

question_text: where does the marc train stop in dc

question_tokens: where does the marc train stop in dc

text: List of MARC Train stations

text: The MARC Train is the commuter rail system serving the Baltimore–Washington Metropolitan Area in the United States. The system is owned by the Maryland Transit Administration (MTA Maryland), and serves Maryland, Washington, D.C., and West Virginia. The system covers a total route length of 198.2 miles (319.0 km) along three rail lines.[1] In the 2014 fiscal year, MARC Train service had an annual ridership of 8,979,468, with an average daily ridership of 33,696.[2]

text: State-supported commuter rail operations in Maryland began in 1974 when the Maryland Department of Transportation (Maryland DOT) funded train services from Washington, D.C. along the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, later owned by CSX Transportation. The following year, in 1975, Maryland DOT began funding operations on the Conrail-owned Northeast Corridor, whose ownership was transferred to Amtrak in 1983. Following a marketing study in 1984, the Maryland-funded commuter rail service was branded as MARC (Maryland Area Rail Commuter).[3]

text: Current MARC Train service includes the Penn Line (operated on Amtrak's Northeast Corridor), the Camden Line (operated on CSX's Capital Subdivision), and the Brunswick Line (operated on CSX's Cumberland, Metropolitan, and Old Main Line Subdivisions, with limited service along the Frederick Branch).[3] There are 42 MARC Train stations in the commuter rail system;[4] all three lines terminate at Union Station in Washington, D.C, where passengers can connect with Amtrak, Virginia Railway Express, and Washington Metro trains.[3] Development of a new MARC station at the former Amtrak station in Elkton, Maryland began in 2014, with plans to open by 2040.[5]

text: Lines[edit]

text:
MARC Train lines[1]

Line
Inbound terminus
Outbound terminus
Stations
Route length
Owner
Operator
Daily ridership
(March 2015)[6]

  Brunswick Line

Union Station
Frederick or Martinsburg
18
85.0 miles (136.8 km)
CSX
Bombardier
7,302

  Camden Line

Camden
11
36.6 miles (58.9 km)
4,436

  Penn Line

Perryville
12
76.6 miles (123.3 km)
Amtrak
Amtrak
23,401

text: Stations[edit]

text:
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
K
L
M
N
O
P
R
S
U
V
W

text: References

text: All stations located in Maryland, unless otherwise noted.

text:
MARC Train stations[4]

Station
Line
Rail connections
Location

Aberdeen

  Penn Line

Amtrak
Aberdeen

Barnesville

  Brunswick Line

N/A
Barnesville

Bowie State

  Penn Line

N/A
Bowie

Boyds

  Brunswick Line

N/A
Boyds

Brunswick

  Brunswick Line

N/A
Brunswick

BWI Rail Station

  Penn Line

Amtrak
Linthicum

Camden

  Camden Line

 Baltimore Light Rail
Baltimore

College Park

  Camden Line

Washington Metro
College Park

Dickerson

  Brunswick Line

N/A
Dickerson

Dorsey

  Camden Line

N/A
Elkridge

Duffields

  Brunswick Line

N/A
Duffields, West Virginia

Edgewood

  Penn Line

N/A
Edgewood

Frederick

  Brunswick Line

N/A
Frederick

Gaithersburg

  Brunswick Line

N/A
Gaithersburg

Garrett Park

  Brunswick Line

N/A
Garrett Park

Germantown

  Brunswick Line

N/A
Germantown

Greenbelt

  Camden Line

Washington Metro
Greenbelt

Halethorpe

  Penn Line

N/A
Baltimore

Harpers Ferry

  Brunswick Line

Amtrak
Harpers Ferry, West Virginia

Jessup

  Camden Line

N/A
Jessup

Kensington

  Brunswick Line

N/A
Kensington

Laurel

  Camden Line

N/A
Laurel

Laurel Racetrack

  Camden Line

N/A
Laurel

Martin Airport

  Penn Line

N/A
Middle River

Martinsburg

  Brunswick Line

Amtrak
Martinsburg, West Virginia

Metropolitan Grove

  Brunswick Line

N/A
Gaithersburg

Monocacy

  Brunswick Line

N/A
Frederick

Muirkirk

  Camden Line

N/A
Beltsville

New Carrollton

  Penn Line

Amtrak
Washington Metro
New Carrollton

Odenton

  Penn Line

N/A
Odenton

Penn Station

  Penn Line

Amtrak
Baltimore Light Rail
Baltimore

Perryville

  Penn Line

N/A
Perryville

Point of Rocks

  Brunswick Line

N/A
Point of Rocks

Riverdale

  Camden Line

N/A
Riverdale

Rockville

  Brunswick Line

Amtrak
Washington Metro
Rockville

Savage

  Camden Line

N/A
Annapolis Junction

Seabrook

  Penn Line

N/A
Lanham

Silver Spring

  Brunswick Line

Washington Metro
Silver Spring

St. Denis

  Camden Line

N/A
Baltimore

Union Station

  Brunswick Line
  Camden Line
  Penn Line

Amtrak
Virginia Railway Express
Washington Metro
Washington, D.C.

Washington Grove

  Brunswick Line

N/A
Washington Grove

West Baltimore

  Penn Line

N/A
Baltimore

text: Former stations[edit]

text: This list includes stations abandoned since the beginning of public subsidies in the mid 1970s.

text:
Station
Line
Closure date
Location
Notes

Berwyn

  Camden Line

January 31, 1994
Berwyn
Closed due to low ridership

Bowie

  Penn Line

February 27, 1989
Bowie
Replaced by Bowie State station

Capital Beltway

  Penn Line

October 1983
Lanham
Replaced by New Carrollton station

Edmondson Avenue

  Penn Line

April 27, 1984
West Baltimore
Replaced with West Baltimore station

Elkridge

  Camden Line

July 1996
Elkridge
Replaced by Dorsey station

Frederick Road

  Penn Line

April 27, 1984
Baltimore

Hyattsville

  Camden Line

1980s
Hyattsville

Jericho Park

  Penn Line

June 26, 1981
Bowie
Bowie State station opened on the same site in 1989

Landover

  Penn Line

August 1982
Landover
Service moved to Amtrak's Capital Beltway station

Lanham

  Penn Line

August 1982
Lanham
Service moved to Amtrak's Capital Beltway station

Silver Spring

  Brunswick Line

2000
Silver Spring
Replaced with new MARC platforms at the Silver Spring Metro station