document_title: Open Range (2003 film)

question_text: who played sue in the movie open range

question_tokens: who played sue in the movie open range

text: Open Range (2003 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In Montana in 1882, "Boss" Spearman is an open range cattleman, who, with hired hands Charley, Mose, and Button, is driving a herd cross country. Charley is a former soldier who fought in the Civil War and feels guilty over his past as a killer.

text: Boss sends Mose to the nearby town of Harmonville for supplies. The town is controlled by a ruthless Irish immigrant land baron, Denton Baxter, who hates open-rangers. Mose is badly beaten and jailed by the marshal, Poole. The only friendly inhabitant is Percy, a livery stable owner.

text: Boss and Charley become concerned when Mose does not return. They retrieve him from the jail but not before getting a warning from Baxter about free-grazing on his land. Mose's injuries are so severe that Boss and Charley take him to Doc Barlow. There they meet Sue Barlow. Charley is attracted immediately, but assumes that Sue is the doctor's wife.

text: After catching masked riders scouting their cattle, Boss and Charley sneak up on their campfire in the night, and disarm them. At the same time, another attack results in Mose's death. Button is badly injured and left for dead. Charley and Boss vow to avenge this injustice. They leave Button at the doctor's house and go into town, where they lock Poole in his own jail. Boss knocks him out with chloroform he has stolen from the doctor's office. The deputies are locked up as well.

text: Charley learns that Sue is the doctor's sister, not his wife. He declares his feelings for her, and she gives him a locket for luck. Charley leaves a note with Percy, in which he states that if he should die, money from the sale of his saddle and gear are to be used to buy Sue a new tea set, having accidentally destroyed her previous set during a "flashback" episode.

text: Boss and Charley are pitted against Baxter and his men. Charley shoots Butler, the gunman who shot Button and killed Mose. An intense gun battle erupts in the street, with Boss, Charley and Percy outnumbered before the townspeople begin to openly fight against Baxter. After an intense firefight, Baxter's men are dead and Baxter ends up wounded and alone, trapped in the jailhouse. Boss rushes to the jail, mortally wounding Baxter.

text: Sue's brother tends to the wounded townspeople and open-rangers. Charley speaks to Sue in private, telling her he must leave. She counters that she has a "big idea" about their future together and that she will wait for him to return. He does return, and proposes to Sue. Charley and Boss decide to give up the cattle business and settle down in Harmonville, taking over the saloon.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Robert Duvall as Boss Spearman
Kevin Costner as Charley Postlewaite
Annette Bening as Sue Barlow
Michael Gambon as Denton Baxter
Michael Jeter as Percy
Diego Luna as Button
James Russo as Marshal Poole
Abraham Benrubi as Mose
Dean McDermott as Doc Barlow
Kim Coates as Butler
Herbert Kohler Jr. as Cafe Man
Peter MacNeill as Mack
Cliff Saunders as Ralph
Patricia Stutz as Ralph's Wife
Julian Richings as Wylie
Ian Tracey as Tom
Rod Wilson as Gus

text: Production[edit]

text: Inspiration[edit]

text: Kevin Costner grew up reading the western romance novels of Lauran Paine and Open Range is based on Paine's 1990 novel The Open Range Men. Screenwriter Craig Storper wanted to make a movie about "the evolution of violence in the West." Storper continues: "These characters don't seek violence... But the notion that it's sometimes necessary... is the Western's most fundamental ideal."[1]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Robert Duvall was the only actor that Costner had in mind for the role of Boss Spearman. Costner said that if Duvall had turned down the part, he might not have made the movie at all. Duvall accepted the role immediately, and Costner gave him top billing. Duvall got bucked off a horse and broke six ribs while practicing his riding for this role.[1]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Cinematographer J. Michael Muro, was hand-picked[citation needed] by director Kevin Costner for his work on Dances With Wolves.

text: The movie was filmed on location on the Stoney Indian Reserve in Alberta, Canada.[2] Clayton Lefthand of the Stoney Sioux First Nation worked as a film liaison.[citation needed]

text: Filming took place from June 17, 2002 to September 8, 2002.[3] Production spent over one million dollars to build a town from scratch because Costner didn't like any of the existing ones. This location was so far from civilization that they had to spend $40,000 to build a road to get there. Professional cowboys handled 225 head of cattle on the set.[1]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film's US theatrical release was on August 11, 2003, and went on theatrical release in the UK on March 19, 2004.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Open Range was a success at the box office, making $14 million in its opening weekend in the U.S across 2,075 screens. Against a budget of $22 million it finished its theatrical run with $58.3 million in North America and $10 million from foreign markets for a total of $68.3 million worldwide.[4]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The film received mostly positive reviews, receiving a 79% Fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Roger Ebert gave it 3.5 stars out of 4, calling it "an imperfect but deeply involving and beautifully made Western".[5] Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave the film 4 stars out of 5, writing, "Duvall gives his best performance in ages" in a "tough, muscular, satisfying movie".[6]

text: In particular, the gun fighting scenes were intentionally filmed in giant wide shots and were praised for their intense realism by a number of critics and yet were the reason the film earned an R Rating. Kevin Carr of FilmThreat.com said on the gun action in Open Range: "After The Matrix redefined action in the late 1990s, every crummy action sequence tries to repeat the power of 'bullet time' often with little success. The action in Open Range is filmed real time, grabbing the audience and showing them that when this kind of stuff happens in real life, it happens faster than you think it would."[7] A review on Moviola stated that the film has "one of the most exciting final gunfights ever filmed".[8] IGN, USA Today, Total Film and Guns & Ammo all also say the shootout scene is one of the best of all time.[1]

text: Awards[edit]

text: The film won the 2004 Western Heritage Award, and was nominated for a Golden Satellite Award, an MTV Movie Award (Diego Luna), a Motion Picture Sound Editors Award as well as a Taurus Award for stunt artist Chad Camilleri. It was #48 in TimeOut London's "The 50 greatest westerns" list.[9]


document_title: List of Dallas Cowboys head coaches

question_text: who coached the dallas cowboys after barry switzer

root

text: List of Dallas Cowboys head coaches

text: Key[edit]

text:
#
Number of coaches[N 1]

GC
Games coached

W
Wins

L
Losses

T
Ties

Win%
Winning percentage

*
Spent entire NFL head coaching career with the Cowboys

†
Elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame as a coach

tag: table

text: Coaches[edit]

text: Note: Statistics are correct as of the 2016 NFL season.

tag: p

text:
#
Head Coach
Years active
Regular season
Post-season
Awards
Ref

GC
W
L
T
Win%
GC
W
L
Win%

1
Tom Landry †*
1960–1988
418
250
162
6
.610
36
20
16
.556
AP Coach of the Year (1966)[5]
Sporting News Coach of the Year (1966)[5]
UPI NFL Coach of the Year (1966)[5]
UPI NFC Coach of the Year (1975)[5]
2 Super Bowl championships (1971, 1977)
5 NFC championships (1970, 1971, 1975, 1977, 1978)
Inducted Pro Football Hall of Fame (1990)
[6]

2
Jimmy Johnson
1989–1993
80
44
36
0
.550
8
7
1
.875
AP Coach of the Year (1990)[5]
UPI NFC Coach of the Year (1990)[5]
2 Super Bowl championships (1992, 1993)
[7]

3
Barry Switzer*
1994–1997*
64
40
24
0
.625
7
5
2
.714
Super Bowl championship (1995)
Inducted College Football Hall of Fame (2002)

[8]

4
Chan Gailey
1998–1999
32
18
14
0
.563
2
0
2
.000

[9]

5
Dave Campo*
2000–2002*
48
15
33
0
.313
—
—
—
—

[10]

6
Bill Parcells†
2003–2006
64
34
30
0
.531
2
0
2
.000

[11]

7
Wade Phillips
2007–2010
56
34
22
0
.607
3
1
2
.333

[12]

8
Jason Garrett*
2010–present *
104
58
46
0
.558
3
1
2
.333
AP Coach of the Year (2016)
[13]

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ A running total of the number of coaches of the Cowboys. Thus, any coach who has two or more separate terms as head coach is only counted once.

tag: ol


document_title: Nobel Peace Prize

question_text: when is the nobel peace prize given out

question_tokens: when is the nobel peace prize given out

text: Nobel Peace Prize

text: Background[edit]

text: According to Nobel's will, the Peace Prize shall be awarded to the person who in the preceding year "shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses".[5]

text: Alfred Nobel's will further specified that the prize be awarded by a committee of five people chosen by the Norwegian Parliament.

text: Nobel died in 1896 and he did not leave an explanation for choosing peace as a prize category. As he was a trained chemical engineer, the categories for chemistry and physics were obvious choices. The reasoning behind the peace prize is less clear. According to the Norwegian Nobel Committee, his friendship with Bertha von Suttner, a peace activist and later recipient of the prize, profoundly influenced his decision to include peace as a category.[6] Some Nobel scholars suggest it was Nobel's way to compensate for developing destructive forces. His inventions included dynamite and ballistite, both of which were used violently during his lifetime. Ballistite was used in war[7] and the Irish Republican Brotherhood, an Irish nationalist organization, carried out dynamite attacks in the 1880s.[8] Nobel was also instrumental in turning Bofors from an iron and steel producer into an armaments company.

text: It is unclear why Nobel wished the Peace Prize to be administered in Norway, which was ruled in union with Sweden at the time of Nobel's death. The Norwegian Nobel Committee speculates that Nobel may have considered Norway better suited to awarding the prize, as it did not have the same militaristic traditions as Sweden.  It also notes that at the end of the 19th century, the Norwegian parliament had become closely involved in the Inter-Parliamentary Union's efforts to resolve conflicts through mediation and arbitration.[6]

text: Nomination and selection[edit]

text: The Norwegian Parliament appoints the Norwegian Nobel Committee, which selects the Nobel Peace Prize laureate.

text: Nomination[edit]

text: Each year, the Norwegian Nobel Committee specifically invites qualified people to submit nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize.[9] The statutes of the Nobel Foundation specify categories of individuals who are eligible to make nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize.[10] These nominators are:

text:
Members of national assemblies and governments and members of the Inter-Parliamentary Union
Members of the Permanent Court of Arbitration and the International Court of Justice at the Hague
Members of Institut de Droit International
University professors of history, social sciences, philosophy, law, and theology, university presidents, and directors of peace research and international affairs institutes
Former recipients, including board members of organizations that have previously received the prize
Present and past members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee
Former permanent advisers to the Norwegian Nobel Institute

tag: ul

text: Nominations must usually be submitted to the Committee by the beginning of February in the award year.  Nominations by committee members can be submitted up to the date of the first Committee meeting after this deadline.[10]

text: In 2009, a record 205 nominations were received,[11] but the record was broken again in 2010 with 237 nominations; in 2011, the record was broken once again with 241 nominations.[12] The statutes of the Nobel Foundation do not allow information about nominations, considerations, or investigations relating to awarding the prize to be made public for at least 50 years after a prize has been awarded.[13] Over time, many individuals have become known as "Nobel Peace Prize Nominees", but this designation has no official standing, and means only that one of the thousands of eligible nominators suggested the person's name for consideration.[14] Indeed, in 1939, Adolf Hitler received a satirical nomination from a member of the Swedish parliament, mocking the (serious but unsuccessful) nomination of Neville Chamberlain.[15] Nominations from 1901 to 1956, however, have been released in a database.[16]

text: Selection[edit]

text: Nominations are considered by the Nobel Committee at a meeting where a short list of candidates for further review is created.  This short list is then considered by permanent advisers to the Nobel institute, which consists of the Institute's Director and the Research Director and a small number of Norwegian academics with expertise in subject areas relating to the prize.  Advisers usually have some months to complete reports, which are then considered by the Committee to select the laureate.  The Committee seeks to achieve a unanimous decision, but this is not always possible. The Nobel Committee typically comes to a conclusion in mid-September, but occasionally the final decision has not been made until the last meeting before the official announcement at the beginning of October.[17]

text: Awarding the prize[edit]

text: The Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee presents the Nobel Peace Prize in the presence of the King of Norway on 10 December each year (the anniversary of Nobel's death). The Peace Prize is the only Nobel Prize not presented in Stockholm. The Nobel laureate receives a diploma, a medal, and a document confirming the prize amount.[18] As of  2013[update], the prize was worth 10 million SEK (about US$1.5 million). Since 1990, the Nobel Peace Prize Ceremony is held at Oslo City Hall.

text: From 1947 to 1989, the Nobel Peace Prize ceremony was held in the Atrium of the University of Oslo Faculty of Law, a few hundred metres from Oslo City Hall. Between 1905 and 1946, the ceremony took place at the Norwegian Nobel Institute. From 1901 to 1904, the ceremony took place in the Storting (Parliament).[19]

text: Criticism[edit]

text: It has been expressed that the Peace Prize has been awarded in politically motivated ways for more recent or immediate achievements,[20] or with the intention of encouraging future achievements.[20][21] Some commentators have suggested that to award a peace prize on the basis of unquantifiable contemporary opinion is unjust or possibly erroneous, especially as many of the judges cannot themselves be said to be impartial observers.[22]

text: In 2011, a feature story in the Norwegian newspaper Aftenposten contended that major criticisms of the award were that the Norwegian Nobel Committee ought to recruit members from professional and international backgrounds, rather than retired members of parliament; that there is too little openness about the criteria that the committee uses when they choose a recipient of the prize; and that the adherence to Nobel's will should be more strict. In the article, Norwegian historian Øivind Stenersen argues that Norway has been able to use the prize as an instrument for nation building and furthering Norway's foreign policy and economic interests.[23]

text: In another 2011 Aftenposten opinion article, the grandson of one of Nobel's two brothers, Michael Nobel, also criticised what he believed to be the politicisation of the award, claiming that the Nobel Committee has not always acted in accordance with Nobel's will.[24] Norwegian lawyer Fredrik S. Heffermehl has criticized the management of the Peace Prize.[25]

text: Criticism of individual conferments[edit]

text: The awards given to Mikhail Gorbachev,[26] Yitzhak Rabin, Shimon Peres, Menachem Begin and Yasser Arafat,[27][28] Lê Đức Thọ, Henry Kissinger,[29] Jimmy Carter,[30] Al Gore,[31] IPCC,[32] Liu Xiaobo,[33][34][35] Aung San Suu Kyi[36][37][38] Barack Obama,[39][40][41][42] and the European Union[43] have all been the subject of controversy.

text: The awards given to Lê Đức Thọ and Henry Kissinger prompted two dissenting Committee members to resign.[44] Thọ refused to accept the prize, on the grounds that such "bourgeois sentimentalities" were not for him[45] and that peace had not actually been achieved in Vietnam. Kissinger donated his prize money to charity, did not attend the award ceremony and would later offer to return his prize medal after the fall of South Vietnam to North Vietnamese forces 18 months later.[45]

text: Notable omissions[edit]

text:
Foreign Policy has listed Mahatma Gandhi, Eleanor Roosevelt, U Thant, Václav Havel, Ken Saro-Wiwa, Fazle Hasan Abed and Corazon Aquino as people who "never won the prize, but should have".[46][47] Many believe that the prize should have gone to Pope John Paul II,[48] Hélder Câmara,[49], Zilda Arns[50] and
Dorothy Day.[51]
Both Eleanor Roosevelt and Dorothy Day were recipients of the Gandhi Peace Award.

text: The omission of Mahatma Gandhi has been particularly widely discussed, including in public statements by various members of the Nobel Committee.[52][53] The Committee has confirmed that Gandhi was nominated in 1937, 1938, 1939, 1947, and, finally, a few days before his assassination in January 1948.[54] The omission has been publicly regretted by later members of the Nobel Committee.[52] Geir Lundestad, Secretary of Norwegian Nobel Committee in 2006 said, "The greatest omission in our 106-year history is undoubtedly that Mahatma Gandhi never received the Nobel Peace prize. Gandhi could do without the Nobel Peace prize, whether Nobel committee can do without Gandhi is the question".[55] In 1948, following Gandhi's death, the Nobel Committee declined to award a prize on the ground that "there was no suitable living candidate" that year. Later, when the Dalai Lama was awarded the Peace Prize in 1989, the chairman of the committee said that this was "in part a tribute to the memory of Mahatma Gandhi".[56]

text: List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates[edit]

text: As of  2016[update], the Peace Prize has been awarded to 104 individuals and 23 organizations. Sixteen women have won the Nobel Peace Prize, more than any other Nobel Prize.[57] Only two recipients have won multiple Prizes: the International Committee of the Red Cross has won three times (1917, 1944, and 1963) and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has won twice (1954 and 1981).[58] Lê Đức Thọ is the only person who refused to accept the Nobel Peace Prize.[59]