document_title: The Seventh Seal

question_text: who wins the chess game in the seventh seal

text: The Seventh Seal

text: Plot[edit]

text: Disillusioned knight Antonius Block (Max von Sydow) and his nihilistic squire Jöns (Gunnar Björnstrand) return after fighting in the Crusades and find Sweden being ravaged by the plague. On the beach immediately after their arrival, the knight encounters Death (Bengt Ekerot), personified as a pale, black-cowled figure resembling a monk. The knight, in the middle of a chess game he has been playing alone, challenges Death to a chess match, believing that he can forestall his demise as long as the game continues. Death agrees, and they start a new game.

text: The other characters in the story, except for Jof in the end, do not see Death, and when the chess board comes out at various times in the story, they believe the knight is continuing his habit of playing alone.

text: The knight with his squire heads for his castle. Along the way, they pass some actors, Jof (Nils Poppe) and his wife Mia (Bibi Andersson), with their infant son Mikael and their actor-manager Jonas Skat (Erik Strandmark). Jof is also a juggler and has visions of Jesus and Mary, although Mia is skeptical of them (especially since Jof is also given to lying).

text: Block and Jöns enter a church where a fresco of the Dance of Death is being painted. The squire draws a small figure representing himself, while chiding the artist for colluding in the religious and ideological fervour which has led to the disastrous crusade. Still hoping for resolution and comfort within his faith, the knight goes to the confessional where he is joined by Death in the robe of a priest. During confession, Block admits that his life has been futile and without meaning, but that he wants to perform "one meaningful deed".[7] Upon revealing the chess strategy that will save his life, the knight discovers that the priest is Death, who promises to remember the tactics. Leaving the church, the knight speaks to a young woman (Maud Hansson) who has been condemned to be burned at the stake for consorting with the devil. He believes she will tell him about life beyond death, only to discover a woman beyond her sanity.

text: Shortly thereafter, Jöns searches an abandoned village for water. He saves a mute servant girl (Gunnel Lindblom) from being raped by a man robbing a corpse. He recognizes the man as Raval (Bertil Anderberg), a theologian, who ten years prior had convinced the knight to leave his wife and join a crusade to the Holy Land. The squire promises to brand the theologian on the face if they meet again. The servant girl joins the squire. The trio ride into town, where the actors met earlier are performing. Skat the actor-manager introduces the other actors to the crowd, then is enticed by Lisa (Inga Gill)—wife of the sentimental and violent blacksmith Plog—away for a tryst. They run off together. The actors' performance is interrupted by the arrival of a procession of flagellants.

text: At the town's public house, Plog—jealous and wounded—is looking for Lisa. Both Jof and the manipulative Raval are also present: for the sake of mischief, Raval tells Plog that Jof knows what Lisa is doing. Raval manipulates Plog and the other customers into intimidating Jof, and forces Jof to dance on the tables like a bear. The bullying is broken up by the appearance of Jöns, who once again recognises Raval: true to his word, he slashes and permanently scars the theologian's face.[8] Both knight and squire are reacquainted with Jof's family, with a repentant Plog also joining them. The knight enjoys a country picnic of milk and wild strawberries gathered by Mia. The knight says: "I'll carry this memory between my hands as if it were a bowl filled to the brim with fresh milk...And it will be an adequate sign—it will be enough for me."[9]

text: Moved by the simple love of Jof and Mia, Block relaxes his pursuit of religious meaning. He invites Plog and the actors to shelter in his castle, where he believes they will be safer from the plague. Along the way, the party encounters Skat and Lisa in the forest. Dissatisfied with her new lover (and well aware that her husband will rapidly forgive her), Lisa rapidly abandons Skat and returns to Plog, while Skat uses his acting skills—and possibly Jof's collusion—to fake a remorseful suicide. Once the group has moved on, Skat climbs a tree for the night. Appearing and informing the actor that his time is up, Death then cuts down the tree and kills him.

text: The travellers pass the condemned young woman again, now tied to a stake and awaiting burning. Block asks the woman again to summon Satan, so he can ask him about God. The girl claims already to have done so, but the knight cannot see him, only her terror. As her execution fire is lit, the knight gives her herbs to take away her pain.[10] Jöns and Block watch, grimly, as her sentence is carried out.

text: Further along in the journey, Raval reappears: dying of the plague, he pleads for water. The servant girl attempts to bring him some, but Jöns stops her, and Raval dies alone and uncomforted. Jof tells his wife that he can see the knight playing chess with Death, and decides to flee with his family while Death is preoccupied.[11]

text: After hearing Death state "No one escapes me", Block knocks the chess pieces over, deliberately distracting Death while Jof's family slips away. Death places the pieces back on the board, then wins the game on the next move. He announces that when they meet again, the knight's time—and that of all those traveling with him—will be up. Before departing, Death asks if the knight has accomplished his one "meaningful deed" yet; Block replies that he has.

text: Block is reunited with his wife, Karin (Inga Landgré), the sole occupant of his castle (all the servants having fled). The party shares one "last supper" before Death comes for them. The knight prays to God, "Have mercy on us, because we are small and frightened and ignorant."[12]

text: Meanwhile, away from the castle, Jof's family sits out a storm which the juggler interprets to be "the Angel of Death... and he's very big". The next morning, the juggler, with his second sight, sees the knight and his followers being led away over the hills in a solemn dance of death.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Gunnar Björnstrand – Jöns, squire
Bengt Ekerot – Death
Nils Poppe – Jof
Max von Sydow – Antonius Block, knight
Bibi Andersson – Mia, Jof's wife
Inga Landgré – Karin, Block's wife
Åke Fridell – Blacksmith Plog
Inga Gill – Lisa, blacksmith's wife
Erik Strandmark – Jonas Skat
Bertil Anderberg – Raval, the thief
Gunnel Lindblom – Mute girl
Maud Hansson – Witch
Gunnar Olsson – Albertus Pictor, church painter
Anders Ek – The Monk
Benkt-Åke Benktsson – Merchant
Gudrun Brost – Maid
Lars Lind – Young monk
Tor Borong – Farmer
Harry Asklund – Inn keeper
Ulf Johanson – Jack's leader

text: Production[edit]

text: Bergman originally wrote the play Trämålning (Wood Painting) in 1953 / 1954 for the acting students of Malmö City Theatre. The first time it was performed in public was in radio in 1954, directed by Bergman. He also directed it on stage in Malmö the next spring, and in the autumn it was staged in Stockholm, directed by Bengt Ekerot who would later play the character Death in the film version.[13]

text: In his autobiography, The Magic Lantern, Bergman wrote that "Wood Painting gradually became The Seventh Seal, an uneven film which lies close to my heart, because it was made under difficult circumstances in a surge of vitality and delight."[14] The script for the Seventh Seal was commenced while Bergman was in the Karolinska Hospital in Stockholm recovering from a stomach complaint.[15] It was at first rejected[who?] and Bergman was given the go-ahead for the project from Carl-Anders Dymling at Svensk Filmindustri only after the success at Cannes of Smiles of a Summer Night[16] Bergman rewrote the script five times and was given a schedule of only thirty-five days and a budget of $150,000.[17] It was to be the seventeenth film he had directed.[18]

text: All scenes except two were shot in or around the Filmstaden studios in Solna. The exceptions were the famous opening scene with Death and the Knight playing chess by the sea and the ending with the dance of death, which were both shot at Hovs Hallar, a rocky, precipitous beach area in north-western Scania.[19]

text: In the Magic Lantern autobiography Bergman writes of the film's iconic penultimate shot: "The image of the Dance of Death beneath the dark cloud was achieved at hectic speed because most of the actors had finished for the day. Assistants, electricians, and a make-up man and about two summer visitors, who never knew what it was all about, had to dress up in the costumes of those condemned to death. A camera with no sound was set up and the picture shot before the cloud dissolved."[20]

text: Portrait of the Middle Ages[edit]

text: With regard to the relevancy of historical accuracy to a film that is heavily metaphorical and allegorical, John Aberth, writing in A Knight at the Movies, holds

text: the film only partially succeeds in conveying the period atmosphere and thought world of the fourteenth century. Bergman would probably counter that it was never his intention to make an historical or period film. As it was written in a program note that accompanied the movie's premier "It is a modern poem presented with medieval material that has been very freely handled...The script in particular—embodies a mid-twentieth century existentialist angst....Still, to be fair to Bergman, one must allow him his artistic license, and the script's modernisms may be justified as giving the movie's medieval theme a compelling and urgent contemporary relevance...Yet the film succeeds to a large degree because it is set in the Middle Ages, a time that can seem both very remote and very immediate to us living in the modern world....Ultimately The Seventh Seal should be judged as a historical film by how well it combines the medieval and the modern."[21]

text: Similarly defending it as an allegory, Aleksander Kwiatkowski in the book Swedish Film Classics, writes

text: The international response to the film which among other awards won the jury's special prize at Cannes in 1957 reconfirmed the author's high rank and proved that The Seventh Seal regardless of its degree of accuracy in reproducing medieval scenery may be considered as a universal, timeless allegory.[22]

text: Much of the film's imagery is derived from medieval art. For example, Bergman has stated that the image of a man playing chess with a skeletal Death was inspired by a medieval church painting from the 1480s in Täby kyrka, Täby, north of Stockholm, painted by Albertus Pictor.[23]

text: However, the medieval Sweden portrayed in this movie includes creative anachronisms. The flagellant movement was foreign to Sweden, and large-scale witch persecutions only began in the 15th century.[24]

text: Generally speaking, historians Johan Huizinga, Friedrich Heer and Barbara Tuchman have all argued that the late Middle Ages of the 14th century was a period of "doom and gloom" similar to what is reflected in this film, characterized by a feeling of pessimism, an increase in a penitential style of piety that was slightly masochistic, all aggravated by various disasters such as the Black Plague, famine, the Hundred Years' War between France and England, and papal schism.[25] This is sometimes called the crisis of the Late Middle Ages and Barbara Tuchman regards the 14th century as "a distant mirror" of the 20th century in a way that echoes Bergman's sensibilities. Nonetheless, the main period of the Crusades is well before this era; they took place in a more optimistic period.[25]

text: Major themes[edit]

text: The title refers to a passage about the end of the world from the Book of Revelation, used both at the very start of the film, and again towards the end, beginning with the words "And when the Lamb had opened the seventh seal, there was silence in heaven about the space of half an hour" (Revelation 8:1). Thus, in the confessional scene the knight states: "Is it so cruelly inconceivable to grasp God with the senses? Why should He hide himself in a mist of half-spoken promises and unseen miracles?...What is going to happen to those of us who want to believe but aren't able to?"[26] Death, impersonating the confessional priest, refuses to reply. Similarly, later, as he eats the strawberries with the family of actors, Antonius Block says: "Faith is a torment – did you know that? It is like loving someone who is out there in the darkness but never appears, no matter how loudly you call."[9] Bragg notes that the concept of the "Silence of God" in the face of evil, or the pleas of believers or would-be-believers, may be influenced by the punishments of silence meted out by Bergman's father, a chaplain in the State Lutheran Church.[27] Interestingly, in Bergman's original radio play sometimes translated as A Painting on Wood, the figure of Death in a Dance of Death is represented not by an actor, but by silence, "mere nothingness, mere absence...terrifying...the void."[28]

text: Some of the powerful influences on the film were Picasso's picture of the two acrobats, Carl Orff's Carmina Burana, Strindberg's dramas Folkungasagan ("The Saga of the Folkung Kings") and The Road to Damascus,[29] the frescoes at Härkeberga church and a painting by Albertus Pictor in Täby church.[30] Just prior to shooting Bergman directed for radio the play Everyman by Hugo von Hofmannsthal.[30] By this time he had also directed plays by Shakespeare, Strindberg, Camus, Chesterton, Anouilh, Tennessee Williams, Pirandello, Lehár, Molière and Ostrovsky.[31] The actors Bibi Andersson (with whom Bergman was in a relationship 1955–59) who played the juggler's wife Mia, and Max von Sydow, whose role as the knight was the first of many star parts he would bring to Bergman's films and whose rugged Nordic dignity became a vital resource within Bergman's "troupe" of key actors,[32] both made a strong impact on the mood and style of the film.

text: Bergman grew up in a home infused with an intense Christianity, his father being a charismatic rector (this may have explained Bergman's adolescent infatuation with Hitler, which later deeply tormented him).[33] As a six-year-old child, Bergman used to help the gardener carry corpses from the Royal Hospital Sophiahemmet (where his father was chaplain) to the mortuary.[34] When, as a boy, he saw the film Black Beauty, the fire scene excited him so much he stayed in bed for three days with a temperature.[34] Despite living a Bohemian lifestyle in partial rebellion against his upbringing, Bergman often signed his scripts with the initials "S.D.G" (Soli Deo Gloria) — "To God Alone the Glory" — just as J. S. Bach did at the end of every musical composition.[35]

text: Gerald Mast writes,

text: "Like the gravedigger in Hamlet, the Squire [...] treats death as a bitter and hopeless joke. Since we all play chess with death, and since we all must suffer through that hopeless joke, the only question about the game is how long it will last and how well we will play it. To play it well, to live, is to love and not to hate the body and the mortal as the Church urges in Bergman's metaphor."[36]

text: Melvyn Bragg writes,

text: "[I]t is constructed like an argument. It is a story told as a sermon might be delivered: an allegory...each scene is at once so simple and so charged and layered that it catches us again and again...Somehow all of Bergman's own past, that of his father, that of his reading and doing and seeing, that of his Swedish culture, of his political burning and religious melancholy, poured into a series of pictures which carry that swell of contributions and contradictions so effortlessly that you could tell the story to a child, publish it as a storybook of photographs and yet know that the deepest questions of religion and the most mysterious revelation of simply being alive are both addressed."[37]

text: The Jesuit publication America identifies it as having begun "a series of seven films that explored the possibility of faith in a post-Holocaust, nuclear age".[38] Likewise, film historians Thomas W. Bohn and Richard L. Stromgren identify this film as beginning "his cycle of films dealing with the conundrum of religious faith".[39]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Upon its original Swedish release, The Seventh Seal was met with a somewhat divided critical response; its cinematography was widely praised, while "Bergman the scriptwriter [was] lambasted."[40] Swedish journalist and critic Nils Beyer, writing for Morgon-tidningen, compared it to Carl Theodor Dreyer's The Passion of Joan of Arc and Day of Wrath. While finding Dreyer's films to be superior, he still noted that "it isn't just any director that you feel like comparing to the old Danish master." He also praised the usage of the cast, in particular Max von Sydow whose character he described as "a pale, serious Don Quixote character with a face as if sculpted in wood", and "Bibi Andersson, who appears as if painted in faded watercolours but still can emit small delicious glimpses of female warmth." Hanserik Hjertén for Arbetaren started his review by praising the cinematography but soon went on to describe the film as "a horror film for children" and said that beyond the superficial, it is mostly reminiscent of Bergman's "sophomoric films from the 40s."[13]

text: Bergman's international reputation, on the other hand, was largely cemented by The Seventh Seal.[40] Bosley Crowther had only positive things to say in his 1958 review for The New York Times, and praised how the themes were elevated by the cinematography and acting: "the profundities of the ideas are lightened and made flexible by glowing pictorial presentation of action that is interesting and strong. Mr. Bergman uses his camera and actors for sharp, realistic effects."[41]

text: The film is now regarded as a masterpiece of cinema.[42] Empire magazine ranked it the eighth-greatest film of world cinema in 2010.[43] In a poll held by the same magazine, it was voted 335th 'Greatest Movie of All Time' from a list of 500.[44] In addition, on the 100th anniversary of cinema in 1995, the Vatican included The Seventh Seal in its list of its 45 "great films" for its thematic values.[45]

text: The film was selected as the Swedish entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 30th Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee.[46]

text: On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 92% based on 53 reviews, with an average rating of 9.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "Narratively bold and visually striking, The Seventh Seal brought Ingmar Bergman to the world stage -- and remains every bit as compelling today".[47]

text: Impact[edit]

text: The Seventh Seal significantly helped Bergman in gaining his position as a world-class director. When the film won the Special Jury Prize at the 1957 Cannes Film Festival,[48] the attention generated by it (along with the previous year's Smiles of a Summer Night) made Bergman and his stars Max von Sydow and Bibi Andersson well-known to the European film community, and the critics and readers of Cahiers du Cinéma, among others, discovered him with this movie. Within five years of this, he had established himself as the first real auteur of Swedish cinema. With its images and reflections upon death and the meaning of life, The Seventh Seal had a symbolism that was "immediately apprehensible to people trained in literary culture who were just beginning to discover the 'art' of film, and it quickly became a staple of high school and college literature courses... Unlike Hollywood 'movies,' The Seventh Seal clearly was aware of elite artistic culture and thus was readily appreciated by intellectual audiences."[49]

text: Film and television[edit]

text: The representation of Death as a white-faced man who wears a dark cape and plays chess with mortals has been a popular object of parody in other films and television.

text: Several films and comedy sketches portray Death as playing games other than or in addition to chess. In the final scene of the 1968 film De Düva (mock Swedish for "The Dove"), a 15-minute pastiche of Bergman's work generally and his Wild Strawberries in particular, the protagonist plays badminton against Death and wins when the droppings of a passing dove strike Death in the eye. The photography imitates throughout the style of Bergman's cinematographers Sven Nykqvist and Gunnar Fischer.[50]

text: The protagonists of the 1991 science-fiction comedy Bill & Ted's Bogus Journey return to life by defeating Death (played by William Sadler) at Battleship, Clue, electric football, and Twister. After each of the first three games, Death insists that the competition be extended to a "best-of-three," "-five," and then "-seven" series, but after being beaten in four games he concedes defeat.

text: In Last Action Hero, Death (played by Ian McKellen) emerges from the film of the same name (The Seventh Seal).

text: In Monty Python and the Holy Grail the flagellant scene is depicted by monks smacking themselves in the head while reciting alines from the Dies Irae" In Monty Python's Meaning of Life Death appears at a dinner party in much the same guise.

text: In the animated feature Animalympics, the film is alluded to as the newest cinematic project of actor and sports commentator Bjorn Freeborg, with one "Ingmar Birdman" (a nominal parody of the film's director) directing. This sequence utilizes the reproduction of a screenshot of the famous chess-play scene, with Freeborg playing the role of Death.

text: Woody Allen's one-act play entitled Death Knocks, part of his anthology Getting Even, depicts a man playing gin rummy against Death. Allen, an enormous fan of Ingmar Bergman,[51] references Bergman's work in his serious dramas as well as his comedies;[52] his Love and Death, a broad parody of 19th-century Russian novels, closes with a "Dance of Death" scene imitating Bergman's.

text: The film is also seen in the Håkan Bråkan, the 2003 SVT Christmas calendar series, based on works by Anders Jacobsson and Sören Olssons , where Håkan watches the movie[53] — even an animated version appears.

text: Popular music[edit]

text: The song "The Seventh Seal" on Scott Walker's 1969 album Scott 4 is based on the film.[citation needed]

text: On Dance of Death (2003), the thirteenth studio album by British heavy metal band Iron Maiden, the album's title track was inspired by the final scene of The Seventh Seal, at the end of which, according to guitarist Janick Gers, "these figures on the horizon start doing a little jig, which is the dance of death.".[54]

text: Opera[edit]

text: In 2016 composer João MacDowell premiered in New York City at Scandinavia House the music for the first act of "The Seventh Seal" a work in progress under contract with the Ingmar Bergman Foundation, sung in Swedish. The work is under production by the International Brazilian Opera (IBOC) as part of the celebrations for the Ingmar Bergman centenary in 2018.[55][56][57][58]

text: The posters for the opera with photography by Athena Azevedo and design by Toshiaki Ide and Hisa Ide, featuring dancer Eliana Carneiro, in a collaboration work by the International Brazilian Opera (IBOC) and IF Studio LLC, have won multiple prizes in the Graphis Inc. International Competition, including double Platinum in the Poster and Design categories.[59][60]


document_title: Kelley School of Business

question_text: who is kelley school of business named after

root

text: Kelley School of Business

text: History[edit]

text: The School was established as "School of Commerce and Finance" of Indiana University in 1920. It was subsequently renamed "School of Business Administration" in 1933 and "School of Business" in 1938. In 1997 it was named "Kelley School of Business" after its alumnus, E.W. Kelley, Chairman of the Steak n Shake Company, gave a substantial donation of $23 million.

tag: p

text: Initially it resided in the Commerce Building constructed in 1923 (William A. Rawles Hall since 1971), moving to the Business and Economics Building in 1940 (called Woodburn Hall since 1971) and finally to today's Business School building in 1966.

text: Although they had been holding classes in Indianapolis since 1961, it wasn't until the Fall of 1974 that the Kelley School of Business officially expanded to Indianapolis. It resides in the Business/Spea building on the IUPUI campus. During the expansion, it was said that the Kelley School of Business is "one school, one faculty, one curriculum in two locations." The dean's office is located on the Bloomington campus, but two positions, Executive Associate Dean - Indianapolis and Associate Dean of Indianapolis Research and Programs, were created to lead the Kelley School of Business curriculum, faculty and programs at IUPUI.[3]

text: Completed in 2003, the $33 million Graduate and Executive Education Center provides state-of-the-art learning facilities to the Kelley School's graduate and executive education students and houses some of the nation's top-ranked programs and research centers. Featuring elegant limestone and oak architecture, the building provides students and faculty with every imaginable technological advantage and connects with the undergraduate facilities via a two-story limestone walkway.

text: In 2003, the Kelley School partnered with the Scotts Miracle-Gro Company to launch Bloomington Brands, a unique brand management work-study program for both undergraduates and MBA students.[4] Participating students manage the Osmocote Plant Food brand under contract from Scotts. Bob Stohler, a former Scotts executive, instructs and oversees the students. Students manage all marketing variables for the Osmocote brand, including the selection of product formulas, sizes, packages, and pricing, as well as the development of marketing strategy, advertising, media purchase and selection, promotional activities, and consumer research. Brands students work closely with multiple business functions at Scotts.[5]

text: In the Summer of 2005 interim Dean Dan Smith was appointed to be the new dean of the school, replacing Dean Dan Dalton who stepped down in 2004.

text: In a ceremony on October 21, 2005, the Kelley School renamed its Graduate and Executive Education Center in honor of William J. Godfrey, an alumnus and successful businessman who bequeathed land valued at $25 million—the single largest gift in the Kelley School's history.[6]

text: On March 30, 2012, the Kelley School renamed its Undergraduate Building Hodge Hall in honor of James R. Hodge who gifted $15 million to help renovate and expand the facility. The $60 million expansion and renovation of Hodge Hall broke ground in May 2012 and opened in the fall of 2014. [7]The Eli Lilly Foundation donated a substantial amount as well.[8]

text: In June 2012 Dean Dan Smith stepped down as Dean of the school after serving as dean for seven years to take a new position as President and CEO of the Indiana University Foundation.[9] On May 9, 2013, interim Dean Idalene Kesner was announced as the new dean of the school. Dean Kesner is the first woman to serve as dean of the Kelley School of Business.[10]

text: Rankings[edit]

text:
Business school rankings

Worldwide MBA

Business Insider[11]
21

U.S. MBA

Bloomberg Businessweek[12]
15

Forbes[13]
19

U.S. News & World Report[14]
21

U.S. undergraduate

Bloomberg Businessweek[15]
4

U.S. News & World Report[16]
9

tag: table

text: The Kelley School of Business undergraduate program has been ranked top 15 in the nation for over fifteen years and top 10 in the last four, across various publications.

text: The Kelley School of Business is ranked 9th, tied with Cornell University, for its Undergraduate Business Program according to US News & World Report. In 2016, Kelley was ranked 4th for its undergraduate B.S. program in business by Bloomberg Businessweek and 1st among public institutions out of over 100 of the top business schools in America.[17] In 2015, Kelley was also ranked 4th. The Master of Business Administration (MBA) program was ranked 16th by Business Week in 2014;[18] it was ranked fifth for regional MBA programs by the Wall Street Journal in 2007. The 2016 ranking for "Best Undergraduate Business Schools" by Poets & Quants ranked the Kelley School of Business 7th in the nation and 2nd among public schools. Kelley is also ranked 2nd in academic excellence. It lists anacceptance rate under 40% with 75% of students being in the top 10 of their high schools, and average ACT/SAT scores of 30/1387.[19] Poets & Quants also ranked Kelley's MBA program 5th in the nation in producing Fortune 500 CEOs.[20] Bloomberg Businessweek ranked its full-time MBA program at #15 in the 2012 edition, and at #4 among all public universities.[18] In 2016, The Economist ranked the Kelley MBA #30 in the world. [21]Its top-ranked MBA program for full-time residential students has been cited in Business Week as one of the favorites of corporate recruiters looking for general managers, marketing talent, and finance graduates. In a 2016 survey of over 1,000 recruiters by Bloomberg Businessweek, the undergraduate school was ranked 4th in the nation, 1st among public universities.[22]

text: The 2017 U.S. News & World Report ranks Kelley's Online Graduate Business Program #1 in the nation, and the online MBA #3.[23]

text: Teaching quality in core classes has been ranked #1 in the nation by both the Princeton Review and Business Week. The school's doctoral program has contributed to overall teaching and research by sending more than 1,000 doctoral graduates to key positions in industry and academe. Most recently, Kelley's undergraduate school was ranked 8th in the nation by Business Week, one behind the University of Pennsylvania Wharton School. The entrepreneurship program was ranked #1 in the nation among public business schools in the same report.[24]

text: In 2017, U.S. News ranked these undergraduate programs in the top 12 in the nation:

text:
Accounting: 8th
Entrepreneurship: 6th
Finance: 7th
Management: 7th
Management Information Systems: 7th
Marketing: 6th
Production/Operations Management: 11th
Quantitative Analysis: 11th
Real Estate: 12th
International Business: 20th

tag: ul

text: As of late 2017, 10 business concentrations have been ranked in the Top 20.

text: In the 2010 QS Global 200 Business Schools Report[25] the school was indexed as the 24th best business school in North America (for MBA). Fortune Small Business magazine listed Kelley’s MBA and undergraduate programs in entrepreneurship No. 1 among all public universities in the nation in 2009.

text: The Kelley School of Business is among the elite 25 percent of undergraduate business programs internationally accredited by the AACSB International — The Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business.

text: Academics[edit]

text: The Business/SPEA Information Commons on the Bloomington campus serves the research and study needs of students and faculty of both the School of Business and the School of Public and Environmental Affairs.

text: The Godfrey Graduate and Executive Education Center[edit]

text: The Godfrey Center has 180,000 sq ft (17,000 m2) of classroom and office space for use by graduate students, corporate recruiters, executive visitors and administrators. It houses administrative offices for the Master of Business Administration program, Kelley Executive Partners, Kelley Direct, the Johnson Center for Entrepreneurship and Innovation, and graduate accounting and information systems programs.

text: The Kelley School renamed its Graduate and Executive Education Center in honor of William J. Godfrey, an alumnus and successful businessman who has bequeathed land valued at $25 million.

text: The building features classrooms and other facilities that maximize student-faculty interaction in a collaborative setting. The most wired building on the Bloomington campus, it features both direct and wireless connectivity that will help students both inside and outside the classroom. Other special features include a trading room, which includes informational resources comparable to most Wall Street firms, allowing students and faculty to monitor the markets, develop financial products, and engage into trading activities with other counterparties. The Princeton Review recently ranked Kelley's quality of facilities as #2 in the nation.

text: Notable alumni[edit]

text:
Klaus Agthe, former Chairman of the Board and CEO of ASEA Brown Boveri
Marshall Armstrong, Chairman, Financial Accounting Standards Board
Evan Bayh, former United States Senator from Indiana[26]
Steve Bellamy, founder of The Tennis Channel
John Chambers, President and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Cisco Systems[26]
Joe Clayton, Former Chairman of the Board of Sirius Satellite Radio[26]
Mark Cuban, billionaire and owner of the Dallas Mavericks
Scott Dorsey, co-founder of ExactTarget, co-founder of High Alpha[27]
John Eck, President of the NBC TV Network and Media Works[26]
Jeff M. Fettig, Chairman and CEO of the Whirlpool Corporation[28]
Philip L. Francis, Chairman and CEO of PetSmart Inc.[29]
Deepender Singh Hooda, the youngest member of the Parliament of India[26]
E.W. Kelley, "modern-day" founder of Steak 'n Shake. His philanthropic actions have led to the naming of the Kelley School of Business.
Paul O'Neill, former Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Alcoa, former United States Secretary of the Treasury
Harold Poling, former Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of Ford Motor Company
Frank Popoff, former President and Chief Executive Officer, The Dow Chemical Company
Jay Schottenstein, billionaire and owner of DSW, Inc. and American Eagle Outfitters
Salman Shah, Caretaker Minister of Finance, Pakistan
David Simon, Chief Executive Officer of Simon Property Group
Michael Szymanczyk, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Philip Morris USA
Michael J. Tattersfield, CEO of Caribou Coffee[27]
Randy Tobias, former Chief Executive Officer of Eli Lilly and Company and former U.S. Ambassador
Todd Wagner, Chief Executive Officer of 2929 Entertainment, founder of Todd Wagner Foundation, co-founder of Broadcast.com
Jimmy Wales, former Chief Executive Officer of Bomis, co-founder of Wikipedia, president of the Wikimedia Foundation[30]
Robert James Waller, author of The Bridges of Madison County
Darryl L. Wilson, Vice President and Chief Commercial Officer for General Electric (GE)[31]

text: Notable faculty[edit]

text:
Shelli Yoder, lecturer - Former Democratic Party nominee for U.S. Congress
Michael Baye, professor - Former Director of the Bureau of Economics for the US Federal Trade Commission.


document_title: The Doctor Blake Mysteries

question_text: who plays the superintendent in doctor blake mysteries

text: The Doctor Blake Mysteries

text: Original broadcasts[edit]

text: The series is produced by Tony Wright and George Adams.[6] A fifth series was commissioned as the final season of the programme, followed by a telemovie to end the series in 2017;[7] It was anticipated that the fifth series would air from April 2017, but instead commenced in September, so that the movie-length finale could be shown at the close of the series with no gap.[8]

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Doctor Lucien Blake left Australia in his 20s to study medicine in Scotland. Following a posting at a London hospital, he joined the British Army as a medical officer. During World War II, Blake's service included the Far East, where he fell in love with and married a Chinese woman, with whom he had a child. However, at the fall of Singapore, he lost sight of both of them. He searched for them all the time he was away, and continues the search after he arrives in Ballarat. Dr Blake also spent time in Thailand's Ban Pong POW camp. After a 33-year absence, Blake returned home in 1959 to take over his late father's practice as a medical general practitioner and also becomes the Ballarat area police surgeon.

text: Jean Beazley is Blake's receptionist and housekeeper. Having previously served in the same capacity for his father, Jean has difficulty adjusting to Lucien's eccentric and sometimes oblivious behaviour; although considered old-fashioned in her ideas about womanhood, she occasionally challenges Blake's expectation that she wait on him hand and foot. Her husband died in the war and she is aware that her living with the unattached Blake is a source of gossip. Shrewd and observant, she guards her territory zealously, missing nothing and expertly sifting gossip for kernels of fact, which she dispenses when necessary. Her maternal tendencies are often a source of annoyance to her nephew Danny Parks, whom she treats like a son, and lodger Mattie O'Brien, whose outgoing attitude she does not understand at all. When Danny Parks moves out, police sergeant Charlie Davis becomes a lodger in the house.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Craig McLachlan as Doctor Lucien Blake
Nadine Garner as Jean Beazley
Cate Wolfe as Matilda "Mattie" O'Brien (Series 1–4.2)
Joel Tobeck as Chief Superintendent (later Chief Inspector) Matthew Lawson (Series 1–4.1, 5.1–)
Rick Donald as Constable (later Sergeant) Daniel Parks (Series 1, 5)
Sara Gleeson as Joy McDonald (Series 1–2.1)
Charlie Cousins as Constable (later Sergeant) Charlie Davis (Series 2–)
Belinda McClory as Alice Harvey (Series 2–)
John Wood as Patrick Tyneman (Series 1–5)
Craig Hall as Chief Supt William Munro (Series 3, 5)
John Stanton as Douglas Ashby (Series 1–3)
Neil Pigot as Major Derek Alderton (Series 1, 4)
David Whiteley as Sergeant Bill Hobart
Ian Rooney as Cec Drury
Lee Beckhurst as Edward Tyneman (Series 1–5)
Rodger Corser as Chief Supt Frank Carlyle (Series 4)
Anna McGahan as Rose Anderson (Series 4–)
Ling-Hsueh Tang as Mei Lin Blake (Series 4)

text: Production[edit]

text: The series is set and mostly filmed in the gold rush city of Ballarat, in Victoria.[6] It features Lydiard Street and many of the heritage buildings, including the Colonists Club, of which Lucien Blake is a member. External shots of the house and studio formerly owned by the muralist Napier Waller, in Melbourne, are used as a backdrop to represent Dr Blake's house.[9][10]

text: The Doctor Blake Mysteries is produced by Melbourne-based December Media in association with Film Victoria and ABC Television, which also broadcasts it in Australia on ABC. The international sales are handled by British ITV Studios Global Entertainment.[11]

text: The fourth series began airing on 5 February 2016.[12] In March 2017, it was announced that the programme would be ending, with a television-movie airing after season five.[7] Filming of the fifth season began in August 2016, then recommenced in August 2017 for filming of the movie-length finale.[13] The fifth series began airing on 17 September 2017.[14]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: It premiered in the United Kingdom on 25 November 2013 on BBC One.[15] It is also shown by a number of other European TV channels and in New Zealand.[16]  The series airs on selected Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) stations in the United States.[17] For streaming video, Series 1 through 3 are available on Netflix and Series 4 and 5 on BritBox in the US.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: SeriesEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast airedNetwork1101 February 2013 (2013-02-01)5 April 2013 (2013-04-05)ABC2107 February 2014 (2014-02-07)11 April 2014 (2014-04-11)3813 February 2015 (2015-02-13)3 April 2015 (2015-04-03)485 February 2016 (2016-02-05)25 March 2016 (2016-03-25)5817 September 2017 (2017-09-17)5 November 2017 (2017-11-05)Telemovie12 November 2017 (2017-11-12)

text: Sequel[edit]

text: In October 2017, the Seven Network announced they acquired production rights for 2018.[2] A sequel series, possibly titled The Blake Mysteries is proposed by the Seven Network and supported by Screen Australia. The series would open with a telemovie, similar in length to the finale that closed the five seasons of The Doctor Blake Mysteries.[4] Although lead actor Craig McLachlan was cleared of sexual harassment charges, he and his character will not be part of the plots of the sequel, which will begin three years after the end of the present series, and is expected to include the regular characters of the present cast.[4] The plots of four telemovies will see Doctor Lucien Blake disappear in mysterious circumstances, with his new bride Jean Beazley to take on a more central role.[5]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year

Award

Category

Nominee

Result

2014

Logie Awards

Most Outstanding Actor[18]

Craig McLachlan

Nominated

2015

Most Popular Actor[19]

Nominated

2016

Best Actor[20]

Nominated

text: Home Media[edit]

text:
DVD Title

Episodes

Aspect ratio

Running time

Region 1

Region 2

Region 4

Series One
10
16:9
570 minutes
April 26, 2016
December 9, 2013
April 24, 2013

Series Two
10
16:9
570 minutes
September 30, 2016
March 30, 2015
June 9, 2014

Series Three
8
16:9
570 minutes
January 3, 2017
January 8, 2016
April 30, 2015

Series Four
8
16:9
450 minutes
January 16, 2018

January 30, 2017
May 5, 2016

Series Five
8
16:9
450 minutes
January 15, 2019
January 2018
June 2017


document_title: Memorial Day

question_text: when was decoration day changed to memorial day

text: Memorial Day

text: History[edit]

text: The practice of decorating soldiers' graves with flowers is an ancient custom.[5] Soldiers' graves were decorated in the U.S. before[6] and during the American Civil War.

text: Some believe that an annual cemetery decoration practice began before the American Civil War and thus may reflect the real origin of the "memorial day" idea.[7] Annual Decoration Days for particular cemeteries are still held on a Sunday in late spring or early summer in some rural areas of the American South, notably in the mountain areas. In cases involving a family graveyard where remote ancestors as well as those who were deceased more recently are buried, this may take on the character of an extended family reunion to which some people travel hundreds of miles. People gather, put flowers on graves and renew contacts with relatives and others. There often is a religious service and a picnic-like "dinner on the grounds," the traditional term for a potluck meal at a church.[7]

text: On June 3, 1861, Warrenton, Virginia was the location of the first Civil War soldier's grave ever to be decorated, according to a Richmond Times-Dispatch newspaper article in 1906.[8] In 1862, women in Savannah, Georgia decorated Confederate soldiers' graves according to the Savannah Republican.[9] The 1863 cemetery dedication at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, was a ceremony of commemoration at the graves of dead soldiers. On July 4, 1864, ladies decorated soldiers' graves according to local historians in Boalsburg, Pennsylvania.[10] and Boalsburg promotes itself as the birthplace of Memorial Day.[11]

text: In April 1865, following President Abraham Lincoln's assassination, commemorations were ubiquitous. The more than 600,000 soldiers of both sides who died in the Civil War meant that burial and memorialization took on new cultural significance. Under the leadership of women during the war, an increasingly formal practice of decorating graves had taken shape. In 1865, the federal government began creating national military cemeteries for the Union war dead.[12]

text: A decoration day observance on May 1, 1865, in Charleston, South Carolina led historian David W. Blight to claim that "African Americans invented Memorial Day in Charleston, South Carolina",[13] based on accounts in the Charleston Daily Courier and coverage by the New-York Tribune. In 2012, Blight stated that he "has no evidence" that the event in Charleston inspired the establishment of Memorial Day across the country.[14] Accordingly, Snopes labeled the claim that the holiday began in Charleston "false."[15]

text: In 1868, General John A. Logan of the Grand Army of the Republic, an organization of Union veterans founded in Decatur, Illinois, established Decoration Day as a time for the nation to decorate the graves of the Union war dead with flowers.[16] By the 20th century, various Union and Confederate memorial traditions, celebrated on different days, merged, and Memorial Day eventually extended to honor all Americans who died while in the military service.[1]

text: On May 26, 1966, President Lyndon B. Johnson designated an "official" birthplace of the holiday by signing the presidential proclamation naming Waterloo, New York, as the holder of the title. This action followed House Concurrent Resolution 587, in which the 89th Congress had officially recognized that the patriotic tradition of observing Memorial Day had begun one hundred years prior in Waterloo, New York.[17] The village credits druggist Henry C. Welles and county clerk John B. Murray as the founders of the holiday. Snopes and Live Science discredit the Waterloo account.[18][19]

text: In the North[edit]

text: On May 5, 1868, General John A. Logan issued a proclamation calling for "Decoration Day" to be observed annually and nationwide; he was commander-in-chief of the Grand Army of the Republic, the veterans' organization for Union Civil War veterans.[7] With his proclamation, Logan adopted the Memorial Day practice that had begun in the Southern states three years earlier.[20][21][22]

text: The first northern Memorial Day was observed on May 30, 1868. One author claims that the date was chosen because it was not the anniversary of any particular battle.[23] According to a White House address in 2010, the date was chosen as the optimal date for flowers to be in bloom in the North.[24]

text: The northern states quickly adopted the holiday. In 1868, memorial events were held in 183 cemeteries in 27 states, and 336 in 1869.[25] In 1871, Michigan made "Decoration Day" an official state holiday and by 1890, every northern state had followed suit. The ceremonies were sponsored by the Women's Relief Corps, the women's auxiliary of the Grand Army of the Republic (GAR), which had 100,000 members. By 1870, the remains of nearly 300,000 Union dead had been reinterred in 73 national cemeteries, located near major battlefields and thus mainly in the South. The most famous are Gettysburg National Cemetery in Pennsylvania and Arlington National Cemetery, near Washington, DC.[26]

text: Memorial Day speeches became an occasion for veterans, politicians, and ministers to commemorate the Civil War and, at first, to rehash the "atrocities" of the enemy. They mixed religion and celebratory nationalism for the people to make sense of their history in terms of sacrifice for a better nation. People of all religious beliefs joined together and the point was often made that the German and Irish soldiers had become true Americans in the "baptism of blood" on the battlefield.[27]

text: Since 1868 Doylestown, Pennsylvania has run annual Memorial Day parades which it claims to be the nation's oldest continuously running; however, the Memorial Day parade in Rochester, Wisconsin predates Doylestown's by one year.[28][29]

text: In the South[edit]

text: The U.S. National Park Service[30] and numerous scholars attribute the beginning of a Memorial Day practice in the South to the ladies of Columbus, Georgia.[31][32][33][34][35][36][37] On April 25, 1866, women in Columbus, Mississippi laid flowers on the graves of both the Union and Confederate dead in the city's cemetery.[38] The early southern Memorial Day celebrations were simple, somber occasions for veterans and their families to honor the dead and tend to local cemeteries.[39]

text: Historians acknowledge the Ladies Memorial Association played a key role in these rituals of preservation of Confederate "memory."[40] Various dates ranging from April 25 to mid-June were adopted in different Southern states. Across the South, associations were founded, many by women, to establish and care for permanent cemeteries for the Confederate dead, organize commemorative ceremonies, and sponsor appropriate monuments as a permanent way of remembering the Confederate dead. The most important of these was the United Daughters of the Confederacy, which grew from 17,000 members in 1900 to nearly 100,000 women by World War I. They were "strikingly successful at raising money to build Confederate monuments, lobbying legislatures and Congress for the reburial of Confederate dead, and working to shape the content of history textbooks."[41]

text: In 1868, some southerners appended the label "Confederate" to what they originally called "Memorial Day" after northerners co-opted the holiday.[42] The tradition of observances were linked to the South, they served as the prototype for the national day of memory embraced by the nation in 1868.[30][43]

text: By 1890, there was a shift from the emphasis on honoring specific soldiers to a public commemoration of the Confederate south.[39] Changes in the ceremony's hymns and speeches reflect an evolution of the ritual into a symbol of cultural renewal and conservatism in the South. By 1913, David Blight argues, the theme of American nationalism shared equal time with the Confederate.[44]

text: At Gettysburg[edit]

text: Starting in 1868, the ceremonies and Memorial Day address at Gettysburg National Park became nationally known. In July 1913, veterans of the United States and Confederate armies gathered in Gettysburg to commemorate the fifty-year anniversary of the Civil War's bloodiest and most famous battle.[45]

text: The four-day "Blue-Gray Reunion" featured parades, re-enactments, and speeches from a host of dignitaries, including President Woodrow Wilson, the first Southerner elected to the White House after the War.[citation needed] James Heflin of Alabama gave the main address.[citation needed] Heflin was a noted orator; His choice as Memorial Day speaker was criticized, as he was opposed for his support of segregation; however, his speech was moderate in tone and stressed national unity and goodwill, gaining him praise from newspapers.[citation needed]

text: Since the cemetery dedication at Gettysburg occurred on November 19, that day (or the closest weekend) has been designated as their own local memorial day that is referred to as Remembrance Day.[46]

text: Name and date[edit]

text: The preferred name for the holiday gradually changed from "Decoration Day" to "Memorial Day," which was first used in 1882.[47] Memorial Day did not become the more common name until after World War II, and was not declared the official name by Federal law until 1967.[48] On June 28, 1968, Congress passed the Uniform Monday Holiday Act, which moved four holidays, including Memorial Day, from their traditional dates to a specified Monday in order to create a convenient three-day weekend.[49] The change moved Memorial Day from its traditional May 30 date to the last Monday in May. The law took effect at the federal level in 1971.[49] After some initial confusion and unwillingness to comply, all 50 states adopted Congress' change of date within a few years.

text: Memorial Day endures as a holiday which most businesses observe because it marks the unofficial beginning of summer. The Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW) and Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War (SUVCW) advocate returning to the original date, although the significance of the date is tenuous. The VFW stated in a 2002 Memorial Day Address:

text: Changing the date merely to create three-day weekends has undermined the very meaning of the day. No doubt, this has contributed a lot to the general public's nonchalant observance of Memorial Day.[50]

text: Starting in 1987 Hawaii's Senator Daniel Inouye, a World War II veteran, introduced a measure to return Memorial Day to its traditional date. Inouye continued introducing the resolution until his death in 2012.[51]

text: 20th century[edit]

text: On Memorial Day, the flag of the United States is raised briskly to the top of the staff and then solemnly lowered to the half-staff position, where it remains only until noon.[52] It is then raised to full-staff for the remainder of the day.[53]

text: The half-staff position remembers the more than one million men and women who gave their lives in service of their country. At noon, their memory is raised by the living, who resolve not to let their sacrifice be in vain, but to rise up in their stead and continue the fight for liberty and justice for all.

text: The National Memorial Day Concert takes place[when?] on the west lawn of the United States Capitol.[54] The concert is broadcast on PBS and NPR. Music is performed, and respect is paid to the men and women who gave their lives for their country.

text: For many Americans, the central event is attending one of the thousands of parades held on Memorial Day in large and small cities all over the country.[according to whom?] Most of these feature marching bands and an overall military theme with the National Guard and other servicemen participating along with veterans and military vehicles from various wars.[citation needed]

text: One of the longest-standing traditions is the running of the Indianapolis 500, an auto race which has been held in conjunction with Memorial Day since 1911.[55] It runs on the Sunday preceding the Memorial Day holiday. Since 1961 NASCAR's Coca-Cola 600 has been held the same day.[citation needed] Since 1976 The Memorial Tournament golf event has been held on or close to the Memorial Day weekend.[citation needed] The final of the NCAA Division I Men's Lacrosse Championship is held on Memorial Day.[citation needed]

text: In 2000, Congress passed the National Moment of Remembrance Act, asking people to stop and remember at 3:00 PM.[56]

text: Poppies[edit]

text: In 1915, following the Second Battle of Ypres, Lieutenant Colonel John McCrae, a physician with the Canadian Expeditionary Force, wrote the poem, "In Flanders Fields". Its opening lines refer to the fields of poppies that grew among the soldiers' graves in Flanders.

text: In 1918, inspired by the poem, YWCA worker Moina Michael attended a YWCA Overseas War Secretaries' conference wearing a silk poppy pinned to her coat and distributed over two dozen more to others present. In 1920, the National American Legion adopted it as their official symbol of remembrance.[57]

text: As civil religious holiday[edit]

text: Scholars,[58][59][60][61] following the lead of sociologist Robert Bellah, often make the argument that the United States has a secular "civil religion" – one with no association with any religious denomination or viewpoint – that has incorporated Memorial Day as a sacred event. With the Civil War, a new theme of death, sacrifice and rebirth enters the civil religion. Memorial Day gave ritual expression to these themes, integrating the local community into a sense of nationalism. The American civil religion, in contrast to that of France, was never anticlerical or militantly secular; in contrast to Britain, it was not tied to a specific denomination, such as the Church of England. The Americans borrowed from different religious traditions so that the average American saw no conflict between the two, and deep levels of personal motivation were aligned with attaining national goals.[62]

text: Memorial Day has been called a "modern cult of the dead". It incorporates Christian themes of sacrifice while uniting citizens of various faiths.[63]

text: In film, literature, and music[edit]

text: Films[edit]

text:
Memorial Day (2012) is a war film starring James Cromwell, Jonathan Bennett, and John Cromwell.
Logan Lucky (2017) starring Channing Tatum

text: Music[edit]

text: Charles Ives's symphonic poem Decoration Day depicted the holiday as he experienced it in his childhood, with his father's band leading the way to the town cemetery, the playing of "Taps" on a trumpet, and a livelier march tune on the way back to the town. It is frequently played with three other Ives works based on holidays, as the second movement of A Symphony: New England Holidays.

text: Poetry[edit]

text: Poems commemorating Memorial Day include:

text:
Michael Anania's "Memorial Day" (1994)[64]
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's "Decoration Day" (1882)[65]
Joyce Kilmer's "Memorial Day"

text: Observance dates (1971–present)[edit]

text:
Year
Memorial Day

1972
2000
2028
2056
2084

May 29

1973
2001
2029
2057
2085

May 28

1974
2002
2030
2058
2086

May 27

1975
2003
2031
2059
2087

May 26

1976
2004
2032
2060
2088
2100
May 31

1977
2005
2033
2061
2089
2101
May 30

1978
2006
2034
2062
2090
2102
May 29

1979
2007
2035
2063
2091
2103
May 28

1980
2008
2036
2064
2092
2104
May 26

1981
2009
2037
2065
2093
2105
May 25

1982
2010
2038
2066
2094
2106
May 31

1983
2011
2039
2067
2095
2107
May 30

1984
2012
2040
2068
2096
2108
May 28

1985
2013
2041
2069
2097
2109
May 27

1986
2014
2042
2070
2098
2110
May 26

1987
2015
2043
2071
2099
2111
May 25

1988
2016
2044
2072

2112
May 30

1989
2017
2045
2073

2113
May 29

1990
2018
2046
2074

2114
May 28

1991
2019
2047
2075

2115
May 27

1992
2020
2048
2076

2116
May 25

1993
2021
2049
2077

2117
May 31

1994
2022
2050
2078

2118
May 30

1995
2023
2051
2079

2119
May 29

1996
2024
2052
2080

2120
May 27

1997
2025
2053
2081

2121
May 26

1998
2026
2054
2082

2122
May 25

1971
1999
2027
2055
2083

2123
May 31


document_title: Academy Award for Best Director

question_text: who was the first woman to be nominated for best director at the academy awards

text: Academy Award for Best Director

text: Winners and nominees[edit]

text: In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of film release in Los Angeles County, California; the ceremonies are always held the following year.[9] For the first five ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned twelve months from August 1 to July 31.[10] For the 6th ceremony held in 1934, the eligibility period lasted from August 1, 1932, to December 31, 1933.[10] Since the 7th ceremony held in 1935, the period of eligibility became the full previous calendar year from January 1 to December 31.[10]

text:
Table key

Indicates the winner

text:
Year
Director(s)
Film
Ref.

1927/28
(1st)
Borzage !Frank Borzage (Dramatic)
7th Heaven
[11]

Brenon !Herbert Brenon (Dramatic)
Sorrell and Son

Vidor !King Vidor (Dramatic)
Crowd !The Crowd

Milestone !Lewis Milestone (Comedy)
Two Arabian Knights

Wilde !Ted Wilde (Comedy)
Speedy

1928/1929
(2nd)
[note 1]
Lloyd !Frank Lloyd
Divine !The Divine Lady
[12]

Barrymore !Lionel Barrymore
Madame X

Beaumont !Harry Beaumont
Broadway !The Broadway Melody

Cummings !Irving Cummings
In Old Arizona

Lloyd !Frank Lloyd
Drag

Weary River

Lubitsch !Ernst Lubitsch
Patriot !The Patriot

text:
Year
Director(s)
Film
Ref.

1929/1930
(3rd)
Milestone !Lewis Milestone
All Quiet on the Western Front
[13]

Brown !Clarence Brown
Anna Christie

Romance

Leonard !Robert Z. Leonard
Divorcee !The Divorcee

Lubitsch !Ernst Lubitsch
Love !The Love Parade

Vidor !King Vidor
Hallelujah!

1930/1931
(4th)
Taurog !Norman Taurog
Skippy
[14]

Brown !Clarence Brown
Free !A Free Soul

Milestone !Lewis Milestone
Front !The Front Page

Ruggles !Wesley Ruggles
Cimarron

Sternberg !Josef von Sternberg
Morocco

1931/1932
(5th)
Borzage !Frank Borzage
Bad Girl
[15]

Vidor !King Vidor
Champ !The Champ

Sternberg !Josef von Sternberg
Shanghai Express

1932/1933
(6th)
Lloyd !Frank Lloyd
Cavalcade
[16]

Capra !Frank Capra
Lady for a Day

Cukor !George Cukor
Little Women

1934
(7th)
Capra !Frank Capra
It Happened One Night
[17]

Schertzinger !Victor Schertzinger
One Night of Love

Van Dyke !W. S. Van Dyke
Thin !The Thin Man

1935
(8th)
Ford !John Ford
Informer !The Informer
[18]

Hathaway !Henry Hathaway
Lives !The Lives of a Bengal Lancer

Lloyd !Frank Lloyd
Mutiny on the Bounty

1936
(9th)
Capra !Frank Capra
Mr. Deeds Goes to Town
[19]

La Cava !Gregory La Cava
My Man Godfrey

Leonard !Robert Z. Leonard
Great !The Great Ziegfeld

Van Dyke !W. S. Van Dyke
San Francisco

Wyler !William Wyler
Dodsworth

1937
(10th)
McCarey !Leo McCarey
Awful !The Awful Truth
[20]

Dieterle !William Dieterle
Life !The Life of Emile Zola

Franklin !Sidney Franklin
Good !The Good Earth

La Cava !Gregory La Cava
Stage Door

Wellman !William A. Wellman
Star !A Star Is Born

1938
(11th)
Capra !Frank Capra
You Can't Take It with You
[21]

Curtiz !Michael Curtiz
Angels with Dirty Faces

Four Daughters

Taurog !Norman Taurog
Boys Town

Vidor !King Vidor
Citadel !The Citadel

1939
(12th)
Fleming !Victor Fleming
Gone with the Wind
[22]

Capra !Frank Capra
Mr. Smith Goes to Washington

Ford !John Ford
Stagecoach

Wood !Sam Wood
Goodbye, Mr. Chips

Wyler !William Wyler
Wuthering Heights

text:
Year
Director(s)
Film
Ref.

1940
(13th)
Ford !John Ford
Grapes !The Grapes of Wrath
[23]

Cukor !George Cukor
Philadelphia !The Philadelphia Story

Hitchcock !Alfred Hitchcock
Rebecca

Wood !Sam Wood
Kitty Foyle

Wyler !William Wyler
Letter !The Letter

1941
(14th)
Ford !John Ford
How Green Was My Valley
[24]

Hall !Alexander Hall
Here Comes Mr. Jordan

Hawks !Howard Hawks
Sergeant York

Welles !Orson Welles
Citizen Kane

Wyler !William Wyler
Little !The Little Foxes

1942
(15th)
Wyler !William Wyler
Mrs. Miniver
[25]

Curtiz !Michael Curtiz
Yankee Doodle Dandy

Farrow !John Farrow
Wake Island

LeRoy !Mervyn LeRoy
Random Harvest

Wood !Sam Wood
Kings Row

1943
(16th)
Curtiz !Michael Curtiz
Casablanca
[26]

Brown !Clarence Brown
Human !The Human Comedy

King !Henry King
Song !The Song of Bernadette

Lubitsch !Ernst Lubitsch
Heaven Can Wait

Stevens !George Stevens
More !The More the Merrier

1944
(17th)
McCarey !Leo McCarey
Going My Way
[27]

Hitchcock !Alfred Hitchcock
Lifeboat

King !Henry King
Wilson

Preminger !Otto Preminger
Laura

Wilder !Billy Wilder
Double Indemnity

1945
(18th)
Wilder !Billy Wilder
Lost !The Lost Weekend
[28]

Brown !Clarence Brown
National Velvet

Hitchcock !Alfred Hitchcock
Spellbound

McCarey !Leo McCarey
Bells !The Bells of St. Mary's

Renoir !Jean Renoir
Southerner !The Southerner

1946
(19th)
Wyler !William Wyler
Best !The Best Years of Our Lives
[29]

Brown !Clarence Brown
Yearling !The Yearling

Capra !Frank Capra
It's a Wonderful Life

Lean !David Lean
Brief Encounter

Siodmak !Robert Siodmak
Killers !The Killers

1947
(20th)
Kazan !Elia Kazan
Gentleman's Agreement
[30]

Cukor !George Cukor
Double !A Double Life

Dmytryk !Edward Dmytryk
Crossfire

Koster !Henry Koster
Bishop !The Bishop's Wife

Lean !David Lean
Great Expectations

1948
(21st)
Huston !John Huston
Treasure !The Treasure of the Sierra Madre
[31]

Litvak !Anatole Litvak
Snake !The Snake Pit

Negulesco !Jean Negulesco
Johnny Belinda

Olivier !Laurence Olivier
Hamlet

Zinnemann !Fred Zinnemann
Search !The Search

1949
(22nd)
Mankiewicz !Joseph L. Mankiewicz
Letter !A Letter to Three Wives
[32]

Reed !Carol Reed
Fallen !The Fallen Idol

Rossen !Robert Rossen
All the King's Men

Wellman !William A. Wellman
Battleground

Wyler !William Wyler
Heiress !The Heiress

text:
Year
Director(s)
Film
Ref.

1950
(23rd)
Mankiewicz !Joseph L. Mankiewicz
All About Eve
[33]

Cukor !George Cukor
Born Yesterday

Huston !John Huston
Asphalt !The Asphalt Jungle

Reed !Carol Reed
Man !The Third Man

Wilder !Billy Wilder
Sunset Boulevard

1951
(24th)
Stevens !George Stevens
Place !A Place in the Sun
[34]

Huston !John Huston
African !The African Queen

Kazan !Elia Kazan
Streetcar !A Streetcar Named Desire

Minnelli !Vincente Minnelli
American !An American in Paris

Wyler !William Wyler
Detective Story

1952
(25th)
Ford !John Ford
Quiet !The Quiet Man
[35]

DeMille !Cecil B. DeMille
Greatest !The Greatest Show on Earth

Huston !John Huston
Moulin Rouge

Mankiewicz !Joseph L. Mankiewicz
5 Fingers

Zinnemann !Fred Zinnemann
High Noon

1953
(26th)
Zinnemann !Fred Zinnemann
From Here to Eternity
[36]

Stevens !George Stevens
Shane

Walters !Charles Walters
Lili

Wilder !Billy Wilder
Stalag 17

Wyler !William Wyler
Roman Holiday

1954
(27th)
Kazan !Elia Kazan
On the Waterfront
[37]

Hitchcock !Alfred Hitchcock
Rear Window

Seaton !George Seaton
Country !The Country Girl

Wellman !William A. Wellman
High !The High and the Mighty

Wilder !Billy Wilder
Sabrina

1955
(28th)
Mann !Delbert Mann
Marty
[38]

Kazan !Elia Kazan
East of Eden

Lean !David Lean
Summertime

Logan !Joshua Logan
Picnic

Sturges !John Sturges
Bad Day at Black Rock

1956
(29th)
Stevens !George Stevens
Giant
[39]

Anderson !Michael Anderson
Around the World in 80 Days

Lang !Walter Lang
King !The King and I

Vidor !King Vidor
War and Peace

Wyler !William Wyler
Friendly Persuasion

1957
(30th)
Lean !David Lean
Bridge !The Bridge on the River Kwai
[40]

Logan !Joshua Logan
Sayonara

Lumet !Sidney Lumet
12 Angry Men

Robson !Mark Robson
Peyton Place

Wilder !Billy Wilder
Witness for the Prosecution

1958
(31st)
Minnelli !Vincente Minnelli
Gigi
[41]

Brooks !Richard Brooks
Cat on a Hot Tin Roof

Kramer !Stanley Kramer
Defiant !The Defiant Ones

Robson !Mark Robson
Inn !The Inn of the Sixth Happiness

Wise !Robert Wise
I Want to Live!

1959
(32nd)
Wyler !William Wyler
Ben-Hur
[42]

Clayton !Jack Clayton
Room at the Top

Stevens !George Stevens
Diary !The Diary of Anne Frank

Wilder !Billy Wilder
Some Like It Hot

Zinnemann !Fred Zinnemann
Nun's !The Nun's Story

text:
Year
Director(s)
Film
Ref.

1960
(33rd)
Wilder !Billy Wilder
Apartment !The Apartment
[43]

Cardiff !Jack Cardiff
Sons and Lovers

Dassin !Jules Dassin
Never on Sunday

Hitchcock !Alfred Hitchcock
Psycho

Zinnemann !Fred Zinnemann
Sundowners !The Sundowners

1961
(34th)
Wise !Robert Wise
Robbins !Jerome Robbins
West Side Story
[44]

Fellini !Federico Fellini
La Dolce Vita

Kramer !Stanley Kramer
Judgment at Nuremberg

Rossen !Robert Rossen
Hustler !The Hustler

Thompson !J. Lee Thompson
Guns !The Guns of Navarone

1962
(35th)
Lean !David Lean
Lawrence of Arabia
[45]

Germi !Pietro Germi
Divorce Italian Style

Mulligan !Robert Mulligan
To Kill a Mockingbird

Penn !Arthur Penn
Miracle !The Miracle Worker

Perry !Frank Perry
David and Lisa

1963
(36th)
Richardson !Tony Richardson
Tom Jones
[46]

Fellini !Federico Fellini
8½

Kazan !Elia Kazan
America America

Preminger !Otto Preminger
Cardinal !The Cardinal

Ritt !Martin Ritt
Hud

1964
(37th)
Cukor !George Cukor
My Fair Lady
[47]

Cacoyannis !Michael Cacoyannis
Zorba the Greek

Glenville !Peter Glenville
Becket

Kubrick !Stanley Kubrick
Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb

Stevenson !Robert Stevenson
Mary Poppins

1965
(38th)
Wise !Robert Wise
Sound !The Sound of Music
[48]

Lean !David Lean
Doctor Zhivago

Schlesinger !John Schlesinger
Darling

Teshigahara !Hiroshi Teshigahara
Woman !Woman in the Dunes

Wyler !William Wyler
Collector !The Collector

1966
(39th)
Zinnemann !Fred Zinnemann
Man !A Man for All Seasons
[49]

Antonioni !Michelangelo Antonioni
Blowup

Brooks !Richard Brooks
Professionals !The Professionals

Lelouch !Claude Lelouch
Man !A Man and a Woman

Nichols !Mike Nichols
Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?

1967
(40th)
Nichols !Mike Nichols
Graduate !The Graduate
[50]

Brooks !Richard Brooks
In Cold Blood

Jewison !Norman Jewison
In the Heat of the Night

Kramer !Stanley Kramer
Guess Who's Coming to Dinner

Penn !Arthur Penn
Bonnie and Clyde

1968
(41st)
Reed !Carol Reed
Oliver!
[51]

Harvey !Anthony Harvey
Lion !The Lion in Winter

Kubrick !Stanley Kubrick
2001: A Space Odyssey

Pontecorvo !Gillo Pontecorvo
Battle !The Battle of Algiers

Zeffirelli !Franco Zeffirelli
Romeo and Juliet

1969
(42nd)
Schlesinger !John Schlesinger
Midnight Cowboy
[52]

Gavras !Costa-Gavras
Z

Hill !George Roy Hill
Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid

Penn !Arthur Penn
Alice's Restaurant

Pollack !Sydney Pollack
They Shoot Horses, Don't They?

text:
Year
Director(s)
Film
Ref.

1970
(43rd)
Schaffner !Franklin J. Schaffner
Patton
[53]

Altman !Robert Altman
M*A*S*H

Fellini !Federico Fellini
Fellini Satyricon

Hiller !Arthur Hiller
Love Story

Russell !Ken Russell
Women in Love

1971
(44th)
Friedkin !William Friedkin
French !The French Connection
[54]

Bogdanovich !Peter Bogdanovich
Last !The Last Picture Show

Jewison !Norman Jewison
Fiddler on the Roof

Kubrick !Stanley Kubrick
Clockwork !A Clockwork Orange

Schlesinger !John Schlesinger
Sunday Bloody Sunday

1972
(45th)
Fosse !Bob Fosse
Cabaret
[55]

Boorman !John Boorman
Deliverance

Coppola !Francis Ford Coppola
Godfather !The Godfather

Mankiewicz !Joseph L. Mankiewicz
Sleuth

Troell !Jan Troell
Emigrants !The Emigrants

1973
(46th)
Hill !George Roy Hill
Sting !The Sting
[56]

Bergman !Ingmar Bergman
Cries and Whispers

Bertolucci !Bernardo Bertolucci
Last Tango in Paris

Friedkin !William Friedkin
Exorcist !The Exorcist

Lucas !George Lucas
American Graffiti

1974
(47th)
Coppola !Francis Ford Coppola
Godfather !The Godfather Part II
[57]

Cassavetes !John Cassavetes
Woman !A Woman Under the Influence

Fosse !Bob Fosse
Lenny

Polanski !Roman Polanski
Chinatown

Truffaut !François Truffaut
Day for Night

1975
(48th)
Forman !Miloš Forman
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
[58]

Altman !Robert Altman
Nashville

Fellini !Federico Fellini
Amarcord

Kubrick !Stanley Kubrick
Barry Lyndon

Lumet !Sidney Lumet
Dog Day Afternoon

1976
(49th)
Avildsen !John G. Avildsen
Rocky
[59]

Bergman !Ingmar Bergman
Face to Face

Lumet !Sidney Lumet
Network

Pakula !Alan J. Pakula
All the President's Men

Wertmüller !Lina Wertmüller
Seven Beauties

1977
(50th)
Allen !Woody Allen
Annie Hall
[60]

Lucas !George Lucas
Star Wars

Ross !Herbert Ross
Turning !The Turning Point

Spielberg !Steven Spielberg
Close Encounters of the Third Kind

Zinnemann !Fred Zinnemann
Julia

1978
(51st)
Cimino !Michael Cimino
Deer !The Deer Hunter
[61]

Allen !Woody Allen
Interiors

Ashby !Hal Ashby
Coming Home

Beatty !Warren Beatty
Henry !Buck Henry
Heaven Can Wait

Parker !Alan Parker
Midnight Express

1979
(52nd)
Benton !Robert Benton
Kramer vs. Kramer
[62]

Coppola !Francis Ford Coppola
Apocalypse Now

Fosse !Bob Fosse
All That Jazz

Molinaro !Édouard Molinaro
La Cage aux Folles

Yates !Peter Yates
Breaking Away

text:
Year
Director(s)
Film
Ref.

1980
(53rd)
Redford !Robert Redford
Ordinary People
[63]

Lynch !David Lynch
Elephant !The Elephant Man

Polanski !Roman Polanski
Tess

Rush !Richard Rush
Stunt !The Stunt Man

Scorsese !Martin Scorsese
Raging Bull

1981
(54th)
Beatty !Warren Beatty
Reds
[64]

Hudson !Hugh Hudson
Chariots of Fire

Malle !Louis Malle
Atlantic City

Rydell !Mark Rydell
On Golden Pond

Spielberg !Steven Spielberg
Raiders of the Lost Ark

1982
(55th)
Attenborough !Richard Attenborough
Gandhi
[65]

Lumet !Sidney Lumet
Verdict !The Verdict

Petersen !Wolfgang Petersen
Das Boot

Pollack !Sydney Pollack
Tootsie

Spielberg !Steven Spielberg
E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial

1983
(56th)
Brooks !James L. Brooks
Terms of Endearment
[66]

Beresford !Bruce Beresford
Tender Mercies

Bergman !Ingmar Bergman
Fanny and Alexander

Nichols !Mike Nichols
Silkwood

Yates !Peter Yates
Dresser !The Dresser

1984
(57th)
Forman !Miloš Forman
Amadeus
[67]

Allen !Woody Allen
Broadway Danny Rose

Benton !Robert Benton
Places in the Heart

Joffé !Roland Joffé
Killing !The Killing Fields

Lean !David Lean
Passage !A Passage to India

1985
(58th)
Pollack !Sydney Pollack
Out of Africa
[68]

Babenco !Héctor Babenco
Kiss of the Spider Woman

Huston !John Huston
Prizzi's Honor

Kurosawa !Akira Kurosawa
Ran

Weir !Peter Weir
Witness

1986
(59th)
Stone !Oliver Stone
Platoon
[69]

Allen !Woody Allen
Hannah and Her Sisters

Ivory !James Ivory
Room !A Room with a View

Joffé !Roland Joffé
Mission !The Mission

Lynch !David Lynch
Blue Velvet

1987
(60th)
Bertolucci !Bernardo Bertolucci
Emperor !The Last Emperor
[70]

Boorman !John Boorman
Hope and Glory

Hallström !Lasse Hallström
My Life as a Dog

Jewison !Norman Jewison
Moonstruck

Lyne !Adrian Lyne
Fatal Attraction

1988
(61st)
Levinson !Barry Levinson
Rain Man
[71]

Crichton !Charles Crichton
Fish !A Fish Called Wanda

Nichols !Mike Nichols
Working Girl

Parker !Alan Parker
Mississippi Burning

Scorsese !Martin Scorsese
Last !The Last Temptation of Christ

1989
(62nd)
Stone !Oliver Stone
Born on the Fourth of July
[72]

Allen !Woody Allen
Crimes and Misdemeanors

Branagh !Kenneth Branagh
Henry V

Sheridan !Jim Sheridan
My Left Foot

Weir !Peter Weir
Dead Poets Society

text:
Year
Director(s)
Film
Ref.

1990
(63rd)
Costner !Kevin Costner
Dances with Wolves
[73]

Coppola !Francis Ford Coppola
Godfather !The Godfather Part III

Frears !Stephen Frears
Grifters !The Grifters

Schroeder !Barbet Schroeder
Reversal of Fortune

Scorsese !Martin Scorsese
Goodfellas

1991
(64th)
Demme !Jonathan Demme
Silence !The Silence of the Lambs
[74]

Levinson !Barry Levinson
Bugsy

Scott !Ridley Scott
Thelma & Louise

Singleton !John Singleton
Boyz n the Hood

Stone !Oliver Stone
JFK

1992
(65th)
Eastwood !Clint Eastwood
Unforgiven
[75]

Altman !Robert Altman
Player !The Player

Brest !Martin Brest
Scent of a Woman

Ivory !James Ivory
Howards End

Jordan !Neil Jordan
Crying !The Crying Game

1993
(66th)
Spielberg !Steven Spielberg
Schindler's List
[76]

Altman !Robert Altman
Short Cuts

Campion !Jane Campion
Piano !The Piano

Ivory !James Ivory
Remains !The Remains of the Day

Sheridan !Jim Sheridan
In the Name of the Father

1994
(67th)
Zemeckis !Robert Zemeckis
Forrest Gump
[77]

Allen !Woody Allen
Bullets over Broadway

Kieślowski !Krzysztof Kieślowski
Three Colors: Red

Redford !Robert Redford
Quiz Show

Tarantino !Quentin Tarantino
Pulp Fiction

1995
(68th)
Gibson !Mel Gibson
Braveheart
[78]

Figgis !Mike Figgis
Leaving Las Vegas

Noonan !Chris Noonan
Babe

Radford !Michael Radford
Il Postino: The Postman

Robbins !Tim Robbins
Dead Man Walking

1996
(69th)
Minghella !Anthony Minghella
English !The English Patient
[79]

Coen !Joel Coen
Fargo

Forman !Miloš Forman
People !The People vs. Larry Flynt

Hicks !Scott Hicks
Shine

Leigh !Mike Leigh
Secrets & Lies

1997
(70th)
Cameron !James Cameron
Titanic
[80]

Cattaneo !Peter Cattaneo
Monty !The Full Monty

Egoyan !Atom Egoyan
Sweet !The Sweet Hereafter

Hanson !Curtis Hanson
L.A. Confidential

Van Sant !Gus Van Sant
Good Will Hunting

1998
(71st)
Spielberg !Steven Spielberg
Saving Private Ryan
[81]

Benigni !Roberto Benigni
Life Is Beautiful

Madden !John Madden
Shakespeare in Love

Malick !Terrence Malick
Thin !The Thin Red Line

Weir !Peter Weir
Truman !The Truman Show

1999
(72nd)
Mendes !Sam Mendes
American Beauty
[82]

Hallström !Lasse Hallström
Cider !The Cider House Rules

Jonze !Spike Jonze
Being John Malkovich

Mann !Michael Mann
Insider !The Insider

Shyamalan !M. Night Shyamalan
Sixth !The Sixth Sense

text:
Year
Director(s)
Film
Ref.

2000
(73rd)
Soderbergh !Steven Soderbergh
Traffic
[83]

Daldry !Stephen Daldry
Billy Elliot

Lee !Ang Lee
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon

Scott !Ridley Scott
Gladiator

Soderbergh !Steven Soderbergh
Erin Brockovich

2001
(74th)
Howard !Ron Howard
Beautiful !A Beautiful Mind
[84]

Altman !Robert Altman
Gosford Park

Jackson !Peter Jackson
Lord !The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring

Lynch !David Lynch
Mulholland Drive

Scott !Ridley Scott
Black Hawk Down

2002
(75th)
Polanski !Roman Polanski
Pianist !The Pianist
[85]

Almodóvar !Pedro Almodóvar
Talk to Her

Daldry !Stephen Daldry
Hours !The Hours

Marshall !Rob Marshall
Chicago

Scorsese !Martin Scorsese
Gangs of New York

2003
(76th)
Jackson !Peter Jackson
Lord !The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King
[86]

Coppola !Sofia Coppola
Lost in Translation

Eastwood !Clint Eastwood
Mystic River

Meirelles !Fernando Meirelles
City of God

Weir !Peter Weir
Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World

2004
(77th)
Eastwood !Clint Eastwood
Million Dollar Baby
[87]

Hackford !Taylor Hackford
Ray

Leigh !Mike Leigh
Vera Drake

Payne !Alexander Payne
Sideways

Scorsese !Martin Scorsese
Aviator !The Aviator

2005
(78th)
Lee !Ang Lee
Brokeback Mountain
[88]

Clooney !George Clooney
Good Night, and Good Luck

Haggis !Paul Haggis
Crash

Miller !Bennett Miller
Capote

Spielberg !Steven Spielberg
Munich

2006
(79th)
Scorsese !Martin Scorsese
Departed !The Departed
[89]

Eastwood !Clint Eastwood
Letters from Iwo Jima

Frears !Stephen Frears
Queen !The Queen

Greengrass !Paul Greengrass
United 93

Iñárritu !Alejandro González Iñárritu
Babel

2007
(80th)
Coen !Joel Coen
Coen !Ethan Coen
No Country for Old Men
[90]

Anderson !Paul Thomas Anderson
There Will Be Blood

Gilroy !Tony Gilroy
Michael Clayton

Reitman !Jason Reitman
Juno

Schnabel !Julian Schnabel
Diving !The Diving Bell and the Butterfly

2008
(81st)
Boyle !Danny Boyle
Slumdog Millionaire
[91]

Daldry !Stephen Daldry
Reader !The Reader

Fincher !David Fincher
Curious !The Curious Case of Benjamin Button

Howard !Ron Howard
Frost/Nixon

Van Sant !Gus Van Sant
Milk

2009
(82nd)
Bigelow !Kathryn Bigelow
Hurt !The Hurt Locker
[92]

Cameron !James Cameron
Avatar

Daniels !Lee Daniels
Precious: Based on the Novel 'Push' by Sapphire

Reitman !Jason Reitman
Up in the Air

Tarantino !Quentin Tarantino
Inglourious Basterds

text:
Year
Director(s)
Film
Ref.

2010
(83rd)
Hooper !Tom Hooper
King's !The King's Speech
[93]

Aronofsky !Darren Aronofsky
Black Swan

Coen !Joel Coen
Coen !Ethan Coen
True Grit

Fincher !David Fincher
Social !The Social Network

Russell !David O. Russell
Fighter !The Fighter

2011
(84th)
Hazanavicius !Michel Hazanavicius
Artist !The Artist
[94]

Allen !Woody Allen
Midnight in Paris

Malick !Terrence Malick
Tree !The Tree of Life

Payne !Alexander Payne
Descendants !The Descendants

Scorsese !Martin Scorsese
Hugo

2012
(85th)
Lee !Ang Lee
Life of Pi
[95]

Haneke !Michael Haneke
Amour

Russell !David O. Russell
Silver Linings Playbook

Spielberg !Steven Spielberg
Lincoln

Zeitlin !Benh Zeitlin
Beasts of the Southern Wild

2013
(86th)
Cuarón !Alfonso Cuarón
Gravity
[96]

McQueen !Steve McQueen
12 Years a Slave

Payne !Alexander Payne
Nebraska

Russell !David O. Russell
American Hustle

Scorsese !Martin Scorsese
Wolf !The Wolf of Wall Street

2014
(87th)
Iñárritu !Alejandro G. Iñárritu
Birdman
[97]

Anderson !Wes Anderson
Grand !The Grand Budapest Hotel

Linklater !Richard Linklater
Boyhood

Miller !Bennett Miller
Foxcatcher

Tyldum !Morten Tyldum
Imitation !The Imitation Game

2015
(88th)
Iñárritu !Alejandro G. Iñárritu
The Revenant
[98]

Abrahamson !Lenny Abrahamson
Room

McCarthy !Tom McCarthy
Spotlight

McKay !Adam McKay
Big !The Big Short

Miller !George Miller
Mad Max: Fury Road

2016
(89th)
Chazelle !Damien Chazelle
La La Land
[99]

Gibson !Mel Gibson
Hacksaw Ridge

Jenkins !Barry Jenkins
Moonlight

Lonergan !Kenneth Lonergan
Manchester by the Sea

Villeneuve !Denis Villeneuve
Arrival

2017
(90th)
Anderson !Paul Thomas Anderson
Phantom Thread

del Toro !Guillermo del Toro
The Shape of Water

Gerwig !Greta Gerwig
Lady Bird

Nolan !Christopher Nolan
Dunkirk

Peele !Jordan Peele
Get Out

text: Multiple wins and nominations[edit]

text:
The following individuals have won multiple Best Director awards:

Wins
Director

4

John Ford

3
Frank Capra

William Wyler

2
Frank Borzage

Clint Eastwood

Miloš Forman

Alejandro G. Iñárritu

Elia Kazan

David Lean

Ang Lee

Frank Lloyd

Joseph L. Mankiewicz

Leo McCarey

Lewis Milestone

Steven Spielberg

George Stevens

Oliver Stone

Billy Wilder

Robert Wise

Fred Zinnemann

John Ford has the most Best Director wins with four, winning in 1935, 1940, 1941, and 1952.

William Wyler has the most nominations with twelve, winning in 1942, 1946, and 1959.

Clarence Brown was nominated six times between 1929 and 1946, but never won the award — the most nominations without a success.

The following directors have received four or more Best Director nominations (* indicates no wins):

Nominations
Director

12
William Wyler

8
Martin Scorsese

Billy Wilder

7
Woody Allen

David Lean

Steven Spielberg

Fred Zinnemann

6
Clarence Brown*

Frank Capra

5
Robert Altman*

George Cukor

Michael Curtiz

John Ford

Alfred Hitchcock*

John Huston

Elia Kazan

Frank Lloyd

George Stevens

King Vidor*

4
Francis Ford Coppola

Clint Eastwood

Federico Fellini*

Stanley Kubrick*

Sidney Lumet*

Joseph L. Mankiewicz

Mike Nichols

Peter Weir*

text: Age superlatives[edit]

text:
Record
Director
Film
Age (in years)
Ref.

Oldest winner
Clint Eastwood
Million Dollar Baby
74
[100]

Oldest nominee
John Huston
Prizzi's Honor
79
[100]

Youngest winner
Damien Chazelle
La La Land
32
[100]

Youngest nominee
John Singleton
Boyz n the Hood
24
[100]

text: Diversity of nominees/winners[edit]

text: Asian nominees/winners[edit]

text: As of the 90th Academy Awards, three Asian directors have been nominated a total of five times in this category, and one director has won the award twice.

text:
1965 - Hiroshi Teshigahara for Woman in the Dunes
1985 - Akira Kurosawa for Ran
2000 - Ang Lee for Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon
2005 - Lee !Ang Lee for Brokeback !Brokeback Mountain
2012 - Lee !Ang Lee for Life !Life of Pi

text: Black nominees/winners[edit]

text: As of the 90th Academy Awards, five black directors have been nominated in this category one time each, and none have won.[101]

text:
1991 - John Singleton for Boyz n the Hood
2009 - Lee Daniels for Precious
2013 - Steve McQueen for 12 Years a Slave
2016 - Barry Jenkins for Moonlight
2017 - Jordan Peele for Get Out

text: Female nominees/winners[edit]

text: As of the 90th Academy Awards, five female directors have been nominated in this category one time each, and one has won the award.[102]

text:
1976 - Wertmüller !Lina Wertmüller for Seven Beauties
1993 - Campion !Jane Campion for Piano !The Piano
2003 - Coppola !Sofia Coppola for Lost in Translation
2009 - Bigelow !Kathryn Bigelow for Hurt !The Hurt Locker
2017 - Greta Gerwig for Lady Bird

text: Hispanic nominees/winners[edit]

text: As of the 90th Academy Awards, seven Hispanic directors have been nominated a total of nine times in this category with four wins among them.

text:
1985 - Héctor Babenco for Kiss of the Spider Woman
1999 - Mendes !Sam Mendes for American !American Beauty
2002 - Pedro Almodóvar for Talk to Her
2003 - Fernando Meirelles for City of God
2006 - Alejandro González Iñárritu for Babel
2013 - Cuarón !Alfonso Cuarón for Gravity !Gravity
2014 - Iñárritu !Alejandro G. Iñárritu for Birdman !Birdman
2015 - Iñárritu !Alejandro G. Iñárritu for Revenant !The Revenant
2017 - Guillermo del Toro for The Shape of Water

text: Indian nominees/winners[edit]

text: As of the 90th Academy Awards, one Indian director has been nominated in this category. No Indian directors have won in this category.

text: 1999 - M. Night Shyamalan for The Sixth Sense

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ The 2nd Academy Awards is unique in being the only occasion where there were no official nominees. Subsequent research by AMPAS has resulted in a list of unofficial or de facto nominees, based on records of which films were evaluated by the judges.

tag: ol