document_title: Jack Ryan (character)

question_text: what book comes after locked on by tom clancy

root

text: Jack Ryan (character)

text: Biography[edit]

text: Backstory[edit]

text: Ryan had his background established in Patriot Games and Red Rabbit. He was born in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1950, the son of Emmet William Ryan (1922–1974), a Baltimore City Police Department homicide lieutenant, and World War II veteran. The elder Ryan had served with the U.S. Army's 101st Airborne Division at the Battle of the Bulge in western Europe. His mother, Catherine Burke Ryan (1923–1974), was a nurse. Without Remorse mentioned that he had a sister, who lived in Seattle.

tag: p

text: After graduating from Loyola High School (now Loyola Blakefield), a Roman Catholic Jesuit prep school in Towson, Maryland in suburban Baltimore County, Ryan attended Boston College, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics (with a strong minor in history) and a commission as a second lieutenant in the U.S. Marine Corps (via Officer Candidate School). While waiting for the Corps to assign him, he passed the Certified Public Accountant exam.[2]

text: After officer training at Marine Corps Base Quantico in Quantico, Virginia, he went on to serve briefly as a Marine infantry Platoon leader. However, his military career was cut short at the age of 23 when his platoon's helicopter, a CH-46 Sea Knight, crashed during a North Atlantic Treaty Organization exercise over the Greek island of Crete. The crash badly injured Ryan's back. U.S. Navy surgeons, at the National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland, inadequately repaired his back. This led to a lengthy recovery process (during which he nearly became addicted to pain medications) after which, complete with a permanent disability and wearing a back brace, he left the Marines. He passed his stockbroker's exam and took a position with Wall Street investment firm Merrill Lynch's Baltimore office.

text: His parents died in a plane crash at Chicago Midway International Airport, 19 months after his crash in Crete. He developed a fear of flying that persisted for years.

text: The film version of The Hunt for Red October changed his education background to being a 1972 graduate of the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, 20 miles south of Baltimore in the state capital.

text: Civilian career[edit]

text: Ryan's story starts in Patriot Games and continues in Red Rabbit. While managing clients' portfolios, he began to invest his own money, banking on a tip he had received from an uncle about the workers' takeover of the Chicago and North Western Railway, making about $6 million off his $100,000 initial investment. He did so well that one of Merrill Lynch's senior vice presidents, Joe Muller, came to Baltimore to have dinner with him, with the objective of inviting him to the firm's New York City headquarters near Wall Street. Also present is Muller's daughter Caroline, nicknamed Cathy, then a senior medical student at The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. They immediately fall in love and get engaged. One night, while having dinner with his fiancée, Ryan throws out his back. Cathy takes him directly to Dr. Stanley Rabinowitz, professor of neurosurgery at famed Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, to be evaluated. Rabinowitz later operates on Ryan's back and cures his chronic pain in relatively short order (in a later novel, the surgeon is credited as Sam Rosen, a doctor introduced in Without Remorse). Ryan subsequently persuades the government to terminate his disability checks. Cathy later becomes an ophthalmic surgeon at the Wilmer Eye Institute of The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and a Professor of Surgery at Johns Hopkins.

text: After creating a net worth of $8 million, Ryan left the firm after four years and enrolled at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. for six doctoral courses in history. He does a brief stint at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, then accepts a position at the U.S. Naval Academy as a civilian professor of history.

text: First CIA work[edit]

text: Following a recommendation from Father Tim O'Riley, a Jesuit priest and professor at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., to a Central Intelligence Agency contact, Ryan was asked to work as a consultant for the agency, although officially employed by the MITRE Corporation. He agreed and spent several months at agency headquarters in Langley, Virginia, where he wrote a paper entitled "Agents and Agencies", in which he maintained that state-sponsored terrorism is an act of war. He also invented the canary trap, a method for exposing an information leak, which involves giving different versions of a sensitive document to each of a group of suspects and seeing which version is leaked. By ensuring that each copy of the document differs slightly in its wording, if any copy is leaked, then it is possible to determine the informant's identity.

text: These accomplishments come to the attention of U.S. Navy Vice Admiral James Greer, the CIA's Deputy Director for Intelligence. The expertise of Ryan's report, plus the application, persuaded Greer to offer him a permanent job in the CIA, but Ryan declined.

text: While Ryan was still teaching at the Naval Academy, his family (wife and new daughter Sally) and he take a trip to London for research and vacationing. After spending the day sifting through Royal Navy archives doing research for a book on the British naval war in the Indian Ocean during World War II, Ryan walks to meet his family at a park. As he joins them, members of the Ulster Liberation Army (ULA), an ultraviolent Maoist offshoot of the Marxist Provisional Irish Republican Army, led by Kevin O'Donnell, coincidentally attack a passing car containing the heir to the British throne, the Prince of Wales and his family in front of the Ryans. Ryan is wounded while intervening in the attack and foils their plan, killing one of the gunmen and capturing another. Ryan is later knighted by Queen Elizabeth II as an honorary Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order; in the books, some British characters call him "Sir John", but honorary knights are not permitted to use the style of "Sir", but his American colleagues and friends delight in teasing him so.[3]

text: Sean Miller, the Irish gunman he captured, vows revenge on Ryan and his family (only in the movie, not the book), but since he is going to Albany Prison on the Isle of Wight, the threat seems unrealistic. Ryan returns to the U.S. and the Naval Academy. When later O'Donnell and the ULA liberate Miller on his way to prison in a paddy wagon (killing both police officers and civilians in the process), the Ryans become the target of their revenge — particularly Miller's. A few months later after some additional training in a Libyan desert terrorist base when his gang of Irish extremist thugs show up at the Ryan family home at Peregrine Cliff facing Chesapeake Bay and put Jack, his family and best friend Robbie Jackson through a harrowing experience.

text: CIA career[edit]

text: In Patriot Games, Greer comes to Ryan and asks him to rejoin the CIA permanently as an analyst to help track down the terrorists. He declines initially, only to accept it after a failed ULA attack on the Ryans mildly wounds his pregnant wife, but severely injures his daughter outside her school. Later, while Ryan hosts the Prince and Princess of Wales at his waterfront home on Chesapeake Bay, south of Annapolis in Maryland, the IRA conducts another attack against him, which Ryan, the Prince, and close friend, Navy Commander Robert Jackson foil. Following the incident and arrests of the ULA members and Miller (whom Ryan nearly executes with his Browning Hi Power), Ryan is taken to the Naval Academy hospital, where he arrives just in time for the birth of Jack Ryan Jr., his second child.

text: In Red Rabbit, Ryan's first CIA assignment is to London as a member of a liaison group to the British Secret Intelligence Service. The first order of business focuses on a mission to assist the defection of a KGB communications-center officer who has discovered that longtime KGB director Yuri Andropov (1914-1984, head of KGB 1967-82, later General Secretary of USSR 1982-1984), had ordered Pope John Paul II's attempted assassination. Although Ryan and a small team of British agents helps the "Rabbit" and his family get to the West, they fail to prevent the attack on the Pope (which actually happened in real life in 1981). Nevertheless, the Pope is only wounded and his would-be assassin captured, while the British agents execute his Bulgarian handler. "Rabbit's" defection proves to be a major coup for both the American and British intelligence agencies. Ryan soon afterward suggests a nonmilitary long-term strategy to help hasten the Soviet Union's collapse and the end of the half-century long Cold War.

text: In The Hunt for Red October, Captain First Rank Marko Ramius, the Soviet Navy's top submarine commander, takes command of the Красный Октябрь (Krasny Oktyabr, or in English, Red October), the newest Typhoon-class ballistic missile submarine, with which he plans to defect with his officers. Having briefly met Captain Ramius at an embassy function several years before, Ryan is asked by Admiral Greer to brief the President's National Security Adviser Jeffrey Pelt and his staff in his first trip to the White House on Ramius' background and the deadly new capabilities of Red October's' secret revolutionary silent jet propulsion drive system. Ryan recognizes that the renegade ethnic Lithuanian captain may want to change sides rather than attack the West and works to establish contact with him at sea while onboard the tailing American submarine USS Dallas and work to get him and his sub secretly to the U.S., eventually succeeding.

text: In The Cardinal of the Kremlin, Ryan is reassigned to Langley, at CIA headquarters. He becomes Greer's assistant with the official title of Special Assistant to the Deputy Director for Intelligence. Greer is grooming him for bigger and better positions, maybe even his own job when the veteran spy finally retires. Ryan is sent to Moscow as part of the American strategic nuclear weapons reduction (START) negotiations team. There, he meets Sergey Golovko, a rising star in the KGB hierarchy, and becomes entangled in a complex web related to both the race to develop "Star Wars" space-based laser anti-missile defensive technology and engineer another defection, this time compromising the KGB director to save the CIA's highest informant in the USSR, Agent "CARDINAL", better known as Colonel Misha Filitov. Although they initially meet as adversaries—at one time literally at gunpoint—Golovko respects him as a worthy adversary and in later books befriends him, calling him "Ivan Emmetovich", giving him a Russian-style patronymic based on his father's name, Emmet.

text: In Clear and Present Danger, Ryan is promoted to acting DDI when Greer is hospitalized with cancer. Despite this, he is not made aware of a highly covert and illegal CIA operation encouraged by the President claiming domestic drug abuse was a "clear and present danger" to American security, and approved by corrupt National Security Advisor Admiral Cutter. This operation targets Colombian drug lords in South America using military assets of small mobile heavily armed special forces squads and occasional precision air strikes with sophisticated "smartbombs", in what is usually considered a law enforcement area. Ryan works with the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to rescue a small group of American soldiers cut off in Colombia, forcing him to miss Greer's funeral. Also in this operation, he first met the U.S. government operative John Clark, with whom he would become friends. Around this time, Ryan also runs afoul of Elizabeth Elliott, international affairs advisor to then-presidential candidate Governor of Ohio J. Robert Fowler, and one of Cathy Ryan's former professors.

text: In The Sum of All Fears, Ryan reaches his highest post at the CIA, Deputy Director of Central Intelligence. His career is jeopardized when Fowler becomes President and Elizabeth Elliott, Fowler's lover/manipulator, becomes National Security Advisor. They not only deny Ryan any credit for an innovative Middle East peace plan (basically turning Jerusalem into a Vatican-like city co-ruled by three Christian, Jewish, and Arab/Muslim mayors), but also panic when Iranian and former East German terrorists detonate a nuclear bomb in Denver during the Super Bowl and nearly plunge the world into a Soviet-American nuclear war. Ryan defuses the nuclear crisis by commandeering the Washington-Moscow hot line and convincing the Soviet Premier (through his friend Golovko) that the crisis is a setup. He then refuses to confirm Fowler's order to launch a nuclear missile at Qom (thus preventing the attack), where the Iranian ayatollah lives. The crisis and Elliot scandal drive Fowler to resign, and on this note, Ryan retires from the CIA after his CIA friends and he flies to Riyadh in Saudi Arabia and witness the execution of the terrorists, then being honored by the U.S.'s Middle Eastern allies. (The film version again departs from the printed / novel version, by presenting a younger, unmarried Ryan, an intelligent mistress-free Fowler, a Greer-like Cabot, and the nuclear bomb is detonated over Baltimore, not Denver.)

text: First Ryan administration[edit]

text: In Debt of Honor, Ryan returns to government service as the National Security Advisor, restoring honor to the job that Cutter and Elliot disgraced. It has been two and a half years since Fowler resigned and his vice president, Roger Durling, is now well into his own term. Jack and the administration must deal with a second war between the U.S. and Japan, as well as an attack on America's economic infrastructure. After a clean sweep of Japan's forces in the South Pacific, Vice President Ed Kealty is forced to resign after a sex scandal and President Durling taps Ryan for the job. Ryan accepts the job on the condition that he will only serve until the end of Durling's term. He sees this as a way of ending his public life. Only minutes after Congress confirms Ryan, though, a Japanese airline pilot deliberately crashes a 747 into the U.S. Capitol building during Congress' joint session, killing most of the people inside, decapitating the U.S. government, and elevating Ryan to the Presidency.

text: The reluctant yet determined Ryan administration emerges in Executive Orders as Ryan slowly rebuilds the government. He is faced with Kealty's political trickery, China's growing military antagonizing of Taiwan, and a deadly plague initiated by the newly formed United Islamic Republic, resulting in two major military conflicts far from American shores (but one will not take place until the next Ryan novel).

text: In The Bear and the Dragon, Ryan has completed Durling's term as President and has campaigned for—and won—the next election. He retains most of his emergency Cabinet and has Robby Jackson as Vice President.

text: Ryan has to deal with the attempted assassination of Golovko, head of Russia's Foreign Intelligence Service (formerly the KGB). This turns out to be an attempt to sow confusion in the Russian government because of China's designs to annex Eastern Siberia, where geologists had recently discovered a large amount of oil and gold. These events lead to the inclusion of Russia into NATO and the assistance of U.S. forces in the Sino-Russian conflict (although attacks on NATO members outside the Atlantic should not trigger Article V). When the Chinese begin losing the war, U.S. forces target their strategic assets. A U.S. submarine sinks a Chinese ballistic missile submarine, causing China's politburo to panic and increase the readiness of their 12 land-based ICBMs. U.S. forces do not have the ability to destroy the silos, as they could only use deep-penetrating bombs, which had all been used to destroy Chinese bridges to disrupt the People's Liberation Army's (PLA) logistical support. This causes the U.S. and Russia to send a joint RAINBOW-Spetsnaz team to destroy the silos. They destroy 11 of the 12 ICBMs, but one of them manages to launch. The warhead heads towards Washington, DC, and with Ryan taking a command initiative at an Aegis missile cruiser, the ICBM is intercepted by ABMs from the USS Gettysburg. With the PLA's looming defeat in Siberia, which they were about to learn about via live UAV broadcasts from the CIA through the Internet, student demonstrators in Beijing raid the politburo, causing a reformist politburo member, Fang Gan, to take control and arrest the war's perpetrators, making peace negotiations with the U.S. and Russia, and beginning China's transition to democracy.

text: Ryan Doctrine[edit]

text: At the end of Executive Orders, Ryan, in the tradition of Presidents Monroe, Truman, Carter and Reagan, issues a foreign policy doctrine which largely defines his administration's international perspective. The Ryan Doctrine states that the U.S. will no longer tolerate attacks on "our territory, our possessions, or our citizens," and will hold whoever orders such attacks accountable.[4]

text: This statement comes soon after the Ebola attack on the U.S. ordered by Mahmoud Haji Daryaei, the dictator of the new United Islamic Republic. Ryan announces the new doctrine on television, momentarily cutting away to show Daryaei and his UIR advisors being incinerated by laser-guided bombs launched from two F-117s, on Ryan's orders. Therefore, the Ryan doctrine supersedes the executive order put in place by President Ford, which forbids the assassination of foreign heads of state. Ryan, however, believes it is a more ethical alternative than total war, since it punishes the person responsible for the attack instead of the people he rules.

text: Within the books, the Ryan doctrine is not officially invoked after Daryaei's death (although Ryan threatens to use it on the Chinese leadership in The Bear and the Dragon, should anything happen to American citizens living in China as a consequence of the Siberian War).

text: The Campus[edit]

text: Following this, Ryan apparently completes his term and refuses to run for a second elected term. Robby Jackson thus campaigns to become the first African American President, but is assassinated on a trip to the South, which enables Kealty to become the next President. (It is also possible from what Jack Ryan Jr. says in Teeth of the Tiger that Jack Sr. resigned, feeling he has done what he needed to as President, and encouraged Robby Jackson to run for the Presidency.) Before Ryan leaves office, he creates "The Campus", a covert counter-terrorism organization that fronts as Hendley Associates, a financial trading firm. He also writes 100 presidential pardons for its members, with Attorney General Pat Martin's assistance.

text: Second Ryan administration[edit]

text: In his retirement, Ryan is living easy with a net worth over $80 million. He is working on two versions of his memoirs, one for immediate release, and another detailing his CIA career, to be published posthumously.

text: However, in Dead or Alive, he becomes increasingly frustrated with the direction in which President Kealty is taking the country, although he is initially publicly silent. Ultimately, he announces that he will come out of retirement to run for a second full term as President as a Republican candidate. Despite having originally not being involved in the Campus's activities due to his high-profile status, he gradually becomes more directly linked to the Campus's operations, aiding them from behind the scenes on occasion. Here, Ryan learns his elder son, Jack Jr., is a field operative of the Campus.

text: Ryan campaigns against Kealty in Locked On, facing off against him in various televised debates. It quickly becomes apparent that Ryan will win the election, as the majority of Americans had never entirely accepted Kealty. Despite the efforts of Paul Laska, a high-profile Czech-American billionaire and a devout enemy of Ryan, and key members of the Kealty administration who labelled Ryan's longtime friend John Clark a fugitive in an effort to expose the Campus (as well as tying Ryan to it by association), Ryan narrowly wins the election, overcoming all of Kealty's efforts to harm him. The President-elect now prepares to undo the damage the Kealty administration has done.

text: Ryan initially finds his return to the presidency easy and without struggle following his re-election, but things quickly start to take a turn for the worse. Angered by a contraction in economic growth, the majority of the People's Republic of China Politburo Standing Committee members turn against their procapitalist President Wei Zhen Lin. Wei attempts to commit suicide when a coup is undertaken by other committee members. Only when Chairman Su Ke Qiang orders PLA tanks to defend Wei did he agree to promote and support Su's expansionist policies, in exchange for Su's ongoing protection. The expansionist policies - which include the annexation of Taiwan and the expansion of China's territory into the South China Sea - are finally revealed to the world after several months. The Ryan administration is vehemently against the new policies, and President Ryan himself decides to take action by supporting Taiwan, along with India, Vietnam, Indonesia, and the Philippines, which would also be affected by an expansion of China's territory.

text: A devastating series of cyber attacks on American infrastructure occurs, enacted by the "Ghost Ship" - a Chinese state-sponsored version of the Campus, using assets of the Chinese Ministry of State Security and Divine Sword Special Forces. The attacks serve to compromise the nation's national security apparatus and weaken the United States' resolve. The Campus helps track the attacks to China, and local investigation pinpoints the exact building where the Ghost Ship is currently quartered. President Ryan orders the destruction of the building, decapitating China's cyberwarfare abilities.

text: Ryan makes contact with Wei and warns him that the cyber attacks are considered an act of war on China's part. Wei repeatedly denies the claim, and reiterates he is supporting Su, though Ryan guesses correctly Su is controlling Wei since saving him from the attempted coup. Ryan appeals to Wei as a businessman to understand what he is doing will destroy China. After a lengthy, unusual pause, Wei responds that he must discuss Ryan's claims with Su, providing exact details of when and where Su will be travelling to address the politburo in regards to the war effort. Ryan takes the information as a request from Wei to have the United States assassinate Su. A team from the Campus, with support from the Russian FSB, and working with a local rebel force in China, stages an attack on Su while he is traveling in a motorcade. Su is assassinated by a U.S. sniper, but the event is made to look like Su's own men turned on him. Ryan announces a blockade of China's oil supplies until the war effort is abandoned, calling upon Wei and the politburo to accept defeat.

text: President Wei accepts that the expansionist movement has failed and the United States has won its second war with China, and decides to take his own life after realizing the politburo will move against him without Su's protection. Wei botches the suicide by accidentally shooting himself in the cheek, but ends up choking to death on his own blood. Wei and Su's deaths mark the end of the war in the South China Sea, and Ryan emerges the clear victor in the conflict.

text: Ryan is featured prominently in Command Authority; Ryan and his administration contend with the Russian Federation, currently led by their new President, Valeri Volodin. Volodin is established as a dedicated communist opposed to the West, seeking to restore Russia as a strengthened Soviet Union. Volodin moves to establish ties with Iran and China, reunify the nation's state security services under the FSB, and most notably annex the Ukraine. Those opposed to his actions are replaced or assassinated by Russian government forces or elements of the "Seven Strong Men", a Mafia group that is now easily the most powerful and dangerous criminal underworld faction in Russia. Later, when the FSB and SVR merged under the FSB's banner, Volodin makes the announcement that FSB director Roman Romanovich Talanov, Volodin's enigmatic enforcer, is the nation's new intelligence chief.

text: Sergey Golovko, having retired from the SVR and effectively exiled from Russia for acting as a high-profile Kremlin dissident against Volodin and his policies, succumbs to poisoning from a radioactive agent while at a private lunch at the White House. Ryan's old friend dies the next day, but on his deathbed, Golovko relays his concerns of Talanov's unknown background and mysterious connection to Volodin to Ryan. Ryan resolves to decipher Talanov's history and work out his links to Volodin, hopeful the answers behind his swift rise to power can be used as leverage against Volodin. As armed conflict becomes increasingly likely, Ryan focuses on the growing armed standoff in the Ukraine and absorption of the Crimea, with the rest of the Ukraine facing imminent Russian invasion. An investigation following Golovko's death implicates the SSM working with the FSB. It also possibly identifies Talanov as a mysterious ex-GRU assassin who operated for the KGB during the Cold War, code-named "Zenith". Ryan is personally alarmed by these discoveries - he became involved in the Zenith affair in his time with the CIA as a MI6 liaison officer, during an investigation into a string of deaths in Berlin. Ryan ultimately sensed an unknown Russian operator was at work behind the events in Berlin, but he was encouraged by MI6 Director General Sir Basil Charleston to let it go. The mystery of Zenith was left unsolved for 30 years, and remained the sole remaining mystery of Ryan's intelligence career.

text: Operational assets of the Campus, with Jack Ryan Jr. leading the effort (much to his father's displeasure and trepidation for his safety), ultimately confirm Talanov was Zenith, and Volodin, a senior KGB officer at the time, still acts as his control officer. As young men, they were employed by members of the KGB and GRU leadership who knew the Soviet Union would eventually fall, but made a plan to survive and prosper in the chaotic aftermath, so they could seize control of the nation and turn it back to communism stronger than ever. After siphoning billions from Soviet programs to achieve it, Volodin double-crossed his co-conspirators and had Talanov kill them all so it would be theirs alone. Others were killed to maintain the safety of their black funds, including the bankers killed by Talanov during the Zenith affair so as to prevent exposure to the rest of the KGB. Talanov is also the secret leader of the Seven Strong Men, having been sent undercover with the SSM - placed in a gulag, Talanov worked his way up to become a charter member and leader of the Seven Strong Men, and through them become FSB director for the SSM's benefit and control of the government, when in actuality the SSM was a tool for Volodin's policies.

text: These discoveries are made with the help of former MI5 officer Victor Oxley, "Bedrock" - an off-book MI5 asset who operated as an assassin during the Cold War in similar fashion to Talanov, aka Zenith. Oxley's final mission before his disappearance was to hunt down and kill Zenith, but instead found Ryan Sr. about to be killed by a German Stasi team working with Zenith. Oxley interfered and saved Ryan's life, but was captured, driven away to Russia, brutally tortured by the KGB, and then imprisoned in the same gulag where Talanov ultimately was placed, accidentally hearing of Talanov being Zenith from other inmates. Oxley and the Campus team confront his traitorous control officer Hugh Castor, who confirms the entire story and protected Volodin and Talanov's secret in exchange for a cut of their black funds, but Castor gives up what he knows for protection by the American government, knowing Talanov will have realized Castor deceived him over the leverage he had. However, Talanov realizes this faster than Castor anticipated - he sends a Spetsnaz team to kill Castor and Oxley, the latter sacrificing himself for Jack Ryan Jr.

text: As the Russian invasion force pushes into the Ukraine, the Campus team and Delta Force operators arrest Dmitri Nesterov, (Gleb the Scar), an SSM capo who is Talanov's second-in-command and who was behind Golovko's poisoning. With Nesterov and the Campus's acquired information in hand, Ryan makes contact with Volodin and confronts him with implications he could be politically destroyed by what he has learned about Zenith and Talanov's ties to the SSM: claiming (falsely) to have suitable evidence gathered that will ruin his government and the invasion, and he must distance himself from Talanov as the Campus has exposed him as a government spy who has been using them all along. Volodin pulls back his troops; in exchange, the United States keeps what evidence it has secret. Volodin also forces Talanov to resign from the FSB after his criminal dealings are made public and the SSM turns on him. Despite the promise of protection, Volodin allows Talanov to be killed - he is stabbed by a civilian member of his guard force on Nesterov's orders (having been encouraged by John Clark to have Talanov killed so he could succeed him). The stalemate of Russia and the United States is left ongoing.

text: Ryan, at this time, is in his mid-sixties and world-famous; and is looking forward to retirement back to the shores of Chesapeake Bay once and for all.

text: Ryan is mentioned by title only in Support and Defend; when a National Security Council staff member, Ethan Ross, is exposed by the FBI as a traitor responsible for leaking classified government information so as to weaken the administration's connections with friendly governments. He proceeds to flee as a fugitive to Venezuela, with an intelligence cache with enough information to ruin the CIA. Ryan is said to have made Ross's capture or death the government's top priority, establishing him as America's most wanted. Ryan's nephew, FBI special agent and Campus operative Dominic Caruso, ultimately succeeds in killing Ross and securing the cache for the CIA, despite attempts by the Russian FSB and Iranian Quds Force to acquire it.

text: Novels[edit]

text: Jack Ryan series[edit]

text:
The Hunt for Red October (1984)
Patriot Games (1987)
The Cardinal of the Kremlin (1988)
Clear and Present Danger (1989)
The Sum of All Fears (1991)
Debt of Honor (1994)
Executive Orders (1996)
The Bear and the Dragon (2000)
Red Rabbit (2002)

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text: John Clark series[edit]

text:
Without Remorse (1993)
Rainbow Six (1998)

text: Jack Ryan Jr. series[edit]

text:
The Teeth of the Tiger (2003), by Tom Clancy
Dead or Alive (2010), by Tom Clancy, with Grant Blackwood
Locked On (2011), by Tom Clancy, with Mark Greaney
Threat Vector (2012), by Tom Clancy, with Mark Greaney
Command Authority (2013), by Tom Clancy, with Mark Greaney
Full Force and Effect (2014), by Mark Greaney
Under Fire (2015), by Grant Blackwood
Commander in Chief (2015), by Mark Greaney
Duty and Honor (2016), by Grant Blackwood
True Faith and Allegiance (2016), by Mark Greaney
Point of Contact (2017), by Mike Maden
Power and Empire (2017), by Marc Cameron
Line of Sight (2018), by Mike Maden

text: Campus novel[edit]

text: Support and Defend (2014), by Mark Greaney

text: Chronological order[edit]

text: In the order in which they occur in the storyline (and when they occur):

text:
Without Remorse (1970–71, 1973) - Starts late 1970, during clean-up of Hurricane Camille's aftermath. Continues the following spring, in 1971. This time frame is based on past-tense references to Operation KINGPIN, the real-life rescue attempt at the Song Tay POW camp in Vietnam (November 1970) and by recurring references to the 1971 Major League Baseball season, in which Pittsburgh defeated Baltimore in the World Series. Jack Ryan's father, Emmet Ryan a Baltimore police detective, is a prominent character. The Epilogue is titled "February 12, 1973. Jack appears briefly in this novel.
Patriot Games (1981, based on a reference to Ryan's age, which is 31 at the novel's beginning. This roughly fits with a reference to the Princess of Wales expecting a baby (Prince William was born in summer 1982). Similarly, there is a specific reference to both 1985 and 1986 in the past tense, suggesting the events of the novel took place after these dates.)
Red Rabbit (1982), summer, the KGB operation reference is 15 8 1982 - 666 and it is mentioned that this is the date the first message was sent about killing the Pope, also there is an inconsistency since Suslov is alive in the book, but he died in January 1982, and described in the book actual Pope John Paul II assassination attempt took place May 13th 1981. However, the book also makes references to the Baltimore Orioles winning the World Series with their "new shortstop Ripken", which occurred in 1983.
The Hunt for Red October (1984)
The Cardinal of the Kremlin (1986) - The first chapter is set in January and states that Ryan is 35 years old. It also has references to the other books set earlier. For example, the Foleys have been in Moscow for almost four years. The book must begin (not including a prologue set at the end of the previous year) in January 1986.

text: Starting with the following novel, the series becomes distinctly different from real history as noted below.

text:
Clear and Present Danger (1988) - This novel, like all previous novels, refers to POTUS as "the President" instead of giving a name, allowing the materials in the novel to be "inserted" into history, but by the end of the novel, the nameless president has been replaced by someone with a name: Governor of Ohio Bob Fowler.
The Sum of All Fears (1990–91) – Israel partially cedes sovereignty over Jerusalem to the Vatican and Saudi Arabia, and the city becomes a United Nations protectorate policed by Swiss Guards. Jerusalem's residents can choose between either Vatican, Israeli, or Islamic judicial law. Denver is devastated by a terrorist nuclear explosion. The book occurs after the Persian Gulf War and before the USSR's dissolution. While it is implied that both events occur at the same time in the Ryanverse as in actual history, 1991, in the earlier chapters, it states that it had almost been two Novembers since President Fowler had been elected, making the beginning set in 1990. Complicating the issue, though, is that the novels refer to Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush as past Presidents, though the nameless President and Fowler appear to serve during the time of these two Presidents.
Debt of Honor (1995–96) – The U.S. and Russia destroy all of their ballistic missiles. After crippling the U.S. economy and becoming a nuclear power, Japan invades and takes the Marianas Islands; the U.S. and Japan fight a brief war, which the Japanese lose (they are subsequently denuclearized);
Executive Orders (1996) – An embittered Japanese pilot and proponent of the war crashes a 747 into the U.S. Capitol Building immediately after Ryan's confirmation as Vice President, killing most of Congress, the President, all nine Supreme Court justices, the senior military establishment (including the Joint Chiefs of Staff), and most of the Cabinet. Ryan is left in charge of a gutted government. The end of the book occurs 11 months before the 1997 presidential inauguration. Of interest, but not crucial to the plot of this or further books, is that North and South Korea were said to be unified at some point between The Sum of All Fears and this book. The leader of Iraq is assassinated; Iran and Iraq merge, forming the United Islamic Republic; the UIR launches a biological attack on the U.S. using the Ebola virus; the U.S. launches the second Persian Gulf War against the UIR, defeats them, and uses a smart bomb to kill the ayatollah. (Contradiction: In The Bear and the Dragon, it states Ryan has been President for 15 months and that book occurs after Rainbow Six, which must occur 1999-2000 due to the Olympics in Sydney. This makes Executive Orders (and Debt of Honor) around 1999, but this makes the gap with the previous books too large).
Rainbow Six (1999–2000) - events are based on the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, RAINBOW - an elite counter-terrorist force - is created and engages terrorists across Europe. Ecoterrorists plan to create a genetically enhanced virus based on Ebola and cancer cells, which they plan to use to wipe out much of the world's population.
The Bear and the Dragon (2002) – Russia is admitted to NATO; China and Russia fight a major war, in which the U.S. intervenes on Russia's side. It implies that the British Prime Minister is Tony Blair. Ryan has won re-election as president (2001). He refuses to run in the 2004 election, endorsing his vice president, Robby Jackson, as their party's candidate.
The Teeth of the Tiger (late spring 2006, based on the age of Jack Ryan Jr. and summer approaching at one point) The U.S. is now engaged in a global war on terrorism, in response to the September 11th attacks which occurred in the Ryanverse as they did in the real world. The wars in Afghanistan and Iraq occurred in the Ryanverse continuity, and the Jerusalem treaty signed in The Sum of All Fears has failed, as Israelis and Palestinians went back to fighting each other.
Dead or Alive (2007) - A character also explicitly refers to the date as May 2010, in the process of decoding encrypted messages, but this must be seen as a contradiction, as Ed Kealty is president and only for one term. In accordance with the Jack Ryan continuity, Kealty must be president in the term 2005-2009.
Locked On (2008) - Jack Ryan is running for president again. Since it is only possible for Kealty to serve one term per the rules of the Constitution, that term must be from 2005 to 2009. The election happens in this book, too, making it only possible that the events take place in 2008.
Threat Vector (2009) - Ryan has been sworn in as President of the United States after having been elected the previous year. The Siberian War with China is said to have happened "seven years" prior, thus making The Bear and the Dragon around 2002, not 2000 as originally thought.
Command Authority (2013)
Support and Defend (2014-07)
Full Force and Effect (2014-12)
Under Fire (2015)
Commander in Chief (2015)
Duty and Honor (2016)
True Faith and Allegiance (2016)
Point of Contact (2017), by Mike Maden
Power and Empire (2017), by Marc Cameron
Line of Sight (2018), by Mike Maden

text: In other media[edit]

text: Films[edit]

text: Five films based on Clancy novels featuring Jack Ryan have been produced. The movie portraying the earliest incarnation of Ryan (fifth film chronologically) is titled Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit and stars Chris Pine. Released on January 17, 2014, it follows Ryan's move from his accident in the Marines into his CIA career. Jack Ryan is also portrayed by Alec Baldwin in the 1990 film The Hunt for Red October, Harrison Ford in Patriot Games (1992), and Clear and Present Danger (1994), and Ben Affleck in the 2002 film The Sum of All Fears.

text: In the novels, Patriot Games occurs before The Hunt for Red October, though the order was reversed in the film versions. Additionally, The Sum of All Fears is not part of Baldwin/Ford series, but rather an intended reboot of the franchise which departs significantly from the chronology of the novels. It takes place in 2002, whereas the novel takes place in 1991/1992. Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit is a second reboot of the franchise and departs from all previous films.

text: Television[edit]

text: It was announced by Deadline that Carlton Cuse and Graham Roland will be working with Michael Bay and his production company Platinum Dunes and Paramount Television on a Jack Ryan TV series for Amazon.[5][6] On April 29, 2016, Deadline announced that John Krasinski will star as Jack Ryan in the series.[1] On August 16, 2016, Amazon Studios announced they had given a series order for a 10-episode first season of Tom Clancy's Jack Ryan.[7] On November 4, 2016, Abbie Cornish was cast as Cathy Muller in the series.[8] On January 6, 2017, it was reported that Morten Tyldum will direct the pilot.[9] In February 2017, it was announced that The Americans director Daniel Sackheim would direct multiple episodes and produce the series.[10] The series is set to premiere in August 2018, and is said to be inspired by the Harrison Ford Jack Ryan films.[11]

text: Video games[edit]

text: Many video games based on the series have been made, some based on the novels, some on the films, and some on the spin-offs.

text: The Hunt for Red October (1987)

text: The Hunt for Red October (1990)

text: The Sum of All Fears (2002)

text: In addition, Ryan is a featured character in many of the Rainbow Six universe video games.


document_title: Pitch Perfect

question_text: what is the boy group in pitch perfect called

text: Pitch Perfect

text: Plot[edit]

text: At a 2011 national a cappella competition, Barden University's all-female a cappella group, the Barden Bellas, perform well until Aubrey Posen (Anna Camp) projectile vomits on the audience during her solo. They are publicly humiliated, losing the competition. Four months later, newly arrived Barden freshman Beca Mitchell (Anna Kendrick) has no desire to attend college, but she is forced to do so by her father (John Benjamin Hickey), a professor at the university, with whom Beca has a strained relationship. Wishing she could instead pursue a career as a music producer in Los Angeles, Beca spends her time making mash-up mixes of songs and takes up an internship at the school radio station, where she gets to know fellow freshman Jesse Swanson (Skylar Astin).

text: When Beca's father discovers she has not been attending classes, he comes to her with a proposition: if she joins a club and still does not want to remain at college after one year, he will allow her to leave college, and he will pay for Beca to move to Los Angeles to pursue her music career. After some persuasion from Chloe Beale (Brittany Snow) the co-leader of the Bellas along with Aubrey, she reluctantly joins the Barden Bellas. Aubrey does not initially approve of recruiting Beca, but yields nonetheless due to a desperate need for members and Beca's talent. Beca joins alongside a group of other women who do not fit the Bellas' typical mold: Cynthia-Rose (Ester Dean), Stacie Conrad (Alexis Knapp), Lilly Onakuramara (Hana Mae Lee), and Fat Amy (Rebel Wilson). Jesse is also revealed to have joined the Bellas' all-male rival group, the Treblemakers, but his roommate Benji (Ben Platt) was rejected after being called weird by Bumper (Adam DeVine).

text: The Bellas participate in the southeastern regional competition at Carolina University where, at Aubrey's insistence, they perform the same medley that helped the Bellas advance to the finals the previous year. In spite of their old set list, the group manages to place second, thanks to Fat Amy putting her own spin on her solo, which sends them to the semi-finals. Unfortunately, disaster strikes for Beca when the Treblemakers cause an uproar with an old a capella group after the competition. The Bellas try to intervene, but Beca and Fat Amy accidentally smash a window with the trophy, which alerts a police officer standing outside who then arrests her. Jesse kindly waits for Beca outside the police station, but makes matters worse by getting her father involved in the situation, who is furious and tells Beca that he will no longer pay for her to move to Los Angeles because of the incident. This infuriates Beca, which turns her budding friendship with Jesse sour. In the meantime, Beca suggests to the Bellas to try to be more daring, but Aubrey insists that they will win with the repertoire the group has always used in the past.

text: At the semi-finals, Beca provides an impromptu layering of one of her favorite songs into the traditional song on the Bellas' set list in an attempt to reinvigorate the crowd after they seemed to have lost interest. Even though the audience seemed to enjoy Beca's remix, the Bellas come in third in the competition behind the Treblemakers and the Footnotes. Aubrey becomes furious with Beca, who in turn quits, with the Bellas losing on their chance to advance due to their third place ranking. Benji, however, finds out that the Footnotes have recruited a high school student into their team and reports it, causing their disqualification and simultaneously advancing the Bellas to the finals by default. They re-form after spring break, with the notable exception of Beca. During rehearsals, Chloe stands up against Aubrey's stubbornness. The group starts to fall apart, which sparks a fight. Meanwhile, Beca tries to apologize to Jesse, which he declines. Beca then apologizes to the Bellas for her actions during the semi-finals and asks to have another chance, which Aubrey eventually allows. After having a group heart-to-heart conversation, the Bellas decide to adopt Beca's more modern and original music style. Aubrey and Chloe relinquish their leadership to Beca. Meanwhile, Treblemakers leader Bumper leaves after being offered a job as a back-up singer for John Mayer. With Bumper gone, Jesse persuades the Trebles to let Benji join the group in Bumper's place.

text: At the a cappella national competition, the Treblemakers perform, with Benji performing for the first time. The Bellas sing a piece arranged by Beca, which includes "Don't You (Forget About Me)" a song featured in The Breakfast Club, one of Jesse's favorite movies. This acts as a more effective apology from Beca, and after the performance, she and Jesse kiss. The Bellas win the national competition, and six months later auditions for new members take place.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Anna Kendrick as Beca Mitchell, an introverted and rebellious 18-year-old freshman who joins the Barden Bellas to appease her professor father and finds herself starting to enjoy being a part of the Bellas and ends up becoming the new leader.
Anna Camp as Aubrey Posen, the uptight and traditionalist co-leader of the Bellas. She is 22. She doesn't like Beca's attitude at first, but later she decides to let Beca lead the Bellas.
Brittany Snow as Chloe Beale, the kinder and more civil co-leader of the Bellas. She is 21. She had nodes before it was removed during the spring break. After Beca leads the Bellas, Chloe hits low notes.
Rebel Wilson as Patricia "Fat Amy", a comical member from Tasmania who is 19.
Alexis Knapp as Stacie Conrad, a highly sexually driven member of the Bellas.
Ester Dean as Cynthia-Rose Adams, a soul singer.
Hana Mae Lee as Lilly Onakuramara, a strange quietly-spoken student but a talented beatboxer. After Beca leads the Bellas, she becomes audible.
Kelley Alice Jakle as Jessica, bubbly yet absent-minded.
Shelley Regner as Ashley, a beatboxer.
Wanetah Walmsley as Denise, the group's original bassist. She is presumed to be an ex-lover of Cynthia Rose because she mouths, "l still love you," as Cynthia Rose "confesses" to being a lesbian.

text:
Skylar Astin as Jesse Swanson, an outgoing Barden freshman at the age of 18 who hopes to one day become a film score composer. He joins the Barden Treblemakers. After Bumper left the Treblemakers, Jesse takes lead and take Benji into the team.
Ben Platt as Benji Applebaum, Jesse's roommate, friend, and an illusionist. A fan of the Treblemakers, he was rejected during auditions. However, he became a Treblemaker after Jesse takes lead.
Adam DeVine as Bumper Allen, the 22-year-old egotistical leader of the Treblemakers. Before The Finals, he got a call and decided to leave the Treblemakers. He gave Jesse his place.
Utkarsh Ambudkar as Donald, Bumper's right-hand man, who beatboxes, raps, and is a lead vocalist. He had sex with Kori, leading to her expulsion from the Barden Bellas.
Michael Viruet as Unicycle
David Del Rio as Kolio
Gregory Gorenc as Greg
Wes Lagarde as "Hat." He is never referred to by his real name; Hat is Bumper's nickname for him.
Steven Bailey as Steven
Brian Silver as Brian
Michael Anaya as Michael

text:
Kether Donohue as Alice, the former leader of the Bellas when Aubrey and Chloe were juniors.
Nicole Lovince as Kori, a former member of the Bellas who was kicked out for having sex with Donald, one of the Treblemakers.
Caroline Fourmy as Mary Elise, a former member of the Bellas who was also kicked out for having sex with a Treblemaker.
Freddie Stroma as Luke, the radio station manager who plays Beca's DJ mixes on the air. He calls Beca as "Becky".
Jinhee Joung as Kimmy-Jin, Beca's Korean American roommate, whose initial cold reception leads Beca to ask if she can speak English.
Christopher Mintz-Plasse as Tommy, the university's constantly harassed audition launcher.
John Michael Higgins as John Smith, a commentator for the ICCAs.
Elizabeth Banks as Gail Abernathy-McKadden, a commentator for the ICCAs.
John Benjamin Hickey as Dr. Benjamin Mitchell, Beca's father, a professor at the college, who insists that she attend classes and get involved
Drew Seeley as male voice #5, he sings for the Treblemakers

text: Production[edit]

text: The film is based on Mickey Rapkin's non-fiction book Pitch Perfect: The Quest for Collegiate a Cappella Glory. Rapkin, senior editor at GQ magazine, spent a season covering competitive collegiate a cappella. He followed the Tufts University Beelzebubs, the University of Oregon Divisi (the loose inspiration for the Bellas), and the University of Virginia Hullabahoos, who have a cameo in the film. Rapkin's book mainly covers the singing, groupies, partying and rivalries. Two members of the a cappella community, Deke Sharon, who founded the International Championship of College A Cappella, and Ed Boyer, both in Rapkin's book, were brought on board to arrange songs, produce vocals and act as on-site music directors, where they ran a month-long "a cappella boot camp".[8] The film was shot throughout campus and inside buildings at Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.[9] Elizabeth Banks is a co-producer and a co-star in the film.[9]

text: Casting[edit]

text: The casting department included Justin Bieber, Rich Richie, Allison Williams, and Michael Broth.[10] Producer Elizabeth Banks appears throughout the film alongside John Michael Higgins as commentators for the competitions.[11]

text: Paul Brooks stated "First and foremost, we were looking for actors who had comedic instincts and thought we'd get lucky with terrific actors who happened to be funny and can actually dance and maybe sing. It turns out we did get lucky with our cast!"[12] According to producer Elizabeth Banks, "The character Beca required someone who was grounded, who has a strong point of view on the world, who is funny and empathetic and someone who we can all relate to and root for." Of Kendrick she said, "Anna is all those things, and there was no other choice." Fellow producer Brooks said "I saw Anna in Up in the Air and thought it was the most exquisite, elegant, balanced, sublime performance. Anna was our first choice for the role of Beca."[12]

text: When casting the character of Jesse, Max Handelman said "We were looking for a young John Cusack-type guy. We needed to find someone who was kind of awkward but not a geek, but not so cool that you're not rooting for him." Skylar Astin was chosen for the role. Of Astin's audition, Banks said the chemistry between Skylar and Anna when they read together prior to shooting was "clear and they were able to riff off each other."[12]

text: Rebel Wilson was recognized for her performance in the comedy film Bridesmaids upon auditioning for the role of Fat Amy, which she won instantly. Moore recalled Wilson singing Lady Gaga's "The Edge of Glory" while beating "on her chest with her fists." He said, "I didn't even hear the end of the song because I was laughing so hard. There's this beautiful openness to the way Rebel approaches everything, and that's what works great for the character. She's fearless."[12] Adam DeVine was personally chosen by Banks and Handelman for the role of Bumper after they saw him on the television series Workaholics. Banks confessed that she and her husband are "big Workaholics fans," and after watching one night during the film's casting, they saw DeVine and "immediately thought" he would be a good choice for Bumper. He initially declined because he was not a singer. DeVine eventually surprised Banks and Handelman with his vocal skills.[12] Anna Camp was chosen for the role of Aubrey. Producer Max Handelman said, "Elizabeth and I were huge fans of Anna's from True Blood. Aubrey is set up as the antagonist for Beca, and Beca's already a bit hard-edged, so it was so important to find an actress who could play Aubrey as someone who could marshal the crazy but also was sympathetic."[12]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was released on September 28, 2012 in the United States.

text: Home media[edit]

text: Pitch Perfect was released on DVD, Blu-ray, and Blu-ray/DVD combo pack on December 18, 2012.[13]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Pitch Perfect grossed $65 million in the North America and $50.3 million in other territories for a total gross of $115.4 million since release, against a $17 million budget.[2]

text: The film opened in limited release in the United States and Canada on September 28, 2012, and wide release in the United States and Canada on October 5, 2012. It grossed $1.8 million upon its opening day of limited release and $4.9 million on its first day of wide release.[14] In its wide opening weekend, the film opened at number three, behind Taken 2 and Hotel Transylvania, grossing $14.8 million.[15] The opening weekend audience was 81 percent female, which is considered overwhelming. The opening weekend also attracted a younger audience with 55% of the opening weekend audience being under the age of 25.[16] The film is the third-highest-grossing music comedy film, behind its sequel, Pitch Perfect 2, and School of Rock.[2]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Pitch Perfect received positive reviews from critics. On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 80% based on 143 reviews, with an average rating of 6.4/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Pitch Perfect's plot is formulaic, but the performances are excellent and the musical numbers are toe-tapping as well."[17] Metacritic gives a weighted average score of 66 out of 100, based on reviews from 33 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[18] Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[19]

text: NPR's David Edelstein selected it as one of the top films of the year[20] and Entertainment Weekly chose the soundtrack as one of the year's best.[21] Chris Tookey of the Daily Mail praised Rebel Wilson in particular for her performance.[22] Roger Ebert gave the film 2 stars out of 4, praising Rebel Wilson for her "ebullient, unstoppable and raucous" performance, but also stating that "It's a twentysomething song-and-dance movie built around rival a cappella groups. That's more exciting than dueling string quartets, I suppose - but no, the quartets would be performing better material." [23]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
List of awards and nominations for Pitch Perfect

Award
Category
Nominees
Result

Broadcast Film Critics Association Award
Best Actress in a Comedy
Rebel Wilson
Nominated

Detroit Film Critics Society Award
Breakthrough Performance
Rebel Wilson
Nominated

Motion Picture Sound Editors[24]
Best Music in a Musical Feature Film
Pitch Perfect
Won

MTV Movie Award[25]
Best Breakthrough Performance
Rebel Wilson
Won

Best Musical Moment
Anna Kendrick, Rebel Wilson, Anna Camp, Brittany Snow, Alexis Knapp, Ester Dean, and Hana Mae Lee
Won

Best WTF Moment
Anna Camp ("Hack-Appella")
Nominated

Best Female Performance
Rebel Wilson
Nominated

People's Choice Award
Favorite Comedy Movie
Pitch Perfect
Nominated

San Diego Film Critics Society
San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actress
Rebel Wilson
Nominated

Teen Choice Awards[26]
Choice Movie: Comedy
Pitch Perfect
Won

Choice Movie Actress: Comedy
Anna Kendrick
Nominated

Choice Movie Actress: Comedy
Rebel Wilson
Won

Choice Movie Actor: Comedy
Skylar Astin
Won

Choice Movie: Scene Stealer
Ben Platt
Nominated

Choice Movie: Scene Stealer
Hana Mae Lee
Nominated

Choice Movie: Breakout
Adam DeVine
Nominated

Choice Movie: Villain
Adam DeVine
Won

American Music Awards
Favorite Soundtrack
Pitch Perfect
Won

tag: table

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: Pitch Perfect: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released digitally on September 25, 2012, and physically on October 2, 2012.[27] Three of the songs from the album, including the highly covered "Cups", charted on the Billboard Hot 100. It was 2013's best-selling soundtrack album and has sold 1.2 million copies in the United States as of April 2015.[28][29]

text: On September 14, Kira Kazantsev won Miss America 2015 after performing "Happy" with cup percussion,[30] in a manner that was similar to Anna Kendrick's character in Pitch Perfect.[31]

text: Sequels[edit]

text: Pitch Perfect 2 (2015)[edit]

text: In December 2012, Skylar Astin revealed that he and Rebel Wilson had meetings with Universal about a potential sequel.[32]

text: In April 2013, it was confirmed that a sequel would be released in 2015.[33] Elizabeth Banks would direct the sequel, with Kay Cannon returning as screenwriter.[34] Brooks would produce for Gold Circle Films alongside Banks and Max Handelman. Cannon would co-produce with Gold Circle's Jeff Levine. Kendrick, Astin, Wilson, Camp, Snow, Platt, DeVine, Dean, Knapp, Jakle, Regner, Walmsley, Banks, and Higgins would all reprise their roles in the sequel. Additionally, Hailee Steinfeld and Chrissie Fit would join the cast as Emily and Flo, new Barden Bellas, while Katey Sagal would join as Emily's mother, and German YouTube star Flula Borg would appear in an unknown role.[35][36]

text: It was announced in January 2014 that the sequel would be released on May 15, 2015.[37] On June 10, 2015, plans for a third film were officially confirmed, with Kay Cannon returning to write the script.[38]

text: Pitch Perfect 3 (2017)[edit]

text: On June 10, 2015, a third film was officially confirmed, with Kay Cannon returning to write the script.[39] The film was slated to be released on July 21, 2017, before being pushed back to August 4, 2017, before moving back to the July 21 slot.[40] Finally it was decided to be released on December 22, 2017. Several days later it was announced both Kendrick and Wilson would reprise their roles, and later Brittany Snow was also confirmed to return.[41] Hailee Steinfeld is also going to reprise her role.[42] On October 18, 2016, Anna Camp was also confirmed to be returning. On January 2, 2017, Ester Dean and Chrissie Fit both confirmed that they were heading to Atlanta to film the third installment, reprising their roles.[43] Banks was going to return to direct, and also as a producer along with Max Handelman and Paul Brooks.[44] Banks later announced that she would be stepping down as director due to scheduling conflicts and parental responsibilities, but would remain a producer.[45]


document_title: Cubit

question_text: what is the measurement of a cubit in the bible

text: Cubit

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The English word "cubit" comes from the Latin noun cubitus "elbow", from the verb cubo, cubare, cubui, cubitum "to lie down",[2] from which also comes the adjective "recumbent".[3]

text: Ancient Egyptian royal cubit[edit]

text: The ancient Egyptian royal cubit (meh niswt) is the earliest attested standard measure. Cubit rods were used for the measurement of length. A number of these rods have survived: two are known from the tomb of Maya, the treasurer of the 18th dynasty pharaoh Tutankhamun, in Saqqara; another was found in the tomb of Kha (TT8) in Thebes. Fourteen such rods, including one double cubit rod, were described and compared by Lepsius in 1865.[4] These cubit rods range from 523.5 to 529.2 mm (20.61 to 20.83 in) in length and are divided into seven palms; each palm is divided into four fingers, and the fingers are further subdivided.[5][4][6]

text: Hieroglyph of the royal cubit, meh niswt

text: Early evidence for the use of this royal cubit comes from the Early Dynastic Period: on the Palermo Stone, the flood level of the Nile river during the reign of the Pharaoh Djer is given as measuring 6 cubits and 1 palm.[5] Use of the royal cubit is also known from Old Kingdom architecture, from at least as early as the construction of the Step Pyramid of Djoser in around 2700 BC.[7]

text: Ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement[edit]

text: Ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement originated in the loosely organized city-states of Early Dynastic Sumer.  Each city, kingdom and trade guild had its own standards until the formation of the Akkadian Empire when Sargon of Akkad issued a common standard.  This standard was improved by Naram-Sin, but fell into disuse after the Akkadian Empire dissolved.  The standard of Naram-Sin was readopted in the Ur III period by the Nanše Hymn which reduced a plethora of multiple standards to a few agreed upon common groupings.  Successors to Sumerian civilization including the Babylonians, Assyrians, and Persians continued to use these groupings.

text: The Classical Mesopotamian system formed the basis for Elamite, Hebrew, Urartian, Hurrian, Hittite, Ugaritic, Phoenician, Babylonian, Assyrian, Persian, Arabic, and Islamic metrologies.[8][full citation needed] The Classical Mesopotamian System also has a proportional relationship, by virtue of standardized commerce, to Bronze Age Harappan and Egyptian metrologies.

text: In 1916, during the last years of the Ottoman Empire and in the middle of World War I, the German assyriologist Eckhard Unger found a copper-alloy bar while excavating at Nippur. The bar dates from c. 2650 BC and Unger claimed it was used as a measurement standard. This irregularly formed and irregularly marked graduated rule supposedly defined the Sumerian cubit as about 518.6 mm (20.42 in).[9]

text: Biblical cubit[edit]

text: The Near Eastern or Biblical cubit is usually estimated as approximately 457 mm (18 in).[10][11][not in citation given] Epiphanius of Salamis, in his treatise On Weights and Measures, describes how it was customary, in his day, to take the measurement of the biblical cubit: "The cubit is a measure, but it is taken from the measure of the forearm. For the part from the elbow to the wrist and the palm of the hand is called the cubit, the middle finger of the cubit measure being also extended at the same time and there being added below (it) the span, that is, of the hand, taken all together."[12]

text: Ancient Greece[edit]

text: In ancient Greek units of measurement, the standard forearm cubit (Greek: πῆχυς pēkhys) measured approximately 0.46 m (18 in). The short forearm cubit (πυγμή pygmē, lit. "fist"), from the wrist to the elbow, measured approximately 0.34 m (13 in).[13]

text: Ancient Rome[edit]

text: In ancient Rome, according to Vitruvius, a cubit was equal to 1 1⁄2 Roman feet or 6 palm widths (approximately 444 mm or 17.5 in).[14] A 120-centimeter cubit (approximately four feet long), called the Roman ulna, was common in the Roman empire, which cubit was measured from the fingers of the outstretched arm opposite the man's hip.[15]; also, [16]with[17]

text: Other systems[edit]

text: Other measurements based on the length of the forearm include some lengths of ell, the Chinese chi, the Japanese shaku, the Indian hasta, the Thai sok, the Tamil "(Mulzham)", the Telugu "(Moora)" (మూర), and the Khmer hat.

text: Cubit arm in heraldry[edit]

text: A cubit arm in heraldry may be dexter or sinister. It may be  vested (with a sleeve) and may be shown in various positions, most commonly erect, but also fesswise (horizontal), bendwise (diagonal) and is often shown grasping objects.[18]  It is most often used erect as a crest, for example by the families of Poyntz of Iron Acton, Rolle of Stevenstone and Turton.


document_title: Coexist (image)

question_text: what is the meaning of coexist bumper sticker

text: Coexist (image)

text: Creation – COEXISTENCE art exhibition[edit]

text: Piotr Młodożeniec (pl), a Polish graphic designer based in Warsaw, had his original work chosen by a jury to be one of several dozen images to be displayed as 3 m (9.8 ft) x 5 m (16 ft) outdoor posters as part of a touring exhibit sponsored by the Museum on the Seam in Jerusalem. The exhibit opened to the public in Jerusalem in 2001.[1][2]

text: His original image consisted of the word COEXIST in all capital letters, with the C replaced by an oversized Muslim Crescent, the X replaced by an oversized Star of David, and the T replaced by an oversized Latin Cross.[1][3][2]

text: U2 Vertigo Tour[edit]

text: During the international 2005–2006 Vertigo Tour of the Irish rock band U2, the original version of the image played a key role. Shortly after playing "Sometimes You Can't Make it on Your Own", the group would play politically-themed songs. During the opening portion of "Love and Peace or Else", Bono wore a white headband bearing a handwritten version of the word.[5] In some venues, including Mexico City, the word was displayed on large electronic signs.[6][1]

text: Bumper sticker[edit]

text: The image and variations of it are used as automobile bumper stickers.[4]

text: The bumper stickers first began to emerge in the United States in the early 2000s in partial response to the military involvement in Iraq and Afghanistan which began after the events of September 11, 2001. The stickers signify the capability or desire of humans to live together in peace.[7]

text: One common version of the bumper sticker spells "COEXIST" using an Islamic crescent moon for the "C", a peace sign for the "O", a combination of the male symbol and female symbol for the "E", a Star of David for the "X", a pentagram for the dot of the "I", a yin-yang symbol for the "S", and a Christian cross for the "T".[7] This version, designed by Jerry Jaspar, is perhaps the most common version of the bumper sticker.[8]

text: The prevalence of the COEXIST bumper stickers has been noted in the Bay Area region centered on San Francisco. Users of the bumper stickers are often not practicing adherents of religion.[9] This prevalence among politically liberal secularists has led to some ridicule about the inability of the bumper sticker to affect its target audience, or those who could benefit from the message.[10]

text: The popularity of the bumper stickers has spawned several anti-Muslim responses, including one with the image of the crescent altered with the addition of explosives.[8] Other parodies include a Communist hammer and sickle for the "E" and a swastika for the "X", indicating the dangers inherent in all ideologies.[11]

text: Legal disputes[edit]

text: In 2005, Młodożeniec and U2 were unaware of each other. They were also unaware that a company in Indiana already filed for a trademark in the United States in 2003. At the time, as there was no official U2 merchandise carrying this image, U2 fans created their own. The Indiana company filed suit against companies like Cafepress in May 2005 in an effort to stop unauthorized merchandise sales. Młodożeniec's attorneys maintained that he owned the copyright to the image. Separately, The Museum on the Seam, which sponsored the competition in which the original image first appeared in public, claimed legal rights to the image.[1][3]

text: Versions and other variations[edit]

text: The following table shows the individual characters of the more well-known versions, either as Unicode characters, icons, or descriptions.

text:
C
o
e
x
i
ı
̇
s
t
notes

☪
o
e
✡
i
-
-
s
✝[T 1]
(original image)[2]

☪
☮
e
✡
-
ı
☯
s
✝[T 1]
pbyrne on Flickr

text: ^ Jump up to: a b Unicode character or image is approximate

tag: ol

text:
Translations, such as Coexista (at a U2 concert in Mexico City)
Contradict, as seen on this book cover[7]


document_title: Chesapeake Bay Retriever

question_text: what is the life expectancy of a chesapeake bay retriever

text: Chesapeake Bay Retriever

text: Description[edit]

text: Appearance[edit]

text: Distinctive features include eyes that are very clear, of yellowish or amber hue, hindquarters as high or a trifle higher than the shoulders, and a double-coat that tends to wave on shoulders, neck, back, and loins. The waterproof coat feels slightly oily and is often associated with a slight musky odor. Three basic colors are generally seen in the breed: brown, which includes all shades from a light to a deep dark brown; sedge, which varies from a reddish yellow through a bright red to chestnut shades; and deadgrass in all its shades, varying from a faded tan to a dull straw color. The breed standard states that white may also appear but it must be limited to the breast, belly, toes, or back of the feet. The head is round and broad with a medium stop and muzzle. The lips are thin, and the ears are small and of medium leather. The forelegs should be straight with good bone. The hindquarters are especially strong and the toes webbed since excellent swimming ability is important for the Chesapeake. This breed is also known for its large and powerful chest, used to break apart ice when diving into cold water while duck hunting.

text: Coat[edit]

text: The coat of the Chesapeake Bay Retriever is given the most consideration of any trait listed on the Positive Scale of Points in the Breed Standard. However the AKC Standard also reads "The question of coat and general type of balance takes precedence over any scoring table which could be drawn up. The Chesapeake should be well proportioned, an animal with a good coat and well balanced in other points being preferable to one excelling in some but weak in others." The hair on the face and legs should be very short and straight with a tendency to wave, never curl, on the shoulders, neck, back, and loins only and nowhere over 1.5 inches long. Moderate feathering on the rear of the hindquarters and tail is permissible although not longer than 1.75 inches long.[5] The texture of the thick double-coat is important in protecting the dog from cold water and icy conditions. The oil in the harsh outer coat and woolly undercoat resists water, keeping the dog dry and warm. Maintenance of the coat is minimal and mainly consists of brushing with a short-tooth brush once a week. It is difficult to get a Chesapeake Bay Retriever thoroughly wet, but they should be bathed every 3–4 months using a suitably mild shampoo, then dried thoroughly. Brushing or bathing more often can ruin the texture since it strips the protective oil from the coat and may even remove the undercoat.[6][7][8] The color of the coat must be similar to the working surroundings. Any color of brown, sedge or deadgrass is acceptable and one color is not preferred over another. The American Chesapeake Club includes a discussion on color:

text: A white spot on the breast (not extending above the sternum), belly, toes or back of the feet is permissible, but the smaller the spot the better. White beyond these areas and black anywhere on the body is not allowed in the breed standard.[5]

text: Temperament[edit]

text: The quintessential Chesapeake Bay Retriever has a bright and happy disposition, intelligence, quiet good sense, and an affectionate protective nature. Some can be quite vocal when happy, and some will 'smile' by baring their front teeth in a peculiar grin - this is not a threat but a sign of joy or submissiveness.

text: Chesapeake Bay Retrievers can make excellent family dogs when socialized properly. Some Chesapeakes are assertive and willful and may be reserved with strangers, but others are passive and outgoing with people.

text: Training[edit]

text: The Chesapeake Bay Retriever is a versatile breed competing in field trials, hunt tests, conformation, obedience, agility and tracking, yet remains true to its roots as a hunting dog of great stamina and ability. The Chesapeake Bay Retriever is an intelligent breed and learns at a high speed. Historically considered stubborn and difficult to train, many trainers thought this breed required more physical discipline than other retriever breeds.[10] Some trainers now recommend that the Chesapeake Bay Retriever owner use consistent, daily obedience training with play time before and after to keep the dog wanting to work with little or no physical discipline required.[11]

text: Health[edit]

text: The breed is subject to a number of hereditary diseases. These include, but are not limited to:

text:
Hip dysplasia[12]
Progressive retinal atrophy[13]
Type 3 von Willebrand disease[14]
Cataract[15]
Regional Alopecia in both sexes[16]

text: A UK Kennel Club survey puts the median lifespan of the breed at 10.75 years (average 9.85).[17] A US breed club survey puts the average lifespan at 9.4 years. 1 in 4 lived to 13 years or more while 1 in 5 don't live past 5 years.[18]

text: History[edit]

text: Chesapeake Bay Retrievers trace their history to two pups who were rescued from a foundering ship in Maryland in 1807. The male "Sailor" and female "Canton" were described as Newfoundland dogs, but were more accurately Lesser Newfoundland or St. John's water dogs. These two lived in different parts of the bay area and there is no record of a litter being produced together. They were bred with area dogs, with more consideration given to ability than to breed, to create the beginnings of the Chesapeake Bay Retriever breed. There are few records of the breeds of these early dogs, but spaniels and hounds were included. Dogs from both Chesapeake Bay shores were recognized as one of three types of Chesapeake Bay Ducking Dog in 1877. In 1918 a single type, called the Chesapeake Bay Retriever, was recognized by the American Kennel Club, and there have been few changes to the breed standard since then.

text: George Law, who rescued the pups, wrote this account in 1845 which appears on the website of the American Chesapeake Bay Retriever Club:

text: Mercer is said to have described Sailor:

text: In 1964, it was declared the official dog of Maryland.[20]

text: It is the mascot of the University of Maryland, Baltimore County.

text: Members of the breed were owned by General George Armstrong Custer, President Theodore Roosevelt, and actors Paul Walker and Tom Felton.[21]


document_title: List of National Football League annual interceptions leaders

question_text: who holds the nfl record for most interceptions in a season

text: An interception, also known as a pick, is a gridiron football concept involving a pass being caught by an opposition player, who usually gains possession for his team. Record-keeping for interception counts in the National Football League (NFL) began in 1940. The record for most interceptions in a single season is held by Night Train Lane, who logged 14 interceptions as a rookie in 1952, while playing for the Los Angeles Rams.[1] Previously Dan Sandifer of the Washington Redskins and Spec Sanders jointly held the record, earning 13 interceptions, in 1948 and 1950, respectively. The record for most league-leading seasons in interceptions is 3. This was first achieved by Everson Walls, who led the league in interceptions in 1981, 1982, and again in 1985.[2] Ed Reed was later able to match Walls, by leading the league in 2004, 2008, and 2010.[3] Bill Bradley became the first player to led the league in interceptions in consecutive seasons (1971 and 1972).[4] The aforementioned Walls matched Bradley with his 1981 and 1982 efforts. The most recent players to lead the league in interceptions are Kevin Byard and Darius Slay with 8 in 2017. Additionally, New York Giants players have led the league in interceptions in more seasons (7), than any other team.

text: Interception leaders[edit]

text: Set record*

text:
Year
Player
Ints
Team

1940
Don Hutson
Ace Parker
Kent Ryan
6
Green Bay Packers
Brooklyn Dodgers
Detroit Lions

1941
Marshall Goldberg
Art Jones
7
Chicago Cardinals
Pittsburgh Steelers

1942
Bulldog Turner
8
Chicago Bears

1943
Sammy Baugh
11
Washington Redskins

1944
Howie Livingston
9
New York Giants

1945
Roy Zimmerman
7
Philadelphia Eagles

1946
Bill Dudley
10
Pittsburgh Steelers

1947
Frank Reagan
Frank Seno
10
New York Giants
Boston Yanks

1948
Dan Sandifer
13
Washington Redskins

1949
Bob Nussbaumer
12
Chicago Cardinals

1950
Spec Sanders
13
New York Yanks

1951
Otto Schnellbacher
11
New York Giants

1952
Dick Lane
14*
Los Angeles Rams

1953
Jack Christiansen
12
Detroit Lions

1954
Dick Lane
10
Chicago Cardinals

1955
Will Sherman
11
Los Angeles Rams

1956
Lindon Crow
11
Chicago Cardinals

1957
Jack Butler
Jack Christiansen
Milt Davis
10
Pittsburgh Steelers
Detroit Lions
Baltimore Colts

1958
Jimmy Patton
11
New York Giants

1959
Milt Davis
Dean Derby
Don Shinnick
7
Baltimore Colts
Pittsburgh Steelers
Baltimore Colts

1960
Dave Baker
Jerry Norton
10
San Francisco 49ers
St. Louis Cardinals

1961
Dick Lynch
9
New York Giants

1962
Willie Wood
9
Green Bay Packers

1963
Dick Lynch
Rosey Taylor
9
New York Giants
Chicago Bears

1964
Paul Krause
12
Washington Redskins

1965
Bobby Boyd
9
Baltimore Colts

1966
Larry Wilson
10
St. Louis Cardinals

1967
Lem Barney
Dave Whitsell
10
Detroit Lions
New Orleans Saints

1968
Willie Williams
10
New York Giants

1969
Mel Renfro
10
Dallas Cowboys

1970
Johnny Robinson
10
Kansas City Chiefs

1971
Bill Bradley
11
Philadelphia Eagles

1972
Bill Bradley
9
Philadelphia Eagles

1973
Dick Anderson
Mike Wagner
8
Miami Dolphins
Pittsburgh Steelers

1974
Emmitt Thomas
12
Kansas City Chiefs

1975
Mel Blount
11
Pittsburgh Steelers

1976
Monte Jackson
10
Los Angeles Rams

1977
Lyle Blackwood
10
Baltimore Colts

1978
Thom Darden
10
Cleveland Browns

1979
Mike Reinfeldt
12
Houston Oilers

1980
Lester Hayes
13
Oakland Raiders

1981
Everson Walls
11
Dallas Cowboys

1982
Everson Walls
7
Dallas Cowboys

1983
Mark Murphy
9
Washington Redskins

1984
Kenny Easley
10
Seattle Seahawks

1985
Everson Walls
9
Dallas Cowboys

1986
Ronnie Lott
10
San Francisco 49ers

1987
Barry Wilburn
9
Washington Redskins

1988
Scott Case
10
Atlanta Falcons

1989
Felix Wright
9
Cleveland Browns

1990
Mark Carrier
10
Chicago Bears

1991
Ronnie Lott
8
Oakland Raiders

1992
Henry Jones
Audray McMillian
8
Buffalo Bills
Minnesota Vikings

1993
Nate Odomes
Eugene Robinson
9
Buffalo Bills
Seattle Seahawks

1994
Eric Turner
Aeneas Williams
9
Cleveland Browns
Arizona Cardinals

1995
Orlando Thomas
9
Minnesota Vikings

1996
Tyrone Braxton
Keith Lyle
9
Denver Broncos
St. Louis Rams

1997
Ryan McNeil
9
St. Louis Rams

1998
Ty Law
9
New England Patriots

1999
Donnie Abraham
James Hasty
Sam Madison
Troy Vincent
Rod Woodson
7
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Kansas City Chiefs
Miami Dolphins
Philadelphia Eagles
Baltimore Ravens

2000
Darren Sharper
9
Green Bay Packers

2001
Ronde Barber
Anthony Henry
10
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Cleveland Browns

2002
Brian Kelly
Rod Woodson
8
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Oakland Raiders

2003
Tony Parrish
Brian Russell
9
San Francisco 49ers
Minnesota Vikings

2004
Ed Reed
9
Baltimore Ravens

2005
Ty Law
Deltha O'Neal
10
New York Jets
Cincinnati Bengals

2006
Champ Bailey
Asante Samuel
10
Denver Broncos
New England Patriots

2007
Antonio Cromartie
10
San Diego Chargers

2008
Ed Reed
9
Baltimore Ravens

2009
Jarius Byrd
Asante Samuel
Darren Sharper
Charles Woodson
9
Buffalo Bills
Philadelphia Eagles
New Orleans Saints
Green Bay Packers

2010
Ed Reed
8
Baltimore Ravens

2011
Kyle Arrington
Eric Weddle
Charles Woodson
7
New England Patriots
San Diego Chargers
Green Bay Packers

2012
Tim Jennings
9
Chicago Bears

2013
Richard Sherman
8
Seattle Seahawks

2014
Glover Quin
7
Detroit Lions

2015
Reggie Nelson
Marcus Peters
8
Cincinnati Bengals
Kansas City Chiefs

2016
Casey Hayward
7
San Diego Chargers

2017
Kevin Byard
Darius Slay
8
Tennessee Titans
Detroit Lions

text: Other leagues[edit]

text: All-America Football Conference (AAFC):

text:
Year
Player
Ints
Team

1946
Tommy Colella
10
Cleveland Browns

1947
Tommy Colella
Len Eshmont
Bill Kellagher
6
Cleveland Browns
San Francisco 49ers
Chicago Rockets

1948
Otto Schnellbacher
11
New York Yankees

1949
Jim Cason
9
San Francisco 49ers

text: American Football League (AFL):

text:
Year
Player
Ints
Team

1960
Goose Gonsoulin
11
Denver Broncos

1961
Billy Atkins
10
Buffalo Bills

1962
Lee Riley
11
Titans of New York

1963
Fred Glick
12
Houston Oilers

1964
Dainard Paulson
12
New York Jets

1965
W. K. Hicks
9
Houston Oilers

1966
Bobby Hunt
Johnny Robinson
10
Kansas City Chiefs
Kansas City Chiefs

1967
Miller Farr
Tom Janik
Dick Westmoreland
10
Houston Oilers
Buffalo Bills
Miami Dolphins

1968
Dave Grayson
10
Oakland Raiders

1969
Emmitt Thomas
9
Kansas City Chiefs


document_title: Indian honours system

question_text: which is the highest civilian award given in india

text: Indian honours system

text: Civilian Awards[edit]

text: Bharat Ratna[edit]

text: The Bharat Ratna,[1] the highest civilian award of the country, was instituted in the year 1954. Any person without distinction of race, occupation, position, or gender is eligible for this award. It is awarded in recognition of exceptional service/performance of the highest order in any field of human endeavour. On conferment of the award, the recipient receives a Sanad (certificate) signed by the President and a medallion.

text: Padma awards[edit]

text: Padma Awards[2] were instituted in the year 1954. Except for brief interruptions during the years 1977 to 1980 and 1993 to 1997, these awards have been announced every year on Republic Day. The award is given in three categories, viz. Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri, in the decreasing order of importance.

text:
Padma Vibhushan for "exceptional and distinguished service". Padma Vibhushan is second highest civilian award in India.
Padma Bhushan for "distinguished service of a high order". Padma Bhushan is third highest civilian award in India .
Padma Shri is awarded for "distinguished service". Padma Shri is last and fourth highest civilian award in India.

text: The Padma award is just an honour. No cash allowance or any facility/benefit in terms of concession etc. in rail/air travel is attached to these awards. The award does not amount to a title and cannot be used as a suffix or prefix to the awardee’s name on letterheads, invitation cards, posters, books etc. In the case of any misuse, the awardee will forfeit the award.

text:
The decoration comprises a Sanad (Certificate) issued under the hand and seal of the President and a Medallion.
The recipients are also given a replica of the medallion, which they can wear during any ceremonial/State functions etc., if they desire.
A commemorative brochure giving out brief details in respect of each award winner is also released on the day of the investiture ceremony.

text: Selection process[edit]

text: These awards seek to recognize work of any distinction and is given for distinguished and exceptional achievements/service in all fields of activities/disciplines, such as art, literature and education, sports, medicine, social work, science and engineering, public affairs, civil service, trade and industry, etc. All persons without distinction of race, occupation, position or sex are eligible for these awards.

text: In 2017, the BJP government decided to end the practice of ministers recommending names for Padma awards and replaced it with any Indian citizen recommending a person for Padma awards online. The government said that this was done with the belief that every citizen has something to contribute to the nation and that contribution should be integrated with the country's growth. Accordingly, several hitherto unknown citizens were awarded Padma awards in 2017. The role of the state governments was also minimised.[3][4][5]

text: Military Awards[edit]

text: Wartime gallantry awards[edit]

text:
Param Vir Chakra — Highest military award for, equivalent to the Victoria Cross (which was replaced once India gained its independence).
Maha Vir Chakra – Maha Vir Chakra is the second highest military decoration in India and is awarded for acts of conspicuous gallantry in the presence of the enemy, whether on land, at sea or in the air.
Vir Chakra – Third in precedence in the awards for wartime gallantry

text: Peacetime gallantry awards[edit]

text:
Ashok Chakra Award – An Indian military decoration awarded for valour, courageous action or self-sacrifice away from the battlefield. It is the peacetime equivalent of the Param Vir Chakra.
Kirti Chakra – Second in order of precedence of peacetime gallantry awards.
Shaurya Chakra – Third in order of precedence of peacetime gallantry awards.

text: Wartime/Peacetime service awards[edit]

text: Sena Medal / Nao Sena Medal / Vayusena Medal

text: Wartime Distinguished Service[edit]

text:
Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal
Uttam Yudh Seva Medal
Yudh Seva Medal

text: Peacetime Distinguished Service[edit]

text:
Param Vishisht Seva Medal
Ati Vishisht Seva Medal
Vishisht Seva Medal

text: National awards[edit]

text: Women[edit]

text: Stree Shakti Puraskar

text: Children[edit]

text: National Bravery Award given for BTS

text: Literature awards[edit]

text:
Jnanpith Award is the highest literary honour Award in Literature of India
Sahitya Akademi Award
Sahitya Akademi Fellowship
Saraswati samman
Bhasha Samman
Translation Awards
Anand Coomarswamy Fellowships
Premchand Fellowship

text: Particular awards[edit]

text: National sports awards[edit]

text:
Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna
Dronacharya award
Arjuna award
Dhyan Chand Award
C.K. Nayudu Award

text: Police awards[edit]

text:
President's Police Medal for Gallantry
President's Fire Services Medal for Gallantry
President's Correctional Service Medal for Gallantry
President's Home Guards and Civil Defence Medal for Gallantry
Police Medal for Gallantry
Fire Services Medal for Gallantry
Correctional Service Medal for Gallantry
Home Guards and Civil Defence Medal for Gallantry
President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service
President's Fire Services Medal for Distinguished Service
President's Correctional Service Medal for Distinguished Service
President's Home Guards and Civil Defence for Distinguished Service
Police Medal for Meritorious Service
Fire Services Medal for Meritorious Service
Correction Service Medal for Meritorious Service
Home Guards and Civil Defence Medal for Meritorious Service
President Tat Rakshak Medal

text: Bravery awards[edit]

text:
National Bravery Award

Bharat Award
Sanjay Chopra Award
Geeta Chopra Award
Kritin Bhardwaj

Jeevan Raksha Padak Series of Awards

Sarvottam Jeevan Raksha Padak
Uttam Jeevan Raksha Padak
Jeevan Raksha Padak