document_title: Have You Been Paying Attention?

question_text: when is have you been paying attention filmed

text: Have You Been Paying Attention?

text: Format[edit]

text: The series sees the host ask guests a range of news-related questions. In turn, guests frequently give humorous or satirical answers, but only correct answers are awarded points.[1] The series has also become known for its banter between its serious moderator and its not as serious contestants. In addition to questions regarding the previous week's events, the contestants are also quizzed in various other games. Generally, two of these segments are played in each episode.

text: Regular segments[edit]

text:
General subject segments: News events from the past week which can be grouped into the categories of Showbiz or Sport.
Guest Quizmasters segment: Often about ten questions in length at each interval in the program. The questions asked are usually related to the guest quizmaster.
Rapid Recall: This is the final round and segment of the show and sees contestants required to answer as quickly as possible as the segment is timed. This is the only segment during the show where the scores are not readily shown.

text: Varying Segments[edit]

text:
Over or Under: Each contestant individually watches a clip from RBT and must guess if the person is "over or under" the legal blood-alcohol limit (.05%, as per Australian law).
Trash or Treasure: Each contestant individually watches a clip from Antiques Roadshow and must guess if the item the person has is worth under £1000 (trash) or is worth over £1000 (treasure).
Going, Going, Gone: A series of questions about famous items being sold over the past week and contestants must answer what it is famous for, or which famous person used or owned it.
Either/Or: The original variation of the above three and is used primarily to test the contestants' understanding of complicated (or amusing) names in the news.
Identify These International Versions of Well Known Reality TV Formats: Each contestant individually watches a short clip of an international version of a well known reality television format. Contestants are awarded 10 points for correctly guessing the format and 10 points if they can guess the country the clip is from (e.g. if a clip from the Israeli version of Survivor was shown, a contestant would receive 10 points for answering Survivor and/or 10 points for answering Israel).
Celebrity Questions: Added in 2015, a celebrity asks a set of questions based on them or their work. Similar to the Guest Quizmasters segment in nature.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
8
3 November 2013 (2013-11-03)
22 December 2013 (2013-12-22)

2
26 + 1 Special
23 February 2014 (2014-02-23)
29 September 2014 (2014-09-29)

3
28 + 1 Special
11 May 2015 (2015-05-11)
23 November 2015 (2015-11-23)

4
27 + 1 Special
9 May 2016 (2016-05-09)
21 November 2016 (2016-11-21)

5
29 + 1 Special
8 May 2017 (2017-05-08)
27 November 2017 (2017-11-27)

6
TBA
14 May 2018 (2018-05-14)
TBA

tag: table

text: Cast[edit]

text: Hosts[edit]

text:
Tom Gleisner
Jane Kennedy (4 episodes)[4][5]

text: Guests[edit]

text:
Contestant
Appearances
Show wins

Ed Kavalee
119
39

Sam Pang
111
6

Jane Kennedy
36
6

Celia Pacquola
34
6

Mick Molloy
27
1

Glenn Robbins
22
2

Kate Langbroek
19
3

Dave Hughes
16
3

Marty Sheargold
19
5

Kitty Flanagan
18
2

Cal Wilson
12
6

Peter Helliar
13
5

Abby Coleman
11
3

Anne Edmonds
16
2

Urzila Carlson
16
5

Fifi Box
9
4

Lehmo
9
1

Michala Banas
6
5

Hamish Blake
6
0

Chrissie Swan
7
3

Lawrence Mooney
6
2

Monty Dimond
5
0

Neroli Meadows
5
2

Santo Cilauro
5
0

Sarah Harris
4
1

Merrick Watts
4
0

Dilruk Jayasinha
5
1

Amanda Keller
5
4

Celeste Barber
3
1

Georgie Carroll
5
0

Susie Youssef
7
1

Wil Anderson
3
2

Rose Matafeo
3
1

Nick Cody
2
0

Julia Morris
2
0

Tony Martin
2
0

text: Production and broadcast[edit]

text: The series was first commissioned by Network Ten on 25 October 2013, with the first season to consist of 8 episodes which would air over the final four weeks of ratings season and first four weeks of Summer ratings.[6]

text: In February 2014, it was reported in an interview with host and co-executive producer Tom Gleisner that Network Ten had given the series an "open-ended" run for its 2014 season.[1] The second season premiered on 23 February 2014 in the new timeslot of 6pm Sunday.[1] On 9 April 2014, part way through the second season, it was announced that the show would be moved from the 6pm Sunday timeslot to 9.30pm Monday, and expanded to a one-hour format. The later timeslot would allow the series to include more adult themes. Following a six-week hiatus, the show returned on Monday 19 May 2014.[7][8][3] Beginning on 14 July, season two moved an hour earlier to 8:30pm as a result of the low ratings of 24: Live Another Day which previously occupied the timeslot.[9]

text: On 29 September 2014, it was reported that a Year in Review special had been commissioned which would air later in the year.[10] The special aired on 17 November 2014, reviewing the top news stories of the past 12 months.[11] The special saw the introduction of guest quizmasters to the format, which have since become a recurring feature of the series.[3][11]

text: On 14 November 2014, the series was renewed for a third season,[12] which premiered on 11 May 2015.[13]

text: A second Year in Review special aired following the third season, premiering on 23 November 2015.[14]

text: On 26 October 2015, the series was renewed for a fourth season,[15] which premiered on 9 May 2016.[16] In October 2016, part of the set was revamped to include illuminating buzzers and minor changes in graphics.[citation needed]

text: A 2016 Year in Review special premiered on 21 November 2016.[17]

text: Filming[edit]

text: The series is filmed at Network Ten studios in South Yarra, Melbourne in front of a live studio audience.[18] The series was originally filmed on a Saturday,[1] but successive seasons saw filming moved from Mondays to Sundays.[19] Filming the day prior to airing, the series aims to be as current as possible.[1][19] Due to the potentially offensive or inappropriate answers given by guests, alternate endings are filmed should episode winners change during post-production when such answers are excluded from airing.[19]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipients and nominees
Result
Refs.

2016
Logie Awards of 2016
Best Entertainment Program
Have You Been Paying Attention?
Nominated
[20]

Most Outstanding Entertainment Program
Nominated

2017
Logie Awards of 2017
Best Entertainment Program
Won
[21]

Most Outstanding Entertainment Program
Won

2018
Logie Awards of 2018
Most Popular Entertainment Program
Pending
[22]

Most Outstanding Entertainment Program
Pending

text: Controversy[edit]

text: The series came under criticism as a result of jokes relating to the death of King of Thailand Bhumibol Adulyadej during the episode airing on 17 October 2016 (Season 4 Episode 23). As a result, Network Ten issued a formal apology to Thailand's Ambassador to Australia Chirachai Punkrasin, and the footage in question was removed from Network Ten's website, social media, and was removed from the episode for future broadcasts.[23]


document_title: Cardiac arrest

question_text: what are the two shockable rhythms in cardiac arrest

root

text: Cardiac arrest

text: Signs and symptoms[edit]

text: Cardiac arrest is preceded by no warning symptoms in approximately 50 percent of people.[11] For those who do experience symptoms, they will be non-specific, such as new or worsening chest pain, fatigue, blackouts, dizziness, shortness of breath, weakness and vomiting.[12] When cardiac arrest occurs, the most obvious sign of its occurrence will be the lack of a palpable pulse in the victim. Also, as a result of loss of cerebral perfusion (blood flow to the brain), the victim will rapidly lose consciousness and will stop breathing. The main criterion for diagnosing a cardiac arrest, as opposed to respiratory arrest, which shares many of the same features, is lack of circulation; however, there are a number of ways of determining this. Near-death experiences are reported by 10 to –20 percent of people who survived cardiac arrest.[13]

tag: p

text: Certain types of prompt intervention can often reverse a cardiac arrest, but without such intervention, death is all but certain.[14] In certain cases, cardiac arrest is an anticipated outcome of a serious illness where death is expected.[15]

text: Causes[edit]

text: Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) and sudden cardiac death (SCD) occur when the heart abruptly begins to beat in an abnormal or irregular rhythm (arrhythmia). Without organized electrical activity in the heart muscle, there is no consistent contraction of the ventricles, which results in the heart's inability to generate an adequate cardiac output (forward pumping of blood from heart to rest of the body).[16] There are many different types of arrhythmias, but the ones most frequently recorded in SCA and SCD are ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF).[17]

text: Sudden cardiac arrest can result from cardiac and non-cardiac causes including the following:

text: Coronary artery disease[edit]

text: Coronary artery disease (CAD), also known as ischemic heart disease, is responsible for 62 to 70 percent of all SCDs.[18][19] CAD is a much less frequent cause of SCD in people under the age of 40.[18]

text: Cases have shown that the most common finding at postmortem examination of sudden cardiac death (SCD) is chronic high-grade stenosis of at least one segment of a major coronary artery,[20] the arteries that supply the heart muscle with its blood supply.

text: Structural heart disease not related to CAD[edit]

text: Structural heart disease not related to CAD (i.e. hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, congenital coronary artery anomalies, myocarditis) account for 10% of all SCDs.[19][16] Examples of these include: cardiomyopathy, cardiac rhythm disturbances, myocarditis, hypertensive heart disease,[21] and congestive heart failure.[22]

text: Left ventricular hypertrophy is thought to be a leading cause of SCD in the adult population.[23] This is most commonly the result of longstanding high blood pressure which has caused secondary damage to the wall of the main pumping chamber of the heart, the left ventricle.[24]

text: A 1999 review of SCDs in the United States found that this accounted for over 30% of SCDs for those under 30 years. A study of military recruits age 18-35 found that this accounted for over 40% of SCDs.[18][19]

text: Congestive heart failure increases the risk of SCD fivefold.[22]

text: Arrhythmias[edit]

text: Arrhythmias not due to structural heart disease account for 5 to 10% of SCDs.[25][26][27]

text: Examples of arrhythmic syndromes associated with SCD include: Long QT syndrome, Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome, Brugada Syndrome, Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia.[16]

text: Long QT syndrome, a condition often mentioned in young people's deaths, occurs in one of every 5000 to 7000 newborns and is estimated to be responsible for 3000 deaths each year compared to the approximately 300,000[28] cardiac arrests seen by emergency services. These conditions are a fraction of the overall deaths related to cardiac arrest, but represent conditions which may be detected prior to arrest and may be treatable.

text: Non-cardiac causes[edit]

text: SCA due to non-cardiac causes accounts for the remaining 15 to 25%.[27][29]

text: The most common non-cardiac causes are trauma, bleeding (such as gastrointestinal bleeding, aortic rupture, or intracranial hemorrhage), overdose, drowning and pulmonary embolism.[30] Cardiac arrest can also be caused by poisoning (for example, by the stings of certain jellyfish).

text: Mnemonic for reversible causes[edit]

text: "Hs and Ts" is the name for a mnemonic used to aid in remembering the possible treatable or reversible causes of cardiac arrest.[31][32]

text:
Hypovolemia – A lack of blood volume
Hypoxia – A lack of oxygen
Hydrogen ions (Acidosis) – An abnormal pH in the body
Hyperkalemia or Hypokalemia – Both excess and inadequate potassium can be life-threatening.
Hypothermia – A low core body temperature
Hypoglycemia or Hyperglycemia – Low or high blood glucose

tag: ul

text:
Tablets or Toxins
Cardiac Tamponade – Fluid building around the heart
Tension pneumothorax – A collapsed lung
Thrombosis (Myocardial infarction) – Heart attack
Thromboembolism (Pulmonary embolism) – A blood clot in the lung
Traumatic cardiac arrest

text: Risk factors[edit]

text: The risk factors for SCD are similar to those of coronary artery disease and include age, cigarette smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, lack of physical exercise, obesity, diabetes, and family history.[33] A prior episode of sudden cardiac arrest also increases the risk of future episodes.[34]

text: Current cigarette smokers with coronary artery disease were found to have a two to threefold increase in the risk of sudden death between ages 30 and 59. Furthermore, it was found that former smokers risk was closer to that of those who had never smoked.[11][35]

text: Mechanism[edit]

text: The mechanism of death in the majority of people dying of sudden cardiac death is ventricular fibrillation.[4] Structural changes in the diseased heart as a result of inherited factors (mutations in ion-channel coding genes for example) cannot explain the suddenness of SCD.[36] Also, sudden cardiac death could be the consequence of electric-mechanical disjunction and bradyarrhythmias.[37][38]

text: Diagnosis[edit]

text:
Cardiac arrest is synonymous with clinical death.
A cardiac arrest is usually diagnosed clinically by the absence of a pulse.  In many cases lack of carotid pulse is the gold standard for diagnosing cardiac arrest, as lack of a pulse (particularly in the peripheral pulses) may result from other conditions (e.g. shock), or simply an error on the part of the rescuer. Nonetheless, studies have shown that rescuers often make a mistake when checking the carotid pulse in an emergency, whether they are healthcare professionals[39] or lay persons.[40]

text:
Owing to the inaccuracy in this method of diagnosis, some bodies such as the European Resuscitation Council (ERC) have de-emphasised its importance. The Resuscitation Council (UK), in line with the ERC's recommendations and those of the American Heart Association,[41]
have suggested that the technique should be used only by healthcare professionals with specific training and expertise, and even then that it should be viewed in conjunction with other indicators such as agonal respiration.[42]

text: Various other methods for detecting circulation have been proposed. Guidelines following the 2000 International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) recommendations were for rescuers to look for "signs of circulation", but not specifically the pulse.[41] These signs included coughing, gasping, colour, twitching and movement.[43] However, in face of evidence that these guidelines were ineffective, the current recommendation of ILCOR is that cardiac arrest should be diagnosed in all casualties who are unconscious and not breathing normally.[41] Another method is to use molecular autopsy or postmortem molecular testing which uses a set of molecular techniques to find the ion channels that are cardiac defective.[citation needed]

text: Classifications[edit]

text: Clinicians classify cardiac arrest into "shockable" versus "non–shockable", as determined by the ECG rhythm.  This refers to whether a particular class of cardiac dysrhythmia is treatable using defibrillation.[42] The two "shockable" rhythms are ventricular fibrillation and pulseless ventricular tachycardia while the two "non–shockable" rhythms are asystole and pulseless electrical activity.[44]

text: Prevention[edit]

text: With positive outcomes following cardiac arrest unlikely, an effort has been spent in finding effective strategies to prevent cardiac arrest.  With the prime causes of cardiac arrest being ischemic heart disease, efforts to promote a healthy diet, exercise, and smoking cessation are important. For people at risk of heart disease, measures such as blood pressure control, cholesterol lowering, and other medico-therapeutic interventions are used.[1] A Cochrane review published in 2016 found moderate-quality evidence to show that blood pressure-lowering drugs do not appear to reduce sudden cardiac death.[45]

text: Code teams[edit]

text: In medical parlance, cardiac arrest is referred to as a "code" or a "crash". This typically refers to "code blue" on the hospital emergency codes. A dramatic drop in vital sign measurements is referred to as "coding" or "crashing", though coding is usually used when it results in cardiac arrest, while crashing might not. Treatment for cardiac arrest is sometimes referred to as "calling a code".

text: People in general wards often deteriorate for several hours or even days before a cardiac arrest occurs.[42][46] This has been attributed to a lack of knowledge and skill amongst ward-based staff, in particular a failure to carry out measurement of the respiratory rate, which is often the major predictor of a deterioration[42] and can often change up to 48 hours prior to a cardiac arrest. In response to this, many hospitals now have increased training for ward-based staff. A number of "early warning" systems also exist which aim to quantify the person's risk of deterioration based on their vital signs and thus provide a guide to staff. In addition, specialist staff are being used more effectively in order to augment the work already being done at ward level. These include:

text:
Crash teams (or code teams) – These are designated staff members with particular expertise in resuscitation who are called to the scene of all arrests within the hospital. This usually involves a specialized cart of equipment (including defibrillator) and drugs called a "crash cart" or "crash trolley".
Medical emergency teams – These teams respond to all emergencies, with the aim of treating the people in the acute phase of their illness in order to prevent a cardiac arrest. These teams have been found to decrease the rates of in hospital cardiac arrest and improve survival.[8]
Critical care outreach – As well as providing the services of the other two types of team, these teams are also responsible for educating non-specialist staff. In addition, they help to facilitate transfers between intensive care/high dependency units and the general hospital wards. This is particularly important, as many studies have shown that a significant percentage of patients discharged from critical care environments quickly deteriorate and are re-admitted; the outreach team offers support to ward staff to prevent this from happening.[citation needed]

text: Implantable cardioverter defibrillator[edit]

text: An implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) is a battery powered device that monitors electrical activity in the heart and when an arrhythmia or asystole is detected is able to deliver an electrical shock to terminate the abnormal rhythm. ICDs are used to prevent sudden cardiac death (SCD) in those that have survived a prior episode of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) due to ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia (secondary prevention).[47] ICDs are also used prophylactically to prevent sudden cardiac death in certain high risk patient populations (primary prevention).[48]

text: Numerous studies have been conducted on the use of ICDs for the secondary prevention of SCD. These studies have shown improved survival with ICDs compared to the use of anti-arrhythmic drugs.[47] ICD therapy is associated with a 50% relative risk reduction in death caused by an arrhythmia and a 25% relative risk reduction in all cause mortality.[49]

text: Primary prevention of SCD with ICD therapy for high risk patient populations has similarly shown improved survival rates in a number of large studies. The high risk patient populations in these studies were defined as those with severe ischemic cardiomyopathy (determined by a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)). The LVEF criteria used in these trials ranged from less than or equal to 30% in MADIT-II to less than or equal to 40% in MUSTT.[47][48]

text: Diet[edit]

text: Marine-derived omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) has been promoted for the prevention of sudden cardiac death due to its postulated ability to lower triglyceride levels, prevent arrhythmias, decrease platelet aggregation, and lower blood pressure.[50]  However, according to a recent systematic review, omega-3 PUFA supplementation are not being associated with a lower risk of sudden cardiac death.[51]

text: Management[edit]

text: Sudden cardiac arrest may be treated via attempts at resuscitation.  This is usually carried out based upon basic life support (BLS)/advanced cardiac life support (ACLS),[41] pediatric advanced life support (PALS)[52] or neonatal resuscitation program (NRP) guidelines.

text: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation[edit]

text: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a key part of the management of cardiac arrest. It is recommended that it be started as soon as possible and interrupted as little as possible. The component of CPR that seems to make the greatest difference in most cases is the chest compressions. Correctly performed bystander CPR has been shown to increase survival; however, it is performed in less than 30% of out of hospital arrests as of 2007.[53] If high-quality CPR has not resulted in return of spontaneous circulation and the person's heart rhythm is in asystole, discontinuing CPR and pronouncing the person's death is reasonable after 20 minutes.[54] Exceptions to this include those with hypothermia or who have drowned.[54] Longer durations of CPR may be reasonable in those who have cardiac arrest while in hospital.[55] Bystander CPR, by the lay public, before the arrival of EMS also improves outcomes.[8]

text: Either a bag valve mask or an advanced airway may be used to help with breathing.[56] High levels of oxygen are generally given during CPR.[56] Tracheal intubation has not been found to improve survival rates in cardiac arrest[53] and in the prehospital environment may worsen it.[57] When done by EMS 30 compressions followed by two breaths appear better than continuous chest compressions and breaths being given while compressions are ongoing.[58]

text: For bystanders, CPR which involves only chest compressions results in better outcomes as compared to standard CPR for those who have gone into cardiac arrest due to heart issues.[58] Mechanical chest compressions (as performed by a machine) are no better than chest compressions performed by hand.[56] It is unclear if a few minutes of CPR before defibrillation results in different outcomes than immediate defibrillation.[59] If cardiac arrest occurs after 20 weeks of pregnancy someone should pull or push the uterus to the left during CPR.[60] If a pulse has not returned by four minutes emergency Cesarean section is recommended.[60]

text: Defibrillation[edit]

text: Defibrillation is indicated if a shockable rhythm is present. The two shockable rhythms are ventricular fibrillation and pulseless ventricular tachycardia. In children 2 to 4 J/Kg is recommended.[61]

text: In addition, there is increasing use of public access defibrillation. This involves placing an automated external defibrillator in public places, and training staff in these areas how to use them. This allows defibrillation to take place prior to the arrival of emergency services, and has been shown to lead to increased chances of survival. Some defibrillators even provide feedback on the quality of CPR compressions, encouraging the lay rescuer to press the person's chest hard enough to circulate blood.[62] In addition, it has been shown that those who have arrests in remote locations have worse outcomes following cardiac arrest.[63]

text: Medications[edit]

text: As of 2016 medications, while included in guidelines, have not been shown to improve survival to hospital discharge following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. This includes the use of epinephrine (adrenaline), atropine, lidocaine, and amiodarone.[64][65][66][67] Epinephrine is generally recommended every five minutes.[56] Vasopressin overall does not improve or worsen outcomes compared to epinephrine.[56] The combination of epinephrine, vasopressin, and methylprednisolone appears to improve outcomes.[68]

text: Epinephrine does appear to improve short-term outcomes such as return of spontaneous circulation.[69] Some of the lack of long-term benefit may be related to delays in epinephrine use.[70] While evidence does not support its use in children, guidelines state its use is reasonable.[61] Lidocaine and amiodarone are also deemed reasonable in children with cardiac arrest who have a shockable rhythm.[56][61] The general use of sodium bicarbonate or calcium is not recommended.[56][71]

text: The 2010 guidelines from the American Heart Association no longer contain the recommendation for using atropine in pulseless electrical activity and asystole due to the lack of evidence for its use.[72] Neither lidocaine nor amiodarone, in those who continue in ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation despite defibrillation, improves survival to hospital discharge but both equally improve survival to hospital admission.[73]

text: Thrombolytics when used generally may cause harm but may be of benefit in those with a confirmed pulmonary embolism as the cause of arrest.[74][60] Evidence for use of naloxone in those with cardiac arrest due to opioids is unclear but it may still be used.[60] In those with cardiac arrest due to local anesthetic, lipid emulsion may be used.[60]

text: Targeted temperature management[edit]

text: Cooling adults after cardiac arrest who have a return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) but no return of consciousness improves outcomes.[75] This procedure is called targeted temperature management (previously known as therapeutic hypothermia). People are typically cooled for a 24-hour period, with a target temperature of 32–36 °C (90–97 °F).[76]  There are a number of methods used to lower the body temperature, such as applying ice packs or cold-water circulating pads directly to the body, or infusing cold saline. This is followed by gradual rewarming over the next 12 to 24 hrs.[77]

text: Recent meta-analysis found that the use of therapeutic hypothermia after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is associated with improved survival rates and better neurological outcomes.[75]

text: Do not resuscitate[edit]

text: Some people choose to avoid aggressive measures at the end of life.  A do not resuscitate order (DNR) in the form of an advance health care directive makes it clear that in the event of cardiac arrest, the person does not wish to receive cardiopulmonary resuscitation.[78] Other directives may be made to stipulate the desire for intubation in the event of respiratory failure or, if comfort measures are all that are desired, by stipulating that healthcare providers should "allow natural death".[79]

text: Chain of survival[edit]

text: Several organizations promote the idea of a chain of survival.  The chain consists of the following "links":

text:
Early recognition – If possible, recognition of illness before the person develops a cardiac arrest will allow the rescuer to prevent its occurrence. Early recognition that a cardiac arrest has occurred is key to survival – for every minute a patient stays in cardiac arrest, their chances of survival drop by roughly 10%.[42]
Early CPR – improves the flow of blood and of oxygen to vital organs, an essential component of treating a cardiac arrest. In particular, by keeping the brain supplied with oxygenated blood, chances of neurological damage are decreased.
Early defibrillation – is effective for the management of ventricular fibrillation and pulseless ventricular tachycardia[42]
Early advanced care
Early post-resuscitation care which may include percutaneous coronary intervention[80]

text: If one or more links in the chain are missing or delayed, then the chances of survival drop significantly.

text: These protocols are often initiated by a code blue, which usually denotes impending or acute onset of cardiac arrest or respiratory failure, although in practice, code blue is often called in less life-threatening situations that require immediate attention from a physician.[citation needed]

text: Other[edit]

text: Resuscitation with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation devices has been attempted with better results for in-hospital cardiac arrest (29% survival) than out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (4% survival) in populations selected to benefit most.[81] Cardiac catheterization in those who have survived an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest appears to improve outcomes although high quality evidence is lacking.[82] It is recommended that it is done as soon as possible in those who have had a cardiac arrest with ST elevation due to underlying heart problems.[56]

text: The precordial thump may be considered in those with witnessed, monitored, unstable ventricular tachycardia (including pulseless VT) if a defibrillator is not immediately ready for use, but it should not delay CPR and shock delivery or be used in those with unwitnessed out of hospital arrest.[83]

text: Prognosis[edit]

text: The overall chance of survival among those who have cardiac arrest outside hospital is 10%.[84][85] Among those who have an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, 70% occur at home and their survival rate is 6%.[86][87] For those who have an in-hospital cardiac arrest, the survival rate is estimated to be 24%.[88] Among children rates of survival are 3 to 16% in North America.[89] For in hospital cardiac arrest survival to discharge is around 22% with many having a good neurological outcome.[90]

text: Prognosis is typically assessed 72 hours or more after cardiac arrest.[91] Rates of survival are better in those who someone saw collapse, got bystander CPR, or had either ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation when assessed.[92] Survival among those with Vfib or Vtach is 15 to 23%.[92] Women are more likely to survive cardiac arrest and leave hospital than men.[93]

text: A 1997 review found rates of survival to discharge of 14% although different studies varied from 0 to 28%.[94] In those over the age of 70 who have a cardiac arrest while in hospital, survival to hospital discharge is less than 20%.[95] How well these individuals are able to manage after leaving hospital is not clear.[95]

text: A study of survival rates from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest found that 14.6% of those who had received resuscitation by ambulance staff survived as far as admission to hospital. Of these, 59% died during admission, half of these within the first 24 hours, while 46% survived until discharge from hospital. This reflects an overall survival following cardiac arrest of 6.8%. Of these 89% had normal brain function or mild neurological disability, 8.5% had moderate impairment, and 2% had major neurological disability. Of those who were discharged from hospital, 70% were still alive four years later.[96]

text: Epidemiology[edit]

text: Based on death certificates, sudden cardiac death accounts for about 15% of all deaths in Western countries.[97] In the United States 326,000 cases of out of hospital and 209,000 cases of in hospital cardiac arrest occur among adults a year.[8] The lifetime risk is three times greater in men (12.3%) than women (4.2%) based on analysis of the Framingham Heart Study.[98]  However this gender difference disappeared beyond 85 years of age.[97]

text: In the United States during pregnancy cardiac arrest occurs in about one in twelve thousand deliveries or 1.8 per 10,000 live births.[60] Rates are lower in Canada.[60]

text: Society and culture[edit]

text: Names[edit]

text: In many publications the stated or implicit meaning of "sudden cardiac death" is sudden death from cardiac causes.[99] However, sometimes physicians call cardiac arrest "sudden cardiac death" even if the person survives. Thus one can hear mentions of "prior episodes of sudden cardiac death" in a living person.[100]

text: In 2006 the American Heart Association presented the following definitions of sudden cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death: "Cardiac arrest is the sudden cessation of cardiac activity so that the victim becomes unresponsive, with no normal breathing and no signs of circulation. If corrective measures are not taken rapidly, this condition progresses to sudden death. Cardiac arrest should be used to signify an event as described above, that is reversed, usually by CPR and/or defibrillation or cardioversion, or cardiac pacing. Sudden cardiac death should not be used to describe events that are not fatal".[101]

text: Show code[edit]

text: In some medical facilities, the resuscitation team may purposely respond slowly to a person in cardiac arrest, a practice known as "slow code", or may fake the response altogether for the sake of the person's family, a practice known as "show code".[102] This is generally done for people for whom performing CPR will have no medical benefit.[103] Such practices are ethically controversial,[104] and are banned in some jurisdictions.


document_title: Saving Private Ryan

question_text: where was the cemetery scene in saving private ryan filmed

text: Saving Private Ryan

text: Plot[edit]

text: On the morning of June 6, 1944, American soldiers land on Omaha Beach as part of the Normandy Invasion. They suffer heavy losses in assaulting German positions defended by artillery and machine guns. Captain John H. Miller of the 2nd Ranger Battalion assembles a group to penetrate the German defenses, leading to a breakout from the beach. Elsewhere on the beach, a dead soldier is face down in the bloody surf; his pack is stenciled Ryan, S.

text: In Washington, D.C., at the U.S. War Department, General George Marshall learns that three of the four brothers of the Ryan family were killed in action and that the fourth son, James, is missing in action in Normandy. After reading Abraham Lincoln's Bixby letter aloud for his staff, he orders that James Ryan be found and returned home immediately.

text: Three days after D-Day, Miller receives orders to find Ryan and bring him back from the front. He assembles six men from his company—T/Sgt. Mike Horvath, Privates First Class Richard Reiben and Adrian Caparzo, Privates Stanley Mellish and Danny Jackson, medic Irwin Wade—plus T/5 Timothy Upham, a cartographer and interpreter borrowed from another unit. They move out to Neuville, where they meet a squad from the 101st Airborne Division, where Caparzo is killed by a German sniper. They locate a Private James Ryan, but quickly learn he is not their man. They eventually encounter a friend of James Ryan, who tells them that he is defending an important bridge in the town of Ramelle.

text: On the way to Ramelle, Miller decides to neutralize a German machine gun position, despite his men's misgivings; Wade is killed in the skirmish. Miller, at Upham's urging, declines to execute a surviving German (nicknamed "Steamboat Willie") and sets him free on the condition that he surrender to the first Allied unit he encounters. Losing confidence in Miller's leadership, Reiben declares his intention to desert, prompting a confrontation with Horvath, which Miller defuses by disclosing his civilian background as a teacher, about which his men had set up a betting pool. Reiben reluctantly decides to stay.

text: At Ramelle, Miller and the squad find a small group of paratroopers preparing to defend the bridge; one is Ryan. Miller tells Ryan about his brothers and their orders to bring him home and that two men had been lost in finding him. He is distressed at the loss of his brothers, but asks Miller to tell his mother that he intends to stay "with the only brothers [he has] left." Miller decides to join his unit with the paratroopers in defense of the bridge against the imminent German attack. Miller forms ambush positions throughout the ruined town, preparing to attack arriving tanks with Molotov cocktails, detonation cords and "sticky bombs" made from socks filled with Composition B.

text: Elements of the 2nd SS Panzer Division arrive with infantry and armor. Although they inflict heavy casualties on the Germans, most of the paratroopers, along with Jackson, Mellish, and Horvath are killed, while Upham avoids fighting. Miller attempts to blow the bridge, but is shot and mortally wounded by Steamboat Willie, who has rejoined the Germans. Just before a Tiger tank reaches the bridge, an American P-51 Mustang flies overhead and destroys the tank, followed by American armored units which rout the remaining Germans. Witnessing Miller's shooting, Upham confronts Steamboat Willie and his group as they attempt to retreat. Steamboat Willie raises his hands in surrender, believing that Upham will accept because of their earlier encounter. Instead, Upham kills him, but lets the other Germans flee.

text: Reiben and Ryan are with Miller as he dies and says his last words, "James...earn this. Earn it." In the present day, the elderly Ryan and his family visit the Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial and discover Miller's grave. Ryan expresses his appreciation for what Miller and the others did for him. He then asks his wife if he is a "good man" worthy of their sacrifices, to which she tells him he is. Ryan comes to attention and salutes Miller's grave.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Tom Hanks as Captain John H. Miller, company commander, 2nd Ranger Battalion, U.S. Army
Edward Burns as Private First Class Richard Reiben, a BAR gunner
Tom Sizemore as Technical Sergeant Mike Horvath
Matt Damon as Private First Class James Francis Ryan, a paratrooper
Harrison Young as James Francis Ryan, present day
Barry Pepper as Private Daniel Jackson, a left-handed sniper
Adam Goldberg as Private Stanley "Fish" Mellish, a rifleman
Vin Diesel as Private First Class Adrian Caparzo, a rifleman
Giovanni Ribisi as Technician fourth grade Irwin "Doc" Wade, a medic
Jeremy Davies as Technician fifth grade Timothy E. Upham, a cartographer and interpreter
Ted Danson as Captain Fred Hamill, a pathfinder
Paul Giamatti as Staff Sergeant Hill, a paratrooper
Dennis Farina as Lieutenant Colonel Walter Anderson, battalion commander, 2nd Rangers
Harve Presnell as General George C. Marshall, Chief of Staff of the United States Army
Leland Orser as Second lieutenant DeWindt, pilot of a crashed glider
Bryan Cranston as Colonel I.W. Bryce, an officer at the War Department
Nathan Fillion as Private James Frederick Ryan ("Minnesota Ryan")
Ryan Hurst as Paratrooper Mandelsohn, a soldier whose hearing was damaged by a grenade
Max Martini as Corporal Henderson, ranking paratrooper at Ramelle
Kathleen Byron as James Francis Ryan's wife, present day
Stéphane Cornicard as Jean, a French survivor
Glenn Wrage as Doyle, a soldier of the 2nd Ranger Battalion
Joerg Stadler as "Steamboat Willie", a German soldier
Dale Dye as a War Department Colonel

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In 1994, Robert Rodat wrote the script for the film. Rodat's script was submitted to producer Mark Gordon, who liked it and in turn passed it along to Spielberg to direct. The film is loosely based on the World War II life stories of the Niland brothers. A shooting date was set for June 27, 1997.[3]

text: Pre-production[edit]

text: In casting the film Spielberg sought to create a cast that "looked" the part, stating in an interview, "You know, the people in World War II actually looked different than people look today", adding to this end that he cast partly based on wanting the cast "to match the faces I saw on the newsreels." [4]

text: Before filming began, several of the film's stars, including Edward Burns, Barry Pepper, Vin Diesel, Adam Goldberg, Giovanni Ribisi, and Tom Hanks, endured ten days of "boot camp" training led by Marine veteran Dale Dye and Warriors, Inc., a California-based company that specializes in training actors for realistic military portrayals.[5] Matt Damon was intentionally not brought into the camp, to make the rest of the group feel resentment towards the character.[6] Spielberg had stated that his main intention in forcing the actors to go through the boot camp was not to learn the proper techniques but rather "because I wanted them to respect what it was like to be a soldier."[4]

text: The film's second scene is a 20+ minute sequence recounting the landing on the beaches of Normandy. Spielberg chose to include this particularly violent sequence in order "to bring the audience onto the stage with me" specifically noting that he did not want the "audience to be spectators" but rather he wanted to "demand them to be participants with those kids who had never seen combat before in real life, and get to the top of Omaha Beach together."[4]

text: Spielberg had already demonstrated his interest in World War II themes with the films 1941, Empire of the Sun, Schindler's List, and the Indiana Jones series. Spielberg later co-produced the World War II themed television miniseries Band of Brothers and its counterpart The Pacific with Tom Hanks. When asked about this by American Cinematographer, Spielberg said, "I think that World War II is the most significant event of the last 100 years; the fate of the baby boomers and even Generation X was linked to the outcome. Beyond that, I've just always been interested in World War II. My earliest films, which I made when I was about 14 years old, were combat pictures that were set both on the ground and in the air. For years now, I've been looking for the right World War II story to shoot, and when Robert Rodat wrote Saving Private Ryan, I found it."[7]

text: Filming[edit]

text: The D-Day scenes were shot in Ballinesker Beach, Curracloe Strand, Ballinesker, just east of Curracloe, County Wexford, Ireland.[8][9][10] Hanks recalled to Roger Ebert that although he realized it was a movie, the experience still hit him hard, stating, "The first day of shooting the D-Day sequences, I was in the back of the landing craft, and that ramp went down and I saw the first 1-2-3-4 rows of guys just getting blown to bits. In my head, of course, I knew it was special effects, but I still wasn't prepared for how tactile it was."[11] Filming began June 27, 1997, and lasted for two months.[12][13][14] Some shooting was done in Normandy, for the Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial in Colleville-sur-Mer and Calvados. Other scenes were filmed in England, such as a former British Aerospace factory in Hatfield, Hertfordshire, Thame Park, Oxfordshire and Wiltshire. Production was due to also take place in Seaham, County Durham, but government restrictions disallowed this.[15]

text: Portrayal of history[edit]

text: Saving Private Ryan has received critical acclaim for its realistic portrayal of World War II combat. In particular, the sequence depicting the Omaha Beach landings was named the "best battle scene of all time" by Empire magazine and was ranked number one on TV Guide's list of the "50 Greatest Movie Moments".[16] The scene cost US$12 million and involved up to 1,500 extras, some of whom were members of the Irish Reserve Defence Forces. Members of local reenactment groups such as the Second Battle Group were cast as extras to play German soldiers.[17] In addition, twenty to thirty actual amputees were used to portray American soldiers maimed during the landing.[18] Spielberg did not storyboard the sequence, as he wanted spontaneous reactions and for "the action to inspire me as to where to put the camera".[19]

text: The historical representation of Charlie Company's actions, led by its commander, Captain Ralph E. Goranson, was well maintained in the opening sequence. The sequence and details of the events are very close to the historical record, including the sea sickness experienced by many of the soldiers as the landing craft moved toward the shoreline, significant casualties among the men as they disembarked from the boats, and difficulty linking up with adjacent units on the shore.

text: The distinctive signature "ping" of the US soldiers' M1 Garand rifles ejecting their ammunition clips is heard throughout the battle sequence. The contextual details of the Company's actions were well maintained, for instance, the correct code names for the sector Charlie Company assaulted, and adjacent sectors, were used. Included in the cinematic depiction of the landing was a follow-on mission of clearing a bunker and trench system at the top of the cliffs which was not part of the original mission objectives for Charlie Company, but which they did undertake after the assault on the beach.[20]

text: The landing craft used included twelve actual World War II examples, 10 LCVPs and 2 LCMs, standing in for the British LCAs that the Ranger Companies rode in to the beach during Operation Overlord.[20][21] The filmmakers used underwater cameras to better depict soldiers being hit by bullets in the water. Forty barrels of fake blood were used to simulate the effect of blood in the seawater.[18] This degree of realism was more difficult to achieve when depicting World War II German armored vehicles, as few examples survive in operating condition. The Tiger I tanks in the film were copies built on the chassis of old, but functional, Soviet T-34 tanks.[22] The two vehicles described in the film as Panzers were meant to portray Marder III tank destroyers. One was created for the film using the chassis of a Czech-built Panzer 38(t) tank[23] similar to the construction of the original Marder III; the other was a cosmetically modified Swedish SAV m/43 assault gun, which also used the 38(t) chassis.[24]

text: There are, however, historical inaccuracies in the film's depiction of the Normandy campaign. At the time of the mission, American forces from the two American beach areas, Utah and Omaha, had not yet linked up.[25] In reality, a Ranger team operating out of the Omaha beach area would have had to move through the heavily enemy-occupied city of Carentan, or swim or boat across the estuary linking Carentan to the channel, or transfer by boat to the Utah landing area. On the other hand, US forces moving out of Utah would have had direct and much shorter routes, relatively unencumbered by enemy positions, and were already in contact with some teams from both US airborne divisions landed in the area.[26]

text: The Utah beach landings, however, were relatively uncontested, with assault units landing on largely unoccupied beaches and experiencing far less action than the landings at Omaha.[27] The filmmakers chose to begin the narrative with a depiction of the more dramatic story of Omaha, despite the strategic inaccuracy of an impossible mission that could easily have been pursued from the other beach area. In addition, one of the most notable of the operational flaws is the depiction of the 2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich as the adversary during the fictional Battle of Ramelle. The 2nd SS was not engaged in Normandy until July, and then at Caen against the British and Canadians, 100 miles east.[28] Furthermore, the Merderet River bridges were not an objective of the 101st Airborne Division but of the 82nd Airborne Division, part of Mission Boston.[29]

text: Much has also been said about various "tactical errors" made by both the German and American forces in the film's climactic battle. Spielberg responded, saying that in many scenes he opted to replace sound military tactics and strict historical accuracy for dramatic effect.[30] Some other technical errors were also made, often censored, including the mistaken reversed orientation of the beach barriers; the tripod obstructions with a mine at the apex.

text: To achieve a tone and quality that was true to the story as well as reflected the period in which it is set, Spielberg once again collaborated with cinematographer Janusz Kamiński, saying, "Early on, we both knew that we did not want this to look like a Technicolor extravaganza about World War II, but more like color newsreel footage from the 1940s, which is very desaturated and low-tech." Kamiński had the protective coating stripped from the camera lenses, making them closer to those used in the 1940s. He explains that "without the protective coating, the light goes in and starts bouncing around, which makes it slightly more diffused and a bit softer without being out of focus." The cinematographer completed the overall effect by putting the negative through bleach bypass, a process that reduces brightness and color saturation. The shutter timing was set to 90 or 45 degrees for many of the battle sequences, as opposed to the standard of 180-degree timing. Kamiński clarifies, "In this way, we attained a certain staccato in the actors' movements and a certain crispness in the explosions, which makes them slightly more realistic."[31]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Saving Private Ryan was a critical and commercial success and is credited with contributing to a resurgence in America's interest in World War II. Old and new films, video games, and novels about the war enjoyed renewed popularity after its release.[32] The film's use of desaturated colors, hand-held cameras, and tight angles has profoundly influenced subsequent films and video games.[33][34] Saving Private Ryan was released in 2,463 theaters on July 24, 1998, and grossed $30.5 million on its opening weekend. The film grossed $216.5 million in the US and Canada. and $265.3 million in other territories, bringing its worldwide total to $481.8 million and making it the highest-grossing US film of the year.[1] Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 45.74 million tickets in the United States and Canada.[35]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The film received critical acclaim and has a 'certified fresh' rating of 92% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 130 reviews with an average score of 8.6 out of 10. The consensus states "Anchored by another winning performance from Hanks, Spielberg's unflinchingly realistic war film virtually redefines the genre."[36] The film also has a score of 90 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 34 reviews indicating "universal acclaim".[37]

text: Much of the praise went for the realistic battle scenes[38] and the actors' performances.[39] However, it did earn some criticism for ignoring the contributions of several other countries to the D-Day landings in general and at Omaha Beach specifically.[40] The most direct example of the latter is that during the actual landing the 2nd Rangers disembarked from British ships and were taken to Omaha Beach by Royal Navy landing craft (LCAs). The film depicts them as being United States Coast Guard-crewed craft (LCVPs and LCMs) from an American ship, the USS Thomas Jefferson (APA-30).[20][41][42] This criticism was far from universal with other critics recognizing the director's intent to make an "American" film.[43] The film was not released in Malaysia after Spielberg refused to cut the violent scenes;[44] however, the film was finally released there on DVD with an 18SG certificate much later in 2005. Many critics associations, such as New York Film Critics Circle and Los Angeles Film Critics Association, chose Saving Private Ryan as Film of the Year.[45] Roger Ebert gave it four stars out of four and called it "a powerful experience".[39]

text: Filmmaker Robert Altman wrote a letter to Spielberg stating, "Private Ryan was awesome -- best I've seen."[46] Filmmaker Quentin Tarantino has expressed admiration for the film and has cited it as an influence on his 2009 film, Inglourious Basterds.[47]

text: Many World War II veterans stated that the film was the most realistic depiction of combat they had ever seen.[48] The film was so realistic that combat veterans of D-Day and Vietnam left theaters rather than finish watching the opening scene depicting the Normandy invasion. Their visits to posttraumatic stress disorder counselors rose in number after the film's release, and many counselors advised "'more psychologically vulnerable'" veterans to avoid watching it.[49] The Department of Veterans Affairs set up a nationwide hotline for veterans who were affected by the film, and less than two weeks after the film was released it had already received over 170 calls.[50]

text: The film has gained criticism and negative reviews from war veterans and film critics. Film director and military veteran Oliver Stone has accused the film of promoting "the worship of World War II as the good war," and has placed it alongside films such as Gladiator and Black Hawk Down that he believes were well-made, but may have inadvertently contributed to Americans' readiness for the 2003 invasion of Iraq.[51] In defense of the film's portrait of warfare, Brian De Palma commented, "The level of violence in something like Saving Private Ryan makes sense because Spielberg is trying to show something about the brutality of what happened."[52] Actor Richard Todd, who performed in The Longest Day and was amongst the first of the Allied soldiers to land in Normandy (Operation Tonga), said the film was "Rubbish. Overdone."[53] American academic Paul Fussell, who saw combat in France during World War II, objected to what he described as, "the way Spielberg's Saving Private Ryan, after an honest, harrowing, 15-minute opening visualizing details of the unbearable bloody mess at Omaha Beach, degenerated into a harmless, uncritical patriotic performance apparently designed to thrill 12-year-old boys during the summer bad-film season. Its genre was pure cowboys and Indians, with the virtuous cowboys of course victorious."[54] Historian James DiEugenio has argued that the film was actually "95 percent fiction" and that Tom Hanks knew this, with his goal being to "...commemorate World War II as the Good War and to depict the American role in it as crucial."[55]

text: Awards[edit]

text: The film was nominated for eleven Academy Awards, and won five including Best Cinematography, Best Sound Mixing, Best Sound Effects Editing, Best Film Editing, and Best Director for Spielberg, but lost the Best Picture award to Shakespeare in Love, being one of a few that have won the Best Director award without also winning Best Picture.[56][57] The Academy's decision to not award the film with the Best Picture Oscar has resulted in much criticism in recent years, with many considering it as one of the biggest snubs in the ceremony's history.[58][59]

text: The film also won the Golden Globes for Best Motion Picture – Drama and Director, the BAFTA Award for Special Effects and Sound, the Directors Guild of America Award, a Grammy Award for Best Film Soundtrack, the Producers Guild of America Golden Laurel Award, and the Saturn Award for Best Action, Adventure, or Thriller Film.[45] The American Film Institute has included Saving Private Ryan in many of its lists, ranking it as the 71st greatest American movie in AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition),[60] as well as the 45th most thrilling film in AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills,[61] the 10th most inspiring in AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers,[62] and the eighth best epic film in "AFI's 10 Top 10".[63]

text:
List of awards and nominations received by Saving Private Ryan

Award
Category
Nominee
Result

71st Academy Awards
Best Picture
Steven Spielberg, Ian Bryce, Mark Gordon and Gary Levinsohn
Nominated

Best Actor in a Leading Role
Tom Hanks
Nominated

Best Director
Steven Spielberg
Won

Best Original Screenplay
Robert Rodat
Nominated

Best Cinematography
Janusz Kamiński
Won

Best Art Direction
Thomas E. Sanders and Lisa Dean
Nominated

Best Sound Mixing
Gary Rydstrom, Gary Summers, Andy Nelson and Ron Judkins
Won

Best Film Editing
Michael Kahn
Won

Best Sound Effects Editing
Gary Rydstrom and Richard Hymns
Won

Best Makeup
Lois Burwell, Conor O'Sullivan and Daniel C. Striepeke
Nominated

Best Music, Original Dramatic Score
John Williams
Nominated

Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films
Best Thriller Film

Won

Best Special Effects

Nominated

Amanda Awards
Best Foreign Film
Steven Spielberg
Nominated

American Cinema Editors
Best Edited Feature Film
Michael Kahn
Won

American Society of Cinematographers
Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Theatrical Releases
Janusz Kamiński
Nominated

Art Directors Guild
Feature Film

Nominated

Awards of the Japanese Academy
Best Foreign Film

Nominated

BAFTA Awards
Best Sound

Won

Best Special Visual Effects

Won

Best Music
John Williams
Nominated

Best Cinematography
Janusz Kamiński
Nominated

Best Editing
Michael Kahn
Nominated

Best Film

Nominated

Best Makeup & Hair

Nominated

Best Actor
Tom Hanks
Nominated

Best Production Design

Nominated

Best Direction
Steven Spielberg
Nominated

BMI Film Music Award
BMI Film Music Award
John Williams
Won

Blockbuster Entertainment Award
Favorite Actor
Tom Hanks
Won

Favorite Supporting Actor
Jeremy Davies
Nominated

Boston Society of Film Critics Awards
Best Cinematography

Won

British Society of Cinematographers
Best Cinematography

Nominated

Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards
Best Director
Steven Spielberg
Won

Best Picture

Won

Best Score
John Williams
Won

Camerimage
Best Cinematography

Nominated

Casting Society of America
Best Casting

Won

Chicago Film Critics Association Awards
Best Picture

Won

Best Actor
Tom Hanks
Nominated

Best Cinematography

Nominated

Best Director
Steven Spielberg
Nominated

Cinema Audio Society
Best Sound

Won

Czech Lions
Best Foreign Film
Steven Spielberg
Won

César Awards
Best Foreign Film
Steven Spielberg
Nominated

Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards
Best Picture

Won

Best Actor
Tom Hanks
Nominated

Directors Guild of America
Outstanding Directorial Achievement
Steven Spielberg
Won

Empire Awards
Best Actor
Tom Hanks
Won

Best Director
Steven Spielberg
Won

Best Film

Nominated

European Film Award
Screen International Award
Steven Spielberg
Nominated

Film Critics Circle of Australia Awards
Best Foreign Film

Nominated

Florida Film Critics Circle Awards
Best Cinematography

Won

Golden Globes
Best Director
Steven Spielberg
Won

Best Motion Picture – Drama

Won

Best Original Score
John Williams
Nominated

Best Actor
Tom Hanks
Nominated

Best Screenplay

Nominated

Grammy Awards
Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television
John Williams
Won

Huabiao Film Awards
Best Foreign Film

Won

Humanitas Prize
Feature Film Category

Nominated

Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists
Best Foreign Director
Steven Spielberg
Won

Kansas City Film Critics Circle Awards
Best Film

Won

Best Director
Steven Spielberg
Won

Best Supporting Actor
Jeremy Davies
Won

Key Art Awards
Best of Show – Audiovisual

Won

Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards
Best Cinematography

Won

Best Director
Steven Spielberg
Won

Best Picture

Won

London Critics Circle Film Awards
Film of the Year

Won

Actor of the Year
Matt Damon
Nominated

Actor of the Year
Tom Hanks
Nominated

Director of the Year
Steven Spielberg
Nominated

Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards
Best Cinematography

Won

Best Director
Steven Spielberg
Won

Best Picture

Won

MTV Movie Awards
Best Action Sequence
Tom Hanks
Nominated

Best Male Performance
Tom Hanks
Nominated

Best Movie

Nominated

Motion Picture Sound Editors
Best Sound Editing – Dialogue

Won

Best Sound Editing – Sound Effects

Won

Best Sound Editing – Music

Nominated

National Board of Review
Top Ten Films

Won

National Society of Film Critics Awards
Best Film

Nominated

New York Film Critics Circle Awards
Best Film

Won

Online Film Critics Society Awards
Best Cinematography

Won

Best Director
Steven Spielberg
Won

Best Ensemble

Won

Best Film

Won

Best Film Editing
Michael Kahn
Won

Best Actor
Tom Hanks
Nominated

Best Music
John Williams
Nominated

PGA Awards
Motion Picture Producer of the Year Award

Won

Russian Guild of Film Critics
Best Foreign Film
Steven Spielberg
Won

Satellite Awards
Best Editing
Michael Kahn
Won

Best Director
Steven Spielberg
Nominated

Best Film

Nominated

Best Cinematography

Nominated

Best Original Score

Nominated

Best Original Screenplay

Nominated

Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture
Tom Sizemore
Nominated

Best Visual Effects

Nominated

Saturn Awards
Best Action or Adventure Film

Won

Screen Actors Guild Awards
Best Ensemble

Nominated

Best Actor
Tom Hanks
Nominated

Southeastern Film Critics Association Awards
Best Director
Steven Spielberg
Won

Best Picture

Won

Toronto Film Critics Association Awards
Best Director
Steven Spielberg
Won

Best Picture

Won

Best Male Performance
Tom Hanks
Nominated

Writers Guild of America
Best Original Screenplay
Robert Rodat
Nominated

text: Television broadcasts[edit]

text: On Veterans Day from 2001–2004, the American Broadcasting Company aired the film uncut and with limited commercial interruption. The network airings were given a TV-MA rating, as the violent battle scenes and the profanity were left intact. The 2004 airing was marred by pre-emptions in many markets because of the language, in the backlash of Super Bowl XXXVIII's halftime show controversy.[64] However, critics and veterans' groups such as the American Legion and the Veterans of Foreign Wars assailed those stations and their owners, including Hearst-Argyle Television (owner of 12 ABC affiliates); Scripps Howard Broadcasting (owner of six); and Belo (owner of four) for putting profits ahead of programming and honoring those who gave their lives at wartime, saying the stations made more money running their own programming instead of being paid by the network to carry the film, especially during a sweeps period.

text: A total of 65 ABC affiliates—28% of the network—did not clear the available timeslot for the film, even with the offer of The Walt Disney Company, ABC's parent, to pay all fines for language to the Federal Communications Commission.[65] In the end, however, no complaints were lodged against ABC affiliates who showed Ryan, perhaps because even conservative watchdogs like the Parents Television Council supported the unedited rebroadcast of the film.[66] Additionally, some ABC affiliates in other markets that were near affected markets, such as Youngstown, Ohio, ABC affiliate WYTV (which is viewable in parts of the Columbus, Cleveland, and Pittsburgh markets, none of which aired the film) and Gainesville, Florida, ABC affiliate WCJB-TV (which is viewable in parts of the Orlando and Tampa markets), still aired the film and gave those nearby markets the option of viewing the film.[67] TNT and Turner Classic Movies have also broadcast the film.[68][69]

text: Home video[edit]

text: The film was released on home video in May 1999 with a VHS release that earned over $44 million.[70] The DVD release became available in November of the same year,[71] and was one of the best-selling titles of the year, with over 1.5 million units sold.[72] The DVD was released in two separate versions: one with Dolby Digital and the other with DTS 5.1 surround sound. Besides the different 5.1 tracks, the two DVDs are identical. The film was also issued in a very limited 2-disc LaserDisc release in November 1999, making it one of the very last feature films to ever be issued in this format, as LaserDiscs ceased manufacturing and distribution by the year's end, due in part to the growing popularity of DVDs.[73]

text: In 2004, a Saving Private Ryan special edition DVD was released to commemorate the 60th anniversary of D-Day. This two-disc edition was also included in a box set titled World War II Collection, along with two documentaries produced by Spielberg, Price For Peace (about the Pacific War) and Shooting War (about war photographers, narrated by Tom Hanks).[74] The film was released on Blu-ray Disc on April 26, 2010 in the UK and on May 4, 2010 in the US, as part of Paramount Home Video's premium Sapphire Series.[75] However, only weeks after its release, Paramount issued a recall due to audio synchronization problems. The studio issued an official statement acknowledging the problem, which they attributed to an authoring error by Technicolor that escaped the quality control process, and that they had already begun the process of replacing the defective discs.[76]


document_title: Jack Russell Terrier

question_text: what is the weight of a jack russell terrier

text: Jack Russell Terrier

text: History[edit]

text: Sporting parson[edit]

text: The small white fox-working terriers we know today were first bred by the Reverend John Russell, a parson and hunting enthusiast born in 1795,[1] and they can trace their origin to the now extinct English white terrier.[2] Difficulty in differentiating the dog from the creature it was pursuing brought about the need for a mostly white dog,[3] and so in 1819 during his last year of university at Exeter College, Oxford,[4] he purchased a small white and tan terrier female named Trump from a local milkman in the nearby small hamlet of Elsfield[5] or Marston[6]). Trump epitomised his ideal Fox terrier,[7] which, at the time, was a term used for any terrier which was used to bolt foxes out of their burrows.[2] Her colouring was described as "...white, with just a patch of dark tan over each eye and ear; whilst a similar dot, not larger than a penny piece, marks the root of the tail."[8] Davies, a friend of Russell's, wrote: "Trump was such an animal as Russell had only seen in his dreams".[4] She was the basis for a breeding program to develop a terrier with high stamina for the hunt as well as the courage and formation to chase out foxes that had gone to ground.[9] By the 1850s, these dogs were recognised as a distinct breed.[10]

text: An important attribute in this dog was a tempered aggressiveness that would provide the necessary drive to pursue and bolt the fox, without resulting in physical harm to the quarry and effectively ending the chase, which was considered unsporting.[11] Russell was said to have prided himself that his terriers never tasted blood.[10] This line of terriers developed by John Russell was well respected for those qualities, and his dogs were often taken on by hunt enthusiasts. It is unlikely, however, that any dogs alive today can be proven to be descendants from Trump, as Russell was forced to sell all his dogs on more than one occasion because of financial difficulty, and had only four aged (and non-breeding) terriers left when he died in 1883.[12]

text: The Fox terrier and Jack Russell terrier type dogs of today are all descended from dogs of that period, although documented pedigrees earlier than 1862 have not been found, although several records remain of documented breeding by John Russell between the 1860s and 1880s. The Fox Terrier Club was formed in 1875 with Russell as one of the founder members; its breed standard was aspiration, and not a description of how the breed appeared then. By the start of the 20th century, the Fox terrier had altered more towards the modern breed, but in some parts of the country the old style of John Russell's terriers remained, and it is from those dogs that the modern Jack Russell type has descended.[4]

text: Many breeds can claim heritage to the early Fox terrier of this period, including the Brazilian terrier, Japanese terrier, Miniature Fox terrier, Ratonero Bodeguero Andaluz, Rat terrier, and Tenterfield terrier.[13]

text: After John Russell[edit]

text: Following Russell's death, the only people who made serious efforts to continue those strains were two men, one in Chislehurst with the surname of East, and another in Cornwall named Archer. East, at one point, had several couples, all of which were descended from one of Russell's dogs. The type aimed for were not as big as the show Fox terrier and were usually less than 15 pounds (6.8 kg).[3]

text: Arthur Blake Heinemann created the first breed standard and, in 1894, he founded the Devon and Somerset Badger Club, the aims of which were to promote badger digging rather than fox hunting, and the breeding of terriers suitable for this purpose. Terriers were acquired from Nicholas Snow of Oare, and they were likely descended from Russell's original dogs, as Russell would probably have hunted at some point with Snow's hunting club and is likely to have provided at least some of their original terriers.[4] By the turn of the 20th century, Russell's name had become associated with this breed of dog.[15]

text: The club was later renamed the Parson Jack Russell Terrier Club.[4] Badger digging required a different type of dog than fox hunting, and it is likely that Bull terrier stock was introduced to strengthen the breed, which may have caused the creation of a shorter legged variety of Jack Russell terrier that started to appear around this period. At the same time that a split was appearing between show and working Fox terriers, a further split was occurring between two different types of white terrier, both carrying Jack Russell's name.[3] Heinemann was invited to judge classes for working terriers at Crufts with an aim to bring working terriers back into the show ring and influence those that disregard working qualities in dogs. These classes were continued for several years by various judges, but Charles Cruft dropped the attempt as the classes were never heavily competed. Following Heinemann's death in 1930, the kennel and leadership of the club passed to Annie Harris, but the club itself folded shortly before World War II.[3][4]

text: Post World War II[edit]

text: Following World War II, the requirement for hunting dogs drastically declined, and with it the numbers of Jack Russell terriers. The dogs were increasingly used as family and companion dogs. Further crossbreeding occurred, with Welsh corgis, Chihuahuas, and other smaller breeds of terrier. The offspring of these crosses became known as "Puddin' Dogs", "Shortie Jacks", or "Russell Terriers".[16]

text: The Jack Russell Terrier Club of America was formed in 1976 by Ailsa Crawford, one of the first Jack Russell terrier breeders in the United States. Size ranges for dogs were kept broad, with the ability of working dogs awarded higher than those in conformation shows. An open registry was maintained, with restricted line breeding. Registration for the club is made at adulthood for Jack Russells, rather than at birth, to ensure the breed's qualities remain, given the open registry.[17]

text: Several breed clubs appeared in the United Kingdom during the 1970s to promote the breed, including the Jack Russell Club of Great Britain (JRTCGB) and the South East Jack Russell Terrier Club (SEJRTC). The JRTCGB promoted the range of sizes that remain in its standards today, whereas the SEJRTC set a minimum height for dogs at 13 inches (33 cm). While the JRTCGB sought to ensure that the breed's working ability remained through non-recognition with other breed registries, the SEJRTC activity sought recognition with the UK Kennel Club.[18] In 1983, the Parson Jack Russell  Club of Great Britain (PJRTCGB) was resurrected to seek Kennel Club recognition for the breed. Although the application was initially rejected, a new standard was created for the PJRTCGB based on the standard of the SEJRTC, and under that standard the breed was recognised by the Kennel Club in 1990 as the Parson Jack Russell terrier.[19] Jack was dropped from the official name in 1999, and the recognised name of the breed became the Parson Russell terrier.[20]

text: In the late 1990s, the American Kennel Club explored the possibility of recognising the Jack Russell terrier.[21] This move was opposed by the Jack Russell Terrier Club of America as they did not want the breed to lose its essential working characteristics.[22] The Jack Russell Terrier Breeders Association formed and petitioned the AKC; the breed's admission was granted in 2001. Under the AKC recognised standard, the size of the breed was narrowed from the previous club's standard, and the name of the AKC recognised Jack Russell terrier was changed to Parson Russell terrier,[23] with the Jack Russell Terrier Breeders Association renamed to the Parson Russell Terrier Association of America.[21]

text: The Australian National Kennel Council (ANKC) and the New Zealand Kennel Club (NZCK) are some of national kennel associations that register both the Jack Russell terrier and the Parson Russell terrier;[24] however, the size requirements for the Jack Russell terrier under both those standards would classify a dog as a Russell terrier in the United States.[25] In 2009, there were 1073 Jack Russells registered with the ANKC, compared to 18 for the Parson Russell terrier.[26] Other modern breeds are often mistaken for modern Jack Russell terriers, including their cousin the Parson Russell terrier,[27] the Tenterfield terrier,[28] and the Rat Terrier.[29] Several other modern breeds exist that descended from the early Fox Terrier breed, including the Brazilian Terrier, Japanese Terrier, Miniature Fox Terrier, Ratonero Bodeguero Andaluz, Rat Terrier, and Tenterfield Terrier.[30]

text: Description[edit]

text: Due to their working nature, Jack Russell terriers remain much as they were some 200 years ago.[31] They are sturdy, tough, and tenacious, measuring between 10–15 inches (25–38 cm) at the withers,[32] and weigh 14–18 pounds (6.4–8.2 kg).[16] The body length must be in proportion to the height, and the dog should present a compact, balanced image. Predominantly white in coloration (more than 51%) with black and/or brown and/or tan markings,[32] they exhibit either a smooth, rough or a combination of both which is known as a broken coat. A broken-coated dog may have longer hair on the tail or face than that which is seen on a smooth-coated dog.[33] The skin can sometimes show a pattern of small black or brown spots, referred to as "ticking" that do not carry through to the outer coat.[16]  All coat types should be dense double coats that are neither silky (in the case of smooth coats) nor woolly (in the case of rough coats).[16]

text: The head should be of moderate width at the ears, narrowing to the eyes, and slightly flat between the ears. There should be a defined but not overpronounced stop at the end of the muzzle where it meets the head, and a black nose. The jaw should be powerful and well boned with a scissor bite and straight teeth. The eyes are almond shaped and dark coloured and should be full of life and intelligence. Small V-shaped ears of moderate thickness are carried forward on the head.[16] When the dog is alert, the tip of the V should not extend past the outer corner of the eyes. The tail is set high and in the past was docked to approximately five inches in order to provide a sufficient hand-hold for gripping the terrier.[16]

text: The Jack Russell should always appear balanced and alert.[32]  As it is primarily a working terrier, its most important physical characteristic is its chest size, which must not be so large that it prevents the dog from entering and working in burrows.[16] The red fox is the traditional quarry of the Jack Russell terrier, so the working Jack Russell must be small enough to pursue it. Red foxes vary in size, but across the world, they average from 13–17 pounds (5.9–7.7 kg) in weight and have an average chest size of 12–14 inches (30–36 cm) at the widest part.[34]

text: Differences with related breeds[edit]

text: The Jack Russell terrier and Parson Russell terrier breeds are similar, sharing a common origin, but have several marked differences — the most notable being the range of acceptable heights.[35] Other differences in the Parson can include a longer head and larger chest as well as overall a larger body size.[36] The height of a Parson Russell at the withers according to the breed standard is 12–14 inches (30–36 cm) which places it within the range of the Jack Russell Terrier Club of America's standard size for a Jack Russell of 10–15 inches (25–38 cm). However, the Parson Russell is a conformation show standard whereas the Jack Russell standard is a more general working standard.[37]

text: The Russell terrier, which is also sometimes called the English Jack Russell terrier or the Short Jack Russell terrier is a generally smaller related breed.[38] Both the breed standards of the American Russell Terrier Club and the English Jack Russell Terrier Club Alliance states that at the withers it should be an ideal height of 8–12 inches (20–30 cm).[39][40] Although sometimes called the English or Irish Jack Russell terrier,[41] this is not the recognised height of Jack Russells in the United Kingdom. According to the Jack Russell Club of Great Britain's breed standard, it is the same size as the standard for Jack Russells in the United States, 10–15 inches (25–38 cm).[42] Compared to the Parson, the Russell terrier should always be longer than tall at the withers, whereas the Parson's points should be of equal distance.[43] The Fédération Cynologique Internationale standard for the Jack Russell terrier has this smaller size listed as a requirement.[44] Terrierman Eddie Chapman, who has hunted in Devon for more than 30 years, the same area that John Russell himself hunted, notes that, "I can state categorically that if given the choice, ninety-nine percent of hunt terrier men would buy an under 12" worker, if it was available, over a 14" one."[45]

text: Temperament[edit]

text: Jack Russells are first and foremost a working terrier.[46] Originally bred to bolt foxes from their dens during hunts, they are used on numerous ground-dwelling quarry such as groundhog, badger, and red and grey fox.[47] The working JRT is required to locate quarry in the earth, and then either bolt it or hold it in place until they are dug to.[48] To accomplish this, the dog will not bark but will expect attention to the quarry continuously. Because the preservation of this working ability is of highest importance to most registered JRTCA/JRTCGB breeders, Jack Russells tend to be extremely intelligent, athletic, fearless, and vocal dogs.[9] It is not uncommon for these dogs to become moody or destructive if not properly stimulated and exercised, as they have a tendency to bore easily and will often create their own fun when left alone to entertain themselves.[49]

text: Their high energy and drive make these dogs ideally suited to a number of different dog sports such as flyball or agility.[50] Obedience classes are also recommended to potential owners,[47] as Jack Russells can be stubborn at times and aggressive towards other animals and humans if not properly socialized.[9] Despite their small size, these dogs are not recommended for the condominium or apartment dweller unless the owner is ready to take on the daunting task of providing the dog with the necessary amount of exercise and stimulation. They have a tremendous amount of energy for their size,[49] a fact which can sometimes lead to trouble involving larger animals.[51] They may seem never to tire and will still be energetic after their owner has called it a day. While socialised members of the breed are friendly towards children, they will not tolerate abuse even if it is unintentional.[16]

text: Health[edit]

text: The breed has a reputation for being healthy with a long lifespan.[52][better source needed] Breeders have protected the gene pool, and direct in-line breeding has been prevented. Jack Russells can live from 13 to 16 years given proper care.[41] However, certain lines have been noted for having specific health concerns and, therefore, could occur in any line or generation because of recessive genes. These issues can include hereditary cataracts, ectopia lentis, congenital deafness, patellar luxation, ataxia, myasthenia gravis, Legg–Calvé–Perthes syndrome, and von Willebrand disease.[41]

text: Being a hunt-driven dog, the Jack Russell will usually pursue most creatures that it encounters. This includes the skunk, and the breed is prone to skunk toxic shock syndrome.[53] The chemical in the skunk spray is absorbed by the dog and causes the red blood cells to undergo haemolysis, which can occasionally lead to fatal anaemia and kidney failure. If sprayed underground, it can also cause chemical burning of the cornea. Treatments are available to flush the toxin out of the dog's system.[54]

text: Eye disorders[edit]

text: Lens luxation, also known as ectopia lentis is the most common hereditary disorder in Jack Russell terriers. Even so, this condition is not a common occurrence in the breed. Most frequently appearing in dogs between the ages of 3 and 8 years old, it is where the lens in one or both eyes becomes displaced. There are two types, posterior luxation (where the lens slips to the back of the eye) and anterior luxation (where the lens slips forward). Posterior luxation is the less severe of the two types, as the eye can appear normal although the dog's eyesight will be affected. In anterior luxation, the lens can slip forward and rub against the cornea, damaging it. Anterior luxation also has a high probability of causing glaucoma which can lead to partial or complete blindness. Treatment is available and may include both medical and surgical options. Secondary lens luxation is caused by trauma to the eye and is not hereditary.[55] The condition appears in a number of terrier breeds as well as the Border collie, Brittany and Cardigan Welsh corgi.[56]

text: Cataracts can affect any breed of dog and is the same condition as seen in humans. Here the lens of the eye hardens and is characterised by cloudiness in the eye.[56][57] Cataracts will blur the dog's vision and can lead to permanent blindness if left untreated. While considered mainly a hereditary disease, it can also be caused by diabetes, old age, radiation, eye injury or exposure to high temperatures.[57]

text: Musculoskeletal conditions[edit]

text:
Patellar luxation, also known as luxating patella, is a hereditary disorder affecting the knees. It is where the kneecap slips off the groove on which it normally sits. The effects can be temporary with the dog running while holding its hind leg in the air before running on it again once the kneecap slipped back into place as if nothing has happened. Dogs can have a problem with both rear knees, and complications can include arthritis or torn knee ligaments. Severe cases can require surgery.[58]
Some are prone to dislocation of the kneecaps, inherited eye diseases, deafness and Legg Perthes—a disease of the hip joints of small dog breeds. Prone to mast cell tumors.
Legg–Calvé–Perthes syndrome, also called Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head, is where the ball section of the femur in the hip joint deteriorates following interruption of the blood flow and is the same condition as in humans.[59] In dogs, this causes lameness of the hind-legs, the thigh muscles to atrophy and pain in the joint.[60] It usually occurs between 6–12 months of age and has been documented in a variety of other terrier breeds including the Border terrier, Lakeland terrier, and Wheaten terrier.[59]

text: Well-known Jack Russell terriers[edit]

text: Nipper was a dog born in 1884 who was thought to be a dog of the Jack Russell terrier type.[61] He was the inspiration for the painting Dog looking at and listening to a Phonograph, later renamed to His Master's Voice. The painting was used by a variety of music related companies including The Gramophone Company, EMI, the Victor Talking Machine Company, and RCA. Today it remains in use incorporated into the logo for HMV in UK and Europe.[62]

text: A Jack Russell named Bothy made history in 1982 as part of the Transglobe Expedition. Owned by explorers Ranulph and Ginny Fiennes, he became the first dog to travel to both the north and south poles.[63][64] This feat is unlikely to be repeated, as all dogs have been banned from Antarctica by the Antarctic Treaty nations since 1994, due to fears that they could transmit diseases to the native seal population.[65] Ranulph Fiennes and Charles Burton actually made the trip to the north pole by powered sledges before signalling to the base camp that they had arrived. To celebrate their achievement, a plane was sent out to take the two men champagne, along with Bothy.[66]

text:
On 29 April 2007, a Jack Russell named George saved five children at a carnival in New Zealand from an attack by two pit bulls. He was reported to have charged at them and held them at bay long enough for the children to get away. Killed by the pit bulls, he was posthumously awarded the PDSA Gold Medal in 2009, the animal equivalent of the George Cross. A statue has been erected in Manaia, New Zealand in his memory.[67]  A former US Marine also donated to George's owner a Purple Heart award he had received for service in Vietnam.
[68]

text: On screen and in literature[edit]

text: In the UK, one of the more recognisable canine stars was restaurateur and chef Rick Stein's irrepressible terrier Chalky,[69] who frequently upstaged his owner on his various cookery series.[70] He was unique in having his own line of merchandise, including plushes, tea towels, art prints, art paw prints and two real ales – Chalky's Bite and Chalky's Bark,[71] which won gold in the Quality Drink Awards 2009.[72] Chalky was given a BBC obituary when he died in 2007.[73]

text: Father Moose and son Enzo played the role of Eddie on the long-running TV sitcom Frasier.[69] Eddie belonged to lead character Frasier's father Martin Crane, and constantly "stole the show" with his deadpan antics, receiving more fan mail than any other Frasier character.[74] Moose and Enzo also starred as Skip in the 2000 film My Dog Skip.

text: Wishbone, from the television show of the same name which aired from 1995 to 2001 in the United States, was a Jack Russell terrier.[75] Wishbone's real name was Soccer and was chosen from over a hundred other dogs vying for the part.[18]

text: Actor Gene Hackman's pet in the 1995 movie Crimson Tide was a smooth-coated Jack Russell terrier named "Bear".[76] Max, a Jack Russell terrier, played the role of Milo who is one of Stanley Ipkiss's only friends in the 1994 U.S film The Mask starring Jim Carrey.[77] Max also played the female dog Audrey in the 2000 film Mr. Accident.[69] In the 2009 movie Hotel for Dogs, Friday, one of the main characters is a Jack Russell, played by the dog actor Cosmo.[78] Cosmo went on to appear in the films Paul Blart: Mall Cop and Beginners.[79]

text: Jack Russell: Dog Detective is a series of children's books by authors Darrell and Sally Odgers, and published by Scholastic. It is about the adventures of a Jack Russell terrier named Jack Russell and his gang of friends including Jill Russell, Lord "Red" Setter and Foxie Terrier.[80]

text: Uggie (2002-2015) was an animal actor, appearing in commercials starting in 2005 and most notably cast in Water for Elephants and The Artist, both in 2011.[81] In the same year, based on interest following The Artist, the "Consider Uggie" campaign was launched, which attempted to gain the dog a nomination for an Academy Award.[82] In 2012, Uggie was named Nintendo's first-ever spokesdog.[83]

text: Patrick McDonnell's comic strip Mutts features a Jack Russell terrier named Earl who is a main character in the comic strip.[84]