document_title: The Return of Superman (TV series)

question_text: when did the triplets join the return of superman

text: The Return of Superman (TV series)

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Celebrity dads are left to care of their kids alone for 48 hours without the help of anyone, while their wives leave the home to enjoy some relaxing time off.[2] The wives are shown leaving the home before the 48 hours begins and coming back to greet their family once the 48 hours have ended. During the 48 hours the dads and children are either doing a task the wives have written out for the dads to complete, or the dads are exploring new activities with their kids. Occasionally celebrity friends of the dads will stop by to interact with the kids.[3][4][5]

text: Format[edit]

text: The show is filmed with set up cameras and cameraman hiding in tents and playhouses in each of the celebrities' actual home. Family and friends of the celebrity dads will occasionally show up in episodes. In each episode, as the show moves from one family to the next, a brief narration by the narrator is given to introduce the next segment of the episode.

text: During each individual family segment the parents (husband and wife), with the exception of Junu, Junseo and Haru who were old enough to answer questions when they started the show, would give a talking head interview while being asked questions by the shows PDs (producers) about the current situation being aired.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Current cast[edit]

text: *Child is listed from oldest to youngest. Families are listed in order of appearance on the show.

text:
Duration

Dad

Children

Mom/Wife

Filming location

2015–Ep 89–Present

Lee Dong-gook 7Professional Football (Soccer) player

Daughter: Lee Jae-siDOB:  (2007-08-14) August 14, 2007 (age 10) (Fraternal twin)

Lee Su-jinFormer Miss Korea contestant

Songdo, Incheon, South Korea

Daughter: Lee Jae-ahDOB:  (2007-08-14) August 14, 2007 (age 10) (Fraternal twin)

Daughter: Lee SeolaDOB:  (2013-07-18) July 18, 2013 (age 5) (Fraternal twin)

Daughter: Lee Su-ahDOB:  (2013-07-18) July 18, 2013 (age 5) (Fraternal twin)

Son: Lee Si-an (Daebak-i.e.)DOB:  (2014-11-14) November 14, 2014 (age 3)

2016–Ep 154–Present

Sam HammingtonTelevision Personality

Son: William Hammington (Jung Tae-oh) DOB:  (2016-07-12) July 12, 2016 (age 2)

Jung Yu-mi Housewife

Gangnam, Seoul, South Korea

Son: Bentley Hammington (Jung Woo-sung) DOB:  (2017-11-08) November 8, 2017 (age 9 months)

2017–Ep 163–Present

Ko Ji-yongBusinessman/Former Idol-Singer

Son: Ko Seung-jae DOB:  (2014-10-06) October 6, 2014 (age 3)

Heo Yang-lim Professor/Doctor

Bangbae-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, South Korea

2018-Ep. 221-Present

Bong Tae-gyuActor

Son: Bong Si-ha DOB:  (2015-12-01) December 1, 2015 (age 2)

Hasisi Park Photographer

Seoul, South Korea

Daughter: Bong Bon-bi DOB:  (2018-05-21) May 21, 2018 (age 2 months)

Duration

Narrator

2018Episode 234–236

Do Kyung-wan[6]Jang Yun-jeong[6]

text: Former cast[edit]

text: *Families and narrators are listed in order of exiting the show.

text:
Duration

Dad

Children

Mom/Wife

Filming location

2013Chuseok Special Part 1–3

Lee Hyun-wooSinger/Actor

Son: Lee Dong-haDOB: September 2009

Yi Je-niMuseum Curator[7]

Seoul, South Korea

Son: Lee Ju-haDOB: April 2011

2014Ep 25–313

Kim Jung-taeActor1

Son: Kim Ji-hoo (Yakkung)DOB: February 2011[8]2

Jeon Yeo-jinUniversity Professor

Busan, South Korea

2013–2014Chuseok Special Part 1–3Ep 1–33

Jang Hyun-sungActor

Son: Jang Jun-woo (Junu)DOB:  (2003-07-17) July 17, 2003 (age 15)

Yang HuijeongBakery Owner

Seoul, South Korea

Son: Jang Jun-seoDOB:  (2007-07-29) July 29, 2007 (age 11)

2014Ep 32–39

Do Kyung-wanNews Anchor

Son: Do Yeon-woo (Kkom-kkomyi)DOB:  (2014-06-13) June 13, 2014 (age 4)

Jang Yoon-jungTrot Singer

Seoul, South Korea

2013–2015Ep 1–58

TabloRapper/Songwriter

Daughter: Lee Ha-ruDOB:  (2010-05-02) May 2, 2010 (age 8)

Kang Hye-jungActress

Seoul, South Korea

2015Ep 59–103

Uhm Tae-woongActor

Daughter: Uhm Ji-onDOB:  (2013-06-18) June 18, 2013 (age 5)

Yoon Hye-jinBallerina

Opo-eup, Gwangju, Gyeonggi, South Korea

2014–2016Ep 34–116, 156

Song Il-gookActor[9]

Son: Song Dae-hanDOB:  (2012-03-16) March 16, 2012 (age 6) (Fraternal triplet)

Jung Seung-yeonHigh Court Judge5

Songdo, Incheon, South Korea

Son: Song Min-gukDOB:  (2012-03-16) March 16, 2012 (age 6) (Fraternal triplet)

Son: Song Man-seDOB:  (2012-03-16) March 16, 2012 (age 6) (Fraternal triplet)

2013–2017Chuseok Special Part 1–3Ep 1–122, 155–160, 203-205

Choo Sung-hoonMMA Fighter

Daughter: Choo Sa-rangDOB:  (2011-10-24) October 24, 2011 (age 6)[10]

Shiho YanoModel

Minato, Tokyo, Japan

2016Ep 127–Ep 162

Yang Dong-geunActor/Hip-hop artist

Son: Yang Joon-seoDOB:  (2013-03-28) March 28, 2013 (age 5)

Park Ga-ram Office Worker/Former Music Video Model

Samseong-dong, Gangnam, Seoul, South Korea

Daughter: Yang JoyDOB:  (2015-10-11) October 11, 2015 (age 2)

2016Ep 129–Ep 162

Oh Ji-hoActor

Daughter: Oh Seo-heun (Jibong-i.e.) DOB:  (2015-12-30) December 30, 2015 (age 2)

Eun Bo-ah Fashion Designer

Seongsu-dong, Seongdong, Seoul, South Korea

2016–2017
Ep 117–182

Lee Beom-sooActor

Daughter: Lee So-eulDOB:  (2011-03-01) March 1, 2011 (age 7)

Lee Yoon-jinEnglish interpreter

Gangnam, Seoul, South Korea

Son: Lee Da-eulDOB:  (2014-02-21) February 21, 2014 (age 4)

2016, 2017Ep 130-162 (regular)Ep 194 (special appearances)

In Gyo-jinActor

Daughter: In Ha-eunDOB:  (2015-12-04) December 4, 2015 (age 2)

So Yi-hyunActress

Jayang-dong, Gwangjin, Seoul, South Korea Namyang-ju, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea

2016–2018Ep 114–210

Ki Tae-youngActor

Daughter: Kim Ro-heeDOB:  (2015-04-12) April 12, 2015 (age 3)

EugeneSinger/Actress

Seoul, South Korea

2013–2018Chuseok Special Part 1–3Ep 1–220

Lee Hwi-jaeComedian/Host

Son: Lee Seo-eonDOB:  (2013-03-15) March 15, 2013 (age 5) (Fraternal twin)

Moon Jeong-wonFlorist

Chuseok Special - Ep 68, Ep 175Gangnam, Seoul, South Korea(Ep 68 - Ep 174 Dongcheon-dong, Suji-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea)8

Son: Lee Seo-junDOB:  (2013-03-15) March 15, 2013 (age 5) (Fraternal twin)

Duration

Narrator

2013Chuseok Special Part 1–2

Yoo Ho-jeong

2013–2014Ep 1–27

Chae Sira

2014Ep 28–37

Shin Ae-ra

2014–2015Ep 38–59

Heo Su-gyeong4

2015Ep 93

Yoona of Girls' Generation

2015Ep 96

Yoo In-na

2015Ep 97

Jang Hyun-sung

2017Ep 185–188

Kim Hyo-Jin

2015–2018Ep 60–226

Jung Hye-young6

2018Episode 227–233

Oh Sang-jinKim So-young

text:
^Note 1 :First appearance on episode 20 & 21. Officially joined cast starting episode 25.
^Note 2 :Kim Jung-tae's younger son Kim Si-hyun, who was only 2 months old when they started filming for the show will not be part of the show.
^Note 3 :See "Controversies" section.
^Note 4 :Heo Su-gyeong previously guest starred with her daughter Byeol on episode 24 during Lee Hwi-jae's segment.
^Note 5 :Song Il-kook wife Jeong Seung-yeon face is blurred whenever she appears on the show to protect her identity due to her occupation as a High Court Judge. She also does not participate in the talking head interviews like the other Moms/Wives of other cast families.
^Note 6 :Jung Hye-young's husband Sean from Jinusean previously appeared in numerous episodes of the show during former cast member Tablo and Haru's segment. Also all four of her children along with her husband appeared on episode 52 during Song Il-kook's segment.
^Note 7 :Lee Dong-gook previously guest starred on episode 40 during Lee Hwi-jae's segment.
^Note 8 :Lee Hwi-jae and his family moved back to Seoul, shown on episode 175 in order to be closer to his ailing father who is suffering from dementia.

text: Special cast[edit]

text:
Duration

Dad

Children

Mom/Wife

Filming location

2017Ep 184

Robert KellyUniversity Professor/Political Analyst

Daughter: Marion Kelly (Ye-na)DOB:  (2013-03-09) March 9, 2013 (age 5)

Kim Jung-a Housewife/former Yoga Instructor[11]

Busan, South Korea

Son: James Kelly (Yu-seop)DOB:  (2016-06-29) June 29, 2016 (age 2)

2017Ep 185–186

Park Gun-hyungActor

Son: Park Yi-junDOB:  (2015-06-10) June 10, 2015 (age 3)

Lee Chae-rim Office Worker

Seoul, South Korea

2017Ep 191–192

OutsiderRapper/Songwriter

Daughter: Shin-Yi Ro-woonDOB:  (2016-03-04) March 4, 2016 (age 2)

Lee Young-binDance Director

Ilsan, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea

2016Ep 130-162 (regular)Ep 194 (special appearances)

In Gyo-jinActor

Daughter: In Ha-eunDOB:  (2015-12-04) December 4, 2015 (age 2)

So Yi-hyunActress

Jayang-dong, Gwangjin, Seoul, South Korea Namyang-ju, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea

2017Ep 195

Hong Kyung-minSinger/Actor

Daughter: Hong Ra-wonDOB:  (2016-04-21) April 21, 2016 (age 2)

Kim YunaHaegeum Musician

Seoul, South Korea

2017Ep 202–203

Viktor AhnShort-track Speed-skater Athlete

Daughter: Jane AhnDOB:  (2015-12-29) December 29, 2015 (age 2)

Woo Na-riHousewife

Moscow, Russia

2018-Ep 213–214

Park Hyun-binTrot singer

Son: Park Ha-joonDOB:  (2017-05-11) May 11, 2017 (age 15 months)

Kim Joo-hee University Student/Housewife

Seoul, South Korea

2018Ep 224–225

Moon Sung-minVolleyball Player

Son: Moon Si-hoDOB:  (2016-02-09) February 9, 2016 (age 2)

Park Jin-ah Housewife/Former Model

Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea

Son: Moon Ri-hoDOB:  (2018-01-16) January 16, 2018 (age 6 months)

2018Ep 227–228

Jo Jung-chiMusician

Daughter: Jo Eun-Yi DOB:  (2017-02-28) February 28, 2017 (age 17 months)

Jung-in Singer

Seoul, South Korea

2018Ep 231–232

Kang Hyung-wookBusinessman/Certified Dog Trainer

Son: Kang Ju-woon DOB:  (2017-11-20) November 20, 2017 (age 8 months)

Susan Elder Housewife

Seoul, South Korea

2018Ep 235-

Yang Joon-muBusinessman

Son: Yang No-ahDOB:  (2016-10-03) October 3, 2016 (age 22 months)

Kahi Former Idol Singer

Seoul, South Korea

Son: Yang Si-ohnDOB: (2018-06-16) June 16, 2018 (age 1 month)

text: Timeline[edit]

text: Cast history[edit]

text:
Lee Hyun-woo could not participate in the show when it was picked up on Happy Sunday due to conflicting schedule.
Yoo Ho-jeong was the original narrator for episode 1 and 2 of the Chuseok Special, there was no narrator for episode 3 of the special episodes.
Tablo and his daughter Haru joined the cast starting from episode 1 of season 1 to replace Lee Hyun-woo's spot.[12]
Chae Sira became the narrator starting from season 1, her last episode was the 27th. Chae decided to leave the show due to her conflicting schedule.
Kim Jung-tae and his son Ji-hoo (Yakkung) guest starred on episodes 20 and 21 as part of Jang Hyun-sung's segment, the two were invited to officially join the cast because of the show's extended time slot.[13]
Shin Ae-ra took over as narrator starting from episode 28. She was approached to join the show because of her reputation as a caring mother in real life.[14]
Kim Jung-tae and his son Yakkung opted to leave the show following controversy of them attending a campaign rally for a local politician. Episode 31 is their last.
Jang Yoon-jung and Do Kyung-wan will be guest cast from episode 32. They will fill the spot left open by the departure of Kim Jung-tae and his son Yakkung. The couple will chronicle the birth of their son.[15]
Jang Hyun-sung's agency announced on June 24, 2014 that the actor and his sons would be leaving the show due to conflicting schedule with filming his drama Ceci Bon and movie Love Wins. He and his family last appearance is episode 33.[16]
Song Il-kook was announced on June 25, 2014 to be joining the cast of Superman along with his triplet sons. Their first episode will air on July 6.[17]
It was announced on July 20 that Shin Ae-ra would be stepping down as the narrator of the show to concentrate on her studies in the United States. Her last episode will be the 37th. Heo Su-gyeong, who previously guest starred on the show will be taking over as the narrator.[18]
On December 1, 2014, Tablo and his daughter Haru announced that both will be leaving the show due to Tablo's  conflicting schedule with promoting his music career and filming the show. Episode 58 will be their last.[19]
Actor Uhm Tae-woong was announced on December 1, 2014 to be joining the show with his daughter Uhm Ji-on. The new father/daughter duo will be taking the place of exiting cast family Tablo and Haru.[20]
A press release was issued on January 6, 2015 announcing actress and wife of Sean from Jinusean, Jung Hye-young as the narrator of the show starting from episode 60. No reason was given for the exiting of most current narrator Heo Su-gyeong.[21]
On July 13, 2015 KBS confirmed professional soccer player Lee Dong-gook will be joining the cast part-time with his five children.[22]
On October 14, 2015, the shows PD Kang Bong Kyu, confirmed that actor Uhm Tae-woong and his family will be leaving the show so that he and his wife can concentrate on the main careers as an actor and ballerina.[23] When Uhm Tae-woong's wife Yoon Hye-jin, appeared on the variety show "Taxi" in November 2015 she further clarified another reason was that they didn't want Jion growing up in the spotlight thinking she was privileged.[24]
On December 21, 2015, KBS announced that Song Il-gook and the triplets will be leaving the show for an undisclosed reason. Episode 116 will be their last.[25]
On December 9, 2015 the PD's of the show confirmed that actor Ki Tae Young had started filming for show. His family replaces Uhm Tae Woong's who had recently left the show.[26]
On January 27, 2016, it was confirmed that actor Lee Beom-soo would be joining the show. His family will be taking over the slot of Song Il-gook's family after they leave the show sometime in February.[27]
In later February 2016 an insider informed the media that Choo Sung Hoon and his daughter Sarang would be leaving the show. PD of the show did not confirm the news because Choo and his family did not finish filming yet. On February 28, 2016 it was confirmed the Choos will be leaving the show after Sung Hoon's wife Shiho Yano posted an invite for fans to attend their final filming on her Instagram account.[28] The Choos last episode will air in late March 2016. With Choo Sung Hoon leaving the show, Lee Hwi Jae remains the only original cast member since the show premiered.
On April 22, 2016, KBS revealed that actors Oh Ji-ho, In Gyo-jin and Yang Dong-geun and their respective children would be joining the show. Yang Dong-geun's first episode will be on Episode 127 while Oh Ji-ho and In Gyo-jin's will be on Episode 129 and 130 respectively.[29]
On October 2016, it was announced that Sam Hammington and his son William would be joining the show. Their first episode will be on Episode 154.[30]
On November 2016, it was revealed that singer Ko Ji-young would be joining the show. Their first episode will be on Episode 163.[31]
On May 10, 2017, it was announced that actor Lee Beom-soo and his kids would be leaving the show in order for Lee to focus on directing his film. Episode 182 will be their last.[32]. Lee had originally joined the program as a way to spend time with his children while he recovered from his leg injury.
During the previews at the end of episode 183, Professor Robert Kelly of Pusan National University were shown as the new family joining the show. The Kelly family rose to popularity when his young children's crashed his live interview with the BBC and the video of the incident went viral.[33]

text: Relationships and Profiles[edit]

text: *Details based on the show.

text:
showCast member

Relation

Details

Junu, Junseo

Sibling rivalry

Junu thinks both of his parents love Junseo more because they pay more attention to Junseo and because he is the youngest. Vice versa, Junseo thinks that his parents love his older brother more because Junu is better than Junseo at everything.

Junu, Junseo

Afraid of dogs brothers

Junu and Junseo are both afraid of dogs. Doesn't matter if it is a small Dachshund or a cute Pekingese, as long as it barks they are afraid of it. When both brothers were staying at the Choo family home they were afraid the Choo's Dachshund would bite them every time it growled. While visiting Kim Jung-tae's home, Junseo became hysterical when their Pekingese licked his hand and Junu was afraid to even walk into the living room.

Junu

Baby lover

Even though he is only in his pre-teens, Junu has shown that he has a soft spot for babies and toddlers. During Sarang's visit to the Jang's home, he doted on her and got Sarang who is extremely shy towards strangers to open up and play with him. Also he couldn't keep his eyes and hands off of friendly baby Seojun when he visited the Lees' home. He loves babies so much that he has told his father that he hopes his future wife makes lots of money so that he can be a stay-at-home father and take care of their children.

Hyunsung

First time cook

Hyunsung has never cooked before doing the show. He can't even tell the difference between seaweed and cloud ear fungus. Thinking that the cloud ears were seaweed he made a soup for Sunghoon and told him it was seaweed soup. He also does not know how to boil pasta; he asked Sunghoon for instructions but didn't understand the concept of throwing the pasta against the wall to see if it was cooked. On episode 27 Hyunsung finally discovers the pre-made sauce aisle at the supermarket and successfully cooked a meal for his father-in-law.

Seoeon, Seojun

The greedy brother

In early episodes, Seoeon snatches everything that Seojun has, it could be food, a toy, a simple plastic bottle or a plain paper fan, as long as it's in Seojun's hand Seoeon will want it. Seojun who is no match for Seoeon's strength ends up giving up, running away and crying. On episode 33 Seojun finally shows signs of fighting back when he bites Seoeon in the leg after a battle over an eyeglass case with a strap. On episode 44, Seoeon shows his greed beyond Seojun for other peoples things when he fights with Yuto and the Song triplets for their belongings and toys they are playing with.

Hwijae, Seoeon

The crybaby

In early episodes, If Seoeon is far from dad or someone else besides dad is holding him, Seoeon will cry non-stop. The only way to stop his cries are for Hwijae to pick him up and carry him. He doesn't even allow his grandparents to hold him. Fans of the show who ran into Hwijae have mentioned that Seoeon is so clingy to his dad that he can't be without his dad.

Seoeon

The flirt

Seoeon loves the pretty ladies; age does not matter. They could be a women the same age as his mother, an older girl or a baby the same age as him, as long as they're cute females he'll give them lots of smiles and attention. Even dad Hwijae is put to the side once he sees a cute female. When the Lee's visited the Uhm's, Seoeon had no trouble getting along with Jion and playing non-stop with her while younger brother Seojun cried for dad and food. While visiting a traditional Korean sauna, Seoeon pulled on older girls to play with him. Also he showed fear of the personal sauna caves on his own but would enter it without fear when an older girl was with him which caused dad Hwijae to be embarrassed by the incident.

Seojun

The fearless baby

Seojun gives a smile every time his dad greets him. He is not afraid to meet or be carried by his dad friends and always willing to explore new things. When he visits grandma's house he becomes intrigue with her Maltese puppy and tries to grab it. For his first professional haircut he stayed quietly still for the stylist to quickly cut his hair nicely. When Hwijae brought the twins to a fish market, Soejun showed no fear touching and asking about all the sea creatures at the market.

Seojun

Kim Jun-hyun look-a-like

Ever since Yang Joon-hyuk pointed out to Hwijae that Seojun looks like comedian Kim Jun-hyun, Hwijae has refer Seojun to the comedian. Hwijae will impersonate the way Kim Jun-hyun pronounce the word "really" when speaking to Seojun. On episode 31 Kim Jun-hyun is invited to the twins' home and gets to meet Seojun. Kim Jun-hyun mentions and even shows a picture of himself at Seojun's current age proving that they both really look-a-like.

Seoeon, Moon Jeong-won

Mamma's boy

Seoeon is very attached to his mother. He likes to grab her hair whenever she carries him. Hwijae gets a female wig for himself to see if Seoeon will do the same to him when he puts on the long-hair wig, but the sight of his dad with long hair shocks Seoeon. Seoeon also does not like the sight of his mother hugging someone else even if it is his father. The sight of his mother hugging someone else will bring a burst of loudness from Seoeon.

Hwijae, Seoeon, Seojun

Sports fanatic dad

Hwijae is a sports fanatic; he loves all kinds of sports. His dream is for one of his sons to become a professional athlete since he couldn't become one himself. He is willing to make the sacrifice so his sons can become athletes. Hwijae takes his sons to ball games to let them get use to the atmosphere and asks his professional athlete friends to come by his home to interact with his sons hoping some of their energy will pass on to his sons.

Hwijae

Child rearing expert

Everyone thought Hwijae was joking when he self-proclaimed himself a child rearing expert. As the show progressed he has shown he is really one. Besides being a fun dad who plays with his kids, he is able to connect and form a bond with children he has met. Whenever he meets up with a friend that has children he never shows up empty handed, always making sure each child receives a gift. After Haru stayed over at his home the two got on a friendly bases that when they met again during the Jeju Island trip she showed her concern for him when he was too busy to eat. Also when visiting the triplets home, the triplets liked him so much that Minguk begged him not to leave and soon had his brothers also asking him not to leave. While visiting the Uhm's with the twins, Jion immediately connected with Hwijae because of his funny sense of humor. Seeing how much fun Hwijae and the twins were having at her home she joined in on the fun playing with them as if they are long time friends.

Junu, Junseo, Sarang

The love triangle

Both brothers Junu and Junseo are in a competitive competition to via for cutie Sarang's attention. Junseo even dresses in a Peter Pan costume hoping to get Sarang's attention. Sarang tends to lean towards the more mature and sincere Junu since he is good with younger kids, but she also leans on Junseo when he plays nicely with her.

Junu, Haru

The crush

Haru has a crush on Junu, her nickname for him is "The tall oppa". Whenever Junu is in the same room with her she gravitates towards him and calls for "Junu oppa" to get his full attention on her. Once in awhile she'll give him surprise hugs. She likes him for being caring, kind and intelligent.

Sarang

The big eater

Sarang loves food, especially grapes, blueberries, strawberries, bananas, roasted seaweed sheets, yogurt, corn and cake. She gets excited when there is an offering of grapes. But when she's hungry she'll wake up crying in the middle of the night. Also she doesn't like to share her food, when her daycare boyfriend offers her grapes she takes all of it, refusing to even give one bite to her grandfather when he ask and not even giving a strawberry to her grandmother who brought them for her when Sarang visited their home. Known for her gluttony, she was in fact nominated for a special KBS award for "big eaters" and is always up for a challenge when someone wants to compete on who can eat more. The only person that has beaten her in eating so far is Minguk, who is also another big eater.

Sarang

Minnie Mouse fan

Sarang's favorite character is Minnie Mouse. She has to always eat with her Minnie utensils and packs her Minnie doll with her when she heads out of the house. Even if it is awful constipation medicine, she'll drink it without complaints if it's in a Minnie cup. She is overly ecstatic when the Jang's gift to her a Minnie plush and T-shirt. She teaches her dad the difference between Minnie and Mickey when he is unable to tell which character is which.

Sunghoon, Sarang

The indulging dad

Sunghoon can't say no to his cute daughter. If she wants certain foods or a toy, he doesn't care about the hassle or cost; he'll get it for her no matter what. He'll take her on a shopping spree to her favorite character store to please her. He'll spend a fortune on a claw machine just to get an Anpanman toy for her.

Sarang, Yuto

Toddler love

Sarang has a boyfriend named Yuto from her daycare center. The two are in a volatile relationship. Both fight about toys, food and playing with other children but they always end up making up with a kiss at the end.

Haru

Fish lover

Haru loves fish and anything that is fish related. She has a playroom full of toys that is fish-themed. She even knows how to make dolphin sounds. Her favorite place to visit is the aquarium or any place that lets people fish.

Haru

The kind girl

Haru is always thoughtful. Whenever there is another kid in her presence she is always willing to share her toys or favorite foods. If there is an adult in need of help she is always willing to lend a hand. When she sees Hwijae busy feeding the twins and not able to get a bite to eat she offers him a cup of water.

Tablo, Haru

Daughter's Daddy

Tablo is always trying his best to earn his daughter's love and attention since she's so chic and only cares about fish and her mother, Hye Jung. Despite that, Tablo is now being labelled as 'Daughter's Daddy'(direct Korean translation;term used to describe a Dad who loves his daughter excessively). He sometimes brings her into his recording studio and she occasionally raps with him.

Hye Jung, Haru

Chic mother and daughter

More than fish, Haru is really passionate and loves her mother. Tablo has said in interviews that when Hye Jung and Haru are together, they are in their own world and they completely ignore him.

Haru, G-Dragon

The huge crush

Haru has a huge crush on Big Bang's leader G-Dragon, who's a label mate of her dad. She sees him as her ideal male. Whenever he is around she becomes shy and silent but also excited when she hears his name or sees his image.

Tablo, Hyejung

The whipped husband

Tablo diligently listens and does everything his wife Hyejung tells him to do. Hyejung is in charge of the family finances and Tablo has to ask her for spending money, even if it's for ice cream. To show how whipped Tablo is, Hwijae and his wife decide to play a hidden camera joke on Tablo but their joke backfires when Tablo does not say anything about the way Hwijae treats his wife. However, Hyejung admits that she liked Tablo more and chased after him in the beginning of their romance.

Sunghoon, Shiho

Wants a 2nd child couple

Sunghoon's wife is sometimes jealous of his close father-daughter relationship with Sarang. Shiho wants to have another child and hopes it will be a boy so she can have a close relationship with her child like the one Sunghoon and Sarang have.

Yakkung

The happy child

Yakkung is a happy sunny boy who loves alphabet songs and dancing to the music. His favorite foods are anything that is fried, but he hates dirtiness. He can't stand touching or having dirt on him.

Yakkung

The English Genius

Yakkung knows his ABC's, 123's and animals in English. He also knows how to write the alphabet.

Jung-tae, Yakkung

Meal stealer

Jung-tae is always looking to have just one bite of Yakkung's meal. Yakkung not willing to offer a bite to his dad put his cheeks out as an offer to his dad instead. Jung-tae willing to take anything will kiss his cheeks non-stop.

Manse

The car fanatic

Manse seems to have an obsession with cars. Doesn't matter if it is a toy car, an actual car or even a child hair salon seat that is shaped like a car as long as there is a steering wheel he will want to get behind it and take control of it. When Il-kook and the triplets run into a family at the park with a fancy ride in toy car Il-kook asked the family if they can ride in it for a moment which the family was nice enough to offer. While his brothers quietly ride in the back as passengers Manse took control of the steering wheel and refuse to let dad steer the car. When it was time to return the toy car to the family Manse refused to let go and threw a tantrum.

Il-kook, Daehan

Dependable son

Even though he was born on the same day as his two younger triplet brothers Daehan is the son that Il-kook depends on the most to look after his brothers when he can't. Whenever Il-kook is chasing after either Minguk or Manse, Daehan is always given the responsibility to hold on to or look after one of his brothers while Il-kook looks for the other. Daehan sometimes carries his dad's backpack to him when he thinks that his dad needs it.

Minguk

Aegyo prince

Unlike his two brothers Daehan and Manse who like to rough house, Minguk communicates with others by showing his cuteness. When playtime is over and dad Il-kook comes to get them instead of rebelling and arguing with dad Minguk will use his cuteness to try to coax dad into letting him play a bit longer. Also when Minguk wakes up earlier than his dad and brothers he will courteously greet the cameraman working behind the tents with a wink and a wave. And then go off to play on his own without waking his family up. Minguk loves to sing songs and dance. He also has shown to get into minor fights with his younger brother, Manse, and then immediately make up by hugging him.

Il-kook, Daehan, Minguk, Manse

The new big eaters

The Song boys have showed that they have really big appetites when father and sons downed 8 orders of dumplings which contained 10 pieces in each serving during one sitting at a mandu restaurant. Eating is their favorite past-time as the usual rumbustious triplets become quiet and sit still whenever they are eating. Il-kook has also said he is thankful that his boys get to eat for free when they are at a buffet. Also during a strawberry eating challenge, Minguk was able to best Sarang at downing the most strawberries.

Sarang, Daehan, Minguk, Manse

Triplet fanatic

Not much came of their first meeting during the taping of the 1 year episode special as Sarang was too busy playing with her friend Yuto, but afterwards Sarang made it known to both of her parents that she liked the triplets, especially Minguk. She liked them more than her dad, best friend Yuto, Pororo and Mickey & Minnie, that Sunghoon invited the Song's to visit and stay with them in Japan. However upon meeting the triplets again, Manse became her new favorite when he showered her with attention and kisses. Her budding friendship with Manse continued when she visited the Song's home in South Korea and once again Manse showed his adoration for her.

Hwijae, Daehan, Minguk, Manse

"Jae mi eobs eo" (It's not funny") friendship

Hwijae used the phrase "jae mi eobs eo" (It's not funny") when he visited the Songs home in episode 53 and had to look after them himself since Il-kook was running the shop at the flee market to sell off their old children's clothes. Instead of feeling disciplined the triplets thought Hwijae was hilarious and couldn't stop laughing especially Minguk who would copy Hwijae in saying the phrase. The phrase has become a special saying between Hwijae and the triplets. When the Songs visited the Lees' home in episode 69, Minguk, Daehan and Manse remembered the phrase and said it to Hwijae, who was very happy that the boys remembered.

Manse

Mr. Congeniality

Manse friendliness and openness to others he just met have won him hearts from many. In episode 57, when the Songs visited the Choos in Japan, Sarang originally showed more interest in Minguk before meeting them as she would always mention Minguk's name first but it was Manse's eagerness to play with her and showering her with love and attention that won her over. During episode 69 when the triplets visited the twins new home to celebrate their birthday together, Minguk who showed adoration for Seojunie when he got excited seeing Seojun pop up during the dads video chat with each other and practicing singing happy birthday only to Seojun during their car ride to the Lees home lost out to his younger brother Manse for Seojun's love, when Manse was more playful and caring to the twins. Manse even got the usually reserved Seoeon, who doesn't like strangers to like him. In episode 76 and 77 when all the families went to Jeju Island, Manse showed his welcomeness to new family Jion and Taewoong by saying good morning to them and choosing to hike with them up Yongnuni Oreum.

Sarang, Manse

Budding long-distance friendship

Every since the triplets visited the Choos in Japan, Manse and Sarang have become best friends, giving her usual best friend Yuto stiff competition.  While visiting Japan, Manse could not be apart from Sarang and insisted on holding her hand and sitting next to her. When the Choos visited the Songs in South Korea, Manse showed the same affections he had for Sarang in Japan and extra care when he helped carry her slide when they went snow sliding. To Ilkook's surprise he didn't realize the usual mischievous and free spirited Manse was such a gentlemen. In episode 68 while playing the comparison game, Sarang tells her dad that Manse is the person she likes the most now, even more than Mom and Dad.

Taewoong, Jion

Emotional dad

First-time father Taewoong sheds a tear at every little thing Jion does. Jion could be copying the family dog Saebom's movements or mimicking the way Taewoong cooks. Taewoong sheds tears so easily that his wife would ask why he was crying again, in order to avoid answering his wife he would run into the bedroom to wipe his tears.

Seolah, Sooah

Beagle sisters

Seolah and Sooah where nicknamed the "beagle sisters" by the PD's of the show because their energy and mischievous is comparable to beagle puppies when they first appeared on the show. However, since Seolah received punishment for a fight Sooah started she has shown to mature more than her twin sister Sooah and has since started to act as an authority figure to her younger brother Daebak.

Donggook

Re"lax" dad

Donggook is a forgiving dad who takes the blame for his kids making a mess. When Seolah and Sooah made a mess of the house and filming cameras by spreading bath soup bubbles everywhere he smiles with a laugh and clean up after them without any complains or lectures to the girls. When Seolah un-bags rice puff all over the living room he blames himself for not securing the rice puff better.

Soeul, Daeul

SoDa siblings

Soeul and Daeul are so close that the PD's coincidentally named them the "SoDa siblings". Daeul trust and only listens to his older sister Soeul since she has given lots of love since he was born.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Un-aired X-files[edit]

text: The X-files are film clips that didn't make it to broadcast on the regular program. These clips can be seen on Korean paid subscription web streaming site Cable TV VOD. The clips are narrated by different guests each time, such as Lee Hyeri from Korean girls idol group Girl's Day.

text: Sponsors[edit]

text: LG is the main sponsor of the show. All the "Superman" families prominently display or use the LG's S Homeboy tablet made by Samsung throughout each episode. Besides the S Homeboy tablet, each Superman family use or display products they individually endorse on the show.[34]

text: NOTE: These are only products shown on the show. Not a complete list of each cast member endorsements.

text:
Jang Hyun-sung
Tommy Hilfiger Kids
Lee Hwi-jae
Huggies diaper
Fedora baby stroller[35]
Manduca baby carriers[36]
allo&lugh children's clothing
MOLDIR
DAKS Accessories
Finden Bebe
Lotte Card
Babience
MoiMoi Kamppi

Choo Sung-hoon
Jimy's Charmer lifestyle brand[37]
allo&lugh children's clothing[38]
Seoul Milk yogurt
DreamB Kidsmat
New Balance[39]
Del Monte Fruit[40]
Tablo
Black Yak clothing[41]
MOLDIR[42]

Song Il Gook
Samsung Electronic
DUOLAC
Skärbarn
Hana Financial Group[43]
CARNIVAL|Limousine[44]
Minute Maid [45]
LG Aircon
Lee Dong-gook
Adidas

text: Controversies[edit]

text:
On June 5, 2014 netizens on the forum site Daum Agora started a petition to have Kim Jung-tae and his son Yakkung removed from the show due to him and his son attending an election campaign on June 1, 2014 for Na Dong-yeon who is a candidate for Gyung-Nam, Yangsan mayor. Na Dong-yeon later released a statement apologizing to Kim Jung-tae and his son Yakkung for the controversy and assured people that the actor and his son was not there to campaign for him.[46] On June 10 a rep for Kim Jung-tae confirmed that he and his son Yakkung have decided to leave the show following the political controversy.[47]
In June 2014, an article was published voicing netizens complaints of the show overly promoting YG Entertainment artistes since there were too many guest stars under YG's management for Jang Hyun-sung and Tablo's segments, which both are also under YG's management.[48][49]
On episode 42 which aired on August 31, 2014 producers took a jab at rival show "Dad! Where Are We Going?" with captions shown during Tablo's segment.[50]
Viewers voiced their complaints of the mothers showing up on the show too frequently. The complaints were targeted at Tablo's family due to his wife Hyejung appearing entirely during their segment from episodes 52 to 53.[51]
Viewers voiced their complaints about editing regarding a scene in episode 53 where Song triplets Daehan and Manse are fighting over a toy. The viewers complained that the caption and editing didn't show the true facts of what happened.[52]
On April 22, 2015, an owner of a venue that the show production team had scouted, posted on the shows official forum claiming staff from the show had reserved his venue last minute and then abruptly cancelled the shoot, disregarding for his loss of profit he had taken in order to accommodate the show. After a formal apology was issued by the shows producers the misunderstanding was settled.[53]
In July 2015, the announcement of Lee Dong-gook and his family joining the show was met with negativity and complaints from fans of Song Il-kook and his triplet sons. Fans of Song and his sons saw it as a sign that Song and his family would be leaving the show and complained on KBS's forum about adding the new family and KBS offering Song an upcoming drama role as a reason for Song to leave the variety show. KBS assured Song's fans that the decision for him and his family to leave the show was made entirely of their own accord.[54][55]

text: International version[edit]

text:
In April 2014, China's Zhejiang Television (ZJTV) began airing a Chinese version of The Return of Superman called Dad is Back starring former Taiwanese boy band Fahrenheit member Wu Chun, film producer Zhong Lei Wang, actor Jia Nailiang, and former gymnast Li Xiapeng.[56] The show is in collaboration with the producers of the Korean KBS version and follows the same concept as the Korean version with the exception of a narrator. The title of the Chinese version was renamed in order to clear up plagiarism rumors.[57]
In March 2017, Thailand Channel 7 began airing a Thai version of The Return of Superman called The Return of Superman Thailand[58].

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipient
Result
Ref.

2013

12th KBS Entertainment Awards

Top Entertainer Award

Choo Sung-hoon

Won

[59]

Best Male Newcomer in a Variety Show

Jang Hyun-sung

Nominated

Producer's Special Award

Lee Hwi-jae

Won

Excellence Award, Male Entertainer in a Variety Show

Choo Sung-hoon

Nominated

Tablo

Nominated

Top Excellence Award, Male Entertainer in a Variety Show

Choo Sung-hoon

Nominated

Tablo

Nominated

Mobile TV Popularity Award

Choo Sa-rang, Jang Jun-woo & Jun-seo,  Lee Haru, Lee Seo-eon & Seo-jun

Won

Viewer's Choice Program of the Year

The Return of Superman

Nominated

Best Eater

Choo Sarang

Nominated

2014

50th Paeksang Arts Awards

Best Entertainment Program

The Return of Superman

Nominated

13th KBS Entertainment Awards

Viewer's Choice Program of the Year

Won

[60]

Top Excellence Award, Male Entertainer in a Variety Show

Choo Sung-hoon

Won

Producer's Special Award

Lee Hwi-jae

Won

Song Il-gook

Won

Mobile TV Popularity Award

Choo Sa-rang, Lee Haru, Lee Seo-eon &  Seo-jun, Song Dae-han, Min-guk & Man-se

Won

Best Scriptwriter

Kim Jung-sun

Won

2015

51st Paeksang Arts Awards

Best Entertainment Program

The Return of Superman

Nominated

14th KBS Entertainment Awards

Viewer's Choice Program of the Year

Nominated

[61]

Male MC Newcomer Award

Lee Dong-gook

Nominated

Best Entertainer – Entertainment Category

Won

Hot Issue – Variety Show Star Award

Choo Sung-hoon

Won

Excellence Award – Male Variety Category

Song Il-gook

Won

Grand Prize (Daesang)

Lee Hwi-jae

Won

2016

15th KBS Entertainment Awards

Viewer's Choice Program of the Year

The Return of Superman

Nominated

[62]

Mobile TV Popularity Award

Lee So-eul & Da-eul, Lee Seo-eon  & Seo-jun, Lee Jae-si, Jae-ah, Soo-ah,  Seol-ah & Si-an, Kim Ro-Hee,  Yang Joy, Oh Seo-heun, In Ha-eun

Won

Excellence Award – Male Variety Category

Ki Tae-young & Lee Beom-soo

Won

Top Excellence Award – Male Variety Category

Lee Dong-gook

Won

Grand Prize (Daesang)

Lee Hwi-jae

Nominated


document_title: Rhyme

question_text: rhyme that occurs at the ends of lines in poetry

question_tokens: rhyme that occurs at the ends of lines in poetry

root

text: Rhyme

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The word derives from Old French rime or ryme, which may be derived from Old Frankish *rīm, a Germanic term meaning "series, sequence" attested in Old English (Old English rīm meaning "enumeration, series, numeral") and Old High German rīm, ultimately cognate to Old Irish rím, Greek ἀριθμός arithmos "number". Alternatively, the Old French words may derive from Latin rhythmus, from Greek ῥυθμός (rhythmos, rhythm).[2][3]

tag: p

text: The spelling rhyme (from original rime) was introduced at the beginning of the Modern English period from a learned (but perhaps etymologically incorrect) association with Latin rhythmus.[2] The older spelling rime survives in Modern English as a rare alternative spelling; cf. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. A distinction between the spellings is also sometimes made in the study of linguistics and phonology for which rime/rhyme is used to refer to the nucleus and coda of a syllable. Some prefer to spell it rime to separate it from the poetic rhyme covered by this article (see syllable rime).

text: Function of rhyming words[edit]

text: Rhyme partly seems to be enjoyed simply as a repeating pattern that is pleasant to hear. It also serves as a powerful mnemonic device, facilitating memorization. The regular use of tail rhyme helps to mark off the ends of lines, thus clarifying the metrical structure for the listener. As with other poetic techniques, poets use it to suit their own purposes; for example William Shakespeare often used a rhyming couplet to mark off the end of a scene in a play.

text: Types of rhyme[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: The word rhyme can be used in a specific and a general sense. In the specific sense, two words rhyme if their final stressed vowel and all following sounds are identical; two lines of poetry rhyme if their final strong positions are filled with rhyming words. A rhyme in the strict sense is also called a perfect rhyme. Examples are sight and flight, deign and gain, madness and sadness.

text: Perfect rhymes[edit]

text: Perfect rhymes can be classified according to the number of syllables included in the rhyme, which is dictated by the location of the final stressed syllable.

text:
single, also known as masculine: a rhyme in which the stress is on the final syllable of the words (rhyme, sublime)
double, also known as feminine: a rhyme in which the stress is on the penultimate (second from last) syllable of the words (picky, tricky)
dactylic: a rhyme in which the stress is on the antepenultimate (third from last) syllable (cacophonies, Aristophanes)

tag: ul

text: General rhymes[edit]

text: In the general sense, general rhyme can refer to various kinds of phonetic similarity between words, and to the use of such similar-sounding words in organizing verse. Rhymes in this general sense are classified according to the degree and manner of the phonetic similarity:

text:
syllabic: a rhyme in which the last syllable of each word sounds the same but does not necessarily contain stressed vowels. (cleaver, silver, or pitter, patter; the final syllable of the words bottle and fiddle are /l/, a liquid consonant.)
imperfect (or near): a rhyme between a stressed and an unstressed syllable. (wing, caring)
weak (or unaccented): a rhyme between two sets of one or more unstressed syllables. (hammer, carpenter)
semirhyme: a rhyme with an extra syllable on one word. (bend, ending)
forced (or oblique): a rhyme with an imperfect match in sound. (green, fiend; one, thumb)
assonance: matching vowels. (shake, hate) Assonance is sometimes referred to as slant rhymes, along with consonance.
consonance: matching consonants. (rabies, robbers)
half rhyme (or slant rhyme): matching final consonants. (Roxie', Lexie)
pararhyme: all consonants match. (tell, tall)
alliteration (or head rhyme): matching initial consonants. (ship, short)

text: Identical rhymes[edit]

text: Identical rhymes are considered less than perfect in English poetry; but are valued more highly in other literatures such as, for example, rime riche in French poetry.

text: Though homophones and homonyms satisfy the first condition for rhyming—that is, that the stressed vowel sound is the same—they do not satisfy the second: that the preceding consonant be different. As stated above, in a perfect rhyme the last stressed vowel and all following sounds are identical in both words.

text: If the sound preceding the stressed vowel is also identical, the rhyme is sometimes considered to be inferior and not a perfect rhyme after all.[4][5] An example of such a super-rhyme or "more than perfect rhyme" is the identical rhyme, in which not only the vowels but also the onsets of the rhyming syllables are identical, as in gun and begun. Punning rhymes, such as bare and bear are also identical rhymes. The rhyme may extend even farther back than the last stressed vowel. If it extends all the way to the beginning of the line, so that there are two lines that sound identical, it is called a holorhyme ("For I scream/For ice cream").

text: In poetics these would be considered identity, rather than rhyme.

text: Eye rhyme[edit]

text: Eye rhymes or sight rhymes or spelling rhymes refer to similarity in spelling but not in sound where the final sounds are spelled identically but pronounced differently.[6]  Examples in English are cough, bough, and love, move.

text: Some early written poetry appears to contain these, but in many cases the words used rhymed at the time of writing, and subsequent changes in pronunciation have meant that the rhyme is now lost.

text: Mind rhyme[edit]

text: Mind rhyme is a kind of substitution rhyme similar to rhyming slang, but it is less generally codified and is “heard” only when generated by a specific verse context. For instance, “this sugar is neat / and tastes so sour.” If a reader or listener thinks of the word “sweet” instead of “sour,”  a mind rhyme has occurred.

text: Classification by position[edit]

text: Rhymes may be classified according to their position in the verse:

text:
Tail rhyme (also called end rhyme or rime couée) is a rhyme in the final syllable(s) of a verse (the most common kind).
Internal rhyme occurs when a word or phrase in the interior of a line rhymes with a word or phrase at the end of a line, or within a different line.
Off-centered rhyme is a type of internal rhyme occurring in unexpected places in a given line. This is sometimes called a misplaced-rhyme scheme or a spoken word rhyme style.
Holorime, mentioned above, occurs when two entire lines have the same sound.
Broken rhyme is a type of enjambement producing a rhyme by dividing a word at the line break of a poem to make a rhyme with the end word of another line.
Cross rhyme matches a sound or sounds at the end of a line with the same sound or sounds in the middle of the following (or preceding) line.[6]

text: A rhyme scheme is the pattern of rhyming lines in a poem.

text: History[edit]

text: In many languages, including modern European languages and Arabic, poets use rhyme in set patterns as a structural element for specific poetic forms, such as ballads, sonnets and rhyming couplets. Some rhyming schemes have become associated with a specific language, culture or period, while other rhyming schemes have achieved use across languages, cultures or time periods. However, the use of structural rhyme is not universal even within the European tradition. Much modern poetry avoids traditional rhyme schemes.

text: The earliest surviving evidence of rhyming is the Chinese Shi Jing (ca. 10th century BC). Rhyme is also occasionally used in the Bible.[7] Classical Greek and Latin poetry did not usually rhyme,[8] but rhyme was used very occasionally. For instance, Catullus includes partial rhymes in the poem Cui dono lepidum novum libellum.[9] The ancient Greeks knew rhyme, and rhymes in The Wasps by Aristophanes are noted by a translator.[10]

text: According to some archaic sources, Irish literature introduced the rhyme to Early Medieval Europe, but that is a disputed claim.[11] In the 7th century, the Irish had brought the art of rhyming verses to a high pitch of perfection. Also in the 7th century, rhyme was used in the Qur'an. The leonine verse is notable for introducing rhyme into High Medieval literature in the 12th century.

text: Rhyme entered European poetry in the High Middle Ages, in part under the influence of the Arabic language in Al Andalus (modern Spain).[12] Arabic language poets used rhyme extensively from the first development of literary Arabic in the sixth century, as in their long, rhyming qasidas.[13]

text: Since languages change over time, lines that rhymed in the past may no longer rhyme in today's language, and it may not be clear how one would pronounce the words so that they rhyme:

text: Although historically valid, "Should we really sing 'harmonious jine'?"[14]

text: Rhyme in various languages[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Celtic languages[edit]

text: Rhyming in the Celtic Languages takes a drastically different course from most other Western rhyming schemes despite strong contact with the Romance and English patterns. Even today, despite extensive interaction with English and French culture, Celtic rhyme continues to demonstrate native characteristics. Brian Ó Cuív sets out the rules of rhyme in Irish poetry of the classical period: the last stressed vowel and any subsequent long vowels must be identical in order for two words to rhyme. Consonants are grouped into six classes for the purpose of rhyme: they need not be identical, but must belong to the same class. Thus 'b' and 'd' can rhyme (both being 'voiced plosives'), as can 'bh' and 'l' (which are both 'voiced continuants') but 'l', a 'voiced continuant', cannot rhyme with 'ph', a 'voiceless continuant'. Furthermore, "for perfect rhyme a palatalized consonant may be balanced only by a palatalized consonant and a velarized consonant by a velarized one."[15] In the post-Classical period, these rules fell into desuetude, and in popular verse simple assonance often suffices, as can be seen in an example of Irish Gaelic rhyme from the traditional song Bríd Óg Ní Mháille:

text:
Is a Bhríd Óg Ní Mháille
[is ə vrʲiːdʲ oːɡ nʲiː wɒːlʲə]
'S tú d'fhág mo chroí cráite
[stuː dɒːɡ mə xriː krɒːtʲə]

Oh young Bridget O'Malley

You have left my heart breaking

text: Here the vowels are the same, but the consonants, although both palatalized, do not fall into the same class in the bardic rhyming scheme.

text: Chinese[edit]

text: Besides the vowel/consonant aspect of rhyming, Chinese rhymes often include tone quality (that is, tonal contour) as an integral linguistic factor in determining rhyme.

text: Use of rhyme in Classical Chinese poetry typically but not always appears in the form of paired couplets, with end-rhyming in the final syllable of each couplet.

text: Another important aspect of rhyme in regard to Chinese language studies is the study or reconstruction of past varieties of Chinese, such as Middle Chinese.

text: English[edit]

text: Old English poetry is mostly alliterative verse. One of the earliest rhyming poems in English is The Rhyming Poem.

text: As stress is important in English, lexical stress is one of the factors that affects the similarity of sounds for the perception of rhyme. Perfect rhyme can be defined as the case when two words rhyme if their final stressed vowel and all following sounds are identical.[6]

text: Some words in English, such as "orange" and "silver", are commonly regarded as having no rhyme. Although a clever writer can get around this (for example, by obliquely rhyming "orange" with combinations of words like "door hinge" or with  lesser-known words like "Blorenge" – a hill in Wales – or the surname Gorringe), it is generally easier to move the word out of rhyming position or replace it with a synonym ("orange" could become "amber", while "silver" could become a combination of "bright and argent").

text: One view of rhyme in English is from John Milton's preface to Paradise Lost:

text: The Measure is English Heroic  Verse without Rime, as that of Homer in Greek, and of Virgil in Latin; Rime being no necessary Adjunct or true Ornament of Poem or good Verse, in longer Works especially, but the Invention of a barbarous Age, to set off wretched matter and lame Meeter; grac't indeed since by the use of some famous modern Poets, carried away by Custom...

text: A more tempered view is taken by W. H. Auden in The Dyer's Hand:

text: Rhymes, meters, stanza forms, etc., are like servants. If the master is fair enough to win their affection and firm enough to command their respect, the result is an orderly happy household. If he is too tyrannical, they give notice; if he lacks authority, they become slovenly, impertinent, drunk and dishonest.

text: Forced or clumsy rhyme is often a key ingredient of doggerel.

text: French[edit]

text: In French poetry, unlike in English, it is common to have identical rhymes, in which not only the vowels of the final syllables of the lines rhyme, but their onset consonants ("consonnes d'appui") as well. To the ear of someone accustomed to English verse, this often sounds like a very weak rhyme. For example, an English perfect rhyme of homophones, flour and flower, would seem weak, whereas a French rhyme of homophones doigt and doit is not only acceptable but quite common.

text: Rhymes are sometimes classified into the categories "rime pauvre" ("poor rhyme"), "rime suffisante" ("sufficient rhyme"), "rime riche" ("rich rhyme") and "rime richissime" ("very rich rhyme"), according to the number of rhyming sounds in the two words or in the parts of the two verses. For example, to rhyme "parla" with "sauta" would be a poor rhyme (the words have only the vowel in common), to rhyme "pas" with "bras" a sufficient rhyme (with the vowel and the silent consonant in common), and "tante" with "attente" a rich rhyme (with the vowel, the onset consonant, and the coda consonant with its mute "e" in common). Authorities disagree, however, on exactly where to place the boundaries between the categories.

text: Holorime  is an extreme example of rime richissime spanning an entire verse. Alphonse Allais was a notable exponent of holorime. Here is an example of a holorime couplet from Marc Monnier:

text:
Gall, amant de la Reine, alla (tour magnanime)
Galamment de l'Arène à la Tour Magne, à Nîmes.

Gallus, the Queen's lover, went (a magnanimous gesture)
Gallantly from the Arena to the Great Tower, at Nîmes.

text: Classical French rhyme not only differs from English rhyme in its different treatment of onset consonants. It also treats coda consonants in a distinctive way.

text: French spelling includes several final letters that are no longer pronounced, and that in many cases have never been pronounced. Such final unpronounced letters continue to affect rhyme according to the rules of Classical French versification. They are encountered in almost all of the pre-20th-century French verse texts, but these rhyming rules are almost never taken into account from the 20th century.

text: The most important "silent" letter is the "mute e". In spoken French today, final "e" is, in some regional accents (in Paris for example), omitted after consonants; but in Classical French prosody, it was considered an integral part of the rhyme even when following the vowel. "Joue" could rhyme with "boue", but not with "trou". Rhyming words ending with this silent "e" were said to make up a "double rhyme", while words not ending with this silent "e" made up a "single rhyme". It was a principle of stanza-formation that single and double rhymes had to alternate in the stanza. All 17th-century French plays in verse alternate single and double alexandrine couplets.

text: The "silent" final consonants present a more complex case. They, too, were considered an integral part of the rhyme, so that "pont" could rhyme only with "vont" and not with "long"; but this cannot be reduced to a simple rule about the spelling, since "pont" would also rhyme with "rond" even though one word ends in "t" and the other in "d". This is because the correctness of the rhyme depends not on the spelling on the final consonant, but on how it would have been pronounced. There are a few simple rules that govern word-final consonants in French prosody:

text:
The consonants must "rhyme" give or take their voicing. So "d" and "t" rhyme because they differ only in voicing. So too with "g" and "c", and "p" and "b", and also "s" and "z" (and "x"). (Rhyming words ending with a silent "s" "x" or "z" are called "plural rhymes".)
Nasal vowels rhyme no matter what their spelling. ("Essaim" can rhyme with "sain", but not with "saint" because the final "t" counts in "saint".)
If the word ends in a consonant cluster, only the final consonant counts. ("Temps" rhymes with "lents" because both end in "s".)

text: In fact, only the "silent" final consonants that can be pronounced the same way if followed by a vowel, are able to rhyme together.

text: Greek[edit]

text: Hebrew[edit]

text: Ancient Hebrew rarely employed rhyme, e.g. in Exodus 29 35: ועשית לאהרן ולבניו כָּכה, ככל אשר צויתי אֹתָכה (the identical part in both rhyming words being / 'axa/ ). Rhyme became a permanent - even obligatory - feature of poetry in Hebrew language, around the 4th century CE. It is found in the Jewish liturgical poetry written in the Byzantine empire era. This was realized by scholars only recently, thanks to the thousands of piyyuts that have been discovered in the Cairo Geniza. It is assumed that the principle of rhyme was transferred from Hebrew liturgical poetry to the poetry of the Syriac Christianity (written in Aramaic), and through this mediation introduced into Latin poetry and then into all other languages of Europe.[16].

text: Latin[edit]

text: In Latin rhetoric and poetry homeoteleuton and alliteration were frequently used devices.

text: Tail rhyme was occasionally used, as in this piece of poetry by Cicero:

text:
O Fortunatam natam me consule Romam.

O fortunate Rome, to be born with me consul

text: But tail rhyme was not used as a prominent structural feature of Latin poetry until it was introduced under the influence of local vernacular traditions in the early Middle Ages. This is the Latin hymn Dies Irae:

text:
Dies irae, dies illa
Solvet saeclum in favilla
Teste David cum Sybilla

The day of wrath, that day
which will reduce the world to ashes,
as foretold by David and the Sybil.

text: Medieval poetry may mix Latin and vernacular languages. Mixing languages in verse or rhyming words in different languages is termed macaronic.

text: Portuguese[edit]

text: Portuguese classifies rhymes in the following manner:

text:
rima pobre (poor rhyme): rhyme between words of the same grammatical category (e.g. noun with noun) or between very common endings (-ão, -ar);
rima rica (rich rhyme): rhyme between words of different grammatical classes or with uncommon endings;
rima preciosa (precious rhyme): rhyme between words with a different morphology, for example estrela (star) with vê-la (to see her);
rima esdrúxula (odd rhyme): rhyme between proparoxytonic words (example: última, "last", and vítima, "victim").

text: Russian[edit]

text: Rhyme was introduced into Russian poetry in the 18th century. Folk poetry had generally been unrhymed, relying more on dactylic line endings for effect. Rhyme depends on a vowel and adjacent consonant (which may include the semivowel Short I). Vowel pairs rhyme - even though non-Russian speakers may not perceive them as the same sound. Consonant pairs rhyme if both are devoiced. Early 18th century poetry demanded perfect rhymes that were also grammatical rhymes—namely that noun endings rhymed with noun endings, verb endings with verb endings, and so on. Such rhymes relying on morphological endings become much rarer in modern Russian poetry, and greater use is made of approximate rhymes.[17]

text: Polish[edit]

text: In Polish literature rhyme was used from the beginning. Unrhymed verse was never popular, although sometimes it was sometimes imitated form Latin. Homer's, Virgil's and even Milton's epic poems were furnished with rhymes by Polish translators.[18] Because of paroxytonic accentuation in Polish, feminine rhymes always prevailed. Rules of Polish rhyme were established in 16th century. Then only feminine rhymes were allowed in syllabic verse system. Together with introducing syllabo-accentual metres, masculine rhymes began to occur in Polish poetry. They were most popular at the end of 19th century. The most frequent rhyme scheme in Old Polish (16th - 18th centuries) was couplet AABBCCDD..., but Polish poets, having perfect knowledge of Italian language and literature, experimented with other schemes, among others ottava rima (ABABABCC) and sonnet (ABBA ABBA CDC DCD or ABBA ABBA CDCD EE).

text:
Wpłynąłem na suchego przestwór oceanu,
Wóz nurza się w zieloność i jak łódka brodzi,
Śród fali łąk szumiących, śród kwiatów powodzi,
Omijam koralowe ostrowy burzanu.

Across sea-meadows measureless I go,
My wagon sinking under grass so tall
The flowery petals in foam on me fall,
And blossom-isles float by I do not know.[19]

—Adam Mickiewicz,"Stepy akermańskie", Sonety krymskie, lines 1-4

—"The Ackerman Steppe", Sonnets from the Crimea,translated by Edna Worthley Underwood

text: The metre of Mickiewicz's sonnet is the Polish alexandrine (tridecasyllable, in Polish "trzynastozgłoskowiec"): 13(7+6) and its rhymes are feminine: [anu] and [odzi].

text: Arabic[edit]

text: Rhymes were widely spread in the Arabian peninsula around the 6th century, in letters, poems and songs, as well as long, rhyming qasidas [20]. In addition, the Koran uses a form of rhymed prose named saj'.

text: Sanskrit[edit]

text: Patterns of rich rhyme (prāsa) play a role in modern Sanskrit poetry, but only to a minor extent in historical Sanskrit texts. They are classified according to their position within the pada (metrical foot): ādiprāsa (first syllable), dvitīyākṣara prāsa (second syllable), antyaprāsa (final syllable) etc.

text: Tamil[edit]

text: There are some unique rhyming schemes in Dravidian languages like Tamil. Specifically, the rhyme called etukai (anaphora) occurs on the second consonant of each line.

text: The other rhyme and related patterns are called mōnai (alliteration), toṭai (epiphora) and iraṭṭai kiḷavi (parallelism).

text: Some classical Tamil poetry forms, such as veṇpā, have rigid grammars for rhyme to the point that they could be expressed as a context-free grammar.

text: Vietnamese[edit]

text: Rhymes are used in Vietnamese to produce similes. The following is an example of a Rhyming Simile:

text:
Nghèo như con mèo
/ŋɛu ɲɯ kɔn mɛu/
"Poor as a cat"

text: Compare the above Vietnamese example, which is a rhyming simile, to the English phrase "(as) poor as a church mouse", which is only a semantic simile.[21]


document_title: Tiny Bubbles

question_text: when did the song tiny bubbles come out

question_tokens: when did the song tiny bubbles come out

text: Tiny Bubbles

text: "Tiny Bubbles" is a song written by Martin Denny and Leon Pober. It was released in 1966 by Don Ho. The song was also recorded by Wayne Newton and Rex Allen.

text: It charted on both the pop (#57 on the Billboard Hot 100) and easy listening charts, which caused its album, also called Tiny Bubbles, to peak at number 15 on the Billboard 200 chart[1][2] and is widely considered to be Ho's most famous song.[3] Billy Vaughn did an instrumental cover in same year and charted at No. 31 in the Bubbling Under. Also, Rex Allen made a country cover in 1968 and peaked at #71 in the Billboard country charts. Nearly three years later Evie Sands' "Any Way That You Want Me" tied "Tiny Bubbles" for longevity among 1960s hits failing to reach the Hot 100's top 50 (at 17 weeks).


document_title: Diaphysis

question_text: where is the diaphysis located on a long bone

text: Diaphysis

text:
Diaphysis

A long bone, with diaphysis labeled at right.

Details

Pronunciation
/daɪˈæfɪsɪs/[1][2]

Part of
Long bones

Identifiers

MeSH
D018483

TA
A02.0.00.017

FMA
24013

Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]

text: The diaphysis is the main or midsection (shaft) of a long bone. It is made up of cortical bone and usually contains bone marrow and adipose tissue (fat).

text: It is a middle tubular part composed of compact bone which surrounds a central marrow cavity which contains red or yellow marrow. In diaphysis, primary ossification occurs.

text: Ewing's sarcoma tends to occur at the diaphysis.[3]

text: Additional images[edit]

text: Long bone


document_title: Continental Army

question_text: who was chosen to lead the continental army

text: Continental Army

text: Origins[edit]

text: The Continental Army consisted of soldiers from all 13 colonies and, after 1776, from all 13 states. When the American Revolutionary War began at the Battles of Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775, the colonial revolutionaries did not have an army. Previously, each colony had relied upon the militia, made up of part-time citizen-soldiers, for local defense, or the raising of temporary "provincial regiments" during specific crises such as the French and Indian War of 1754–63. As tensions with Great Britain increased in the years leading to the war, colonists began to reform their militias in preparation for the perceived potential conflict. Training of militiamen increased after the passage of the Intolerable Acts in 1774. Colonists such as Richard Henry Lee proposed forming a national militia force, but the First Continental Congress rejected the idea.[1]

text: On April 23, 1775, the Massachusetts Provincial Congress authorized the raising of a colonial army consisting of 26 company regiments. New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Connecticut soon raised similar but smaller forces. On June 14, 1775, the Second Continental Congress decided to proceed with the establishment of a Continental Army for purposes of common defense, adopting the forces already in place outside Boston (22,000 troops) and New York (5,000).[2] It also raised the first ten companies of Continental troops on a one-year enlistment, riflemen from Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware and Virginia to be used as light infantry,[2] who became the 1st Continental Regiment in 1776.

text: On June 15, 1775, the Congress elected by unanimous vote George Washington as Commander-in-Chief, who accepted and served throughout the war without any compensation except for reimbursement of expenses.[3][4][5][6]

text: On July 18, 1775, the Congress requested all colonies form militia companies from "all able bodied effective men, between sixteen and fifty years of age." It was not uncommon for men younger than sixteen to enlist as most colonies had no requirement of parental consent for those under twenty-one (adulthood).[7]

text: Four major-generals (Artemas Ward, Charles Lee, Philip Schuyler, and Israel Putnam) and eight brigadier-generals (Seth Pomeroy, Richard Montgomery, David Wooster, William Heath, Joseph Spencer, John Thomas, John Sullivan, and Nathanael Greene) were appointed by the Second Continental Congress in the course of a few days.[8][9][10] After Pomeroy did not accept, John Thomas was appointed in his place.[11]

text: As the Continental Congress increasingly adopted the responsibilities and posture of a legislature for a sovereign state, the role of the Continental Army became the subject of considerable debate. Some Americans had a general aversion to maintaining a standing army; but on the other hand the requirements of the war against the British required the discipline and organization of a modern military. As a result, the army went through several distinct phases, characterized by official dissolution and reorganization of units.

text: Soldiers in the Continental Army were citizens who had volunteered to serve in the army (but were paid), and at various times during the war, standard enlistment periods lasted from one to three years. Early in the war the enlistment periods were short, as the Continental Congress feared the possibility of the Continental Army evolving into a permanent army. The army never numbered more than 17,000 men. Turnover proved a constant problem, particularly in the winter of 1776–77, and longer enlistments were approved. Broadly speaking, Continental forces consisted of several successive armies, or establishments:

text:
The Continental Army of 1775, comprising the initial New England Army, organized by Washington into three divisions, six brigades, and 38 regiments. Major General Philip Schuyler's ten regiments in New York were sent to invade Canada.
The Continental Army of 1776, reorganized after the initial enlistment period of the soldiers in the 1775 army had expired. Washington had submitted recommendations to the Continental Congress almost immediately after he had accepted the position of Commander-in-Chief, but the Congress took time to consider and implement these. Despite attempts to broaden the recruiting base beyond New England, the 1776 army remained skewed toward the Northeast both in terms of its composition and of its geographical focus. This army consisted of 36 regiments, most standardized to a single battalion of 768 men strong and formed into eight companies, with a rank-and-file strength of 640.
The Continental Army of 1777–80 evolved out of several critical reforms and political decisions that came about when it became apparent that the British were sending massive forces to put an end to the American Revolution. The Continental Congress passed the "Eighty-eight Battalion Resolve", ordering each state to contribute one-battalion regiments in proportion to their population, and Washington subsequently received authority to raise an additional 16 battalions. Enlistment terms extended to three years or to "the length of the war" to avoid the year-end crises that depleted forces (including the notable near-collapse of the army at the end of 1776, which could have ended the war in a Continental, or American, loss by forfeit).
The Continental Army of 1781–82 saw the greatest crisis on the American side in the war. Congress was bankrupt, making it very difficult to replenish the soldiers whose three-year terms had expired. Popular support for the war reached an all-time low, and Washington had to put down mutinies both in the Pennsylvania Line and in the New Jersey Line. Congress voted to cut funding for the Army, but Washington managed nevertheless to secure important strategic victories.
The Continental Army of 1783–84 was succeeded by the United States Army, which persists to this day. As peace was restored with the British, most of the regiments were disbanded in an orderly fashion, though several had already been diminished.

text: In addition to the Continental Army regulars, local militia units, raised and funded by individual colonies/states, participated in battles throughout the war. Sometimes the militia units operated independently of the Continental Army, but often local militias were called out to support and augment the Continental Army regulars during campaigns. (The militia troops developed a reputation for being prone to premature retreats, a fact that Brigadier-General Daniel Morgan integrated into his strategy at the Battle of Cowpens in 1781.)

text: The financial responsibility for providing pay, food, shelter, clothing, arms, and other equipment to specific units was assigned to states as part of the establishment of these units. States differed in how well they lived up to these obligations. There were constant funding issues and morale problems as the war continued. This led to the army offering low pay, often rotten food, hard work, cold, heat, poor clothing and shelter, harsh discipline, and a high chance of becoming a casualty.

text: Operations[edit]

text: At the time of the Siege of Boston, the Continental Army at Cambridge, Massachusetts, in June 1775, is estimated to have numbered from 14–16,000 men from New England (though the actual number may have been as low as 11,000 because of desertions). Until Washington's arrival, it remained under the command of Artemas Ward, while John Thomas acted as executive officer and Richard Gridley commanded the artillery corps and was chief engineer.

text: The British force in Boston was increasing by fresh arrivals. It numbered then about 10,000 men. Major Generals Howe, Clinton, and Burgoyne, had arrived late in May and joined General Gage in forming and executing plans for dispersing the rebels. Feeling strong with these veteran officers and soldiers around him—and the presence of several Men-of-War under Admiral Graves—the governor issued a proclamation, declaring martial law, branding the entire Continental Army and supporters as "rebels" and "parricides of the Constitution." Amnesty was offered to those who gave up their allegiance to the Continental Army and Congress in favor of the British authorities, though Samuel Adams and John Hancock were still wanted for high treason. This proclamation only served to strengthen the resolve of the Congress and Army.

text: After the British evacuation of Boston (prompted by the placement of Continental artillery overlooking the city in March 1776), the Continental Army relocated to New York. For the next five years, the main bodies of the Continental and British armies campaigned against one another in New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. These campaigns included the notable battles of Trenton, Princeton, Brandywine, Germantown, and Morristown, among many others.

text: The Continental Army was racially integrated, a condition the United States Army would not see again until Truman ordered the desegregation of the military in 1948. African American slaves were promised freedom in exchange for military service in New England, and made up one fifth of the Northern Continental Army.[12]

text: Throughout its existence, the Army was troubled by poor logistics, inadequate training, short-term enlistments, interstate rivalries, and Congress's inability to compel the states to provide food, money or supplies. In the beginning, soldiers enlisted for a year, largely motivated by patriotism; but as the war dragged on, bounties and other incentives became more commonplace. Two major mutinies late in the war drastically diminished the reliability of two of the main units, and there were constant discipline problems.

text: The army increased its effectiveness and success rate through a series of trials and errors, often at great human cost. General Washington and other distinguished officers were instrumental leaders in preserving unity, learning and adapting, and ensuring discipline throughout the eight years of war. In the winter of 1777–1778, with the addition of Baron von Steuben, of Prussian origin, the training and discipline of the Continental Army began to vastly improve. (This was the infamous winter at Valley Forge.) Washington always viewed the Army as a temporary measure and strove to maintain civilian control of the military, as did the Continental Congress, though there were minor disagreements about how this was carried out.

text: Near the end of the war, the Continental Army was augmented by a French expeditionary force (under General Rochambeau) and a squadron of the French navy (under the Comte de Barras), and in the late summer of 1781 the main body of the army travelled south to Virginia to rendezvous with the French West Indies fleet under Admiral Comte de Grasse. This resulted in the Siege of Yorktown, the decisive Battle of the Chesapeake, and the surrender of the British southern army. This essentially marked the end of the land war in America, although the Continental Army returned to blockade the British northern army in New York until the peace treaty went into effect two years later, and battles took place elsewhere between British forces and those of France and its allies.

text: Demobilization[edit]

text: A small residual force remained at West Point and some frontier outposts until Congress created the United States Army by their resolution of June 3, 1784.

text: Planning for the transition to a peacetime force had begun in April 1783 at the request of a congressional committee chaired by Alexander Hamilton. The commander-in-chief discussed the problem with key officers before submitting the army's official views on 2 May. Significantly, there was a broad consensus of the basic framework among the officers. Washington's proposal called for four components: a small regular army, a uniformly trained and organized militia, a system of arsenals, and a military academy to train the army's artillery and engineer officers. He wanted four infantry regiments, each assigned to a specific sector of the frontier, plus an artillery regiment. His proposed regimental organizations followed Continental Army patterns but had a provision for increased strength in the event of war. Washington expected the militia primarily to provide security for the country at the start of a war until the regular army could expand—the same role it had carried out in 1775 and 1776. Steuben and Duportail submitted their own proposals to Congress for consideration.

text: Although Congress declined on May 12 to make a decision on the peace establishment, it did address the need for some troops to remain on duty until the British evacuated New York City and several frontier posts. The delegates told Washington to use men enlisted for fixed terms as temporary garrisons. A detachment of those men from West Point reoccupied New York without incident on November 25. When Steuben's effort in July to negotiate a transfer of frontier forts with Major General Frederick Haldimand collapsed, however, the British maintained control over them, as they would into the 1790s. That failure and the realization that most of the remaining infantrymen's enlistments were due to expire by June 1784 led Washington to order Knox, his choice as the commander of the peacetime army, to discharge all but 500 infantry and 100 artillerymen before winter set in. The former regrouped as Jackson's Continental Regiment under Colonel Henry Jackson of Massachusetts. The single artillery company, New Yorkers under John Doughty, came from remnants of the 2nd Continental Artillery Regiment.

text: Congress issued a proclamation on October 18, 1783, which approved Washington's reductions. On November 2, Washington then released his Farewell Order to the Philadelphia newspapers for nationwide distribution to the furloughed men. In the message he thanked the officers and men for their assistance and reminded them that "the singular interpositions of Providence in our feeble condition were such, as could scarcely escape the attention of the most unobserving; while the unparalleled perseverance of the Armies of the United States, through almost every possible suffering and discouragement for the space of eight long years, was little short of a standing miracle."

text: Washington believed that the blending of persons from every colony into "one patriotic band of Brothers" had been a major accomplishment, and he urged the veterans to continue this devotion in civilian life.

text: Washington said farewell to his remaining officers on December 4 at Fraunces Tavern in New York City. On December 23 he appeared in Congress, then sitting at Annapolis, and returned his commission as commander-in-chief: "Having now finished the work assigned me, I retire from the great theatre of Action; and bidding an Affectionate farewell to this August body under whose orders I have so long acted, I here offer my Commission, and take my leave of all the employments of public life." Congress ended the War of American Independence on January 14, 1784, by ratifying the definitive peace treaty that had been signed in Paris on September 3.

text: Congress had again rejected Washington's concept for a peacetime force in October 1783. When moderate delegates then offered an alternative in April 1784 which scaled the projected army down to 900 men in one artillery and three infantry battalions, Congress rejected it as well, in part because New York feared that men retained from Massachusetts might take sides in a land dispute between the two states. Another proposal to retain 350 men and raise 700 new recruits also failed. On June 2 Congress ordered the discharge of all remaining men except twenty-five caretakers at Fort Pitt and fifty-five at West Point. The next day it created a peace establishment acceptable to all interests.

text: The plan required four states to raise 700 men for one year's service. Congress instructed the Secretary at War to form the troops into eight infantry and two artillery companies. Pennsylvania, with a quota of 260 men, had the power to nominate a lieutenant colonel, who would be the senior officer. New York and Connecticut each were to raise 165 men and nominate a major; the remaining 110 men came from New Jersey. Economy was the watchword of this proposal, for each major served as a company commander, and line officers performed all staff duties except those of chaplain, surgeon, and surgeon's mate. Under Josiah Harmar, the First American Regiment slowly organized and achieved permanent status as an infantry regiment of the new Regular Army. The lineage of the First American Regiment is carried on by the 3rd United States Infantry Regiment (The Old Guard).

text: However the United States military realized it needed a well-trained standing army following St. Clair's Defeat on November 4, 1791, when a force led by General Arthur St. Clair was almost entirely wiped out by the Western Confederacy near Fort Recovery, Ohio. The plans, which were supported by U.S. President George Washington and Henry Knox, Secretary of War, led to the disbandment of the Continental Army and the creation of the Legion of the United States. The command would be based on the 18th-century military works of Henry Bouquet, a professional Swiss soldier who served as a colonel in the British army, and French Marshal Maurice de Saxe. In 1792 Anthony Wayne, a renowned hero of the American Revolutionary War, was encouraged to leave retirement and return to active service as Commander-in-Chief of the Legion with the rank of Major General.

text: The legion was recruited and raised in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It was formed into four sub-legions. These were created from elements of the 1st and 2nd Regiments from the Continental Army. These units then became the First and Second Sub-Legions. The Third and Fourth Sub-Legions were raised from further recruits. From June 1792 to November 1792, the Legion remained cantoned at Fort LaFayette in Pittsburgh. Throughout the winter of 1792–93, existing troops along with new recruits were drilled in military skills, tactics and discipline at Legionville on the banks of the Ohio River near present-day Baden, Pennsylvania. The following Spring the newly named Legion of the United States left Legionville for the Northwest Indian War, a struggle between American Indian tribes affiliated with the Western Confederacy in the area south of the Ohio River. The overwhelmingly successful campaign was concluded with the decisive victory at the Battle of Fallen Timbers on August 20, 1794, Maj. Gen. Anthony Wayne applied the techniques of wilderness operations perfected by Sullivan's 1779 expedition against the Iroquois. The training the troops received at Legionville was also seen as an instrumental to this overwhelming victory.

text: Nevertheless, Steuben's Blue Book remained the official manual for the legion, as well as for the militia of most states, until Winfield Scott in 1835. In 1796, the United States Army was raised following the discontinuation with the legion of the United States. This preceded the graduation of the first cadets from United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, which was established in 1802.

text: Rank insignia[edit]

text: During the American Revolutionary War, the Continental Army initially wore ribbons, cockades and epaulettes of various colors as an ad hoc form of rank insignia, as General George Washington wrote in 1775:

text: "As the Continental Army has unfortunately no uniforms, and consequently many inconveniences must arise from not being able to distinguish the commissioned officers from the privates, it is desired that some badge of distinction be immediately provided; for instance that the field officers may have red or pink colored cockades in their hats, the captains yellow or buff, and the subalterns green."

text: In 1776 captains were to have buff or white cockades.

text:
Rank insignia of the Continental Army 1775 [13]

Ribands across the breast
Cockades in the hats
Epaulettes or stripes on the right shoulder

General
and
commander-in-chief
Major general
Brigadier general
Aide-de-camp
Colonel,
Lieutenant colonel,
Major
Captain
Lieutenant, Ensign
Sergeant
Corporal

text: Later on in the war, the Continental Army established its own uniform with a black cockade (as used in much of the British Army) among all ranks and the following insignia:

text:
Ranks and insignia of the Continental Army 1780[14]

General and
Commander-in-Chief
Major general
Brigadier general
Colonel
Lieutenant colonel
Aide-de-camp
Major
Captain
Subaltern
Lieutenant
Ensign
Sergeant major
Sergeant
Corporal
Private

Gold epaulets
Jacket with gold trim
Silver epaulets
Gold epaulets
Hat with green cockade
Gold epaulets
Gold epaulet
(Right shoulder)
Gold epaulet
(Left shoulder)
No epaulets
Red epaulets
Red epaulet
(Right shoulder)
Green epaulet
(Right shoulder)
No epaulets

text: Major battles[edit]

text:
Siege of Boston
Battle of Long Island
Battle of Harlem Heights
Battle of Trenton
Battle of Princeton
Battle of Brandywine
Battle of Germantown
Battle of Saratoga
Battle of Monmouth
Siege of Charleston
Battle of Camden
Battle of Cowpens
Battle of Guilford Court House
Siege of Yorktown