document_title: Arrested Development (season 4)

question_text: when was season 4 of arrested development filmed

text: Arrested Development (season 4)

text: Production[edit]

text: Six years after the series was canceled by Fox, filming for a revived fourth season began on August 7, 2012. The season consists of 15 new episodes, all debuting at the same time on Netflix on May 26, 2013, in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Latin America, and the Nordics.[4] Several actors who had recurring roles in the original series returned to reprise their roles, including Henry Winkler as Barry Zuckerkorn, Mae Whitman as Ann Veal, Ben Stiller as Tony Wonder, Scott Baio as Bob Loblaw, Judy Greer as Kitty Sanchez, and Liza Minnelli as Lucille Austero, while new characters are played by John Slattery, Terry Crews and Isla Fisher.[5][6][7][8] The plot of the season focuses on the fictional production of a film based on the Bluth family scandal and what the characters have been doing since 2006.[9] There were plans to have George Clooney make a cameo appearance for a joke centered on Mitt Romney but it never came together.[10]

text: The show format is different compared to previous seasons: each of the fifteen episodes focuses on one individual character—with every episode happening at the same time within the show's universe—showing the character's activities since the conclusion of the third season.[11] According to Jason Bateman, "If I'm driving down the street in my episode and Gob's going down the sidewalk on his Segway, you could stop my episode, go into his episode, and follow him and see where he's going".[12] Part of the reason for this format was the challenge with getting the cast together to shoot on the same dates. "we shot for Netflix and of course everybody was busy, so everybody had a different shooting schedule. I did scenes with light stands with an X in tape put on them. I would have a conversation with Jeffrey Tambor, then I would turn to my right and have a conversation with Jessica Walters, but both of them were light stands instead," said Henry Winkler in a November 2017 interview with Uproxx.[13]

text: Michael Cera joined the writing crew for season 4, the first cast member to do so.[14] Netflix CEO Reed Hastings and creator Mitchell Hurwitz previously stated that season four would be the final season of the show, and that the revival serves as a "one-off" and "act one of a movie". However, a Netflix spokesperson later went on to say, "We're hopeful there will be more seasons" and "...by no means is this the end of it. We're definitely planning to do more with them."[15]

text: In October 2014, Hurwitz said that a re-edit of season 4 was being done to tell the story in chronological order.[16] Ron Howard recorded new voice-over material for the recut.[17] On May 1, 2018, Hurwitz announced via Twitter that the chronological re-edit would be released on May 4, 2018. The recut is titled Arrested Development Season 4 Remix: Fateful Consequences, and Hurwitz stated that it will "shuffle the content from 15 individualized stories into 22 interwoven stories the length of the original series."[18]

text: Following the remixed release on Netflix, several of the cast members, including Jason Bateman, Will Arnett, Michael Cera and David Cross, requested additional compensation for the remixed episodes, which they state include unused footage shot for the original format of the season's episodes. Representatives for the actors also consider that the remixed version makes it a potential vehicle for syndication that would lead to financial gain for 20th Century Fox Television but not for the actors. According to these representatives, 20th Century has stated that they have the right to reedit the episodes as they see fit without consulting the actors.[19]

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Jason Bateman as Michael Bluth
Portia de Rossi as Lindsay Bluth Fünke
Will Arnett as Gob Bluth
Michael Cera as George-Michael Bluth
Alia Shawkat as Maeby Fünke
Tony Hale as Buster Bluth
David Cross as Tobias Fünke
Jeffrey Tambor as George Bluth, Sr./Oscar Bluth
Jessica Walter as Lucille Bluth
Ron Howard as Narrator/himself

text: Returning guest cast[edit]

text:
Scott Baio as Bob Loblaw[8]
John Beard as himself[20]
Ed Begley, Jr. as Stan Sitwell
Jim Cramer as himself
Jeff Garlin as Mort Meyers
B.W. Gonzalez as Lupe[21]
Brian Grazer as himself
Judy Greer as Kitty Sanchez[8]
Stacey Grenrock-Woods as Trisha Thoon
Ed Helms as James Carr
Clint Howard as Johnny Bark
Jay Johnston as Officer Taylor
Justin Lee as Annyong
James Lipton as Warden Stefan Gentles[22]
Liza Minnelli as Lucille Austero[22]
Jerry Minor as Officer Carter
Martin Mull as Gene Parmesan[23]
Andy Richter as himself/Rocky Richter-Wang/Emmett Richter/Donny Richter[22]
Ian Roberts as Dr. Fishman, aka The Literal Doctor
Ione Skye as Mrs. Veal[21]
Ben Stiller as Tony Wonder[24]
Christine Taylor as Sally Sitwell
Alan Tudyk as Pastor Veal[25]
Justin Grant Wade as Steve Holt
J.J. Wall as Uncle Paul Veal[21]
Carl Weathers as himself[22]
Mae Whitman as Ann Veal[7]
Henry Winkler as Barry Zuckerkorn[8]
Mather Zickel as Studio executive

text: New guest cast[edit]

text:
Daniel Amerman as Mark Cherry
Blake Anderson as B. Lake
Diedrich Bader as Gunner
Maria Bamford as DeBrie Bardeaux
Trace Beaulieu as Crow T. Robot
Garcelle Beauvais as Ophelia Love
Beck Bennett as 'Straight' Straightbait Actor[21]
Alan Blumenfeld as Floyd the Barber[21]
Kyle Bornheimer as Shannon Ryan
Andy Buckley as Colonel Grimm[21]
Laurel Coppock as Maggie
Terry Crews as Herbert Love
Amanda de Cadenet as Beatrix Hebberly-Sneed, WeeBBC2 reporter
Adam DeVine as Starsky
Chris Diamantopoulos as Marky Bark
Isla Fisher as Rebel Alley
Nelson Franklin as Dr. Tilive[21]
Erik Griffin as Jaspar[21]
Chad Hall as 'Gay' Straightbait Actor[21]
Dan Harmon as Yurt Clerk
David Henrie as himself
Amy Hill as Mrs. Noh
Joel Hodgson as Joel Robinson
Anders Holm as Supervisor Spoon
Brian Huskey as Chorizo salesman
Marc Evan Jackson as Storage Auctioneer
Peter Jason as Storage Dave / Mr. Jordan[21]
Bernie Kopell as Judge Kornzucker
John Krasinski as Jerry Bruckheimer Films executive (uncredited)
Bobby Lee as Mrs. Oh
Natasha Leggero as News Anchor Jackie[26]
Rizwan Manji as Animesh[21]
Karen Maruyama as China Garden
Bruce McCulloch as Father Marsala
Debra Mooney as Joan Bark
Noah Munck as himself
Richard Jin Namkung as Paul "P-Hound" Huan
Conan O'Brien as himself[22]
Lennon Parham as Rehab Nurse
Eddie Pepitone as Govennah[21]
Busy Philipps as News anchor Joan
Mary Lynn Rajskub as Heartfire
Seth Rogen as Young George Bluth
Lonny Ross as Jonah/Lonny Feinberg
Keri Russell as Widow Carr (voice only)
Wyatt Russell as Oakwood[21]
Ben Schwartz as John Beard Jr.
John Slattery as Dr. Norman
Maria Thayer as Tracey Bluth
Becky Thyre as Loretta[21]
Tommy Tune as Argyle Austero
Eli Vargas as Perfecto Telles
Nadine Velazquez as Rosalita
Allan Wasserman as Herb Zuckerkorn[21]
George Watsky as Chris Kazmierczak[21]
Suzanne Whang as Olive Garden
Kristen Wiig as Young Lucille Bluth
Max Winkler as Young Barry Zuckerkorn
Zach Woods as Trippler
John Yuan as Doug Fleer
Matthew Yuan as Dean Fleer

text: Marketing and promotion[edit]

text: In October 2012, Netflix chief content officer Ted Sarandos premiered footage from the fourth season for the attendees of TheWrap's annual conference TheGrill. The clip featured Buster Bluth (Tony Hale) helping his mother Lucille Bluth (Jessica Walter) smoke a cigarette, because the ankle-bracelet monitor she's wearing under house arrest prevents her from leaving her hotel room.[27] Following that, a set photo was released showing the Bluth company stair car, now having the Austero-Bluth Company logo referencing to Liza Minnelli's character, Lucille Austero, having more stake in the company.[28] Set photos showing Tony Hale as Buster Bluth saluting at someone's funeral were released online.[29] The first promotional images of the entire cast together were released in the October 12, 2012, issue of Entertainment Weekly magazine. These included a cover picture, along with two pictures of the entire cast in restoration-era outfits.[30] The first official teaser poster for the new season was released on April 4, 2013, on the show's Facebook page, along with the announcement that the 15-episode season would premiere on Netflix on May 26, 2013.[31] Netflix released the first trailer for the fourth season online on May 12, 2013.[32]

text: In March 2013, series executive producer and narrator Ron Howard stated that "We're still hoping to build to a movie and in a lot of ways, getting the Bluth family on people's radar, in a kind of contemporary way, so we can move forward with it as a movie". He stated that the film had not yet been green-lit, saying, "It's not a happening thing, but it's something that is being discussed".[33] The same month, Hurwitz stated that he was "confident that we will succeed at [making the film]", saying "there is a bigger story out there that does exist" for the film.[34]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Original release (2013)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Featured
character
Directed by
Written by
Original release date
Prod.
code

54
1
"Flight of the Phoenix"
Michael
Mitchell Hurwitz & Troy Miller
Mitchell Hurwitz
May 26, 2013 (2013-05-26)
4AJD01

After severing his ties with the majority of the family, Michael Bluth finds himself in economic turmoil after completing the Sudden Valley housing development under his new company, only to face the 2007 housing bubble which results in Sudden Valley turning into a secluded ghost town. After unsuccessfully attempting to receive a loan from Lucille Austero, the primary shareholder in what is now the Austero-Bluth Company who is running for a congressional seat, Michael moves in with his son George Michael in his dorm at the UC Irvine, while himself enrolling in University of Phoenix. George Michael, who is working on 'Fakeblock' software with his other roommate Paul, which George Michael explains is a privacy software, is uncomfortable with Michael's presence. When Michael's scheme to kick Paul out of the dorm fails, George Michael, Paul, and a visiting Maeby vote Michael out of the dorm. A disappointed and confused Michael goes to the airport, where he attempts to buy an in-flight magazine which features an article about him, but is forced to buy a plane ticket. He is later saddened when he finds out the article portrays him as a failed businessman. He returns home to Newport Beach, planning to take up residence in his mother's vacant apartment, and is surprised to find the apartment has been trashed. He is then attacked by an ostrich.

55
2
"Borderline Personalities"
George, Sr.
Mitchell Hurwitz & Troy Miller
Jim Vallely & Richard Rosenstock
May 26, 2013 (2013-05-26)
4AJD03

Shortly after the events of the third season, George Sr. has begun a spiritual "Sweat & Squeeze" business venture at the border of California and Mexico with his twin brother Oscar, where he bilks money from businessmen by having Oscar take the businessmen into a sweat lodge for an hour, then switches places with George Sr. so he can charge the businessmen upwards of $10,000 for a small cup of lemonade. However, George Sr. is mainly using the property to prevent the land from going into the possession of Stan Sitwell, who George and Lucille discover is trying to build a wall on the U.S. border for the government to keep out Mexican immigrants (an idea that had originally been Lucille's but that Sitwell has stolen), despite George originally mistaking it for a monument to George W. Bush. Subsequently, George Sr. continues to lie to his brother by telling Oscar that he is using the property entirely for the business venture. In order to build the wall, George Sr. and Lucille must separate their assets so they decide to fake a divorce while secretly rekindling their sexual relations. Eventually, Oscar learns the truth from Barry Zuckerkorn, who mistakes him for George Sr, and gets revenge on his brother by sleeping with Lucille while George Sr. learns he will have to bribe the right-wing politician Herbert Love, Lucille Austero's congressional opponent, to support construction of the wall.

56
3
"Indian Takers"
Lindsay
Mitchell Hurwitz & Troy Miller
Caroline Williams & Dean Lorey
May 26, 2013 (2013-05-26)
4AJD05

At the harbormaster's lounge after the boat party, Lindsay Bluth breaks off her marriage with her husband Tobias. After reading the "pray" section of Eat, Pray, Love, Lindsay is inspired to go on a spiritual trip to India, which devolves mostly into shopping for counterfeit goods. Eventually she runs out of money and decides to return, retaining advice from a shaman that told her "love is where you left it". Taking that as advice to reconcile with Tobias, she decides to try harder at their marriage and agrees to be a character witness at Lucille's trial in order to pay for a new house for them, which is a lavish mansion after meeting with a predatory realtor. Because of her increasing difficulty with the outlandish script that Lucille has written about being a good mother, Lindsay agrees to go to a method acting class with Tobias. Due to a misunderstanding, this ends up being a methadone clinic. On a double date with two patients from the clinic, Lindsay falls for activist Marky Bark and runs off with him. After a whirlwind night of dancing and mediocre sex, in which she breaks up with Tobias, Lindsay wakes up at Marky's ostrich farm he shares with his mother, where is frustrated with herself for listening to the shaman.

57
4
"The B. Team"
Michael
Troy Miller & Mitchell Hurwitz
Mitchell Hurwitz & Jim Vallely
May 26, 2013 (2013-05-26)
4AJD02

Having seen a picture of Michael in the in-flight magazine, Ron Howard is inspired to make a movie about him, and summons Michael to meet him at Imagine Entertainment. Kitty Sanchez, George Sr.'s former assistant, now works at the studio as a producer, after betraying Maeby's lack of a high school diploma to steal her job. In exchange for the rights to Michael's "inspiring father/son story", Ron agrees to make him a producer on the project. When Ron mentions his daughter "his girl" Rebel Alley, who Ron believes would be perfect for the part of Michael's wife, Michael mistakenly assumes that Rebel is Ron's mistress. Although at first reluctant to participate in the movie and not wanting to become involved with his father again, Michael commits to the idea after using his business card (which lists him as an executive producer) to flirt with a struggling actress/musician (Isla Fisher) whom he literally bumps into on the street. After a fight with his father, Michael procrastinates his job securing the rights by attempting to cast actors for the movie (Carl Weathers and Andy Richter), and hiring George's prison warden as a screenwriter (James Lipton). Learning about Michael's selfish motive to become a producer to impress a girl, who Michael doesn't actually know the name of, George reconciles with Michael and agrees to sign over his movie rights. However, Michael learns from Ron that the father/son story he is interested in is actually the story of Michael and George Michael. On their date, Michael has sex with the actress in a photo-booth, learning from a photo of her tattoo that her name is Rebel, whom Michael still believes to be Ron's mistress.

58
5
"A New Start"
Tobias
Mitchell Hurwitz & Troy Miller
Dean Lorey & Jim Vallely
May 26, 2013 (2013-05-26)
4AJD07

Tobias is depressed after learning that the Bluths all think he's gay. Finding his wife's copy of Eat, Pray, Love, Tobias is also inspired to go to India, and ends up booking a trip to the same city Lindsay did. Despite traveling on the same flight and other close encounters, neither Tobias or Lindsay are aware of each other being there. Hospitalized due to a bus accident, a comment from an Indian doctor that he should be in comedies motivates Tobias to try again to become an actor and he returns to California. At his method acting class, actually a methadone clinic, he befriends a patient named DeBrie who he thinks is an actress. After a double-date with Lindsay and Marky Bark, DeBrie learns that Tobias is a doctor and can write drug prescriptions ("scrips" for short). After a kiss, the two run off together and pathetically attempt to make it as Fantastic Four-themed street performers. After Tobias saves Lucille 2 from an ostrich attack, she offers him a job at her rehab clinic, which has a starting salary of $120,000 a year, but Tobias turns it out to try to keep his and DeBrie's "dream" alive. DeBrie is upset by this and leaves Tobias. Depressed once more, Tobias tries to meet Maeby while still in his Thing costume. Walking into the model home making inadvertent innuendos, he is accidentally a participant on a local show called "To Entrap a Local Predator" and is arrested as a sex offender.

59
6
"Double Crossers"
George, Sr.
Troy Miller & Mitchell Hurwitz
Dean Lorey & Richard Rosenstock
May 26, 2013 (2013-05-26)
4AJD04

George Sr. successfully bribes politician Herbert Love into supporting the building of his wall after encountering Lindsay at one of Love's fundraisers, who gives him a check she believes Lucille gave to Maeby for plastic surgery. However, upon returning to his "Sweat and Squeeze" camp, he learns that the property is actually in Mexico, not on the border. As George Sr. attempts to get the wall's building cancelled through Michael's connections and struggles with new feelings of extreme emotion and delicacy, his twin brother Oscar schemes against him by sleeping with Lucille and threatening to reveal his role in the "Sweat and Squeeze" scheme. Meanwhile, Michael is afraid that if he calls George-Michael about acquiring his movie rights, he will be once more intruding upon his life but after an encounter with Gob in the model home, Gob offers to call George-Michael for him. At the Cinco de Cuatro festival, George Sr. arrives and is informed of Michael's success but also receives bad news from Dr. Norman, who tells George of his low testosterone levels, but high estrogen levels. When Herbert Love fails to make his speech, George Sr. dons a red wig and retreats back into the penthouse where he begins to live as a woman.

60
7
"Colony Collapse"
Gob
Mitchell Hurwitz & Troy Miller
Mitchell Hurwitz & Jim Vallely
May 26, 2013 (2013-05-26)
4AJD08

Gob continues the relationship with Ann Veal that he formed at the end of Season 3, under the belief that he has George-Michael's approval. He later attempts to break up with her, but ends up having sex with her. After accidentally proposing to Ann, Gob announces on the Christian talk show 'And As It Is Such So Also As Such Is It Unto You', which Ann's father co-hosts, that he will be performing an magical illusion at their wedding. Gob plans to disappear inside a cave and re-appear after three days but this goes wrong when his secret compartment fails to open and Gob is knocked unconscious and trapped inside a hollow boulder, being found days later in the back of a storage unit. After Ann announces that she is leaving him, Gob re-connects with his son Steve Holt who offers him a job. Gob fails to show up the next day after falling in with a group of celebrities led by singer Mark Cherry. Shamed by this new lifestyle, Gob falls into a cycle of taking 'Forget-me-now' pills which make him forget that he took the last pill but not the events that resulted in him taking the pill, eventually ending up in a Mexican hospital. After his sick bees hospitalize the whole of Gob's gang when they escape into the back of his limo, Gob takes a job at his father's "Sweat and Squeeze" camp where he unexpectedly discovers the cave he used for the illusion at the wedding. Examining the secret panel, Gob discovers it was jammed shut by a crucifix, which he takes as a 'T' for Tony Wonder.

61
8
"Red Hairing"
Lindsay
Troy Miller & Mitchell Hurwitz
Caroline Williams & Richard Rosenstock
May 26, 2013 (2013-05-26)
4AJD06

Sick of living on his ostrich farm, Lindsay convinces boyfriend Marky Bark to move into her mother's empty apartment with her, along with his ostrich 'Cindy'. Marky comes up with a scheme to spray politician Herbert Love with ink and glitter and requests Lindsay's help to infiltrate his fundraiser and signal Marky to emerge from the podium in which he will be hiding. At the fundraiser, Lindsay is hit on by Herbert Love himself without knowing who he is and begins sexual relations with him while Marky is caught and imprisoned when Lindsay doesn't help him. Encountering Michael, Lindsay agrees to hand over her movie rights and talk to Herbert about the wall in exchange for Michael's help to release Marky. Michael meanwhile is hurt when George-Michael both doesn't show up to the meeting arranged by Gob and lies to him about his reasons for not being there. When Lindsay discovers Marky has been released from jail with Michael's help and he asks her to assist his plan to blow-up Herbert Love's boat at Cinco de Cuatro, she plans to tell Love about Marky's plans. However, Love calls off their relationship before she can do so and Lindsay retaliates by trying to publicly shame Love, causing a riot of the Mexicans when she mentions the wall, but accidentally wins over the crowd. When Love unexpectedly turns up in a coma, Lindsay accepts an offer to run in his place.

62
9
"Smashed"
Tobias
Mitchell Hurwitz & Troy Miller
Dean Lorey & Richard Rosenstock
May 26, 2013 (2013-05-26)
4AJD15

Tobias begins working at Lucille Austero's rehab clinic so that he doesn't have to serve time in jail and, encountering DeBrie at the clinic, organizes a Fantastic Four musical with the permission of warden Argyle Austero (Lucille's brother) so that he can get close to her again. When he fails to acquire the rights to the Fantastic Four from Ron Howard and Michael learns that Rebel Alley is in fact Ron Howard's daughter, Tobias lies to his cast about having the rights so that the production will go on. At Cinco de Cuatro, Lucille Bluth's harsh criticism of DeBrie's performance during rehearsal and Tobias' failure to comfort her lead to her relapsing and being threatened with jail for copyright infringement. Tobias gives the Thing costume to Buster and takes DeBrie's place as Sue Storm but accidentally boards the wrong boat, taking an unexpected part in Marky's plan to bomb Herbert Love's boat when he is mistaken for Lindsay in his Sue Storm wig. Meanwhile, the performance of the musical goes ahead despite not having a Sue Storm or a villain, and it is left unknown who plays the Thing.

63
10
"Queen B."
Lucille
Troy Miller & Mitchell Hurwitz
Richard Rosenstock & Dean Lorey
May 26, 2013 (2013-05-26)
4AJD10

Lucille prepares for her trial by preparing a story that she was trying to save Buster by piloting the boat away from shore, with Buster as the 'star witness'. When none of her family show up to the trial for various reasons, Lucille is found guilty and sent to jail as a result of Lucille Austero's testimony against her. In prison, Lucille joins a gang of Chinese women called the Jade Triad, and rises to the top of the gang when she shows them a loophole around the 'No Smoking' rule but they turn on her when she causes trouble among the Triad members. Fearing for her life, Lucille gets herself transferred out of the prison to Lucille Austero's clinic where Tobias becomes her therapist. Lucille at first refuses to try therapy but when Tobias accidentally calls her a 'villain', she rants furiously at him and accepts a part as the villain of his Fantastic Four musical. After Michael signs over his rights to the Bluth Company to Lucille, Gene Parmesan helps Michael tail Gob, whom he believes to be Rebel's secret boyfriend. At Cinco de Cuatro, Lucille plans to board a boat and sail out of the reach of the law but after encountering and rejecting both George Sr. and Oscar, Tobias unwittingly correctly psychoanalyzes her and she decides to return to rehab. Meanwhile, as a resolution to the previous episode's cliffhanger, Herbert Love's boat is saved from destruction after Marky mixes up Lindsay and Tobias' cases.

64
11
"A New Attitude"
Gob
Mitchell Hurwitz & Troy Miller
Mitchell Hurwitz & Jim Vallely
May 26, 2013 (2013-05-26)
4AJD14

Believing Tony Wonder to be responsible for the ruin of his life, Gob seeks revenge against him. Pretending to be gay with George-Michael as his fake boyfriend, Gob infiltrates the Gay Club where Tony is performing but fails to sabotage Tony's act. Tony and Gob unexpectedly end up connecting and having a fun night together. Tony, who is also pretending to be gay as part of a scheme with Sally Sitwell to acquire Gob's phone and retrieve the Fakeblock software from Gob's 'boyfriend' George-Michael, agrees to another date with Gob at the Little Ballroom. However, both Gob and Tony seem to be falling in love with each other for real. The next day, Gob goes to the wrong Little Ballroom where he encounters Michael who has been tailing him, believing him to be Rebel's boyfriend. The two fight and Michael kicks Gob, Lucille and George Sr. out of the movie in frustration at his family. Gob goes to Tony Wonder to apologize and the two spend an evening together, becoming close friends and realizing that they may be falling for each other, and agree to have sex on the night of Cinco de Cuatro. Gob arrives at Cinco first and encounters Ann, who reveals she has a five-year-old child with Tony Wonder, and Gob realizes Tony has just been pretending to be gay. Gob schemes to make Ann have sex with Tony wearing a 'Gob' mask whilst being filmed in an attempt to expose Tony as straight but Ann turns on him and tricks Gob into having sex with the real Tony. The morning after, Gob encounters Michael, and talks in a roundabout way about how he has realized that he has fallen in love with Tony Wonder, and forces Michael to take a 'Forget-me-now' pill when Michael realizes Gob has slept with Tony Wonder. Not remembering the events of Cinco de Cuatro, Michael makes the same embarrassing offer to Lucille Austero over the phone again and calls Rebel who is busy with her real mystery boyfriend, revealed to be George-Michael.

65
12
"Señoritis"
Maeby
Mitchell Hurwitz & Troy Miller
Jim Brandon & Brian Singleton
May 26, 2013 (2013-05-26)
4AJD09

Ignored by her parents and unable to continue working as a movie producer without a high school diploma, Maeby illegally re-enrolls in high school by pretending to be 17. After giving up the model home to the "To Entrap a Local Predator" crew to earn money, Maeby learns that she has won a Lifetime Achievement award at the Opies. However, when she attends the ceremony with George-Michael, she realizes that the award is only given to those who are dead or whose careers are dying. Seeking to revive her career, she announces that she is creating an Internet company using George-Michael's 'Fakeblock' software, despite his objections. With investors pouring in money for the idea, Maeby also successfully pimps her mother out to Herbert Love for money and schemes to incriminate her boyfriend Perfecto, whom she believes to be her high school's undercover cop, as a sexual predator. George-Michael, realizing that 'Fakeblock' is rapidly spinning out of his control, fires Maeby from the company in a fit of panic. Maeby proceeds to sleep with Perfecto, who believes her to be 17, and attends Cinco de Cuatro to obtain her latest payment from Herbert Love's aide. When Love calls off relations with Lindsay, Maeby asks Perfecto to 'bad cop' Love for her. With Love 'taken care of' by Perfecto, he also reveals to Maeby that he's not an undercover cop and is just 17. After Cinco de Cuatro, as Lucille Austero is revealed to be missing and Sally Sitwell taking over her campaign, Maeby is arrested as a sex offender by her algebra teacher Donnie Richter, who is actually the undercover cop Rocky Richter, and realizes that she will have to live in Sudden Valley, which Gob has filled with sex offenders, as the neighborhood fits all the criteria for a sex offender to live in.

66
13
"It Gets Better"
George-Michael
Troy Miller & Mitchell Hurwitz
Dean Lorey & Richard Rosenstock
May 26, 2013 (2013-05-26)
4AJD12

In the years since Season 3 ended, George-Michael has entered college at the University of California, Irvine and, after a few formative years there (as well as a wild sexual romp while studying abroad in Spain), he goes through life with a new sense of confidence and has shed much of his meekness. He and roommate Paul develop an app for an electronic woodblock, christening it 'Fakeblock'. In an attempt to seduce Maeby and impress Michael, George-Michael lies about 'Fakeblock', claiming that it is anti-piracy software. When Maeby uses George-Michael's idea to form an Internet company, he goes along with the lie to show her that he is a risk-taker, adopting the pseudonym 'George Maharis'. But as he discovers that Maeby has managed to start a real company with money from investors, he realizes that his white lie has rapidly evolved beyond his control and turned into a scam which he has inadvertently become the center of, and he starts looking for a way to close the company as quickly as possible. However, at a planned meeting with his father Michael he accidentally encounters Rebel, who is impressed by his new celebrity status, and lies to Michael so that he might spend more time with Rebel. Frustrated that his son is pushing away from him, Michael uses Andy Richter's membership to enter the club in search of his son.

67
14
"Off the Hook"
Buster
Mitchell Hurwitz & Troy Miller
Jim Vallely & Mitchell Hurwitz
May 26, 2013 (2013-05-26)
4AJD11

After a juice-driven night with Lucille Austero, Buster wakes up to discover that he has missed his mother's trial. On a search for a new mother after Lucille Bluth disowns him, Buster moves in with Lucille Austero but she soon kicks him out for being more of a son than a lover. Buster, with nowhere else to go, re-enlists with the army to try and capture his real mother's attention, and is assigned to be a drone pilot. Buster believes he is playing a video game, and becomes skilled at the job. When he learns he is hurting real people, he suffers a panic attack and ends up injuring himself. Buster is taken to the hospital where he receives an over-sized and overly powerful left hand replacement. Buster is told by a doctor that with his powerful hand, he'll be used in battle by the army. Subsequently, he begins to deliberately fail his tests, which are being used so he gains control of his new large hand). Buster then fails the "Cute Test", (not killing an adorable kitten, showing he has control of his hand), he is discharged from the army. Buster is adopted by Ophelia Love, the wife of Herbert Love, to support Herbert's campaign as an injured war veteran. However, Ophelia begins an affair with Buster when she learns about Herbert's infidelity and then abruptly ends it, choosing to give Herbert a second chance, and kicks Buster out. Buster goes to Cinco de Cuatro seeking revenge against Herbert Love but runs into Lucille Austero, who reveals that she deliberately gave him juice the night before his mother's trial so that Lucille Bluth would be locked up. Horrified, Buster goes on a juice-fueled rampage, knocking Herbert Love into a coma. After accidentally incriminating himself into Lucille Austero's disappearance, Buster attempts and fails to use George-Michael's 'Fakeblock' software to erase the footage.

68
15
"Blockheads"
George-Michael
Mitchell Hurwitz & Troy Miller
Mitchell Hurwitz & Jim Vallely
May 26, 2013 (2013-05-26)
4AJD13

Due to increasing animosity with his roommate Paul over the ownership of 'Fakeblock', George-Michael is voted out of his dorm room. George-Michael runs into Gob. Gob is able to sell a Sudden Valley home to George-Michael, who buys the house so his father will be proud of him. Rebel visits George-Michael and starts doubting their relationship, seeing the investment in real estate as a sign that George-Michael is not as easy-going as he claimed. Maeby, meanwhile, wanting revenge on George-Michael for firing her, advises Michael on how to impress Rebel. Following her advice, Michael makes love to Rebel, but after leaving her apartment he discovers from a photo that his romantic rival is his own son. Upon accidentally running into George-Michael and hearing from him that he has girlfriend-trouble, Michael takes pity on his son and decides not to reveal the truth and gives up pursuing Rebel further. At Cinco de Cuatro, Gob is in negotiation with a Mongolian horde he hired to build the Mexican wall, but as George Sr. reveal they have no money to pay the horde with, the horde is angered and goes on a rampage, being mistaken for rioting Mexicans in the process. Somewhere else, George-Michael is preparing to reveal at his keynote speech that 'Fakeblock' doesn't exist, he finds a note that promises him he will get "screwed" if he continues his plans with 'Fakeblock', and thinking that it is a promise of sex from Rebel, he decides to continue the lie. But, unbeknownst to him, the note was actually a threat from the hacktivist group, Anonymous. Michael awakes the next day, and because he was drugged by Gob, he has forgotten that he decided to give up Rebel. George-Michael, meanwhile, tells Rebel that he truly cares about her and thereby solidifies their relationship. As George-Michael leaves Rebel's place, he runs into the amnesic Michael, and realizes that he was the other guy Rebel was seeing. George-Michael is willing to pass it off as an honest mistake, until Michael inadvertently mentions the photo he saw, revealing that he knew about George-Michael and Rebel's relationship. Angered, George-Michael punches his father in the face, and the two silently stare at each other. In the post-credits scene, Gob is named as the replacement President of Bluth Company after Lucille Austero disappears. Buster is arrested for the murder of Lucille Austero. After watching the news of Buster's arrest, Ron Howard and Brian Grazer decide to make a movie about it.

text: Season 4 Remix: Fateful Consequences (2018)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date
Prod.
code

1
"Re Cap'n Bluth"
Mitchell Hurwitz and Troy Miller
Mitchell Hurwitz, Dean Lorey, Richard Rosenstock, Jim Vallely, Caroline Williams
May 3, 2018 (2018-05-03)
RAJD01

At the 2012 Newport Beach Cinco de Cuatro celebration, Michael, heavily in debt, attempts to seduce Lucille Austero in exchange for money. Upon returning to the model home, Michael catches Gob with an unidentified romantic partner; Gob forces Michael to swallow a "forget-me-now". In 2006, immediately after the events of "Development Arrested", Lucille is arrested by the SEC after wrecking the Queen Mary. Michael, George-Michael, and George Sr. return from their attempted escape due to George Sr.'s fear that Lucille will "flip" on him to the SEC, with Michael resuming his work as president of the Bluth Company. Three months later, Michael discovers everyone in the family has received a "stimulus package" except him, yet he is still expected to be the primary character witness in Lucille's defense at her upcoming trial. Fed up, Michael quits the Bluth Company, sells his shares in the company to Lucille Austero, and uses the money to invest in his "Sudden Valley" housing development project.

2
"Three Half Men"
Troy Miller and Mitchell Hurwitz
Mitchell Hurwitz, Richard Rosenstock, Jim Vallely
May 3, 2018 (2018-05-03)
RAJD02

Buster inadvertently causes the SEC to take Lucille into custody by letting it slip that she was attempting to flee their jurisdiction. George Sr. runs into his twin brother, Oscar, and discovers he is now living in the desert along the U.S.–Mexico border. Buster, now alone in the penthouse, begins acting as if Lucille is still living there, constructing a homemade life-size Lucille doll and conversing with it. At a meeting with Stan Sitwell, George Sr. spies a page of blueprints for what he believes is a "monument to George W. Bush" and snaps a picture of it with his phone. George Sr. shows the picture to Lucille while visiting her in prison, whereupon she deduces the plans are actually for a border wall that Sitwell is planning to build for the U.S. government. The two conspire to underbid Sitwell for the project, along with deciding to pretend to divorce until the conclusion of Lucille's trial in order to avoid arousing suspicion from the authorities. Gob's relationship with George-Michael's former girlfriend, Ann, grows more complicated as he attempts to use her father's church as the setting for his "resurrection" illusion. Gob inadvertently proposes marriage to Ann and she accepts. At the wedding, at which he plans to perform his illusion, Gob is dismayed to find none of his family is in attendance.

3
"A Couple-A New Starts"
Mitchell Hurwitz and Troy Miller
Mitchell Hurwitz, Dean Lorey, Jim Vallely, Caroline Williams
May 3, 2018 (2018-05-03)
RAJD03

In the aftermath of the wreck of the Queen Mary, Lindsay decides to leave Tobias and, inspired by the book Eat, Pray, Love, travels to India in an attempt to "live with less" that, predictably, ends up leaving her with no money and a maxed-out credit card. Tobias finds Lindsay's copy of the book and decides to travel to India as well, only to end up in the hospital after getting hit by a bus. A visit to a local shaman inspires Lindsay to return home, though she is forced to make up with Tobias as a condition of Lucille—who wants the entire family present at her upcoming trial—paying for her return flight. While Michael continues developing Sudden Valley, Lindsay and Tobias use their "stimulus package" to buy an extravagant house on an adjustable rate mortgage. As Lindsay prepares her testimony for Lucille's trial (in exchange for money from Lucille), Tobias attempts to revive his acting career, with little success. The collapse of the California real estate market spells disaster not only for Lindsay and Tobias' finances, but also for Sudden Valley.

4
"Just Deserters"
Troy Miller and Mitchell Hurwitz
Mitchell Hurwitz, Dean Lorey, Richard Rosenstock, Jim Vallely
May 3, 2018 (2018-05-03)
RAJD04

Lucille, now on house arrest, vetoes George Sr.'s original plan to sell the desert land along the U.S.–Mexico border he has purchased to the U.S. government, convincing him to pitch Sitwell's border wall plan to the government at a much lower price. Buster threatens to refuse to testify as the "key witness" at Lucille's trial unless he receives his share of the "stimulus package", which he promptly spends on a diamond-studded hook. When George Sr. and Lucille announce their "divorce" to the family, Gob decides to use the occasion to announce his upcoming marriage to Ann. The economic downturn causes the government to put the border wall project on hold, leading George Sr. to panic, as he is now unable to make the payments on the land he has purchased. A session in Oscar's sweat lodge inspires George Sr. to begin a "sweat and squeeze" operation for business executives as a way to recoup the lost money. Gob performs his "resurrection" illusion at his wedding, only for it to go horribly wrong. Three months of house arrest with Buster for company prove to be almost too much for Lucille to take.

5
"A Trial Run"
Mitchell Hurwitz and Troy Miller
Mitchell Hurwitz, Dean Lorey, Richard Rosenstock, Jim Vallely, Caroline Williams
May 3, 2018 (2018-05-03)
RAJD05

On the day of Lucille's maritime trial, none of the family appear in court. Lindsay and Tobias attend what they believe to be a method acting class, only to discover it is a rehab session for methadone addicts. Tobias, still believing it to be an acting class, becomes friendly with DeBrie Bardeaux, a washed up actress who is now a drug addict, while a disgusted Lindsay becomes acquainted with Marky Bark, son of Johnny Bark and a friend of DeBrie's. Gob, having been rescued from his failed "resurrection" illusion, recovers in the hospital, where a furious Ann calls off their engagement. George Sr. misses the trial due to his work on the sweat and squeeze operation, as well as maintaining the pretense of his fake divorce, while "key witness" Buster is incapacitated from gorging on juice at Lucille Austero's. A desperate Lucille calls Lucille Austero to the stand on her behalf, only for the testimony to devolve into passive-aggressive bickering between the two. Lindsay abandons Tobias and begins a relationship with Marky Bark. Lucille is found guilty and sentenced to 3–5 years in prison.

6
"The Parent Traps"
Troy Miller and Mitchell Hurwitz
Mitchell Hurwitz, Dean Lorey, Richard Rosenstock, Jim Vallely
May 3, 2018 (2018-05-03)
RAJD06

By the spring of 2012, Michael has moved into George-Michael's dorm room at UC Irvine following the collapse of the Sudden Valley project, much to George-Michael's chagrin. A frustrated George-Michael tells Michael he is developing a software program to protect people's privacy called "Fakeblock". With Lucille in prison and refusing to see him, Buster resumes his relationship with Lucille Austero. Following his release from the hospital, Gob attempts to reconnect with his son Steve Holt. Michael, annoyed with George-Michael's roommate "P-Hound", proposes he and George-Michael vote P-Hound out of the room, drafting Maeby (whom George-Michael has been tutoring) into his plan. To his surprise, Michael is voted out of the room. Lucille Austero breaks off her relationship with Buster; with nowhere else to go, Buster re-enlists in the Army.

7
"One Degree of Separation"
Mitchell Hurwitz and Troy Miller
Jim Brandon, Dean Lorey, Richard Rosenstock, Brian Singleton, Jim Vallely, Caroline Williams
May 3, 2018 (2018-05-03)
RAJD07

Following the wreck of the Queen Mary, George-Michael and Maeby decide not to begin a romantic relationship. In a bid to get Lindsay and Tobias to notice her, Maeby deliberately fails her senior year of high school, only to realize they have left for India. Still working as a film executive for Imagine Entertainment, Maeby flies to India to scout locations for an upcoming film. Upon seeing Lindsay in India, Maeby uses her crew's makeup artist to pose as Lindsay's shaman and is infuriated to see Lindsay lie about Maeby's existence. At George-Michael's graduation party, Michael forces George-Michael to destroy the check George Sr. and Lucille gave him as a gift, gives George-Michael the stair car, and sends him off to college. Having failed her "sophomore" senior year, Maeby is fired from her job at Imagine by Ron Howard's assistant, former Bluth Company employee Kitty Sanchez, due to not having a high school diploma. George-Michael's college career is interrupted by a surprise visit from Michael, who moves in with him. Maeby, who is now on her fifth senior year of high school, discovers George-Michael has been assigned as her math tutor. Maeby suspects her high school boyfriend, Perfecto Telles, is actually an undercover cop.

8
"The Weak Become the Strong"
Troy Miller and Mitchell Hurwitz
Jim Brandon, Mitchell Hurwitz, Richard Rosenstock, Brian Singleton, Jim Vallely, Caroline Williams
May 3, 2018 (2018-05-03)
RAJD08

9
"Modern Marvels"
Mitchell Hurwitz and Troy Miller
Mitchell Hurwitz, Dean Lorey, Jim Vallely, Caroline Williams
May 3, 2018 (2018-05-03)
RAJD09

10
"Recurring Dreams"
Troy Miller and Mitchell Hurwitz
Jim Brandon, Mitchell Hurwitz, Dean Lorey, Richard Rosenstock, Brian Singleton, Jim Vallely
May 3, 2018 (2018-05-03)
RAJD10

11
"Fun Night"
Mitchell Hurwitz and Troy Miller
Jim Brandon, Mitchell Hurwitz, Dean Lorey, Richard Rosenstock, Brian Singleton, Jim Vallely, Caroline Williams
May 3, 2018 (2018-05-03)
RAJD11

12
"Moving Pictures"
Troy Miller and Mitchell Hurwitz
Mitchell Hurwitz, Dean Lorey, Richard Rosenstock, Jim Vallely, Caroline Williams
May 3, 2018 (2018-05-03)
RAJD12

13
"Get on Up"
Mitchell Hurwitz and Troy Miller
Mitchell Hurwitz, Dean Lorey, Richard Rosenstock, Jim Vallely
May 3, 2018 (2018-05-03)
RAJD13

14
"What Goes Around"
Troy Miller and Mitchell Hurwitz
Mitchell Hurwitz, Dean Lorey, Richard Rosenstock, Jim Vallely
May 3, 2018 (2018-05-03)
RAJD14

15
"Locked and Loaded"
Mitchell Hurwitz and Troy Miller
Jim Brandon, Mitchell Hurwitz, Dean Lorey, Richard Rosenstock, Brian Singleton, Caroline Williams
May 3, 2018 (2018-05-03)
RAJD15

16
"Mixed Messages"
Troy Miller and Mitchell Hurwitz
Mitchell Hurwitz, Dean Lorey, Richard Rosenstock, Jim Vallely
May 3, 2018 (2018-05-03)
RAJD16

17
"Dire Straights"
Mitchell Hurwitz and Troy Miller
Jim Brandon, Mitchell Hurwitz, Dean Lorey, Richard Rosenstock, Brian Singleton, Caroline Williams
May 3, 2018 (2018-05-03)
RAJD17

18
"Turning on Each Other"
Troy Miller and Mitchell Hurwitz
Mitchell Hurwitz, Dean Lorey, Richard Rosenstock, Jim Vallely, Caroline Williams
May 3, 2018 (2018-05-03)
RAJD18

19
"Fast Company"
Mitchell Hurwitz and Troy Miller
Jim Brandon, Mitchell Hurwitz, Dean Lorey, Richard Rosenstock, Brian Singleton
May 3, 2018 (2018-05-03)
RAJD19

20
"Cinco de Cuatro I"
Troy Miller and Mitchell Hurwitz
Jim Brandon, Mitchell Hurwitz, Dean Lorey, Richard Rosenstock, Brian Singleton, Jim Vallely, Caroline Williams
May 3, 2018 (2018-05-03)
RAJD20

21
"Cinco de Cuatro II"
Mitchell Hurwitz and Troy Miller
Mitchell Hurwitz, Dean Lorey, Richard Rosenstock, Jim Vallely
May 3, 2018 (2018-05-03)
RAJD21

22
"Cinco de Cuatro III"
Troy Miller and Mitchell Hurwitz
Mitchell Hurwitz, Dean Lorey, Richard Rosenstock, Jim Vallely, Caroline Williams
May 3, 2018 (2018-05-03)
RAJD22

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Reviews of the fourth season were generally positive. On Rotten Tomatoes, it holds an approval rating of 79% with an average score of 6.25/10, based on 31 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads, "Though this new incarnation of the hit series isn't quite as effective, Arrested Development's fourth season still delivers the dark humor and running gags we've come to expect."[35] On the review aggregator website, Metacritic, the fourth season has a weighted average score of 72 out of 100, based on 21 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[36]

text: Mike Hale, writing for The New York Times after watching the first eight episodes, said that "Along the way there are doses of self-referential and metafictional humor that have made the show a cult item—enough for fans to compile lists, but not enough to re-enliven the episodes or distract from the story's dullness".[3] Robert Lloyd, writing for the Los Angeles Times, praised the series, suggesting that it improves after several episodes.[37] The A.V. Club's Todd VanDerWerff graded the season overall with a 'B', writing that "It is, in places, masterful. It is also, in other places, at once weirdly pleased with itself and too ready to hold the audience's hand where that hand needn't be held", and that "The scope of the whole project is hard to deny for its ambition and audacity."[38] David M. Cook of WhatCulture! gave the new season a positive review calling it "The Triumphant Return Of The Bluths". He said "it was great to see the Bluths return in such fine form" and that he "found a lot of the season to be funnier than anything that had come before it".[39] Gem Wheeler of Den of Geek argued that the fourth season was "Arrested Development's best yet", and "the Bluths officially rule the pop culture landscape. Long may they reign."[40]

text: Brian Lowry of Variety gave the season a negative review, writing, "Ultimately, this 'Arrested' revival plays a bit like a reunion special, where the individual cast members come out and take their curtain calls. After the warmth of seeing them reunited (or semi-reunited, given how rarely more than one or two are featured in a scene together), there's a sort of awkwardness to it, as if nobody really has much to say. We're meant to bask in the nostalgia, while the particulars are of relatively little consequence."[41] Nathan Rabin of The Wall Street Journal similarly wrote, "Arrested Development has lost a step or two in its long stint on the sidelines. The pacing is notably slower than during its original run and the show lacks the breathtaking density that characterized its glorious past. At its worst, the new/old Arrested Development is reduced to doing a shaky imitation of itself: the characters and themes are there but the beats are slightly off, as is the tone".[42] David Pierce of The Verge also gave it a mixed review, writing "Season four is kind of a confused mess, but then so is the Bluth family — and both somehow work despite all the chaos. From the way it was shot to the way it was released, the show was an experiment — covering a few events many ways, showing us the world through every character's eyes. It's very clearly just set-up in the larger sense, building toward something bigger for Arrested Development. But the question is, what's next?" He also commented positively, saying, "Season four is absolutely worthy of the Arrested Development name, though you'll have to slog through three episodes before it becomes so".[43]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The fourth season earned the series three Primetime Emmy Award nominations for the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards, including Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series for Jason Bateman, Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series, and Outstanding Music Composition for a Series.[44] For the 20th Screen Actors Guild Awards, the cast was nominated for Best Comedy Ensemble and Jason Bateman was nominated for Best Comedy Actor.[45] Bateman also received a nomination for Best Comedy Actor for the 71st Golden Globe Awards.[46]

text: Future[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text: Show creator Mitchell Hurwitz said that the fourth season will serve as the precursor to a future full-length Arrested Development film. Rumors of a film circulated after the possibility was suggested in the final episode of the third season, "Development Arrested".[47] In 2008, it was reported that production of Arrested Development: The Movie would begin after the completion of the fourth season, with a script to be written by Hurwitz.[48][49] In 2008, Ron Howard was slated to direct the film, though it is not clear whether he still is.[49][50] Reportedly, all original members of the main cast are expected to reprise their original roles.[51] In August 2013, Hurwitz commented "I'm working on the movie right now" and his plan is to do another season after the film is completed.[52]

text: Fifth season[edit]

text: Netflix confirmed on May 17, 2017, that a fifth season featuring the full cast had been ordered and the fifth season will include 16 episodes and will premiere on May 29, 2018.[53]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The fourth season was released on DVD in region 1 on December 16, 2014,[54] in region 2 on June 9, 2014,[55] and in region 4 on August 27, 2014.[56]


document_title: Controlled Substances Act

question_text: who enforces the controlled substances act of 1970

root

text: Controlled Substances Act

text: History[edit]

text:
Regulation of therapeutic goods in the United States

Prescription drugs
Over-the-counter drugs

Law[show]
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970
Controlled Substances Act
Prescription Drug Marketing Act
Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act
Hatch-Waxman exemption
Marihuana Tax Act

Government agencies[show]
Department of Health and Human Services
Food and Drug Administration
Department of Justice
Drug Enforcement Administration

Process[show]
Drug discovery
Drug design
Drug development
New drug application
Investigational new drug
Clinical trial (Phase I, II, III, IV)
Randomized controlled trial
Pharmacovigilance
Abbreviated New Drug Application
Fast track approval
Off-label use

International coordination[show]
International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical
Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use
Uppsala Monitoring Centre
World Health Organization
Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences
Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs

Non-governmental organizations[show]
Institute of Medicine
Research on Adverse Drug events And Reports
NORML

v
t
e

tag: table

text: The nation first outlawed addictive drugs in the early 1900s and the International Opium Convention helped lead international agreements regulating trade.[4][5][6] The Food and Drugs Act of 1906 was the beginning of over 200 laws concerning public health and consumer protections.[7] Others were the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1938), and the Kefauver Harris Amendment of 1962.[8][9]

tag: p

text: In 1969, President Richard Nixon announced that the Attorney General, John N. Mitchell, was preparing a comprehensive new measure to more effectively meet the narcotic and dangerous drug problems at the federal level by combining all existing federal laws into a single new statute. The CSA not only combined existing federal drug laws and expanded their scope but it also changed the nature of federal drug law policies, and expanded Federal law enforcement pertaining to controlled substances.

text: Title II, Part F of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 established the National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse[10]—known as the Shafer Commission after its chairman, Raymond P. Shafer—to study cannabis abuse in the United States.[11] During his presentation of the commission's First Report to Congress, Shafer recommended the decriminalization of marijuana in small amounts, saying,

text: [T]he criminal law is too harsh a tool to apply to personal possession even in the effort to discourage use. It implies an overwhelming indictment of the behavior which we believe is not appropriate. The actual and potential harm of use of the drug is not great enough to justify intrusion by the criminal law into private behavior, a step which our society takes only with the greatest reluctance.[this quote needs a citation]

text: Rufus King notes that this stratagem was similar to that used by Harry Anslinger when he consolidated the previous anti-drug treaties into the Single Convention and took the opportunity to add new provisions that otherwise might have been unpalatable to the international community.[12] According to David T. Courtwright, "the Act was part of an omnibus reform package designed to rationalize, and in some respects to liberalize, American drug policy." (Courtwright noted that the Act became, not libertarian, but instead repressionistic to the point of tyrannical, in its intent.) It eliminated mandatory minimum sentences and provided support for drug treatment and research.[13] King notes that the rehabilitation clauses were added as a compromise to Senator Jim Hughes, who favored a moderate approach. The bill, as introduced by Senator Everett Dirksen, ran to 91 pages. While it was being drafted, the Uniform Controlled Substances Act, to be passed by state legislatures, was also being drafted by the Department of Justice; its wording closely mirrored the Controlled Substances Act.[12]

text: Since its enactment in 1970, the Act has been amended numerous times:

text:
The 1976 Medical Device Regulation Act.[14]
The Psychotropic Substances Act of 1978 added provisions implementing the Convention on Psychotropic Substances.[15]
The Controlled Substances Penalties Amendments Act of 1984.
The 1986 Federal Analog Act for chemicals "substantially similar" in Schedule I and II to be listed
The 1988 Chemical Diversion and Trafficking Act (implemented August 1, 1989 as Article 12) added provisions implementing the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances that went into force on November 11, 1990.
1990 The Anabolic Steroids Act, passed as part of the Crime Control Act of 1990, which placed anabolic steroids into Schedule III[16]:30
The 1993 Domestic Chemical Diversion and Control Act (effective on April 16, 1994) in response to methamphetamine trafficking.
The 2008 Ryan Haight Online Pharmacy Consumer Protection Act[17]
The 2010 Electronic Prescriptions for Controlled Substances (EPCS) .

tag: ol

text: Content[edit]

text: The Controlled Substances Act consists of 2 subchapters. Subchapter I defines Schedules I-V, lists chemicals used in the manufacture of controlled substances, and differentiates lawful and unlawful manufacturing, distribution, and possession of controlled substances, including possession of Schedule I drugs for personal use; this subchapter also specifies the dollar amounts of fines and durations of prison terms for violations. Subchapter II describes the laws for exportation and importation of controlled substances, again specifying fines and prison terms for violations.[18]

text: Enforcement authority[edit]

text: The Drug Enforcement Administration was established in 1973, combining the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs (BNDD) and Customs' drug agents.[19] Proceedings to add, delete, or change the schedule of a drug or other substance may be initiated by the DEA, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), or by petition from any interested party, including the manufacturer of a drug, a medical society or association, a pharmacy association, a public interest group concerned with drug abuse, a state or local government agency, or an individual citizen. When a petition is received by the DEA, the agency begins its own investigation of the drug.

text: The DEA also may begin an investigation of a drug at any time based upon information received from laboratories, state and local law enforcement and regulatory agencies, or other sources of information. Once the DEA has collected the necessary data, the Deputy Administrator of DEA,[20]:42220 requests from HHS a scientific and medical evaluation and recommendation as to whether the drug or other substance should be controlled or removed from control. This request is sent to the Assistant Secretary of Health of HHS. Then, HHS solicits information from the Commissioner of the Food and Drug Administration and evaluations and recommendations from the National Institute on Drug Abuse and, on occasion, from the scientific and medical community at large. The Assistant Secretary, by authority of the Secretary, compiles the information and transmits back to the DEA a medical and scientific evaluation regarding the drug or other substance, a recommendation as to whether the drug should be controlled, and in what schedule it should be placed.

text: The HHS recommendation on scheduling is binding to the extent that if HHS recommends, based on its medical and scientific evaluation, that the substance not be controlled, then the DEA may not control the substance. Once the DEA has received the scientific and medical evaluation from HHS, the DEA Administrator evaluates all available data and makes a final decision whether to propose that a drug or other substance be controlled and into which schedule it should be placed. Under certain circumstances, the Government may temporarily schedule[21] a drug without following the normal procedure. An example is when international treaties require control of a substance. In addition, 21 U.S.C. § 811(h) allows the Attorney General to temporarily place a substance in Schedule I "to avoid an imminent hazard to the public safety". Thirty days' notice is required before the order can be issued, and the scheduling expires after a year; however, the period may be extended six months if rulemaking proceedings to permanently schedule the drug are in progress. In any case, once these proceedings are complete, the temporary order is automatically vacated. Unlike ordinary scheduling proceedings, such temporary orders are not subject to judicial review.

text: The CSA also creates a closed system of distribution[22] for those authorized to handle controlled substances. The cornerstone of this system is the registration of all those authorized by the DEA to handle controlled substances. All individuals and firms that are registered are required to maintain complete and accurate inventories and records of all transactions involving controlled substances, as well as security for the storage of controlled substances.

text: Treaty obligations[edit]

text: The Congressional findings in 21 USC §§ 801(7), 801a(2), and 801a(3) state that a major purpose of the CSA is to "enable the United States to meet all of its obligations" under international treaties. The CSA bears many resemblances to these Conventions. Both the CSA and the treaties set out a system for classifying controlled substances in several Schedules in accordance with the binding scientific and medical findings of a public health authority. Under 21 U.S.C. § 811 of the CSA, that authority is the Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS). Under Article 3 of the Single Convention and Article 2 of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances, the World Health Organization is that authority.

text: The domestic and international legal nature of these treaty obligations must be considered in light of the supremacy of the United States Constitution over treaties or acts and the equality of treaties and Congressional acts. In Reid v. Covert the Supreme Court of the United States addressed both these issues directly and clearly holding:

text: According to the Cato Institute, these treaties only bind (legally obligate) the United States to comply with them as long as that nation agrees to remain a state party to these treaties. The U.S. Congress and the President of the United States have the absolute sovereign right to withdraw from or abrogate at any time these two instruments, in accordance with said nation's Constitution, at which point these treaties will cease to bind that nation in any way, shape, or form.[24]

text: A provision for automatic compliance with treaty obligations is found at 21 U.S.C. § 811(d), which also establishes mechanisms for amending international drug control regulations to correspond with HHS findings on scientific and medical issues. If control of a substance is mandated by the Single Convention, the Attorney General is required to "issue an order controlling such drug under the schedule he deems most appropriate to carry out such obligations," without regard to the normal scheduling procedure or the findings of the HHS Secretary. However, the Secretary has great influence over any drug scheduling proposal under the Single Convention, because 21 U.S.C. § 811(d)(2)(B) requires the Secretary the power to "evaluate the proposal and furnish a recommendation to the Secretary of State which shall be binding on the representative of the United States in discussions and negotiations relating to the proposal."

text: Similarly, if the United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs adds or transfers a substance to a Schedule established by the Convention on Psychotropic Substances, so that current U.S. regulations on the drug do not meet the treaty's requirements, the Secretary is required to issue a recommendation on how the substance should be scheduled under the CSA. If the Secretary agrees with the Commission's scheduling decision, he can recommend that the Attorney General initiate proceedings to reschedule the drug accordingly. If the HHS Secretary disagrees with the UN controls, however, the Attorney General must temporarily place the drug in Schedule IV or V (whichever meets the minimum requirements of the treaty) and exclude the substance from any regulations not mandated by the treaty, while the Secretary is required to request that the Secretary of State take action, through the Commission or the UN Economic and Social Council, to remove the drug from international control or transfer it to a different Schedule under the Convention. The temporary scheduling expires as soon as control is no longer needed to meet international treaty obligations.

text: This provision was invoked in 1984 to place Rohypnol (flunitrazepam) in Schedule IV. The drug did not then meet the Controlled Substances Act's criteria for scheduling; however, control was required by the Convention on Psychotropic Substances. In 1999, an FDA official explained to Congress:

text: Rohypnol is not approved or available for medical use in the United States, but it is temporarily controlled in Schedule IV pursuant to a treaty obligation under the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances. At the time flunitrazepam was placed temporarily in Schedule IV (November 5, 1984), there was no evidence of abuse or trafficking of the drug in the United States.[25]

text: The Cato Institute's Handbook for Congress calls for repealing the CSA, an action that would likely bring the United States into conflict with international law, were the United States not to exercise its sovereign right to withdraw from and/or abrogate the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs and/or the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances prior to repealing the Controlled Substances Act.[24] The exception would be if the U.S. were to claim that the treaty obligations violate the United States Constitution. Many articles in these treaties—such as Article 35 and Article 36 of the Single Convention—are prefaced with phrases such as "Having due regard to their constitutional, legal and administrative systems, the Parties shall . . ." or "Subject to its constitutional limitations, each Party shall . . ." According to former United Nations Drug Control Programme Chief of Demand Reduction Cindy Fazey, "This has been used by the USA not to implement part of article 3 of the 1988 Convention, which prevents inciting others to use narcotic or psychotropic drugs, on the basis that this would be in contravention of their constitutional amendment guaranteeing freedom of speech".[26]

text: Schedules of controlled substances[edit]

text: Placing a drug or other substance in a certain Schedule or removing it from a certain Schedule is primarily based on 21 USC §§ 801, 801a, 802, 811, 812, 813, and 814. Every schedule otherwise requires finding and specifying the "potential for abuse" before a substance can be placed in that schedule.[27] The specific classification of any given drug or other substance is usually a source of controversy, as is the purpose and effectiveness of the entire regulatory scheme.

text: The term "controlled substance" means a drug or other substance, or immediate precursor, included in schedule I, II, III, IV, or V of part B of this subchapter. The term does not include distilled spirits, wine, malt beverages, or tobacco, as those terms are defined or used in subtitle E of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986.

text: Some have argued that this is an important exemption, since alcohol and tobacco are two of the most widely used drugs in the United States.[29][30] Also of significance, the exclusion of alcohol includes wine which is sacramentally used by many major religious denominations in the United States.

text: Schedule I controlled substances[edit]

text: Schedule I substances are described as those that have the following findings:

text:
The drug or other substance has a high potential for abuse.
The drug or other substance has no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States.
There is a lack of accepted safety for use of the drug or other substance under medical supervision.[31]

text: No prescriptions may be written for Schedule I substances, and such substances are subject to production quotas which the DEA imposes.

text: Under the DEA's interpretation of the CSA, a drug does not necessarily have to have the same "high potential for abuse" as heroin, for example, to merit placement in Schedule I:

text: [W]hen it comes to a drug that is currently listed in schedule I, if it is undisputed that such drug has no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States and a lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision, and it is further undisputed that the drug has at least some potential for abuse sufficient to warrant control under the CSA, the drug must remain in schedule I. In such circumstances, placement of the drug in schedules II through V would conflict with the CSA since such drug would not meet the criterion of "a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States." 21 USC 812(b). (emphasis added)[32]

text: Sentences for first-time, non-violent offenders convicted of trafficking in Schedule I drugs can easily turn into de facto life sentences when multiple sales are prosecuted in one proceeding.[33] Sentences for violent offenders are much higher.[citation needed]

text: Drugs listed in this control schedule include:

text:
αMT (alpha-methyltryptamine), a psychedelic, stimulant, and entactogen drug of the tryptamine class that was originally developed as an antidepressant by workers at Upjohn in the 1960s.
BZP (benzylpiperazine), a synthetic stimulant once sold as a designer drug. It has been shown to be associated with an increase in seizures if taken alone.[34] Although the effects of BZP are not as potent as MDMA, it can produce neuroadaptations that can cause an increase in the potential for abuse of this drug.[35]
Cathinone, an amphetamine-like stimulant found in the shrub Catha edulis (khat).
DMT (dimethyltryptamine), a naturally occurring psychedelic drug that is widespread throughout the plant kingdom and endogenous to the human body. DMT is the main psychoactive constituent in the psychedelic South American brew, ayahuasca, for which the UDV are granted exemption from DMT's schedule I status on the grounds of religious freedom.
Etorphine, a semi-synthetic opioid possessing an analgesic potency approximately 1,000–3,000 times that of morphine.
GHB, a general anesthetic and treatment for narcolepsy-cataplexy and alcohol withdrawal with a limited safe dosage range and poor ability to control pain when used as an anesthetic (severely limiting its usefulness).[36] It was placed in Schedule I in March 2000 after widespread recreational use led to increased emergency room visits, hospitalizations, and deaths.[37] A specific formulation of this drug is also listed in Schedule III for limited uses, under the trademark Xyrem.
Heroin (diacetylmorphine), which is used in some European countries as a potent pain reliever in terminal cancer patients, and as second option, after morphine; it is about twice as potent, by weight, as morphine and, indeed, becomes morphine upon injection into the bloodstream.
Ibogaine, a naturally occurring psychoactive substance found in plants in the Apocynaceae family. Some countries use ibogaine as an alternative medicine treatment for drug addiction. Ibogaine is also used for medicinal and ritual purposes within African spiritual traditions of the Bwiti.
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), a semi-synthetic psychedelic drug famous for its involvement in the counterculture of the 1960s.
Marijuana and its cannabinoids. Pure (–)-trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol is also listed in Schedule III for limited uses, under the trademark Marinol. Ballot measures in several states such as Colorado, Washington, California, Oregon and others have made allowances for recreational and medical use of marijuana and/or have decriminalized possession of small amounts of marijuana – such measures operate only on state laws, and have no effect on Federal law.[32][33] Whether such users would actually be prosecuted under federal law is a separate question.
MDMA ("ecstasy"), a stimulant, psychedelic, and entactogenic drug which initially garnered attention in psychedelic therapy as a treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The medical community originally agreed upon placing it as a Schedule III substance, but the government denied this suggestion, despite two court rulings by the DEA's administrative law judge that placing MDMA in Schedule I was illegal. It was temporarily unscheduled after the first administrative hearing from December 22, 1987 – July 1, 1988.[38]
Mescaline, a naturally occurring psychedelic drug and the main psychoactive constituent of peyote (Lophophora williamsii), San Pedro cactus (Echinopsis pachanoi), and Peruvian torch cactus (Echinopsis peruviana).
Methaqualone (Quaalude, Sopor, Mandrax), a sedative that was previously used for similar purposes as barbiturates, until it was rescheduled.
Peyote (Lophophora williamsii), a cactus growing in nature primarily in northeastern Mexico; one of the few plants specifically scheduled, with a narrow exception to its legal status for religious use by members of the Native American Church.
Psilocybin and psilocin, naturally occurring psychedelic drugs and the main psychoactive constituents of psilocybin mushrooms.
Controlled substance analogs intended for human consumption, as defined by the Federal Analog Act.

tag: ul

text: Schedule II controlled substances[edit]

text: Schedule II substances are those that have the following findings:

text:
The drug or other substances have a high potential for abuse
The drug or other substances have currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States, or currently accepted medical use with severe restrictions
Abuse of the drug or other substances may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence.[31]

text: Except when dispensed directly to an ultimate user by a practitioner other than a pharmacist, no controlled substance in Schedule II, which is a prescription drug as determined under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 USC 301 et seq.), may be dispensed without the written prescription of a practitioner, except that in emergency situations, as prescribed by the Secretary by regulation after consultation with the Attorney General, such drug may be dispensed upon oral prescription in accordance with section 503(b) of that Act (21 USC 353 (b)). With exceptions, an original prescription is always required even though faxing in a prescription in advance to a pharmacy by a prescriber is allowed.[39] Prescriptions shall be retained in conformity with the requirements of section 827 of this title. No prescription for a controlled substance in schedule II may be refilled.[40] Notably no emergency situation provisions exist outside the Controlled Substances Act's "closed system" although this closed system may be unavailable or nonfunctioning in the event of accidents in remote areas or disasters such as hurricanes and earthquakes. Acts which would widely be considered morally imperative remain offenses subject to heavy penalties.[41]

text: These drugs vary in potency: for example fentanyl is about 80 times as potent as morphine (heroin is roughly two times as potent). More significantly, they vary in nature. Pharmacology and CSA scheduling have a weak relationship.

text: Because refills of prescriptions for Schedule II substances are not allowed, it can be burdensome to both the practitioner and the patient if the substances are to be used on a long-term basis. To provide relief, in 2007, 21 C.F.R. 1306.12 was amended (at 72 FR 64921) to allow practitioners to write up to three prescriptions at once, to provide up to a 90-day supply, specifying on each the earliest date on which it may be filled.[42]

text: Drugs in this schedule include:

text:
Amphetamine (originally placed in Schedule III, but moved to Schedule II in 1971), Adderall, Dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine), Lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse): treatment of ADHD, narcolepsy, severe obesity (limited use, dextroamphetamine only), binge eating disorder (lisdexamfetamine only)
Barbiturates (short-acting), such as pentobarbital
Cocaine: used as a topical anesthetic and to stop severe epistaxis
Codeine (pure) and any drug for non-parenteral administration containing the equivalent of more than 90 mg of codeine per dosage unit;
Diphenoxylate (pure)
Fentanyl and most other strong pure opioid agonists, i.e. levorphanol
Hydrocodone in any formulation as of October 2014 (Examples include Vicodin, Norco, Tussionex). Prior to October 2014, formulations containing hydrocodone and over-the-counter analgesics such as Acetaminophen and Ibuprofen were Schedule III.[43]
Hydromorphone (semi-synthetic opioid; active ingredient in Dilaudid, Palladone)
Methadone: treatment of heroin addiction, extreme chronic pain
Methamphetamine: treatment of ADHD (rare), severe obesity (limited use)
Methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta), Dexmethylphenidate (Focalin): treatment of ADHD, narcolepsy
Morphine
Nabilone (Cesamet) – A synthetic cannabinoid. An analogue to dronabinol (Marinol) which is a Schedule III drug.
Opium tincture (Laudanum): a potent antidiarrheal
Oxycodone (semi-synthetic opioid; active ingredient in Percocet, OxyContin, and Percodan)
Oxymorphone (semi-synthetic opioid; active ingredient in Opana)
Nembutal (Pentobarbital) – barbiturate medication originally developed for narcolepsy; primarily used today for physician assisted suicide and euthanasia of animals.
Pethidine (USAN: Meperidine; Demerol)
Phencyclidine (PCP)
Secobarbital (Seconal)
Tapentadol (Nucynta) – A drug with mixed opioid agonist and norepinephrine re-uptake inhibitor activity.

text: Schedule III controlled substances[edit]

text: Schedule III substances are those that have the following findings:

text:
The drug or other substance has a potential for abuse less than the drugs or other substances in schedules I and II.
The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States.
Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence.[31]

text: Except when dispensed directly by a practitioner, other than a pharmacist, to an ultimate user, no controlled substance in schedule III or IV, which is a prescription drug as determined under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 USC 301 et seq.), may be dispensed without a written or oral prescription in conformity with section 503(b) of that Act (21 USC 353 (b)). Such prescriptions may not be filled or refilled more than six months after the date thereof or be refilled more than five times after the date of the prescription unless renewed by the practitioner.[40] A prescription for controlled substances in Schedules III, IV, and V issued by a practitioner, may be communicated either orally, in writing, or by facsimile to the pharmacist, and may be refilled if so authorized on the prescription or by call-in.[39] Control of wholesale distribution is somewhat less stringent than Schedule II drugs. Provisions for emergency situations are less restrictive within the "closed system" of the Controlled Substances Act than for Schedule II though no schedule has provisions to address circumstances where the closed system is unavailable, nonfunctioning or otherwise inadequate.

text: Drugs in this schedule include:

text:
Anabolic steroids (including prohormones such as androstenedione); the specific end molecule testosterone in many of its forms (Androderm, AndroGel, Testosterone Cypionate, and Testosterone Enanthate) are labeled as scheduled III while low-dose testosterone when compounded with estrogen derivatives have been exempted (from scheduling) by the FDA[44]
Intermediate-acting barbiturates, such as talbutal or butalbital
Buprenorphine (semi-synthetic opioid; active in Suboxone, Subutex)
Dihydrocodeine when compounded with other substances, to a certain dosage and concentration.
Ketamine, a drug originally developed as a safer, shorter-acting replacement for PCP (mainly for use as a human anesthetic) but has since become popular as a veterinary and pediatric anesthetic;
Xyrem, a preparation of GHB used to treat narcolepsy. Xyrem is in Schedule III but with a restricted distribution system. All other forms of GHB are in Schedule I.
Marinol, synthetically prepared tetrahydrocannabinol (officially referred to by its INN, dronabinol) used to treat nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy, as well as appetite loss caused by AIDS.
Paregoric, an antidiarrheal and anti-tussive, which contains opium combined with camphor (which makes it less addiction-prone than laudanum, which is in Schedule II).
Phendimetrazine Tartrate, a stimulant synthesized for use as an anorexiant.
Benzphetamine HCl (Didrex), a stimulant designed for use as an anorexiant.
Fast-acting barbiturates such as secobarbital (Seconal) and pentobarbital (Nembutal), when combined with one or more additional active ingredient(s) not in Schedule II (e.g., Carbrital (no longer marketed), a combination of pentobarbital and carbromal).
Ergine (lysergic acid amide), listed as a sedative but considered by some to be psychedelic.[45][46] An inefficient precursor to its N,N-diethyl analogue, LSD, ergine occurs naturally in the seeds of the common garden flowers Turbina corymbosa, Ipomoea tricolor, and Argyreia nervosa.

text: Schedule IV controlled substances[edit]

text: "Placement on schedules; findings required Schedule IV substances are those that have the following findings:

text:
The drug or other substance has a low potential for abuse relative to the drugs or other substances in schedule III
The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States
Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to limited physical dependence or psychological dependence relative to the drugs or other substances in schedule III[31]

text: Control measures are similar to Schedule III. Prescriptions for Schedule IV drugs may be refilled up to five times within a six-month period. A prescription for controlled substances in Schedules III, IV, and V issued by a practitioner, may be communicated either orally, in writing, or by facsimile to the pharmacist, and may be refilled if so authorized on the prescription or by call-in.[39]

text: Drugs in this schedule include:

text:
Benzodiazepines, such as alprazolam (Xanax), chlordiazepoxide (Librium), clonazepam (Klonopin), diazepam (Valium), and Lorazepam (Ativan), as well as:

temazepam (Restoril) (note that some states require specially coded prescriptions for temazepam)
flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) (note that flunitrazepam is not used medically in the United States)

The benzodiazepine-like Z-drugs: zolpidem (Ambien), zopiclone (Imovane), eszopiclone (Lunesta), and zaleplon (Sonata) (zopiclone is not commercially available in the U.S.)
Chloral hydrate, a sedative-hypnotic
Long-acting barbiturates such as phenobarbital
Some partial agonist opioid analgesics, such as pentazocine (Talwin)
The eugeroic drug modafinil (sold in the U.S. as Provigil) as well as its (R)-enantiomer armodafinil (sold in the U.S. as Nuvigil)
Difenoxin, an antidiarrheal drug, such as when combined with atropine (Motofen) (difenoxin is 2–3 times more potent than diphenoxylate, the active ingredient in Lomotil, which is in Schedule V)
Tramadol (Ultram)
Carisoprodol (Soma) has become a Schedule IV medication as of 11 January 2012[47]

text: Schedule V controlled substances[edit]

text: Schedule V substances are those that have the following findings:

text:
The drug or other substance has a low potential for abuse relative to the drugs or other substances in schedule IV
The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States
Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to limited physical dependence or psychological dependence relative to the drugs or other substances in schedule IV.[31]

text: No controlled substance in schedule V which is a drug may be distributed or dispensed other than for a medical purpose.[40] A prescription for controlled substances in Schedules III, IV, and V issued by a practitioner, may be communicated either orally, in writing, or by facsimile to the pharmacist, and may be refilled if so authorized on the prescription or by call-in.[39]

text: Drugs in this schedule include:

text:
Cough suppressants containing small amounts of codeine (e.g., promethazine+codeine);
Preparations containing small amounts of opium or diphenoxylate (used to treat diarrhea);
Some anticonvulsants, such as pregabalin (Lyrica), lacosamide (Vimpat) and retigabine (ezogabine) (Potiga/Trobalt);
Pyrovalerone (used to treat chronic fatigue and as an appetite suppressant for weight loss);
Some centrally-acting antidiarrheals, such as diphenoxylate (Lomotil) when mixed with atropine (to make it unpleasant for people to grind up, cook, and inject). Difenoxin with atropine (Motofen) has been moved to Schedule IV. Without atropine, these drugs are in Schedule II.

text: Regulation of precursors[edit]

text: The Controlled Substances Act also provides for federal regulation of precursors used to manufacture some of the controlled substances. The DEA list of chemicals is actually modified when the United States Attorney General determines that illegal manufacturing processes have changed.

text: In addition to the CSA, due to pseudoephedrine (PSE) and ephedrine being widely used in the manufacture of methamphetamine, the U.S. Congress passed the Methamphetamine Precursor Control Act which places restrictions on the sale of any medicine containing pseudoephedrine. That bill was then superseded by the Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2005, which was passed as an amendment to the Patriot Act renewal and included wider and more comprehensive restrictions on the sale of PSE-containing products. This law requires[48] customer signature of a "log-book" and presentation of valid photo ID in order to purchase PSE-containing products from all retailers.[49]

text: Additionally, the law restricts an individual to the retail purchase of no more than three packages or 3.6 grams of such product per day per purchase – and no more than 9 grams in a single month. A violation of this statute constitutes a misdemeanor. Retailers now commonly require PSE-containing products to be sold behind the pharmacy or service counter. This affects many preparations which were previously available over-the-counter without restriction, such as Actifed and its generic equivalents.

text: Criticism[edit]

text: There has been criticism against the schedule classifications of the listed drugs and substances in the CSA, citing undefined terms.[2][3] Some criticism has arisen due to research that has found several substances on the list of Schedule I substances to have actual accepted medical uses and low abuse potential, despite the requirement for a Schedule I listing mandating that any substance so scheduled have both a high potential for abuse and no accepted medical use.[50][51][52][original research?] One such example is the legalization of marijuana in some capacity in over 23 states.[53]


document_title: Cullinan Diamond

question_text: who has the largest diamond in the world

text: Cullinan Diamond

text: Discovery and early history[edit]

text: The Cullinan diamond was found 18 feet (5.5 m) below the surface at Premier Mine in Cullinan, Transvaal Colony, by Frederick Wells, surface manager at the mine, on 26 January 1905. It was approximately 10.1 centimetres (4.0 in) long, 6.35 centimetres (2.50 in) wide, 5.9 centimetres (2.3 in) deep, and weighed 3,106 carats (621.2 grams).[3] Newspapers called it the "Cullinan Diamond", a reference to Sir Thomas Cullinan, who opened the mine in 1902.[4] It was three times the size of the Excelsior Diamond, found in 1893 at Jagersfontein Mine, weighing 972 carats (194.4 g). Four of its eight surfaces were smooth, indicating that it once had been part of a much larger stone broken up by natural forces. It had a blue-white hue and contained a small pocket of air, which at certain angles produced a rainbow, or Newton's rings.[5]

text: Shortly after its discovery, Cullinan went on public display at the Standard Bank in Johannesburg, where it was seen by an estimated 8,000–9,000 visitors. In April 1905, the rough gem was deposited with Premier Mining Co.'s London sales agent, S. Neumann & Co.[6] Due to its immense value, detectives were assigned to a steamboat that was rumoured to be carrying the stone, and a parcel was ceremoniously locked in the captain's safe and guarded on the entire journey. It was a diversionary tactic – the stone on that ship was fake, meant to attract those who would be interested in stealing it. Cullinan was sent to the United Kingdom in a plain box via registered post.[7] On arriving in London, it was conveyed to Buckingham Palace for inspection by King Edward VII. It drew considerable interest from potential buyers, but Cullinan went unsold for two years.[3]

text: Presentation to Edward VII[edit]

text: Transvaal Prime Minister, Louis Botha, suggested buying the diamond for Edward VII as "a token of the loyalty and attachment of the people of the Transvaal to His Majesty's throne and person".[8] In August 1907, a vote was held in Parliament on the Cullinan's fate, and a motion authorising the purchase was carried by 42 votes in favour to 19 against. Initially, Henry Campbell-Bannerman, then British Prime Minister, advised the king to decline the offer, but he later decided to let Edward VII choose whether or not to accept the gift.[9] Eventually, he was persuaded by Winston Churchill, then Colonial Under-Secretary. For his trouble, Churchill was sent a replica of the diamond, which he enjoyed showing off to guests on a silver plate.[10] The Transvaal Colony government bought the diamond on 17 October 1907 for £150,000 or about US$750,000 at the time,[11] which adjusted for pound-sterling inflation is equivalent to £15 million in 2016.[12] Due to a 60% tax imposed on mining profits, the Treasury received most of its money back from the Premier Diamond Mining Company.[13]

text: The diamond was presented to the king at Sandringham House on 9 November 1907 – his sixty-sixth birthday – in the presence of a large party of guests, including the Queen of Norway, the Queen of Spain, the Duke of Westminster and Lord Revelstoke. The king asked his colonial secretary, Lord Elgin, to announce that he accepted the gift "for myself and my successors" and that he would ensure "this great and unique diamond be kept and preserved among the historic jewels which form the heirlooms of the Crown".[10]

text: Cutting process[edit]

text: The king chose Asscher Brothers of Amsterdam to cleave and polish the rough stone into brilliant gems of various cuts and sizes. Abraham Asscher collected it from the Colonial Office in London on 23 January 1908.[14] He returned to the Netherlands by train and ferry with the diamond in his coat pocket.[11] Meanwhile, to much fanfare, a Royal Navy ship carried an empty box across the North Sea, again throwing off potential thieves. Even the captain had no idea that his "precious" cargo was a decoy.[15]

text: On 10 February 1908, the rough stone was split in half by Joseph Asscher at his diamond-cutting factory in Amsterdam.[16] At the time, technology had not yet evolved to guarantee the quality of modern standards, and cutting the diamond was difficult and risky. After weeks of planning, an incision 0.5 inches (1.3 cm) deep was made to enable Asscher to cleave the diamond in one blow. Making the incision alone took four days, and a steel knife broke on the first attempt,[3] but a second knife was fitted into the groove and split it clean in two along one of four possible cleavage planes.[17] In all, splitting and cutting the diamond took eight months, with three people working 14 hours per day to complete the task.[3]

text: "The tale is told of Joseph Asscher, the greatest cleaver of the day," wrote Matthew Hart in his book Diamond: A Journey to the Heart of an Obsession (2002), "that when he prepared to cleave the largest diamond ever known … he had a doctor and nurse standing by and when he finally struck the diamond … he fainted dead away".[18] Lord Ian Balfour, in his book Famous Diamonds (2009), dispels the fainting story, suggesting it was more likely Joseph would have celebrated, opening a bottle of champagne.[14] When Joseph's nephew Louis heard the story, he exclaimed "No Asscher would ever faint over any operation on any diamond".[19]

text: Diamonds cut from the Cullinan[edit]

text: Cullinan produced 9 major stones of 1,055.89 carats (211.178 g) in total, and 96 minor brilliants weighing 7.55 carats (1.510 g) (on average, 0.079 carats each) – a yield from the rough stone of 34.25 per cent.[20] There are also 9.5 carats (1.90 g) of unpolished fragments.[21] All but the two largest stones – Cullinans I and II – remained in Amsterdam by arrangement as the fee for Asscher's services,[22] until the South African government bought them (except Cullinan VI, which Edward VII had purchased and given to his wife Queen Alexandra in 1907), and the High Commissioner for Southern Africa presented them to Queen Mary on 28 June 1910.[10] Mary also inherited Cullinan VI from Alexandra, and she left all of her Cullinan diamonds to her granddaughter Queen Elizabeth II in 1953.[23] Cullinans I and II are part of the Crown Jewels,[2] which belong to the Queen in right of the Crown.[24] Asscher sold the minor stones to various buyers, including then prime minister of South Africa, Louis Botha, and the diamond merchants Arthur and Alexander Levy, who supervised the cutting of Cullinan.[25] Some were purchased by Mary and set in a long platinum chain, which Elizabeth has never worn in public, saying that "it gets in the soup".[26]

text: In the 1970s, two minor Cullinan diamonds owned by Louis Botha's heirs were analysed by De Beers at their laboratory in Johannesburg, and they were found to be completely free of nitrogen or any other impurities.[27] Cullinans I and II have been examined in the 1980s by gemologists at the Tower of London and both graded as colourless type IIa.[28]

text: Cullinan I[edit]

text: Cullinan I, or the Great Star of Africa, is a pendeloque-cut brilliant weighing 530.2 carats (106.04 g) and has 74 facets.[29] It is set at the top of the Sovereign's Sceptre with Cross which had to be redesigned in 1910 to accommodate it. Cullinan I was surpassed as the world's largest cut diamond of any colour by the 545.67-carat (109.134 g) Golden Jubilee Diamond in 1992,[30] but is still the largest clear cut diamond in the world.[31] In terms of clarity, it has a few tiny cleavages and a small patch of graining. The 5.89 cm × 4.54 cm × 2.77 cm (2.32 in × 1.79 in × 1.09 in) diamond is fitted with loops and can be taken out of its setting to be worn as a pendant suspended from Cullinan II to make a brooch.[32] Queen Mary, wife of George V, often wore it like this.[33] In 1908, the stone was valued at US$2,500,000 – two and a half times the rough Cullinan's estimated value.[34]

text: Cullinan II[edit]

text: Cullinan II, or the Second Star of Africa, is a cushion-cut brilliant with 66 facets weighing 317.4 carats (63.48 g) set in the front of the Imperial State Crown,[29] below the Black Prince's Ruby (a large spinel).[35] It measures 4.54 cm × 4.08 cm × 2.42 cm (1.79 in × 1.61 in × 0.95 in). The diamond has a number of tiny flaws, scratches on the table facet, and a small chip at the girdle. Like Cullinan I, it is held in place by a yellow gold enclosure, which is screwed onto the crown.[32]

text: Cullinan III[edit]

text: Cullinan III, or the Lesser Star of Africa, is pear-cut and weighs 94.4 carats (18.88 g).[29] In 1911, Queen Mary, wife and queen consort of George V, had it set in the top cross pattée of a crown that she personally bought for her coronation.[36] In 1912, the Delhi Durbar Tiara, worn the previous year by Mary instead of a crown at the Delhi Durbar, where her husand wore the Imperial Crown of India, was also adapted to take Cullians III and IV.[37] In 1914, Cullinan III was permanently replaced on the crown by a crystal model. Today, it is most frequently worn in combination with Cullinan IV by Elizabeth II as a brooch. In total, the brooch is 6.5 cm (2.6 in) long and 2.4 cm (0.94 in) wide.[38] Cullinan III has also been used as a pendant on the Coronation Necklace, where it occasionally replaced the 22.4-carat (4.48 g) Lahore Diamond.[39][40]

text: Cullinan IV[edit]

text: Cullinan IV, also referred to as a Lesser Star of Africa, is square-cut and weighs 63.6 carats (12.72 g).[29] It was also set in the base of Queen Mary's Crown; however, it too was removed in 1914. On 25 March 1958, while she and Prince Philip were on a state visit to the Netherlands, the Queen Elizabeth II revealed that Cullinan III and IV are known in her family as "Granny's Chips". They visited the Asscher Diamond Company, where Cullinan had been cut 50 years earlier. It was the first time the Queen had worn the brooch publicly. During her visit, she unpinned the brooch and offered it for examination to Louis Asscher, nephew of Joseph Asscher, who split the rough diamond. Aged 84, he was deeply moved by the fact the Queen had brought the diamonds with her, knowing how much it would mean to him seeing them again after so many years.[41]

text: Cullinan V[edit]

text: Cullinan V is an 18.8-carat (3.76 g) heart-shaped diamond set in the centre of a platinum brooch that formed a part of the stomacher made for Queen Mary to wear at the Delhi Durbar in 1911. The brooch was designed to show off Cullinan V and is pavé-set with a border of smaller diamonds. It can be suspended from the VIII brooch and can be used to suspend the VII pendant. It was often worn like this by Mary.[39]

text: Cullinan VI[edit]

text: Cullinan VI is marquise-cut and weighs 11.5 carats (2.30 g).[29] It hangs from the brooch containing Cullinan VIII and forming part of the stomacher of the Delhi Durbar parure. Cullinan VI along with VIII can also be fitted together to make yet another brooch, surrounded by some 96 smaller diamonds. The design was created around the same time that the Cullinan V heart-shaped brooch was designed, both having a similar shape.[42]

text: Cullinan VII[edit]

text: Cullinan VII is also marquise-cut and weighs 8.8 carats (1.76 g).[29] It was originally given by Edward VII to his wife and consort Queen Alexandra. After his death she gave the jewel to Queen Mary, who had it set as a pendant hanging from the diamond-and-emerald Delhi Durbar necklace, part of the parure.[43]

text: Cullinan VIII[edit]

text: Cullinan VIII is an oblong-cut diamond weighing 6.8 carats (1.36 g).[29] It is set in the centre of a brooch forming part of the stomacher of the Delhi Durbar parure. Together with Cullinan VI it forms a brooch.[42]

text: Cullinan IX[edit]

text: Cullinan IX is smallest of the principal diamonds to be obtained from the rough Cullinan. It is a pendeloque or stepped pear-cut stone, weighs 4.39 carats (0.878 g), and is set in a platinum ring known as the Cullinan IX Ring.[44]