document_title: Bible

question_text: when were the old and new testaments combined into the bible

question_tokens: when were the old and new testaments combined into the bible

text: Bible

text: Etymology

text: The English word Bible is from the Latin biblia, from the same word in Medieval Latin and Late Latin and ultimately from Koine Greek τὰ βιβλία ta biblia "the books" (singular βιβλίον biblion).[7]

text: Medieval Latin biblia is short for biblia sacra "holy book", while biblia in Greek and Late Latin is neuter plural (gen. bibliorum). It gradually came to be regarded as a feminine singular noun (biblia, gen. bibliae) in medieval Latin, and so the word was loaned as a singular into the vernaculars of Western Europe.[8] Latin biblia sacra "holy books" translates Greek τὰ βιβλία τὰ ἅγια ta biblia ta hagia, "the holy books".[9]

text: The word βιβλίον itself had the literal meaning of "paper" or "scroll" and came to be used as the ordinary word for "book". It is the diminutive of βύβλος byblos, "Egyptian papyrus", possibly so called from the name of the Phoenician sea port Byblos (also known as Gebal) from whence Egyptian papyrus was exported to Greece. The Greek ta biblia (lit. "little papyrus books")[10] was "an expression Hellenistic Jews used to describe their sacred books (the Septuagint).[11][12] Christian use of the term can be traced to c. 223 CE.[7] The biblical scholar F.F. Bruce notes that Chrysostom appears to be the first writer (in his Homilies on Matthew, delivered between 386 and 388) to use the Greek phrase ta biblia ("the books") to describe both the Old and New Testaments together.[13]

text: Textual history

text: By the 2nd century BCE, Jewish groups began calling the books of the Bible the "scriptures" and they referred to them as "holy", or in Hebrew כִּתְבֵי הַקֹּדֶשׁ (Kitvei hakkodesh), and Christians now commonly call the Old and New Testaments of the Christian Bible "The Holy Bible" (in Greek τὰ βιβλία τὰ ἅγια, tà biblía tà ágia) or "the Holy Scriptures" (η Αγία Γραφή, e Agía Graphḗ).[14] The Bible was divided into chapters in the 13th century by Stephen Langton and it was divided into verses in the 16th century by French printer Robert Estienne[15] and is now usually cited by book, chapter, and verse. The division of the Hebrew Bible into verses is based on the sof passuk cantillation mark used by the 10th-century Masoretes to record the verse divisions used in earlier oral traditions.

text: The oldest extant copy of a complete Bible is an early 4th-century parchment book preserved in the Vatican Library, and it is known as the Codex Vaticanus. The oldest copy of the Tanakh in Hebrew and Aramaic dates from the 10th century CE. The oldest copy of a complete Latin (Vulgate) Bible is the Codex Amiatinus, dating from the 8th century.[16]

text: Development

text: Professor John K. Riches, Professor of Divinity and Biblical Criticism at the University of Glasgow, says that "the biblical texts themselves are the result of a creative dialogue between ancient traditions and different communities through the ages",[17] and "the biblical texts were produced over a period in which the living conditions of the writers – political, cultural, economic, and ecological – varied enormously".[18] Timothy H. Lim, a professor of Hebrew Bible and Second Temple Judaism at the University of Edinburgh, says that the Old Testament is "a collection of authoritative texts of apparently divine origin that went through a human process of writing and editing."[19] He states that it is not a magical book, nor was it literally written by God and passed to mankind. Parallel to the solidification of the Hebrew canon (c. 3rd century BCE), only the Torah first and then the Tanakh began to be translated into Greek and expanded, now referred to as the Septuagint or the Greek Old Testament.[20]

text: In Christian Bibles, the New Testament Gospels were derived from oral traditions in the second half of the first century CE. Riches says that:

text: Scholars have attempted to reconstruct something of the history of the oral traditions behind the Gospels, but the results have not been too encouraging. The period of transmission is short: less than 40 years passed between the death of Jesus and the writing of Mark's Gospel. This means that there was little time for oral traditions to assume fixed form.[21]

text: The Bible was later translated into Latin and other languages. John Riches states that:

text: The translation of the Bible into Latin marks the beginning of a parting of the ways between Western Latin-speaking Christianity and Eastern Christianity, which spoke Greek, Syriac, Coptic, Ethiopic, and other languages. The Bibles of the Eastern Churches vary considerably: the Ethiopic Orthodox canon includes 81 books and contains many apocalyptic texts, such as were found at Qumran and subsequently excluded from the Jewish canon. As a general rule, one can say that the Orthodox Churches generally follow the Septuagint in including more books in their Old Testaments than are in the Jewish canon.[21]

text: Hebrew Bible

text:
Tanakh

Torah  (Instruction)[show]

Genesis
Brʾeišyt

Exodus
Šemot

Leviticus
Wayiqra

Numbers
Bəmidbar

Deuteronomy
Devarim

Nevi'im  (Prophets)[show]

Former

Joshua
Yehoshua

Judges
Shofetim

Samuel
Shemuel

Kings
Melakhim

Latter

Isaiah
Yeshayahu

Jeremiah
Yirmeyahu

Ezekiel
Yekhezqel

Minor

Hosea
Joel
Amos
Obadiah
Jonah
Micah
Nahum
Habakkuk
Zephaniah
Haggai
Zechariah
Malachi

Ketuvim  (Writings)[show]

Poetic

Psalms
Təhillîm

Proverbs
Mishlei

Job
Iyov

Five Megillot (Scrolls)

Song of Songs
Shir Hashirim

Ruth
Rut

Lamentations
Eikhah

Ecclesiastes
Qoheleth

Esther
Ester

Historical

Daniel
Daniyyel

Ezra–Nehemiah
Ezra

Chronicles
Dibh're Hayyamim

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text: The Masoretic Text is the authoritative Hebrew text of the Hebrew Bible, or Tanakh. It defines the books of the Jewish canon, and also the precise letter-text of these biblical books, with their vocalization and accentuation.

text: The oldest extant manuscripts of the Masoretic Text date from approximately the 9th century CE,[22] and the Aleppo Codex (once the oldest complete copy of the Masoretic Text, but now missing its Torah section) dates from the 10th century.

text: The name Tanakh (Hebrew: תנ"ך) reflects the threefold division of the Hebrew Scriptures, Torah ("Teaching"), Nevi'im ("Prophets") and Ketuvim ("Writings").

text: Torah

text: The Torah (תּוֹרָה) is also known as the "Five Books of Moses" or the Pentateuch, meaning "five scroll-cases".[23]

text: The Hebrew names of the books are derived from the first words in the respective texts. The Torah consists of the following five books:

text:
Genesis, Beresheeth (בראשית)
Exodus, Shemot (שמות)
Leviticus, Vayikra (ויקרא)
Numbers, Bamidbar (במדבר)
Deuteronomy, Devarim (דברים)

text: The first eleven chapters of Genesis provide accounts of the creation (or ordering) of the world and the history of God's early relationship with humanity. The remaining thirty-nine chapters of Genesis provide an account of God's covenant with the Biblical patriarchs Abraham, Isaac and Jacob (also called Israel) and Jacob's children, the "Children of Israel", especially Joseph. It tells of how God commanded Abraham to leave his family and home in the city of Ur, eventually to settle in the land of Canaan, and how the Children of Israel later moved to Egypt. The remaining four books of the Torah tell the story of Moses, who lived hundreds of years after the patriarchs. He leads the Children of Israel from slavery in Ancient Egypt to the renewal of their covenant with God at Mount Sinai and their wanderings in the desert until a new generation was ready to enter the land of Canaan. The Torah ends with the death of Moses.[24]

text: The Torah contains the commandments of God, revealed at Mount Sinai (although there is some debate among traditional scholars as to whether these were all written down at one time, or over a period of time during the 40 years of the wanderings in the desert, while several modern Jewish movements reject the idea of a literal revelation, and critical scholars believe that many of these laws developed later in Jewish history).[25][26][27][28] These commandments provide the basis for Jewish religious law. Tradition states that there are 613 commandments (taryag mitzvot).

text: Nevi'im

text:
Books of Nevi'im

Former Prophets

Joshua
Judges
Samuel
Kings

Latter Prophets (major)

Isaiah
Jeremiah
Ezekiel

Latter Prophets (Twelve minor)

Hosea
Joel
Amos
Obadiah
Jonah
Micah
Nahum
Habakkuk
Zephaniah
Haggai
Zechariah
Malachi

Hebrew Bible

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text: Nevi'im (Hebrew: נְבִיאִים Nəḇî'îm, "Prophets") is the second main division of the Tanakh, between the Torah and Ketuvim. It contains two sub-groups, the Former Prophets (Nevi'im Rishonim נביאים ראשונים, the narrative books of Joshua, Judges, Samuel and Kings) and the Latter Prophets (Nevi'im Aharonim נביאים אחרונים, the books of Isaiah, Jeremiah and Ezekiel and the Twelve Minor Prophets).

text: The Nevi'im tell the story of the rise of the Hebrew monarchy and its division into two kingdoms, ancient Israel and Judah, focusing on conflicts between the Israelites and other nations, and conflicts among Israelites, specifically, struggles between believers in "the LORD God"[29] and believers in foreign gods,[30][31] and the criticism of unethical and unjust behaviour of Israelite elites and rulers;[32][33][34] in which prophets played a crucial and leading role. It ends with the conquest of the Kingdom of Israel by the Assyrians followed by the conquest of the Kingdom of Judah by the Babylonians and the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem.

text: Former Prophets

text: The Former Prophets are the books Joshua, Judges, Samuel and Kings. They contain narratives that begin immediately after the death of Moses with the divine appointment of Joshua as his successor, who then leads the people of Israel into the Promised Land, and end with the release from imprisonment of the last king of Judah. Treating Samuel and Kings as single books, they cover:

text:
Joshua's conquest of the land of Canaan (in the Book of Joshua),
the struggle of the people to possess the land (in the Book of Judges),
the people's request to God to give them a king so that they can occupy the land in the face of their enemies (in the Books of Samuel)
the possession of the land under the divinely appointed kings of the House of David, ending in conquest and foreign exile (Books of Kings)

text: Latter Prophets

text: The Latter Prophets are divided into two groups, the "major" prophets, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Daniel, and the Twelve Minor Prophets, collected into a single book. The collection is broken up to form twelve individual books in the Christian Old Testament, one for each of the prophets:

text:
Hosea, Hoshea (הושע)
Joel, Yoel (יואל)
Amos, Amos (עמוס)
Obadiah, Ovadyah (עבדיה)
Jonah, Yonah (יונה)
Micah, Mikhah (מיכה)
Nahum, Nahum (נחום)
Habakkuk, Havakuk (חבקוק)
Zephaniah, Tsefanya (צפניה)
Haggai, Khagay (חגי)
Zechariah, Zekharyah (זכריה)
Malachi, Malakhi (מלאכי)

text: Ketuvim

text:
Books of the Ketuvim

Three poetic books

Psalms
Proverbs
Job

Five Megillot (Scrolls)

Song of Songs
Ruth
Lamentations
Ecclesiastes
Esther

Other books

Daniel

Ezra–Nehemiah (Ezra
Nehemiah)

Chronicles

Hebrew Bible

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text: Ketuvim or Kəṯûḇîm (in Biblical Hebrew: כְּתוּבִים "writings") is the third and final section of the Tanakh. The Ketuvim are believed to have been written under the Ruach HaKodesh (the Holy Spirit) but with one level less authority than that of prophecy.[35]

text: The poetic books

text: In Masoretic manuscripts (and some printed editions), Psalms, Proverbs and Job are presented in a special two-column form emphasizing the parallel stichs in the verses, which are a function of their poetry. Collectively, these three books are known as Sifrei Emet (an acronym of the titles in Hebrew, איוב, משלי, תהלים yields Emet אמ"ת, which is also the Hebrew for "truth").

text: These three books are also the only ones in Tanakh with a special system of cantillation notes that are designed to emphasize parallel stichs within verses. However, the beginning and end of the book of Job are in the normal prose system.

text: The five scrolls (Hamesh Megillot)

text: The five relatively short books of Song of Songs, Book of Ruth, the Book of Lamentations, Ecclesiastes and Book of Esther are collectively known as the Hamesh Megillot (Five Megillot). These are the latest books collected and designated as "authoritative" in the Jewish canon even though they were not complete until the 2nd century CE.[36]

text: Other books

text: Besides the three poetic books and the five scrolls, the remaining books in Ketuvim are Daniel, Ezra–Nehemiah and Chronicles. Although there is no formal grouping for these books in the Jewish tradition, they nevertheless share a number of distinguishing characteristics:

text:
Their narratives all openly describe relatively late events (i.e., the Babylonian captivity and the subsequent restoration of Zion).
The Talmudic tradition ascribes late authorship to all of them.
Two of them (Daniel and Ezra) are the only books in the Tanakh with significant portions in Aramaic.

text: Order of the books

text: The following list presents the books of Ketuvim in the order they appear in most printed editions. It also divides them into three subgroups based on the distinctiveness of Sifrei Emet and Hamesh Megillot.

text: The Three Poetic Books (Sifrei Emet)

text:
Tehillim (Psalms) תְהִלִּים
Mishlei (Book of Proverbs) מִשְלֵי
Iyyôbh (Book of Job) אִיּוֹב

text: The Five Megillot (Hamesh Megillot)

text:
Shīr Hashshīrīm (Song of Songs) or (Song of Solomon) שִׁיר הַשׁשִׁירִים (Passover)
Rūth (Book of Ruth) רוּת (Shābhû‘ôth)
Eikhah (Lamentations) איכה (Ninth of Av) [Also called Kinnot in Hebrew.]
Qōheleth (Ecclesiastes) קהלת (Sukkôth)
Estēr (Book of Esther) אֶסְתֵר (Pûrîm)

text: Other books

text:
Dānî’ēl (Book of Daniel) דָּנִיֵּאל
‘Ezrā (Book of Ezra–Book of Nehemiah) עזרא
Divrei ha-Yamim (Chronicles) דברי הימים

text: The Jewish textual tradition never finalized the order of the books in Ketuvim. The Babylonian Talmud (Bava Batra 14b–15a) gives their order as Ruth, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Solomon, Lamentations of Jeremiah, Daniel, Scroll of Esther, Ezra, Chronicles.[37]

text: In Tiberian Masoretic codices, including the Aleppo Codex and the Leningrad Codex, and often in old Spanish manuscripts as well, the order is Chronicles, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Ruth, Song of Solomon, Ecclesiastes, Lamentations of Jeremiah, Esther, Daniel, Ezra.[38]

text: Canonization

text: The Ketuvim is the last of the three portions of the Tanakh to have been accepted as biblical canon. While the Torah may have been considered canon by Israel as early as the 5th century BCE and the Former and Latter Prophets were canonized by the 2nd century BCE, the Ketuvim was not a fixed canon until the 2nd century of the Common Era.[36]

text: Evidence suggests, however, that the people of Israel were adding what would become the Ketuvim to their holy literature shortly after the canonization of the prophets. As early as 132 BCE references suggest that the Ketuvim was starting to take shape, although it lacked a formal title.[39] References in the four Gospels as well as other books of the New Testament indicate that many of these texts were both commonly known and counted as having some degree of religious authority early in the 1st century CE.

text: Many scholars believe that the limits of the Ketuvim as canonized scripture were determined by the Council of Jamnia c. 90 CE. Against Apion, the writing of Josephus in 95 CE, treated the text of the Hebrew Bible as a closed canon to which "... no one has ventured either to add, or to remove, or to alter a syllable..."[40] For a long time following this date the divine inspiration of Esther, the Song of Songs, and Ecclesiastes was often under scrutiny.[41]

text: Original languages

text: The Tanakh was mainly written in biblical Hebrew, with some small portions (Ezra 4:8–6:18 and 7:12–26, Jeremiah 10:11, Daniel 2:4–7:28) written in biblical Aramaic, a sister language which became the lingua franca for much of the Semitic world.[42]

text: Septuagint

text: The Septuagint, or the LXX, is a translation of the Hebrew Scriptures and some related texts into Koine Greek, begun in the late 3rd century BCE and completed by 132 BCE,[43][44][45] initially in Alexandria, but in time it was completed elsewhere as well.[46] It is not altogether clear which was translated when, or where; some may even have been translated twice, into different versions, and then revised.[47]

text: As the work of translation progressed, the canon of the Greek Bible expanded. The Torah always maintained its pre-eminence as the basis of the canon but the collection of prophetic writings, based on the Nevi'im, had various hagiographical works incorporated into it. In addition, some newer books were included in the Septuagint, among these are the Maccabees and the Wisdom of Sirach. However, the book of Sirach, is now known to have existed in a Hebrew version, since ancient Hebrew manuscripts of it were rediscovered in modern times. The Septuagint version of some Biblical books, like Daniel and Esther, are longer than those in the Jewish canon.[48] Some of these deuterocanonical books (e.g. the Wisdom of Solomon, and the second book of Maccabees) were not translated, but composed directly in Greek.[citation needed]

text: Since Late Antiquity, once attributed to a hypothetical late 1st-century Council of Jamnia, mainstream Rabbinic Judaism rejected the Septuagint as valid Jewish scriptural texts. Several reasons have been given for this. First, some mistranslations were claimed. Second, the Hebrew source texts used for the Septuagint differed from the Masoretic tradition of Hebrew texts, which was chosen as canonical by the Jewish rabbis.[49] Third, the rabbis wanted to distinguish their tradition from the newly emerging tradition of Christianity.[45][50] Finally, the rabbis claimed a divine authority for the Hebrew language, in contrast to Aramaic or Greek – even though these languages were the lingua franca of Jews during this period (and Aramaic would eventually be given a holy language status comparable to Hebrew).[51]

text: The Septuagint is the basis for the Old Latin, Slavonic, Syriac, Old Armenian, Old Georgian and Coptic versions of the Christian Old Testament.[52] The Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches use most of the books of the Septuagint, while Protestant churches usually do not. After the Protestant Reformation, many Protestant Bibles began to follow the Jewish canon and exclude the additional texts, which came to be called Biblical apocrypha. The Apocrypha are included under a separate heading in the King James Version of the Bible, the basis for the Revised Standard Version.[53]

text: Incorporations from Theodotion

text: In most ancient copies of the Bible which contain the Septuagint version of the Old Testament, the Book of Daniel is not the original Septuagint version, but instead is a copy of Theodotion's translation from the Hebrew, which more closely resembles the Masoretic Text.[citation needed] The Septuagint version was discarded in favour of Theodotion's version in the 2nd to 3rd centuries CE. In Greek-speaking areas, this happened near the end of the 2nd century, and in Latin-speaking areas (at least in North Africa), it occurred in the middle of the 3rd century. History does not record the reason for this, and St. Jerome reports, in the preface to the Vulgate version of Daniel, "This thing 'just' happened."[54] One of two Old Greek texts of the Book of Daniel has been recently rediscovered and work is ongoing in reconstructing the original form of the book.[55]

text: The canonical Ezra–Nehemiah is known in the Septuagint as "Esdras B", and 1 Esdras is "Esdras A". 1 Esdras is a very similar text to the books of Ezra–Nehemiah, and the two are widely thought by scholars to be derived from the same original text. It has been proposed, and is thought highly likely by scholars, that "Esdras B" – the canonical Ezra–Nehemiah – is Theodotion's version of this material, and "Esdras A" is the version which was previously in the Septuagint on its own.[54]

text: Final form

text: Some texts are found in the Septuagint but are not present in the Hebrew. These additional books are Tobit, Judith, Wisdom of Solomon, Wisdom of Jesus son of Sirach, Baruch, the Letter of Jeremiah (which later became chapter 6 of Baruch in the Vulgate), additions to Daniel (The Prayer of Azarias, the Song of the Three Children, Susanna and Bel and the Dragon), additions to Esther, 1 Maccabees, 2 Maccabees, 3 Maccabees, 4 Maccabees, 1 Esdras, Odes, including the Prayer of Manasseh, the Psalms of Solomon, and Psalm 151.

text: Some books that are set apart in the Masoretic Text are grouped together. For example, the Books of Samuel and the Books of Kings are in the LXX one book in four parts called Βασιλειῶν ("Of Reigns"). In LXX, the Books of Chronicles supplement Reigns and it is called Paralipomenon (Παραλειπομένων – things left out). The Septuagint organizes the minor prophets as twelve parts of one Book of Twelve.[55]

text:
The Orthodox
Old Testament[46][56][a]
Greek-based
name
Conventional
English name

Law

Γένεσις
Génesis
Genesis

Ἔξοδος
Éxodos
Exodus

Λευϊτικόν
Leuitikón
Leviticus

Ἀριθμοί
Arithmoí
Numbers

Δευτερονόμιον
Deuteronómion
Deuteronomy

History

Ἰησοῦς Nαυῆ
Iêsous Nauê
Joshua

Κριταί
Kritaí
Judges

Ῥούθ
Roúth
Ruth

Βασιλειῶν Αʹ[b]
I Reigns
I Samuel

Βασιλειῶν Βʹ
II Reigns
II Samuel

Βασιλειῶν Γʹ
III Reigns
I Kings

Βασιλειῶν Δʹ
IV Reigns
II Kings

Παραλειπομένων Αʹ
I Paralipomenon[c]
I Chronicles

Παραλειπομένων Βʹ
II Paralipomenon
II Chronicles

Ἔσδρας Αʹ
I Esdras
1 Esdras

Ἔσδρας Βʹ
II Esdras
Ezra–Nehemiah

Τωβίτ[d]
Tobit
Tobit or Tobias

Ἰουδίθ
Ioudith
Judith

Ἐσθήρ
Esther
Esther with additions

Μακκαβαίων Αʹ
I Makkabaioi
1 Maccabees

Μακκαβαίων Βʹ
II Makkabaioi
2 Maccabees

Μακκαβαίων Γʹ
III Makkabaioi
3 Maccabees

Wisdom

Ψαλμοί
Psalms
Psalms

Ψαλμός ΡΝΑʹ
Psalm 151
Psalm 151

Προσευχὴ Μανάσση
Prayer of Manasseh
Prayer of Manasseh

Ἰώβ
Iōb
Job

Παροιμίαι
Proverbs
Proverbs

Ἐκκλησιαστής
Ekklesiastes
Ecclesiastes

Ἆσμα Ἀσμάτων
Song of Songs
Song of Solomon or Canticles

Σοφία Σαλoμῶντος
Wisdom of Solomon
Wisdom

Σοφία Ἰησοῦ Σειράχ
Wisdom of Jesus the son of Seirach
Sirach or Ecclesiasticus

Ψαλμοί Σαλoμῶντος
Psalms of Solomon
Psalms of Solomon[57]

Prophets

Δώδεκα
The Twelve
Minor Prophets

Ὡσηέ Αʹ
I. Osëe
Hosea

Ἀμώς Βʹ
II. Amōs
Amos

Μιχαίας Γʹ
III. Michaias
Micah

Ἰωήλ Δʹ
IV. Ioël
Joel

Ὀβδίου Εʹ[e]
V. Obdias
Obadiah

Ἰωνᾶς Ϛ'
VI. Ionas
Jonah

Ναούμ Ζʹ
VII. Naoum
Nahum

Ἀμβακούμ Ηʹ
VIII. Ambakum
Habakkuk

Σοφονίας Θʹ
IX. Sophonias
Zephaniah

Ἀγγαῖος Ιʹ
X. Angaios
Haggai

Ζαχαρίας ΙΑʹ
XI. Zacharias
Zachariah

Ἄγγελος ΙΒʹ
XII. Messenger
Malachi

Ἠσαΐας
Hesaias
Isaiah

Ἱερεμίας
Hieremias
Jeremiah

Βαρούχ
Baruch
Baruch

Θρῆνοι
Lamentations
Lamentations

Ἐπιστολή Ιερεμίου
Epistle of Jeremiah
Letter of Jeremiah

Ἰεζεκιήλ
Iezekiêl
Ezekiel

Δανιήλ
Daniêl
Daniel with additions

Appendix

Μακκαβαίων Δ' Παράρτημα
IV Makkabees
4 Maccabees[f]

text: Christian Bibles

text:
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text: A Christian Bible is a set of books that a Christian denomination regards as divinely inspired and thus constituting scripture. Although the Early Church primarily used the Septuagint or the Targums among Aramaic speakers, the apostles did not leave a defined set of new scriptures; instead the canon of the New Testament developed over time. Groups within Christianity include differing books as part of their sacred writings, most prominent among which are the biblical apocrypha or deuterocanonical books.

text: Significant versions of the English Christian Bible include the Douay-Rheims Bible, the Authorized King James Version, the English Revised Version, the American Standard Version, the Revised Standard Version, the New American Standard Version, the New King James Version, the New International Version, and the English Standard Version.

text: Old Testament

text: The books which make up the Christian Old Testament differ between the Catholic (see Catholic Bible), Orthodox, and Protestant (see Protestant Bible) churches, with the Protestant movement accepting only those books contained in the Hebrew Bible, while Catholics and Orthodox have wider canons. A few groups consider particular translations to be divinely inspired, notably the Greek Septuagint and the Aramaic Peshitta.[citation needed]

text: Apocryphal or deuterocanonical books

text: In Eastern Christianity, translations based on the Septuagint still prevail. The Septuagint was generally abandoned in favour of the 10th-century Masoretic Text as the basis for translations of the Old Testament into Western languages.[citation needed] Some modern Western translations since the 14th century make use of the Septuagint to clarify passages in the Masoretic Text, where the Septuagint may preserve a variant reading of the Hebrew text.[citation needed] They also sometimes adopt variants that appear in other texts, e.g., those discovered among the Dead Sea Scrolls.[58][59]

text: A number of books which are part of the Peshitta or the Greek Septuagint but are not found in the Hebrew (Rabbinic) Bible (i.e., among the protocanonical books) are often referred to as deuterocanonical books by Roman Catholics referring to a later secondary (i.e., deutero) canon, that canon as fixed definitively by the Council of Trent 1545–1563.[60][61] It includes 46 books for the Old Testament (45 if Jeremiah and Lamentations are counted as one) and 27 for the New.[62]

text: Most Protestants term these books as apocrypha. Modern Protestant traditions do not accept the deuterocanonical books as canonical, although Protestant Bibles included them in Apocrypha sections until the 1820s. However, Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches include these books as part of their Old Testament.

text: The Roman Catholic Church recognizes:[63]

text:
Tobit
Judith
1 Maccabees
2 Maccabees
Wisdom
Sirach (or Ecclesiasticus)
Baruch
The Letter of Jeremiah (Baruch Chapter 6)
Greek Additions to Esther (Book of Esther, chapters 10:4–12:6)
The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children verses 1–68 (Book of Daniel, chapter 3, verses 24–90)
Susanna (Book of Daniel, chapter 13)
Bel and the Dragon (Book of Daniel, chapter 14)

text: In addition to those, the Greek and Russian Orthodox Churches recognize the following:[citation needed]

text:
3 Maccabees
1 Esdras
Prayer of Manasseh
Psalm 151

text: Russian and Georgian Orthodox Churches include:[citation needed]

text: 2 Esdras i.e., Latin Esdras in the Russian and Georgian Bibles

text: There is also 4 Maccabees which is only accepted as canonical in the Georgian Church, but was included by St. Jerome in an appendix to the Vulgate, and is an appendix to the Greek Orthodox Bible, and it is therefore sometimes included in collections of the Apocrypha.[citation needed]

text: The Syriac Orthodox tradition includes:[citation needed]

text:
Psalms 151–155
The Apocalypse of Baruch
The Letter of Baruch

text: The Ethiopian Biblical canon includes:[citation needed]

text:
Jubilees
Enoch
1–3 Meqabyan

text: and some other books.

text: The Anglican Church uses some of the Apocryphal books liturgically. Therefore, editions of the Bible intended for use in the Anglican Church include the Deuterocanonical books accepted by the Catholic Church, plus 1 Esdras, 2 Esdras and the Prayer of Manasseh, which were in the Vulgate appendix.[citation needed]

text: Pseudepigraphal books

text: The term Pseudepigrapha commonly describes numerous works of Jewish religious literature written from about 300 BCE to 300 CE. Not all of these works are actually pseudepigraphical. It also refers to books of the New Testament canon whose authorship is misrepresented. The "Old Testament" Pseudepigraphal works include the following:[64]

text:
3 Maccabees
4 Maccabees
Assumption of Moses
Ethiopic Book of Enoch (1 Enoch)
Slavonic Book of Enoch (2 Enoch)
Hebrew Book of Enoch (3 Enoch) (also known as "The Revelation of Metatron" or "The Book of Rabbi Ishmael the High Priest")
Book of Jubilees
Syriac Apocalypse of Baruch (2 Baruch)
Letter of Aristeas (Letter to Philocrates regarding the translating of the Hebrew Scriptures into Greek)
Life of Adam and Eve
Martyrdom and Ascension of Isaiah
Psalms of Solomon
Sibylline Oracles
Greek Apocalypse of Baruch (3 Baruch)
Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs

text: Book of Enoch

text: Notable pseudepigraphal works include the Books of Enoch (such as 1 Enoch, 2 Enoch, surviving only in Old Slavonic, and 3 Enoch, surviving in Hebrew, c. 5th to 6th century CE). These are ancient Jewish religious works, traditionally ascribed to the prophet Enoch, the great-grandfather of the patriarch Noah. They are not part of the biblical canon used by Jews, apart from Beta Israel. Most Christian denominations and traditions may accept the Books of Enoch as having some historical or theological interest or significance. It has been observed that part of the Book of Enoch is quoted in the Epistle of Jude (part of the New Testament) but Christian denominations generally regard the Books of Enoch as non-canonical or non-inspired.[65] However, the Enoch books are treated as canonical by the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church and Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church.

text: The older sections (mainly in the Book of the Watchers) are estimated to date from about 300 BC, and the latest part (Book of Parables) probably was composed at the end of the 1st century BCE.[66]

text: Denominational views of Pseudepigrapha

text: There arose in some Protestant biblical scholarship an extended use of the term pseudepigrapha for works that appeared as though they ought to be part of the biblical canon, because of the authorship ascribed to them, but which stood outside both the biblical canons recognized by Protestants and Catholics. These works were also outside the particular set of books that Roman Catholics called deuterocanonical and to which Protestants had generally applied the term Apocryphal. Accordingly, the term pseudepigraphical, as now used often among both Protestants and Roman Catholics (allegedly for the clarity it brings to the discussion), may make it difficult to discuss questions of pseudepigraphical authorship of canonical books dispassionately with a lay audience. To confuse the matter even more, Eastern Orthodox Christians accept books as canonical that Roman Catholics and most Protestant denominations consider pseudepigraphical or at best of much less authority. There exist also churches that reject some of the books that Roman Catholics, Orthodox and Protestants accept. The same is true of some Jewish sects. Many works that are "apocryphal" are otherwise considered genuine.

text: Role of the Old Testament in Christian theology

text: The Old Testament has always been central to the life of the Christian church. Bible scholar N.T. Wright says "Jesus himself was profoundly shaped by the scriptures."[67] He adds that the earliest Christians also searched those same Hebrew scriptures in their effort to understand the earthly life of Jesus. They regarded the "holy writings" of the Israelites as necessary and instructive for the Christian, as seen from Paul's words to Timothy (2 Timothy 3:15), and as pointing to the Messiah, and as having reached a climactic fulfillment in Jesus himself, generating the "new covenant" prophesied by Jeremiah.[68]

text: New Testament

text: The New Testament is the name given to the second and final portion of the Christian Bible. Jesus is its central figure.

text: The term "New Testament" came into use in the second century during a controversy among Christians over whether or not the Hebrew Bible should be included with the Christian writings as sacred scripture. The New Testament presupposes the inspiration of the Old Testament.[69] Some other works which were widely read by early churches were excluded from the New Testament and relegated to the collections known as the Apostolic Fathers (generally considered orthodox) and the New Testament Apocrypha (including both orthodox and heretical works). Most Christians consider the New Testament to be an infallible source of doctrine, while others go even farther to affirm that it is also inerrant, or completely correct in historical and factual details as well as theologically. In recent times, however, the authority of the New Testament books has been challenged. The school of historical criticism has exposed various apparent contradictions within the texts, as well as questions of authorship and dating.

text: The New Testament is a collection of 27 books[70] of 4 different genres of Christian literature (Gospels, one account of the Acts of the Apostles, Epistles and an Apocalypse). These books can be grouped into:

text:
The Gospels

Synoptic Gospels

Gospel According to Matthew
Gospel According to Mark
Gospel According to Luke

Gospel According to John

Narrative literature, account and history of the Apostolic age

Acts of the Apostles

Pauline Epistles

Epistle to the Romans
First Epistle to the Corinthians
Second Epistle to the Corinthians
Epistle to the Galatians
Epistle to the Ephesians
Epistle to the Philippians
Epistle to the Colossians
First Epistle to the Thessalonians
Second Epistle to the Thessalonians

Pastoral epistles

First Epistle to Timothy
Second Epistle to Timothy
Epistle to Titus
Epistle to Philemon
Epistle to the Hebrews

General epistles, also called catholic epistles

Epistle of James
First Epistle of Peter
Second Epistle of Peter
First Epistle of John
Second Epistle of John
Third Epistle of John
Epistle of Jude

Apocalyptic literature, also called Prophetical

Revelation, or the Apocalypse

text: The New Testament books are ordered differently in the Catholic/Orthodox/Protestant tradition, the Slavonic tradition, the Syriac tradition and the Ethiopian tradition.

text: Original language

text: The mainstream consensus is that the New Testament was written in a form of Koine Greek,[71][72] which was the common language of the Eastern Mediterranean[73][74][75][76] from the Conquests of Alexander the Great (335–323 BCE) until the evolution of Byzantine Greek (c. 600).

text: Historic editions

text: The original autographs, that is, the original Greek writings and manuscripts written by the original authors of the New Testament, have not survived.[77] But historically copies exist of those original autographs, transmitted and preserved in a number of manuscript traditions. There have been some minor variations, additions or omissions, in some of the texts. When ancient scribes copied earlier books, they sometimes wrote notes on the margins of the page (marginal glosses) to correct their text – especially if a scribe accidentally omitted a word or line – and to comment about the text. When later scribes were copying the copy, they were sometimes uncertain if a note was intended to be included as part of the text.

text: The three main textual traditions of the Greek New Testament are sometimes called the Alexandrian text-type (generally minimalist), the Byzantine text-type (generally maximalist), and the Western text-type (occasionally wild). Together they comprise most of the ancient manuscripts.

text: Development of the Christian canons

text: The Old Testament canon entered into Christian use in the Greek Septuagint translations and original books, and their differing lists of texts. In addition to the Septuagint, Christianity[vague] subsequently added various writings that would become the New Testament. Somewhat different lists of accepted works continued to develop in antiquity. In the 4th century a series of synods produced a list of texts equal to the 39, 46, 51, or 54-book canon of the Old Testament and to the 27-book canon of the New Testament that would be subsequently used to today, most notably the Synod of Hippo in 393 CE. Also c. 400, Jerome produced a definitive Latin edition of the Bible (see Vulgate), the canon of which, at the insistence of the Pope, was in accord with the earlier Synods. With the benefit of hindsight it can be said that this process effectively set the New Testament canon, although there are examples of other canonical lists in use after this time.

text: The Protestant Old Testament of today has a 39-book canon – the number of books (though not the content) varies from the Jewish Tanakh only because of a different method of division – while the Roman Catholic Church recognizes 46 books (51 books with some books combined into 46 books) as the canonical Old Testament. The Eastern Orthodox Churches recognize 3 Maccabees, 1 Esdras, Prayer of Manasseh and Psalm 151 in addition to the Catholic canon. Some include 2 Esdras. The Anglican Church also recognizes a longer canon.[citation needed] The term "Hebrew Scriptures" is often used as being synonymous with the Protestant Old Testament, since the surviving scriptures in Hebrew include only those books, while Catholics and Orthodox include additional texts that have not survived in Hebrew. Both Catholics and Protestants (as well as Greek Orthodox) have the same 27-book New Testament Canon.[78]

text: The New Testament writers assumed the inspiration of the Old Testament, probably earliest stated in 2 Timothy 3:16, "All scripture is given by inspiration of God".[10]

text: Ethiopian Orthodox canon

text: The Canon of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church is wider than the canons used by most other Christian churches. There are 81 books in the Ethiopian Orthodox Bible.[79] The Ethiopian Old Testament Canon includes the books found in the Septuagint accepted by other Orthodox Christians, in addition to Enoch and Jubilees which are ancient Jewish books that only survived in Ge'ez but are quoted in the New Testament,[citation needed] also Greek Ezra First and the Apocalypse of Ezra, 3 books of Meqabyan, and Psalm 151 at the end of the Psalter. The three books of Meqabyan are not to be confused with the books of Maccabees. The order of the other books is somewhat different from other groups', as well. The Old Testament follows the Septuagint order for the Minor Prophets rather than the Jewish order.[citation needed]

text: Divine inspiration

text: The Second Epistle to Timothy says that "all scripture is given by inspiration of God, and is profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness". (2 Timothy 3:16)[80] Various related but distinguishable views on divine inspiration include:

text:
the view of the Bible as the inspired word of God: the belief that God, through the Holy Spirit, intervened and influenced the words, message, and collation of the Bible[81]
the view that the Bible is also infallible, and incapable of error in matters of faith and practice, but not necessarily in historic or scientific matters
the view that the Bible represents the inerrant word of God, without error in any aspect, spoken by God and written down in its perfect form by humans

text: Within these broad beliefs many schools of hermeneutics operate. "Bible scholars claim that discussions about the Bible must be put into its context within church history and then into the context of contemporary culture."[68] Fundamentalist Christians are associated[by whom?] with the doctrine of biblical literalism, where the Bible is not only inerrant, but the meaning of the text is clear to the average reader.[82]

text: Jewish antiquity attests to belief in sacred texts,[83][84] and a similar belief emerges in the earliest of Christian writings. Various texts of the Bible mention divine agency in relation to its writings.[85] In their book A General Introduction to the Bible, Norman Geisler and William Nix write: "The process of inspiration is a mystery of the providence of God, but the result of this process is a verbal, plenary, inerrant, and authoritative record."[86] Most evangelical biblical scholars[87][88][89] associate inspiration with only the original text; for example some American Protestants adhere to the 1978 Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy which asserted that inspiration applied only to the autographic text of Scripture.[90] Among adherents of Biblical literalism, a minority, such as followers of the King-James-Only Movement, extend the claim of inerrancy only to a particular translation.[91]

text: Versions and translations

text: The original texts of the Tanakh were mainly in Hebrew, with some portions in Aramaic. In addition to the authoritative Masoretic Text, Jews still refer to the Septuagint, the translation of the Hebrew Bible into Greek, and the Targum Onkelos, an Aramaic version of the Bible. There are several different ancient versions of the Tanakh in Hebrew, mostly differing by spelling, and the traditional Jewish version is based on the version known as Aleppo Codex. Even in this version there are words which are traditionally read differently from written, because the oral tradition is considered more fundamental than the written one, and presumably mistakes had been made in copying the text over the generations.[citation needed]

text: The primary biblical text for early Christians was the Septuagint. In addition, they translated the Hebrew Bible into several other languages. Translations were made into Syriac, Coptic, Ethiopic, and Latin, among other languages. The Latin translations were historically the most important for the Church in the West, while the Greek-speaking East continued to use the Septuagint translations of the Old Testament and had no need to translate the New Testament.

text: The earliest Latin translation was the Old Latin text, or Vetus Latina, which, from internal evidence, seems to have been made by several authors over a period of time. It was based on the Septuagint, and thus included books not in the Hebrew Bible.

text: According to the Latin Decretum Gelasianum (also known as the Gelasian Decree), thought to be of a 6th-century document[92][93] of uncertain authorship and of pseudepigraphal papal authority (variously ascribed to Pope Gelasius I, Pope Damasus I, or Pope Hormisdas)[94][95][96] but reflecting the views of the Roman Church by that period,[97] the Council of Rome in 382 AD under Pope Damasus I (366–383) assembled a list of books of the Bible. Damasus commissioned Saint Jerome to produce a reliable and consistent text by translating the original Greek and Hebrew texts into Latin. This translation became known as the Latin Vulgate Bible, in the fourth century AD (although Jerome expressed in his prologues to most deuterocanonical books that they were non-canonical).[98][99] In 1546, at the Council of Trent, Jerome's Vulgate translation was declared by the Roman Catholic Church to be the only authentic and official Bible in the Latin Church.

text: Since the Protestant Reformation, Bible translations for many languages have been made. The Bible continues to be translated to new languages, largely by Christian organizations such as Wycliffe Bible Translators, New Tribes Mission and Bible societies.

text:
Bible translations, worldwide (as of October 2016)[100]

Number
Statistic

7,000
Approximate number of languages spoken in the world today

2,422
Number of translations into new languages currently in progress

1,442
Number of languages with a translation of the New Testament

636
Number of languages with a translation of the Bible (Protestant Canon)

text: Views

text: John Riches, professor of Divinity and Biblical Criticism at the University of Glasgow, provides the following view of the diverse historical influences of the Bible:

text: It has inspired some of the great monuments of human thought, literature, and art; it has equally fuelled some of the worst excesses of human savagery, self-interest, and narrow-mindedness. It has inspired men and women to acts of great service and courage, to fight for liberation and human development; and it has provided the ideological fuel for societies which have enslaved their fellow human beings and reduced them to abject poverty. ... It has, perhaps above all, provided a source of religious and moral norms which have enabled communities to hold together, to care for, and to protect one another; yet precisely this strong sense of belonging has in turn fuelled ethnic, racial, and international tension and conflict.[101]

text: Other religions

text: In Islam, the Bible is held to reflect true unfolding revelation from God; but revelation which had been corrupted or distorted (in Arabic: tahrif); which necessitated the giving of the Qur'an to the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, to correct this deviation.

text: Members of other religions may also seek inspiration from the Bible. For example, Rastafaris view the Bible as essential to their religion[102] and Unitarian Universalists view it as "one of many important religious texts".[103]

text: Biblical studies

text: Biblical criticism refers to the investigation of the Bible as a text, and addresses questions such as authorship, dates of composition, and authorial intention. It is not the same as criticism of the Bible, which is an assertion against the Bible being a source of information or ethical guidance, or observations that the Bible may have translation errors.[104]

text: Higher criticism

text: In the 17th century Thomas Hobbes collected the current evidence to conclude outright that Moses could not have written the bulk of the Torah. Shortly afterwards the philosopher Baruch Spinoza published a unified critical analysis, arguing that the problematic passages were not isolated cases that could be explained away one by one, but pervasive throughout the five books, concluding that it was "clearer than the sun at noon that the Pentateuch was not written by Moses . . ."[105]

text: Archaeological and historical research

text: Biblical archaeology is the archaeology that relates to and sheds light upon the Hebrew Scriptures and the Christian Greek Scriptures (or the "New Testament"). It is used to help determine the lifestyle and practices of people living in biblical times. There are a wide range of interpretations in the field of biblical archaeology. One broad division includes biblical maximalism which generally takes the view that most of the Old Testament or the Hebrew Bible is based on history although it is presented through the religious viewpoint of its time. It is considered to be the opposite of biblical minimalism which considers the Bible to be a purely post-exilic (5th century BCE and later) composition. Even among those scholars who adhere to biblical minimalism, the Bible is a historical document containing first-hand information on the Hellenistic and Roman eras, and there is universal scholarly consensus that the events of the 6th century BCE Babylonian captivity have a basis in history.

text: The historicity of the biblical account of the history of ancient Israel and Judah of the 10th to 7th centuries BCE is disputed in scholarship. The biblical account of the 8th to 7th centuries BCE is widely, but not universally, accepted as historical, while the verdict on the earliest period of the United Monarchy (10th century BCE) and the historicity of David is unclear. Archaeological evidence providing information on this period, such as the Tel Dan Stele, can potentially be decisive. The biblical account of events of the Exodus from Egypt in the Torah, and the migration to the Promised Land and the period of Judges are not considered historical in scholarship.[106][107]

text: Bible Museum

text: Bible Museums of the United States

text: 1) On December 1, 2017, the Museum of the Bible opened in Washington D.C. The museum was said to be built for all guests to understand and appreciate the existence of the Bible.Furthermore, the museum seeks to disperse historical information regarding the Bible as well as portray the significance of the Bible in a neutral way.[108]

text: 2) Durham Bible Museum: The Durham Bible Museum is located in Houston Texas and is known for the collection of rare Bibles around the world. Furthermore, the Durham Museum is known to have many different Bibles of various languages.[109]

text: Image gallery

text:
Bibles

Old Bible from a Greek monastery

Imperial Bible, or Vienna Coronation Gospels from Wien (Austria), c 1500.

The Kennicott Bible, 1476

A Baroque Bible

The bible used by Abraham Lincoln for his oath of office during his first inauguration in 1861

A miniature Bible

1866 Victorian Bible

Shelves of the Bizzell Bible Collection at Bizzell Memorial Library

text: Illustrations

text: Most old Bibles were illuminated, they were manuscripts in which the text is supplemented by the addition of decoration, such as decorated initials, borders (marginalia) and miniature illustrations. Up to the twelfth century, most manuscripts were produced in monasteries in order to add to the library or after receiving a commission from a wealthy patron. Larger monasteries often contained separate areas for the monks who specialized in the production of manuscripts called a scriptorium, where "separate little rooms were assigned to book copying; they were situated in such a way that each scribe had to himself a window open to the cloister walk."[110] By the fourteenth century, the cloisters of monks writing in the scriptorium started to employ laybrothers from the urban scriptoria, especially in Paris, Rome and the Netherlands.[111] Demand for manuscripts grew to an extent that the Monastic libraries were unable to meet with the demand, and began employing secular scribes and illuminators.[112] These individuals often lived close to the monastery and, in certain instances, dressed as monks whenever they entered the monastery, but were allowed to leave at the end of the day.[113]

text: The manuscript was "sent to the rubricator, who added (in red or other colours) the titles, headlines, the initials of chapters and sections, the notes and so on; and then – if the book was to be illustrated – it was sent to the illuminator."[110] In the case of manuscripts that were sold commercially, the writing would "undoubtedly have been discussed initially between the patron and the scribe (or the scribe's agent,) but by the time that the written gathering were sent off to the illuminator there was no longer any scope for innovation."[114]

text:
Bible illustrations

Bible from 1150, from Scriptorium de Chartres, Christ with angels

Blanche of Castile and Louis IX of France Bible, 13th century

Maciejowski Bible, Leaf 37, the 3rd image, Abner [in the center in green) sends Michal back to David.

Jephthah's daughter laments – Maciejowski Bible (France, ca. 1250)

Coloured version of the Whore of Babylon illustration from Martin Luther's 1534 translation of the Bible

An Armenian Bible, illuminated by Malnazar

Fleeing Sodom and Gomorrah, Foster Bible

Jonah being swallowed by the fish, Kennicott Bible, 1476


document_title: Nick Foles

question_text: where did quarterback foles go to high school

root

text: Nick Foles

text: Early years

text: Foles was born and raised in Austin, Texas, the son of restaurateurs Larry and Melissa Foles.[1] He graduated in 2007 from Westlake High School.[2]

tag: p

text: A two-year starter for the football team, Foles threw for 5,658 yards and 56 touchdowns, breaking most school records previously held by Drew Brees; he later played against Brees and the New Orleans Saints during the 2013–14 NFL playoffs.[3][4][5]

text: Foles also excelled at basketball, where he started three years, twice received team MVP honors,[5] and was recruited by Georgetown, Baylor, and Texas. He also played high school football with Justin Tucker, kicker for the Baltimore Ravens, and Kyle Adams, a free agent formerly of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and Chicago Bears [6]

text: Foles originally committed to Arizona State but later decided to attend Michigan State. He ultimately transferred to the University of Arizona.[7]

text: College career

text: Foles attended Michigan State for one year. He appeared in a game against Alabama–Birmingham, where he completed 5 of 8 passes for 57 yards.[8]

text: Foles transferred to Arizona and had to redshirt his 2008 freshman season.[9][10]

text: After quarterback Willie Tuitama graduated, Foles competed with expected successor Matt Scott, who got the nod after spring practice because the coaches believed he could run effectively as well as pass. Despite victories against Central Michigan and Northern Arizona, Scott struggled against Iowa and the next week was benched in favor of Foles. In Corvallis, Foles led the Wildcats to a victory against Oregon State.[11] He started the rest of the season, completing 260 of 409 pass attempts for 2,486 yards, 19 touchdowns, and nine interceptions.[12]

text: As a redshirt junior in 2010, Foles was the unquestioned starter. Foles led the Wildcats to a 7–1 start, including a victory against #9 Iowa on national television. Foles led the game-winning drive that ended with a touchdown pass to Bug Wright.[13] A knee injury in the Washington State game sidelined him for two games, but Foles finished off his junior year with 3,191 yards, 20 touchdowns, and 10 interceptions.[14]

text: During the 2011 season, Foles completed 387 of 560 passes for 4,334 yards and 28 touchdowns.[15] He ranked first in the Pac-12 Conference and fifth among all NCAA Division I FBS players with an average of 352.58 yards of total offense per game.[16] He also ranked second in the Pac-12 and 20th among all FBS players in total passing yardage.[17]

text: Foles graduated from the University of Arizona with a degree in communication.[5][7]

text: Statistics

text:
Year
Team
Passing
Rushing

Cmp
Att
Pct
Yds
Y/A
TD
Int
Rtg
Att
Yds
Avg
TD

2007
Michigan State
5
8
62.5
57
7.1
0
0
122.4
0
0
0.0
0

2009
Arizona
260
410
63.4
2,486
6.1
19
9
125.2
28
-74
-2.6
3

2010
Arizona
286
426
67.1
3,191
7.5
20
10
140.9
35
-113
-3.2
1

2011
Arizona
387
560
69.1
4,334
7.7
28
14
145.6
43
-103
-2.4
0

Career[18]
938
1,404
66.8
10,068
7.2
67
33
138.1
106
-290
-2.7
4

tag: table

text: Professional career

text: Philadelphia Eagles

text: 2012 season

text: Foles was selected by the Philadelphia Eagles in the third round with the 88th overall pick in the 2012 NFL Draft.[19] He signed a four-year contract with the team on May 21, 2012. Despite speculation that Foles would start the Eagles' Monday Night Football game against the New Orleans Saints on November 5 (Week 9),[20] Eagles coach Andy Reid stated that Vick would start that game.[21] The following week against the division rival Dallas Cowboys, after Vick left the game in the second quarter with concussion symptoms, Foles made his NFL debut. Foles threw his first career touchdown pass to wide receiver Jeremy Maclin for 44 yards and finished with 22 completed passes out of 32 attempts for 219 yards, one touchdown, and one interception. With Philadelphia behind 31–23 in the last minute, Foles lost the ball as he was sacked, and Jason Hatcher of the Cowboys recovered the ball in the end zone for a touchdown.[22] Vick was eventually ruled out of the following game against the Washington Redskins in Week 11, and Foles made his first career start.[23] Philadelphia lost to the Redskins 31–6, and Foles was 21-for-47 in passing 204 yards with no touchdowns and two interceptions.[24]

text: On Monday, December 3, 2012, Eagles coach Andy Reid announced that Foles would start for the remainder of the year, regardless of when Michael Vick returned from a concussion.[25] The following Week 14 game on December 9, Foles earned his first win as a starter in the Eagles' 23–21 win over the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. With two seconds remaining on the clock and Philadelphia down 21–16 at the Bucs' one-yard line, Foles threw a 1-yard pass to Jeremy Maclin for the game-winning touchdown as time expired. Foles completed 32-of-51 passes for 381 yards and two touchdowns – both coming in the final four minutes. He also had 27 rushing yards and a rushing touchdown.[26] On December 23, Foles broke his hand against the Redskins, and was replaced by Vick in the season finale against the New York Giants.[27] On December 26, Foles was placed on injured reserve.[28]

text: 2013: Pro Bowl season

text: Going into training camp, new head coach Chip Kelly announced that Foles would compete with Vick and newly drafted rookie Matt Barkley for the Eagles starting quarterback job in the 2013 season.[29] Going into preseason, it became clear that the job was a two-way battle between Foles and Vick.[30] Foles played average during preseason while Vick excelled past him. On August 20, it was announced that Vick would start the season and Foles would be the backup.[31]

text: Foles saw his first action during a Week 4 loss against the Denver Broncos. He completed 3 out of 4 attempted passes for a total of 49 yards and one touchdown, with no interceptions.[32]

text: On October 6, Foles entered the game against the New York Giants in the second quarter, after Vick suffered a hamstring injury. Foles completed 16 of 25 passes for 197 yards and 2 touchdowns, leading the Eagles to a 36–21 win over the Giants.[33] Later in the week, it was announced that Foles would get the start in Week 6 against the 0–4 Tampa Bay Buccaneers, after Vick was declared unable to start due to his injury. In his Week 6 start on October 13, Foles had one of the best starts of his career, completing 22 of 31 passes for 296 yards and 4 total touchdowns (3 passing, 1 rushing) in a 31–20 win over the Bucs, a performance that earned him NFC Offensive Player of the Week.[34]

text: On October 15, Vick announced that he needed another week of rehab before he was able to start again, making Foles the starter for the Week 7 matchup against the Dallas Cowboys for the division lead. However, against the Cowboys, Foles completed only 11 of 29 passes for a total of 80 yards, with no touchdowns.[35] In that same game, Foles left in the 4th quarter after suffering a head injury, and was replaced by rookie Matt Barkley. Barkley did not perform well either, throwing 3 interceptions. The Eagles went on to lose 17–3 to the Cowboys thus dropping to 3–4 on the season and 1 game out of first place.[36] The next day, Foles was diagnosed with a concussion and ruled out of any participation in the Week 8 matchup against the Giants on medical grounds.

text: Vick left the game late in the second quarter of the Eagles 15–7 loss to the Giants in Week 8, aggravating the hamstring injury he had previously picked up in Week 5.

text: Foles was given his third start of the season for Week 9 against the Oakland Raiders. Against the Raiders, Foles threw for seven touchdowns, tying a record held by six other quarterbacks. Foles is one of three quarterbacks to throw seven touchdowns and zero interceptions; he also amassed a perfect passer rating (158.3), having thrown more touchdown passes than incompletions.[37] Foles was awarded his second NFC Offensive Player of the Week Award of the season for his performance against the Raiders.[38]

text: In Week 10 of the regular season, Foles played in his sixth game of the season (four starts) against the Green Bay Packers. Coming into the game, the Eagles had lost to the Packers on the last three occasions the teams had met (including post season).[39] Foles completed 12 out of 18 passes for a total of 228 yards, 3 touchdowns, and no interceptions. His passer rating was extremely high for the second consecutive week, finishing at 149.3 and becoming the first quarterback in NFL history to post passer ratings above 149 in consecutive weeks. Foles carried 8 times during the game, including a 16 yard long run, finishing the game with 38 yards total and one fumble lost. The Eagles won the game 27–13 and moved to 5–5.[40]

text: Foles continued as the starting quarterback in Week 11 of the regular season against the Washington Redskins at home. For the sixth time this season, Foles’ passer rating eclipsed 100, as he completed 17 of his 26 attempts for 298 yards with 0 touchdowns and 0 interceptions. Foles rushed the ball on 9 occasions during the game, ending with 47 total yards and a rushing touchdown. He led the Eagles to a 24–0 lead at the end of the third quarter, before a comeback from the Redskins meant the game finished 24–16.[41] The win moved the Eagles to an overall record of 6–5–0 and first position in the NFC East. The Eagles had not won at Lincoln Financial Field in 413 days since defeating the New York Giants on September 30, 2012; ending a streak of 10 consecutive home defeats.[42][43] On November 27, Foles was named the NFC Player of the Month for his play during the month of November.

text: The Eagles did not have a game scheduled for Week 12 of the regular season. The team returned to action on Sunday, December 1, for a home game against the Arizona Cardinals. Following their bye week, the Eagles had slipped into 2nd place in the divisional standings behind fierce rivals the Cowboys. Foles was named as the starting quarterback for the remainder of the season, a decision which Vick (who began the year as the number one quarterback) fully agreed with.[44]

text: For the seventh time this season, Foles's passer rating eclipsed 100, as he completed 21 of 34 attempted passes for a total of 237 yards, with 3 touchdowns and no interceptions. He also rushed for 22 yards on 9 attempts and fumbled on one occasion, although this was recovered by his teammates – and did not result in a turnover. Following a closely contested game, the Eagles held on to win 24–21 despite a fourth quarter comeback by Carson Palmer.[45] Foles set a team record for most passes without an interception (233), breaking Michael Vick's mark of 224 set in 2010. He also moved within one touchdown pass of the record 20 straight touchdown passes set by Peyton Manning and zero interceptions to start a season before throwing an interception in a blizzard game in Philadelphia against the Detroit Lions in which the Eagles won 34–20. [46] The win took the Eagles to an overall record of 8–5 and surpassed Dallas for the number one spot in the NFC East. A week later in Minnesota, the team's five game winning streak was snapped with a loss to Minnesota. However, Foles again had another impressive game with yet another passer rating over 100 and three more touchdowns and only his second interception of the season.[47] The following week, the Eagles defeated the Chicago Bears 54–11, which saw another passer rating over 100 and a completion of 84.0% of his passes, a career-high.[48] Foles helped lead the Eagles to their first NFC East division title in three years by beating the Cowboys in the regular season finale. Foles had his ninth game with a passer rating over 100.[49]

text: Foles finished the 2013 regular season with 27 touchdown passes and only 2 interceptions, surpassing Tom Brady's 2010 season posting of 36/4 for the best TD-INT ratio in NFL history, and a season leading 119.0 passer rating and third in NFL history trailing only to Aaron Rodgers' 122.5 rating in 2011 and Peyton Manning's 121.1 rating in 2004.[50] Foles led the Eagles to a playoff berth, the first since 2010. Hosting the New Orleans Saints in the playoffs at Lincoln Financial Field, the Eagles lost on a last-minute field goal as the game ended at 26–24. Foles threw for 195 yards, two touchdowns, and no interceptions, for a passer rating of 105.0, in his postseason debut.[51] Foles was awarded the "NFL Greatness on the Road" award for his seven touchdown, perfect game performance against the Oakland Raiders during a road game in 2013.

text: Foles was also assigned to the 2014 Pro Bowl as an alternate and was drafted by Team Sanders. Despite losing the game, Foles went 7 for 10 for 89 yards and a go ahead touchdown. Foles won the Pro Bowl Offensive MVP award, which included a new GMC truck.[52]

text: 2014 season

text: Going into 2014, Chip Kelly had released Foles' top receiver, DeSean Jackson, but Jeremy Maclin, who had good chemistry with Foles in 2012, returned from an ACL tear and had a career season, gaining 702 yards and six touchdowns with Foles as quarterback, finishing with 1,318 yards and ten scores. He was also aided by rookie receiver Jordan Matthews, second year tight end Zach Ertz, and veteran running back Darren Sproles.

text: Foles and the Eagles kicked off their 2014 season with a Week 1 home matchup against the Jacksonville Jaguars. Foles started the game poorly, losing 2 fumbles and throwing an interception in the first half. Foles only lost 2 fumbles and threw 2 interceptions the entire 2013 season. The Eagles defense also performed poorly, as they trailed 17–0 after the first half. However, the Eagles roared back in the second half, scoring 34 unanswered points to defeat the Jags 34–17. Overall, Foles completed 24 of 45 passes for 332 yards and 2 touchdowns, along with the 3 turnovers.[53]

text: Foles led the Eagles to a 30–27 win over the Colts after trailing by as much as 20–6 early in the third. Foles went 21–37, passing for 331 yards, 1 touchdown, and 1 interception during the game.[53]

text: Foles played his best game of the young season in 37–34 win over the division rival Washington Redskins.[54] Foles fought off the slow starts of games past, a strong Washington defensive front seven, and a brutal blindside hit from Washington defensive lineman Chris Baker which resulted in a major brawl between both teams and causing Eagles left tackle Jason Peters, the strongest player in their line, and Baker to be ejected from the game.[55][56] Foles finished the game completing 66 percent of his passes, going for 325 yards and three touchdowns. In Week 8, Foles set a franchise record for most completions in a game with 36 and threw a career-high 62 times in a close loss to the Arizona Cardinals, finishing with 411 passing yards and 2 touchdowns.[57] The following week in a game against the Houston Texans, Foles left the game during the first half with a broken collarbone, which led to Foles being put on injured reserve, ending his 2014 season. Mark Sanchez finished out the season as the Eagles starting quarterback.[58]

text: After a league-best 27–2 TD-INT ratio in 2013, Foles finished the season with 2,163 yards in 8 games, and a 13–10 TD-INT ratio.[59] He also fumbled 4 times, only recovering it once. Overall, all of his stats were narrowly beaten by Sanchez, including turnovers (14–11 TD–INT ratio). He led the team to a 6–2 record as starter, first place in the NFC East and second place in the NFC.

text: St. Louis Rams

text: On March 10, 2015, the Eagles traded Foles, a 2015 fourth-round pick, and a 2016 second-round pick to the St. Louis Rams in exchange for Sam Bradford and a 2015 fifth-round pick.[60][61][62] Foles signed a two-year, $24.5 million extension with the Rams on August 7, 2015.[63] Foles's first game with the team came against the division rival Seattle Seahawks, who had the league's No. 1 defense in 2013 and 2014. Foles went 18 for 27 and passed for 297 yards in the game, and his lone passing touchdown came with 53 seconds left, bringing the game into overtime. He also ran for 11 yards and 1 touchdown, which put the Rams in the lead in the middle of the second quarter. In overtime, Foles threw a 22-yard pass to wide receiver Stedman Bailey, which set up the Rams' game-winning field goal over the defending NFC Champions.[64]

text: Following the dramatic win, Foles struggled against his former divisional rival, the Washington Redskins. Although he didn't turn the ball over, he only completed 17 passes out of 32 for 150 yards and the Rams lone touchdown as they lost 24–10.[65] Foles' accuracy improved the following week, going 19–28 for 197 yards, but he threw no touchdowns and his first interception as a Ram against the Pittsburgh Steelers, and the Rams dropped to 1–2.[66] Following the two losses, Foles bounced back, going 16–24 for 3 touchdowns and no turnovers to hand the 3–0 Arizona Cardinals their first loss of the season.[67] After that game, Foles' problems with turnovers from 2014 started to show, as he completed 11 passes out of 30 for 141 yards, 1 touchdown, and a career-high 4 interceptions against the Green Bay Packers.[68] On November 16 Foles was benched in favor of Case Keenum. He won his starting job back two weeks later after Keenum was out with a concussion, but his struggles worsened. In a loss against Cincinnati Bengals, he went 30–46 for 228 yards (his second highest total of the year) and 3 interceptions, and followed it up by going 15/35 for 146 yards and 1 interception in a 27–3 loss to the Arizona Cardinals.[69][70] Foles was again benched after Keenum returned from his concussion.

text: Upset that the now-Los Angeles Rams drafted quarterback Jared Goff with the first overall pick of the 2016 NFL draft, Foles requested and was granted a release on July 27, 2016.[71]

text: Kansas City Chiefs

text: Foles signed with the Kansas City Chiefs on August 3, 2016. It was a one-year deal worth $1.75 million and included a second-year option for 2017, worth between $6.75 million and $16 million depending on his performance during the Chiefs' 2016 season.[72] In Week 8 at Indianapolis Colts after Alex Smith left the game with a concussion, Foles took over for the remainder of the game, and finished 16/22 completions with 223 yards and two touchdowns.[73] The Chiefs announced that Foles would start in Week 9 against the Jacksonville Jaguars as Smith was still recovering from injury.[74] Foles won the game over the Jaguars, 19–14, and finished 20–33 with 187 yards and a touchdown.[75] The next day, Smith was announced to start Week 10.[76]

text: On March 9, 2017, the Chiefs declined a second-year option on his contract, making him a free agent.[77]

text: Philadelphia Eagles (second stint)

text: On March 13, 2017, Foles signed a two-year contract to return to the Philadelphia Eagles to back up 2016 first-round pick Carson Wentz.[78][79] During Week 14 against the Los Angeles Rams, Foles came in relief of Wentz, who left the game with a torn ACL. Foles completed 6 of 10 passes for 42 yards as the Eagles won 43–35, clinching their first division title since 2013. On December 11, 2017, head coach Doug Pederson announced that Foles would be the starter after Wentz was ruled out for the season.[80] Starting his first game of the season in Week 15, Foles threw for 237 yards and 4 touchdowns in a 34–29 victory over the New York Giants.[81]

text: On January 13, 2018, the Eagles defeated the Atlanta Falcons 15–10, in the NFC Divisional playoff game, with Foles completing 23 of 30 passes for 246 yards. This was the Eagles' first playoff victory in nine seasons.[82] On January 21, 2018, the Eagles defeated the Minnesota Vikings, 38–7, in the NFC Championship Game, with Foles going 26 of 33 for 352 yards and 3 touchdowns. The Vikings were 3-point favorites with the league's top-ranked defense entering the game.[83][84][85][86]

text: In Super Bowl LII, Foles caught a touchdown pass from tight end Trey Burton, becoming the first player to both throw and catch a touchdown pass in a Super Bowl, while also being the third quarterback to catch a pass in a Super Bowl, after John Elway in Super Bowl XXII and Jim Kelly in Super Bowl XXVI.[87] The Eagles defeated the New England Patriots 41–33 to win their first Super Bowl. Foles completed 28 of 43 passes for 373 yards, 3 passing touchdowns and 1 interception, and was named the Most Valuable Player of the game.[88][89]

text: Career statistics

text:
†
Denotes seasons in which Foles won a Super Bowl

Led the league

text:
General
Passing
Rushing

Season
Team
GP
GS
W–L
Cmp
Att
Cmp%
Yards
Y/A
Y/G
TDs
Ints
Rtg
Sk
Att
Yards
Y/A
Y/G
TDs
Fumbs

2012
PHI
7
6
1–5
161
265
60.8%
1,699
6.4
242.7
6
5
79.1
20
11
42
3.8
6.0
1
8

2013
PHI
13
10
8–2
203
317
64.0%
2,891
9.1
222.4
27
2
119.2
28
57
221
3.9
17.0
3
4

2014
PHI
8
8
6–2
186
311
59.8%
2,163
7.0
270.4
13
10
81.4
9
16
68
4.3
8.5
0
4

2015
STL
11
11
4–7
190
337
56.4%
2,052
6.1
186.5
7
10
69.0
14
17
20
1.2
1.8
1
5

2016
KC
3
1
1–0
36
55
65.5%
410
7.5
136.7
3
0
105.9
4
4
−4
−1.0
−1.3
0
0

2017†
PHI
7
3
2–1
57
101
56.4%
537
5.3
76.7
5
2
79.5
5
11
3
0.3
0.4
0
6

Career
49
39
22–17
833
1,386
60.1%
9,752
7.0
199.0
61
29
87.4
80
116
350
3.0
7.1
5
27

Source: [90]

text:
General
Passing
Rushing

Season
Team
GP
GS
W–L
Cmp
Att
Cmp%
Yards
Y/A
Y/G
TDs
Ints
Rtg
Sk
Att
Yards
Y/A
Y/G
TDs
Fumbs

2013
PHI
1
1
0–1
23
33
69.7%
195
5.9
195.0
2
0
105.0
2
1
3
3.0
3.0
0
0

2017†
PHI
3
3
3–0
77
106
72.6%
971
9.2
323.7
6
1
115.7
2
5
−2
−0.4
−0.7
0
2

Career
4
4
3–1
100
139
71.9%
1,166
8.4
291.5
8
1
113.2
4
6
1
0.2
1.5
0
2

Source: [90]

text: Career awards and highlights

text:
Super Bowl champion (LII)
Super Bowl MVP (LII)
Pro Bowl selection (2013)
Pro Bowl Offensive MVP (2013)[52]
NFL Passer rating leader (2013)[91]
NFL record 7 touchdown passes in a game (tied)

tag: ul

text: Personal life

text: Foles is a Christian, saying, "I'm a Christian and I believe in God... and when you do great, you stay humble and you give Him glory."[92][93] Foles is currently an online graduate student at Liberty University, earning his master's degree in divinity.[94]

text: Foles has planned to become a pastor after his football career, saying, "I want to be a pastor in a high school, It's on my heart. I took a leap of faith last year and signed up to take classes at seminary. I wanted to continue to learn and challenge my faith. It's a challenge because you are writing papers that are biblically correct. You want to impact people's hearts."[95]

text: He married Tori Moore, who is the younger sister of former NFL tight end Evan Moore, in 2014.[96] Moore and Foles were briefly teammates with the Eagles in 2012.

text: The couple have a daughter, Lily James, born in 2017.[97]


document_title: Visa requirements for South African citizens

question_text: visa requirements for south african citizens visiting tanzania

text: Visa requirements map[edit]

text: Visa requirements[edit]

text:
Country
Visa requirement
Notes (excluding departure fees)
Reciprocity

 Afghanistan
Visa required[2]

√

 Albania
Visa required[3]

√

 Algeria
Visa required[4]

√

 Andorra
Visa required[5]
Andorra has no visa regime, but is only accessible through France and Spain. Multiple Entry Schengen Visa required.
√

 Angola
Visa required[6]

√

 Antigua and Barbuda
Visa not required[7]
1 month
√

 Argentina
Visa not required[8]
90 days
√

 Armenia
eVisa / Visa on arrival[9]
120 days
X

 Australia and territories
Visa required[10]
May apply online (Online Visitor e600 visa).[11] Transit visa is not required.[12]
X

 Austria
Visa required[13]

X

 Azerbaijan
eVisa[14]
30 days[15]
X

 Bahamas
Visa not required[16]
4 weeks (extendable up to 8 months)
√

 Bahrain
eVisa[17]

X

 Bangladesh
Visa required[18]

√

 Barbados
Visa not required[19]
6 months
√

 Belarus
Visa required[20]

√

 Belgium
Visa required[21]

X

 Belize
Visa not required[22]

√

 Benin
Visa not required[23]
90 Days
√

 Bhutan
Visa required[24]

√

 Bolivia
Visa on arrival[25]
90 days
√

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
Visa required[26]

√

 Botswana
Visa not required[27]
90 days
√

 Brazil
Visa not required[28]
90 days
√

 Brunei
Visa required[29]

√

 Bulgaria
Visa required[30]

√

 Burkina Faso
Visa required[31]

√

 Burundi
Visa required[32]

√

 Cambodia
eVisa / Visa on arrival[33]
30 days
X

 Cameroon
Visa required[34]
Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival.
√

 Canada
Visa required[35]
Holders of the Right of Abode to the UK with a Certificate of Entitlement as proof of authenticity do not require Visa.
X

 Cape Verde
Visa on arrival[36]

√

 Central African Republic
Visa required[37]

√

 Chad
Visa required[38]

√

 Chile
Visa not required[39]
90 days
√

 China
Visa required[40]
24-Hour Transit Visa obtainable at the airport.
√

 Colombia
Visa required[41]
Transit visa is not required.
√

 Comoros
Visa on arrival[42]

X

 Republic of the Congo
Visa required[43]

√

 Democratic Republic of the Congo
Visa required[44]

√

 Costa Rica
Visa not required[45]
90 days
√

 Côte d'Ivoire
eVisa[46]
3 months. eVisa holders must arrive via Port Bouet Airport.
X

 Croatia
Visa required[47]
Valid multiple entry schengen visa is valid for Croatia[48]
√

 Cuba
Tourist card required[49]

√

 Cyprus
Visa required[50]

X

 Czech Republic
Visa required[51]

X

 Denmark
Visa required[52]

X

 Djibouti
Visa on arrival[53]

X

 Dominica
Visa not required[54]
6 months
X

 Dominican Republic
Visa not required[55]
30 day tourist card must be purchased on arrival.
X

 Ecuador
Visa not required[56]
90 days
√

 Egypt
Visa required[57]

√

 El Salvador
Visa not required[58]
90 days
X

 Equatorial Guinea
Visa required[59]

√

 Eritrea
Visa required[60]
Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival.
√

 Estonia
Visa required[61]

√

 Ethiopia
eVisa / Visa on arrival[62]

X

 Fiji
Visa not required[63]
4 months
√

 Finland
Visa required[64]

X

 France
Visa required[65]

X

 Gabon
Visa not required[66]
30 days.
√

 Gambia
Visa required[67]
In addition to a visa, an entry clearance must be obtained from the Gambian Immigration prior to travel.[68]
√

 Georgia
Visa not required[69]
1 year
X

 Germany
Visa required[70]

X

 Ghana
Visa on arrival[71]
30 days
X

 Greece
Visa required[72]

X

 Grenada
Visa not required[73]
3 months
X

 Guatemala
Visa not required[74]
90 days
X

 Guinea
Visa required[75]

√

 Guinea-Bissau
eVisa / Visa on arrival[76]
90 days
X

 Guyana
Visa not required[77]
3 months
√

 Haiti
Visa not required[78]
3 months
X

 Honduras
Visa not required[79]
90 days
X

 Hungary
Visa required[80]

X

 Iceland
Visa required[81]

X

 India
e-Visa[82]
60 days; e-Visa holders must arrive via 24 designated airports or 3 designated seaports.[83]
X

 Indonesia
Visa not required[84]
30 days. Select ports of entry.
X

 Iran
Visa on arrival[85]
30 days[86]
X

 Iraq
Visa required[87]

√

 Ireland
Visa not required[88]
3 months. Entry into the UK from Ireland is not permitted if the South African passport holder does not have a valid UK Visa. There are some requirements to fulfill for entry such as evidence of sufficient funds, proof of accommodation and character requirements. Border crossing by land from Ireland to Northern Ireland (UK) are heavily guarded and visa checks are carried out routinely. UK direct-airside transit visa is required for travel to Ireland by transiting the UK.
√

 Israel
Visa not required[89]
90 days. Some travelers are permitted to stay longer but in excess of 90 days usually requires mandatory military service for certain ages.
√

 Italy
Visa required[90]

X

 Jamaica
Visa not required[91]
180 Days
X

 Japan
Visa required[92]

X

 Jordan
Visa on arrival[93]
30 days
√

 Kazakhstan
Visa required[94]

√

 Kenya
Visa not required[95]
90 days[96]
X

 Kiribati
Visa required[97]

√

 North Korea
Visa required[98]

√

 South Korea
Visa not required[99]
30 days
√

 Kuwait
Visa required[100]

√

 Kyrgyzstan
eVisa / Visa on arrival[101]
1 month. Available at Manas International Airport.
X

 Laos
Visa on arrival[102]
30 days
X

 Latvia
Visa required[103]

X

 Lebanon
Visa required[104]
In addition to a visa, an approval should be obtained from the Immigration department of the General Directorate of General Security (La Surete Generale).
√

 Lesotho
Visa not required[105]
90 days
√

 Liberia
Visa required[106]
Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival.
√

 Libya
Visa required[107]
Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival.
√

 Liechtenstein
Visa required[108]

X

 Lithuania
Visa required[109]

√

 Luxembourg
Visa required[110]

X

 Macedonia
Visa required[111]

√

 Madagascar
Visa on arrival[112]
30 days free of charge
√

 Malawi
Visa not required[113]
90 days
√

 Malaysia
Visa not required[114]
90 days
√

 Maldives
Visa on arrival[115]
90 days
√

 Mali
Visa required[116]

√

 Malta
Visa required[117]

X

 Marshall Islands
Visa on arrival[118]
90 days
X

 Mauritania
Visa on arrival[119]
Available at Nouakchott–Oumtounsy International Airport.
X

 Mauritius
Visa not required[120][121]
90 days
√

 Mexico
Visa required[122]
Visa free access for holders of a valid US Visa. Holders of valid B1/B2 (B) or Permanent Resident Visa/ Green Card are permitted to remain for 180 days. Passport holders with less than six months validity may face difficulty when attempting to enter as a Business Visitor/ Tourist as they are usually permitted six months stay which might exceed the passport's validity.
√

 Micronesia
Visa not required[123]
30 days
X

 Moldova
Visa required[124]

√

 Monaco
Visa required[125]

X

 Mongolia
Visa required[126]

√

 Montenegro
Visa required[127]

√

 Morocco
Visa required[128]

√

 Mozambique
Visa not required[129]
3 months
√

 Myanmar
eVisa[130]
28 days[131]
X

 Namibia
Visa not required[132]
3 months
√

 Nauru
Visa required[133]

√

   Nepal
Visa on arrival[134]
90 days
X

 Netherlands
Visa required[135]

X

 New Zealand
Visa required[136]
Visa not required if the holder of Australian Permanent Residence travelling on a South African Passport, Australian Resident Visa will be granted upon arrival subject to satisfying the entry requirements. Australian Permanent Residents must have a valid Visa/ Travel Facility attached to the status for entry. Imperative note: Holders of the Right of Abode to the UK with a Certificate of Entitlement as proof of authenticity do not require a Visa.
√

 Nicaragua
Visa not required[137]
90 days
X

 Niger
Visa required[138]

√

 Nigeria
Visa required[139]
Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival.
√

 Norway
Visa required[140]

X

 Oman
eVisa / Visa on arrival[141]

X

 Pakistan
Visa required[142]
Visa on arrival when travelling on business valid for 30 days. Conditions apply.[143]
√

 Palau
Visa on arrival[144]
30 days
X

 Panama
Visa not required[145]
180 days
√

 Papua New Guinea
Visa required[146]

√

 Paraguay
Visa not required[147]
90 days
√

 Peru
Visa not required[148]
180 days
√

 Philippines
Visa not required[149]
30 days
X

 Poland
Visa required[150]

X

 Portugal
Visa required[151]

X

 Qatar
Visa on arrival !Free visa on arrival[152]
30 days, available at Hamad International Airport. eVisa is also available.
X

 Romania
Visa required[153]

√

 Russia
Visa not required[154]
90 days within any 180 day period
√

 Rwanda
Visa on arrival[155]
30 days
X

 Saint Kitts and Nevis
Visa not required[156]
3 months
X

 Saint Lucia
Visa not required[157]
6 weeks
X

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Visa not required[158]
1 month
√

 Samoa
Visa on arrival !Entry Permit on arrival[159]
60 days
X

 San Marino
Visa required[160]

X

 São Tomé and Príncipe
Visa required[161]
Visa is obtained online.[162]
√

 Saudi Arabia
Visa required[163]

√

 Senegal
Visa not required[164]

X

 Serbia
Visa required[165]
Visa free for a maximum stay of 90 days for valid visa holders or residents of the European Union member states and the United States.
√

 Seychelles
Visa on arrival !Visitor's Permit on arrival[166]
3 months
√

 Sierra Leone
Visa required[167]
Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival.
√

 Singapore
Visa not required[168]
30 days
√

 Slovakia
Visa required[169]

√

 Slovenia
Visa required[170]

√

 Solomon Islands
Visa required[171]

√

 Somalia
Visa required[172]
Visa may be obtained on arrival, provided an invitation letter by the sponsor had been submitted to the authorities before arrival.
√

 South Sudan
Visa required[173]

√

 Spain
Visa required[174]

X

 Sri Lanka
eVisa / Visa on arrival[175]
30 days
X

 Sudan
Visa required[176]

√

 Suriname
Visa required[177]

√

 Swaziland
Visa not required[178]
30 days
√

 Sweden
Visa required[179]

X

  Switzerland
Visa required[180]

X

 Syria
Visa required[181]

√

 Tajikistan
Visa on arrival[182]
45 days at Dushanbe International Airport. Visa also available online. E-visa holders can enter through all border points.[183]
X

 Tanzania
Visa not required[184]
90 days
√

 Thailand
Visa not required[185]
30 days (maximum two visits annually if not arriving by air)
√

 Timor-Leste
Visa on arrival[186]
30 days
X

 Togo
Visa on arrival[187]
7 days
X

 Tonga
Visa required[188]

√

 Trinidad and Tobago
Visa not required[189]
90 days
√

 Tunisia
Visa not required[190]
3 months
X

 Turkey
eVisa / Visa on arrival[191]
3 months
√

 Turkmenistan
Visa required[192]
Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival.
√

 Tuvalu
Visa on arrival[193]
1 month
X

 Uganda
eVisa / Visa on arrival[194]
May apply online.[195]
X

 Ukraine
Visa required[196]

√

 United Arab Emirates
Visa required[197]
May apply Online [198] Emirates Airline (Dubai) and Etihad Airways (Abu Dhabi) routinely provide this service. Entry is only valid on condition that travel is made with the airline where the online visa is applied for and ticket is issued.
√

 United Kingdom and Crown dependencies
Visa required[199]
Right of Abode holders with a Certificate of Entitlement may enter the United Kingdom and remain indefinitely.
X

 United States
Visa required[200]

X

 Uruguay
Visa not required[201]
90 days
√

 Uzbekistan
Visa required[202]
Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival.
√

 Vanuatu
Visa not required[203]
30 days
X

  Vatican City
Visa required[204]
Schengen Visa Required. Entry can be made from Italy exclusively.
√

 Venezuela
Visa not required[205]
90 days
√

 Vietnam
Visa required[206]
Pre-arranged visa obtained online through travel agencies available at Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Phu Quoc,[207] or Da Nang airports.
√

 Yemen
Visa required[208]

√

 Zambia
Visa not required[209]
90 days
√

 Zimbabwe
Visa not required[210]
3 months
√

text: Dependent, Disputed, or Restricted territories[edit]

text:
Territory
Conditions of access
Notes

 Abkhazia
Visa required[211]

 Kosovo
Visa not required[212]
90 days

 Northern Cyprus
Visa not required[213]
3 months

 Nagorno-Karabakh
Visa required[214]
Travellers with Nagorno-Karabakh visa (expired or valid) or evidence of travel to Nagorno-Karabakh (stamps) will be permanently denied entry to Azerbaijan.[215]

 Palestine
Visa not required[216]
Arrival by sea to Gaza Strip not allowed.[217]

 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

Undefined visa regime in the Western Sahara controlled territory.

 Somaliland
Visa on arrival
30 days for 30 US dollars, payable on arrival.[218][219]

 South Ossetia
Visa not required[220]
Multiple entry visa to Russia and three day prior notification are required to enter South Ossetia.[221][222]

 Taiwan
Visa required[223][224]

 Transnistria
Visa not required[225]
Registration required after 24h.[226][227]

text:
Territory
Conditions of access
Notes

China

 Hong Kong
Visa not required[228]
30 days

 Macau
Visa not required[229]
30 days

Denmark

 Faroe Islands
Visa required[230]

 Greenland
Visa required[231]

France

 French Guiana
Visa required[232]

 French Polynesia
Visa required[233]

 French West Indies
Visa required
Includes overseas departments of Guadeloupe and Martinique and overseas collectivities of Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin.

 Mayotte
Visa required[234]

 New Caledonia
Visa required[235]

 Réunion
Visa not required[236]
3 months

 Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Visa required[237]

 Wallis and Futuna
Visa required[238]

Netherlands

 Aruba
Visa required[239]

 Caribbean Netherlands
Visa required[240]
Includes Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba.

 Curaçao
Visa required[241]

 Sint Maarten
Visa required[242]

New Zealand

 Cook Islands
Visa not required[243]
31 days

 Niue
Visa not required[244]
30 days

 Tokelau
Visa required[245]

United Kingdom

 Akrotiri and Dhekelia
Visa required[246]

 Anguilla
Visa required[247]

 Bermuda
Visa required[248]

 British Indian Ocean Territory
Special permit required
Special permit required.[249]

 British Virgin Islands
Visa not required[250]
30 days, extensions possible

 Cayman Islands
Visa not required[251]
6 months

 Falkland Islands
Visa not required[252]

 Gibraltar
Visa required[253]

 Montserrat
Visa not required[254]
6 months

 Pitcairn Islands
Visa not required
14 days visa free and landing fee 35 USD or tax of 5 USD if not going ashore.[255][256][257]

 Ascension Island
Entry Permit required
Entry Permit must be obtained minimum 28 days in advance (3 months for 20/30 pounds sterling, single/double entry).[258]

 Saint Helena
Visitor's Pass required
Visitor's Pass granted on arrival valid for 4/10/21/60/90 days for 12/14/16/20/25 pound sterling.[259]

 Tristan da Cunha
Permission required
Permission to land required for 15/30 pounds sterling (yacht/ship passenger) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 pounds sterling for Gough Island, Inaccessible Island or Nightingale Islands.[260]

 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Permit required
Pre-arrival permit from the Commissioner required (72 hours/1 month for 110/160 pounds sterling).[261][262]

 Turks and Caicos Islands
Visa required[263]
90 days

United States

 American Samoa
Visa required[264]

 Guam
Visa required[265]

 Northern Mariana Islands
Visa required[266]

 Puerto Rico
Visa required[267]

 U.S. Virgin Islands
Visa required[268]

Antarctica and adjacent islands

Special permits required for  Bouvet Island,  British Antarctic Territory,  French Southern and Antarctic Lands,  Argentine Antarctica,  Australian Antarctic Territory,  Chilean Antarctic Territory,  Heard Island and McDonald Islands,  Peter I Island,  Queen Maud Land,  Ross Dependency.[269][270][271][272][273][274][275][276][277][278][279][280]

text:
Territory
Conditions of access
Notes

 Belarus
Belovezhskaya Pushcha National Park
Visa not required
3 days;[281] must first obtain an electronic pass[282]

 China
Hainan
Visa on arrival[283]
15 days. Available at Haikou Meilan International Airport and Sanya Phoenix International Airport.
Visa not required for 15 days for traveling as part of a tourist group (5 or more people)[284]

 China
Tibet Autonomous Region
TTP required
Tibet Travel Permit required (10 US Dollars).[285][286][287]

 Crimea
Visa required
Visa issued by Russia is required.[288]

 Ecuador
 Galápagos
Pre-registration required
Online pre-registration is required. Transit Control Card must also be obtained at the airport prior to departure.[289]

 Eritrea outside Asmara
Travel permit required
To travel in the rest of the country, a Travel Permit for Foreigners is required (20 Eritrean nakfa).[290]

 Greece
 Mount Athos
Special permit required
Special permit required (4 days: 25 euro for Orthodox visitors, 35 euro for non-Orthodox visitors, 18 euro for students). There is a visitors' quota: maximum 100 Orthodox and 10 non-Orthodox per day and women are not allowed.[291][292]

 India PAP/RAP
PAP/RAP required
Protected Area Permit (PAP) required for whole states of Nagaland and Sikkim and parts of states Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Jammu and Kashmir, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh.
Restricted Area Permit (RAP) required for all of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and parts of Sikkim. Some of these requirements are occasionally lifted for a year.[293][294][295][296][297][298]

 Iran
Kish Island
Visa not required
Visitors to Kish Island do not require a visa.[299]

 Iraqi Kurdistan
Visa on arrival
Visa on arrival for 15 days is available at Erbil and Sulaymaniyah airports.[300]

 Fiji
Lau Province
Special permission required
Special permission required.[301]

 France
Clipperton Island
Special permit required
Special permit required.[302]

 Kazakhstan
Special permission required
Special permission required for the town of Baikonur and surrounding areas in Kyzylorda Oblast, and the town of Gvardeyskiy near Almaty.[303]

 North Korea outside Pyongyang
Special permit required
People are not allowed to leave the capital city, tourists can only leave the capital with a governmental tourist guide (no independent moving)

 Malaysia Sabah and Sarawak
Visa not required
These states have their own immigration authorities and passport is required to travel to them, however the same visa applies.[304]

 Maldives outside Malé
Permission required
With the exception of the capital Malé, tourists are generally prohibited from visiting non-resort islands without the express permission of the Government of Maldives.[305]

 Norway
Jan Mayen
Permit required
Permit issued by the local police required for staying for less than 24 hours[306] and permit issued by the Norwegian police for staying for more than 24 hours.[307]

 Novorossiya
Restricted area
Crossing from Ukraine requires visit purpose to be explained to Ukrainian passport control on exit and those who entered from Russia are not allowed to proceed further into Ukraine.[308][309]

 Russia
Special authorization required
Several closed cities and regions in Russia require special authorization.[310]

 Sudan outside Khartoum
Travel permit required
All foreigners traveling more than 25 kilometers outside of Khartoum must obtain a travel permit.

 Sudan
Darfur
Travel permit required
Separate travel permit is required.[311]

 Tajikistan
Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province
OIVR permit required
OIVR permit required (15+5 Tajikistani Somoni) and another special permit (free of charge) is required for Lake Sarez.[312][313][314]

 UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus
Access Permit required[315]
Access Permit is required for travelling inside the zone, except Civil Use Areas.

 Korean Demilitarized Zone
Restricted zone.

 UNDOF Zone and Ghajar
Restricted zone.

 United States Minor Outlying Islands
Special permits required
Special permits required for Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, Palmyra Atoll and Wake Island.[316][317][318][319][320][321][322]

 Venezuela
Margarita Island
Visa not required
All visitors are fingerprinted.[323]

 Vietnam
Phú Quốc
Visa not required
30 days[324]

 Yemen outside Sana’a or Aden
Special permission required
Special permission needed for travel outside Sana’a or Aden.[325]

text: Vaccination[edit]

text: Many African countries, including Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Uganda, Zambia require all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination. Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area.[326]

text: Passport validity[edit]

text: Many countries require passport validity of no less than 6 months and one or two blank pages.[327]