document_title: Point system (driving)

question_text: when are points doubled if you have your probationary license

question_tokens: when are points doubled if you have your probationary license

text: Point system (driving)

text: Description[edit]

text: In jurisdictions which use a point system, the police or licensing authorities (as specified by law) maintain, for each driver, a driving score—typically an integer number specified in points. Traffic offenses, such as speeding or disobeying traffic signals, are each assigned a certain number of points, and when a driver is determined to be guilty of a particular offense (by whatever means appropriate in the region's legal system), the corresponding number of points are added to the driver's total. When the driver's total exceeds a certain threshold, the driver may face additional penalties, be required to attend safety classes or driver training, be subject to re-examination, or lose his/her driving privileges.

text: The threshold(s) to determine additional penalties may vary based on the driver's experience level, prior driving record, age, educational level attained, and other factors. In particular, it is common to set a lower threshold for young, inexperienced motorists.

text: In some jurisdictions, points can also be added if the driver is found to be significantly at fault in a traffic accident. Points can be removed from a driver's score by the simple passage of time, by a period of time with no violations or accidents, or by the driver's completion of additional drivers' training or traffic safety training.

text: Major traffic offenses, such as hit and run or drunk driving may or may not be handled within the point system. Such offenses often carry a mandatory suspension of driving privileges, and may incur penalties such as imprisonment.

text: Requirements of point systems[edit]

text:
A close relation of points and accident risk (validity)
Comprehensibility for a good acceptance
A high level of transparency for concerned persons
Regulated reduction of points by effective psychological help
Higher caution by the drivers.

text: Jurisdictions that use a point system[edit]

text: Australia[edit]

text: Traffic laws are the responsibility of the State and Territory Governments. Demerit points are used in all states and territories, and road authorities share information about interstate offenses.

text: In all states, drivers holding a full, unrestricted license will be disqualified from driving after accumulating 12 demerit points or more within a three-year period, except in New South Wales, where drivers are allowed 13 points in a three-year period. Those who can prove they are professional drivers are allowed an additional point. The minimum suspension period is three months, plus one further month for every extra four demerit points beyond the license's limit, with a cap in most states of five months (for 8 points or more over the suspension trigger; e.g. 20 points or more on a full license). An alternative to initially accepting the suspension, a driver can apply for a "good behavior" period of 12 months. In most states, drivers under a good behavior period who accumulate one or two further points (except Victoria does not allow any further offenses) have their license suspended for double the original period.

text: Most states also provide for immediate suspension of a license, instead of or in addition to demerit points, in certain extreme circumstances. These generally include offenses for driving under the influence of alcohol or other drugs, or for greatly excessive speed.

text: New South Wales[edit]

text: Provisional licence holders are allowed different numbers of demerit points over the lifetime of their licence, depending on their licence class, before being suspended from driving for three months. Holders of a P1 licence, which lasts 12–18 months (but can be renewed), are suspended after accumulating 4 points, while P2 licence holders are suspended after 7 points in a 24- to 30-month period (but can be renewed). Speeding offences for provisional licence holders are set to a minimum of four points, meaning that P1 holders will be suspended after one speeding offence of any speed.

text: During holiday periods, double demerit points apply for speeding, seatbelt and helmet-related offences. Offences in school zones attract more demerit points than in other areas. Automatic suspensions apply for all drink- and drug-driving offences, as well as speeding by more than 30 km/h.

text: Victoria[edit]

text: Victoria introduced a demerit points suspension scheme in 1970. Learner and probationary drivers are sent a combined option-suspension notice for accumulating 5 points or more over any 12-month period. An option notice allows for either a 12-month bond or a three-month minimum suspension. If a driver breaches the bond by incurring one demerit point in the 12-month period, their licence is suspended for a minimum of six months. A limit of 12 points in any three-year period with the same option applies for full licence holders. The list of traffic offences and their respective points is in schedule 3 of the Road Safety (Drivers) Regulations 2009.

text: In Victoria, drunk-driving offences only result in immediate licence cancellation for unrestricted drivers with a blood alcohol concentration of 0.05 or higher. Readings lower than this have the option of a 10-point penalty being imposed of being taken immediately to court; this option still results in a minimum four-month suspension for novice drivers. Automatic suspensions apply for higher level charges, and re-licensing may require an order to install an interlocking device onto the vehicle. Automatic suspension periods of at least 1 month also apply for speeding by greater than 25 km/h over the speed limit, or any speed greater than 130 km/h.[1]

text: South Australia[edit]

text: In South Australia, if a traffic offence is committed against the Road Traffic Act 1961 or the Australian Road Rules 1999, demerit points may be incurred against a driver’s licence. The number of points incurred depends on the offence and how likely it is to cause a crash. If 12 or more demerit points are accumulated in any three-year period, a driver will be disqualified from holding or obtaining a driver’s licence or permit. Each three-year period is calculated based on the dates the offences were committed.

text: If a driver accumulates:

text:
12 to 15 points, a driver loses his permission to drive for three months.
16 to 20 points, a driver loses his permission to drive for four months.
20 points or more, a driver loses his permission to drive for five months.

text: Demerit points are incurred whether the offence is committed in South Australia or interstate. [2]

text: Northern Territory[edit]

text: A demerit points scheme was introduced into the Northern Territory on 1 September 2007. Offences that accrue points include speeding, failing to obey a red traffic light or level crossing signal, failing to wear a seatbelt, drink driving, using a mobile phone, failure to display L or P plates, street racing, burnouts and causing damage.[3]

text: Learner and provisional drivers are subject to suspension for accumulating 5 points or more over a 12-month period. The three-year limit of 12 points still applies.

text: Queensland[edit]

text: In Queensland provisional or learner drivers are entitled to accumulate 4 demerit points, and open licence holders 12 demerit points, without it affecting their licence. A driver who exceeds their demerit point threshold may elect to lose their licence for a period of 3 months or elect a good driving behaviour period which allows them to incur only one demerit point offences without it affecting their licence. If whilst on the good driving behaviour period a driver incurs more than one demerit point then they will lose their licence for a minimum of 6 months unless a Magistrates Court grants a special hardship licence [4]

text: Europe[edit]

text: Bulgaria[edit]

text: Bulgaria has implemented a penalty point system with a total of 34 points, introduced in 1999.[5]

text: Denmark[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Denmark has a penalty point system that penalizes drivers with a klip ("cut/stamp")[6] for certain traffic violations. The term klip refers to a klippekort ("punch card ticket").[7] If a driver with a non-probationary license accumulates three penalty points, then police conditionally suspend the driver's license. To get a new license, suspended drivers must pass both written and practical drivers examinations. Drivers who have been suspended and first-time drivers must avoid collecting two penalty points for a three-year probationary period; if the driver has not accumulated any penalty points, then the driver is allowed an extra penalty point so they can have three maximum. Penalty points are deleted from the police database three years after they were assessed. Police can also unconditionally ban people from driving.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: England and Wales[edit]

text: In England and Wales, penalty points are given by courts for some of the traffic offences listed in Schedule 2 of the Road Traffic Offenders Act 1988. Where points are given, the minimum is 2 points for some lesser offences and the maximum 11 points for the most serious offences; some incidents can result in points being given for multiple offences or for multiple occurrences of the same offence (typically for having more than one defective tyre); the majority of applicable offences attract 3 or more penalty points. The giving of penalty points is obligatory for most applicable offences, but the number of points, and the giving of points for some of several offences, can be discretionary . Points remain on the driver's record, and an endorsement is made upon the driver's licence, for four years from conviction (eleven years for drink- and drug-related convictions). Twelve points on the licence within three years make the driver liable to disqualification; however this is not automatic, but must be decided by a law court.[8]

text: Since the introduction of the Road Traffic (New Drivers) Act 1995, if a person in the two years after passing their first practical test accumulates six penalty points, their licence is revoked by the DVLA, and the driver has to reapply and pay for the provisional licence, drive as a learner, and pay for and take the theory and practical tests before receiving a full licence again. In the case of egregious offences, the court may order the driver to pass an extended driving test before the licence is returned, even beyond the two-year probation period.[9]

text: Since 11 October 2004 there has been mutual recognition of driver disqualification arising from the penalty points given in England and Wales (and/or Scotland) with Northern Ireland; before that date disqualification in England and Wales would only have extended to Scotland by virtue of the driver registration system covering only Great Britain.[clarification needed]

text: Northern Ireland[edit]

text: The driver registration system is separate from that of Great Britain with different laws covering penalty points and the offences to which they apply. In other respects the application of the system is similar to that in England and Wales. Offences to which penalty points apply are indicated in Schedule 1 of the Road Traffic Offenders (Northern Ireland) Order 1996.

text: Scotland[edit]

text: Road traffic laws are mostly shared with, or similar to those of, England and Wales, although Scotland is a separate jurisdiction. The driver registration system currently covers all of Great Britain and the Road Traffic Offenders Act 1988 currently governs the penalty points system in Scotland. The main differences in the penalty points provisions of the 1988 Act are the theft and homicide offences attracting penalty points indicated in Schedule 2 Part II ("Other Offences") which are not common between Scots Law and English Law.

text: Germany[edit]

text: The Federal Motor Transport Authority (Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt) located in Flensburg, operates an 8-point system for committed traffic offences. This system was introduced in May 2014, replacing the previous 18-points system that dates back to 1974. Points expire after 2.5 to 10 years depending on the type and severity of each committed offence. Under certain circumstances points can be reduced by attending formal training events. Obtaining eight or more points will result in a revocation of the driving licence; once revoked the licences will only reinstated after a psychological assessment following the ban. Information about own points can be obtained any time free of charge[citation needed].

text: Ireland[edit]

text: In the Republic of Ireland, twelve points accrued results in six months' disqualification.[10] 38 regulatory offences notified by post incur 1-2 point penalties on payment of a fine.[11] 10 more serious offences require a mandatory court appearance and incur 3-5 point penalties.[11] The most serious offences are outside the penalty point system and incur automatic driving bans, and in some cases imprisonment.[12]

text: Italy[edit]

text: In Italy the driver has 20 points by default, and receives a bonus of 2 points for every 2 years of correct behavior, with a maximum of 30 points.

text: Each traffic violation incurs a specific point penalty (for example, ignoring a traffic light involves a penalty of 6 points). If the driver loses all points, the driving license is revoked.

text: In case of the second alcohol abuse in 2 years, the driving license will be revoked.

text: A suspension is effective from when the driver is personally served with the suspension notice and they must surrender their driving license to the person giving them the notice.

text: Netherlands[edit]

text: Since March 30, 2002, The Netherlands has a point system for starting drivers (5 years starting from the moment you first passed a driving test or 7 years if you passed before reaching the age of 18). A driver reaching 2 points in 5 years will lose the driving licence and has to pass a driving test again in order to be regain the licence. On October 1, 2014 this limit was lowered from 3 to 2 points. Drivers can get a point for:

text:
Dangerous behaviour in traffic,
Causing an accident resulting in death or injury
Tailgating
Exceeding the speedlimit with more than 40 km/h (motorways), or 30 km/h (all other roads)
Any violation of the law which resulted in injury or damage

text: Some of these violations could also directly result in loss of the licence, however when a driver has 2 points the licence is automatically revoked and a driving test has to be passed again, whereas normally the violation would only result in the licence being suspended for several months. However, in Dutch media the effectiveness as been doubted, it was said that points were being given but not always correctly registered.

text: Norway[edit]

text: The system is called "prikkbelastning" with prikk(er) meaning point(s). Points are assessed to a driver's license for traffic violations which do not by themselves result in immediate revocation of the license.

text: After July 1, 2011, the normal penalty for most traffic violations, such as failing to yield or failing to stop at red lights, is three dots in addition to the fine. Speeding violations of between 10 and 15 km/h (where the speed limit is 60 km/h or less), or between 15 and 20 km/h (where the speed limit is 70 km/h or more) result in two dots, for speeding violations below this no dots are assessed. Young drivers between 18-20 are penalized with twice the number of dots.[13]

text: A driver reaching 8 dots in three years loses his or her driving license for 6 months. Each dot is deleted when three years have passed since the violation took place. When the driving privileges are restored after the six-month ban, the dots which caused the suspension are deleted.[14]

text: North America[edit]

text: Canada[edit]

text: Alberta[edit]

text: When a driver accumulates 15 or more points within a two-year period, their licence is automatically suspended for one month.[15]

text: Ontario[edit]

text: Ontario uses a 15-point system where points are "added" to a driver's record following a conviction, though Ontario's point system is unrelated to safe driving behaviour (a lone driver using a high-occupancy vehicle lane in Ontario will earn three demerit points).[16]

text: Ontario drivers guilty of driving offences in other Canadian provinces, as well as the States of New York and Michigan, will see demerit points added to their driving record just as if the offence happened in Ontario.[17]

text: United States[edit]

text: The point system is applied in different ways, or not at all, in different states. If a red light running traffic violation is captured by red light camera, no points are assessed.[18] Aspects of a motorist's driving record (including points) may be reported to insurance companies, who may use them in determining what rate to charge the motorist, and whether to renew or cancel an insurance policy.

text: Arizona[edit]

text: Arizona uses a point system where your license will be suspended if 8 points are accumulated in one year. Offenses that lead to this are the following:

text:
DUI (blood alcohol concentration (BAC of 0.08% or higher): 8 points
Extreme DUI: 8 points
Reckless driving: 8 points
Aggressive driving: 8 points
Leaving the scene of an accident: 6 points
Running a stop sign or traffic signal or failing to yield, accident causing death: 6 points
Running a stop sign or traffic signal or failing to yield, accident causing serious injury: 4 points
Speeding: 3 points
Driving or parking over area where one or more lanes diverge to go in different directions (gore area): 3 points
All other driving violations: 2 points

text: There are other offenses that can count toward this (e.g. HOV lane misuse is a 3-point offense)

text: California[edit]

text: Drivers who accumulate tickets for moving violations may be considered negligent operators and can lose their right to drive. Major offenses, such as hit and run, reckless driving, and driving under the influence, earn 2 points and remain on record for 13 years. Less serious offenses earn 1 point which remain for 39 months (3 years, 3 months).[20]

text: A driver is considered negligent if they accumulate:

text: Suspension or Revocation by Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV)

text: Negligent drivers can be put on probation for one year (including a six-month suspension) or lose their privilege to drive. At the end of the suspension or revocation period, drivers need to re-apply for a license to drive.

text: DMV will revoke a license after conviction for hit-and-run or reckless driving.

text: Suspension by Judge

text: A judge may suspend license following conviction for:

text: When a driver is cited for a traffic violation, the judge may offer the driver the opportunity to attend a Traffic Violator School, this would include any online traffic school if the court allows. Drivers may participate once in any 18-month period to have a citation dismissed from their driving record this way. Upon dismissal of the citation, all record of the citation is removed and no points are accumulated.

text: Regardless of the number of points accumulated, many serious offenses involving a vehicle are punishable by heavy fines or imprisonment.

text: Colorado[edit]

text: Colorado uses an accumulating point system according to the Colorado Division of Motor Vehicles Point Schedule.[21] Suspension of driving privileges can result from as few as 6 points in 12 months by a driver under 18 years old. Points remain on the driver's motor vehicle record for 7 years. Some motor vehicle offenses carry 12 points per incident, which could result in immediate suspension of the drivers license. Multiple traffic violation convictions can also result in a suspension of the drivers license if a sufficient number of points are accumulated during a 12- or 24-month period.[22]

text: Florida[edit]

text: Florida uses a point system similar to that of Colorado. The Florida Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles is the department responsible for the issuance of Driver's Licenses in the state and will also track points issued to drivers who are licensed within the state. The following are point values assigned for the following infractions.

text: Speeding

text:
14 mph or less over the speed limit = 3 points
15 mph or more over the speed limit = 4 points
Speeding which results in a crash = 6 points (enacted to curtail street drag racing)

text: Speeding Fines are doubled when the infraction occurs within an active school zone or a construction zone.

text: Moving Violations

text:
Moving violation (includes driving during restricted hours and parking on a highway outside the limits of a municipality) = 3 points
Moving violation resulting in a crash = 4 points
Failing to stop at a traffic signal = 4 points
Passing a stopped school bus = 4 points
Reckless driving = 4 points
Leaving the scene of a crash resulting in property damage of more than US$50 = 6 points
Improper lane change = 3 points
Violation of a traffic control sign/device = 4 points
Open container as an operator = 3 points
Child restraint violation = 3 points
Littering = 3 points
Violation of curfew = 3 points (a licensed driver who is under the age of 17 may not operate a motor vehicle between 11:00 p.m. and 6:00 a.m., unless accompanied by a driver who is 21 years of age or older and holds a valid driver license, or the operator is driving to or from work. A licensed driver who is 17 years of age may not operate a motor vehicle between 1:00 a.m. and 5:00 a.m., unless accompanied by a driver who is 21 years of age or older and holds a valid driver license, or the operator is driving to and from work.)

text: Any person who collects a certain number of points within a given time frame will have their license automatically revoked by the state for the length of time listed.

text:
12 points earned within 12 months results in a 30-day suspension.
18 points earned within 18 months results in a 3-month suspension.
24 points earned within 36 months results in a 12-month suspension.

text: Any driver under the age of 18 who accumulates six or more points within a 12-month period is automatically restricted for one year to driving for business purposes only. If additional points are accumulated the restriction is extended for 90 days for every additional point received.

text: If a driver license was suspended in the state of Florida for points or as a habitual (but not DUI) traffic offender, or by court order, the holder must complete an advanced driver improvement course before driving privileges are reinstated.

text: Points issued against a driver's license in Florida remain on the license for at least 10 years.

text: The state of Florida issues its citizens points against their driver's license for infractions occurring anywhere in the United States.

text: Massachusetts[edit]

text: In Massachusetts point system is known as Safe Driver Insurance Plan (SDIP).[23] This encourages safe driving with lower premiums for drivers who do not cause accidents or commit traffic violations, and by ensuring that high-risk drivers pay a greater share of insurance costs. The points are accumulated over a six-year period, and reduced for sustained periods of safe driving.

text: New Jersey[edit]

text: The Motor Vehicle Commission of New Jersey has a point system. If the motorist receives 6 points or more within a period 3 years or more, he/she will be forced to pay a surcharge annually for three years, which does include court fees and other penalties. If 12 points or more are accumulated on the motorist's license, then his/her license will be suspended. Other offenses that lead to automatic suspension of the motorist's license are the following:

text:
Driving while intoxicated (DWI)
Operating a vehicle without a license
Driving a vehicle without insurance
Failure to pay child support
Failure to make a court-ordered appearance
Drug-related charges.
Drinking alcohol if under the age of 21

text: The points range from 2 to 8 points, depending on the severity of the offense. Red light camera violations are not worth any points. The motorists can deduct points from their driving records. 3 points may be deducted one year after either the motorist's last moving violation and no violations for at least one year before. The motorist must also complete an approved driver improvement program. 2 points may be deducted if the motorist completes a defensive driving course. However, the motorist may receive point reductions every five years for every course he/she takes.

text: New York[edit]

text: New York Statutes has a point system; after 11 points or 3 speeding tickets in 18 months, a driver's privileges are subject to suspension, with the possibility of requesting a review hearing. Points are counted from the date of the incident (usually the date of the ticket) rather than the date of conviction. For out-of-state offenses, New York State Department of Motor Vehicles does not record point violations, with the exception of violations from Quebec and Ontario.[24]

text: North Carolina[edit]

text: North Carolina operates two parallel point systems: one for DMV license suspension purposes and one for insurance purposes.

text: The DMV point system assigns 2 to 4 points upon conviction or an admission of guilt for most moving violations; non-moving violations carry no points. A driver's license is suspended for 60 days on the first suspension if twelve points are assessed against the license within a three-year period. Serious offenses, such as DWI and excessive speeding (more than 15 mph over the limit at a travelled speed of greater than 55 mph), result in an immediate suspension on conviction. Points are not assessed for up to two granted Prayers for Judgment Continued (PJC) within a five-year period, though some serious offenses (such as DUI, passing a stopped school bus, and speeding in excess of 25 mph over the posted speed limit) are ineligible for a PJC.

text: The insurance point system assigns points differently, assigning points to incidences of at-fault accidents and moving violations. Rather than using the points for a license suspension, the points lead to insurance surcharges of approximately 25-35% per point assessed. Notably, points are assessed for insurance purposes even if the license is suspended. Only points within the three years preceding the policy purchase date are considered, and a single PJC per household within the three-year period does not result in points assigned.

text: Incidents from out-of-state are treated as though they occurred in North Carolina for point assessment purposes.

text: Ohio[edit]

text: The State of Ohio institutes the following points system.[25] Any Ohio driver convicted of a traffic violation is assessed a specific number of penalty points according to the type of violation. Should that driver be convicted of a second or subsequent offense within two years after the first violation, the point assessment for the new violation is added to the previous total. The number of penalty points given to a violator are assessed by the court system. Following is a schedule of point assessments for specific violations: Six-Point Violations 1. Homicide by vehicle 2. Operating a vehicle while under the influence of alcohol and/or any drug of abuse 3. Failure to stop and disclose identity at the scene of a collision 4. Willingly fleeing or eluding a law enforcement officer 5. Racing 6. Operating a vehicle without the consent of the owner 7. Using a vehicle in the commission of a felony, or committing any crime punishable as a felony under Ohio motor vehicle laws Four-Point Violations Willful or wanton disregard of the safety of persons or property. Two-Point Violations 1. All moving violations and some speed offenses 2. Operating a motor vehicle in violation of a restriction imposed by the Registrar of the Bureau of Motor Vehicles

text: A speeding violation may result in four points, two points or no points depending on the speed limit in effect and the number of miles per hour (mph) by which the speed limit was exceeded: • Exceeding any speed limit by 30 mph or more results in four points. • If the speed limit is 55 mph or more, exceeding the limit by more than 10 but less than 30 mph results in two points. • If the speed limit is less than 55 mph, exceeding the limit by more than five but less than 30 mph results in two points. • Exceeding any speed limit by an amount less than stated above results in no points.

text: A driver who has accumulated six points in a two-year period will receive a letter from the Registrar of Motor Vehicles warning that the law provides the following penalties for drivers accumulating 12 or more points in a two-year period: 1. Driving privileges will be suspended for six months. 2. Proof of financial responsibility (see this chapter) must be filed with the Bureau of Motor Vehicles and maintained for three years to five years. 3. After the suspension is served, a remedial driving course approved by the director of the Ohio Department of Public Safety must be taken. The course must include a minimum of 25 percent of the number of classroom hours devoted to instruction on driver attitude. 4. Pay a reinstatement fee of $40. 5. Must take the complete driver exam

text: A person who has accumulated at least two but no more than 11 points for traffic violations may earn a two-point credit toward his or her driving record by completing an approved remedial driving course. Senate Bill 123, effective January 1, 2004, permits individuals to enroll in remedial driving classes in order to receive a two-point credit, up to five times in a lifetime, once every three years.

text: Pennsylvania[edit]

text: The Department of Traffic of Pennsylvania has a point system that follows:

text: If the motorist accumulates six or more points on his/her license, the motorist is in danger of losing his/her license. If the motorist is under 18 years of age and has 6 points or more on his/her license or receives a ticket for speeding 26 miles over the posted speed limit, then the license will be suspended. Every first suspension period lasts 90 days. All subsequent suspensions will last 120 days.

text: The points range from 2 to 5 points, depending on the severity of the offense. The Pennsylvania DOT has the right to immediately suspend the motorist's license if any one of the following occurs:

text:
DUI (One-year suspension)
Speeding 31 miles over the posted speed limit (15-day suspension)
Accumulating 11 points or more on the license

text: The suspension/point system is as follows in the state of Pennsylvania:

text:
First suspension: 5 days per 1 point
Second suspension: 10 days per 1 point
Third suspension: 15 days per 1 point
All subsequent suspensions: 1 year

text: South Carolina[edit]

text: In South Carolina, if a motorist has six or more points on his/her driving record, a warning letter will be sent to the motorist's home address. If the motorist accumulates 12 or more points, then the license will be suspended. Motorists may reduce their points by taking a Defensive Driving Course. This course cannot be taken online and the course must be taken in the state of South Carolina. In addition, the course must be taken after the motorist has been assessed points on his/her license. However, point reductions may be made within a three-year period. If by any chance the motorist's license is in danger of being suspended, the course must be taken prior to the suspension start time. The points range from 2 to 6 points, depending on the severity of the offense. If a motorist receives a ticket for a DUI, then the license is automatically suspended.

text: Texas[edit]

text:
In Texas most moving violations are worth two points, but three points are assessed in the case that an accident was caused. A license cannot be suspended as a result of point accumulation, however; instead, after six points have been accumulated, the driver must pay a "Driver Responsibility Surcharge" of $100 plus $25 per additional point each year that the license has six or more points recorded. Other convictions carry penalties that remain on the license for three years after conviction, such as a DWI conviction ($1000–$2000), driving without a license ($100), or driving without insurance ($250). The license is suspended if the surcharges are not paid.
Points clear from the license after three years, but the actual convictions clear from the record after five years, except for DWI convictions, which never expire.

text: South America[edit]

text: Brazil[edit]

text: In Brazil, all traffic violations incur a certain number of demerit points, depending on their severity, according to the 1997 Brazilian Traffic Code. If a driver accumulates more than 20 points (5 points for provisional drivers), the driving license is suspended and the driver has to take a traffic education course in order to regain the right (privilege) to drive. However, some infractions incur in immediate license suspension regardless of current point tally, such as drunk driving, engaging in street racing and others. It is also notable that many offenses that only apply to pedestrians also incur in demerit points.

text:
Infraction
Points
Examples

Light
3 points
Driving while using a mobile phone

Medium
4 points
Parking where is not allowed, Stop on a crosswalk or intersection

Severe
5 points
Not wearing a seatbelt, Failure to signal before turning or changing lanes, Speeding

Very Severe
7 points
Disrespecting traffic lights, Driving a vehicle without the appropriate license, Excessive Speeding

text: Demerit points expire a year after the date of the violation.

text: Other jurisdictions[edit]

text: The following jurisdictions also apply point systems:[citation needed]

text:
People's Republic of China - see also Road Traffic Safety Law of the People's Republic of China
Republic of China (Taiwan)
France
Hong Kong[26]
Malaysia - see also KEJARA System
Morocco
New Zealand
Serbia
Singapore
Slovenia


document_title: Secretary to the Government of the Federation

question_text: new secretary to the federal government of nigeria 2015

root

text: Functions (culled from the official website of SGF)[edit]

text:
Coordinating policy design and formulation by Ministries, Departments and Agencies for approval by Government[2][3]
Serving as Secretary to the Council of State, the Federal Executive Council and other Constitutional Councils, which are chaired by the President
Coordinating the activities of Ministries and Government Agencies on the implementation of Government decisions, policies and programmes
Dealing with constitutional, political and socio-economic matters as may be referred to the Presidency
Administrative Tribunals, Commissions and Panels of Enquiry; vi) Coordinating national security and public safety matters
National Honours Award
Prerogative of Mercy
Protocol Matters
Channeling of papers and directives of the President
Processing and granting Government approval for Overseas Tours, Intergovernmental Meetings/Conferences, medical check-up/treatment by Public Officers
Processing requests for Overseas Duty Tours/Conferences including medical check-up/treatment abroad for members of the Judiciary, Chairmen and Members of Statutory Commissions/Bodies for approval by the President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria
Coordinating the appointments to Headship of Statutory Bodies, Commissions and Agencies by the President
Dealing with matters relating to conditions of service of political office holders
Intergovernmental Affairs and relations with State and Local Governments
Liaison with Secretaries to State Governments
Allocation of office accommodation to Political Office Holders.

tag: ul

text: Offices of the Secretary of the Government of the Federation[edit]

text: The following are the cabinets for the effective discharge of duties by the secretary

tag: p

text:
General Services Office
Political Affairs Office
Economic Affairs Office
Special Services Office
Special Duties Office

text: Secretaries[edit]

text:
Boss Gida Mustapha (2017 - present)
Babachir David Lawal (2015 - Oct 2017)
Anyim Pius Anyim (2011 - 2015)
Yayale Ahmed [4]
Olu Falae
Gidado Idris


document_title: List of Nigerian states by date of statehood

question_text: when was the last time states were created in nigeria

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: The following table presents a listing of Nigeria's states and the dates of their creation.

text:
State
Date Created
Preceding Entity

Abia State
27 August 1991
Imo State

Adamawa State
27 August 1991
Gongola State

Akwa Ibom State
23 September 1987
Cross River State

Anambra State
27 August 1991
(old) Anambra State

Bauchi State
3 February 1976
North-Eastern State

Bayelsa State
1 October 1996
Rivers State

Benue State
3 February 1976
Benue-Plateau State

Borno State
3 February 1976
North-Eastern State

Cross River State
27 May 1967
Eastern Region; known as South-Eastern State from 1967 to 1976.

Delta State
27 August 1991
Bendel State

Ebonyi State
1 October 1996
Enugu State and Abia State

Edo State
27 August 1991
Bendel State

Ekiti State
1 October 1996
Ondo State

Enugu State
27 August 1991
(old) Anambra State

Gombe State
1 October 1996
Bauchi State

Imo State
3 February 1976
East Central State

Jigawa State
27 August 1991
Kano State

Kaduna State
27 May 1967
Northern Region; known as North-Central State from 1967 to 1976.

Kano State
27 May 1967
Northern Region

Katsina State
23 September 1987
Kaduna State

Kebbi State
27 August 1991
Sokoto State

Kogi State
27 August 1991
Kwara State; Benue State

Kwara State
27 May 1967
Northern Region; known as West Central State from 1967 to 1976.

Lagos State
27 May 1967
Federal Territory of Lagos and Colony Province

Nasarawa State
1 October 1996
Plateau State

Niger State
3 February 1976
North-Western State

Ogun State
3 February 1976
Western State

Ondo State
3 February 1976
Western State

Osun State
27 August 1991
Oyo State

Oyo State
3 February 1976
Western State

Plateau State
3 February 1976
Benue-Plateau State

Rivers State
27 May 1967
Eastern Region

Sokoto State
3 February 1976
North-Western State

Taraba State
27 August 1991
Gongola State

Yobe State
27 August 1991
Borno State

Zamfara State
1 October 1996
Sokoto State

Abuja Federal Capital Territory
3 February 1976
Benue-Plateau, North-Central, and North-Western States


document_title: College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS

question_text: who has the most college national championships in football

question_tokens: who has the most college national championships in football

text: History[edit]

text: The concept of a national championship in college football dates to the early years of the sport in the late 19th century,[8] and the earliest contemporaneous polls can be traced to Caspar Whitney, Charles Patterson, and The Sun in 1901.[9] Therefore, the concept of polls and national champions predated mathematical ranking systems, but it was Frank Dickinson's math system that was one of the first to be widely popularized. His system named 10–0 Stanford the national champion of 1926, prior to their tie with Alabama in the Rose Bowl. A curious Knute Rockne, then coach of Notre Dame, had Dickinson backdate two seasons, which produced Notre Dame as the 1924 national champion and Dartmouth in 1925.[10]

text: A number of other mathematical systems were born in the 1920s and 1930s and were the only organized methods selecting national champions until the Associated Press began polling sportswriters in 1936 to obtain rankings. Alan J. Gould, the creator of the AP Poll, named Minnesota, Princeton, and SMU co-champions in 1935, and polled writers the following year, which resulted in a national championship for Minnesota.[10] The AP's main competition, United Press, created the first poll of coaches in 1950. For that year and the next three, the AP and UP agreed on the national champion. The first "split" championship occurred in 1954, when the writers selected Ohio State and the coaches chose UCLA.[10] The two polls also disagreed in 1957, 1965, 1970, 1973, 1974, 1978, 1990, 1991, 1997, and 2003. The Coaches' Poll would stay with United Press (UP) when they merged with International News Service (INS) to form United Press International (UPI) but was acquired by USA Today and CNN in 1991. The poll was in the hands of USA Today and ESPN from 1997 to 2005 before moving to sole ownership by USA Today. Beginning in 2014, Amway became a joint sponsor with USA Today.[11]

text: Though some of the math systems selected champions after the bowl games, both of the major polls released their rankings after the end of the regular season until the AP polled writers after the bowls in 1965, resulting in what was perceived at the time as a better championship selection (Alabama) than UPI's (Michigan State).[10] After 1965, the AP again voted before the bowls for two years, before permanently returning to a post-bowl vote in 1968. The coaches did not conduct a vote after the bowls until 1974, in the wake of awarding their 1973 championship to Alabama, who lost to the AP champion, undefeated Notre Dame, in the Sugar Bowl.[10] The AP and Coaches' polls remain the major rankings to this day.

text: The Bowl Championship Series, famous for its use of math, was the successor of the Bowl Alliance (1995–1997), which was itself the successor of the Bowl Coalition (1992–1994).[12] Besides the many adjustments it underwent during its tenure, including a large overhaul following the 2004 season that included the replacement of the AP Poll with the Harris poll, the BCS remained a mixture of math and human polls since its inception in 1998, with the goal of matching the best two teams in the nation in a national championship bowl game which rotated yearly between the Sugar, Fiesta, Rose, and Orange Bowls from 1998 to 2005, and later a standalone game titled the BCS National Championship Game (2006 to 2013).[10] The winner of the BCS Championship Game was awarded the national championship of the Coaches' Poll thus winning the AFCA National Championship Trophy. The BCS winner also received the MacArthur Bowl from the National Football Foundation.[13] Neither the AP Poll, nor other current selectors, had contractual obligations to select the BCS champion as their national champion.[14] The BCS resulted in a number of controversies, most notably after the 2003 season, when the BCS championship game did not include eventual AP champion USC, the only time the two championships have diverged since the advent of the BCS. After many seasons of controversy, the BCS was replaced with the College Football Playoff, a Plus-One system aimed at reducing the controversy involved in which teams get to play in a championship game through use of a tournament.

text: National championships in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision records[edit]

text: The NCAA maintains an official records book of historical statistics and records for football. In the records book, with consultation from various college football historians, it has created and maintains a list of "major selectors" of national championships throughout the history of college football along with their championship picks for each season.[6]:107–116

text: Major selectors[edit]

text: A variety of selectors have named national champions throughout the years. They generally can be divided into four categories: those determined by mathematical formula, human polls, historical research, and recently, playoffs. The selectors below are listed in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records as having been deemed to be "major selectors" for which the criteria is that the poll or selector be "national in scope either through distribution in newspaper, television, radio and/or computer online".[6]:107–109 The former selectors, deemed instrumental in the sport of college football, and selectors that were included for the calculation of the BCS standing, are listed together.[6]:107–116,119

text: Math[edit]

text: The mathematical system is the oldest systematic selector of college football national champions. Many of the math selectors were created during the "championship rush" of the 1920s and 1930s, beginning with Frank Dickinson's system, or during the dawn of the computer age in the 1990s. Selectors are listed below with years selected retroactively in italics.

text:
Selector
Name
Seasons

A&H
Anderson & Hester
1997–present

AS
Alderson System
1994–1998

B(QPRS)
Berryman (QPRS)
1920–1989, 1990–2011

BR
Billingsley Reporta
1869–1870, 1872–1969, 1970–present

BS
Boand System
1919–1929, 1930–1960

CCR
Congrove Computer Rankings
1993–present

CM
Colley Matrix
2001–present

CW
Caspar Whitney
1905–1907

DeS
DeVold System
1939–1944, 1945–2006

DiS
Dickinson System
1924–1925, 1926–1940

DuS
Dunkel System
1929–present

ERS
Eck Ratings System
1987–2005

HS
Houlgate System
1885, 1887–1905, 1907–1926, 1927–1949

L
Litkenhous
1934–1972, 1974, 1978, 1981–1984

MCFR
Massey College Football Ratings
1995–present

MGR
Matthews Grid Ratings
1966–1972, 1974–2006

NYT
New York Times
1979–2004

PS
Poling System
1924–1934, 1935–1955, 1957–1984

R(FACT)
Rothman (FACT)
1968–2006

SR
Sagarin Ratings
1919–1977, 1978–present

W
Wolfe
2001–2015

WS
Williamson System
1931, 1932–1963

text: aThe Billingsley Report also provides an alternate selection that uses margin-of-victory in its calculation. The NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records book notes both selections in years where they disagree.[6]:107–116

text: Poll[edit]

text: The poll has been the dominant national champion selector since the inception of the AP Poll in 1936. It is notable that the NFF merged its poll with UPI from 1991 to 1992, with USA Today from 1993 to 1996, and with the FWAA from 2014 forward. Selectors are listed below with years selected retroactively in italics.

text: For many years, the national champion of various polls were selected prior to the bowl games. The national champion was selected before bowl games as follows: AP (1936–1964 and 1966–1967), Coaches' Poll (1950–1973), FWAA (1954), and NFF (1959–1970). In all other latter-day polls, champions were selected after bowl games.[6]:107–119

text: During the BCS era, the winner of the BCS Championship Game was automatically awarded the national championship of the Coaches' Poll and the National Football Foundation.

text:
Selector
Name
Seasons

AP
Associated Press
1936–present

Coaches'
  BRC
  UP
  UPI
  USAT/CNN
  USAT/ESPN
  USAT
  USAT/AMWAY
American Football Coaches Association
  AFCA Blue Ribbon Commission
  United Press
  United Press International
  USA Today/CNN
  USA Today/ESPN
  USA Today
  USA Today/Amway
1922–present
  1922–1949a
  1950–1957
  1958–1990b
  1991–1996b c
  1997–2004
  2005–2013b
  2014–present

CFRA
College Football Researchers Association
1919–1935, 1936–1981, 1982–1992, 2010–present

FN
Football News
1958–2002

FWAA
Football Writers Association of America
1954–2013c

FWAA/NFF
FWAA-NFF Grantland Rice Super 16
2014–presentc

HAF
Helms Athletic Foundation
1883–1935, 1936–1940, 1941–1982

INS
International News Service
1952–1957

NCF
National Championship Foundation
1869–1870, 1872–1935, 1936–1979, 1980–2000

NFF
National Football Foundation
1959–1990, 1997–2013c d e

SN
Sporting News
1975–2006

UPI
United Press International
1993–1995f

UPI/NFF
United Press International/National Football Foundation
1991–1992e

USAT
USA Today
1982g

USAT/CNN
USA Today/CNN
1983–1990g

USAT/NFF
USA Today/National Football Foundation
1993–1996d

text: aAt the request of several schools, the AFCA established a "Blue Ribbon Commission" in 2016 to begin retroactively selecting Coaches' Trophy winners from 1922 through 1949.[15]

text: bServed as the Coaches' Poll during the designated years, but also conducted their own poll at different times.

text: cThe Football Writers Association of America merged its poll with that of the National Football Foundation members beginning in 2014; as a result, the Grantland Trophy was retired and the FWAA/NFF national champion now receives the MacArthur Bowl.[6]:116

text: dUSA Today took over, from the UPI, the poll of the National Football Foundation's members in 1993, and its winner was designated by the NFF as its national champion and received the MacArthur Bowl. The poll was conducted by USA Today through the 1996 season, although national championship selections in the NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records do not distinguish the NFF from the USAT/NFF poll in 1995 and 1996. Not to be confused with the USA Today/CNN Coaches' Poll, which USA Today conducted separately.

text: eUPI conducted the Coaches' Poll through the 1990 season, which was subsequently taken over by CNN/USA Today. UPI then conducted a poll of National Football Foundation members in 1991 and 1992, the winner of which was designated by the NFF as its national champion and received the MacArthur Bowl.

text: fUPI conducted its own poll from 1993 to 1995, after the National Football Foundation Poll was taken over by USA Today.

text: gUSA Today conducted its own poll of college football sportswriters in 1982, then joined with CNN to do their own joint poll until they took over the Coaches' Poll starting with the 1991 season.

text: Research[edit]

text: College football historian Parke H. Davis is the only selector considered by the NCAA to have primarily used research in his selections.[6]:107–109 Davis did all of his work in 1933, naming retroactive national champions for most of the years from 1869 to 1932 while naming Michigan and Princeton (his alma mater) co-champions at the end of the 1933 season.

text:
Selector
Name
Seasons

PD
Parke H. Davis
1869–1870, 1872–1909, 1911–1916, 1919–1932, 1933

text: Hybrid[edit]

text: The Bowl Championship Series used a mathematical system that combined polls (Coaches' and AP/Harris) and multiple computer rankings (including some individual selectors listed above) to determine a season ending matchup between its top two ranked teams in the BCS Championship Game. The champion of that game was contractually awarded the Coaches' Poll and National Football Foundation championships.

text:
Selector
Name
Seasons

BCS
Bowl Championship Series
1998–2013

text: Playoff[edit]

text: Unlike all selectors prior to 2014, the College Football Playoff does not use math, polls or research to select the participants. Rather, a 13-member committee selects and seeds the teams.[16] The playoff system marked the first time the top-level NCAA football championship was determined by a bracket competition.

text:
Selector
Name
Seasons

CFP
College Football Playoff
2014–present

text: Yearly national championship selections from major selectors[edit]

text: Below is a list of the national champions of college football from 1869 to present (with the exception of 1871, in which no games were played) deemed to be chosen by "major selectors" as listed in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records.[6]:107–109 Many teams did not have coaches as late as 1899. "Consensus" selectors in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records correspond to the period from 1950 to present which began with the introduction of the two poll system upon the appearance of the Coaches Poll in 1950. Selectors used to determine teams listed as "Consensus National Champions" in the NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records include the AP Poll, Coaches' Poll, Football Writers Association of America, and the National Football Foundation/College Football Hall of Fame.[6]:119

text: The first contemporaneous poll to include teams across the country and selection of a national champions can be traced to Caspar Whitney in 1901.[9] The last retroactive selection was made by Clyde Berryman in 1989 (Notre Dame). The tie was removed from college football in 1995 and the last consensus champion with a tie in its record was Georgia Tech in 1990. The 1947 Michigan Wolverines are often credited with a national championship on the basis of a "free poll" conducted by an AP sportswriter after the 1948 Rose Bowl, though that poll was unofficial and it is not recognized in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records.[6]:107–109

text: Note that the Harris Interactive Poll (2005–2013) was contracted by the BCS to help formulate its standings, and although its final ranking which occurs prior to the bowl games is listed in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records, it does not conduct a final poll or award or name a national champion on its own.[17]

text: As designated by the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records, the table below shows:

text:
Teams listed in italics indicate retroactively-applied championships.
Teams listed in bold reflect the NCAA's designation as "Consensus National Champions" by virtue of their selection from 1950 onward by one or more selectors from Associated Press, United Press/UPI, Football Writers Association of America, NFF/College Football Hall of Fame, and USA Today.

text: A letter next to any season, team, record, coach or selector indicates a footnote that appears at the bottom of the table.

text:
Season
Champion(s)
Record
Coach
Selector(s)

1869
Princeton
1–1

BR, NCF, PD

Rutgers
1–1

PD

1870
Princeton
1–0

BR, NCF, PD

1871
None
No games played

1872
Princeton
1–0

BR, NCF, PD

Yale
1–0

PD

1873
Princeton
2–0

BR, NCF, PD

1874
Harvard
1–1

PD

Princeton
2–0

BR, PD

Yale
3–0

NCF, PD

1875
Columbia
3–1–1

PD

Harvard
4–0

NCF, PD

Princeton
2–0

BR, PD

1876
Yale
3–0

BR, NCF, PD

1877
Princeton
2–0–1

BR, PD

Yale
3–0–1

NCF, PD

1878
Princeton
6–0

BR, NCF, PD

1879
Princeton
4–0–1

BR, NCF, PD

Yale
3–0–2

PD

1880
Princeton
4–0–1

NCF, PD

Yale
4–0–1

BR, NCF, PD

1881
Princeton
7–0–2

BR, PD

Yale
5–0–1

NCF, PD

1882
Yale
8–0

BR, NCF, PD

1883
Yale
9–0

BR, HAF, NCF, PD

1884
Princeton
9–0–1

BR, PD

Yale
8–0–1

HAF, NCF, PD

1885
Princeton
9–0

BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD

1886
Princeton
7–0–1

BR, PD

Yale
9–0–1

HAF, NCF, PD

1887
Yale
9–0

BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD

1888
Yale
13–0
Walter Camp
BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD

1889
Princeton
10–0

BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD

1890
Harvard
11–0
George C. Adams, George A. Stewart
BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD

1891
Yale
13–0
Walter Camp
BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD

1892
Yale
13–0
Walter Camp
BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD

1893
Princeton
11–0

BR, HAF, HS, NCF

Yale
10–1
William Rhodes
PD

1894
Penn
12–0
George Washington Woodruff
PD

Princeton
8–2

HS

Yale
16–0
William Rhodes
BR, HAF, NCF, PD

1895
Penn
14–0
George Washington Woodruff
BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD

Yale
13–0–2
John A. Hartwell
PD

1896
Lafayette
11–0–1
Parke H. Davis
NCF, PD

Princeton
10–0–1
Franklin Morse
BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD

1897
Penn
15–0
George Washington Woodruff
BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD

Yale
9–0–2
Frank Butterworth
PD

1898
Harvard
11–0
William Forbes
BR, HAF, HS, NCF

Princeton
11–0–1

PD

1899
Harvard
10–0–1
Benjamin Dibblee
HAF, HS, NCF

Princeton
12–1

BR, PD

1900
Yale
12–0
Malcolm McBride
BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD

1901
Harvard
12–0
Bill Reid
BR

Michigan
11–0
Fielding H. Yost
HAF, HS, NCF

Yale
11–1–1
George S. Stillman
PDa

1902
Michigan
11–0
Fielding H. Yost
BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD

Yale
11–0–1
Joseph R. Swan
PD

1903
Michigan
11–0–1
Fielding H. Yost
NCF

Princeton
11–0
Art Hillebrand
BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD

1904
Michigan
10–0
Fielding H. Yost
NCF

Minnesota
13–0
Henry Williams
BR

Penn
12–0
Carl S. Williams
HAF, HS, NCF, PD

1905
Chicago
10–0
Amos Alonzo Stagg
BR, HAF, HS, NCF

Yale
10–0
Jack Owsley
CW, PD

1906
Princeton
9–0–1
William Roper
HAF, NCF

Yale
9–0–1
Foster Rockwell
BR, CW, PD

1907
Yale
9–0–1
William F. Knox
BR, CW, HAF, HS, NCF, PD

1908
Harvard
9–0–1
Percy Haughton
BR

LSU
10–0
Edgar Wingard
NCF

Penn
11–0–1
Sol Metzger
HAF, HS, NCF, PD

1909
Yale
10–0
Howard Jones
BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD

1910
Harvard
8–0–1
Percy Haughton
BR, HAF, HS, NCF

Pittsburgh
9–0
Joseph Thompson
NCF

1911
Minnesota
6–0–1
Henry L. Williams
BR

Penn State
8–0–1
Bill Hollenback
NCF

Princeton
8–0–2
William Roper
BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD

1912
Harvard
9–0
Percy Haughton
BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD

Penn State
8–0
Bill Hollenback
NCF

1913
Auburn
8–0
Mike Donahue
BR

Chicago
7–0
Amos Alonzo Stagg
BR, PD

Harvard
9–0
Percy Haughton
HAF, HS, NCF, PD

1914
Army
9–0
Charles Daly
HAF, HS, NCF, PD

Illinois
7–0
Robert Zuppke
BR, PD

Texas
8–0
Dave Allerdice
BR

1915
Cornell
9–0
Albert Sharpe
HAF, HS, NCF, PD

Minnesota
6-0-1
Henry L. Williams
BR

Oklahoma
10–0
Bennie Owen
BR

Pittsburgh
8–0
Glenn "Pop" Warner
PD

1916
Army
9–0
Charles Daly
PD

Georgia Tech
8–0-1
John Heisman
BR

Pittsburgh
8–0
Glenn "Pop" Warner
BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD

1917
Georgia Tech
9–0
John Heisman
BR, HAF, HS, NCF

1918
Michigan
5–0
Fielding H. Yost
BR, NCF

Pittsburgh
4–1
Glenn "Pop" Warner
HAF, HS, NCF

1919
Centre
9–0
Charley Moran
SR

Harvard
9–0–1
Bob Fisher
CFRA, HAF, HS, NCF, PD

Illinois
6–1
Robert Zuppke
BR, BS, CFRA, PD, SR

Notre Dame
9–0
Knute Rockne
NCF, PD

Texas A&M
10–0
Dana X. Bible
BR, NCF

1920
California
9–0
Andy Smith
CFRA, HAF, HS, NCF, SR

Harvard
8–0–1
Bob Fisher
BS

Notre Dame
9–0
Knute Rockne
BR, PD

Princeton
6–0–1
William Roper
BS, PD

Georgia
8–0–1
Herman Stegeman
B(QPRS)

1921
California
9–0–1
Andy Smith
BR, BS, CFRA, SR

Cornell
8–0
Gil Dobie
HAF, HS, NCF, PD

Iowa
7–0
Howard Jones
BR, PD

Lafayette
9–0
Jock Sutherland
BS, PD

Washington & Jefferson
10–0–1
Greasy Neale
BS

Vanderbilt
7–0–1
Dan McGugin
B(QPRS)

1922
California
9–0
Andy Smith
BR, HS, NCF, SR

Cornell
8–0
Gil Dobie
HAF, PD

Iowa
7-0
Howard Jones
BR

Princeton
8–0
William Roper
BS, CFRA, NCF, PD, SR

Vanderbilt
8–0–1
Dan McGugin
B(QPRS)

1923
California
9–0–1
Andy Smith
HS

Cornell
8–0
Gil Dobie
SR

Illinois
8–0
Robert Zuppke
BS, CFRA, HAF, NCF, PD, SR , B(QPRS)

Michigan
8–0
Fielding H. Yost
BR, NCF

Yale
8–0
Tad Jones
B(QPRS)

1924
Notre Dame
10–0
Knute Rockne
BR, BS, CFRA, DiS, HAF, HS, NCF, PS, SR, B(QPRS)

Penn
9–1–1
Lou Young
PD

1925
Alabama
10–0
Wallace Wade
BR, BS, CFRA, HAF, HS, NCF, PS, SR, B(QPRS)

Dartmouth
8–0
Jesse Hawley
DiS, PD

Michigan
7–1
Fielding H. Yost
SR

1926
Alabama
9–0–1
Wallace Wade
BR, CFRA, HAF, NCF, PS, B(QPRS)

Lafayette
9–0
Herb McCracken
PD

Michigan
7–1
Fielding H. Yost
SR

Navy
9–0–1
Bill Ingram
BS, HS

Stanford
10–0–1
Glenn "Pop" Warner
DiS, HAF, NCF, SR

1927
Georgia
9–1
George Cecil Woodruff
BS, PS, B(QPRS)

Illinois
7–0–1
Robert Zuppke
BR, DiS, HAF, NCF, PD

Notre Dame
7–1–1
Knute Rockne
HS

Texas A&M
8–0–1
Dana X. Bible
SR

Yale
7–1
Thomas Jones
CFRA

1928
Detroit
9–0
Gus Dorais
PD

Georgia Tech
10–0
William Alexander
BR, BS, CFRA, HAF, HS, NCF, PD, PS, SR, B(QPRS)

USC
9–0–1
Howard Jones
DiS, SR

1929
Notre Dame
9–0
Knute Rockne
BR, BS, CFRA, DiS, DuS, HAF, NCF, PS, SR

Pittsburgh
9–1
Jock Sutherland
PD

USC
10–2
Howard Jones
HS, SR, B(QPRS)

1930
Alabama
10–0
Wallace Wade
CFRA, PD, SR, B(QPRS)

Notre Dame
10–0
Knute Rockne
BR, BS, DiS, DuS, HAF, HS, NCF, PD, PS

1931
Pittsburgh
8–1
Jock Sutherland
PD

Purdue
9–1
Noble Kizer
PD

USC
10–1
Howard Jones
BR, BS, CFRA, DiS, DuS, HAF, HS, NCF, PS, SR, WS, B(QPRS)

1932
Colgate
9–0
Andrew Kerr
PD

Michigan
8–0
Harry Kipke
DiS, PD, SR

USC
10–0
Howard Jones
BR, BS, CFRA, DuS, HAF, HS, NCF, PD, PS, SR, WS, B(QPRS)

1933
Michigan
7–0–1
Harry Kipke
BR, BS, CFRA, DiS, HAF, HS, NCF, PD, PS, SR, B(QPRS)

Ohio State
7–1
Sam Willaman
DuS

Princeton
9–0
Fritz Crisler
PD

USC
10–1–1
Howard Jones
WS

1934
Alabama
10–0
Frank Thomas
DuS, HS, PS, WS, B(QPRS)

Minnesota
8–0
Bernie Bierman
BR, BS, CFRA, DiS, HAF, L, NCF, SR

1935
LSU
9–2
Bernie Moore
WS

Minnesota
8–0
Bernie Bierman
BR, BS, CFRA, HAF, L, NCF, PS

Princeton
9–0
Fritz Crisler
DuS

SMU
12–1
Matty Bell
DiS, HS, SR, B(QPRS)

TCU
12–1
Dutch Meyer
WS

1936
LSU
9–1–1
Bernie Moore
SR, WS

Minnesota
7–1
Bernie Bierman
AP, BR, DiS, DuS, HAF, L, NCF, PS

Pittsburgh
8–1–1
Jock Sutherland
BS, CFRA, HS

Duke
9–1
Wallace Wade
B(QPRS)

1937
California
10–0–1
Stub Allison
DuS, HAF

Pittsburgh
9–0–1
Jock Sutherland
AP, BR, BS, CFRA, DiS, HS, L, NCF, PS, SR, WS, B(QPRS)

1938
Notre Dame
8–1
Elmer Layden
DiS

TCU
11–0
Dutch Meyer
AP, HAF, NCF, WS

Tennessee
11–0
Robert Neyland
BR, BS, CFRA, DuS, HS, L, PS, SR, B(QPRS)

1939
Cornell
8–0
Carl Snavely
L, SR

Texas A&M
11–0
Homer Norton
AP, BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, HS, NCF, PS, SR, WS, B(QPRS)

USC
8–0–2
Howard Jones
DiS

1940
Minnesota
8–0
Bernie Bierman
AP, B(QPRS), BS, CFRA, DeS, DiS, HS, L, NCF, SR

Stanford
10–0
Clark Shaughnessy
BR, HAF, PS

Tennessee
10–1
Robert Neyland
DuS, WS

1941
Alabama
9–2
Frank Thomas
HS

Minnesota
8–0
Bernie Bierman
AP, BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, L, NCF, PS, SR

Texas
8–1–1
Dana X. Bible
B(QPRS), WS

1942
Georgia
11–1
Wally Butts
B(QPRS), BR, DeS, HS, L, PS, SR, WS

Ohio State
9–1
Paul Brown
AP, BS, DuS, CFRA, NCF

Wisconsin
8–1–1
Harry Stuhldreher
HAF

1943
Notre Dame
9–1
Frank Leahy
AP, B(QPRS), BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, HS, L, NCF, PS, SR, WS

1944
Army
9–0
Earl Blaik
AP, B(QPRS), BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, HS, L, NCF, PS, SR, WS

Ohio State
9–0
Carroll Widdoes
NCF, SR

1945
Alabama
10–0
Frank Thomas
NCF

Army
9–0
Earl Blaik
AP, B(QPRS), BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, HS, L, NCF, PS, SR, WS

Oklahoma A&M
9–0
Jim Lookabaugh
BRC

1946
Army
9–0–1
Earl Blaik
BR, BS, CFRA, HAF, HS, PS

Georgia
11–0
Wally Butts
WS

Notre Dame
8–0–1
Frank Leahy
AP, B(QPRS), BS, DeS, DuS, HAF, L, NCF, PS, SR

1947
Michigan
10–0
Fritz Crisler
B(QPRS), BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, HS, L, NCF, PS, SR

Notre Dame
9–0
Frank Leahy
AP, HAF, WS

1948
Michigan
9–0
Bennie Oosterbaan
AP, B(QPRS), BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, HS, L, NCF, PS, SR, WS

1949
Notre Dame
10–0
Frank Leahy
AP, B(QPRS), BR, BS, DeS, DuS, HAF, HS, L, NCF, PS, SR, WS

Oklahoma
11–0
Bud Wilkinson
CFRA

1950
Kentucky
11–1
Paul "Bear" Bryant
SR

Oklahoma
10–1
Bud Wilkinson
AP, B(QPRS), HAF, L, UP, WS

Princeton
9–0
Charley Caldwell
BS, PS

Tennessee
11–1
Robert Neyland
BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, NCF, SR

1951
Georgia Tech
11–0–1
Bobby Dodd
B(QPRS), BS

Illinois
9–0–1
Ray Eliot
BS

Maryland
10–0
Jim Tatum
CFRA, DeS, DuS, NCF, SR

Michigan State
9–0
Biggie Munn
BR, HAF, PS

Tennessee
10–1
Robert Neyland
AP, L, UP, WS

1952
Georgia Tech
12–0
Bobby Dodd
B(QPRS), BR, INS, PS, SR

Michigan State
9–0
Biggie Munn
AP, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, L, NCF, SR, UP, WS

1953
Maryland
10–1
Jim Tatum
AP, INS, UP

Notre Dame
9–0–1
Frank Leahy
BR, BS, DeS, DuS, HAF, L, NCF, PS, SR, WS

Oklahoma
9–1–1
Bud Wilkinson
B(QPRS), CFRA

1954
Ohio State
10–0
Woody Hayes
AP, B(QPRS), BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, HAF, INS, NCF, PS, SR, WS

UCLA
9–0
Henry Sanders
CFRA, DuS, FWAA, HAF, L, NCF, UP

1955
Michigan State
9–1
Duffy Daugherty
BS

Oklahoma
11–0
Bud Wilkinson
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FWAA, HAF, INS, L, NCF, PS, SR, UP, WS

1956
Georgia Tech
10–1
Bobby Dodd
B(QPRS), SR

Iowa
9–1
Forest Evashevski
CFRA

Oklahoma
10–0
Bud Wilkinson
AP, BR, BS, DeS, DuS, FWAA, HAF, INS, L, NCF, SR, UP, WS

Tennessee
10–1
Bowden Wyatt
SR

1957
Auburn
10–0
Ralph Jordan
AP, BR, CFRA, HAF, NCF, PS, SR, WS

Michigan State
8–1
Duffy Daugherty
DuS

Ohio State
9–1
Woody Hayes
BS, DeS, FWAA, INS, L, UP

Oklahoma
10–1
Bud Wilkinson
B(QPRS)

1958
Iowa
8–1–1
Forest Evashevski
FWAA

LSU
11–0
Paul Dietzel
AP, B(QPRS), BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, HAF, L, NCF, PS, SR, UPI, WS

1959
Ole Miss
10–1
Johnny Vaught
B(QPRS), DuS, SR

Syracuse
11–0
Ben Schwartzwalder
AP, BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, NCF, NFF, PS, SR, UPI, WS

1960
Iowa
8–1
Forest Evashevski
B(QPRS), BS, L, SR

Minnesota
8–2
Murray Warmath
AP, FN, NFF, UPI

Ole Miss
10–0–1
Johnny Vaught
BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FWAA, NCF, WS

Missouri
11–0*
Dan Devine
PS

Washington
10–1
Jim Owens
HAF

1961
Alabama
11–0
Paul "Bear" Bryant
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, HAF, L, NCF, NFF, SR, UPI, WS

Ohio State
8–0–1
Woody Hayes
FWAA, PS

1962
LSU
9–1–1
Charles McClendon
B(QPRS)

Ole Miss
10–0
Johnny Vaught
BR, L, SR

USC
11–0
John McKay
AP, B(QPRS), CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF, PS, UPI, WS

1963
Texas
11–0
Darrell Royal
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, NCF, NFF, PS, SR, UPI, WS

1964
Alabama
10–1
Paul "Bear" Bryant
AP, B(QPRS), L, UPI

Arkansas
11–0
Frank Broyles
BR, CFRA, FWAA, HAF, NCF, PS, SR

Michigan
9–1
Bump Elliott
DuS

Notre Dame
9–1
Ara Parseghian
DeS, FN, NFF

1965
Alabama
9–1–1
Paul "Bear" Bryant
AP, CFRA, FWAA, NCF

Michigan State
10–1
Duffy Daugherty
B(QPRS), BR, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, NFF, PS, SR, UPI

1966
Alabama
11–0
Paul "Bear" Bryant
B(QPRS), SR

Michigan State
9–0–1
Duffy Daugherty
CFRA, HAF, NFF, PS

Notre Dame
9–0–1
Ara Parseghian
AP, BR, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, MGR, NCF, NFF, PS, SR, UPI

1967
Notre Dame
8–2
Ara Parseghian
DuS

Oklahoma
10–1
Chuck Fairbanks
PS

USC
10–1
John McKay
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, FN, FWAA, HAF, MGR, NCF, NFF, SR, UPI

Tennessee
9–2
Doug Dickey
L

1968
Georgia
8–1–2
Vince Dooley
L

Ohio State
10–0
Woody Hayes
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF, PS, R(FACT), SR, UPI

Texas
9–1–1
Darrell Royal
DeS, MGR, SR

1969
Ohio State
8–1
Woody Hayes
MGR

Penn State
11–0
Joe Paterno
R(FACT), SR

Texas
11–0
Darrell Royal
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, NCF, NFF, PS, R(FACT), SR, UPI

1970
Arizona State
11–0
Frank Kush
PS

Nebraska
11–0–1
Bob Devaney
AP, BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, NCF, R(FACT), SR

Notre Dame
10–1
Ara Parseghian
MGR, R(FACT), SR

Ohio State
9–1
Woody Hayes
NFF

Texas
10–1
Darrell Royal
B(QPRS), L, NFF, R(FACT), UPI

1971
Nebraska
13–0
Bob Devaney
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, MGR, NCF, NFF, PS, R(FACT), SR, UPI

1972
USC
12–0
John McKay
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, MGR, NCF, NFF, PS, R(FACT), SR, UPI

1973
Alabama
11–1
Paul "Bear" Bryant
B(QPRS), UPI

Michigan
10–0–1
Bo Schembechler
NCF, PS

Notre Dame
11–0
Ara Parseghian
AP, BR, FN, FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF

Ohio State
10–0–1
Woody Hayes
NCF, PS, R(FACT), SR

Oklahoma
10–0–1
Barry Switzer
CFRA, DeS, DuS, SR

1974
Ohio State
10–2
Woody Hayes
MGR

Oklahoma
11–0
Barry Switzer
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, HAF, L, NCF, PS, R(FACT), SR

USC
10–1–1
John McKay
FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF, UPI

1975
Alabama
11–1
Paul "Bear" Bryant
MGR

Arizona State
12–0
Frank Kush
NCF, SN

Ohio State
11–1
Woody Hayes
B(QPRS), HAF, MGR, PS, R(FACT)

Oklahoma
11–1
Barry Switzer
AP, BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF, R(FACT), SR, UPI

1976
Pittsburgh
12–0
Johnny Majors
AP, BR, FN, FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF, PS, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI

USC
11–1
John Robinson
B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, MGR

1977
Alabama
11–1
Paul "Bear" Bryant
CFRA

Arkansas
11–1
Lou Holtz
R(FACT)

Notre Dame
11–1
Dan Devine
AP, BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, MGR, NCF, NFF, PS, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI

Texas
11–1
Fred Akers
B(QPRS), R(FACT), SR

1978
Alabama
11–1
Paul "Bear" Bryant
AP, CFRA, FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF, R(FACT)

Oklahoma
11–1
Barry Switzer
DeS, DuS, HAF, L, MGR, PS, R(FACT), SR

USC
12–1
John Robinson
B(QPRS), BR, FN, HAF, NCF, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI

1979
Alabama
12–0
Paul "Bear" Bryant
AP, B(QPRS), BR, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, PS, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI

USC
11–0–1
John Robinson
CFRA

1980
Florida State
10–2
Bobby Bowden
R(FACT)

Georgia
12–0
Vince Dooley
AP, B(QPRS), BR, FN, FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF, PS, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI

Nebraska
10–2
Tom Osborne
R(FACT)

Oklahoma
10–2
Barry Switzer
DuS, MGR

Pittsburgh
11–1
Jackie Sherrill
CFRA, DeS, NYT, R(FACT), SR

1981
Clemson
12–0
Danny Ford
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, PS, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI

Nebraska
9–3
Tom Osborne
NCF

Penn State
10–2
Joe Paterno
DuS

Pittsburgh
11–1
Jackie Sherrill
NCF

SMU
10–1
Ron Meyer
NCF

Texas
10–1–1
Fred Akers
NCF

1982
Nebraska
12–1
Tom Osborne
B(QPRS)

Penn State
11–1
Joe Paterno
AP, BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, PS, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI, USAT

SMU
11–0–1
Bobby Collins
HAF

1983
Auburn
11–1
Pat Dye
BR, CFRA, NYT, R(FACT), SR

Miami (FL)
11–1
Howard Schnellenberger
AP, DuS, FN, FWAA, NCF, NFF, SN, UPI, USAT/CNN

Nebraska
12–1
Tom Osborne
B(QPRS), DeS, L, MGR, PS, R(FACT), SR

1984
BYU
13–0
LaVell Edwards
AP, BR, CFRA, FWAA, NCF, NFF, PS, SR, UPI, USAT/CNN

Florida
9–1–1
Galen Hall
DeS, DuS, MGR, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR

Nebraska
10–2
Tom Osborne
L

Washington
11–1
Don James
B(QPRS), FN, NCF

1985
Florida
9–1–1
Galen Hall
SR

Michigan
10–1–1
Bo Schembechler
MGR

Oklahoma
11–1
Barry Switzer
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, UPI, USAT/CNN

1986
Miami (FL)
11–1
Jimmy Johnson
R(FACT)

Oklahoma
11–1
Barry Switzer
B(QPRS), CFRA, DeS, DuS, NYT, SR

Penn State
12–0
Joe Paterno
AP, BR, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI, USAT/CNN

1987
Florida State
11–1
Bobby Bowden
B(QPRS)

Miami (FL)
12–0
Jimmy Johnson
AP, BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI, USAT/CNN

1988
Miami (FL)
11–1
Jimmy Johnson
B(QPRS)

Notre Dame
12–0
Lou Holtz
AP, BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI, USAT/CNN

1989
Miami (FL)
11–1
Dennis Erickson
AP, BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, UPI, USAT/CNN

Notre Dame
12–1
Lou Holtz
B(QPRS), ERS, R(FACT), SR

1990
Colorado
11–1–1
Bill McCartney
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, R(FACT), SN, USAT/CNN

Georgia Tech
11–0–1
Bobby Ross
DuS, NCF, R(FACT), SR, UPI

Miami (FL)
10–2
Dennis Erickson
ERS, NYT, R(FACT), SR

Washington
10–2
Don James
R(FACT)

1991
Miami (FL)
12–0
Dennis Erickson
AP, BR, CFRA, ERS, NCF, NYT, SN, SR

Washington
12–0
Don James
B(QPRS), DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, R(FACT), SR, UPI/NFF, USAT/CNN

1992
Alabama
13–0
Gene Stallings
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI/NFF, USAT/CNN

Florida State
11–1
Bobby Bowden
SR

1993
Auburn
11–0
Terry Bowden
NCF

Florida State
12–1
Bobby Bowden
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CCR, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, NCF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI, USAT/CNN, USAT/NFF

Nebraska
11–1
Tom Osborne
NCF

Notre Dame
11–1
Lou Holtz
MGR, NCF

1994
Florida State
10–1–1
Bobby Bowden
DuS

Nebraska
13–0
Tom Osborne
AP, AS, B(QPRS), BR, FN, FWAA, NCF, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI, USAT/CNN, USAT/NFF

Penn State
12–0
Joe Paterno
CCR, DeS, ERS, MGR, NCF, NYT, R(FACT), SR

1995
Nebraska
12–0
Tom Osborne
AP, AS, B(QPRS), BR, CCR, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI, USAT/CNN

1996
Florida
12–1
Steve Spurrier
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CCR, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT/CNN

Florida State
11–1
Bobby Bowden
AS

1997
Michigan
12–0
Lloyd Carr
AP, BR, FN, FWAA, NCF, NFF, SN

Nebraska
13–0
Tom Osborne
A&H, AS, B(QPRS), BR, CCR, DeS, DuS, ERS, MGR, NCF, NYT, R(FACT), SR, USAT/ESPN

1998
Tennessee
13–0
Phillip Fulmer
A&H, AP, AS, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, USAT/ESPN

Ohio State
11–1
John Cooper
SRb

1999
Florida State
12–0
Bobby Bowden
A&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MCFR, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT/ESPN

2000
Miami (FL)
11–1
Butch Davis
NYT

Oklahoma
13–0
Bob Stoops
A&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MCFR, MGR, NCF, NFF, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT/ESPN

2001
Miami (FL)
12–0
Larry Coker
A&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CM, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MCFR, MGR, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT/ESPN, W

2002
Ohio State
14–0
Jim Tressel
A&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CM, DeS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT/ESPN, W

USC
11–2
Pete Carroll
DuS, MGR, SR

2003
LSU
13–1
Nick Saban
A&H, BCS, BR, CM, DeS, DuS, MCFR, NFF, R(FACT), SR, USAT/ESPN, W

Oklahoma
12–2
Bob Stoops
B(QPRS)

USC
12–1
Pete Carroll
AP, CCR, ERS, FWAA, MGR, NYT, SN

2004
USCc
11–0d
Pete Carroll
A&H, AP, B(QPRS), BR, CCR, CM, DeS, DuS, ERS, MCFR, MGR, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, W
Vacated:c BCS, FWAA, USAT/ESPN

2005
Texas
13–0
Mack Brown
A&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CM, DeS, DuS, ERS, FWAA, MCFR, MGR, NFF, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT, W

2006
Florida
13–1
Urban Meyer
A&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CM, DuS, FWAA, MCFR, MGR, NFF, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT, W

Ohio State
12–1
Jim Tressel
DeS, R(FACT)

2007
LSU
12–2
Les Miles
AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CM, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, SR, USAT, W

Missouri
12–2
Gary Pinkel
A&H

USC
11–2
Pete Carroll
DuSe

2008
Florida
13–1
Urban Meyer
AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CM, DuS, FWAA, NFF, SR, USAT

Utah
13–0
Kyle Whittingham
A&H, MCFR, W

2009
Alabama
14–0
Nick Saban
A&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CFRA, CM, DuS, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, SR, USAT, W

2010
Auburn
14–0
Gene Chizik
A&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CFRA, CM, DuS, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, SR, USAT, W

TCU
13–0
Gary Patterson
CCR

2011
Alabama
12–1
Nick Saban
AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CFRA, DuS, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, SR, USAT, W

LSU
13–1
Les Miles
A&H, CCR

Oklahoma State
12–1
Mike Gundy
CM

2012
Alabama
13–1
Nick Saban
A&H, AP, BCS, BR, CCR, CFRA, DuS, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, SR, USAT, W

Notre Dame
12–1
Brian Kelly
CM

2013
Florida State
14–0
Jimbo Fisher
A&H, AP, BCS, BR, CCR, CFRA, CM, DuS, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, SR, USAT, W

2014
Ohio State
14–1
Urban Meyer
A&H, AP, BR, CCR, CFP, CFRA, CM, DuS, FWAA/NFF, MCFR, SR, USAT/AMWAY, W

2015
Alabama
14–1
Nick Saban
A&H, AP, BR, CCR, CFP, CFRA, CM, DuS, FWAA/NFF, MCFR, SR, USAT/AMWAY, W

2016
Clemson
14–1
Dabo Swinney
A&H, AP, BR, CFP, CFRA, FWAA/NFF, MCFR, SR, USAT/AMWAY

Alabama
14–1
Nick Saban
CCR, CM, DuS

text:
aParke Davis' selection for 1901, as published in the 1935 Spalding's Foot Ball Guide (which he himself edited until his death), was Harvard.[18]:233
bThe NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records book lists Sagarin as having selected Tennessee,[6]:114 while Sagarin's official website gives Ohio State as its 1998 selection.[19]
cThe FWAA stripped USC of its 2004 Grantland Rice Trophy and vacated the selection of its national champion for 2004. The BCS also vacated USC's participation in the 2005 Orange Bowl and USC's 2004 BCS National Championship, and the AFCA Coaches' Poll Trophy was returned.[20][21]
dRecord does not count wins against UCLA, or against Oklahoma in the BCS Championship game on January 4, 2005, as they were vacated by the NCAA.[22]
eThe NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records book lists Dunkel as having selected LSU,[6]:114 while Dunkel's official website gives USC as its 2007 selection.[23]

text: Total championship selections from major selectors by school[edit]

text: The national title count listed below is a culmination of all championship awarded since 1869, regardless of consensus or non-consensus status, as listed in the table above according to the selectors deemed to be major as listed in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records (minus the Harris Interactive poll, 2005–2013, that is listed but does not conduct a final poll or award a championship).[6]:107–119

text: The totals can be said to be disputed. Individual schools may claim national championships not accounted for by the NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records or may not claim national championship selections that do appear in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records (see National championship claims by school below). For an alternative independent view of national championship totals for each team, please see the Poll era (1936–present) selections in the tables below.

text:
School
Championships

Princeton
28

Yale
27

Notre Dame
22

Alabama
20

Oklahoma
17

USC
17

Michigan
16

Ohio State
16

Harvard
12

Nebraska
11

Pittsburgh
11

Miami (FL)
9

Minnesota
9

Texas
9

Florida State
8

LSU
8

Georgia Tech
7

Penn State
7

Tennessee
7

Georgia
6

Michigan State
6

Penn
6

Iowa
5

Army
5

Auburn
5

California
5

Cornell
5

Florida
5

Illinois
5

Washington
4

Lafayette
3

Ole Miss
3

SMU
3

TCU
3

Texas A&M
3

Arizona State
2

Arkansas
2

Chicago
2

Clemson
2

Maryland
2

Missouri
2

Oklahoma State
2

Stanford
2

BYU
1

Centre
1

Colgate
1

Colorado
1

Columbia
1

Dartmouth
1

Detroit
1

Kentucky
1

Navy
1

Purdue
1

Rutgers
1

Syracuse
1

UCLA
1

Utah
1

Washington & Jefferson
1

Wisconsin
1

text: National championship claims by school[edit]

text: The following is a table of known schools' claims on national championships at the highest level of play in college football. Several of these schools no longer compete at the highest level, which is currently NCAA Division I FBS, but nonetheless maintain claims to titles from when they did compete at the highest level.

text: Because there is no one governing or official body that regulates, recognizes, or awards national championships in college football, and because many independent selectors of championships exist, many of the claims by the schools listed below are shared, contradict each other, or are controversial.[5][6]:107–119 In addition, because there is no one body overseeing national championships, no standardized requirements exist in order for a school to make a claim on a national championship, as any particular institution is free to make any declaration it deems to be fit. However, all known national championship claims are for seasons in which a National Championship, or share of a championship, was believed to be awarded to that particular school by at least one independent third-party selector.[24] The majority of these claims, but not all, are based on championships awarded from selectors listed as "major" in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records.[6]:107–109 Not all championships awarded by third party selectors, nor those listed in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records, are necessarily claimed by each school.[note 1] Therefore, these claims represent how each individual school sees their own history on the subject of national championships.

text: This table below includes only national championship claims originating from each particular school and therefore represents the point-of-view of each individual institution. Each total number of championships, and the years for which they are claimed, are documented by the particular school on its official website, in its football media guide, or in other official publications or literature (see Source). If a championship is not mentioned by a school for any particular season, regardless of whether it was awarded by a selector or listed in a third-party publication such as the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records, it is not considered to be claimed by that institution.[note 2]

text:
School
Claimed
national
championships
Seasons
Source

Princeton
28
1869, 1870, 1872, 1873, 1874, 1875, 1877, 1878, 1879, 1880, 1881, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1889, 1893, 1894, 1896, 1898, 1899, 1903, 1906, 1911, 1920, 1922, 1933, 1935, 1950
[25]

Yale
27
1872, 1874, 1876, 1877, 1879, 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1886, 1887, 1888, 1891, 1892, 1893, 1894, 1895, 1897, 1900, 1901, 1902, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1909, 1927
[26][27]

Alabama
16
1925, 1926, 1930, 1934, 1941, 1961, 1964, 1965, 1973, 1978, 1979, 1992, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2015
[28]

Michigan
11
1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1918, 1923, 1932, 1933, 1947, 1948, 1997
[29]

Notre Dame
11
1924, 1929, 1930, 1943, 1946, 1947, 1949, 1966, 1973, 1977, 1988
[30]

USC
11a
1928, 1931, 1932, 1939, 1962, 1967, 1972, 1974, 1978, 2003, 2004
[31]

Pittsburgh
9
1915, 1916, 1918, 1929, 1931, 1934, 1936, 1937, 1976
[32]

Ohio State
8
1942, 1954, 1957, 1961, 1968, 1970, 2002, 2014
[33][34]

Harvard
7
1890, 1898, 1899, 1910, 1912, 1913, 1919
[35]

Minnesota
7
1904, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1940, 1941, 1960
[36]

Oklahoma
7
1950, 1955, 1956, 1974, 1975, 1985, 2000
[37]

Penn
7
1894, 1895, 1897, 1904, 1907, 1908, 1924
[38]

Michigan State
6
1951, 1952, 1955, 1957, 1965, 1966
[39]

Tennessee
6
1938, 1940, 1950, 1951, 1967, 1998
[40][41]

California
5
1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1937
[42]

Cornell
5
1915, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1939
[43]

Georgia
5b
1927, 1942, 1946, 1968, 1980
[44]

Illinois
5
1914, 1919, 1923, 1927, 1951
[45]

Miami (FL)
5
1983, 1987, 1989, 1991, 2001
[46]

Nebraska
5
1970, 1971, 1994, 1995, 1997
[47]

Georgia Tech
4
1917, 1928, 1952, 1990
[48]

Iowa
4c
1921, 1956, 1958, 1960
[49]

Texas
4
1963, 1969, 1970, 2005
[50]

Washington
4
1960, 1984, 1990, 1991
[51]

Army
3
1944, 1945, 1946
[52]

Florida
3
1996, 2006, 2008
[53]

Florida State
3
1993, 1999, 2013
[54]

Lafayette
3
1896, 1921, 1926
[55]

LSU
3
1958, 2003, 2007
[56]

Ole Miss
3
1959, 1960, 1962
[57]

SMU
3
1935, 1981, 1982
[58]

Texas A&M
3
1919, 1927, 1939
[59]

Auburn
2d
1957, 2010
[60]

Chicago
2
1905, 1913
[61]

Clemson
2
1981, 2016
[62][63]

Penn State
2
1982, 1986
[64]

TCU
2
1935, 1938
[65]

Stanford
2
1926, 1940
[66][67]

Arkansas
1
1964
[68]

Boston College
1
1940
[69]

BYU
1
1984
[70]

Colorado
1
1990
[71]

Dartmouth
1
1925
[72]

Kentucky
1
1950
[73]

Maryland
1
1953
[74]

Navy
1
1926
[75]

Oklahoma State
1
1945
[76][77]

Rutgers
1
1869
[78]

Syracuse
1
1959
[79]

UCLA
1
1954
[80]

text:
aUSC's January 4, 2005 win over Oklahoma in the BCS Championship Game was vacated as mandated by the NCAA, its 2004 BCS National Championship vacated by the BCS, and its AFCA Coaches' Trophy returned. NCAA sanctions mandate that "any reference to the vacated results, including championships, shall be removed." USC still retains the 2004 Associated Press National Championship and has not abandoned its claim to a 2004 National Championship.[81][82]
bIn an online list of the university's national championships, Georgia lists only two for football (1942 and 1980).[83] However, in Georgia's football media guide, although these years (1927, 1946, 1968) are highlighted as consensus championships, each of the five championships are described separately[44]:190 and those seasons are highlighted as national championships in the year-by-year results.[44]:159–161
cIowa lists the awarding of the 1958 Grantland Rice National Championship in various publications, but describes championship selections from 3 other years as well in its annual media guide.
dAuburn's 1913, 1983, and 1993 (Auburn was disqualified from post-season play in 1993 and did not play in a bowl game) championships are not recognized by the school.

text: Poll era (1936–present)[edit]

text: The polling system first gained widespread consistency with the introduction of the AP poll in 1936, followed by the Coaches' Poll in 1950. National championships are often popularly considered to be "consensus" when both of these polls are in agreement with their national championship selections, although other selectors exist and do make alternative selections. A more modern incarnation, the Bowl Championship Series (BCS), was a consortium of college football conferences that uses a combination of various computer rankings and human polls to mathematically determine a post-season matchup between the two top teams as determined by its formula. The USA Today Coaches' Poll was contractually obligated to name the BCS champion as its national champion.

text: AP Poll[edit]

text: The AP college football poll has a long history. The news media began running their own polls of sports writers to determine who was, by popular opinion, the best football team in the country at the end of the season. One of the earliest such polls was the AP College Football Poll, first run in 1934 (compiled and organized by Charles Woodroof, former SEC Assistant Director of Media Relations, but not recognized in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records) and then continuously from 1936. Due to the long-standing historical ties between individual college football conferences and high-paying bowl games like the Rose Bowl and Orange Bowl, the NCAA has never held a tournament or championship game to determine the champion of what is now the highest division, NCAA Division I, Football Bowl Subdivision (the Division I, Football Championship Subdivision and lower divisions do hold championship tournaments). As a result, the public and the media began to take the leading vote-getter in the final AP Poll as the national champion for that season.

text: While the AP Poll currently lists the Top 25 teams in the nation, from 1936 to 1961 the wire service only ranked 20 teams. And from 1962 to 1967 only 10 teams were recognized. From 1968 to 1988, the AP again resumed its Top 20 before expanding to 25 teams in 1989.

text: Until the 1968 college football season, the final AP Poll of the season was released following the end of the regular season, with the exception of the 1965 season. In 1964, Alabama was named the national champion in the final AP Poll following the completion of the regular season, but lost in the Orange Bowl to Texas, leaving Arkansas as the only undefeated, untied team after the Razorbacks defeated Nebraska in the Cotton Bowl Classic. In 1965, the AP's decision to wait to crown its champion paid off, as top-ranked Michigan State lost to UCLA in the Rose Bowl, number two Arkansas lost to LSU in the Cotton Bowl Classic, and fourth-ranked Alabama defeated third-ranked Nebraska in the Orange Bowl, vaulting the Crimson Tide to the top of the AP's final poll. Michigan State was named national champion in the final United Press International poll of coaches, which did not conduct a post-bowl poll. At the end of the 1947 season, the AP released an unofficial post-bowl poll which differed from the regular season final poll. The AP national championship had been awarded before bowl games were played.

text: Beginning in the 1968 season, a post bowl game poll was released and the AP championship reflected the bowl game results. The UPI did not follow suit with the coaches' poll until the 1974 season.[84]

text: Coaches' Poll[edit]

text: The Coaches' poll began selecting the top 20 teams on a weekly basis during the 1950–1951 college football season. It is conducted among selected members of the American Football Coaches Association. In 1990 the poll expanded to a top 25, and it has retained this format since. The Coaches' Poll took their final poll prior to the bowl games from 1950–1973, and since 1974, has taken their final poll after bowl games. The Coaches' Poll does not include teams on either NCAA or conference-sanction probation, which also differentiates it from the AP poll.[85] The poll has been released through various media outlets and with differing sponsors over its history, and thus has taken a succession of different names, including United Press (UP) from 1950 thru 1957, the United Press International (UPI) from 1958 thru 1990, USA Today/CNN from 1991 thru 1996, USA Today/ESPN from 1997 to 2004, and USA Today from 2005 to present.

text: During the era of the BCS, the Coaches' Poll was under contractual obligation to award its national championship selection to the winner of the BCS Championship Game or its predecessors—who was presented with the AFCA National Championship Trophy during a post-game presentation. The College Football Playoff is not tied to the Coaches' Poll in this manner.[86]

text: Poll era national championships by school (1936–present)[edit]

text: The following table contains the National Championships that have been recognized by the final AP or Coaches' Poll. Originally both the AP and Coaches' poll champions were crowned after the regular season, but since 1968 and 1974, respectively, both polls crown their champions after the bowl games are completed. The BCS champion was automatically awarded the Coaches' Poll championship. Of the current 120+ Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS, formerly Division I-A) schools, only 30 have won at least a share of a national title by the AP or Coaches' poll. Of these 30 teams, only 19 teams have won multiple titles. Of the 19 teams, only 7 have won five or more national titles: Alabama, Notre Dame, Oklahoma, USC, Miami (FL), Nebraska, and Ohio State. The years listed in the table below indicate a national championship selection by the AP or Coaches' Poll. The selections are noted with (AP) or (Coaches) when a national champion selection differed between the two polls for that particular season, which has occurred in twelve different seasons (including 2004, for which the coaches selection was rescinded) since the polls first came to coexist in 1950.

text:
School
Championships
Seasons

Alabama
11
1961, 1964, 1965 (AP), 1973 (Coaches), 1978 (AP), 1979, 1992, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2015

Notre Dame
8
1943, 1946, 1947, 1949, 1966, 1973 (AP), 1977, 1988

Oklahoma
7
1950, 1955, 1956, 1974 (AP), 1975, 1985, 2000

USC
7
1962, 1967, 1972, 1974 (Coaches), 1978 (Coaches), 2003 (AP), 2004 (AP)*

Ohio State
6
1942, 1954 (AP), 1957 (Coaches), 1968, 2002, 2014

Miami (FL)
5
1983, 1987, 1989, 1991 (AP), 2001

Nebraska
5
1970 (AP), 1971, 1994, 1995, 1997 (Coaches)

Minnesota
4
1936, 1940, 1941, 1960

Texas
4
1963, 1969, 1970 (Coaches), 2005

Florida
3
1996, 2006, 2008

Florida State
3
1993, 1999, 2013

LSU
3
1958, 2003 (Coaches), 2007

Army
2
1944, 1945 (AP)

Auburn
2
1957 (AP), 2010

Clemson
2
1981, 2016

Michigan
2
1948, 1997 (AP)

Michigan State
2
1952, 1965 (Coaches)

Penn State
2
1982, 1986

Pittsburgh
2
1937, 1976

Tennessee
2
1951, 1998

BYU
1
1984

Colorado
1
1990 (AP)

Georgia
1
1980

Georgia Tech
1
1990 (Coaches)

Maryland
1
1953

Oklahoma State
1
1945 (Coaches)**

Syracuse
1
1959

TCU
1
1938

Texas A&M
1
1939

UCLA
1
1954 (Coaches)

Washington
1
1991 (Coaches)

text:
*USC's 2004–2005 BCS National Championship was vacated by the BCS and the AFCA Coaches' Trophy returned.[87]
**Retroactively awarded in 2016 by AFCA Blue Ribbon Panel[15]

text: BCS championships[edit]

text: The Bowl Championship Series (BCS) was a selection system designed to give the top two teams in NCAA Division I-A (now known as the FBS) an opportunity to compete in a "national championship game". This championship was intended as a surrogate for a playoff system since the NCAA does not formally determine a champion in this category. It began during the 1998 season, but a number of controversial selections spurred changes to the format over the years. Prior to the 2006 season, eight teams competed in four BCS Bowls (the Orange, Sugar, Rose, and Fiesta). The BCS replaced the Bowl Alliance (in place from 1995–1997), which itself followed the Bowl Coalition (in place from 1992–1994). One of the main differences was that the Rose Bowl participated in the BCS; previously, the Big Ten and Pac-12 champions automatically played in the Rose Bowl regardless of their poll rankings. However, after the change, those teams played in the BCS National Championship Game if they finished #1 or #2 in the BCS standings.

text: The BCS formula varied over the years, with the final version relying on a combination of the Coaches' and Harris polls and an average of various computer rankings to determine relative team rankings, and to narrow the field to two teams to play in the BCS National Championship Game held after the other college bowl games. The winner of this game was crowned Coaches' Poll national champion winning the AFCA National Championship Trophy and was also awarded the MacArthur Bowl by the National Football Foundation.[13]

text: BCS National Championships by school (1998–2013)[edit]

text:
School
Championships
Seasons

Alabama
3
2009, 2011, 2012

Florida
2
2006, 2008

Florida State
2
1999, 2013

LSU
2
2003, 2007

Auburn
1
2010

Miami (FL)
1
2001

Ohio State
1
2002

Oklahoma
1
2000

Tennessee
1
1998

Texas
1
2005

USC
0*
2004*

text: *USC's victory in the 2005 Orange Bowl and subsequent 2004–05 BCS National Championship was vacated by the BCS.[81][88]

text: College Football Playoff championships[edit]

text: The College Football Playoff (CFP) was designed as a replacement for the BCS. While the NCAA still does not officially sanction the event, organizers sought to bring a playoff system similar to all other levels of NCAA football to the Football Bowl Subdivision.

text: The College Football Playoff relies on a 13-member selection committee to choose the top four teams to play in a two-round single-elimination playoff bracket. The winner of the final game is awarded the College Football Playoff National Championship Trophy.

text: CFP National Championships by school (2014–present)[edit]

text:
School
Championships
Seasons

Clemson
1
2016

Alabama
1
2015

Ohio State
1
2014