document_title: Once Upon a Time in America

question_text: who played noodles in once upon a time in america

text: Once Upon a Time in America

text: Plot[edit]

text: This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Gangsters enter a Chinese puppet theater, looking for a marked man. The proprietors slip into a hidden opium den and warn a man named "Noodles", but he pays no attention. In a flashback, he watches the police remove three disfigured corpses from a street. He successfully kills one of the three thugs that are after him but learns that the thugs have murdered his girlfriend while looking for him and finds that someone else has stolen his money. He leaves the city.

text: David "Noodles" Aaronson struggles as a street kid in Manhattan’s Lower East Side in 1920. He and his friends Patrick "Patsy" Goldberg, Philip "Cockeye" Stein, and little Dominic commit petty crimes under the supervision of local boss Bugsy. Planning to rob a drunk at the moment a passing truck hides them from a policeman, they're foiled by the older Max Bercovicz, who jumps off the truck to rob the man himself. Noodles confronts Max, but a crooked policeman steals the watch they were fighting over. Later, Max's camera enables them to blackmail the policeman, who was having sex with a teenage girl, and thus start their own gang independent of Bugsy, who had previously enjoyed the policeman's corrupt protection. The boys establish a suitcase money fund, which they hide in a locker at the railway station, giving the key to Fat Moe, a reliable friend who's not part of the operation. Noodles is in love with Fat Moe's sister Deborah, who aspires to be a dancer and actress. One day, Bugsy ambushes the boys and shoots little Dominic, who dies in Noodles' arms, Noodles then stabs Bugsy to death and injures a police officer who tried to intervene. Noodles is arrested and sentenced to 12 years in prison.

text: Adult Noodles is released from jail in 1932 and is reacquainted with his old gang: Max, Patsy, and Cockeye, who are now major players in the bootlegging industry during Prohibition. Noodles reunites with Deborah and tries to rekindle their relationship. Meanwhile, during a robbery, the gang meets Carol, who soon becomes Max's girlfriend. The gang prospers from bootlegging under Prohibition, providing muscle for union boss Jimmy Conway O'Donnell. Noodles tries to impress Deborah on an extravagant date, then rapes her on their way home in a limousine, after which he becomes remorseful.

text: The gang's financial success ends with the repeal of Prohibition, when Max considers a suggestion to set up what was to become the Teamsters' union, which Noodles refuses and leaves. Max runs after him and they go to Florida together. While there, Max suggests robbing the New York Federal Reserve Bank, but Noodles sees it as suicidal. Carol, who also fears for Max's life, convinces Noodles to call the police on his friend for a minor offence, just to keep him in jail for a short time. Noodles does this at an end-of-Prohibition party. Shortly after, Max, who has followed him to the office, knocks him unconscious for calling him crazy. Regaining consciousness, Noodles finds out that Max, Patsy, and Cockeye have been killed by the police, and is consumed with guilt over making the phone call that led to the beginning scenes of the film. Noodles is then seen boarding the first bus to leave New York, going to Buffalo, where he will live in hiding under a fake identity for the next 35 years.

text: In 1968, Noodles receives a letter informing him that the cemetery where his friends are buried has been sold and asking him to make arrangements for their reburial. Realising that someone has deduced his identity, Noodles returns to Manhattan and stays with Fat Moe above his still-open restaurant. While visiting the new cemetery, Noodles finds there, visibly hung for him to take it, a key to the railway locker once kept by the gang, and further notes the license plate of a car that is following him there. Opening the locker, he discovers a suitcase full of cash, like the one kept there and taken away, now with a note saying the money is a down payment on his next job. Noodles hears about the lavish estate of Secretary Bailey, an embattled political figure whose name has been mentioned in news reports of the car explosion that killed the District Attorney.

text: Noodles visits Carol, who lives at a retirement home run by the Bailey Foundation. She tells him that Max planted the idea of Carol and Noodles tipping off the police because he wanted to die rather than go insane like his father, who died in an asylum. He opened fire on the police to ensure his own death. While at the home, Noodles sees a photo of Deborah at the institution's dedication. Noodles tracks down Deborah, now a successful actress. He questions her about Secretary Bailey, telling her that he has received an invitation to a party at Bailey's house. Deborah claims not to know much about Bailey, but Noodles already knows they have lived together for years. In the end, Deborah tells him Bailey was a starving immigrant who married a very wealthy woman who died in childbirth. She begs him to not go to the party but leave via the back exit and not the main door of her dressing room, where a young man named David is waiting for her. Noodles leaves via the main door and Deborah explains that the young man is Secretary Bailey's son, named David (which is also Noodles' given name). David bears an obvious resemblance to Max as a young man (and is played by the same actor), implying that Secretary Bailey is Max.

text: Secretary Bailey is revealed to be Max. Noodles meets with Max in his private room at the party. Max explains that corrupt policemen helped him fake his own death so that he could steal the gang's money and steal Noodles' love interest, Deborah, in order to begin a new life as Mr. Bailey, a man with contacts to the Teamsters' union. Now faced with ruin and the spectre of a Teamster assassination, Max asks Noodles to kill him. Noodles refuses despite Max's permission and goading, because, in his eyes, Max died with the gang. As Noodles leaves Bailey's estate, he hears a garbage truck start up and looks back to see a man standing at the driveway's gated entrance. As he begins to walk towards Noodles, the truck passes between them. As the truck passes, Noodles sees its auger grinding down rubbish, the man nowhere to be seen.

text: In a flashback, a young adult Noodles enters the opium den after his gang's murder, taking the drug and broadly grinning.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Robert De Niro as Noodles

Scott Tiler as Young Noodles

James Woods as Max

Rusty Jacobs as Young Max/David

Elizabeth McGovern as Deborah

Jennifer Connelly as Young Deborah

Treat Williams as Jimmy O'Donnell
Tuesday Weld as Carol
Burt Young as Joe
Joe Pesci as Frankie
Danny Aiello as Police Chief Aiello
William Forsythe as Cockeye

Adrian Curran as Young Cockeye

James Hayden as Patsy

Brian Bloom as Young Patsy

Darlanne Fluegel as Eve
Larry Rapp as Fat Moe

Mike Monetti as Young Fat Moe

Richard Bright as Chicken Joe
Amy Ryder as Peggy

Julie Cohen as Young Peggy

Olga Karlatos as Woman in the Puppet Theatre
Noah Moazezi as Dominic
James Russo as Bugsy

text: The cast also includes Robert Harper as Sharkey, Mario Brega as Mandy, Paul Herman as Monkey, Marcia Jean Kurtz as Max's Mother, Estelle Harris as Peggy's Mother, and Richard Foronji as Whitey. Louise Fletcher appears in the 2012 restoration as the director of the cemetery Noodles visits in 1968.[4]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: During the mid-1960s, Sergio Leone read the novel The Hoods by Harry Grey, a pseudonym for the former gangster-turned-informant whose real name was Harry Goldberg.[5] In 1968, after shooting Once Upon a Time in the West, Leone made many efforts to talk to Grey. Having enjoyed Leone's Dollars Trilogy, Grey finally responded and agreed to meet with Leone at a Manhattan bar.[6] Following that initial meeting, Leone met with Grey several times throughout the remainder of the 1960s and 1970s to understand America through Grey's point of view. Intent on making another trilogy about America consisting of Once Upon a Time in the West, Duck, You Sucker! and Once Upon a Time in America,[5] Leone turned down an offer from Paramount Pictures to direct The Godfather in order to pursue his pet project.[7][8]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Leone considered many actors for the film during the long development process. Originally, in 1975, Gérard Depardieu, who was determined to learn English with a Brooklyn accent for the role, was cast as Max, with Jean Gabin playing the older Max. Richard Dreyfuss was cast as Noodles, with James Cagney playing the older Noodles. In 1980, Leone spoke of casting Tom Berenger as Noodles, with Paul Newman playing the older Noodles. Among actors considered for the role of Max were Dustin Hoffman, Jon Voight, Harvey Keitel, John Malkovich, and John Belushi.

text: Early in 1981, Brooke Shields was offered the role of Deborah Gelly, after Leone had seen The Blue Lagoon, claiming that "she had the potential to play a mature character." A writers' strike delayed the project, and Shields withdrew before auditions began. Elizabeth McGovern was cast as Deborah and Jennifer Connelly as her younger self.

text: Joe Pesci was among many to audition for Max. He got the smaller role of Frankie, partly as a favor to his friend De Niro. Danny Aiello auditioned for several roles and was ultimately cast as the police chief who (coincidentally) shares his surname. Claudia Cardinale (who appeared in Once Upon a Time in the West) wanted to play Carol, but Leone was afraid she would not be convincing as a New Yorker and turned her down.

text: Filming[edit]

text: The film was shot between June 14, 1982, and April 22, 1983. Leone tried, as he had with A Fistful of Dynamite, to produce the film with a young director under him. In the early days of the project he courted John Milius, a fan of his who was enthusiastic about the idea; but Milius was working on The Wind and the Lion and the script for Apocalypse Now and could not commit to the project. For the film's visual style, Leone used as references the paintings of such artists as Reginald Marsh, Edward Hopper, and Norman Rockwell, as well as (for the 1922 sequences) the photographs of Jacob Riis. F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel The Great Gatsby influenced Noodles' relationship with Deborah.

text: Most exteriors were shot in New York City (such as in Williamsburg along South 6th Street, where Fat Moe's restaurant was based, and South 8th Street), but several key scenes were shot elsewhere. Most interiors were shot in Cinecittà in Rome. The beach scene, where Max unveils his plan to rob the Federal Reserve, was shot at the Don CeSar in St. Petersburg, Florida.[9] The New York's railway "Grand Central Station" scene in the thirties flashbacks was filmed in the Gare du Nord in Paris.[10] The interiors of the lavish restaurant where Noodles takes Deborah on their date were shot in the Hotel Excelsior in Venice, Italy.[10] The gang's hit on Joe was filmed in Quebec. The view of the Manhattan Bridge shown in the film's poster can be seen from Washington Street in Brooklyn.[11]

text: The shooting script, completed in October 1981 after many delays and a writers' strike between April and July of that year, was 317 pages in length.

text: Editing[edit]

text: By the end of filming, Leone had eight to ten hours worth of footage. With his editor, Nino Baragli, Leone trimmed this to almost six hours, and he originally wanted to release the film in two parts, each three hours.[12] The producers refused, partly because of the commercial and critical failure of Bertolucci's two-part 1900, and Leone was forced to further shorten it.[12] The film was originally 269 minutes (4 hours and 29 minutes), but when the film premiered out of competition at the 1984 Cannes Film Festival,[13] Leone had cut it to 229 minutes (3 hours and 49 minutes) to appease the distributors, which was the version shown in European cinemas. However, the American wide release was edited further to 139 minutes (2 hours and 19 minutes) by the studio, against the director's wishes.

text: Music[edit]

text: The musical score was composed by Leone's longtime collaborator Ennio Morricone. The film's long production resulted in Morricone's finishing the composition of most of the soundtrack before many scenes had been filmed. Some of Morricone's pieces were played on set as filming took place, a technique that Leone had used for Once Upon a Time in the West. "Deborah's Theme" was written for another film in the 1970s but was rejected; Morricone presented the piece to Leone, who was initially reluctant to include it, considering it too similar to Morricone's main title music for Once Upon a Time in the West. The score is also notable for Morricone’s incorporation of the music of Gheorghe Zamfir, who plays a pan flute. At times this music is used to convey remembrance, at other times terror. Zamfir’s flute music was used to similarly haunting effect in Peter Weir’s Picnic at Hanging Rock (1975).[14] Morricone also collaborated with vocalist Edda Dell'Orso on the score.

text:
Once Upon a Time in America

Soundtrack album by Ennio Morricone

Released
June 1, 1984
October 17, 1995 (Special Edition)

Recorded
December 1983

Studio
Forum Studios, Rome

Genre
Contemporary classical

Label
Mercury Records

Producer
Ennio Morricone

Special Edition cover

1995 Special Edition

text: A soundtrack album was released in 1984 by Mercury Records.[15] This was followed by a special-edition release in 1995, featuring four additional tracks.[16]

text:
Side one

No.
Title
Length

1.
"Once Upon a Time in America"
2:11

2.
"Poverty"
3:37

3.
"Deborah's Theme"
4:24

4.
"Childhood Memories"
3:22

5.
"Amapola"
5:21

6.
"Friends"
1:34

7.
"Prohibition Dirge"
4:20

text:
Side two

No.
Title
Length

8.
"Cockeye's Song"
4:20

9.
"Amapola, Part II"
3:07

10.
"Childhood Poverty"
1:41

11.
"Photographic Memories"
1:00

12.
"Friends"
1:23

13.
"Friendship & Love"
4:14

14.
"Speakeasy"
2:21

15.
"Deborah's Theme – Amapola"
6:13

text:
Bonus tracks (1995 Special Edition)

No.
Title
Length

16.
"Suite from Once Upon a Time in America (Includes Amapola)"
13:32

17.
"Poverty (Temp. Version)"
3:26

18.
"Unused Theme"
4:46

19.
"Unused Theme (Version 2)"
3:38

text: Besides the original music, the film used source music, including:

text:
"God Bless America" (written by Irving Berlin, performed by Kate Smith – 1943) – Plays over the opening credits from a radio in Eve's bedroom and briefly at the film's ending.
"Yesterday" (written by Lennon–McCartney – 1965) – A Muzak version of this piece plays when Noodles first returns to New York in 1968, examining himself in a train station mirror. An instrumental version of the song also plays briefly during the dialogue scene between Noodles and "Bailey" towards the end of the film.
"Summertime" (written by George Gershwin – 1935) An instrumental version of the aria from the opera Porgy and Bess is playing softly in the background as Noodles, just before leaving, explains to "Secretary Bailey" why he could never kill his friend.
"Amapola" (written by Joseph LaCalle, American lyrics by Albert Gamse – 1923) – Originally an opera piece, several instrumental versions of this song were played during the film; a jazzy version, which was played on the gramophone danced to by young Deborah in 1922; a similar version played by Fat Moe's jazz band in the speakeasy in 1932; and a string version, during Noodles' date with Deborah. It has been suggested that Leone used this piece after hearing a version of it in the film Carnal Knowledge, though this has not been confirmed. Both versions are available on the soundtrack.
"La gazza ladra" overture (Gioachino Rossini – 1817) – Used during the famous baby-switching scene in the hospital.
"Night and Day" (written and sung by Cole Porter – 1932) – Played by a jazz band during the beach scene before the beachgoers receive word of Prohibition's repeal, and during the party at the house of "Secretary Bailey" in 1968.
"St. James Infirmary Blues" is used during the Prohibition "funeral" at the gang's speakeasy.

text: Release[edit]

text: Once Upon a Time in America premiered at the 1984 Cannes Film Festival on 23 May and received a "15-minute standing ovation".[12][13] In the United States, the film received a wide release in 894 theaters on June 1, 1984 and grossed $2.4 million during its opening weekend.[17] It ended its box office run with a gross of just over $5.3 million on a $30 million budget,[18] and became labeled as a box office flop.[19] The financial and critical disaster of the American release almost bankrupted The Ladd Company.[citation needed] Eventually, the film premiered in Leone's native Italy out of competition at the 41st Venice International Film Festival in September 1984.[20] That same month, the film was released wide in Italy on September 28, 1984 in its 229-minute version.

text: Versions[edit]

text: Several different versions of Once Upon a Time in America have been shown. The original European release version (1984, 229 minutes) was shown internationally.

text: US excisions[edit]

text: This section may be confusing or unclear to readers. In particular, its use of the term "excised". Please help us clarify the section. There might be a discussion about this on the talk page. (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The film was shown in limited release and for film critics in America, where it was slightly trimmed to secure an "R" rating. Cuts were made to two rape scenes and some of the more graphic violence at the beginning. Noodles' meeting with Bailey in 1968 was also excised[vague]. The film gained a mediocre reception at several sneak premieres in North America. Because of this early audience reaction, the fear of its length, its graphic violence, and the inability of theaters to have multiple showings in one day, the decision was made by The Ladd Company to make many edits and cut entire scenes without the supervision of Sergio Leone.[12] This American wide release (1984, 139 minutes) was drastically different from the European release, as the non-chronological story was rearranged into chronological order. Other major cuts involved many of the childhood sequences, making the adult 1933 sections more prominent. Noodles' 1968 meeting with Deborah was excised[vague], and the scene with Bailey ends with him shooting himself (with the sound of a gunshot off screen) rather than the garbage truck conclusion of the 229-minute version.

text: USSR[edit]

text: In the Soviet Union, the film was shown theatrically in the late 1980s, with other Hollywood blockbusters such as the two King Kong films. The story was rearranged in chronological order and the film was split in two, with the two parts shown as separate movies,[21] one containing the childhood scenes and the other comprising the adulthood scenes. Despite the rearranging, no major scene deletions were made. It was rated "16+" by the Goskino.

text: TV compilation[edit]

text: A network television version was shown in the early to mid-1990s with a running time of almost three hours (excluding commercials). While it retained the film's original non-chronological order, many key scenes involving violence and graphic content were left out. This version was a one-off showing, and no copies are known to exist.

text: Restored original[edit]

text: In March 2011, it was announced that Leone's original 269-minute version was to be re-created by a film lab in Italy under the supervision of Leone's children, who had acquired the Italian distribution rights, and the film's original sound editor, Fausto Ancillai, for a premiere in 2012 at either the Cannes Film Festival or Venice Film Festival.[22][23]

text: The restored film premiered at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival, but because of unforeseen rights issues for the deleted scenes, the restoration had a runtime of only 251 minutes.[24][25][26] However, Martin Scorsese (whose Film Foundation helped with the restoration) stated that he is helping Leone's children gain the rights to the final 24 minutes of deleted scenes to create a complete restoration of Leone's envisaged 269-minute version. On August 3, 2012, it was reported that after the premiere at Cannes, the restored film was pulled from circulation, pending further restoration work.[27]

text: Home media[edit]

text: In North America, the heavily edited 139-minute version was made available on DVD in the late 1990s. This was followed by a two-disc special edition release on June 10, 2003, featuring the 229-minute version of the film.[28] This special edition was rereleased on January 11, 2011, on both DVD and Blu-ray.[29] On September 30, 2014, Warner Bros. released a two-disc Blu-ray and DVD set of the 251-minute restoration shown at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival, dubbed the Extended Director's Cut.[30] This version was previously released in Italy, on September 4, 2012.[31]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: This paragraph needs additional citations for verification. (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The initial critical response to Once Upon a Time in America was mixed, because of the different versions released worldwide. While internationally the film was well received in its original form, American critics were much more dissatisfied with the 139-minute version released in North America. This condensed version was a critical and financial disaster, and many American critics who knew of Leone's original cut attacked the short version. Some critics compared shortening the film to shortening Richard Wagner's operas, saying that works of art that are meant to be long should be given the respect they deserve. Roger Ebert wrote in his 1984 review that the uncut version was "an epic poem of violence and greed" but described the American theatrical version as a "travesty".[32] Ebert's television film critic partner Gene Siskel considered the uncut version to be the best film of 1984.[33]

text: It was only after Leone's death and the subsequent restoration of the original version that critics began to give it the kind of praise displayed at its original Cannes showing. The uncut original film is considered to be far superior to the edited version released in the US in 1984.[34] Ebert, in his review of Brian De Palma's The Untouchables, called the original uncut version of Once Upon a Time in America the best film depicting the Prohibition era.[35] James Woods, who considers it to be Leone's finest film, mentioned in the DVD documentary that one critic dubbed the film the worst of 1984, only to see the original cut years later and call it the best of the 1980s.[21] The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports an 86% approval rating with an average rating of 8.6/10 based on 50 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "Sergio Leone's epic crime drama is visually stunning, stylistically bold, and emotionally haunting, and filled with great performances from the likes of Robert De Niro and James Woods."[36]

text: The film has since been ranked as one of the best films of the gangster genre. When Sight & Sound asked several UK critics in 2002 what their favorite films of the last 25 years were, Once Upon a Time in America placed at number 10.[37] In 2015, the film was ranked at number nine on Time Out's list of the 50 best gangster films of all time.[38]

text: Interpretations[edit]

text: As the film begins and ends in 1933, with Noodles hiding in an opium den from syndicate hitmen, and the last shot of the film is of Noodles in a smiling, opium-soaked high, the film can be interpreted as having been a drug-induced dream, with Noodles remembering his past and envisioning the future. In an interview by Noël Simsolo published in 1987, Leone confirms the validity of this interpretation, saying that the scenes set in the 1960s could be seen as an opium dream of Noodles'.[39] In the DVD commentary for the film, film historian and critic Richard Schickel states that opium users often report vivid dreams, and that these visions have a tendency to explore the user's past and future.[40]

text: Many people (including Schickel) assume that the 1968 Frisbee scene, which has an immediate cut and gives no further resolution, was part of a longer sequence.[41] Ebert stated that the purpose of the flying disc scene was to establish the 1960s time frame and nothing more.[32]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: Despite its modern critical success, the initial American release did not fare well with critics and received no Academy Award nominations.[42] The film's music was disqualified from Oscar consideration for a technicality,[43] as the studio accidentally omitted the composer's name from the opening credits when trimming its running time for the American release.[21]

text:
Award
Category
Nominee
Result

38th British Academy Film Awards[44]
Best Costume Design
Gabriella Pescucci
Won

Best Film Music
Ennio Morricone
Won

Best Direction
Sergio Leone
Nominated

Best Actress in a Supporting Role
Tuesday Weld
Nominated

Best Cinematography
Tonino Delli Colli
Nominated

42nd Golden Globe Awards[45]
Best Director
Sergio Leone
Nominated

Best Original Score
Ennio Morricone
Nominated

8th Japan Academy Prize[46]
Outstanding Foreign Language Film

–

Won

10th Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards[47]
Best Film

–

Nominated

Best Director
Sergio Leone
Nominated

Best Music Score
Ennio Morricone
Won


document_title: List of Little House on the Prairie characters

question_text: who played ellen on little house on the prairie

root

text: Television series characters[edit]

text: The Ingalls family[edit]

text:
Name
Seasons
No. of
episodes
Portrayer
Character summary

Charles Ingalls
1–9
161
Michael Landon
Farmer; husband and father

Caroline Ingalls
1–8
172
Karen Grassle
Wife and mother

Laura Ingalls Wilder
1–9
190
Melissa Gilbert
Second daughter; Later Almanzo's wife and Rose's mother; nicknamed "Half-pint" by Charles and "Beth" by Almanzo

Mary Ingalls
1–8
133
Melissa Sue Anderson
Oldest child

Carrie Ingalls
1–8
164
Lindsay and Sidney Greenbush
Third daughter

Charles Ingalls Jr.
1
2
Unknown
Baby son, died as an infant

Grace Ingalls
5–8
60
Wendi and Brenda Turnbaugh
Fourth daughter

Albert Quinn Ingalls
5–9
89
Matthew Labyorteaux
Adopted son

James Cooper/Ingalls
7–8
21
Jason Bateman
Adopted after parents were killed in a wagon accident

Cassandra Cooper/Ingalls
7–8
21
Missy Francis
Same as above

tag: table

text: The in-laws[edit]

text:
Name
Seasons
No. of
episodes
Portrayer
Character summary

Almanzo Wilder
6–9
65
Dean Butler
Farmer; Laura's husband (season 7); Rose's father; Nicknamed "Manly" by Laura

Adam Kendall
4–8
35
Linwood Boomer
Teacher of the blind; Mary’s husband (season 5)

Adam Kendall Jr.
6
3
Unknown
Adam and Mary's son; dies in fire with Alice Garvey

Jenny Wilder
9
18
Shannen Doherty
Almanzo's niece, whom he gets custody of after his brother/her father Royal dies

Rose Wilder
8–9
17
Jennifer and Michele Steffin
Almanzo and Laura's daughter

Eliza Jane Wilder
6–8
14
Lucy Lee Flippin
Teacher; Almanzo's older sister

text: Townsfolk[edit]

text:
Name
Seasons
No. of
episodes
Portrayer
Character summary

Nels Oleson
1–9
147
Richard Bull
Mercantile proprietor; husband and father

Harriet Oleson
1–9
153
Katherine MacGregor
Mercantile proprietor; wife and mother

Nellie Oleson
1–9
104
Alison Arngrim
Oldest child of Nels and Harriet

Willie Oleson
1–9
140
Jonathan Gilbert
Son of Nels and Harriet

Nancy Oleson
8–9
33
Allison Balson
Adopted daughter of Nels and Harriet

Percival Dalton/Isaac Cohen
6–7
11
Steve Tracy
Nellie’s husband

Rachel Brown Oleson
9
2
Sherri Stoner
Willie’s wife

Dr. Hiram Baker
1–9
113
Kevin Hagen
Town physician

Reverend Robert Alden
1–9
76
Dabbs Greer
Church minister

Melinda Foster
1–9
61
Ruth Foster
Post office manager

Isaiah Edwards
1–3, 6, 8–9
52
Victor French
Charles’s best friend

Grace Snider Edwards
1–6
23
Bonnie Bartlett / Corinne Camacho
Wife of Isaiah Edwards

John Sanderson Edwards
2–4
8
Radames Pera
Oldest child adopted by Isaiah & Grace Edwards

Alicia Sanderson Edwards
2–3, 5, 8
19
Kyle Richards
Youngest child, Adopted daughter of Isaiah & Grace Edwards

Carl Sanderson Edwards
2–4
19
Brian Part
Middle child adopted by Isaiah & Grace Edwards

Matthew Rogers
9
5
Jonathan Hall Kovacs
Young boy that is taken care of by Isaiah Edwards (season 9)

Jonathan Garvey
4–7
51
Merlin Olsen
Farmer; husband and father

Alice Garvey
4–6
33
Hersha Parady
Wife and mother; teacher; dies in fire with Adam Kendall Jr.

Andy Garvey
4–7
43
Patrick Labyorteaux
Son of Jonathan and Alice

Eva Beadle Simms
1–4
45
Charlotte Stewart
School teacher

Adam Simms
4
2
Joshua Bryant
Miss Beadle's husband

Lars Hanson
1–5
41
Karl Swenson
Lumber mill owner; a founder of Walnut Grove

Hester-Sue Terhune
4–9
40
Ketty Lester
Head of the school for the blind

John Carter
9
19
Stan Ivar
Blacksmith; husband and father

Sarah Carter
9
15
Pamela Roylance
Starts a newspaper; wife and mother

Jeb Carter
9
18
Lindsay Kennedy
Older son of John and Sarah

Jason Carter
9
18
David Friedman
Younger son of John and Sarah

Susan Goodspeed
4–7
16
Michelle Downey
Student at the school for the blind

Etta Plum
9
15
Leslie Landon
School teacher

Christy Kennedy
1–2
10
Tracie Savage
Schoolgirl

Sandy Kennedy
1
4
Robert Hoffman
Schoolboy; Christy's brother

Hans Dorfler
1–4, 6
9
Jim Jeter
Resident of Walnut Grove; a stable-owner

Bill Anderson
6–9
6
Sam Edwards
Banker of Walnut Grove

Joe Kagan
4–5, 7
5
Moses Gunn
Aging boxer who retires to farm life in Walnut Grove

Judd Larrabee
4–5
5
Don "Red" Barry
Resident of Walnut Grove

Mrs. Amanda "May" Whipple
1–4
5
Queenie Smith
Resident of Walnut Grove; local seamstress

Mr. Kennedy
1
4
Wayne Heffley
Resident of Walnut Grove; father of Christy and Sandy

Mrs. Kennedy
1–2
3
Eileen Ryan (season 1),
Janice Carroll (season 2)
Resident of Walnut Grove; mother of Christy and Sandy

Ebenezer Sprague
2–3
4
Ted Gehring
Banker of Walnut Grove

Houston Lamb
6–7
4
Dub Taylor
Works and lives at the school for the blind in Sleepy Eye

Henry Riley
4–9
15
Dan McBride
recurring role - customer in Nellie's Restaurant arguing

Kezia Horn
4–5
3
Hermione Baddeley
Resident of Walnut Grove and friend of Laura and Albert

text: Non-recurring characters[edit]

text: Season one[edit]

text:
Episode 6

Miss Amy Hearn (played by Josephine Hutchinson)

Episode 7

Olga Nordstrom (played by Kim Richards)

Episode 9

Abel Makay (played by Dirk Blocker)

Episode 11

Tinker Jones (played by Chuck McCann)

Episode 14

Jonathan (played by Ernest Borgnine)

Episode 19

Willie O'Hara (played by Red Buttons)

Episode 20

Graham Stewart (played by Johnny Lee)
John Stewart (played by Harris Yulin)

Episode 21

Trudy Coulter (played by Julie Cobb)
Joseph Coulter (played by Alan Fudge)

Episode 22

Jack Lame Horse (played by Robert Tessier)
Marshal Anders (played by Jack Ging)

Episode 23

Hiram Johnson (played by Hal Bokar)
Mimi (played by Jane Alice Brandon)

Episode 24

Jim Tyler (played by Forrest Tucker)
Helen Tyler (played by Ann Doran)

tag: ul

text: Season two[edit]

text:
Episode 4

Jebediah Mumfort (played by Karl Lukas)
Margaret Mumfort (played by June Dayton)
Slick McBurney (played by Gregory Walcott)

Episode 5

Amos Pike (played by John Anderson)

Episode 7

Julia Sanderson (played by Patricia Neal)

Episode 10

Jonah (played by Shane Sinutko)

Episode 17

Hannibal Applewood (played by Richard Basehart)

Episode 18

Henry Hill (played by Louis Gossett Jr)

Episode 19

Elizabeth Thurman (played by Mariette Hartley)

Episode 20

Yuli Pyatakov (played by Theodore Bikel)
Viktor Pyatakov (played by Ike Eisenmann)
Fanya Pyatakov (played by Lisa Pera)

Episode 21

Granville Whipple (played by Richard Mulligan)

text: Season three[edit]

text:
Episode 1

Caleb Hodgekiss (played by Johnny Cash)
Mattie Hodgekiss (played by June Carter Cash)

Episode 4

Wendell Loudy (played by John Ireland)

Episode 6

Young Charles Ingalls (played by Matthew Labyorteaux)
Lansford Ingalls (played by Arthur Hill)
Laura Colby Ingalls (played by Jan Sterling)
Eliza Ann Ingalls (played by Hersha Parady)
Peter Ingalls (played by Mark Lenard)

Episode 9

Bubba Galinder (played by Michael LeClair)
George Galinder (played by Roy Jenson)
Sam Galinder (played by Geoffrey Lewis)

Episode 10

Sam Shelby (played by Burl Ives)

Episode 14

Ginny Clark (played by Rachel Longaker)
Harold Mayfield (played by Warren Vanders)
Della Clark (played by Kay Peters)

Episode 15

Joseph Spotted Eagle Stokes (played by Caesar Ramirez)
Seth (played by Willie Aames)
Jeremy Stokes (played by George Murdock)

Episode 18

Solomon Henry (played by Todd Bridges)
Mrs. Henry (played by Maidie Norman)
Jackson Henry (played by David Downing)
Kramer (played by Frederic Downs)
Dr. Tane (played by Don Pedro Colley)

Episode 19

Anna Gillberg (played by Katy Kurtzman)

Episode 20

Elmer Dobkins (played by Eric Olson)
Sam Dobkins (played by Charles Aidman)
Ellen Dobkins (played by Mitzi Hoag)

Episode 21

Zachariah (played by E.J. Andre)
Rev. Phillips (played by Larry Golden)
Ben Griffin (played by Larry Pennell)

text: Season four[edit]

text:
Episode 3

Ellen Taylor (played by Mia Bendixsen)
Eloise Taylor (played by Corinne Michaels)
Cal Taylor (played by James Wainwright)

Episode 4

Chris Nelson (played by Gil Gerard)

Episode 6

Bailey Farrell (played by Bernard Behrens)
Timothy Farrell (played by Johnny Doran)

Episode 7

Stanley Novack (played by Michael Pataki)
Beth Novack (played by Collin Wilcox)
Jed Haney (played by Eddie Quillan)
Dr. Asa T Logan (played by Burr DeBenning)

Episode 8

Mr. Dankworth (played by Dennis Rucker)
Mr. Hobbs (played by John Bennett Perry)
Bob Ford (played by Tony Marks)
Lewis Ford (played by Frank Marth)

Episode 9

Judge Picker (played by Eddie Quillan)

Episode 14

Samantha Higgins (played by Seeley Ann Thumann)
Jimmy Hill (played by Chris Petersen)

Episode 15

Nats Rachel Peal (played by Anita Dangler)
Caleb Fisher (played by John McLiam)
Katie Fisher (played by Linda McMillan)
Ellen Fisher (played by Dee Croxton)

Episode 16

Jordan Harrison (played by Ronnie Scribner)
Young Caroline (played by Katy Kurtzman)
Younger Laura Colby Ingalls (played by Sarah Miller)
Mr. Watson (played by Sorrell Booke)
Harold Watson (played by Adam Gunn)
Peter Ingalls (played by David Considine)
Henry Quiner-Holbrook (played by Gregg Forrest)
Polly Ingalls (played by Robin Muir)
Eliza Ann Quiner-Holbrook (played by Kristi Jill Wood)
Lansford Ingalls (played by Nicolas Coster)
Charlotte Holbrook (played by Virginia Kiser)
Young Charles Ingalls (played by Matthew Labyorteaux)

Episode 17

Bobby Harris (played by Michael Mullins)
Anna Mears (played by Lenora May)
Shaniel Mears (played by Donald Moffat)
Rev. Pritchard (played by Woodrow Parfrey)

Episode 21

Dr. Burke (played by Ford Rainey)
Miseth Barton (played by Rob Kenneally)

text: Season five[edit]

text:
Episode 4

John Bevins (played by Cliff Emmich)
Bess Bevins (played by Kate Woodville)
Amelia Bevins (played by Julie Ann Haddock)

Episode 5

Toby Noe (played by Ray Bolger)

Episode 8

Erich Schiller (played by Ike Eisenmann)
Otto Schiller (played by King Moody)
Anna Schiller (played by Lisa Pera)

Episode 15

Isaac Singerman (played by John Bleifer)
Aaron Singerman (played by Alvin Kupperman)

Episode 18

Miss Elliot (played by Ellen Regan)
Holly (played by Martha Nix)
Giles Kendall (played by Philip Abbott)

Episode 20

Adele Larrabee (played by Joan Tompkins—wife of Karl Swenson)

Episode 22

Leslie Harper (played by Jenny Sullivan)
Samantha Harper (played by Kyle Richards)
Bret Harper (played by Charles Cioffi)
Thomas Harper (played by Bobby Rolofson)

Episode 24

Dylan Whitaker (played by Steve Shaw)

text: Season six[edit]

text:
Episode 3

Jeremy Quinn (played by Michael Pataki)

Episode 6

Russell Harmon (played by William Schallert)
Anna Craig Alden (played by Iris Korn)

Episode 9

Milo Stavroupolis (played by Leo Gordon)
Anna Stavroupolis (played by Nora Meerbaum)

Episode 10

Rev. Danforth (played by James Olson)

Episode 12

Harold (played by Royal Dano)

Episode 13

Tod Dortmunder (played by Timothy Wead)
Brewster Davenport (played by Malcolm Atterbury)
Virginia Davenport (played by Susan French)

Episode 20

Penelope Parker (played by Stacey Sipes)

Episode 21

Molly Reardon (played by Suzanne Rogers)

Episode 22

Miss Trimble (played by Lucille Benson)

text: Season seven[edit]

text:
Episode 1

Harv Miller (played by James Cromwell)

Episode 4

Dan Ellerbee (played by James Jarnagin)
Pete Ellerbee (played by William Traylor)

Episode 6

Annie Crane (played by Madeleine Stowe)

Episode 7

Brenda Sue Longworth (played by Tisch Raye)

Episode 8

Leslie Barton (played by Suzy Gilstrap)

Episode 9

Kavendish (played by Eddie Quillan)

Episode 15

Hertzell Lundy (played by Mel Stewart)

Episode 17

Sylvia Webb (played by Olivia Barash)
Mr. Webb (played by Royal Dano)
Irv Hartwig (played by Richard Jaeckel)

Episode 19

Edgar Mills (played by Jeff Corey)
Edna Mills (played by Barbara Collentine—wife of Richard Bull)

Episode 21

Mr Case (played by Ivan Bonar)
Jed Cooper (played by EJ Andre)
Sarah Cooper (played by ME Loree)
Alvin Cooper (played by George McDaniel)

Episode 22

Isaiah Tompkins (played by Len Wayland)

text: Season eight[edit]

text:
Episode 1

Miss Mason (played by Elizabeth Hoffman)
Michele Pierson (played by Melora Hardin)

Episode 4

Dr. Caleb Ledoux (played by Don Marshall)
Mattie Ledoux (played by Marlene Warfield)

Episode 5

Mortimer Carstairs (played by Patrick Collins)
Ralph Waldo Emerson (played by George Petrie)

Episode 6

Amy Cassidy (played by Martha Nix)
Rodolfo Gambini (played by Jack Kruschen)
Ana Rosa Gambini (played by Gloria Manos)
Marco Gambini (played by Stephen Manley)
Stefano Gambini (played by Robert Torti)

Episode 7

Max (played by Todd Susman)
Georgie (played by Royce D. Applegate)

Episode 8

Callahan (played by M. Emmet Walsh)[1]

Episode 9

Elmer Miles (played by J.Brennan Smith)

Episode 10

Major Guffey (played by Laurie Main)

Episode 12

Gideon Hale (played by Peter Billingsley)
Braden Hale (played by Dennis Howard)
Mrs. Hale (played by Jennifer Rhodes)

Episode 14

Jack Prescott (played by Claude Earl Jones)

Episode 16

Sam Terhune (played by J.A. Preston)
Naomi Terhune (played by Marguerite DeLain)

Episode 20

Sherman Andruss (played by Dennis Lipscomb)
Helen Andruss (played by Judith Weston)
Louisa Beckwith (played by Ruth Silveira)
Horace Beckwith (played by Calvin Bartlett)
Nora Cramer (played by Betty McGuire)

Episode 21

Danny (played by Georg Olden)

Episode 22

Old Man (played by Don Beddoe)

text: Season nine[edit]

text:
Episode 3

Lem McCary (played by Lew Ayres)
Jess Moffet (played by Charles Lane)

Episode 4

Thomas Stark (played by Robert Loggia)
Constance Stark (played by Michele Marsh)
Elizabeth Stark (played by Tammy Lauren)
Randall Page (played by Ronnie Scribner)

Episode 5

Lou Bates(played by Billy Barty)
Mrs. Bates (played by Susan French)

Episode 10

Jane Canfield (played by Jill Schoelen)

Episode 12

Dr. Marvin Haynes (played by Ralph Bellamy)

Episode 13

Linda McAndrews (played by Sheila Larken)
Elliott Reed (played by John McLiam)

Episode 14

Cole Younger (played by Geoffrey Lewis)
Bart Younger (played by Robert Donner)
Lonnie Younger (played by Timothy Scott)

Episode 16

Matthew Rogers (played by Jonathan Hall Kovacs)

Episode 19

Ruthy Leland (played by Vera Miles)
Dewey (played by Eric Christmas)

Episode 20

Buffalo Bill (played by Eddie Quillan)

Episode 21

Mae Flannery (played by Barbara Townsend)

Episode 22

Philip Rogers (played by Robert Darnell)
Sherwood Montague (played by Robert Casper)

text: Post-series movies[edit]

text:
Little House: The Last Farewell

Nathan Lassiter (played by James Karen)

text: Animals[edit]

text:
Dogs: Jack and Bandit
Horses: Pat and Patty
Pony: Bunny
Donkey: Fred

text: Ingalls's and Wilder's genealogy[edit]

text: The Ingalls family[edit]

text:
Charles Ingalls

Caroline Lake Quiner

James Wilder

Angeline Day

Mary Ingalls

Carrie Ingalls

Charles Frederic Ingalls

Grace Ingalls

Laura Wilder

Royal Wilder

Eliza Jane Wilder

Alice Wilder

Perley Wilder
{{{ }}}

Laura Ingalls

Almanzo Wilder

Rose Wilder

Son died shortly after birth was unnamed

text: Ingalls line :

tag: p

text: Delano line :

text: Colby line :

text:
Jonathan Ingalls (1750–1834)
&
Martha Jane Locke (1753–1785)

Jonathan Delano (1735–1811)
&
Anne Ladd (1734–1816)

Ezekiel Colby (1739–1791)
&
Sally Fowler (1734–1834)

Elijah Blood (1748–1826)
&
Eunice Sleeman (1758–1811)

Samuel Ingalls (1771–1841)

Margaret Delano (1773–1837)

Nathan Colby (1778–1857)

Eunice Blood (1782–1862)

Lansford Ingalls (1812–1896)

Laura Colby (1810–1883)

Peter Ingalls (1833–1900)

"baby boy" Ingalls (1835–1835)

Charles Ingalls (1836–1902)

Lydia Ingalls (1838–1913)

Polly Ingalls (1840–1886)

Lansford Ingalls (1842–1928)

Laura Ingalls (1845–1918)

Hiram Ingalls (1848–1923)

George Ingalls (1851–1901)

Ruby Ingalls (1855–1881)

text: Based on the data from : The Genealogy of Almanzo and Laura Ingalls Wilder

text:
Peter Riley Ingalls (1833–1900) – born in Cuba, New York. On June 5, 1861, in Brookfield, Wisconsin married Eliza Ann Quiner (see : The Quiners) and they had 6 children (see below). They left Pepin in 1874, together with Laura's family, and stopped in Zumbro Falls, Minnesota. Next they moved to South Troy, Minnesota where the Ingalls visited them for some time (in 1876).

Alice Josephine Ingalls (23 Apr 1862 – 30 Jan 1934) – married Arthur Whiting. They had five children, born between 1883 and 1899.
Ella Estella Ingalls (23 Jan 1865 – 9 Mar 1945) – married Leslie Lee Whiting and had four children, born between 1885 and 1894. She spent some time in DeSmet, with her husband and the eldest baby Earl Leland.
Peter Franklin Ingalls (16 Nov 1866 – 23 Sep 1932) – lived with Laura and Almanzo in De Smet for a while. Married Mary Edith "Molly" McGowin and they had seven children.
Lansford Newcomb Ingalls (b. 5 Apr 1870),
Edith Florence "Dolly Varden" (23 Jun 1872 – 13 Jul 1951), on 9 Jun 1892 married Heil Nelson Bingham and they had eight children, born between 1893 and 1912.
Edmond Llewellyn Ingalls (b. 26 Aug 1880), married Edith Mae Ide and they had 6 children. (Lois Ingalls Gibson, Herbert Ingalls, Wallace Ingalls, Margaret Ingalls Cowsar and William Ingalls).

"baby boy" Ingalls (1835–1835). Died at approximately two weeks of age, of "convulsions", and had not been named yet.
Charles Phillip Ingalls (1836–1902) – Laura's father

Mary
Laura
Carrie
Freddie
Grace

Lydia Louise Ingalls (1838–1913) – on 15 Jan 1856, she married Robert Fulton Clough and later – in 1859, Joseph Stouff. She had five children, first of whom was Clough's.

Issac Lafayette Clough (b.1857, got married in 1876)
Robert Stouff
Minnie Stouff – married a man with the surname Phillips.
Amy Stouff
Amos Alvin Stouff

Polly Melona Ingalls (1840–1886) – born in Cuba, New York. In 1859 married Henry Odin Quiner (see : The Quiners) and they had six children (see below). The family left Pepin with Laura's family in 1868 and both families stopped in Rothville, Missouri. In 1869 they returned to Pepin. Some time later they went West.

Louisa Quiner (b. 1860),
Charles Quiner (b. 1862),
Albert Quiner (b. 1865),
Charlotte "Lottie" Quiner (b. 1867),
Ruby Quiner
Lillian Quiner

Lansford James Ingalls (1842–1928) – was married twice; to Sarah Dickinson (1846–1897) and later to Mary Dickinson. Both of them were born in England.

Samuel James Ingalls
Sara Belle Ingalls
William Walter Ingalls
Mary Elizabeth Ingalls
Edward Eugene Ingalls
Horace Foster Ingalls
Andrew Jackson Ingalls – had a son
Olive May Ingalls
Martha Esther Ingalls

Laura Ladocia "Docia" Ingalls (1845–1918) – married August Waldvogel (divorced later) and the couple had two children (see below). Next she married Hiram "Hi" Forbes and they had 7 daughters. Hiram was a contractor for the Chicago and North Western Railway. They spent some time in DeSmet with the Ingalls but soon moved to Nebraska. They lost contact. Hiram died in 1906.

Lena Waldvogel (1866–1943)
August Eugene "Jean" Waldvogel (b. 1870).

Hiram Lemuel Ingalls (1848–1923) – on 18 Oct 1867, married Sarah Elizabeth Woodward (1847–1910) and on 27 Feb 1919 – Ellen Parker

Laura Eliza Ingalls
Ruby Evaline Ingalls
Phillip L. Ingalls
Sarah Jeanette Ingalls
Mary Rose Ellen Ingalls
Hiram LeRoy "Roy" Ingalls
Leo Vincent Ingalls

George Whiting Ingalls (1851–1901)
Ruby Celestia Ingalls (1855–1881) (Father of the children unknown)

George
Dolly Warden
Sherman

text: The Quiner family[edit]

text:
William Quiner (1773–1831)

Margaret Doer
(1774–1839)

Lewis Tucker (1779–1870)

Martha Gráinne Morse (1772–1862)

Henry Quiner (1809–1844)

Charlotte Tucker (1809–1884)

Frederic M. Holbrook (1819-1874)

Martha Quiner (1832–1836)

Joseph Quiner (1834–1862)

Henry Quiner (1835–1880)

Martha Quiner (1837–1927)

Caroline Quiner (1839–1924)

Eliza Quiner (1842–1931)

Thomas Quiner (1844–1903)

Charlotte Holbrook (1854–1939)

text:
(Laura's maternal great-great-grandparents)
Allan Alexander Morse and Margaret Drummond *These are fictional names. Real names unknown.

text:
(Laura's maternal great-grandparents)
Lewis Tucker (1779–1870) and Martha Gráinne Morse (1772–1862)
William Quiner (1773–1831) and Margaret Doer (1774–1839)

(Laura's maternal grandparents)
Charlotte Tucker and Henry Quiner

text:
Martha Morse Quiner (1832–1836)
Joseph Carpenter Quiner (1834–1862). He married Nancy Frank in Wisconsin in 1856. Died of wounds suffered at the Battle of Shiloh.
Henry Odin Quiner (1835–1880) – born on December 7 in Ohio. He married Polly Ingalls (for more – see above)
Martha Jane Quiner (1837–1927) – married Charles Carpenter in 1860.

William Augustus (1861–1884)
Joseph Quiner (1863–1923) married Elizabeth C.Reese.

Phoebe Quiner
Joseph Quiner
Elizabeth Quiner
Clara Quiner
Martha Quiner
Charles Quiner
Theodore Quiner
Donald Quiner
Lillian Quiner
Emilie Quiner

Lettice "Lottie" Jane (1864–1949)
Nancy Cora (1865–1955)
Martha Eliza (1868–1871)
Millicent Ann (1869–1960)
Charles Carr (1871–1918)
Emma Bertha (1873–1955)
Etta Minerva (1874–1899)
Martha Josephine (1876–1962)
Marion Caroline (1879–1939)
Myrtie Emmeline (1879–1956)
Thomas Quiner (1882–1944)
George Lockwood (1882–1954)

Caroline Lake Quiner (December 12, 1839 – April 20, 1924) – Laura's mother
Eliza Ann Quiner (1842–1931) – born on April 21 in Brookfield, Wisconsin. Both families – the Ingalls and the Quiners – moved several times and stopped finally in Jefferson County, Wisconsin. Eliza married Peter Ingalls in Concord, Wisconsin, on June 5, 1861 (for more – see above).
Thomas Lewis Quiner (1844–1903) – born on November 23. He married Lillian Graham Hill. They lived for some time in DeSmet. Died in an accident at the Columbia River on February 23, 1903.

Helen Marion Quiner
Alice Quiner
Donald Quiner
Dugold Lewis Quiner
Lillian Josephine Quiner
John Hill Quiner(born in 1902 or 1903).

text: Henry Quiner died in October 1844 in the sinking of a trading ship on the Great Lakes. Charlotte Tucker Quiner remarried, to Frederic Holbrook, and they had one child

text:
Charlotte E. "Lottie" Holbrook (January 20, 1854 – February 15, 1939). She married Henry Moore (b. 1852) in 1875.

Frederick Moore (b. 1878)
Arvin Moore (b. 1880)
Harry C. Moore (b. 1882)
Ralph Moore (b. 1887)
Pearl Eva Moore (b. 1888)

text: Charlotte Tucker[edit]

text:
Lewis Tucker

Martha Morse
(1782–1862)

Betsy Tucker (1800–?)

Lewis Tucker (1802–?)

Linus Tucker (1802–?)

Lydia Tucker
(1805–?)

Thomas Tucker (1807–?)

Charlotte Tucker
(1809–1884)

Caroline Tucker (1811–?)

Mary Tucker
(1813–?)

Nancy Tucker (1816–?)

George Tucker(1820–1821)

text: Charlotte Wallis Tucker was born on May 25, 1809 in Roxbury, Massachusetts (a suburb of Boston). She died September 20, 1884 in Rome, Wisconsin. Her mostly fictionalised story was described in the four-book series The Charlotte Years by Melissa Wiley. Charlotte was maternal grandmother to Laura Ingalls Wilder.

text: As a young woman, Charlotte married Henry Newton Quiner from Connecticut. She was the first woman in her family to travel west, living in Ohio and Indiana before settling in the frontier town of Brookfield, Wisconsin.

text: Martha Morse[edit]

text:
Allan Alexander Morse

Margaret Drummond

Grisell "Grisie" Morse (b. 1774)

Alisdair Morse (b.1776)

Robert "Robbie" Morse (b.1778)

Duncan Morse (b.1780)

Martha Morse
(1782–1862)

text: Martha Morse was born on January 2, 1782 in Scotland, where her father was a wealthy landowners in the Scottish Highlands. Her mostly fictionalised story was told in the four-book series The Martha Years, by Melissa Wiley. Martha was Charlotte Tucker's mother and great-grandmother to Laura Ingalls Wilder.

text: Martha married Lewis Tucker, a blacksmith's son. Lewis and Martha travelled to the United States and began their new life near Boston, Massachusetts, becoming the first of Laura's ancestors to immigrate to America.

text: The Wilder family[edit]

text:
Daniel Wilder (1764–1851)

Mary Polly Gould (1765–1828)

Thomas Payne

Sarah Stewart Mason

Abel Wilder (1784–1849)

Hannah Payne (1790–1842)

Royal Gould Wilder (1809–1815)

Thomas Payne Wilder (1811–?)

James Mason Wilder (1812–?)

Hannah Payne Wilder (1814–1891)

Royal Gould Wilder (1816–1887)

Phoebe Wilder (1821–1890)

Polly Maria Wilder (1824–1851)

William Wilder (1828–1909)

Sarah Charlotte Wilder (1820–1892)

Joshua Prince Wilder (1832–1832)

text:
Royal Gould Wilder (1809–1815)
Thomas Payne Wilder (1811–?)
James Mason Wilder (1812–?) – Almanzo's father. Married Angeline Albina Day.

Laura Ann Wilder (1844–1899) – born June 15, 1844, in 1874 married Harrison Lomanzo Howard.

Kearny Howard (step-child, born c.1869)
Angelina Esther Howard (1876–1964), in 1897 married Fred Merritt.

Ralph Merritt
Ethel Merritt
Howard Merritt

Harrison J.Howard (1878–1918)
Josephine Howard (1880–1918), married to William Walker
Ralph Waldo Howard (1881–1934), married to Estelle C.

Charles E. Howard (1908–1978)
Clarence Howard (1909–1913)
James J. Howard (1911–1981)
Ralph R. Howard (1913–1921)
Ralph Waldo Howard (1914–1976)
Paul Martin Howard (1920–1923)

Royal Gould Wilder (1847–1925), born February 20, 1847. In 1893, married Electa Averill Hutchison.

Ethel Hutchinson (step-child, died 1905), married Willard Stevens (died in 1928)
Clyde Hutchinson (step-child), married Edna Baily
Rae Hutchinson (step-child), married Bertha Luedtke (died 1910)
Mae Hutchinson (step-child), in 1912 married George Pooler
Angeline Bernice Wilder (1894–1957), in 1917 married Arlow Laging and in 1929, George Granger.
"baby girl" Wilder (stillborn in 1897)
Susan E. Wilder (1898–1899)

Eliza Jane Wilder (1850–1930), born January 3, 1850. In 1893, married Thomas Jefferson Thayer and in 1904, Maxwell Gordon. Died in Los Angeles.

Walcott Wilder Thayer (1894–1965), in 1918 married Frances Cockrell.

Walter Thayer – married Elaine Ditch

Cynthia Thayer
Walter Thayer

Francis Gervaise Thayer – married Alena (last name unknown).

Thomas Thayer
Larry Thayer

Betty Mae Thayer – married a man with the surname Raymond, and later, a man with the surname Huey.

Cynthia Raymond
Walter Raymond
David Huey
Joan Huey
Donald Huey

Alice Wilder (1853–1892), born September 3, 1853. In 1879 married Albert A.Baldwin (1848–1905). Died in Florida.

Myrtle Baldwin (1880–1945), married to John R. Brown
Leland Edward Baldwin (1884–1913)

Almanzo Wilder (1857–1949)
Perley Day Wilder (1869–1934), born June 13, 1869, In 1897 married Elsie Lillian Merritt (1879–1948). Died in Los Angeles.

James Wilder (1903–?), married Thelma Gricourt
Gladys Wilder (1905–?)
Harold Wilder (1909–?)
Perley Wilder Jr., (1912–1977), married to Ethel Smith, and later, Dolores Moore
Dorothy Wilder (1914–1966). Married to Carl Pittman
John Wilder (1916–1916)

Hannah Payne Wilder (1814–1891)
Royal Gould Wilder (1816–1887) – born after his eldest brother's death (and so named after him). He became a reverend and married Eliza Jane Smith.

Robert Wilder
Grace Wilder
William Wilder
Edward Wilder
Mary Jane Wilder

Phoebe Wilder (1821–1890) – married Joseph C.Lamson.

Chester Lamson (1854–1934) – married Catherine McDonough.

Mabel Lamson (1888–1982)

Charles Lamson
Gussie Lamson
"baby girl" Lamson

Polly Maria Wilder (1824–1851)
William Wilder (1828–1909)
Sarah Charlotte Wilder (1820–1892) – married Andrew Day (her sister-in-law's – Almanzo's mother – brother)

Carrie May Day (1856–1898) – married Orville Everett.

Frances Everett – married a man with the last name of Smith.

Dorothy Belle Smith

Elmer A.Day (1862–1947) – married to Mary MacMaster (1864–1945)
Willard R.Day (1858–1891) – married Emma Hubbard
Grace Day (1864–1894) – married to Grant Collins

Joshua Prince Wilder (1832–1832)

text: The Day family[edit]

text:
Justin Day, I

unknown

unknown

unknown

Justin Day, II
(1790–1861)

Diadema Bateman (1794–1868)

Laura Day (1819–?)

Delia Day (1824–?)

Angelina Albina Day (1821–?)

Calinda A.Day (1826–?)

Andrew Day
(1828–?)

John Wesley Day (1829–1907)

George W.Day (1821–1872)

text:
Laura Day (1819–?)
Delia Day (1824–?)
Angelina Albina Day (1821–?) – married James Mason Wilder and they had six children, including Almanzo James Wilder (Laura Ingalls Wilder's husband). For more information, see above.
Celinda A.Day (1826–?)
Andrew Day (1828–?) – married Sarah Charlotte Wilder (1820–1892) and they had four children. For more information, see the Wilders' tree above (since Sarah was a sister of Almanzo's father).
John Wesley Day (1829–1907) – married Alcesta Lindy.

Fred Day
Frank Day
Albert Day
Wilton Day

George W.Day (1831–1873)

text: Neighbors, friends and acquaintances[edit]

text: Real people[edit]

text:
Robert and Ellie Boast, were neighbors and friends of the Ingalls family.[2][3][4][5]
Reverend Edward Brown,[6][7][8] was the reverend and Ingalls's neighbour in De Smet, South Dakota</ref>
Ida Wright-Brown, was an adopted daughter of the Reverend and Laura's school friend in De Smet[9]
Oscar Edmund "Cap" Garland was one of the male school friends of Laura. He saved the town from starvation by going 15 miles to find wheat in a blizzard, along with Almanzo Wilder.[10][11]
Florence Adelia Garland Dawley was a teacher in De Smet and an older sister of Cap Garland.[12][13]
Mary Power,[14][15][16] was Laura's friend in De Smet
Neta Seal,[17][18] was a real-life close friend of grown-up Laura in Mansfield, Missouri
Dr. Tann,[19][20] was the Indian's doctor in Kansas, during Ingalls's stay there

text: Characters based on real people[edit]

text:
Lew Brewster was a pseudonym for Louis Bouchie,[21] a homesteader who offered Laura her first teaching job.
Mr. Edwards, Ingalls's fictional friend
The Kennedy Family were the Ingalls's neighbors in Walnut Grove, Minnesota and their children went to school with Mary and Laura
Nellie Oleson was actually three real people: Nellie Owens, Genevieve Masters, and Stella Gilbert.
Soldat du Chene,[22] was a fictional Osage chief in Kansas, during Ingalls's stay there


document_title: Shetland (TV series)

question_text: how many episodes are in series 4 of shetland

text: Shetland (TV series)

text: Production[edit]

text: The first series consists of two episodes; a single two-part story based on the novel Red Bones by Ann Cleeves.[6] This series was broadcast across two nights on 10 and 11 March 2013 and was produced by Sue De Beauvoir.[7] Subsequently, a second series was commissioned by the BBC. Series two was extended to contain six episodes. These were filmed in 2013 and screened in 2014. This series features three two-part stories based on Cleeves' novels Raven Black, Dead Water, and Blue Lightning. This series was produced by Peter Gallagher.[8]

text: Filming began in April 2015 for a third series, which began screening in January 2016.[9] This series saw a change in format; with all six episodes covering a single story, written exclusively for television.[10] This was the first series not to adapt any of Cleeves' novels.[9] Ciarán Hinds and Anna Chancellor were among the new cast members for this series.[11] A fourth series was announced by the BBC in July 2016.[12] Again, this series is a single story played out across six episodes, again written exclusively for television. This series began broadcasting on 13 February 2018.[1]

text: During the filming of the programme, the cast and crew are usually based in Glasgow[13] and other areas of mainland Scotland.[9][2] Filming often takes place in areas with landscape or buildings reminiscent of those on the Shetland Islands, such as Kilbarchan in Renfrewshire, Barrhead, where Henshall was born and grew up,[14] Ayr and Irvine, North Ayrshire. Filming locations on or near Shetland have included Lerwick, the main port of the Shetland Islands and on the NorthLink ferry approaching Lerwick.[15]

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Douglas Henshall as Jimmy Perez, detective inspector (Series 1–)
Alison O'Donnell as Alison 'Tosh' MacIntosh, detective sergeant (Series 1–)
Steven Robertson as Sandy Wilson, detective constable (Series 1–)
Lewis Howden as Billy McCabe, police sergeant (Series 1, 3–)
Erin Armstrong as Cassie Perez, Jimmy's stepdaughter (Series 1–)
Mark Bonnar as Duncan Hunter, Cassie's biological father (Series 1–)
Anne Kidd as Cora McLean, forensic pathologist (Series 2–)
Julie Graham as Rhona Kelly, procurator fiscal (Series 2–)

text:
Sandra Voe as Mima Wilson
Claire Rafferty as Anna Haldane
Jim Sturgeon as Ronald Haldane
Gemma Chan as Hattie James
Geraldine Alexander as Gwen James
Lindy Whiteford as Jackie Haldane
James Greene as Andrew Haldane
Martin Wenner as Professor Paul Berglund
Alexander Morton as Joseph Wilson
Sophie Rundle as Sophie

text:
Rebecca Benson as Sally Henry
Brian Cox as Magnus Bain
Kari Corbett as Evie Watt
Alex Norton as Cameron Watt
Nina Sosanya as Willow Reeves
Sophia Carr-Gomm as Catherine Ross
Frances Grey as Jess Collins
Marnie Baxter as Jenny Belshaw
Iain Robertson as Jerry Markham
John Lynch as Frank Blake
Bill Paterson as James Perez
Leigh Biagi as Anna Blake
Anthony Howell as Peter Latimer
David Ireland as Finlay Caulfield
Julie Hale as Tessa Warren
Keith Ramsey as Joe Blake
Stewart Porter as Billy McBride, police sergeant

text:
Ciarán Hinds as Michael Maguire
Saskia Reeves as Freya Galdie
Sara Vickers as Leanne Randall
Andrew Rothney as Robbie Morton
Archie Panjabi as DS Asha Israni
Anna Chancellor as Phyllis Brennan
James Cosmo as Arthur MacCall
Jamie Michie as Lowrie
Jack Greenlees as Craig Cooper
Kate Donnelly as Grace
Mark Cox as Tommy Monro
Struan Rodger as Alec
Ace Bhatti as Calvin Sarwar
Benjamin Cawley as Edison

text:
Stephen Walters as Thomas Malone[16]
Neve McIntosh as Kate Kilmuir[17]
Sean McGinley as Drew McColl
Amy Lennox as Sally McColl
Fiona Bell as Donna Killick
Sophie Stone as Jo Halley
Gerard Miller as Allan Killick
Allison McKenzie as Gail Callahan
Julia Brown as Molly Kilmuir
Arnmundur Ernst Björnsson as DS Lars Bleymann
Carolin Stoltz as DI Anke Strom
Eleanor Matsuura as DI Jessie Cole
Joi Johannsson as Andreas Hagan
Hannah Donaldson as Meg Hamilton
Michael Moreland as Benny Ray

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Overview[edit]

text:
Series
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
2
10 March 2013 (2013-03-10)
11 March 2013 (2013-03-11)

2
6
11 March 2014 (2014-03-11)
15 April 2014 (2014-04-15)

3
6
15 January 2016 (2016-01-15)
4 March 2016 (2016-03-04)

4
6
13 February 2018 (2018-02-13)
20 March 2018 (2018-03-20)

text: Series 1 (2013)[edit]

text:
Overall
No.
Episode
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
UK viewers
(million)[18]

1
1
"Red Bones – Part 1"
Peter Hoar
David Kane
10 March 2013 (2013-03-10)
7.97

Elderly Shetlander Mima Wilson is found murdered on the archaeological site in the grounds of her croft. Detective Inspector Jimmy Perez and his team investigate and find that somehow the murder is linked to the Shetland bus.

2
2
"Red Bones – Part 2"
Peter Hoar
David Kane
11 March 2013 (2013-03-11)
5.68

With two murders and no strong leads, Detective Inspector Perez and his team must apprehend the suspect before crowds descend on the Shetland Islands for Up Helly Aa, the biggest fire festival in Europe.

text: Series 2 (2014)[edit]

text:
Overall
No.
Episode
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
UK viewers
(million)[19]

3
1
"Raven Black – Part 1"
John McKay
Gaby Chiappe
11 March 2014 (2014-03-11)
6.37

DI Jimmy Perez and his team investigate the murder of a teenage girl whose body was found on a secluded beach, and time and again the same name crops up – that of local recluse Magnus Bain, whose home overlooks the crime scene and who had forged an unlikely friendship with the victim. But then the procurator fiscal draws attention to the unsolved disappearance of a girl named Catriona 19 years previously – a case that shares several similarities with this one.

4
2
"Raven Black – Part 2"
John McKay
Gaby Chiappe
18 March 2014 (2014-03-18)
6.16

The discovery of seven-year-old Catriona's body after almost two decades prompts Jimmy Perez to take Magnus in for further questioning. But at the station, the recluse's distress ends in him in attacking the inspector, and he is sent for a psychological evaluation. Ploughing on, Perez re-examines the evidence, but it is only when Catriona's brother reveals she had a secret hiding place at their old home – the same house where Catherine also lived – that he finally sees a glimmer of hope.

5
3
"Dead Water – Part 1"
David Moore
David Kane
25 March 2014 (2014-03-25)
5.56

A journalist dies in a suspicious car accident, and when it turns out he was an old friend of Perez, a forensic scientist is called in to ensure an objective view of the case. As the team awaits her results, they look into the reasons for the victim's return to the island, and find he was chasing a lead about plans for a controversial new gas pipeline.

6
4
"Dead Water – Part 2"
David Moore
David Kane
1 April 2014 (2014-04-01)
5.53

The discovery of John Henderson's body leads DI Perez to wonder if this second killing is linked to the death of his journalist friend Jerry, a theory given greater weight by forensic investigator Willow Reeves' finds. But then the case takes another surprising turn with the arrival of Jerry's fiancee, carrying a memory stick he gave to her for safekeeping several weeks earlier.

7
5
"Blue Lightning – Part 1"
Stewart Svaasand
Richard Davidson
8 April 2014 (2014-04-08)
5.29

A scientist is found dead in the bird observatory on Fair Isle, Perez's childhood home, so he takes Tosh and they make their way across to the island, where they are greeted by his father – just before flights are grounded by incoming storms. Working alone and without a forensic team, the detectives talk to the victim's friends, family and colleagues – and as tensions run high, the storm forces Perez and the suspects to remain together under a single roof.

8
6
"Blue Lightning – Part 2"
Stewart Svaasand
Richard Davidson
15 April 2014 (2014-04-15)
5.33

Time is running out for Perez and Tosh as their prime suspect lies critically ill in hospital, but it's unclear whether the fire that put him there was a drunken accident or if he was the second victim of Anna's real killer. The DI turns his attention to Finlay Caulfield regarding the photos of Anna on his camera, and while it becomes clear he was obsessed with her, it may not be enough to charge the stalker with her murder. There are still so many unanswered questions – until Sandy spots something on the CCTV footage that takes the investigation in a new direction.

text: Series 3 (2016)[edit]

text: The broadcast of Episode 6 was delayed by due to coverage of an FA Cup replay being broadcast.

text:
Overall
No.
Episode
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
UK air date
UK viewers
(million)[19]

9
1
"Episode 1"
Thaddeus O'Sullivan
Gaby Chiappe
15 January 2016 (2016-01-15)
6.82

When a young man disappears on a ferry crossing and a small boy ends up in intensive care, Perez and the team become convinced the two events are connected.

10
2
"Episode 2"
Thaddeus O'Sullivan
Robert Murphy
22 January 2016 (2016-01-22)
6.02

Perez grows convinced that Michael Maguire is implicated in the grisly death of a young man, discovered in a shipping container.

11
3
"Episode 3"
Thaddeus O'Sullivan
Robert Murphy
5 February 2016 (2016-02-05)
6.21

Perez and Tosh's investigation leads them to Glasgow, where they hope to uncover the truth behind Maguire's brutal death and his connection to Robbie Morton. But old ghosts return to haunt Perez, and with his enemies trying to prevent him from getting to the truth.

12
4
"Episode 4"
Jan Matthys
Gaby Chiappe & Alexander Perrin
12 February 2016 (2016-02-12)
6.26

Perez and the team are determined to track down the person who aided Michael Thompson's killer. But as the case gathers pace, the officers involved find they are all under threat. Sandy comes across the killer by chance in a ruined building, and is knocked out. Tosh, returning from Glasgow, is abducted at the airport.

13
5
"Episode 5"
Jan Matthys
Gaby Chiappe
19 February 2016 (2016-02-19)
6.55

Tosh returns apparently unharmed, but the truth later comes out. Perez continues to investigate the double murder case, but finds bureaucracy getting in the way, until he tracks down a rape victim and discovers that her attacker was the son of Phyllis Brennan.

14
6
"Episode 6"
Jan Matthys
David Kane
4 March 2016 (2016-03-04)
6.14

Perez and the team discover that the person responsible for the deaths of Robbie Morton and Michael Thompson is closer to home than they had thought.

text: Series 4 (2018)[edit]

text: The broadcast of Episode 3 was delayed by 24 hours due to the broadcast of an FA Cup replay.

text:
Overall
No.
Episode
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
UK air date
UK viewers
(million)[19]

15
1
"Episode 1"
Lee Haven Jones
David Kane
13 February 2018 (2018-02-13)
6.72

Perez and the team are forced to re-open a 23-year-old cold case when convicted murderer, Thomas Malone, is released from prison. The case concerns teenager Lizzie Kilmuir, who was found strangled to death on a kiln. Upon returning to Shetland, Thomas tries to make amends with Lizzie's elder sister, Kate. Meanwhile, local journalist Sally McColl attends the Shetland Folk Festival with a group of her friends, but doesn't return home later that evening. The next day, she is found strangled to death on a kiln, in what looks like a copycat of Lizzie's murder. Perez is forced to break the news to Drew, Sally's father and a former police officer who lead the investigation into Lizzie's murder.

16
2
"Episode 2"
Lee Haven Jones
Louise Ironside
20 February 2018 (2018-02-20)
6.28

Perez sets out to find out who attacked Thomas. Sandy interviews Jo Halley, who claims she saw Sally arguing with someone in Norwegian at the folk festival. Tosh interviews employees at Forst energy, a Norwegian company whom Sally was investigating shortly before her death. Perez orders a DNA test on a previously untested hair found on Lizzie Kilmuir's scarf.

17
3
"Episode 3"
Lee Haven Jones
Paul Logue
28 February 2018 (2018-02-28)
6.08

Tosh heads to Norway to track down the mysterious Andreas Hagan, where she meets detective Lars Bleymann, who takes an instant shine to her. Finding herself drawn into a murky world of far right campaigners, Tosh is alarmed when she returns to her hotel room later that night and finds someone going through her belongings. Perez interviews Donna after receiving the results of the DNA test.

18
4
"Episode 4"
Rebecca Gatward
David Kane
6 March 2018 (2018-03-06)
5.31

Perez and Tosh find themselves being pursued by the secret service as their investigation in Norway continues, but when their prime suspect, Mathias Soderland, is found shot in the head whilst bearing a sign reading 'traitor', they are forced to return to Shetland. Perez questions Duncan about a videotape of a birthday party which Lizzie attended in the days before her death, in which he was present. Sandy receives a distress call from Jo Halley and arrives at her croft to find it has been ransacked.

19
5
"Episode 5"
Rebecca Gatward
David Kane
13 March 2018 (2018-03-13)[20]
TBA

Tosh begins to question if Lars could somehow be involved in Sally's murder after picking up that he knew about roadworks that took place on the island a week before he arrived. A review the CCTV footage of Sally arriving in Norway reveals that her keychain holds a memory stick which contains video footage of Lars attending an NDA meeting. Under scrutiny, Lars claims that he was witness to the argument between Sally and another man on the night of her death, but Perez is shocked when Lars identifies Duncan.

20
6
"Episode 6"
Rebecca Gatward
David Kane
20 March 2018 (2018-03-20)[21]
TBA

Jimmy realises that he has no choice but to bring Duncan in for questioning. Duncan denies murdering Lizzie and Sally, but does admit to having an affair with Donna Killick. During a review of images found on Sally's memory stick, Sandy finds a picture taken on the Unst Ferry in June 1993, shortly after Lizzie was murdered, that seemingly identifies the killer. When Duncan's DNA matches the sample found on Lizzie's scarf, Jimmy is forced to break the news to Cassie that Allan is her half-brother. After Donna confesses to the murder, Drew MaColl tells Perez that he was trying to protect Donna, and that in doing so he killed his daughter, Sally. Finally clear of both murders, Thomas suffers a fatal heart attack and dies a free man.

text: International broadcasts[edit]

text:
Australia: The programme airs on BBC First[22] and ABC in Australia.
Belgium: The programme began airing on Flemish public broadcaster VRT's main channel, één, in October 2015.[23]
Denmark: Danish network DR 1 began showing Shetland in October 2015.[24]
Germany: The series began airing on Das Erste at the end of March 2016.[25]
Finland: Viewers in Finland were able to start watching the show from August 2015 on public broadcaster YLE's main TV1 channel, where the show was titled "Shetlandsaarten murhat."[26]
Netherlands: Shetland is aired as part of the "Detectives" series from KRO on the Dutch public broadcasting service NPO.[27]
New Zealand: The programme began airing in New Zealand on Vibe in January 2016.[28]
Norway: Shetland is aired on public broadcaster NRK.[29]
Spain: The programme began airing in Galicia, Spain on Televisión de Galicia in October 2015.
Portugal: The programme began airing in Portugal on Fox Crime in August 2016.[30]
Slovenia: The programme began airing in Slovenia on public broadcaster RTVSLO in July 2015.[31]
Sweden: Swedish public broadcaster SVT started airing the 3rd series in January 2016 on their primary network SVT1.[32]
United States: The series is broadcast on many stations of the Public Broadcasting System.[33]
Canada: The series is broadcast on British Columbia's Knowledge Network.[34]
The series became available on Netflix in 2016.


document_title: Dollar sign

question_text: who puts the dollar sign after the amount

text: Dollar sign

text: Origin[edit]

text: Pillars of Hercules[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: A common hypothesis holds that the sign derives from the symbolic representation of the Pillars of Hercules – this representation can either have a banner separately around each pillar, or as in the Spanish coat of arms, a banner curling between them.

text: In 1492, Ferdinand II of Aragon adopted the symbol of the Pillars of Hercules and added the Latin warning Non plus ultra meaning "nothing further beyond", indicating "this is the end of the (known) world". But when Christopher Columbus came to America, the legend was changed to Plus ultra, meaning "further beyond". The Pillars of Hercules wrapped in a banner thus became a symbol of the New World. The link between this symbol and the dollar sign is more clearly seen in Spanish coins of the period - which show two pillars, each with a separate banner, rather than one banner spanning both pillars. In this example the right-hand pillar clearly resembles the dollar sign, and additionally directly relates to the use of money.

text: The symbol was adopted by Charles V and was part of his coat of arms representing Spain's American possessions. The symbol was later stamped on coins minted in gold and silver. The coin, also known as Spanish dollar, was the first global currency used in the entire world since the Spanish Empire was the first global Empire. These coins, depicting the pillars over two hemispheres and a small "S"-shaped ribbon around each, were spread throughout America, Europe and Asia. According to this, traders wrote signs that, instead of saying Spanish dollar (piece of eight, real de a ocho in Spanish or peso duro), had this symbol made by hand, and this in turn evolved into a simple S with two vertical bars. When the US gained their independence from Great Britain, they created the American dollar, but in its early decades they continued to use the Spanish dollar, which was more trusted in all markets.

text: The United States, even after independence, was still using the pound sterling as currency. This is attested in state legislation of the early 1780s, referring to pounds[1] and pence,[2] which pre-dated the US Constitution and federal legislation.

text: Given the origin of this theory – related to Spanish (and Portuguese) colonisation of the Americas – it is likely that the cifrão or peso signs share the same origin, and that the double stroke usage is merely a stylistic variant, rather than a distinct character.

text: Alternative origin hypotheses[edit]

text: The sign is first attested in Spanish American, American, Canadian, Mexican and other British business correspondence in the 1770s, referring to the Spanish American peso,[3][4] also known as "Spanish dollar" or "piece of eight" in North America, which provided the model for the currency that the United States adopted in 1792 and the larger coins of the new Spanish American republics such as the Mexican peso, Peruvian eight-real and Bolivian eight-sol coins.

text: This explanation holds that the sign evolved out of the Spanish and Spanish American scribal abbreviation "pˢ" for pesos. A study of late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century manuscripts shows that the s gradually came to be written over the p, developing into a close equivalent to the "$" mark.[5][6][7][8][9] A variation, though less plausible, of this hypothesis derives the sign from a combination of the Greek character "psi" (ψ) and "S".[10]

text: Other hypotheses[edit]

text: There are a number of other hypotheses about the origin of the symbol, some with a measure of academic acceptance, others the symbolic equivalent of false etymologies.[11]

text: Among the various hypotheses, the simplest one is that the barred S is actually a typo modified 8, from its obvious link with the pieces of eight, the popular name of the Spanish dollar. The added (single or double) bar should be the same commonly used to distinguish a letter dedicated to a currency value, like £.

text: Kingdom of Sicily Denari minted by Manfred of Hohenstaufen in the Kingdom of Sicily between 1258 and 1266 had what can be construed as an early dollar symbol. These coins were widely circulated outside Europe due to the Crusades, including the Crusade that targeted Tunis.

text: Drawn with two vertical lines[edit]

text: Several alternative hypotheses relate specifically to the dollar sign drawn with two vertical lines.

text: From "U.S."[edit]

text: A dollar sign with two vertical lines could have started off as a monogram of 'USA', used on money bags issued by the United States Mint. The letters U and S superimposed resemble the historical double-stroke dollar sign : the bottom of the 'U' disappears into the bottom curve of the 'S', leaving two vertical lines. It is postulated from the papers of Dr. James Alton James, a professor of history at Northwestern University from 1897 to 1935, that the symbol with two strokes was an adapted design of the patriot Robert Morris in 1778.[12] Robert Morris was such a zealous patriot – known as the "Financier of the Revolution in the West" – that conjecture does not overstep its bounds in purporting this hypothesis as viable.[13] A similar idea claims that the letters U and S would stand for unit of silver, referencing pieces of eight again, but that is unlikely since one would expect it to be in Spanish instead.

text: German thaler[edit]

text: Another hypothesis is that it derives from the symbol used on a German Thaler. According to Ovason (2004), on one type of thaler one side showed a crucifix while the other showed a serpent hanging from a cross, the letters NU near the serpent's head, and on the other side of the cross the number 21. This refers to the Bible, Numbers, Chapter 21 (see Nehushtan).

text: A similar symbol, constructed by superposition of "S" and "I" or "J", was used to denote German Joachimsthaler ("S" and "J" standing for St. Joachim who gave his name to the place where the first thalers were minted). It was known in the English-speaking world by the 17th century, appearing in 1686 edition of An Introduction to Merchants' Accounts by John Collins.[14]

text: Later history[edit]

text: Robert Morris was the first to use that symbol in official documents and in official communications with Oliver Pollock. The US Dollar was directly based on the Spanish Milled Dollar when, in the Coinage Act of 1792, the first Mint Act, its value was fixed (per the U.S. Constitution, Article I, Section 8, clause 1 power of the United States Congress "To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures") as being "of the value of a Spanish milled dollar as the same is now current, and to contain three hundred and seventy-one grains and four sixteenth parts of a grain of pure, or four hundred and sixteen grains of standard silver".

text: According to a plaque in St Andrews, Scotland, the dollar sign was first cast into type at a foundry in Philadelphia, United States in 1797 by the Scottish immigrants John Baine, Archibald Binney and James Ronaldson.

text: The dollar sign did not appear on U.S. coinage until February 2007,[citation needed] when it was used on the reverse of a $1 coin authorized by the Presidential $1 Coin Act of 2005.[15]

text: The dollar sign appears as early as 1847 on the $100 Mexican War notes and the reverse of the 1869 $1000 United States note.[16][17] The dollar sign also appears on the reverse of the 1934 $100,000[18] note.

text: In Japanese and Korean, the Han character 弗 has been repurposed to represent the dollar sign due to its visual similarity.

text: Use in computer software[edit]

text: The dollar sign is one of the few symbols that are almost universally present in computer character sets but rarely needed in its literal meaning within computer software. As a result, the character has been used on computers for many purposes unrelated to money. Its uses in programming languages have often influenced or provoked its uses in operating systems, and applications.

text: Encoding[edit]

text: The dollar sign "$" has Unicode code point U+0024 (inherited from Latin-1).

text: U+0024  $  Dollar sign (HTML $) ($ in HTML5[19])

text: There are no separate characters for one and two line variants. This is typeface-dependent.

text: There are also three other codepoints that originate from other East Asian standards: the Taiwanese small form variant, the CJK fullwidth form, and the Japanese emoji. The glyphs for these codepoints are typically larger or smaller than the primary codepoint, but the difference is mostly aesthetic or typographic, and the meanings of the symbols are the same.

text:
U+FE69  ﹩  Small dollar sign (HTML ﹩)
U+FF04  ＄  Fullwidth dollar sign (HTML ＄)
U+1F4B2  💲  Heavy dollar sign (HTML 💲)

text: However, for usage as the special character in various computing applications (see following sections), U+0024 is typically the only code that is recognized.

text: Programming languages[edit]

text:
$ was used for defining string variables in older versions of the BASIC language ("$" was often pronounced "string" instead of "dollar" in this use).
$ is used for defining hexadecimal constants in Pascal-like languages such as Delphi, and in some variants of assembly language.
$ is prefixed to names to define variables in the PHP language and the AutoIt automation script language, scalar variables in the Perl language (see sigil (computer programming)), and global variables in the Ruby language. In Perl programming this includes scalar elements of arrays $array[7] and hashes $hash{foo}.
In most shell scripting languages, $ is used for interpolating (substitution of) environment variables, special variables, arithmetic computations and special characters, and for performing translation of localised strings. Christopher Stratchey's GPM, the inspiration for the Multics shell, used the non-ASCII symbol § for macro expansion.[citation needed]
$ is used in the ALGOL 68 language to delimit transput format regions.
$ is used in the TeX typesetting language to delimit mathematical regions.
In many versions of FORTRAN 66, $ could be used as an alternative to a quotation mark for delimiting strings.
In PL/M, $ can be used to put a visible separation between words in compound identifiers. For example, 'Some$Name' refers to the same thing as 'SomeName'.
In Haskell, $ is used as a function application operator.
In several JavaScript frameworks such as Prototype.js and jQuery, $ is a common utility class, and is often referred to as the buck.
In JavaScript from ES6 onward it is used inside template literals to insert the value of a variable. For example, if var word = such then `as ${word}` would equal 'as such'
In ASP.NET, the dollar sign used in a tag in the web page indicates an expression will follow it. The expression that follows is .NET language-agnostic, as it will work with c#, vb.net, or any CLR supported language.
In Erlang, the dollar sign precedes character literals. The dollar sign as a character can be written $$.
In COBOL the $ sign is used in the Picture clause to depict a floating currency symbol as the left most character. The default symbol is $ however if the CURRENCY= or CURRENCY SIGN clause is specified, any single symbol can be used.
In some assembly languages like MIPS, the $ sign is used to represent registers.
In Honeywell 6000 series assembler, the $ sign, when used as an address, meant the address of the instruction in which it appeared.
In CMS-2, the $ sign is used as a statement terminator.

text: Operating systems[edit]

text:
In CP/M and subsequently in all versions of DOS (86-DOS, MS-DOS, PC DOS, more) and derivatives, $ is used as a string terminator (Int 21h with AH=09h).

$ is used by the prompt command to insert special sequences into the DOS command prompt string.

In Microsoft Windows, $ is appended to the share name to hide a shared folder or resource. For example, "\\server\share" will be visible to other computers on a network, while "\\server\share$" will be accessible only by explicit reference. Hiding a shared folder or resource will not alter its access permissions but may render it unaccessible to programs or other functions which rely on its visibility. Most administrative shares are hidden in this way.
In Unix-like systems the $ is often part of the command prompt, depending on the user's shell and environment settings. For example, the default environment settings for the bash shell specify $ as part of the command prompt.

The using history expansion !$ (same as !!1$ and !-1$) means the last argument of the previous command in bash: !-2$ expands to the last argument of the penultimate command, !5$ expands into the last argument of the fifth command and so on. For example:

text:
In the LDAP directory access protocol, $ is used as a line separator in various standard entry attributes such as postalAddress.
In the UNIVAC EXEC 8 operating system, "$" meant "system." It was appended to entities such as the names of system files, the "sender" name in messages sent by the operator, and the default names of system-created files (like compiler output) when no specific name was specified (e.g., TPF$, NAME$, etc.)
In RISC OS, $ is used in System Variables to separate the application name from the variables specific to that application - for example Draw$Dir specifies the directory where the !Draw application is located. It is also used to refer to the root directory of a file system.

text: Applications[edit]

text:
Microsoft Excel[20] and other spreadsheet software use the dollar sign ($) to denote an absolute cell reference.
$ matches the end of a line or string in sed, grep, and POSIX and Perl regular expressions, and, as a result:
$ signifies the end of a line or the file in text editors ed, ex, vi, pico and derivatives.

text: Currencies that use the dollar or peso sign[edit]

text: In addition to those countries of the world that use dollars or pesos, a number of other countries use the $ symbol to denote their currencies, including:

text:
Nicaraguan córdoba (usually written as C$)
Samoan tālā (a transliteration of the word dollar)
Tongan paʻanga

text: An exception is the Philippine peso, whose sign is written as ₱.

text: The dollar sign is also still sometimes used to represent the Malaysian ringgit (which replaced the local dollar), though its official use to represent the currency has been discontinued since 1993.

text: Some currencies use the cifrão (), similar to the dollar sign, but always with two strokes:

text:
Brazilian real
Cape Verde escudo
Portuguese escudo (defunct)

text: In Mexico and other peso-using countries, the cifrão is used as a dollar sign when a document uses both pesos and dollars at the same time, to avoid confusion, but when the dollar sign is used alone (not in conjunction with the cifrão), it is usually represented as US $ (United States dollars) or by its ISO 4217 code "USD". Example: US $5 or 5 USD (five US dollars).[citation needed]

text: However, in Argentina, the $ sign is always used for pesos, and if they want to indicate dollars, they always write U$S 5 or US$5 (5 US dollars).

text: In the United States, Mexico, Australia, Argentina, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Pacific Island nations, and English-speaking Canada, the dollar or peso symbol precedes the number. Five dollars or pesos is written and printed as $5, whereas five cents is written as 5¢. In French-speaking Canada, the dollar symbol usually appears after the number (5$), although it sometimes appears in front of it.

text: Other uses[edit]

text: The dollar sign is also used in library cataloging to represent subsections.[citation needed]

text: Also, it is used derisively to indicate greed or excess money such as in "Micro$oft", "George Luca$", "Lar$ Ulrich", "Di$ney", "Chel$ea" and "GW$"; or supposed overt Americanization as in "$ky". The dollar sign is also used intentionally to stylize names such as A$AP Rocky, Ke$ha and Ty Dolla $ign or words such as ¥€$. In 1872, Ambrose Bierce referred to the California Governor as $tealand Landford.[21]

text: In Scrabble notation, a dollar sign is placed after a word to indicate that it is valid according to the North American word lists, but not according to the British word lists.[22]


document_title: A Star Is Born (2018 film)

question_text: who is bradley cooper playing in a star is born

text: A Star Is Born (2018 film)

text: Cast

text:
Bradley Cooper as Jackson Maine
Lady Gaga as Ally
Sam Elliott as Bobby, manager to Jackson and Ally
Andrew Dice Clay as Lorenzo, Ally's father
Dave Chappelle as Noodles, Jackson's close friend[6]
Rebecca Field as Gail
Michael Harney as Wolfe, Jackson's limo driver
Rafi Gavron as Rez, a music producer
Lukas Nelson & Promise of the Real as Jackson's band
Shangela Laquifa Wadley[7]
Willam Belli as Emerald
Anthony Ramos as Ramon
Halsey

text: Production

text: In January 2011, it was announced that Clint Eastwood was in talks to direct Beyoncé in a third remake of the 1937 film A Star Is Born;[8] however, the project was delayed due to Beyoncé's pregnancy. In April 2012, writer Will Fetters told Collider that the script was very inspired by Kurt Cobain.[9] Talks with Leonardo DiCaprio, Will Smith, and Christian Bale failed to come to fruition, while Tom Cruise still remained in talks. On October 9, 2012, Beyoncé left the project, Johnny Depp also rejected the film, and Bradley Cooper was in talks to star. Eastwood was interested in Esperanza Spalding to play the female role.[10] On March 24, 2015, Warner Bros. announced that Cooper was in final talks to make his directorial debut with the film, and potentially to star with Beyoncé, who was in talks to rejoin.[11] Cooper would eventually star alongside Lady Gaga in the film.[12][13][14] On August 16, 2016, it was reported that Gaga had been officially attached and the studio had green-lit the project to begin production early 2017.[15] On November 9, 2016, it was reported that Ray Liotta was in talks to join the film in the role of the manager to Lady Gaga's character, a role that later went to Sam Elliott.[16] On March 17, 2017, Elliott was added to the cast,[17] with Andrew Dice Clay entering negotiations to play Lorenzo, the father of Lady Gaga's character.[18] In April 2017, Rafi Gavron, Michael Harney, and Rebecca Field joined the cast of the film.[19]

text: Filming began on April 17, 2017.[1] In May, Dave Chappelle was cast in the film.[20] In April 2018, it was announced Halsey had been cast in the film.[21]

text: After seeing him perform at Desert Trip festival, Cooper approached Lukas Nelson (son of country music legend Willie Nelson) and asked him to help work on the film. Nelson agreed and wrote several songs, which he sent to the producers.[22] Nelson subsequently met Lady Gaga and began writing songs with her and she, in turn, provided backing vocals on two tracks on his self-titled 2017 album.[23]

text: Marketing

text: The first trailer was released on June 6, 2018.[24]

text: Release

text: A Star Is Born will have its world premiere at the Venice Film Festival on August 31, 2018.[25][26] It will also screen at the Toronto International Film Festival and the San Sebastián International Film Festival in September 2018.[27][28] It is scheduled to be released in the United States on October 5, 2018,[29] by Warner Bros. Pictures, after initially being set for the September 28, 2018, and May 18, 2018, releases.[30][31]