document_title: New York Giants

question_text: who did the giants beat to get to the super bowl

question_tokens: who did the giants beat to get to the super bowl

text: New York Giants

text: Team history

text: The Giants played their first game as an away game against All New Britain in New Britain, Connecticut, on October 4, 1925.[10][11] They defeated New Britain 26–0 in front of a crowd of 10,000.[10] The Giants were successful in their first season, finishing with an 8–4 record.[12]

text: In its third season, the team finished with the best record in the league at 11–1–1 and was awarded the NFL title.[13] After a disappointing fourth season (1928) owner Mara bought the entire squad of the Detroit Wolverines, principally to acquire star quarterback Benny Friedman, and merged the two teams under the Giants name.

text: In 1930, there were still many who questioned the quality of the professional game, claiming the college "amateurs" played with more intensity than professionals. In December 1930, the Giants played a team of Notre Dame All Stars at the Polo Grounds to raise money for the unemployed of New York City. It was also an opportunity to establish the skill and prestige of the pro game. Knute Rockne reassembled his Four Horsemen along with the stars of his 1924 Championship squad and told them to score early, then defend. Rockne, like much of the public, thought little of pro football and expected an easy win.[14] But from the beginning it was a one-way contest, with Friedman running for two Giant touchdowns and Hap Moran passing for another. Notre Dame failed to score. When it was all over, Coach Rockne told his team, "That was the greatest football machine I ever saw. I am glad none of you got hurt."[15] The game raised $100,000 for the homeless, and is often credited with establishing the legitimacy of the professional game for those who were critical.[14] It also was the last game the legendary Rockne ever coached; he was killed in an airplane crash on March 31, 1931.

text: In a 14-year span from 1933 to 1947, the Giants qualified to play in the NFL championship game 8 times, winning twice.[13] During this period the Giants were led by Hall of Fame coach Steve Owen, and Hall of Fame players Mel Hein, Red Badgro and Tuffy Leemans. The period also featured the 1944 Giants, which are ranked as the #1 defensive team in NFL history, "...a truly awesome unit".[17] They gave up only 7.5 points per game (a record that still stands) and shut out five of their 10 opponents, though they lost 14-7 to the Green Bay Packers in the 1944 NFL Championship Game. The famous "Sneakers Game" was played in this era where the Giants defeated the Chicago Bears on an icy field in the 1934 NFL Championship Game, while wearing sneakers for better traction.[13] The Giants played the Detroit Lions to a scoreless tie on November 7, 1943.[18][19][20] To this day, no NFL game played since then has ended in a scoreless tie. The Giants were particularly successful from the latter half of the 1930s until the United States entry into World War II. They added their third NFL championship in 1938 with a 23–17 win over the Green Bay Packers.[13]

text: Fourth NFL championship and "The Greatest Game Ever Played" (1947–1963)

text: They did not win another league title until 1956, aided by a number of future Pro Football Hall of Fame players such as running back Frank Gifford, linebacker Sam Huff, and offensive tackle Roosevelt Brown, as well as all-pro running back Alex Webster. The Giants' 1956 championship team not only included players who would eventually find their way to the Pro Football Hall of Fame, but a Hall of Fame coaching staff, as well. Head coach Jim Lee Howell's staff had Vince Lombardi coaching the offense and Tom Landry coaching the defense.[21] From 1958 to 1963, the Giants played in the NFL Championship Game five times, but failed to win.[13] Most significantly, the Giants played the Colts in the 1958 NFL Championship Game, which is considered a watershed event in the history of the NFL.[22] The game, which the Giants lost in overtime 23–17,[13] is often called "The Greatest Game Ever Played" and is considered one of the most important events in furthering the NFL's popularity. The following year, they lost the championship to the Colts again, giving up a 9-7 4th quarter lead en route to a 31–16 loss. Both the 1961 and 1962 championship game matched the Giants up against the Green Bay Packers, with the Giants losing both 37-0 and 16-7 respectively. In 1963, led by league MVP quarterback Y. A. Tittle, who threw a then-NFL record 36 touchdown passes, the Giants advanced to the NFL Championship Game, where they lost to the Bears 14–10 for their third consecutive championship loss, as well as their fifth loss in the title game in 6 years.[23]

text: Postseason drought and resurgence (1964–1982)

text: From 1964 to 1978, the Giants registered only two winning seasons and no playoff appearances.[12] With players, such as Tittle and Gifford approaching their mid 30s, the team declined rapidly, finishing 2–10–2 in 1964.[12] They rebounded with a 7–7 record in 1965,[12] before compiling a league-worst 1–12–1 record,[24] and allowing more than 500 points on defense in 1966.[24] During the 1969 preseason, the Giants lost their first meeting with the New York Jets, 37–14, in front of 70,874 fans at the Yale Bowl in New Haven, Connecticut.[25] Following the game, Wellington Mara fired coach Allie Sherman,[26] and replaced him with former Giants fullback Alex Webster.

text: In 1967, the team acquired quarterback Fran Tarkenton from the Minnesota Vikings. Despite having several respectable seasons with Tarkenton at quarterback, including a 7–7 finish in 1967 and 9–5 in 1970,[12] the Giants traded him back to the Vikings after a 4–10 finish in 1971 .[27] Tarkenton would go on to lead the Vikings to three Super Bowls and earn a place in the Hall of Fame,[27] while the Giants suffered through one of the worst stretches in their history,[12] winning only 23 games from 1973 to 1979.[12] Before the 1976 season, the Giants tried to revive a weak offense by replacing retired RB Ron Johnson with future Hall of Fame fullback Larry Csonka, but Csonka was often injured and ineffective during his 3 years in New York. The 1977 season featured a roster that included three rookie quarterbacks.[28]

text: The Giants were allowed to play their home games at the Yale Bowl in New Haven, Connecticut in 1973 and 1974, and at Shea Stadium (home of the Mets and Jets) in 1975, due to the renovation of Yankee Stadium. They finally moved into their own dedicated state-of-the-art stadium in 1976,[21] when they moved into Giants Stadium at the Meadowlands in East Rutherford, New Jersey. One of the low points during this period was the play known as the "Miracle at the Meadowlands", which occurred in 1978.[29] With the Giants trying to kill the clock and secure a win against the Philadelphia Eagles,[29] offensive coordinator, Bob Gibson, chose to call a running play. This resulted in "The Fumble" by QB Joe Pisarcik that was returned for a game-winning touchdown by the Eagles' Herman Edwards.[29]

text: The Giants' front office operations were complicated by a long-standing feud between Wellington Mara and his nephew, Tim Mara.[30] Jack Mara had died in 1965, leaving his share of the club to his son Tim. Wellington and Tim's personal styles and their visions for the club clashed, and eventually they stopped talking to each other. Commissioner Rozelle intervened and appointed a neutral general manager, George Young, allowing the club to operate more smoothly. The feud became moot on February 20, 1991, when Tim Mara sold his shares in the club to Preston Robert Tisch.

text: In 1979, the Giants began the steps that would, in time, return them to the pinnacle of the NFL. These included the drafting of quarterback Phil Simms in 1979, and linebacker Lawrence Taylor in 1981.[21] In 1981, Taylor won the NFL's Defensive Rookie of the Year and Defensive Player of the Year awards and the Giants made the playoffs for the first time since 1963.[12][31] One of the few bright spots during this time was the team's excellent linebackers, who were known as the Crunch Bunch.[32] After the strike-shortened 1982 season, in which they finished 4–5,[12] head coach Ray Perkins resigned to take over the same position at the University of Alabama. In a change that would prove crucial in the coming years, he was replaced by the team's defensive coordinator, Bill Parcells.

text: Bill Parcells era (1983–1990)

text: In 1983, Bill Parcells was promoted to head coach from defensive coordinator. One of his first moves was to change his starting quarterback, sitting the injury-prone and struggling Phil Simms (who had missed the entire 1982 season with an injury) and electing instead to go with Scott Brunner, who had gone 4-5 as the starter in place of Simms in the strike-shortened previous season. Parcells went as far as to demote Simms to the third string position, promoting Jeff Rutledge over Simms to be Brunner's backup. Parcells later said the move was a mistake and one he "nearly paid for dearly" as the team finished with a 3–12–1 record and his job security was called into question.[12]

text: In the offseason the Giants released Brunner and named Simms the starter. The move paid off as the team won nine games and returned to the playoffs. After beating the Los Angeles Rams in the Wild Card Round, the Giants prepared for a showdown against top-seeded San Francisco. The 49ers defeated the Giants 21–10 in the Divisional Round.

text: The 1985 Giants compiled a 10–6 record and avenged their loss against San Francisco by beating them in the Wild Card round 17–3. However, they again lost in the Divisional Round, this time to the eventual Super Bowl champion Bears, by a score of 21–0. However, the following season would end with the Giants winning their first Super Bowl championship.

text: First Super Bowl championship (1986 season)

text: After 9–7 and 10–6 finishes in 1984 and 1985 respectively,[12] the Giants compiled a 14–2 record in 1986 led by league MVP and Defensive Player of the Year Lawrence Taylor and the Big Blue Wrecking Crew defense. As of 2017, this is the Giants' best regular season record since the NFL began playing 16-game seasons in 1978. After clinching the top seed in the NFC, the Giants defeated the 49ers 49–3 in the divisional round of the NFC playoffs [33] and the Redskins 17–0 in the NFC championship game, advancing to their first Super Bowl,[34] Super Bowl XXI, against the Denver Broncos at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena. Led by MVP Simms who completed 22 of 25 passes for a Super Bowl record 88% completion percentage, they defeated the Broncos 39–20,[35] to win their first championship since 1956. In addition to Phil Simms and Lawrence Taylor, the team was led during this period by head coach Bill Parcells, tight end Mark Bavaro, running back Joe Morris, and Hall of Fame linebacker Harry Carson.

text: The Giants struggled to a 6–9 record in the strike-marred 1987 season,[12] due largely to a decline in the running game, as Morris managed only 658 yards[36] behind an injury-riddled offensive line.[37] The early portion of the 1988 season was marred by a scandal involving Lawrence Taylor. Taylor had abused cocaine and was suspended for the first four games of the season for his second violation of the league's substance abuse policy. Despite the controversy, the Giants finished 10–6, and Taylor recorded 15.5 sacks after his return from the suspension. They surged to a 12–4 record in 1989, but lost to the Los Angeles Rams in their opening playoff game when Flipper Anderson caught a 47-yard touchdown pass to give the Rams a 19–13 overtime win.

text: Second Super Bowl championship (1990 season)

text: In 1990, the Giants went 13–3 and, at the time, set an NFL record for fewest turnovers in a season (14).[38] They defeated the San Francisco 49ers, who were attempting to win the Super Bowl for an unprecedented third straight year, 15–13 at San Francisco [39] and then defeated the Buffalo Bills 20–19 in Super Bowl XXV.[35]

text: Post-Parcells era (1991–1996)

text: Following the 1990 season, Parcells resigned as head coach and was replaced by the team's offensive-line coach Ray Handley. Handley served as coach for two disappointing seasons (1991 and 1992), which saw the Giants fall from Super Bowl champions to an 8–8 record in 1991 and a 6–10 record in 1992. He was fired following the 1992 season, and replaced by former Denver Broncos' coach Dan Reeves. In the early 1990s, Simms and Taylor, two of the stars of the 1980s, played out the last seasons of their careers with steadily declining production. The Giants experienced a resurgent season with Reeves at the helm in 1993 however, and Simms and Taylor ended their careers as members of a playoff team.

text: The Giants initially struggled in the post Simms/Taylor era. After starting 3–7 in 1994, the Giants won their final six games to finish 9–7 but missed the playoffs.[40] Quarterback Dave Brown received heavy criticism throughout the season.[41] Brown performed poorly the following two seasons, and the Giants struggled to 5–11 and 6–10 records.[12] Reeves was fired following the 1996 season.

text: Jim Fassel era (1997–2003)

text: In 1997, the Giants named Jim Fassel, who had spent the previous season as offensive coordinator of the Arizona Cardinals, as their 16th head coach. Fassel named Danny Kanell the team's starting quarterback. The Giants finished the 1997 season with a record of 10–5–1 and qualified for the playoffs for the first time in four years.[12] However, they lost in the Wild Card round to the Vikings at home. The following year, the Giants began the season 4–8 before rallying to finish the season 8–8. One of the notable games of that season was a win over the eventual Super Bowl champion Denver Broncos in week 15, giving the Broncos their first loss of the season after starting 13–0.

text: Before the 1999 season, the Giants signed ex-Carolina Panthers quarterback Kerry Collins. Collins was the first-ever draft choice of the expansion Carolina Panthers in 1995, and led the Panthers to the NFC Championship game in his second season. However, problems with alcohol, conflicts with his teammates and questions about his character led to his release from the Panthers.[42] The Giants finished the season with a 7–9 record, Fassel's first losing season as head coach.[12]

text: NFC Champions (2000 season)

text: In 2000, the Giants were looking to make the playoffs for the first time in three seasons. The Giants started the season 7–2, but suffered back-to-back home losses to St. Louis and Detroit to make their record 7–4 and call their playoff prospects into question.[43] At a press conference following the Giants' loss to Detroit, Fassel guaranteed that "this team is going to the playoffs".[44] The Giants responded, winning the rest of their regular season games to finish the season 12–4[43] and clinch the top seed in the NFC. In the Divisional Round, the Giants beat the Philadelphia Eagles 20–10 at home to qualify for the NFC Championship Game, in which they defeated the Minnesota Vikings 41–0.[43] They advanced to play the Baltimore Ravens in Super Bowl XXXV. Though the Giants went into halftime down only 10–0,[45] the Ravens dominated the second half. Their defense harassed Kerry Collins all game long, resulting in Collins completing only 15 of 39 passes for 112 yards and 4 interceptions.[45] The Ravens won the game 34–7.[45]

text: After a disappointing 7–9 record in 2001, the Giants finished the 2002 season with a record of 10–6, qualifying for the playoffs as a wild card. This set up a meeting with the San Francisco 49ers in Candlestick Park in the Wild Card round. The Giants built up a sizable lead throughout the game, and led 38–14 with 4:27 left in the third quarter. However, San Francisco rallied to win the game by one point, with the final score of 39–38.

text: After a dismal 2003 season in which the Giants finished with a 4–12 record, Jim Fassel was released by the Giants. His head coaching record with the Giants during this time was 58–53–1.

text: Tom Coughlin/Eli Manning era (2004–2015)

text: In 2004, three years after their last Super Bowl appearance, Fassel was replaced by Tom Coughlin. Although Collins had several solid seasons as the Giants quarterback, he experienced his share of struggles. In 2004, the Giants completed a draft day trade for University of Mississippi quarterback Eli Manning.[46] Manning became the team's starting quarterback in the middle of the 2004 season, taking over for Kurt Warner. During the three-year period from 2004 to 2006, Tom Coughlin's Giants compiled a 25–23 regular season record and two appearances in the Wild Card Round — both losses (to the Carolina Panthers in 2005 and to the Philadelphia Eagles in 2006.)[47] and spawned intense media scrutiny concerning the direction of the team.[48] During this period in their history, standout players included defensive end Michael Strahan, who set the NFL single season record in sacks in 2001,[49] and running back Tiki Barber, who set a team record for rushing yards in a season in 2005.[50] Barber retired at the end of the 2006 season.

text: Third Super Bowl championship (2007 season)

text: Going into 2007, the Giants had made the playoffs in back-to-back seasons. In 2007, the Giants became the third NFL franchise to win at least 600 games when they defeated the Atlanta Falcons 31–10 on Monday Night Football.[51] For the 2007 season, the NFL scheduled the Giants' road game against the Miami Dolphins on October 28 in London's Wembley Stadium; this was the first NFL regular-season game to be played outside of North America. The Giants defeated the Dolphins, 13–10. The Giants finished 10–6, and became NFC Champions after defeating the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Dallas Cowboys, and Green Bay Packers in the NFC Playoffs. They set a record for most consecutive road wins in a single season with 10 (a streak which ended with a loss to the Cleveland Browns during week 6 of the 2008 season).

text: The Patriots (18–0) entered the Super Bowl undefeated and were 12 point favorites going into game weekend.[52] The Giants defeated the Patriots 17–14 in Super Bowl XLII,[53] aided by the famous "Manning to Tyree" pass. On this famous play, Manning escaped the grip of several Patriots defensive linemen, stepped up in the pocket, and heaved the ball down the middle of the field to a double covered David Tyree. With Rodney Harrison, a Patriots defensive back, all over Tyree, David managed to hold on to the ball by holding it on his helmet until he fell to the ground. This catch set up a Manning to Plaxico Burress touchdown pass in the back of the end zone to put the Giants in the lead. It was the third biggest upset by betting line in Super Bowl history (the Baltimore Colts were favored by 17 over the New York Jets in Super Bowl III, and the St. Louis Rams were favored by 14 over the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XXXVI).[54] Co-owner John Mara described it as "the greatest victory in the history of this franchise, without question".[55]

text: Late-season collapses (2008–2010)

text: The Giants began the 2008 NFL season with a record of 11–1, but lost three of their last four regular season games partially due to a self-inflicted gunshot wound to wide receiver Plaxico Burress. However, the Giants still won the NFC East with a record of 12–4, and clinched the number one seed in the NFC after beating the Carolina Panthers for home field advantage and a first-round bye. In the Divisional Round of the playoffs, the Giants lost 23–11 to the Philadelphia Eagles at home.[56]

text: In 2009, the Giants opened a new training complex, the Timex Performance Center, also located in the Meadowlands. After starting 5–0 in the 2009 season, New York lost to the likewise undefeated New Orleans Saints at the Superdome 48–27, beginning a four-game losing streak,[57] in which they lost to the Arizona Cardinals 24–17, the San Diego Chargers 21–20 and the Philadelphia Eagles 40–17. The streak was broken with a 34–31 overtime victory against the Falcons. On Thanksgiving night, they lost to the Denver Broncos 26–6. The Giants next beat the division leading Cowboys. A week later, with a record of 7–5, they lost to the Philadelphia Eagles, 45–38. On December 27, the Giants lost to the Carolina Panthers 41–9 in their final game at Giants Stadium, and were eliminated from playoff eligibility. The Giants finished the season 8–8.

text: Following the season, the Giants fired first-year defensive coordinator Bill Sheridan, and replaced him with the former Buffalo Bills interim head coach, Perry Fewell. The Giants defense finished 13th overall under Sheridan, giving up 324.9 yards per game, and the final two losses of the season against Carolina and Minnesota, in which the Giants gave up 85 points, ultimately led to the firing.[58]

text: In 2010, the Giants moved from Giants Stadium into MetLife Stadium, then known as the "New Meadowlands Stadium". They won against the Panthers in the very first game at the New Meadowlands, but then lost to the Colts in the second "Manning Bowl", so-called due to Eli Manning's brother Peyton playing for the Colts. The Giants dropped one game to the Tennessee Titans before going on a five-game winning streak, beating the Bears, Houston Texans, Lions, Cowboys, and Seattle Seahawks. Before long, the Giants were 6–2, but lost two straight to division foes: to the Cowboys 33–20 at home, and to the Eagles on the road, putting the G-Men in 2nd place in the NFC East at 6–4. In first place was the Eagles, but at December 19 they were both tied for first place at 8–4, setting up a match for first place. The Giants were at home, and led 24–3 over the Eagles at halftime. The score was 31–10 with 5:40 left in the game, but Michael Vick led the Eagles to three touchdown drives to tie the game up at 31 with 40 seconds left. After a Giants three-and-outs, Matt Dodge punted the ball to DeSean Jackson, who returned it for a touchdown, concluding the Giants' epic collapse. The next game, the Giants lost to the eventual Super Bowl Champion Green Bay Packers 45–17, and at 9–6, they faced the Redskins. They had to win and have the Packers lose in order to get into the playoffs. The Giants won 17–14, but the Packers beat the Bears 10–3, so the Giants missed out on the playoffs again, ending a collapse in which the Giants went 4–4 in their last eight games.

text: Fourth Super Bowl championship (2011 season)

text: During the 2011 preseason, the Giants lost Kevin Boss, Steve Smith, Rich Seubert, Keith Bulluck, Derek Hagan, and Pro Bowl center Shaun O'Hara to free agency. However, the season also saw the emergence of second-year wide receiver Victor Cruz and second-year tight end Jake Ballard. The Giants opened their season with a 28–14 loss to the Washington Redskins at FedEx Field on the 10th anniversary of the September 11th attacks.[59] However, the Giants secured a 6–2 record by the midpoint of the season, including road victories over the Philadelphia Eagles and the New England Patriots. The latter victory ended the Patriots' NFL record home-game winning streak, after a touchdown pass from Manning to Jake Ballard with 15 seconds left in the game.

text: However, the Giants then suffered a four-game losing streak, including road losses against the resurgent San Francisco 49ers and the New Orleans Saints and home losses to the Eagles and the then-undefeated Green Bay Packers, to make their record 6–6 entering December. The Giants broke their losing streak with a tightly contested 37–34 road victory over the Cowboys on December 11, but lost at home to the Washington Redskins the following week to make their record 7–7 with a Christmas Eve showdown against their crosstown rival New York Jets the following week. The Giants won, 29–14, and knocked the Eagles out of playoff contention, to set up a Week 17 home game against the Cowboys in which the winner would clinch the NFC East while the loser would be eliminated from playoff contention. The game was flexed into Sunday Night Football. The Giants defeated the Cowboys, 31–14, and clinched the NFC East title and the fourth seed in the playoffs. Wide receiver Victor Cruz finished the regular season with 1,536 receiving yards, breaking the Giants franchise record previously held by Amani Toomer.

text: On January 8, 2012 in the first round of the playoffs the Giants defeated the Atlanta Falcons 24–2. After giving up an early safety in the first half, QB Eli Manning threw for three consecutive touchdowns. RBs Ahmad Bradshaw and Brandon Jacobs combined for 172 yards rushing, a season-high for the Giants. With the victory, the Giants advanced to the second round against the top-ranked Green Bay Packers.

text: On January 15, 2012, the Giants defeated the Green Bay Packers 37–20. Eli Manning threw for 330 yards and 3 touchdowns, two of which to wide receiver Hakeem Nicks. This earned the Giants a spot in the NFC Championship Game on January 22, 2012, against the San Francisco 49ers. They won this game 20–17, in overtime, with Tynes scoring the winning field goal as he did four years earlier in the same game against the Packers.

text: The New York Giants won Super Bowl XLVI against the New England Patriots with a score of 21–17. The winning touchdown was preceded by a 38-yard reception by receiver Mario Manningham. As in Super Bowl XLII, Eli Manning was Super Bowl MVP, defeating the New England Patriots for a second time in the Super Bowl.

text: Ahmad Bradshaw scored the game-winning touchdown by falling into the end zone. The Patriots were allowing Bradshaw to get the touchdown so they would get the ball with some time remaining. When Eli Manning handed the ball to Bradshaw, he told him not to score. Bradshaw was about to fall down at the 1-yard line but his momentum carried him in, thus the "reluctant touchdown."[60]

text: As was the case in each of their four previous Super Bowl appearances, the Giants trailed at halftime. They are the only team in NFL history to have more than two second half, come-from-behind, Super Bowl victories (4). The Pittsburgh Steelers, who accomplished the feat in Super Bowl X and Super Bowl XIV, are the only other team to do it more than once.

text: Post-Super Bowl struggles (2012–2015)

text: The Giants began the 2012 season with a home loss to the Cowboys, but rebounded to finish October with a 6–2 record and on a four-game winning streak that included a 26–3 road victory against the eventual NFC champion San Francisco 49ers. Following the arrival of Hurricane Sandy in the Northeastern United States, the Giants lost back-to-back games against the Steelers and Bengals to fall to 6–4. Despite impressive blowout home victories over the Packers, Saints and Eagles, the Giants finished the season 9–7 and out of the playoffs. The Redskins won the division with a 10–6 record, only to lose to the Seahawks 24–14 in Wild Card Weekend. QB Eli Manning, DE Jason Pierre-Paul, WR Victor Cruz, and G Chris Snee represented the Giants at the Pro Bowl.[61]

text: The 2013 New York Giants season began with hope that the Giants could become the first team to play in the Super Bowl in their home stadium, as MetLife Stadium was scheduled to host Super Bowl XLVIII that February.[62] However, the Giants' playoff hopes took a massive hit when they lost the first six games of the season. They rebounded to win the next four games in a row to improve to 4–6, but lost a critical home game to the Cowboys on a last-minute field goal.[63] They finished the season 7–9 and with a losing record for the first time since 2004. The Giants drafted rookie wide receiver Odell Beckham Jr. in the 2014 NFL Draft,[64] who would later go on to win the AP Offensive Rookie of the Year award. However, the Giants missed the playoffs for a third straight season, finishing with a 6–10 record. The 2015 New York Giants season was another disappointing campaign, as the Giants showcased a struggling defense and several late-game collapses. The Giants finished the season with a 6–10 record and missed the playoffs.

text: Back to the playoffs (2016)

text: On January 14, 2016, the Giants announced that Ben McAdoo would become the team's head coach. He replaced Tom Coughlin, who had resigned the previous week.[65] The Giants turned it around in 2016, ending their five-year playoff drought. The Giants later lost to the Green Bay Packers 38–13 in the Wild Card round.

text: Struggles (2017)

text: After having high expectations due to their 11–5 record in 2016, the Giants had an unexpected 0–5 start to the season, before pulling a massive upset versus the Broncos at Sports Authority Field at Mile High for their first win of the season. However, during the Week 5 game against the Los Angeles Chargers, Odell Beckham Jr. fractured his fibula, an injury that ended his season. During the same game, the Giants also lost WRs Brandon Marshall and Dwayne Harris to season ending injuries.[66] The season was also marred by suspensions to Dominique Rodgers-Cromartie[67] and Janoris Jenkins.[68]

text: Timeline

text: Season by season timeline of the New York Giants franchise including the team name, changes of Home Field, Postseason Championships Seasons, and coaches throughout the years.

text: Championships

text: League Championships

text: The Giants have won a total of eight League Championships: 1927, 1934, 1938, 1956, 1986, 1990, 2007 and 2011.[69] The first four of those championships came in the pre-Super Bowl era. New York's eight championships put them third among all active and defunct NFL teams, trailing only the Green Bay Packers (13) and the Chicago Bears (9).

text: Pre-Super Bowl NFL Championships

text: Before the Super Bowl was instituted, the Giants won four officially recognized NFL Championships.

text:
Year
Coach
Location
Opponent
Score
Record

1927
Earl Potteiger
N/A
N/A
N/A
11–1–1

1934
Steve Owen
New York, NY
Chicago Bears
30–13
8–5

1938
Steve Owen
New York, NY
Green Bay Packers
23–17
8–2–1

1956
Jim Lee Howell
Bronx, NY
Chicago Bears
47–7
8–3–1

Total NFL championships won:
4

text: Super Bowl Championships

text: The Giants have won four Super Bowls, tied with Green Bay for the fifth most behind only Dallas, San Francisco and New England (all with 5), and Pittsburgh (6).

text:
Year
Coach
Super Bowl
Location
Opponent
Score
Record

1986
Bill Parcells
XXI
Pasadena, CA
Denver Broncos
39–20
17–2

1990
Bill Parcells
XXV
Tampa, FL
Buffalo Bills
20–19
16–3

2007
Tom Coughlin
XLII
Glendale, AZ
New England Patriots
17–14
14–6

2011
Tom Coughlin
XLVI
Indianapolis, IN
New England Patriots
21–17
13–7

Total Super Bowls won:
4

text: NFC Championships

text: The Giants have won five NFC Championship Games, including two in overtime in 2007 and 2011.

text:
Year
Coach
Location
Opponent
Score
Record

1986
Bill Parcells
East Rutherford, NJ
Washington Redskins
17–0
17–2

1990
Bill Parcells
San Francisco, CA
San Francisco 49ers
15–13
16–3

2000
Jim Fassel
East Rutherford, NJ
Minnesota Vikings
41–0
14–5

2007
Tom Coughlin
Green Bay, WI
Green Bay Packers
23–20 (OT)
14–6

2011
Tom Coughlin
San Francisco, CA
San Francisco 49ers
20–17 (OT)
13–7

Total NFC Championships won:
5

text: Logos and uniforms

text: With over 80 years of team history, the Giants have used numerous uniforms and logos, while maintaining a consistent identity. The Giants' logos include several incarnations of a giant quarterback preparing to throw a football, a lowercase "ny", and stylized versions of the team nickname.

text: Giants' jerseys are traditionally blue or red (or white with blue or red accents), and their pants alternate between white and gray. Currently, the Giants wear home jerseys that are solid blue with white block numbering, white pants with five thin blue/gray/red/gray/blue stripes on the pant legs, and solid blue socks. For this they gained their most renowned nickname, "Big Blue". For road uniforms, they wear a white jersey with red block numbering and red "Northwestern" stripes on the sleeves, gray pants with three thin non-contiguous red/blue/red stripes on the pant legs, and solid red socks. The Giants' current helmet is metallic blue with white block numbers, which are frontally mounted and base mounted on either side of a red stripe running down the center or frontally mounted and base mounted on the red center stripe itself. The Giants, along with the Pittsburgh Steelers, are one of only two teams in the National Football League to have the players' uniform numbers on both the front and back of the helmets. The helmet is adorned on both sides with the stylized white lower case "ny" logo and features a gray facemask. The home uniforms are generally similar to the design used from 1966 to 1974, but with some slight elements from the 1956–1961 uniforms. The road uniforms are essentially a modernization of the design used from 1956 to 1961. Additionally, the Giants had a third jersey until the 2009 season, which recalled the Giants' solid red home jerseys from the early 1950s: a solid red alternate with white block numbers. These jerseys were used a total of four times, but have since been retired. They were used once in 2004 against the Philadelphia Eagles and in three consecutive years – 2005, 2006, and 2007 – against the Dallas Cowboys.

text: Ownerships, financial history and fan base

text: The Giants have had a long and, at times, turbulent financial history. The team was founded by Tim Mara with an investment of US$500 in 1925 and became one of the first teams in the then five-year-old NFL.[70] To differentiate themselves from the baseball team of the same name, they took the name "New York Football Giants", which they still use as their legal corporate name.

text: Although the Giants were successful on the field in their initial seasons, their financial status was a different story. Overshadowed by baseball, boxing, and college football, professional football was not a popular sport in 1925. The Giants were in dire financial straits until the 11th game of the season when Red Grange and the Chicago Bears came to town, attracting over 73,000 fans.[71] This gave the Giants a much needed influx of revenue, and perhaps altered the history of the franchise.[72][73] The following year, Grange and his agent formed a rival league and stationed a competing team, led by Grange, in New York. Though the Giants lost $50,000 that season, the rival league folded and was subsumed into the NFL.[74] Following the 1930 season, Mara transferred ownership of the team over to his two sons to insulate the team from creditors, and by 1946, he had given over complete control of the team to them. Jack, the older son, controlled the business aspects, while Wellington controlled the on-field operations.[75] After their initial struggles the Giants financial status stabilized, and they led the league in attendance several times in the 1930s and 1940s.[76]

text: By the early 1960s, the Giants had firmly established themselves as one of the league's biggest attractions. However, rather than continuing to receive their higher share of the league television revenue, the Mara sons pushed for equal sharing of revenue for the benefit of the entire league. Revenue sharing is still practiced in the NFL today, and is credited with strengthening the league.[75] After their struggles in the latter half of the 1960s and the entire 1970s, the Giants hired an outsider, George Young, to run the football operations for the first time in franchise history.[79] The Giants' on-field product and business aspects improved rapidly following the move.

text: In 1991, Tim Mara, grandson of the founder, was struggling with cancer and sold his half of the team to Bob Tisch for a reported $80 million.[80] This marked the first time in franchise history the team had not been solely owned by the Mara family. In 2005, Wellington Mara, who had been with the team since its inception in 1925 when he worked as a ball boy, died at the age of 89.[81] His death was followed two weeks later by the death of Tisch. In 2015, Wellington's widow and Giants co-owner Ann died due to complications from a head injury suffered in a fall. She was 85 years old.[82]

text: In 2010, MetLife Stadium opened, replacing Giants Stadium. The new stadium is a 50/50 partnership between the Giants and Jets, and while the stadium is owned by the New Jersey Sports and Exposition Authority on paper, the two teams jointly built the stadium using private funds, and administer it jointly through New Meadowlands Stadium Corporation. The Giants had previously planned a $300 million renovation to the Meadowlands, before deciding in favor of the new stadium which was originally estimated to cost approximately $600 million,[83] before rising to an estimated cost of one billion dollars.[78] One advantage gained by owning the stadium is that the teams saved considerable money in tax payments. The teams leased the land from the state at a cost of $6.3 million per year.[83] The state paid for all utilities, including the $30 million needed to install them.[83]

text: The Giants are owned and operated by John Mara and Steve Tisch. Forbes magazine estimated the value of the team in 2012 to be $1.3 billion.[84] This ranks the New York Giants as the fourth most valuable franchise in the NFL and the ninth most valuable professional sports franchise in the world.[85] The value has steadily increased from $288 million in 1998, to their current value.[77] The magazine estimated their revenue in 2006 at $182 million, of which $46 million came from gate receipts. Operating income was $26.9 million, and player salary was $102 million.[78] Current major sponsors include Gatorade, Anheuser Busch, Toyota, and Verizon Wireless.[78] Recent former sponsors include Miller Brewing and North Fork Bank.[83] Luxury suites, retail and game day concessions at the new stadium are provisioned and operated by global hospitality giant Delaware North. The team's average ticket price is $72.[78]

text: The Giants draw their fans from the New York metropolitan area. Since their move to New Jersey in 1976, fans from each state have claimed the team as their own.[86] In January 1987, shortly before the team won Super Bowl XXI, then New York City mayor Ed Koch labeled the team "foreigners" and said they were not entitled to a ticker-tape parade in New York City.[87] On February 5, 2008, the city, under mayor Michael Bloomberg, threw a ticker tape parade in honor of the Giants' Super Bowl XLII victory at the Canyon of Heroes in lower Manhattan.[88] New York City held another ticker tape parade on February 7, 2012, in honor of the Giants' Super Bowl XLVI victory. According to a team spokesman, in 2001, 52 percent of the Giants' season ticket-holders lived in New Jersey. Most of the remaining ticket holders lived in New York State with some coming from other states.[86]

text: Through the lean years of the 1960s and 1970s the Giants, in spite of a 17-year-long playoff drought, still accumulated a 20-year-long waiting list for season tickets. It has been estimated that the Giants have a waiting list of 135,000 people, the largest of any North American professional sports franchise.[89]

text: Rivalries

text: Philadelphia Eagles

text: The rivalry between the New York Giants and the Philadelphia Eagles is one of the oldest in the NFL, dating back to 1933.[8][9] The two teams have frequently fought for playoff contention, NFC East titles, and respect. While the Giants have dominated this rivalry throughout most of its history, the series began to even in the 1980s, with the series lead to the Eagles 22–21 through the 1990s and 2000s. The Giants lead the series 84–82–2. The two teams have met four times in the postseason, with each team winning two games. Three of those four playoff meetings were held in the 2000s decade. New York City and Philadelphia have a strong geographic rivalry, as seen in other professional sports such as the Mets-Phillies rivalry in Major League Baseball, and the Flyers-Rangers and Devils-Flyers rivalries in the National Hockey League.

text: Washington Redskins

text: The Giants have an old and storied rivalry with the Redskins, dating back to 1932.[90] While this rivalry is typically given less significance than the rivalries with the Eagles and Cowboys, there have been periods of great competition between the two. In the 1980s the Giants and Redskins clashed as both struggled against each other for division titles and even Super Bowl Championships. Most notable among these is the 1986 NFC Championship game in which the Giants defeated the Redskins 17–0 to earn their first ever trip to the Super Bowl. Wellington Mara always felt this was the Giants oldest and truest rival, and after passing away in 2005, the Giants honored their longtime owner by defeating the Redskins 36–0 at home. The Giants lead this series 99–67–4. The Giants 98 wins against the Redskins are tied for most wins against another franchise in NFL history, along with the Chicago Bears defeating the Detroit Lions 98 times.

text: Dallas Cowboys

text: The Giants have maintained a fierce divisional rivalry with the Dallas Cowboys since the Cowboys first began play in 1960. The two teams have a combined nine Super Bowl victories between them, and have played many games in which the NFC East title was at stake. The rivalry is unique among professional sports as it is the only divisional rivalry between sports teams from New York City and Dallas, partially due to the large distance between the two cities. The Cowboys lead the regular season series 64–45–2,[91] while the Giants hold the lone playoff victory between the two teams, held at the conclusion of the 2007 season.

text: San Francisco 49ers

text: Despite never being in the same division, the Giants and 49ers have developed a heated rivalry over the years. The two teams have met eight times in the playoffs (including two NFC Championship Games, both won by New York) since 1982, which is the most of any two teams in that span. The overall series is tied 16–16, as is the postseason series, 4–4.

text: New York Jets

text: The Giants and Jets for many years had the only intracity rivalry in the NFL, made even more unusual by sharing a stadium. They have met annually in the preseason since 1969. Since 2011, this meeting has been known as the "MetLife Bowl", after the naming sponsor of the teams' stadium. Regular season matchups between the teams occur once every four years, as they follow the NFL scheduling formula for interconference games. Since the two teams play each other so infrequently in the regular season, some, including players on both teams, have questioned whether the Giants and Jets have a real rivalry.[92][93][94][95] A memorable regular season game was in 1988, when the Giants faced off against the Jets in the last game of the season, needing a victory to make the playoffs. The Jets played spoiler, however, beating the Giants 27–21 and ruining the latter's playoff hopes. A different scenario unfolded during the penultimate regular season game of 2011 as the "visiting" Giants defeated the Jets 29–14. The victory simultaneously helped eliminate the Jets from playoff contention and propel the Giants to their own playoff run and eventual win in Super Bowl XLVI. The Giants lead the overall regular season series 8–5 and have won five of the past six meetings.

text: Players of note

text: Current roster

text:
New York Giants roster

view
talk
edit

Quarterbacks

10 Eli Manning
 5 Davis Webb

Running backs

22 Wayne Gallman
28 Paul Perkins
-- Jalen Simmons
43 Shane Smith FB
-- Jonathan Stewart
-- Terrell Watson

Wide receivers

13 Odell Beckham Jr.
86 Marquis Bundy
 6 Amba Etta-Tawo
82 Keeon Johnson
-- Cody Latimer
18 Roger Lewis
15 Brandon Marshall
80 Darius Powe
83 Kalif Raymond
19 Travis Rudolph
 8 Canaan Severin
84 Hunter Sharp
87 Sterling Shepard

Tight ends

89 Jerell Adams
-- Kyle Carter
85 Rhett Ellison
88 Evan Engram

Offensive linemen

61 Nick Becton T
66 Adam Bisnowaty T
62 Ethan Cooper G
65 Jessamen Dunker G
74 Ereck Flowers T
-- Laurence Gibson T
73 John Greco G
75 Jon Halapio C
77 John Jerry G
71 Damien Mama G
-- Patrick Omameh G
-- Nate Solder T
63 Chad Wheeler T

Defensive linemen

64 Josh Banks DE
98 Damon Harrison NT
-- Josh Mauro DE
78 Romeo Okwara DE
60 Kristjan Sokoli DE
99 Robert Thomas NT
94 Dalvin Tomlinson DE
79 Jordan Williams DE
72 Kerry Wynn DE

Linebackers

-- Thurston Armbrister ILB
55 Ray-Ray Armstrong ILB
93 B. J. Goodson ILB
44 Mark Herzlich ILB
-- Kareem Martin OLB
39 Derrick Mathews ILB
91 Avery Moss OLB
46 Calvin Munson ILB
52 Alec Ogletree ILB
54 Olivier Vernon OLB

Defensive backs

33 Andrew Adams SS
24 Eli Apple CB
21 Landon Collins SS
38 Donte Deayon CB
25 Brandon Dixon CB
-- William Gay CB
20 Janoris Jenkins CB
31 Jeremiah McKinnon CB
36 Ryan Murphy SS
-- Curtis Riley CB
30 Tim Scott CB
-- Michael Thomas FS
27 Darian Thompson FS
-- B.W. Webb CB
-- Teddy Williams CB

Special teams

51 Zak DeOssie LS
-- Marshall Koehn K
-- Austin Rehkow P
 2 Aldrick Rosas K

Reserve lists

Currently vacant

Restricted FAs

69 Brett Jones C

Rookies in italics
Roster updated April 5, 2018
Depth chart • Transactions
76 Active, 0 Inactive, 1 FAs
→ AFC rosters → NFC rosters

AFC East
BUF
MIA
NE
NYJ
North
BAL
CIN
CLE
PIT
South
HOU
IND
JAX
TEN
West
DEN
KC
LAC
OAK

NFC East
DAL
NYG
PHI
WAS
North
CHI
DET
GB
MIN
South
ATL
CAR
NO
TB
West
ARI
LAR
SF
SEA

text: Retired numbers

text:
New York Giants retired numbers

No.
Player
Position
Career

1
Ray Flaherty 1
E
1928–1935

4
Tuffy Leemans
RB
1936–1943

7
Mel Hein
C, LB
1931–1945

11
Phil Simms
QB
1979–1993

14
Ward Cuff 3
HB, WB
1937–1945

Y. A. Tittle 3
QB
1961–1964

16
Frank Gifford
HB, WR
1952–1964

32
Al Blozis 2
OT
1942–1944

40
Joe Morrison
RB, WR
1959–1972

42
Charlie Conerly
QB
1948–1961

50
Ken Strong
HB
1933–1947

56
Lawrence Taylor
LB
1981–1993

text:
1 Retired in 1935, this was the first number to be retired by any team in major league sports.[96]
2 Posthumous honor.
3 The number 14 was retired in honor of Ward Cuff in 1946. Y. A. Tittle requested 14 after the Giants traded for him in 1961, and it was retired a second time in 1964 at the conclusion of Tittle's playing career. The number is now retired in honor of both players.[97]

text: Pro Football Hall of Famers

text: In the Pro Football Hall of Fame, the Giants boast the second-most enshrined members with 29.[98] Tim Mara, Mel Hein, Pete Henry, Cal Hubbard and Jim Thorpe were a part of the original class of inductees in 1963, while Defensive End Michael Strahan, the most recent Giant inducted, was a part of the Class of 2014. Numerous members, including Larry Csonka, Ray Flaherty, Joe Guyon, Pete Henry, Arnie Herber, Cal Hubbard, Tom Landry, Don Maynard, Hugh McElhenny, and Jim Thorpe were at one time associated with the New York Giants, but they were inducted largely based on their careers with other teams.

text:
New York Giants Hall of Famers

No.
Player
Position
Tenure
Inducted
No.
Player
Position
Tenure
Inducted

17
Red Badgro
TE/DE
1930–1935
1981
—
Tim Mara
Owner and founder
1925–1959
1963

79
Rosey Brown
T
1953–1965
1975
—
Wellington Mara
Owner/Administrator
1937–2005
1997

53
Harry Carson
LB
1976–1988
2006
13
Don Maynard
WR
1958
1987

39
Larry Csonka
FB
1976–1978
1987
13
Hugh McElhenny
RB
1963
1970

1
Ray Flaherty
E
1928–1935
1976
55
Steve Owen
T
Coach
1926–1933
1930–1953
1966

6
Benny Friedman
QB
Coach
1929–1931
1930
2005
—
Bill Parcells
Coach
1983–1990
2013

16
Frank Gifford
HB
1952–1960
1962–1964
1977
81
Andy Robustelli
DE
1956–1964
1971

11
Joe Guyon
RB
1927
1978
92
Michael Strahan
DE
1993–2007
2014

7
Mel Hein
C
1931–1945
1966
50
Ken Strong
HB/FB/K
1933–1935
1939
1944–1947
1967

55
Pete Henry
OT
1927
1963
10
Fran Tarkenton
QB
1967–1971
1986

38
Arnie Herber
QB
1944–1945
1963
56
Lawrence Taylor
LB
1981–1993
1999

41
60
Cal Hubbard
T
1927–1928
1936
1966
31
Jim Thorpe
RB, DB
1925
1963

70
Sam Huff
LB
1956–1963
1982
14
Y. A. Tittle
QB
1961–1964
1971

49
Tom Landry[99]
DB/P
1950–1955
1982
45
Emlen Tunnell
DB
1948–1958
1967

4
Tuffy Leemans
FB
1936–1943
1990
73
Arnie Weinmeister
DE
1950–1953
1984

text: Ring of Honor

text: The New York Giants unveiled their own Ring of Honor on October 3, 2010 during halftime of their Sunday Night Football matchup with the Chicago Bears. John Mara had long wished to create a Giants Ring of Honor and Hall of Fame to honor Giants who helped the franchise achieve each of their championships, and the building of MetLife Stadium resulted in the realization of that ambition.[100] The organization had an inaugural induction class of 30 including players, coaches, owners and executives that have had a great impact on the organization. While the entire list of inductees was not revealed until the actual induction, the organization did confirm about a week before the ceremony that Phil Simms, Bill Parcells, Michael Strahan, Tiki Barber, Frank Gifford and Pete Gogolak would all be inducted.[101]

text:
New York Giants Ring of Honor

Name
Position
No.
Years active
Championships
Inducted

Ernie Accorsi
Executive
—
1994–2007
—
2016

Jessie Armstead
LB
98
1993–2001
—
2010

Carl Banks
LB
58
1984–1992
1986, 1990
2011

Tiki Barber
RB
21
1997–2006
—
2010

Mark Bavaro
TE
89
1985–1990
1986, 1990
2011

Al Blozis
OT
32
1942–1944
—
2010

Rosey Brown
OT
79
1953–1965
1956
2010

Harry Carson
LB
53
1976–1988
1986
2010

Charlie Conerly
QB
42
1948–1961
1956
2010

Tom Coughlin
WR Coach
Head Coach
—
1988-1990
2004–2015
1990, 2007, 2011
2016

Frank Gifford
RB/WR
16
1952–1964
1956
2010

Pete Gogolak
K
3
1966–1974
—
2010

Mel Hein
C/LB
7
1931–1945
1934, 1938
2010

Jim Lee Howell
End
Head Coach
21, 81
1937–1942, 1946–1947
1954–1960
1938, 1956
2010

Sam Huff
LB
70
1956–1963
1956
2010

Dave Jennings
P
13
1974–1984
—
2011

John Johnson
Athletic Trainer
—
1948–2008
1956, 1986, 1990, 2007
2015

Tuffy Leemans
RB
4
1936–1943
1938
2010

Jack Lummus
End
29
1941
—
2015

Dick Lynch
DB
22
25
1958–1966
—
2010

Jack Mara
Owner
—
1925–1965
1927, 1934, 1938, 1956
2010

Tim Mara
Owner
—
1925–1959
1927, 1934, 1938, 1956
2010

Wellington Mara
Ball Boy/Executive/Owner
—
1925–2005
1927, 1934, 1938, 1956, 1986, 1990
2010

George Martin
DE
75
1975–1988
1986
2010

Joe Morrison
WR/RB
40
1959–1972
—
2010

Steve Owen
OT/Head coach
6, 9, 12, 36, 44, 50, 55
1926–1953
1927, 1934, 1938
2010

Bill Parcells
Linebacker Coach/Defensive Coordinator/Head Coach
—
1979, 1981–1990
1986, 1990
2010

Andy Robustelli
DE
81, 84
1956–1964
1956
2010

Phil Simms
QB
11
1979–1993
1986, 1990
2010

Chris Snee
OG
76
2004–2013
2007, 2011
2015

Michael Strahan
DE
92
1993–2007
2007
2010

Ken Strong
HB
50
1933–1935
1939, 1944–1947
1934
2010

Lawrence Taylor
LB
56
1981–1993
1986, 1990
2010

Bob Tisch
Owner
—
1991–2005
—
2010

Y. A. Tittle
QB
14
1961–1964
—
2010

Amani Toomer
WR
81
1996–2008
2007
2010

Justin Tuck
DE
91
2005–2013
2007, 2011
2016

Emlen Tunnell
DB
Scout/Assistant Head Coach
45
1948–1958
1963–1973
1956
2010

Osi Umenyiora
DE
72
2003–2012
2007, 2011
2015

Brad Van Pelt
LB
10
1973–1983
—
2011

Alex Webster
FB
Head Coach
29
1955–1964
1969–1973
1956
2011

George Young
Executive
—
1979–1997
1986, 1990
2010

text: NFL MVP award winners

text:
Giants NFL MVP winners

Year
Player
Position
Selector

1938
Mel Hein
C, LB
NFL

1956
Frank Gifford
HB, WR
NEA, UPI

1959
Charlie Conerly
QB
NEA

1961
Y. A. Tittle
QB
NEA

1962
Y. A. Tittle
QB
UPI

1963
Y. A. Tittle
QB
AP, NEA

1986
Lawrence Taylor
LB
AP, PFWA

1986
Phil Simms
QB
NEA

text: Super Bowl MVP award winners

text:
Super Bowl MVP winners

SB
Player
Position

XXI
Phil Simms
QB

XXV
Ottis Anderson
RB

XLII
Eli Manning
QB

XLVI

text: First-round draft picks

text:
Recent first-round draft picks

Year
Player
College
Position

2008
Kenny Phillips
Miami (FL)
DB

2009
Hakeem Nicks
North Carolina
WR

2010
Jason Pierre-Paul
South Florida
DE

2011
Prince Amukamara
Nebraska
DB

2012
David Wilson
Virginia Tech
RB

2013
Justin Pugh
Syracuse
OT

2014
Odell Beckham Jr.
LSU
WR

2015
Ereck Flowers
Miami (FL)
OT

2016
Eli Apple
Ohio State
CB

2017
Evan Engram
Mississippi
TE

text: Coaches of note

text: Current staff

text:
New York Giants staff

v
t
e

Front Office

President/CEO – John Mara
Chairman/Executive Vice President – Steve Tisch
General Manager – Dave Gettleman
Assistant General Manager – Kevin Abrams
Senior Vice President of Player Personnel – Chris Mara
Director of Pro Personnel – Ken Sternfeld
Assistant Director of Pro Personnel – Matt Shauger
Director of Player Development – David Tyree

Head Coaches

Head Coach – Pat Shurmur

Offensive Coaches

Offensive Coordinator/Quarterbacks – Mike Shula
Running Backs – Craig Johnson
Wide Receivers – Tyke Tolbert
Tight Ends – Lunda Wells
Offensive Line – Hal Hunter
Assistant Offensive Line – Ben Wilkerson
Offensive Assistant – Ryan Roeder

Defensive Coaches

Defensive Coordinator – James Bettcher
Defensive Line – Gary Emanuel
Linebackers – Bill McGovern
Assistant Linebackers – Rob Leonard
Defensive Backs – Lou Anarumo
Assistant Defensive Backs – Deshea Townsend
Defensive Assistant – Bobby Blick

Special Team Coaches

Special Teams Coordinator – Thomas McGaughey
Assistant Special Teams – Anthony Blevins

Strength and Conditioning

Strength and Conditioning – Aaron Wellman
Assistant Strength and Conditioning – Thomas Stallworth
Director of Performance Nutrition – Pratik Patel
Performance Manager – Joe Danos

→ Coaching Staff
→ Management
→ More NFL staffs

AFC East
BUF
MIA
NE
NYJ
North
BAL
CIN
CLE
PIT
South
HOU
IND
JAX
TEN
West
DEN
KC
LAC
OAK

NFC East
DAL
NYG
PHI
WAS
North
CHI
DET
GB
MIN
South
ATL
CAR
NO
TB
West
ARI
LAR
SF
SEA

text: Media, radio and television

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: As of 2010, the Giants' flagship radio station is WFAN, with games simulcast on WFAN-FM as of November 2012.[102] Beginning in 2012, the Giants became WFAN's top priority during the entire football season; prior to that, games that conflicted with late season New York Mets baseball games in September and early October were moved to other CBS Radio owned stations. This arrangement only lasted for 2012, and the Mets received priority again in 2013. WFAN acquired the rights to New York Yankees games for 2014, and thus the Giants' schedule will be in conflict with them for the foreseeable future. When there is an overlap, Giants games are carried by WFAN's sister station, WCBS-AM.

text: Bob Papa on play-by-play and Carl Banks on color commentary are the Giants' radio broadcast team, with Howard Cross as the sideline reporter.[102] When Papa is unavailable to call games Chris Carrino, WFAN's lead broadcaster for the Brooklyn Nets, substitutes for him. Games are carried over the New York Giants Radio Network over various stations in New York, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, and (as of 2010) Mississippi.

text: Preseason telecasts not seen nationally air in the area on WNBC, with WWOR-TV serving as an overflow station for when WNBC is airing other programming such as the Summer Olympic Games. Papa and Banks call these games on television, with studio host Paul Dottino as Papa's substitute. WPIX-TV or WABC-TV will also air any Giants broadcast that is carried by ESPN, as per the local carriage rules (WABC-TV corporate parent, The Walt Disney Company, holds an 80% majority ownership stake in ESPN, and has a right of first refusal for these telecasts). Thursday Night Football games exclusive to NFL Network are carried locally by the producing network's O&O, either WCBS-TV or WNBC.

text: The Giants' public address announcer at MetLife Stadium is Jim Hall, who for years was Bob Sheppard's substitute at Yankee Stadium due to their very similar voices. Hall took over the Giants PA job after Sheppard elected to leave the position in 2005 to focus solely on his Yankee Stadium duties.

text: Past

text: WFAN has produced the Giants' radio broadcasts since 1995, but has not always aired them on the station. For 1995, then-Giants flagship WOR continued to carry the games as they had for the previous two seasons. In 1996 the games were simulcast on WFAN and WOR, which caused some conflict as at the time, WFAN was the radio flagship of the New York Jets as well. To remedy the situation, beginning the next year WFAN moved the Giants' radio broadcasts to the FM dial and sister station WNEW-FM, where they remained until the end of the 1999 season. In 2000 WFAN lost the Jets' radio contract to WABC and the Giants moved back to WFAN where they have been ever since.

text: The Giants' longtime radio home was WNEW, where games aired from the mid-1950s until 1993 when the station was bought by Bloomberg L.P. and changed its format. Marty Glickman teamed with Al DeRogatis for a long stretch beginning in the early 1960s on WNEW. Chip Cipolla and later Sam Huff joined Glickman after DeRogatis left to join Curt Gowdy on NBC. After the WNEW split, games began airing on WOR. Glickman moved to the crosstown Jets in 1973 and was succeeded by Marv Albert. Jim Gordon succeeded Albert in 1977, beginning an 18-year tenure as the Giants' play-by-play voice. Meanwhile, Dick Lynch took over as color analyst in 1976 and continued in that role through 2007, with his last game being Super Bowl XLII, and retired following the season due to his advancing leukemia, which took his life in September 2008.

text: Eventually Gordon and Lynch were joined by Karl Nelson, a former lineman for the Giants. Gordon and Nelson were fired after the 1994 season, after which Papa took over the play-by-play (after being studio host) and led a two-man booth with Lynch. Dave Jennings joined the broadcast team in 2002 following his firing by the Jets, with whom he had worked since his 1987 retirement from the NFL. Jennings was moved to the pregame show after the 2006 season and was replaced by Carl Banks, leaving broadcasting altogether in 2008 due to his ongoing battle with Parkinson's disease that he lost in 2013.

text: After WFAN began airing games Richard Neer served as pregame and postgame host. He was replaced by Sid Rosenberg, who was in turn fired by the station due to troubles and replaced by Chris Carlin. Carlin left in 2008 to focus full-time on his duties as SNY studio host and Rutgers athletics radio voice and was replaced by WWOR sports reporter and former WFAN host Russ Salzberg, who cohosted with Roman Oben after Jennings left. WEPN Giants beat reporter Paul Dottino was hired by WFAN to host the pregame show for 2009 and continues to be a part of the program. Anita Marks has hosted the pre- and post- game shows since 2010, co-hosting with Dottino for home games and Oben for away games.

text: The Giants were carried on the DuMont Network, then CBS (New York's Channel 2) in the early TV days of the NFL, when home games were blacked out within a 75-mile radius of New York City. Chris Schenkel was their play-by-play announcer in that early era when each team was assigned its own network voice on its regional telecasts. At the time, there were few if any true national telecasts until the NFL championship game, which was carried by NBC. Schenkel was joined by Jim McKay, later Johnny Lujack through the 1950s and the early 1960s. As Giants players retired to the broadcast booth in the early and 1960s, first Pat Summerall, then Frank Gifford took the color analyst slot next to Schenkel. As the 1970 merger of the NFL and AFL approached, CBS moved to a more generic announcer approach and Schenkel was off the broadcasts.

text: Giants regular-season Sunday telecasts moved to Fox when that network took over NFC telecasts in 1994 and are carried locally by WNYW.

text: WCBS-TV and WPIX were previously home to Giants preseason telecasts in the 1990s, with WPIX serving as the Giants' (and Jets') long time preseason home. After the NFC rights were lost by CBS, the Giants followed the conference's broadcast rights to WNYW. WWOR became the Giants' flagship TV station in the late '90s, and stayed so up until WNBC took over rights in 2005.

text: When the Giants first moved to WNYW, Mike Breen was their preseason play-by-play man. Sam Rosen was the television voice for some time afterward, except for two years when Curt Menefee (then of WNYW) was the voice. When the games moved to WWOR, Rosen regained the position and held it until 2004. Former Giant receiver Phil McConkey became the early season analyst after his retirement and stayed in the booth for many years.


document_title: Rainy Night in Georgia

question_text: who sings rainy night in georgia with conway twitty

root

text: Rainy Night in Georgia

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text:
"Rainy Night in Georgia"
Single by Brook Bentonfrom the album Brook Benton TodayB-side
"Where Do I Go From Here?"Released
December 1969Format
Vinyl record (7" 45 RPM)Recorded
1969Genre
R&B, SoulLength
3:29Label
Cotillion/AtlanticSongwriter(s)
Tony Joe WhiteProducer(s)
Arif Mardin

text: "Rainy Night in Georgia" is a song written by Tony Joe White in 1967 and popularized by R&B vocalist Brook Benton in 1970. It was originally released by White on his 1969 album, "Continued" on Monument Records, shortly before Benton's hit single was issued.

tag: p

text: In a January 17, 2014 interview with music journalist Ray Shasho, Tony Joe White explained the thought process behind the making of "Rainy Night in Georgia" and "Polk Salad Annie".

text: When I got out of high school I went to Marietta, Georgia, I had a sister living there. I went down there to get a job and I was playing guitar too at the house and stuff. I drove a dump truck for the highway department and when it would rain you didn't have to go to work. You could stay home and play your guitar and hangout all night. So those thoughts came back to me when I moved on to Texas about three months later. I heard "Ode to Billie Joe" on the radio and I thought, man, how real, because I am Billie Joe, I know that life. I've been in the cotton fields. So I thought if I ever tried to write, I'm going to write about something I know about. At that time I was doing a lot of Elvis and John Lee Hooker onstage with my drummer. No original songs and I hadn't really thought about it. But after I heard Bobbie Gentry I sat down and thought … well I know about Polk because I had ate a bunch of it and I knew about rainy nights because I spent a lot of rainy nights in Marietta, Georgia. So I was real lucky with my first tries to write something that was not only real and hit pretty close to the bone, but lasted that long. So it was kind of a guide for me then on through life to always try to write what I know about.

text: In 1969, after several years without a major hit, Benton had signed to a new record label, Cotillion Records (a subsidiary of Atlantic Records) by label A&R chief and producer Jerry Wexler. Benton recorded the song in November 1969 with arranger/producer Arif Mardin. Session personnel on the record included Billy Carter on organ, Dave Crawford on piano, Cornell Dupree and Jimmy O'Rourke on guitar, Harold Cowart on bass, Tubby Ziegler on drums, and Toots Thielemans on harmonica.

text: Included on his "come-back" album Brook Benton Today, the melancholy song became an instant hit. In the spring of 1970, the song had topped the Billboard Best Selling Soul Singles chart. It also reached number four on the Billboard Hot 100,[1] and number two on the Adult Contemporary chart. In Canada, the song made #2 on the RPM Magazine Hot Singles chart, #2 on the AC Chart, and #58 in the 1970 Year End Chart.

text: The RIAA certified the single gold for sales of one million copies. In 2004, it was ranked #498 on the List of Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.

text: Covers[edit]

text:
"Rainy Night in Georgia"
Single by Randy Crawfordfrom the album Secret CombinationB-side
"I Got Myself A Happy Song"Released
1981Genre
R&BLength
4:22Label
Warner Bros. RecordsSongwriter(s)
Tony Joe WhiteProducer(s)
Tommy LiPumaRandy Crawford singles chronology

"You Might Need Somebody" (1981)

"Rainy Night in Georgia" (1981)

"Secret Combination" (1981)

"You Might Need Somebody"(1981)

"Rainy Night In Georgia"(1981)

"Secret Combination"(1981)

text: The song has been covered by a number of musicians, including Ray Charles, Otis Rush, Gil Parris, Little Milton, Dolla, Hearts Of Stone, Randy Crawford, Tennessee Ernie Ford, Al Hirt, Johnny Rivers, Amos Garrett, Hank Williams, Jr.(#21 Can.), Nat Stuckey, a Conway Twitty/Sam Moore duet (#33 Can.), Arthur Prysock, Aaron Neville, Chris Young, Ana Popovic and Shelby Lynne.[2] Randy Crawford's version from the album Secret Combination reached No. 18 in the UK Singles Chart in 1981.[3]

text: David Ruffin recorded a cover version of the song the same year as Benton, but Motown did not release the album until the 2000s. B.J. Thomas also recorded the song the same year as Benton for his album Most of All.[4]

text: Several reggae covers have been recorded including ones by: Ken Parker, Lord Tanamo, Nicky Thomas, John Holt, and reggae bands The Gladiators and The Congos. In 1967 Prince Buster rewrote the lyrics and recorded a sexually explicit reggae version of this song called "Big Five", usually found with certain words bleeped out. Gregory Isaacs did a dancehall style version at the start of the 90s.

text: More recent covers include those by indie folk-rock band Hem from their album No Word from Tom (2006), and by Boz Scaggs from his album Memphis (2013). Australian band Ross Hanniford Trio recorded a cover of the song on their 1994 album. In 2000, guitarist Eric Essix covered the song on his album Southbound.[5] An electronic-influenced downtempo/chillout version was recorded by Boozoo Bajou and Tony Joe White in 2006. Rod Stewart included the song on his 2009 album Soulbook. Singer Frank Shiner released the song as the first single and video from his 2017 album Lonely Town, Lonely Street.

text: The song is featured in Haruki Murakami's novel Hear the Wind Sing.


document_title: Lord of the Flies (1990 film)

question_text: who got stabbed in lord of the flies

question_tokens: who got stabbed in lord of the flies

text: Lord of the Flies (1990 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: An aircraft carrying 24 young American military school cadets returning home crash lands into the sea near a remote, uninhabited, jungle island in the Pacific Ocean. The pilot of the plane Captain Benson (Michael Greene), the only adult survivor, is seriously injured and delirious. All of the survivors arrive on the island. During the night, Simon, the most independent cadet, finds a river and notifies the other boys, to which they all drink out of it and explore the island afterwards. Meanwhile, on the beach, an overweight cadet with nicknamed "Piggy" (whose real name is never revealed during the story), a boy with glasses, finds a seashell and takes it to the grouped cadets, who adopt it to signal the right to speak and be heard by the group. The shell in the movie is not a classic conch (as stated by the characters) of the Strombidae family, but is instead a member of the Charonia genus. The senior cadet, and one of the elder boys, Cadet Colonel Ralph, organizes a meeting to discuss surviving their predicament. Ralph and another of the older boys, Jack, emerge dominant, and an impromptu election is held to determine an official leader for the group. Ralph is declared the winner. They start a fire using Piggy's glasses to try and alert any passing craft. Things go smoothly for a while, but tensions soon begin to grow between Ralph and Jack.

text: One night, as they sleep, the delusional Captain Benson wanders away from the boys and into the jungle, eventually making his way to a cave deep inland. Jack brings all of his hunters to hunt in the jungle, leaving no one watching the fire. The fire goes out, preventing a passing helicopter from noticing them. Ralph blames Jack for failing to keep it going. During the ensuing fight, Jack, tired of listening to Ralph and Piggy, leaves and forms his own camp, taking many of the boys with him. As more and more boys defect to Jack's side, one of the younger boys, Larry, finds Captain Benson in the cave, mistakes him for a monster and stabs him, and then tells the other boys. Jack and his second-in-command Roger (Gary Rule) then go to the cave's entrance and mistakes Captain Benson's dying groans for the sounds of a monster.

text: One night, Jack and his savages steal a knife from Ralph so they can make more spears, but accidentally trample on Piggy's glasses in the process, breaking one lens. Expecting to be rescued, Ralph's civilized leadership establishes a permanent signal-fire to alert passing ships of their presence on the island. Not expecting or wanting to be rescued, Jack's savage leadership adapts to circumstance; he establishes his camp as spear-bearing hunters who provide meat for both camps. They kill a Wild pig and leave its head as an offering to the "monster" that they believe is in the cave. Eventually, identical twins Sam and Eric (Andrew Taft and Edward Taft), two of Ralph's friends, leave him to join Jack's tribe, leaving Ralph with only Piggy and Simon left.

text: Meanwhile, Simon finds the pig's head on the stick. He then uses a glow stick to explore the cave and discovers the corpse of Capt. Benson. Simon realizes Capt. Benson was what the boys thought was the monster and runs to the beach in an attempt to alert the boys of his discovery, but his waving of the glow stick frightens the other boys, who mistake him for the monster and stab him to death with their spears. The following morning, Ralph blames himself and Piggy for not stopping the hunters from killing Simon. Meanwhile, Jack tells his gang that the "monster" can come in any different form.

text: After Piggy's glasses are stolen by Jack's savages that night so they could make fire, Piggy and Ralph travel to Jack's camp at Castle Rock, attempting to call a meeting using the conch. Piggy insists that everyone be sensible and work together, but Jack's savages refuse to listen. As Piggy speaks, Roger pushes a boulder off a cliff and kills Piggy. Ralph swears revenge on Jack, and Jack takes it as a threat. With his hunters, Jack drives Ralph away by throwing rocks at him. Later that night, Ralph secretly returns to Castle Rock to visit Sam and Eric, who warn him that the hunters will chase after Ralph on Jack's orders to protect himself from Ralph.

text: The following morning, Jack and his hunters begin setting the jungle on fire to force Ralph out of hiding and kill him. Just barely dodging the spreading fire and Jack's hunters, Ralph makes a desperate run to the sea. He falls onto the beach, where he encounters a U.S. Marine Corps officer who has just landed on the island after having seen the fire that engulfed much of the island. The officer then asks "What are you boys doing" as Ralph breaks down in tears. All the hunters, especially Jack and Roger, are scared at what will happen to them for killing Simon and Piggy and their failed attempt to kill Ralph as more Marines show up.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Balthazar Getty as Ralph, the leader of the boys whom work on getting rescued and trying to maintain order
Chris Furrh as Jack, the leader of the hunters
Danuel Pipoly as Piggy, an intelligent and overweight boy, object of ridicule, and the boy most loyal to Ralph.
Badgett Dale as Simon, a rather reclusive boy.
Andrew and Edward Taft as Sam and Eric, identical twins.
Edward Taft as Eric, identical twin
Gary Rule as Roger, the second-in-command to Jack
Michael Greene as Captain Benson
Bob Peck as U.S. Marine Corps Officer
Ethan Warwick as The Beastie

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: The filming was done on location at Portland Parish in Jamaica, particularly at Snow Hill and Frenchman's Cove, in the summer of 1988.[5] Additional filming locations included Hamakua Coast; Kaua'i; Hana, Maui (in Hawaii) and the Los Angeles County Arboretum & Botanic Garden.

text: The child members cast were relatively inexperienced. Balthazar Getty (Ralph) and James Badgett Dale (Simon) were the only child actors who continued with a moderately successful stage career, in parallel to James Aubrey (the original Ralph).

text: Screenplay credit[edit]

text: The screenplay is credited to Sara Schiff. Schiff is the pseudonym of author Jay Presson Allen. The screenplay was her last film work before her death in 2006. She was reportedly unsatisfied by the final product and had her name removed, hence the attribution to a pseudonym.[6] Presson-Allen was also producer Lewis M. Allen's wife.

text: The trick in adapting, Allen said in a 1972 interview with The New York Times, "is not to throw out the baby with the bath water. You can change all kinds of things, but don't muck around with the essence".[7]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was released theatrically on March 16, 1990 in the United States by Columbia Pictures. It debuted at No.3[8]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Lord of the Flies received mixed reviews from critics, providing mixed assessments of the performances of the various actors while praising its scenery. As of April 2016, the film has a rating of 63% "Fresh" on the movie review site Rotten Tomatoes.[9]

text: Most heavily criticized was the way in which the filmmakers departed from the novel. Richard Alleva of Crisis Magazine criticized the portrayal of the first assembly on the island, a crucial moment in the book, as "anti-climactic" in the film. He lamented the fact that the conversation that Simon imagines taking place between himself and the pig, or the "Lord of the Flies", yet another of the book's most pivotal moments, was in the movie reduced to only a few moments of Simon staring at the pig. Alleva also criticized what he saw as misrepresentations of Ralph and Jack, believing that the movie downplayed Ralph's imperfections as presented in the book and amplified those of Jack. He said that "In this film, the good boys are too good; the bad boys too quickly bad, and bad in the wrong way."[10]

text: Some have claimed that the novel in general is somewhat dated and unsuitable for a remake. Roger Ebert remarked in his review that "events take place every day on our mean streets that are more horrifying than anything the little monsters do to one another on Golding's island."[11]

text: PopMatters journalist J.C. Maçek III wrote "The lessons and allusions of the novel and first adaptation feel heavy-handed and far too obvious in this remake. In short, while the 1963 film, in its black and white darkness, brings the viewer into the film with depth and shock, the 1990 movie is the experience of watching actors reciting lines and making a movie.[12]

text: Barrie Maxwell of DVD Verdict commented that the color of the island creates a more superficial atmosphere than the stark black and white of the previous version.[13]

text: Janet Maslin of the New York Times wrote the following in a 1990 review:

text: As directed by Harry Hook, the new "Lord of the Flies" offers much spectacle for the eye and almost nothing to keep the mind from wandering. Mr. Hook and the cinematographer Martin Fuhrer may be able to work orange flames, turquoise ocean and lush tropical foliage into a single pretty (if nonsensical) frame. But they can't get a toehold onto what Mr. Golding called his "attempt to trace the defects of society back to the defects of human nature."[14]


document_title: Independence Day (India)

question_text: where does the prime minister of india hoist the flag on 15th august

text: Independence Day (India)

text: History[edit]

text: European traders had established outposts in the Indian subcontinent by the 17th century. Through overwhelming military strength, the British East India company subdued local kingdoms and established themselves as the dominant force by the 18th century. Following the First War of Independence of 1857, the Government of India Act 1858 led the British Crown to assume direct control of India. In the decades following, civic society gradually emerged across India, most notably the Indian National Congress Party, formed in 1885.[4][5]:123 The period after World War I was marked by British reforms such as the Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms, but it also witnessed the enactment of the repressive Rowlatt Act and calls for self-rule by Indian activists. The discontent of this period crystallised into nationwide non-violent movements of non-cooperation and civil disobedience, led by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi.[5]:167

text: During the 1930 s, reform was gradually legislated by the British; Congress won victories in the resulting elections.[5]:195–197 The next decade was beset with political turmoil: Indian participation in World War II, the Congress' final push for non-cooperation, and an upsurge of Muslim nationalism led by the All-India Muslim League. The escalating political tension was capped by Independence in 1947. The jubilation was tempered by the bloody partition of the subcontinent into India and Pakistan.[5]:203

text: Independence Day before Independence[edit]

text: At the 1929 Lahore session of the Indian National Congress, the Purna Swaraj declaration, or "Declaration of the Independence of India" was promulgated,[6] and 15 August was declared as Independence Day.[6] The Congress called on people to pledge themselves to civil disobedience and "to carry out the Congress instructions issued from time to time" until India attained complete independence.[7] Celebration of such an Independence Day was envisioned to stoke nationalistic fervour among Indian citizens, and to force the British government to consider granting independence.[8]:19 The Congress observed 26 January as the Independence Day between 1930 and 1946.[9][10] The celebration was marked by meetings where the attendants took the "pledge of independence".[8]:19–20 Jawaharlal Nehru described in his autobiography that such meetings were peaceful, solemn, and "without any speeches or exhortation".[11] Gandhi envisaged that besides the meetings, the day would be spent "... in doing some constructive work, whether it is spinning, or service of 'untouchables,' or reunion of Hindus and Mussalmans, or prohibition work, or even all these together".[12] Following actual independence in 1947, the Constitution of India came into effect on and from 26 January 1950; since then 26 January is celebrated as Republic Day.

text: Immediate background[edit]

text: In 1946, the Labour government in Britain, its exchequer exhausted by the recently concluded World War II, realised that it had neither the mandate at home, the international support, nor the reliability of native forces for continuing to control an increasingly restless India.[5]:203[13][14][15] In February 1947, Prime Minister Clement Attlee announced that the British government would grant full self-governance to British India by June 1948 at the latest.[16]

text: The new viceroy, Lord Mountbatten, advanced the date for the transfer of power, believing the continuous contention between the Congress and the Muslim League might lead to a collapse of the interim government.[17] He chose the second anniversary of Japan's surrender in World War II, 15 August, as the date of power transfer.[17] The British government announced on 3 June 1947 that it had accepted the idea of partitioning British India into two states;[16] the successor governments would be given dominion status and would have an implicit right to secede from the British Commonwealth. The Indian Independence Act 1947 (10 & 11 Geo 6 c. 30) of the Parliament of the United Kingdom partitioned British India into the two new independent dominions of India and Pakistan (including what is now Bangladesh) with effect from 15 August 1947, and granted complete legislative authority upon the respective constituent assemblies of the new countries.[18] The Act received royal assent on 18 July 1947.

text: Partition and independence[edit]

text:
08.30 a.m. Swearing in of governor general and ministers at
Government House
09.40 a.m. Procession of ministers to Constituent Assembly
09.50 a.m. State drive to Constituent Assembly
09.55 a.m. Royal salute to governor general
10.30 a.m. Hoisting of national flag at Constituent Assembly
10.35 a.m. State drive to Government House
06.00 p.m. Flag ceremony at India Gate
07.00 p.m. Illuminations
07.45 p.m. Fireworks display
08.45 p.m. Official dinner at Government House
10.15 p.m. Reception at Government office.

The day's programme for 15 August 1947[19]:7

tag: div

text: Millions of Muslim, Sikh and Hindu refugees trekked the newly drawn borders in the months surrounding independence.[20] In Punjab, where the borders divided the Sikh regions in halves, massive bloodshed followed; in Bengal and Bihar, where Mahatma Gandhi's presence assuaged communal tempers, the violence was mitigated. In all, between 250,000 and 1,000,000 people on both sides of the new borders died in the violence.[21] While the entire nation was celebrating the Independence Day, Gandhi stayed in Calcutta in an attempt to stem the carnage.[22] On 14 August 1947, the Independence Day of Pakistan, the new Dominion of Pakistan came into being; Muhammad Ali Jinnah was sworn in as its first Governor General in Karachi.

text: The Constituent Assembly of India met for its fifth session at 11 pm on 14 August in the Constitution Hall in New Delhi.[23] The session was chaired by the president Rajendra Prasad. In this session, Jawaharlal Nehru delivered the Tryst with Destiny speech proclaiming India's independence.

text:
“

Long years ago we made a tryst with destiny, and now the time comes when we shall redeem our pledge, not wholly or in full measure, but very substantially. At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom. A moment comes, which comes but rarely in history, when we step out from the old to the new, when an age ends, and when the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds utterance. It is fitting that at this solemn moment, we take the pledge of dedication to the service of India and her people and to the still larger cause of humanity.

”

— Tryst with Destiny speech, Jawaharlal Nehru, 15 August 1947[24]

text: The members of the Assembly formally took the pledge of being in the service of the country. A group of women, representing the women of India, formally presented the national flag to the assembly.

text: The Dominion of India became an independent country as official ceremonies took place in New Delhi. Nehru assumed office as the first prime minister, and the viceroy, Lord Mountbatten, continued as its first governor general.[19]:6 Gandhi's name was invoked by crowds celebrating the occasion; Gandhi himself however took no part in the official events. Instead, he marked the day with a 24-hour fast, during which he spoke to a crowd in Calcutta, encouraging peace between Hindu and Muslim.[19]:10

text: Celebration[edit]

text: Independence Day, one of the three National holidays in India (the other two being the Republic Day on 26 January and Mahatma Gandhi's birthday on 2 October), is observed in all Indian states and union territories. On the eve of Independence Day, the President of India delivers the "Address to the Nation". On 15 August, the prime minister hoists the Indian flag on the ramparts of the historical site Red Fort in Delhi. Twenty-one gun shots are fired in honour of the solemn occasion.[25] In his speech, the prime minister highlights the past year's achievements, raises important issues and calls for further development. He pays tribute to the leaders of the Indian independence movement. The Indian national anthem, "Jana Gana Mana", is sung. The speech is followed by march past of divisions of the Indian Armed Forces and paramilitary forces. Parades and pageants showcase scenes from the independence struggle and India's diverse cultural traditions. Similar events take place in state capitals where the Chief Ministers of individual states unfurl the national flag, followed by parades and pageants.[26][27]

text: Flag hoisting ceremonies and cultural programmes take place in governmental and non-governmental institutions throughout the country.[28] Schools and colleges conduct flag hoisting ceremonies and cultural events. Major government buildings are often adorned with strings of lights.[29] In Delhi and some other cities, kite flying adds to the occasion.[25][30] National flags of different sizes are used abundantly to symbolise allegiance to the country.[31] Citizens adorn their clothing, wristbands, cars, household accessories with replicas of the tri-colour.[31] Over a period of time, the celebration has changed emphasis from nationalism to a broader celebration of all things India.[32][33]

text: The Indian diaspora celebrates Independence Day around the world with parades and pageants, particularly in regions with higher concentrations of Indian immigrants.[34] In some locations, such as New York and other US cities, 15 August has become "India Day" among the diaspora and the local populace. Pageants celebrate "India Day" either on 15 August or an adjoining weekend day.[35]

text: Security threats[edit]

text: As early as three years after independence, the Naga National Council called for a boycott of Independence Day in northeast India.[36] Separatist protests in this region intensified in the 1980s; calls for boycotts and terrorist attacks by insurgent organisations such as the United Liberation Front of Assam and the National Democratic Front of Bodoland, marred celebrations.[37] With increasing insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir from the late 1980s,[38] separatist protesters boycotted Independence Day there with bandh (strikes), use of black flags and by flag burning.[39][40][41] Terrorist outfits such as Lashkar-e-Taiba, the Hizbul Mujahideen and the Jaish-e-Mohammed have issued threats, and have carried out attacks around Independence Day.[42] Boycotting of the celebration has also been advocated by insurgent Maoist rebel organisations.[43][44]

text: In the anticipation of terrorist attacks, particularly from militants, security measures are intensified, especially in major cities such as Delhi and Mumbai and in troubled states such as Jammu and Kashmir.[45][46] The airspace around the Red Fort is declared a no-fly zone to prevent aerial attacks[47] and additional police forces are deployed in other cities.[48]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: On Independence Day and Republic Day, patriotic songs in regional languages are broadcast on television and radio channels.[49] They are also played alongside flag hoisting ceremonies.[49] Patriotic films are broadcast.[28] Over the decades, according to The Times of India, the number of such films broadcast has decreased as channels report that audiences are oversaturated with patriotic films.[50] The population cohort that belong to the Generation Next often combine nationalism with popular culture during the celebrations. This mixture is exemplified by outfits and savouries dyed with the tricolour and designer garments that represent India's various cultural traditions.[32][51] Retail stores offer Independence Day sales promotions.[52][53] Some news reports have decried the commercialism.[52][54][55] Indian Postal Service publishes commemorative stamps depicting independence movement leaders, nationalistic themes and defence-related themes on 15 August.[56]

text: Independence and partition inspired literary and other artistic creations.[57] Such creations mostly describe the human cost of partition, limiting the holiday to a small part of their narrative.[58][59] Salman Rushdie's novel Midnight's Children (1980), which won the Booker Prize and the Booker of Bookers, wove its narrative around children born at midnight of 14–15 August 1947 with magical abilities.[59] Freedom at Midnight (1975) is a non-fiction work by Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre that chronicled the events surrounding the first Independence Day celebrations in 1947. Few films centre on the moment of independence,[60][61][62] instead highlighting the circumstances of partition and its aftermath.[60][63][64] On the Internet, Google has commemorated Independence Day since 2003 with a special doodle on its Indian homepage.[65]