document_title: Florence Cathedral

question_text: who painted the inside of the florence dome

text: Florence Cathedral

text: History[edit]

text: Santa Maria del Fiore was built on the site of Florence's second cathedral dedicated to Saint Reparata[2]; the first was the Basilica di San Lorenzo di Firenze whose first building was consecrated as a church in 393 by St. Ambrose of Milan.[3] The ancient structure, founded in the early 5th century and having undergone many repairs, was crumbling with age, according to the 14th-century Nuova Cronica of Giovanni Villani,[4] and was no longer large enough to serve the growing population of the city.[4]  Other major Tuscan cities had undertaken ambitious reconstructions of their cathedrals during the Late Medieval period, such as Pisa and particularly Siena where the enormous proposed extensions were never completed.

text: The new church was designed by Arnolfo di Cambio and approved by city council in 1294.[5] Di Cambio was also architect of the church of Santa Croce and the Palazzo Vecchio.[6][7] He designed three wide naves ending under the octagonal dome, with the middle nave covering the area of Santa Reparata. The first stone was laid on September 9, 1296, by Cardinal Valeriana, the first papal legate ever sent to Florence. The building of this vast project was to last 140 years; Arnolfo's plan for the eastern end, although maintained in concept, was greatly expanded in size.

text: After Arnolfo died in 1310, work on the cathedral slowed for thirty years. When the relics of Saint Zenobius were discovered in 1330 in Santa Reparata, the project gained a new impetus. In 1331, the Arte della Lana, the guild of wool merchants, took over patronage for the construction of the cathedral and in 1334 appointed Giotto to oversee the work. Assisted by Andrea Pisano, Giotto continued di Cambio's design. His major accomplishment was the building of the campanile. When Giotto died the January 8th of 1337, Andrea Pisano continued the building until work was halted due to the Black Death in 1348.

text: In 1349, work resumed on the cathedral under a series of architects, starting with Francesco Talenti, who finished the campanile and enlarged the overall project to include the apse and the side chapels. In 1359, Talenti was succeeded by Giovanni di Lapo Ghini (1360–1369) who divided the center nave in four square bays. Other architects were Alberto Arnoldi, Giovanni d'Ambrogio, Neri di Fioravante and Andrea Orcagna. By 1375, the old church Santa Reparata was pulled down. The nave was finished by 1380, and by 1418, only the dome remained incomplete.

text: On 18 August 1418, the Arte della Lana announced an architectural design competition for erecting Neri's dome. The two main competitors were two master goldsmiths, Lorenzo Ghiberti and Filippo Brunelleschi, the latter of whom was supported by Cosimo de Medici. Ghiberti had been the winner of a competition for a pair of bronze doors for the Baptistery in 1401 and lifelong competition between the two remained sharp. Brunelleschi won and received the commission.[8]

text: Ghiberti, appointed coadjutator, drew a salary equal to Brunelleschi's and, though neither was awarded the announced prize of 200 florins, was promised equal credit, although he spent most of his time on other projects. When Brunelleschi became ill, or feigned illness, the project was briefly in the hands of Ghiberti. But Ghiberti soon had to admit that the whole project was beyond him. In 1423, Brunelleschi was back in charge and took over sole responsibility.[9]

text: Work started on the dome in 1420 and was completed in 1436. The cathedral was consecrated by Pope Eugene IV on March 25, 1436, (the first day of the year according to the Florentine calendar). It was the first 'octagonal' dome in history to be built without a temporary wooden supporting frame. It was one of the most impressive projects of the Renaissance. During the consecration in 1436, Guillaume Dufay's motet Nuper rosarum flores was performed. The structure of this motet was strongly influenced by the structure of the dome.

text: The decoration of the exterior of the cathedral, begun in the 14th century, was not completed until 1887, when the polychrome marble façade was completed with the design of Emilio De Fabris. The floor of the church was relaid in marble tiles in the 16th century.

text: The exterior walls are faced in alternate vertical and horizontal bands of polychrome marble from Carrara (white), Prato (green), Siena (red), Lavenza and a few other places. These marble bands had to repeat the already existing bands on the walls of the earlier adjacent baptistery the Battistero di San Giovanni and Giotto's Bell Tower. There are two side doors: the Doors of the Canonici (south side) and the Door of the Mandorla (north side) with sculptures by Nanni di Banco, Donatello, and Jacopo della Quercia. The six side windows, notable for their delicate tracery and ornaments, are separated by pilasters. Only the four windows closest to the transept admit light; the other two are merely ornamental. The clerestory windows are round, a common feature in Italian Gothic.

text: During its long history, this cathedral has been the seat of the Council of Florence (1439), heard the preachings of Girolamo Savonarola and witnessed the murder of Giuliano di Piero de' Medici on Sunday, 26 April 1478 (with Lorenzo Il Magnifico barely escaping death), in the Pazzi conspiracy.

text: Exterior[edit]

text: Plan and structure[edit]

text: The cathedral of Florence is built as a basilica, having a wide central nave of four square bays, with an aisle on either side.  The chancel and transepts are of identical polygonal plan, separated by two smaller polygonal chapels. The whole plan forms a Latin cross. The nave and aisles are separated by wide pointed Gothic arches resting on composite piers.

text: The dimensions of the building are enormous: building area 8,300 square metres (89,340 square feet), length 153 metres (502 feet), width 38 metres (125 feet), width at the crossing 90 metres (300 feet). The height of the arches in the aisles is 23 metres (75 feet). The height of the dome is 114.5 metres (375.7 feet).[10]

text: Dome[edit]

text: By the beginning of the 15th century, after a hundred years of construction, the structure was still missing its dome. The basic features of the dome had been designed by Arnolfo di Cambio in 1296. His brick model, 4.6 metres (15.1 feet) high, 9.2 metres (30.2 feet) long, was standing in a side aisle of the unfinished building, and had long been sacrosanct.[11] It called for an octagonal dome higher and wider than any that had ever been built, with no external buttresses to keep it from spreading and falling under its own weight.

text:
External video
 Smarthistory – Brunelleschi's Dome[12]

text: The commitment to reject traditional Gothic buttresses had been made when Neri di Fioravanti's model was chosen over a competing one by Giovanni di Lapo Ghini.[13] That architectural choice, in 1367, was one of the first events of the Italian Renaissance, marking a break with the Medieval Gothic style and a return to the classic Mediterranean dome. Italian architects regarded Gothic flying buttresses as ugly makeshifts. Furthermore, the use of buttresses was forbidden in Florence, as the style was favored by central Italy's traditional enemies to the north.[14] Neri's model depicted a massive inner dome, open at the top to admit light, like Rome's Pantheon, but enclosed in a thinner outer shell, partly supported by the inner dome, to keep out the weather. It was to stand on an unbuttressed octagonal drum. Neri's dome would need an internal defense against spreading (hoop stress), but none had yet been designed.

text: The building of such a masonry dome posed many technical problems. Brunelleschi looked to the great dome of the Pantheon in Rome for solutions. The dome of the Pantheon is a single shell of concrete, the formula for which had long since been forgotten. The Pantheon had employed structural centring to support the concrete dome while it cured [15]. This could not be the solution in the case of a dome this size and would put the church out of use. For the height and breadth of the dome designed by Neri, starting 52 metres (171 ft) above the floor and spanning 44 meters (144 ft), there was not enough timber in Tuscany to build the scaffolding and forms.[16] Brunelleschi chose to follow such design and employed a double shell, made of sandstone and marble. Brunelleschi would have to build the dome out of brick, due to its light weight compared to stone and being easier to form, and with nothing under it during construction. To illustrate his proposed structural plan, he constructed a wooden and brick model with the help of Donatello and Nanni di Banco, a model which is still displayed in the Museo dell'Opera del Duomo. The model served as a guide for the craftsmen, but was intentionally incomplete, so as to ensure Brunelleschi's control over the construction.

text: Brunelleschi's solutions were ingenious, such as his use of the catenary arch for support.[17] The spreading problem was solved by a set of four internal horizontal stone and iron chains, serving as barrel hoops, embedded within the inner dome: one at the top, one at the bottom, with the remaining two evenly spaced between them. A fifth chain, made of wood, was placed between the first and second of the stone chains. Since the dome was octagonal rather than round, a simple chain, squeezing the dome like a barrel hoop, would have put all its pressure on the eight corners of the dome. The chains needed to be rigid octagons, stiff enough to hold their shape, so as not to deform the dome as they held it together.[12]

text: Each of Brunelleschi's stone chains was built like an octagonal railroad track with parallel rails and cross ties, all made of sandstone beams 43 centimetres (17 in) in diameter and no more than 2.3 metres (7.5 ft) long. The rails were connected end-to-end with lead-glazed iron splices. The cross ties and rails were notched together and then covered with the bricks and mortar of the inner dome. The cross ties of the bottom chain can be seen protruding from the drum at the base of the dome. The others are hidden. Each stone chain was supposed to be reinforced with a standard iron chain made of interlocking links, but a magnetic survey conducted in the 1970s failed to detect any evidence of iron chains, which if they exist are deeply embedded in the thick masonry walls. Brunelleschi also included vertical "ribs" set on the corners of the octagon, curving towards the center point. The ribs, 13 feet (4 meters) deep, are supported by 16 concealed ribs radiating from center.[18] The ribs had slits to take beams that supported platforms, thus allowing the work to progress upward without the need for scaffolding.[19]

text: A circular masonry dome can be built without supports, called centering, because each course of bricks is a horizontal arch that resists compression. In Florence, the octagonal inner dome was thick enough for an imaginary circle to be embedded in it at each level, a feature that would hold the dome up eventually, but could not hold the bricks in place while the mortar was still wet. Brunelleschi used a herringbone brick pattern to transfer the weight of the freshly laid bricks to the nearest vertical ribs of the non-circular dome.[20][21][22][23]

text: The outer dome was not thick enough to contain embedded horizontal circles, being only  60 centimetres (2 ft) thick at the base and 30 centimetres (1 ft) thick at the top. To create such circles, Brunelleschi thickened the outer dome at the inside of its corners at nine different elevations, creating nine masonry rings, which can be observed today from the space between the two domes. To counteract hoop stress, the outer dome relies entirely on its attachment to the inner dome and has no embedded chains.[24]

text: A modern understanding of physical laws and the mathematical tools for calculating stresses were centuries in the future. Brunelleschi, like all cathedral builders, had to rely on intuition and whatever he could learn from the large scale models he built. To lift 37,000 tons of material, including over 4 million bricks, he invented hoisting machines and lewissons for hoisting large stones. These specially designed machines and his structural innovations were Brunelleschi's chief contribution to architecture. Although he was executing an aesthetic plan made half a century earlier, it is his name, rather than Neri's, that is commonly associated with the dome.

text: Brunelleschi's ability to crown the dome with a lantern was questioned and he had to undergo another competition, even though there had been evidence that Brunelleschi had been working on a design for a lantern for the upper part of the dome. The evidence is shown in the curvature, which was made steeper than the original model.[25] He was declared the winner over his competitors Lorenzo Ghiberti and Antonio Ciaccheri. His design (now on display in the Museum Opera del Duomo) was for an octagonal lantern with eight radiating buttresses and eight high arched windows. Construction of the lantern was begun a few months before his death in 1446. Then, for 15 years, little progress was possible, due to alterations by several architects. The lantern was finally completed by Brunelleschi's friend Michelozzo in 1461. The conical roof was crowned with a gilt copper ball and cross, containing holy relics, by Verrocchio in 1469. This brings the total height of the dome and lantern to 114.5 meters (375 ft). This copper ball was struck by lightning on 17 July 1600 and fell down. It was replaced by an even larger one two years later.

text: The commission for this bronze ball [atop the lantern] went to the sculptor Andrea del Verrocchio, in whose workshop there was at this time a young apprentice named Leonardo da Vinci. Fascinated by Filippo's [Brunelleschi's] machines, which Verrocchio used to hoist the ball, Leonardo made a series of sketches of them and, as a result, is often given credit for their invention.[26]

text: Leonardo might have also participated in the design of the bronze ball, as stated in the G manuscript of Paris "Remember the way we soldered the ball of Santa Maria del Fiore".[27]

text: The decorations of the drum gallery by Baccio d'Agnolo were never finished after being disapproved by no one less than Michelangelo.

text: A huge statue of Brunelleschi now sits outside the Palazzo dei Canonici in the Piazza del Duomo, looking thoughtfully up towards his greatest achievement, the dome that would forever dominate the panorama of Florence. It is still the largest masonry dome in the world.[28]

text: The building of the cathedral had started in 1296 with the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and was completed in 1469 with the placing of Verrochio's copper ball atop the lantern. But the façade was still unfinished and would remain so until the 19th century.

text: Façade[edit]

text: The original façade, designed by Arnolfo di Cambio and usually attributed to Giotto, was actually begun twenty years after Giotto's death.[citation needed] A mid-15th-century pen-and-ink drawing of this so-called Giotto's façade is visible in the Codex Rustici, and in the drawing of Bernardino Poccetti in 1587, both on display in the Museum of the Opera del Duomo. This façade was the collective work of several artists, among them Andrea Orcagna and Taddeo Gaddi. This original façade was completed in only its lower portion and then left unfinished. It was dismantled in 1587–1588 by the Medici court architect Bernardo Buontalenti, ordered by Grand Duke Francesco I de' Medici, as it appeared totally outmoded in Renaissance times. Some of the original sculptures are on display in the Museum Opera del Duomo, behind the cathedral. Others are now in the Berlin Museum and in the Louvre. The competition for a new façade turned into a huge corruption scandal. The wooden model for the façade of Buontalenti is on display in the Museum Opera del Duomo. A few new designs had been proposed in later years, but the models (of Giovanni Antonio Dosio, Giovanni de' Medici with Alessandro Pieroni and Giambologna) were not accepted. The façade was then left bare until the 19th century.

text: In 1864, a competition held to design a new façade was won by Emilio De Fabris (1808–1883) in 1871. Work began in 1876 and was completed in 1887. This neo-gothic façade in white, green and red marble forms a harmonious entity with the cathedral, Giotto's bell tower and the Baptistery, but some think it is excessively decorated.

text: The whole façade is dedicated to the Mother of Christ.

text: Main Portal[edit]

text: The three huge bronze doors date from 1899 to 1903. They are adorned with scenes from the life of the Madonna. The mosaics in the lunettes above the doors were designed by Niccolò Barabino. They represent (from left to right): Charity among the founders of Florentine philanthropic institutions; Christ enthroned with Mary and John the Baptist; and Florentine artisans, merchants and humanists. The pediment above the central portal contains a half-relief by Tito Sarrocchi of Mary enthroned holding a flowered scepter. Giuseppe Cassioli sculpted the right-hand door.

text: On top of the façade is a series of niches with the twelve Apostles with, in the middle, the Madonna with Child. Between the rose window and the tympanum, there is a gallery with busts of great Florentine artists.

text: Interior[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The Gothic interior is vast and gives an empty impression. The relative bareness of the church corresponds with the austerity of religious life, as preached by Girolamo Savonarola.

text: Many decorations in the church have been lost in the course of time, or have been transferred to the Museum Opera del Duomo, such as the magnificent cantorial pulpits (the singing galleries for the choristers) of Luca della Robbia and Donatello.

text: As this cathedral was built with funds from the public, some important works of art in this church honour illustrious men and military leaders of Florence:

text: •  Lorenzo Ghiberti had a large artistic impact on the cathedral. Ghiberti worked with Filippo Brunelleschi on the cathedral for eighteen years and had a large number of projects on almost the whole east end. Some of his works were the stained glass designs, the bronze shrine of Saint Zenobius and marble revetments on the outside of the cathedral.

text:
Dante Before the City of Florence by Domenico di Michelino (1465). This painting is especially interesting because it shows us, apart from scenes of the Divine Comedy, a view on Florence in 1465, a Florence such as Dante himself could not have seen in his time.
Funerary Monument to Sir John Hawkwood by Paolo Uccello (1436). This almost monochrome fresco, transferred to canvas in the 19th century, is painted in terra verde, a color closest to the patina of bronze.
Equestrian statue of Niccolò da Tolentino by Andrea del Castagno (1456). This fresco, transferred on canvas in the 19th century, in the same style as the previous one, is painted in a color resembling marble. However, it is more richly decorated and gives more the impression of movement. Both frescoes portray the condottieri as heroic figures riding triumphantly. Both painters had problems when applying in painting the new rules of perspective to foreshortening: they used two unifying points, one for the horse and one for the pedestal, instead a single unifying point.
Busts of Giotto (by Benedetto da Maiano), Brunelleschi (by Buggiano – 1447), Marsilio Ficino, and Antonio Squarcialupi (a most famous organist). These busts all date from the 15th and the 16th centuries.

text: Above the main door is the colossal clock face with fresco portraits of four Prophets or Evangelists by Paolo Uccello (1443). This one-handed liturgical clock shows the 24 hours of the hora italica (Italian time), a period of time ending with sunset at 24 hours. This timetable was used until the 18th century. This is one of the few clocks from that time that still exist and are in working order.

text: The church is particularly notable for its 44 stained glass windows, the largest undertaking of this kind in Italy in the 14th and 15th century. The windows in the aisles and in the transept depict saints from the Old and the New Testament, while the circular windows in the drum of the dome or above the entrance depict Christ and Mary. They are the work of the greatest Florentine artists of their times, such as Donatello, Lorenzo Ghiberti, Paolo Uccello and Andrea del Castagno.

text: Christ crowning Mary as Queen, the stained-glass circular window above the clock, with a rich range of coloring, was designed by Gaddo Gaddi in the early 14th century.

text: Donatello designed the stained-glass window (Coronation of the Virgin) in the drum of the dome (the only one that can be seen from the nave).

text: The beautiful funeral monument of Antonio d'Orso (1323), bishop of Florence, was made by Tino da Camaino, the most important funeral sculptor of his time.

text: The monumental crucifix, behind the Bishop's Chair at the high altar, is by Benedetto da Maiano (1495–1497). The choir enclosure is the work of the famous Bartolommeo Bandinelli. The ten-paneled bronze doors of the sacristy were made by Luca della Robbia, who has also two glazed terracotta works inside the sacristy: Angel with Candlestick and Resurrection of Christ.

text: In the back of the middle of the three apses is the altar of Saint Zanobius, first bishop of Florence. Its silver shrine, a masterpiece of Ghiberti, contains the urn with his relics. The central compartment shows us one of his miracles, the reviving of a dead child. Above this shrine is the painting Last Supper by the lesser-known Giovanni Balducci. There was also a glass-paste mosaic panel The Bust of Saint Zanobius by the 16th-century miniaturist Monte di Giovanni, but it is now on display in the Museum Opera del Duomo.

text: Many decorations date from the 16th-century patronage of the Grand Dukes, such as the pavement in colored marble, attributed to Baccio d'Agnolo and Francesco da Sangallo (1520–26). Some pieces of marble from the façade were used, topside down, in the flooring (as was shown by the restoration of the floor after the 1966 flooding).

text: It was suggested that the interior of the 45 metre (147 ft) wide dome should be covered with a mosaic decoration to make the most of the available light coming through the circular windows of the drum and through the lantern. Brunelleschi had proposed the vault to glimmer with resplendent gold, but his death in 1446 put an end to this project, and the walls of the dome were whitewashed. Grand Duke Cosimo I de' Medici decided to have the dome painted with a representation of The Last Judgment. This enormous work, 3,600 metres² (38 750 ft²) of painted surface, was started in 1568 by Giorgio Vasari and Federico Zuccari and would last till 1579. The upper portion, near the lantern, representing The 24 Elders of Apoc. 4 was finished by Vasari before his death in 1574. Federico Zuccari and a number of collaborators, such as Domenico Cresti, finished the other portions: (from top to bottom) Choirs of Angels; Christ, Mary and Saints; Virtues, Gifts of the Holy Spirit and Beatitudes; and at the bottom of the cupola: Capital Sins and Hell. These frescoes are considered Zuccari's greatest work. But the quality of the work is uneven because of the input of different artists and the different techniques. Vasari had used true fresco, while Zuccari had painted in secco. During the restoration work, which ended in 1995, the entire pictorial cycle of The Last Judgment was photographed with specially designed equipment and all the information collected in a catalogue. All the restoration information along with reconstructed images of the frescos were stored and managed in the Thesaurus Florentinus computer system.[29][30]

text: Crypt[edit]

text: The cathedral underwent difficult excavations between 1965 and 1974. The archaeological history of this huge area was reconstructed through the work of Dr. Franklin Toker: remains of Roman houses, an early Christian pavement, ruins of the former cathedral of Santa Reparata and successive enlargements of this church. Close to the entrance, in the part of the crypt open to the public, is the tomb of Brunelleschi. While its location is prominent, the actual tomb is simple and humble. That the architect was permitted such a prestigious burial place is proof of the high esteem he was given by the Florentines.[citation needed]

text: Other burials[edit]

text:
Zenobius of Florence
Conrad II of Italy
Giovanni Benelli
Filippo Brunelleschi
Giotto di Bondone
Pope Nicholas II
Pope Stephen IX
John Hawkwood


document_title: Jeep Wrangler

question_text: when did they start making 4 door jeep wrangler

question_tokens: when did they start making 4 door jeep wrangler

root

text: Jeep Wrangler

text: Background[edit]

text: Outwardly resembling the Jeep CJ-7, the Wrangler, which was formally announced in February 1986 at the 1986 Chicago Auto Show, was based on a new set of design parameters. "The product philosophy behind the two vehicles" François Castaing (AMC VP of Product Engineering) explained, "is completely different".[1] Just like the Willys MB and the Jeep CJ, Wranglers continue to use a separate body and frame, rigid solid axles both front and rear, a fold-flat windshield, and can be driven without doors. But its suspension, drivetrain, and interior were borrowed from the new Cherokee (XJ) model.[2]

tag: p

text: The Wrangler debuted in 1986 as a new model after discontinuance of the famous Jeep CJ series. It was revised in 1996, and completely redesigned in 2006. In addition to the model name Wrangler, each model received a designation corresponding to its generation: YJ (1986–1995), TJ (1997–2006), TJU's (commonly known as LJs- 2004–2006 Unlimited models, or YJL, in the Egyptian owners manual.), JKU (2007–present Unlimited models) and JK (2007–present). Foreign military versions of the Wrangler have carried the J8 designation which was initially dubbed TJL when first produced at Arab American Vehicle's Egyptian plant.[3]

text: Jeep YJ models were manufactured between 1986 and 1995 at Brampton Assembly, and subsequently at the Toledo South Assembly plant.[4] A major difference in the 1987–1995 models were the rectangular headlights, which reverted to rounded ones in the TJ and then JK versions. In 2006, Wrangler production was moved to Toledo Complex.[5] Post-2006 Wranglers were set apart from their predecessors by the angle of the grille. In all previous models, the grille was flat and even with the front fenders. The newer Wrangler was constructed with a grille which angled out from the top, and then continued in a straight line from the midway point, toward the bottom. This decreased the hood length, while increasing the length of the fenders. In more recent models, this angle has been lowered more toward the bottom of the grille.

text: In Egypt, the YJ was produced as well as a long wheel-base version, dubbed LJ (or labeled as YJL in Egypt's Owners Manual), and which has retained the 2-door design. The YJL is considered as the first predecessor of the JK's long wheel-base by continuing as TJL (aka J8) which has directly inspired the JK's 4-door.

text: There is a Jeep Wrangler Pickup coming into production in 2017.[6]

text: YJ (1987–1995)[edit]

text:
YJ

Overview

Also called
Beijing-Jeep BJ 2024[7]
Jeep Sahra (Iran)

Production
March 1986–December 1995 (Canada; USA)
1989–2001 (Iran)

Assembly
Toledo, Ohio, United States
Brampton, Ontario, Canada (Brampton Assembly)
Beijing, China (Beijing Benz)
Tehran, Iran (Pars Khodro)

Designer
Chuck Mashigan (1983)

Body and chassis

Body style
2-door convertible
2-door SUV

Related
AIL Storm I

Powertrain

Engine
2.5 L AMC 150 I4

Complete engine specs[show]

 •Displacement: 150.4 CID (2,465 cc)
 •Stroke: 3.188 in (8 cm)
 •Bore: 3.875 in (10 cm)
 •Power: varied
 •Torque: varied
 •Fuel Type: Gasoline

4.0 L AMC 242 I6

Complete engine specs[8][show]

 •Displacement: 242.1 CID (3,968 cc)
 •Stroke: 3.413 in (87 mm)[8]
 •Bore: 3.88 in (99 mm)[8]
 •Power: 177–190 hp
 •Torque: 224 LbFt
 •Fuel Type: Gasoline

4.2 L AMC 258 I6

Complete engine specs[show]

 •Displacement: ~258.1 CID (~4,230 cc)
 •Stroke: 3.895 in (10 cm)
 •Bore: 3.75 in (10 cm)
 •Power: 112–117 hp
 •Torque: 210 LbFt
 •Fuel Type: Gasoline

Transmission
3-speed TorqueFlite TF904 automatic
3-speed TorqueFlite TF999 automatic
5-speed Aisin AX-5 manual
5-speed Aisin AX-15 manual
5-speed Peugeot BA-10/5 manual

Dimensions

Wheelbase
93.4 in (2,370 mm)

Length
1986–89: 152.6 in (3,880 mm)
1989–92: 153 in (3,900 mm)
1992–95: 151.9 in (3,860 mm)

Width
66 in (170 cm)

Height
1993–95: 71.9 in (1,830 mm)
1986–1992 soft-top: 72 in (1,800 mm)
1986–1992 hardtop: 69.6 in (1,770 mm)

Curb weight
2,855–3,241 lb (1,295–1,470 kg)

tag: table

text: Development of a potential CJ7 replacement was green-lighted in 1982, with engineering and design work (under Chuck Mashigan) commencing. After approval earlier in 1983, a final design freeze occurred by the fall of 1983, with CJ7-based mules being built in late 1983 and the first production body test prototypes in the spring of 1984. By late 1985, development concluded, as the transition from pilot to series production began. In February 1986, the 1987 Jeep Wrangler was unveiled, entering production that March, and going on sale on May 13, 1986.

text: The Jeep YJ, sold as the Wrangler in the United States, replaced the Jeep CJ in 1986 and was built in Brampton, Ontario, Canada, until the plant closed on April 23, 1992. Production was then moved to Toledo, Ohio, using the same plant that produced the Willys Jeeps during World War II.

text: American Motors Corporation (AMC) had designed the new Jeep to be more comfortable on-road in an attempt to attract more daily drivers.[9] It was an entirely new design with a wider track, slightly less ground clearance, and more comfort. The YJ still had leaf spring suspension similar to that of the CJ – however the springs were wider, and the YJs sported trackbars and swaybars for improved handling. Despite the new grille, the body is very similar to that of the CJ7, and it is interchangeable with some major modifications. The YJ also was given a larger windshield over the CJ. The YJs are easily identifiable due to the rectangular headlights and the fact that the wiper blades rest on the windshield, giving this version a distinctive look. The blades rested on the windshield due to the now wider arc of the blades to clean the larger windshield. These two changes were later removed when the TJ was launched 1996. 632,231 YJs were built through model year 1995, although YJs were still sold into mid-1996, bringing the total production number to 685,071 units. Despite its similar look to the Jeep (CJ) its design was new from the ground up and had more in common with the newer downsized Cherokee (XJ) model.

text: The YJ used a 2.5 L AMC 150 I4 or optional 4.2 L AMC 258 I6 until 1991. That year, a fuel-injected 180 hp (134 kW) 4.0 L AMC 242 variant replaced the 112 hp (84 kW) 4.2 L 258 CID straight-6. The NP207 transfer case was used only for 1987 and replaced by the NP231.

text: The roll cage was extended in 1992 to allow for rear shoulder belts, and anti-lock brakes were added as an option the next year. An automatic transmission option for 4-cylinder Wranglers came in 1994, along with a center high-mounted brake light.

text: In 1994, the slave cylinder on manual transmissions was moved outside of the transmission's bellhousing to allow for easier replacement, and in 1995 the Dana 30 larger U-joints were used [front axle U-joints (297x) and rear pinion U-joint (1330)]. For the 1992 model year, the YJ switched over to an electronic speedometer, outmoding the cable speedos on older YJs. 1995 was the only model year to have a fully galvanized frame and body.

text: There were no 1996 model year Jeep Wranglers.[10] YJs produced in early 1996 were sold as 1995 model years, but featured a few new parts not seen on any earlier YJ. This included the new TJ bumpstops on the hood (rubber boots vs the traditional U-bars), reinforced tailgate hinges, and some even had rear TJ bumpers. Some also got the newly tuned I6 that was designed to run quieter in preparation for the TJ.

text: Top options for YJ were the same as those offered on TJ. A Soft top with "half doors", featuring soft plastic zipper windows came standard (windows could be removed completely from these doors). Full-frame doors with conventional glass windows were optional on soft-top models. Hard tops with rear wiper and defroster were optional, but came standard with full-framed doors. The YJ featured large mirrors with manually adjustable arms on half-door models, while full-framed doors received smaller adjustable mirrors with fixed arms (which were mounted further away from the door corner, compared to the larger-style mirrors). Depending on year and interior color, Jeeps could be had with the top colors in black, white, tan and gray. Roll-bar padding normally matched top color, with the exception of white tops.

text: Powertrain[edit]

text:
Engine
Year
Transmission

2.5 L AMC straight-4 engine
1994–1995
3-speed 30RH(A904) automatic

1987–1995
5-speed AX-5 manual

4.2 L AMC straight-6 engine
1986–1990
3-speed A999 automatic

1987–1989
5-speed BA-10 manual

1988–1990
5-speed AX-15 manual

4.0 L AMC straight-6 engine
1991
3-speed A999 automatic

1991–1995
3-speed 32RH(A999) automatic

1990–1995
5-speed AX-15 manual

text: YJ Wrangler Islander[edit]

text: From 1988 to 1993 Jeep produced an options package known as the "Islander". Several colors were offered, such as Bright Red, Pacific Blue, Sunset Yellow, Teal, and White, and both engines were offered. Features of the package are as follows:

text:
Body-color wheel flares and side steps
Sunset graphics on lower body and hood
Islander logo on front fenders and spare tire cover
Wrangler decals or embossments
Optional 20 gallon fuel tank
Gray interior and highback seats
Optional 5-spoke Alloy Wheels
Floor carpeting
Center console with cupholders
Full or half doors

tag: ul

text: YJ Wrangler Renegade[edit]

text: From October 1990 until 1994, Jeep produced an options package on the YJ Wrangler listed as the "Renegade Decor Group". Vehicles were shipped as optioned Wranglers to American Specialty Cars (ASC) in the Detroit area, where the Renegade Decor Package was installed, then shipped back to Jeep for delivery to dealers. Renegades all have a small sticker on the driver's side door, right above the latch denoting the visit to ASC. Initially, all Renegades were white, black, or red. Blue and bronze were added for the 1992 and 1993 model years, respectively. The Renegade Decor Group was a $4,266 option over a base Wrangler for 1991 and included special alloy wheels, exclusive body flares, along with many other features.

text: Contents of the Renegade Decor Package

text:
4.0 Liter (242 CID) I-6 Engine
30x9.5R15 LT OWL Wrangler A/T Tires
Exclusive 5-hole aluminum wheels, 8 inches wide
Full size spare tire
Highback seats with Trailcloth Fabric
Off-road gas shock absorbers
Power steering
Fog lamps (integrated into the front fenders)
Leather-wrapped steering wheel
Renegade striping (door letters)
Floor carpeting (full width, and on insides of body tub)
Floor mats, front
Extra capacity fuel tank (20 US gal.)
Color keyed fender flares with integrated bodyside steps
Front and rear bumperettes (plastic)
Center console with cup holders
Courtesy and engine compartment lights
Interval wipers
Glove box lock

text: A hardtop was a $923.00 option and came with a mandatory rear window defroster at $164.00. Although soft-top models came standard with "half doors", full framed doors with glass windows were an option, and as on all 6-cylinder Wranglers, air-conditioning was also an option. Renegades typically had the tilt steering wheel ($130.00) and an AM/FM/cassette stereo radio ($264.00). A column shift automatic was also an available option, but it was not popular.

text: Trim levels[edit]

text: North American YJ/Wranglers were available in the following standard trims.

text:
Base: also referred to as "S" & "SE" at different points in the model run; first few years the back seat and rear bumperettes were optional, some years the 6cyl engine was an option, other years only the 4cyl was available in the "Base" model. An A/M radio (later AM/FM stereo) with two speakers came standard, as did high-back vinyl bucket seats and a heater and blower. An AM/FM stereo, cassette player, and air conditioning were optional. In 1986, a basic Wrangler Base cost $8,995 MSRP.
Laredo: Chrome grille, bumpers, and trim, hard top and hard full doors, tinted windows, faux leather interior, body color fender flares and alloy wheels. An AM/FM stereo with cassette player, rear speaker sound bar, air conditioning, rear removable bench seat, and high-back cloth bucket seats all came standard.'LAREDO' decals adorned the hood on both sides or on the lower front fenders as part of the side stripes.
Islander: See Islander
Sport: which featured "sport" graphics and, beginning in 1991, a 4.0 L 242 CID inline-6-cylinder engine. An AM/FM stereo with two speakers and a rear removable bench seat came standard. A cassette player, rear speaker sound bar, cloth high-back bucket seats, and air conditioning were optional.
Sahara: which came standard with most available options, including body color fender flares and steel wheels, also included with the Sahara edition are special green trail-cloth seats with storage pockets, interior door panels with pockets, front bumper mounted fog lamps, and plastic ends on the front bumper). An AM/FM stereo with cassette player, rear speaker sound bar, unique cloth-and-vinyl high-back bucket seats, rear removable bench seat, exterior color steel wheels, and air conditioning were all standard on this model.
Renegade: See Renegade. 'Sahara Edition' decals adorned both front fenders.
Rio Grande: Available in champagne gold, moss green, white, along with the rare colors aqua pearl metallic, and Bright Mango; with a Pueblo themed interior trim package. This trim was only available in 1995, and was added to spice up the base 4-cylinder Wrangler 'S' models

A cassette player, rear speaker sound bar, and cloth high-back bucket seats came standard, and air conditioning and alloy wheels were all available on this model. Red-and-orange 'Rio Grande' decals adorned both rear fenders.

text: TJ (1997–2006)[edit]

text:
TJ

Overview

Also called
Jeep TJL (Egypt)
BAW Zhangqi[11]
Jeep Sahra (Iran)

Production
January 1996 – July 2006

Assembly
Toledo, Ohio, United States
Cairo, Egypt (AAV)
Beijing, China (Beijing Benz)

Designer
Michael Santoro[12] (1992, 1993)

Body and chassis

Body style
2-door convertible
2-door SUV

Related
AIL Storm II

Powertrain

Engine
2.4 L PowerTech I4

Complete engine specs[show]

 •Displacement: 148.2 CID (2,429 cc)
 •Stroke: 3.94 in (100 mm)
 •Bore: 3.41 in (87 mm)
 •Power: n/a
 •Torque: n/a
 •Fuel Type: Gasoline

2.5 L PowerTech I4

Complete engine specs[show]

 •Displacement: 150.4 CID (2,465 cc)
 •Stroke: 3.188 in (81 mm)
 •Bore: 3.875 in (98 mm)
 •Power: varied
 •Torque: varied
 •Fuel Type: Gasoline

4.0 L PowerTech I6

Complete engine specs[8][show]

 •Displacement: 242.1 CID (3,968 cc)
 •Stroke: 3.413 in (87 mm)[8]
 •Bore: 3.88 in (99 mm)[8]
 •Power: 190 hp
 •Torque: 235 ft/lbs.
 •Fuel Type: Gasoline

Transmission
3-speed TorqueFlite 30RH automatic
3-speed TorqueFlite 32RH automatic
4-speed Ultradrive 42RLE automatic
5-speed Aisin AX-5 manual
5-speed Aisin AX-15 manual
5-speed New Venture Gear NV3550 manual
5-speed New Venture Gear NV1500 manual
6-speed Chrysler NSG370 manual

Dimensions

Wheelbase
93.4 in (2,370 mm) standard
103.4 in (2,630 mm) LWB

Length
1996–99: 151.2 in (3,840 mm)
1999–2003: 155.4 in (3,947 mm)
2004–06 SWB: 154.9 in (3,934 mm)
2004–06 LWB: 171 in (4,343 mm)

Width
1996–2003, 2004–06 LWB: 68.3 in (1,730 mm)
2004–06 SWB: 66.7 in (1,690 mm)

Height
1996–99: 70.2 in (1,780 mm)
1999–2001: 71.1 in (1,810 mm)
2002–03 & 2004–06 LWB: 70.9 in (1,800 mm)
2004–06 SWB: 71.2 in (1,810 mm)

Curb weight
3,092–3,857 lb (1,403–1,750 kg)

text: In 1990, development of a successor to the YJ began in Chrysler's "Jeep-Truck Engineering Pre-Program" department under Bob Sheaves and TJ program director, Craig Winn. Mules based on the YJ were built from 1990 to 1993, when formal approval was given for the TJ development program at a $260 million budget. From 1991 to 1992 designers worked at the new Chrysler Technical Center, building on various design proposals. In late 1992, Michael Santoro's TJ proposal was chosen by Tom Gale, Lee Iacocca, and executive management. In May 1993, now with engineering and supplier input, Santoro's final Wrangler production design was frozen at 32 months ahead of initial assembly. Verification prototypes using production bodies were built from early 1994 and tested through late 1995. As YJ production ceased in December 1995, the last pre-production TJ examples were assembled, with start of series of production in January 1996.

text: Unveiled on January 2, 1996, at the 1996 Detroit Auto Show as an early 1997 model year introduction (1996 model year skipped), the TJ was an evolutionary update. It later arrived in Jeep showrooms in April 1996, after 6 years of overall investment and 36 month production development phase.

text: This updated Wrangler featured a coil-spring suspension (based on that of the Jeep Grand Cherokee) for better ride and handling, and a return to the classic CJ's round headlamps. The engine is the same 4.0 L AMC 242 Straight-6 used in the Cherokee and Grand Cherokee. A 2.5 L AMC 150 Inline-4 engine was available on entry-level models until 2002. The 2.4 L DOHC 4-cylinder engine previously used on the Chrysler PT Cruiser replaced it for 2003.

text: A right hand drive version of the TJ was available for export markets, and was also offered for sale to U.S. rural route postal carriers. The version offered to U.S. postal carriers was only available with an automatic transmission.

text: In 1998 (MY1999), the fuel tank became standard at 19 U.S. gallons (72 L; 16 imp gal) capacity. There were some changes between the 2002 and 2003 years. From 1996 to 2002, the side door mirrors were black metal framed mirrors; and from 2003 to 2006 they were plastic molded mirrors. The fit of hard and soft tops is slightly different, and the fabric and colors available changed from 2001 to 2003. In 2002 (MY2003), the 3-speed automatic transmission was replaced with a 4-speed automatic with overdrive. The overdrive can be turned off with a dash switch. The radio bezels went from a rectangle in 2002 to a rounded-edged rectangle for 2003. The sound bar inside was changed to sound pods. The interior seats also changed design, going from a rounder model to one with a distinct separation between back and headrest areas. The standard skid plate was also revised for 2003 to make room for the Rubicon's bigger NV241OR transfer case. The change from the 30/32RH to the 42RLE also gained an additional skid plate.

text: This version of the Wrangler is also notable for being the last production vehicle to use AMC-related parts. The AMC Straight-4 engine was retired after the 2006 model year, and both the AMC Straight-6 engine and the door handles (the latter of which first appeared on AMC vehicles in the 1968 model year) were retired along with this generation in 2006. Like the YJ Wrangler, the TJ Wrangler used both the AMC passenger car door handles as well as the larger door handles off the AMC-built Jeep CJ for higher-end models.

text: Trim levels[edit]

text: North American TJ/Wranglers were available in the following standard trims.

text:
SE: 1997–2006 models came standard with the 2.5 L from 1996–2002 production, and the 2.4 L from 2002–2006 production. The 4.0 L optional for 2005–2006. Standard features included an AM/FM stereo with two speakers (later, an AM/FM stereo with cassette player or single-disc CD player and four speakers), vinyl seats, and rear removable bench seat. This model was also available as a right-hand-drive (RHD) rural mail carrier model, which included right-hand-drive (RHD) and a flip-out front window for easy mail delivery.
X: 2002–2006 models came standard with 4.0 L but with no Dana 44 rear axle option. Standard features included an AM/FM stereo with cassette player and four speakers (later, a CD player replaced the cassette player) but air conditioning was optional.
Sport: 1997–2006 models came standard with 4.0 L and the Dana 35 rear axle. The Dana 44 rear axle, 3.73 axle ratio, and 30" wheel and tire group are optional. The Dana 44 could also be upgraded with a Trac-Lok limited slip differential case. Standard features were an AM/FM stereo with cassette player and four speakers and cloth seats.
Sahara: 1997–2004 models came standard with 4.0 L, wider body colored fender flares, body colored rocker sills, optional 30" wheel and tire group and full steel doors. The Sahara also features exclusive decals, seats and trim. The Dana 44 rear axle and 3.73 axle ratio were optional. Standard features included an AM/FM stereo with cassette player and four speakers (later, a CD player replaced the cassette player, and seven premium speakers with center console-mounted subwoofer became standard), premium cloth seats, and alloy wheels. From 1996–2002 production, the seats were finished in a unique Camel/Forest Green color scheme.
60th Anniversary Edition: 2001 model year came standard with all the features of a Sahara except for the seats, decals and trim. It also came with the fog lamp and tow hook group, CD player with five-speaker sound system, air conditioning and unique 60th Anniversary Edition decals and floor mats. The only two options were speed control and dual tops. Only two colors were available, black or silverstone metallic. Only 4,067 were produced; 1,862 in black, 2,205 in silverstone.[13]
65th Anniversary Edition: 2006 model year came standard with all the options of a Sahara but without the rocker sills, seats, decals and trim. It also came with fog lamps, CD player with 7 speaker sound system and Sirius Satellite Radio, SunRider soft top, 30" wheels with 15" Alcoa aluminum wheels, high pressure gas charged shocks, Dana 44 rear axle and exclusive 65th Anniversary Edition seats, trim, floor mats and decals.The available colors were light khaki, dark khaki, bright silver, black and Jeep Green.[14] Only about 1600 were made.[15]
Apex Edition: 2002–2003 model years came standard with the 4.0 L, CD player with 7 speaker sound system, and exclusive hood decal and seats. It only came in three colors silver, blue, or black. It also included standard features such as chrome-plated styled steel wheels and cognac-finished "Ultra-Hide" seats.
Columbia Edition: 2004 model year came standard with the 4.0 L, fog lamps, and graphite fender flares, 15-inch graphite painted aluminum wheels, two-tone seats with Columbia logo, unique trim and Columbia decals. It only came in five colors black, bright silver, flame red, solar yellow or partiot blue. Each of the unique jeeps came with a Columbia Bugaboo parka.[16]
Freedom Edition: 2003 model years came standard with the 4.0 L, full metal doors, fog lamp and tow hook group, body colored fender flares, exclusive decals, chrome wheels air conditioning, anti-theft system, and fold and tumble rear seat. It only came in four colors red, silver, blue or black with either vinyl or cloth slate gray seats.[17]
Golden Eagle: 2006 model years came standard with the 4.0 L, 30" Wheel and tire group, Dana 44 rear axle, exclusive hood, interior trim, seats, fender and spare tire decals.
Rocky Mountain Edition: 2003–2005 model years came standard with the 4.0 L, Dana 44 rear axle, 30" Wheel and tire group (with 15" Alcoa aluminum wheels), fog lamp and tow hook group, exclusive decals, fender flares, seats and interior trim and Diamond plate rocker guards. It only came in five colors black, silver, red, yellow and blue. It also included seven premium speakers with subwoofer, and unique cloth seats.
Sahara Edition Unlimited Rubicon: 2005 model year, Paramount released the movie Sahara which featured a Jeep Wrangler. As a way to build on the success of the movie, Jeep released a limited production "Sahara Edition" Unlimited Rubicon.[18] Only 1000 were produced and each one is numbered. All of them are visually identical, but some were offered in a manual and others an automatic. They are all Light Khaki Unlimiteds. Trim differences over the standard Rubicon include chrome grille, color matched flares, khaki hard top or soft top, as well as optional dual khaki tops, Graphite Moab wheels, a Sahara spare tire cover, upgraded two-tone premium seats, Sahara decals, taillight guards, and a numbered dash badge.
Tomb Raider Edition: 2003 model year was a limited run of 1,001 (perhaps as many as 1,050) Wrangler Rubicon "Tomb Raider" models produced promote the Tomb Raider sequel, Lara Croft: Tomb Raider – The Cradle of Life. Along with the standard Rubicon fare, it also included exterior features such as 16-inch Alcoa forged aluminum wheels, Tomb Raider badging, and Mopar accessories including a light bar, riveted fender flares, tubular grille guard, diamond-plated bumper guard, etc. Interior features included Dark Slate fabric seats with red accent stitching down the center, silver surround instrument panel bezel, red seat belts, and a Tomb Raider badge with serial number. To match the vehicle in the film, it was offered in Bright Silver.[19] Due to its classic styling, combined with numerous unique accessories, the 2003 "Tomb Raider" Limited Edition Wrangler Rubicon has become one of the most highly collectible jeeps of all-time.
Willys Edition: 2004–2005 model years came standard with the 4.0 L, fog lamp and tow hook group, exclusive "WILLYS" decals, CD player with 7 speaker sound system, body-color fender flares, green diamond plate rocker guards, camouflage seats, dark green soft top and full-size spare tire with matching wheel. It was only available in moss green.[20] Only about 1000 were produced in 2004.[21] A variation of the edition known as the 35X package, included everything except the military logos and optional moss green fog light covers and tail light guards.

text: Rubicon: The Wrangler Rubicon (named for the famed Rubicon Trail in the Sierra Nevada Mountains) was introduced in the summer of 2002. It featured front and rear air actuated locking Dana 44 axles with the Rock-Trac NV241 4:1 ratio transfer case, diamond plate rocker panels, 16-inch alloy wheels, and Goodyear MTR P245/75-R16 tires. From 2003 and 2004 featured a standard New Venture Gear NV3550 five-speed manual transmission, which changed in 2004 (2005 model) to the NSG370, a Mercedes-sourced six-speed. The optional 42RLE four-speed automatic transmission was available from 2003 to 2006.

text: TJ Wrangler Unlimited[edit]

text: In April 2004, Jeep introduced the 2004 1/2 Wrangler Unlimited (unofficially dubbed "LJ") with a 10-inch (250 mm) longer wheelbase (LWB), a Dana 44 rear axle with a 3.73 gear ratio and the Command-Trac NV231 transfer case. In late 2004, Jeep released the Rubicon Unlimited, which has the wheelbase of the Unlimited and the off-road features of the Rubicon such as front and rear Dana 44 axles with the Rock-Trac NV241 four-wheel-drive system, diamond plate rocker guards, 245/75R16 Goodyear MT/R tires, a six-speed manual transmission and other comfort and convenience options not offered on other Wranglers. This model of the Jeep Wrangler has nearly double the towing capacity of its shorter wheelbase sibling, partly due to the increased wheelbase. (3500 lbs LJ vs 2000 lbs TJ)

text: Powertrain[edit]

text:
Engine
Year
Transmission

2.5 L AMC Straight-4 engine
1996–2002
3-speed 30RH automatic

5-speed AX-5 manual

2.4 L PowerTech
2003–2006
4-speed 42RLE automatic

2003–2004
5-speed NV1500 manual

2005–2006
6-speed NSG370 manual

4.0 L AMC Straight-6 engine
1996–2002
3-speed 32RH automatic

2003–2006
4-speed 42RLE automatic

1996–1999
5-speed AX-15 manual

2000–2004
5-speed NV3550 manual

2005–2006
6-speed NSG370 manual

text: JK (2007–present)[edit]

text:
JK

Jeep Wrangler Unlimited Sahara (JK, Germany)

Overview

Also called

Jeep J8 (Egypt)[22]
Jeep TJL-J8 (Egypt)
Katana Prince

Production
August 2006–present

Assembly
Toledo, Ohio, United States
Guanyin, Taoyuan, Taiwan(Modified licensed version for the Taiwanese military)
Cairo, Egypt (AAV)

Designer
Mark Moushegian (2003)[23]

Body and chassis

Body style
2-door convertible
2-door SUV
4-door convertible
4-door SUV

Related

AIL Storm III
BAW B40
BAW B70
Jankel Thrasher
Jeep J8

Powertrain

Engine
2.8L VM Motori RA 428 Diesel I4

Complete engine specs[show]

 •Displacement: 168.8 CID (2,766 cc)
 •Stroke: 3.94 in (100 mm)
 •Bore: 3.70 in (94 mm)
 •Power: 160 hp (120 kW)
 •Torque: 295 lb·ft (400 N·m)
 •Fuel Type: Diesel

3.6L Pentastar V6

Complete engine specs[24][show]

 •Displacement: 220 CID (3,604 cc)[24]
 •Stroke: 3.78 in (96 mm)[24]
 •Bore: 3.27 in (83 mm)[24]
 •Power: 285 hp (209 kW[24]
 •Torque: 260 lb·ft. (353 Nm)[24]
 •Fuel Type: Gasoline

3.8 L EGH V6

Complete engine specs[25][show]

 •Displacement: 230.5 CID (3778 cc)[25]
 •Stroke: 3.43 in (87 mm)[25]
 •Bore: 3.78 in (96 mm)[25]
 •Power: 202 hp (151 kW)[25]
 •Torque: 237 lb·ft (321 N·m)[25]
 •Fuel Type: Gasoline

Transmission
4-speed Ultradrive 42RLE automatic
5-speed Mercedes-Benz W5A580 automatic
5-speed Chrysler 545RFE automatic
6-speed Chrysler NSG370 manual

Dimensions

Wheelbase
2-door: 95.4 in (2,420 mm)
4-door: 116 in (2,950 mm)

Length
2-door: 164.3 in (4,170 mm)
4-door: 184.9 in (4,700 mm)

Width
2-door: 73.7 in (1,870 mm)
4-door: 73.9 in (1,880 mm)

Height
70.9 in (1,800 mm)
2-Door Rubicon: 72.3 in (1,840 mm)

Curb weight
3,760–4,340 lb (1,706–1,969 kg)

text: Development[edit]

text: In 2001, DaimlerChrysler commissioned development of a TJ successor under the "JK" program code for the third generation Jeep Wrangler. Design work began almost instantly in 2001, with Mark Moushegian winning an internal design competition against Dan Zimmerman (later responsible for 2005 Jeep Hurricane Concept) by the second quarter of 2003. In January 2004, the JK design was frozen at 31 months ahead of production and work began on a conceptual preview.

text: On November 16, 2004, Jeep released 2 CAD renders of a Jeep pickup. On December 5, 2004, the 2005 Jeep Gladiator Concept was unveiled ahead of its January 2005 Detroit Auto Show debut, previewing many of the design elements on the incoming JK. The Wrangler JK was introduced at the 2006 North American International Auto Show with past Chrysler group CEO Tom LaSorda driving one up some steps and through a plate glass window, just as Robert Lutz had done at the show in January 1992 with the Grand Cherokee.

text: Initial release[edit]

text:
The 2007 model year brought a complete redesign of the Jeep Wrangler, and also a four-door model. The TJ chassis was replaced by an all new JK platform. This next-generation Wrangler was noticeably wider than the previous model, with a 3.4-inch (86 mm) wider track; and though the two-door model has a 2-inch (51 mm) longer wheelbase, it is actually 2.5 inches (64 mm) shorter in overall length than the TJ, allowing for a 44.3° approach angle and a 40.4° departure angle.[26] With a larger factory available tire size of 32 inches, the breakover angle on the Rubicon is increased from 22.6° to 25.4°.[27]
The four-door Unlimited model has an over 20-inch (510 mm) longer wheelbase at 116 in (2,950 mm) to offer much improved rear seating room, but is nevertheless only 2.4-inch (61 mm) longer than the 2006 TJ Unlimited.

text: The JK was first available for purchase with the 2007 model year, beginning in August 2006.

text: The JK Wrangler has been offered from the start in two models:

text:
A short-wheelbase 2-door, in X, Sahara and Rubicon trim levels.
A long-wheelbase Unlimited 4-door, also in X, Sahara and Rubicon trim levels.

text: The Wrangler X is available with factory installed right-hand drive, targeted at U.S. Mail carriers. Rural mail boxes in the United States are serviced with the carrier behind the wheel. This may also be useful for carriers who wish to get out of their vehicle without the risk of getting hit by traffic. For the 2007 and 2008 model years, the right-hand drive Jeep was the short-wheelbase Wrangler. For the 2009 model year, the right-hand drive Wrangler will be replaced by the right-hand drive Wrangler Unlimited.

text: Stability control is a new safety feature for the JK Wrangler. All versions offer off-road tuned Anti-lock braking system and traction control system with electronic limited slip differential. Standard on the Rubicon trim is a new electronic sway bar disconnect system.

text: The JK runs almost all vehicle functions, other than steering, under computer software control. Engine, transmission, and to some extent braking are computer controlled, as are lights and auxiliary systems. This is a first for the Wrangler. As of mid-2007, there have been three safety recalls for software fixes.[28]

text: A Sunrider convertible soft top is standard equipment. Also available on the JK model is an optional 3-piece modular hardtop. Although the doors can still be removed in traditional Wrangler fashion, power windows and remote power door locks will be offered for the first time in a Wrangler. Another first is an available navigation system. This is the first generation of the Jeep Wrangler to have a change in the tail lamps.

text: JK Wrangler Unlimited[edit]

text: The JK series 2007 Wrangler Unlimited was unveiled at the New York Auto Show on April 12, 2006. It is stretched even more than the TJ model, and featured four doors. This change made it the last-remaining 2-door SUV in North America to gain a four-door option and made it the only four door convertible in production. A full 20.6 inches (523 mm) was added to the JK Wrangler's 95.4-inch (2423 mm) wheelbase. It hit production line in August 2006 and was priced near $21,000.

text: The Unlimited has the same engine and transmission choices as a short-wheelbase JK. X and Sahara trims offer an option of 4x2 rear-wheel drive in the USA. Optional 4x2 was discontinued after the 2010 model year for the Unlimited. 4-wheel drive became standard for the 2011 model year. It is the only four-door convertible available in the US, since the Hummer H1 with optional rag-top is no longer sold.

text: The Unlimited offers more options and equipment than any previous Wrangler model, including standard electronic stability program and optional seat-mounted side airbags, remote keyless entry, navigation system, and Sirius Satellite Radio.[29] The navigation and satellite systems are a part of the MyGig Entertainment system that also has a hard drive allowing for the storage of MP3 music files and pictures.[30]

text: J8 (2007–)[edit]

text: On September 13, 2007, at the Defence Systems and Equipment International trade show, Chrysler LLC unveiled a Wrangler Unlimited version designed for military use dubbed the J8. The unarmored Jeep J8 is equipped with larger brakes, axles and suspension components than the civilian version and has a payload capacity of 1,339 kg (2,952 lb). The J8 also differs from the civilian model by utilizing heavy-duty rear leaf springs for carrying heavier payloads. The Jeep J8 is powered by a VM 2.8-liter (169 CID) four-cylinder turbo-diesel engine that produces 118 kW (158 hp) and 400 N·m (295 lbf·ft) of torque, providing towing capability of up to 3,500 kg (7,700 lb).[31] The engine is mated to a five-speed automatic transmission. The J8 also features a unique air-intake system with special filtration and a hood-mounted snorkel that enables the J8 to wade in water up to 762 mm (30 in) deep and tackle sandstorm conditions for up to five hours. Available as a two-door with an extended pickup bed for personnel or equipment transport, or a four-door multipurpose vehicle, it may be produced with numerous vehicle-body and seating configurations in either right-hand- or left-hand-drive.[32] Targeted for use by the militaries in overseas markets, the J8 is not available in the United States because it will not meet U.S. emissions requirements. The J8 will be produced in Egypt.[33]

text: JK trim levels[edit]

text: The Standard Wranglers are available in six trim packages (including 2 special editions). The Unlimited Wranglers are available in four trim packages (including 1 special edition). Most packages can be ordered with either hard or soft top, full or half doors ("Sport" and "Rubicon" only).

text: The Sport base model is available in 2-door versions. It is the "bare bones" Wrangler that can be customized to a buyer's specifications by adding such options as air conditioning and other accessories. It was originally called the "Wrangler X" until 2009. Later, stain-resistant YES Essentials cloth seats replaced standard vinyl seats, an AM/FM stereo with single-disc CD/MP3 player and auxiliary audio input jack, and full-sized spare tire and wheel came standard on this model.

text: The X-S model features 32-inch tires (on 17-inch wheels), air conditioning, fog lights, cruise control, driver’s seat height adjuster, removable doors, and a fold-down windshield. It can be customized to a buyers specifications adding such options as power windows and locks, soft or hard top, rear LSD or locker (2007 only), and other accessories. It was renamed "Sport S" in 2009. Advantages over the Sport included standard air conditioning, alloy wheels, matching spare tire and wheel, YES essentials stain-resistant cloth seats, optional UConnect touch-screen radios, optional seven-speaker premium sound system with subwoofer, and optional power equipment, such as power door locks and power windows, a first on any Wrangler model.

text: The Sahara model is the "luxury" model offering accessories such as body colored fenders, "Yes Essentials" seats (in late 2007–2008), power windows and locks and a 7 speaker infinity sound system with subwoofer, among others. It also offered exterior-color fender flares and a gold 'SAHARA' decal on both front fenders.

text: The Rubicon is the "off-road ready" model, offering 32in BF Goodrich Mud-Terrain KM off-road tires with aggressive tread, seventeen-inch alloy wheels, and more. 'RUBICON' decals adorned both sides of the hood.

text: The Rubicon package is the dedicated "Offroad" package. Standard components of the Rubicon package include front and rear next generation Dana 44 axles with electric lockers, Rock-Trac four-wheel drive with 4:1 transfer case, rock rails, 32-spline rear axle with an 8.8-inch ring gear, 4.10 axle gearing, electric releasing sway bar, "Yes Essentials" seats (2007–08), 7-speaker infinity sound system, and any other available option can be added.

text: 2009 model year update[edit]

text: The 2009 model added standard Hill Start Assist (HSA) to prevent rollback on graded surfaces. Trailer Sway Control (TSC) also is available to monitor vehicle movement relative to the intended path and activates the Electronic Stability Program (ESP) if the trailer begins to sway outside set parameters. Additionally, ULEV II emissions replace LEV II emissions on manual transmission equipped vehicles.[34]

text: Rocky Mountain Edition[edit]

text: The Rocky Mountain Edition is a special edition of the "X" model that was made for 2009 with 32-inch tires (on 18-inch wheels), black tubular sidestep, a 6-disc in-dash changer and visual enhancements such as body colored fenders were optional.

text: 2010 update[edit]

text: The 2010 model added a new easier-to-fold/open soft top, standard UConnect infotainment systems on models equipped with the MyGig radio, and new sun visors that offer more coverage than the old models, as well as integrated vanity mirrors.

text: Islander Edition[edit]

text: The Islander Edition is a special edition of the "Sport Base" model made in 2010 with "32"ish-inch tires, Islander edition seats, rubber slush mats, black tubular sidestep and visual enhancements such as a blue accented leather steering wheel.

text: Mountain Edition[edit]

text: The Mountain Edition is a special edition of the "Sport Base" model made for 2010 with 32-inch tires (on 17-inch wheels), black tubular sidestep, black tail light protectors and special edition seats, as well as visual enhancements like black grid and hood decals, a black fuel filler door and graphite dash enhancements. This edition was also available in 4 doors, based on the more equipped "Sport" trim instead of the "Sport Base" trim.

text: 2011 model year refresh[edit]

text: The 2011 model added a new steering wheel, as well as a completely redesigned interior with higher quality materials, larger rear windows to increase rear visibility, and a new USB interface with Bluetooth audio streaming. For the first time ever, automatic temperature controls were also added to the Wrangler as an option. The redesign was intended to provide a more refined interior as well as directly addressing interior comfort in noise and temperature.

text: 70th Anniversary Edition (MY2011)[edit]

text: The 70th Anniversary Edition is a special package based on the Sahara model to commemorate the 70th model year of the Wrangler. This package is available for the 2011 model year on both Wrangler and Wrangler Unlimited models. Features include: Black/Dark Olive (or Black) leather seats with perforated leather inserts and Chestnut accent stitching and piping, Leather steering wheel with Chestnut accents, Berber floor mats with Chestnut binding, Mopar brushed aluminum sill plates, Door armrest and center console in Dark Olive (or Black) with Chestnut accent, Unique 18-inch polished wheels, Automatic shift knob with satin chrome cap and bezel, Satin chrome HVAC rings, front doorpulls and grab handle, 70th Anniversary logo on radio screen, Unique cluster overlay and needles, and 70th Anniversary badges throughout.[35]

text: 2012 model year update[edit]

text: Jeep Wrangler 3.6-liter Pentastar V-6, Jeep Wrangler Arctic[edit]

text: The 2012 model, as confirmed by Chrysler CEO Sergio Marchionne during the 2010 third-quarter sales announcement, received a version of Chrysler's newest V-6 engine known as Pentastar.[36] The version used in the 2012 Wrangler and Wrangler Unlimited produces 285 horsepower and 260 lb-ft of torque. Fuel economy for the 2-door model is rated at 17 mpg City / 21 mpg Highway.[37]

text: Jeep Wrangler Arctic is based on Jeep Wrangler Sahara, with Arctic badge, decal recall the Yeti, unique black 17-inch wheels, original Mopar accessories, 3.6-liter Pentastar V-6 petrol engine with the automatic five-speed transmission or 2.8-liter turbo diesel engine with a six-speed manual or five-speed automatic transmission.

text: The vehicles were unveiled in 64th International Frankfurt Motor Show.

text: Wrangler Unlimited Altitude edition is a package that starts with a Sahara model and adds black exterior treatment including the front badge, the wheel spokes, the fuel door, and a hood sticker. Inside, the vent trim, door pulls, steering-wheel spokes, and passenger grab handle are rendered in black. Stitching is done in red. The Altitude Wrangler paint colors are cherry red, black, white, or silver, and all include a body-colored hardtop.

text: European models of Jeep Wrangler were introduced in Jeep dealerships starting November 2011. Early models include Sport, Sahara and Rubicon trim levels of Jeep Wrangler and Wrangler Unlimited. Arctic model were introduced in Jeep dealerships in the first quarter of 2012 (for Jeep Wrangler and Wrangler Unlimited).

text: Call of Duty: MW3 Special Edition (2012)[edit]

text: A version of 2012 model year Jeep Wrangler and Wrangler Unlimited Rubicon inspired by Activision's Call of Duty video games was available. Equipment included Rubicon wheels finished in semi-gloss black, black, or bright silver body color, "Call of Duty: MW3 Special Edition" graphics on the front fenders and spare tire cover, modified sculpted hood also from AEV (no heat vent); an AEV winch-ready (less the winch plate) front bumper and AEV rear bumper, rock rails, taillamp guards and a fuel-filler door from Mopar accessories; 32-inch off-road tires, live axles with locking differentials in the front and rear, a two-speed transfer case, model-specific black seats with accent stitching and "Call of Duty" logos, unique gauge cluster graphics, dashboard serialized plaque, dashboard grab handle with logo, accent stitching on arm rest, console lid, and steering wheel, as well as Mopar slush floor mats and a rear cargo mat (Unlimited only) with logos.[38]

text: The vehicles arrived at Jeep showrooms in November 2011.[39]

text: Equipment[edit]

text: Mopar produced over 250 accessories for 2012 Jeep Wrangler.[40]

text: 2013 model year update[edit]

text: The Wrangler series have received the following update/improvements; newly contoured seats and trim, a lever for one-handed rear-seat folding (previously a two-handed operation), ambient cabin lighting, and the return of the long-awaited second windshield washer nozzle.

text: 2013 Moab edition[edit]

text: Similar to the 2012 "Call of Duty" version, it was named in recognition of the mountainous Utah east-central region that plays host to the annual Moab Easter Jeep Safari. The newest addition to the Wrangler lineup was aimed to bridge the gap between Rubicon and Sahara style.

text: Available for both Wrangler models, the Moab’s uniqueness was its distinguishing exterior features which included the steel bumpers front and rear from AEV (less the winch plate), rock sliders on the sills, tail light guards, front skid plate, black fuel filler door and a modified sculpted hood also from AEV (no heat vent). Color choice was limited to black, white, and a quartet of signature hues: Gecko, Dune, Crush, and Rock Lobster with fender flares in matte black only.

text: Other components and options were as follows: A limited-slip rear differential is standard and a locking unit is optional, 32" Goodyear Silent Armor tires on black-painted versions of the same wheels found on the 2013 Rubicon, Wrangler’s standard 2.72:1 transfer case (no option for a Rubicon 4:1), a soft canvas top cut from the same cloth as the Chrysler 200 Convertible’s and optional color matching hard top.

text: Production[edit]

text: The 2013 Jeep Wrangler and Jeep Wrangler Unlimited are built in the Toledo Supplier Park in Toledo, Ohio.

text: As of May 17, 2013, Chrysler Group's Toledo (Ohio) Assembly Complex produced its one-millionth JK model, a 2013 Jeep Wrangler Rubicon 10th Anniversary Edition, to be delivered to a customer in Sarasota, Florida.[41]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: As part of 2013 Jeep Wrangler Rubicon 10th Anniversary Edition launch, the Jeep X Games Avalanche Scramble sweepstakes campaign featured a 2013 Jeep Wrangler Rubicon 10th Anniversary Edition grand prize and 3 'X Games Aspen 2013' prizes.[42]

text: Commando Jeep[edit]

text: The Commando Jeep is a commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) tactical vehicle based on the Jeep Wrangler with a factory installed turbodiesel engine operating on JP-8 and global diesel fuels.[43] It is a vehicle modified for use by airborne forces, special operations forces, and combat engineers.

text: 2014 model year refresh[edit]

text: Wrangler, Rubicon Edition, X Edition, Polar Edition, Freedom Edition, Willys Wheeler Edition, Dragon Edition[edit]

text: Changes to Jeep Wrangler include a new Trail Kit (two D-rings, a tow strap, gloves and a bag to store the items), clear park lamps and turn signal indicators replace the amber units, 6 new body colors (Amp’d, Anvil, Copperhead, Flame Red, Granite Crystal and Hydro Blue (Freedom Edition only)) for total of 10.

text: Changes to Sport models include the introduction of optional UConnect 6.5-inch touchscreen radio with hard drive storage and SiriusXM Radio, optional 32-inch Tire and Wheel Group (semi-gloss black 17-inch Rubicon aluminum wheels, BF Goodrich KM LT255/75R17 off-road tires).

text: Available as a two-door Wrangler or four-door Wrangler Unlimited, the Rubicon X is a version of Rubicon with electronic-locking front and rear Dana 44 axles, Rock-Trac transfer case with a "4-Low" ratio of 4:1, 4.10 front/rear axle ratio Tru-Lok locking differentials, six-speed manual transmission, BF Goodrich KM 255/75R17 tires, 17-inch Rubicon aluminum wheels painted satin black with polished faces and a red Jeep Wrangler 'icon' logo on the inside pocket, black front and rear steel off-road bumpers, front steel bumper featuring removable end caps and a winch-capable design, a dual-intake Power Dome hood, red tow hooks, Mopar rock rails, Mopar black fuel filler door, a red-silhouette "Rubicon" decal on both sides of the hood, Premium Sunrider soft top (optional black three-piece Freedom hard top or body-color hard top), Black leather seats, seat heaters for the front passengers, a unique gauge cluster features Rubicon X exclusive styling and a premium Electronic Vehicle Information Center (EVIC) with added read-outs such as oil pressure, transmission and coolant temperatures, digital speed and individual tire pressure; passenger grab handle with Quick Silver accents that are also found on the vent rings, steering wheel spokes and door pulls; Mopar slush mats, unique axle locker, sway-bar disconnect switches.

text: New limited edition trim packages include the Wrangler Dragon edition, which includes a black three-piece hard top, Bronze Satin Gloss paint with Dragon decals, and unique 18 inch wheels and front fascia.[44][45] Jeep introduced the Polar Edition Wrangler in 2014 which was available in 2-door and 4 door and came in three distinct colors; Hydro Pearl Blue, Billet Silver Metallic, and Bright White. In addition to the new colors, the Polar Edition came with options including automatic climate control and heated seats to supplement the black leather seats. The Polar Edition has some similarities to the Sahara such as body colored fender flares and also came standard with a body colored hard top. The Polar Edition is equipped with a standard Trac-Lok limited slip rear differential and offer an electronic locking rear differential as an option.[46] A new Freedom Edition is a modified Wrangler sport with 3 unique body colors (Hydro Blue, Billet Silver, and Black and Dune. The package includes a Mineral Gray painted grille, a unique interior and exterior with "Oscar Mike" badging throughout, body colored fenders with silver-painted 17 inch alloy wheels, and rock rails with black tail lamp guards. The interior includes black seats with tectonic fabric, and a French Silver accent stitching steering wheel.[47]

text: European models were set to go on sale in the first quarter of 2014. UK models include only 2.8-litre turbo diesel engine with automatic transmission.[48][49]

text: Equipment[edit]

text: New Mopar Jeep Performance Parts and Accessories included 2014 Jeep Wrangler Trail Rated Kit, 4:10 Dana 44 front and rear axles (for 2007–2014 Wrangler), Hardtop Headliner (for 2007 and later Wrangler), Black Grille (with hood seal and a matching black Jeep badge), Side Visor.[50]

text: 2015 model year update[edit]

text: Changes for 2015 include the new paint colors (including, new for 2015, Tank (dark olive green), Sunset Orange, Copper Brown, Baja Yellow, and Firecracker Red.)[51] and trim packages (Sport, Willys Wheeler, Sahara, Rubicon, and Rubicon Hard Rock levels.)[52]

text: Changes also include a new standard eight-speaker audio system, a new nine-speaker system that includes a subwoofer, a package that bundles steel wheels with 31-inch tires for Sport models, and a Torx tool set that's standard on all models, allowing owners to remove the doors or lower the windshield wherever they are.[53]

text: The Jeep Wrangler was released in India on 30 August 2016. Alongside the Grand Cherokee, the Wrangler was the first model to be sold directly by Jeep in the country.[54] Jeeps have been built under licence by Mahindra in India since the 1960s.[55]

text: 2018 model year update[edit]

text: Jeep is set to reveal a redesigned fourth generation Wrangler, due to be out later 2017 or early 2018.[56]

text: Powertrain[edit]

text:
Engine
Year
Transmission

3.8 L EGH
2007–2011
4-speed 42RLE automatic

2007–2011
6-speed NSG370 manual

3.6 L Pentastar
2012–Present
5-speed W5A580 automatic

2012–Present
6-speed NSG370 manual

2.8 L RA 428
2007–2010
5-speed 545RFE automatic

2011–Present
5-speed W5A580 automatic

2007–2015
6-speed NSG370 manual

text: A 3.8 L EGH V6 with a displacement of 230.5 cubic inches (3,778 cc)[25] producing 202 hp (151 kW) and 237 pound force-feet (321 N·m) of torque was the base engine in 2007 -2011 models. It replaced the venerable AMC 242 straight-6.

text: The 2.8 L VM Motori turbodiesel straight-4 producing 177 hp (132 kW) and 302 pound force-feet (409 N·m) of torque used in the Liberty is offered as options outside of U.S., as it does not satisfy U.S. emission control standards for 2007.

text: A six-speed manual transmission is standard, with a four-speed automatic transmission offered as an option. The lower two levels have the Jeep Command-Trac part-time four-wheel drive system with an optional Trac-Loc limited-slip differential, while the Rubicon uses Rock-Trac a version of the NV241 with a 4:1 low range. Electronic locking front- and rear-axles called Tru-lok are also standard on Rubicon models. (A rear locking differential was optional on X and Sahara models for 2007, then only on select X models for 2008 and 2009. From 2010 onward, the only non-Rubicon Wrangler to have the Tru-lok locking differential as an option are the 2015 Wrangler X, based on the Sahara, and the 2016 75th Anniversary Edition Wranglers.)

text: Recognition[edit]

text: The Jeep Wrangler received the 2009 Best Resale Value Award from Kelley Blue Book (KBB) in the sport utility vehicle category. In 2012 and for 2013, it was also awarded the Best Resale Value Award from Kelly Blue Book in the compact sport utility vehicle category.[57][58] The Wrangler also holds the Models to Best Hold Its Value recognition from Kelley Blue Book for 1998, 1999, 2003, 2011, and 2012.[59][60][61]

text: The 2011,[62] 2012,[63] and 2013[64] Jeep Wranglers have received Canadian Black Book's Best Retained Value Award for the compact SUV category.

text: In 2007, The Jeep Wrangler had set set the Guinness World Record for highest altitude attained by a four-wheeled vehicle after ferrying Matthias Jeschke and his Extrem Events adventure team up Chile's Ojos del Salado, the highest volcano on Earth (record beaten the same year by a Suzuki Samurai [65]). The trek from base camp to the world record height ran from March 7 to March 13, when the team's pair of Wrangler Rubicon Unlimiteds checked in at 6,646 metres (21,804 ft).

text: In 2007 and for 2013, the magazine Four Wheeler awarded the Jeep Wrangler with its Four-Wheeler of the Year Award[66][67] and in January 2010, they awarded the Jeep Wrangler Unlimited Rubicon its title of 4x4 of the Decade.[68][69]

text: In 1997, 2007, and 2012, the magazine Petersen's 4-Wheel & Off-Road awarded the Jeep Wrangler with its 4x4 of the Year award.

text: The 2008 edition of Forbes Autos lists the four-wheel-drive convertible Jeep Wrangler at number four among the top ten vehicles with the highest resale value.[70]

text: In May 2009, Business Week magazine named the Wrangler One of the Most Iconic Cars of the Last 20 Years.[71]

text: Electric Wrangler[edit]

text: In September 2008, Chrysler Vice Chairman Tom LaSorda unveiled a range-extended electric 4-door Wrangler along with similarly engineered Town and Country minivan and a purely electric sports car. The Wrangler would have a 40-mile (64 km) range before a gas engine starts and begins supplying additional electricity.[72] However, in November 2009 Fiat SpA disbanded Chrysler's ENVI electric car division and dropped these models from future product plans.[73]

text: Sales[edit]

text:
Calendar Year
United States
Canada
Outside North America
Total

1999
89,174

89,174

2000
82,254[74]

82,254

2001
68,831

68,831

2002
64,351[75]

64,351

2003
70,093[76]

70,093

2004
77,550[77]

77,550

2005
79,017

79,017

2006
80,271[78]

80,271

2007[79]
119,243
9,834 [80]

129,077

2008[81]
84,615
12,137 [80]

96,752

2009[82]
82,044
7,271 [83]

89,315

2010[84]
94,310
11,062 [85]

105,372

2011[86]
122,460
15,636 [85]

138,096

2012[87]
141,669
18,996 [88]

160,665

2013[89]
155,502
18,578

174,080

2014
175,328
23,057
36,194
234,579

2015[90]
202,702
20,880
31,702
255,283

2016
191,774[91]
18,505[92]


question_text: who wrote king arthur and the round table

text:
King Arthur and His Knights of the Round Table

1955 edition

Author
Roger Lancelyn Green

Illustrator
Lotte Reiniger

Country
England

Language
English

Subject
The legends of King Arthur

Genre
Fairy tales
Folklore

Publisher
Puffin Books

Publication date

1953

Media type
Print

Pages
330

text: King Arthur and His Knights of the Round Table is a novel for children written by Roger Lancelyn Green. It was first published by Puffin Books in 1953 and has since been reprinted.[1] In 2008 it was reissued in the Puffin Classics series with an introduction by David Almond (the award-winning author of Clay, Skellig, Kit's Wilderness and The Fire-Eaters),[2] and the original illustrations by Lotte Reiniger.

text: Green attempted to weave together the many legends surrounding King Arthur in a single narrative, claiming that Thomas Malory's version of the story, Le Morte d'Arthur, was a loose collection of separate stories. Green attempted to relate each legend so that the entire story would have a beginning, middle and end. Green used many sources in addition to Malory.

text: Summary[edit]

text: After Uther Pendragon's death, Merlin the magician forms a stone and in it a sword. On this sword it is written that anyone who can pull it out of the stone will become the new King of England. After many years, the young Arthur, secretly the son of Uther Pendragon, pulls the sword out of the stone and becomes King. Together with Merlin, he constructs a round table, at which only the best knights of England may sit.[3] More and more knights come to join the brotherhood of the Round Table, and each has his own adventures.[3]

text: Eventually, the holy knight Galahad, the son of Sir Lancelot, comes to Arthur's court. With his coming, all the knights ride throughout Europe in search of the Holy Grail of Jesus Christ. Only four knights see the Grail: Sir Lancelot, Sir Percival, Sir Bors de Gaunnes, and Sir Galahad.[3]

text: After the Grail is found, the last battle of the Knights of the Round Table is fought. In this battle many knights die, and with them King Arthur, Sir Gawain, who is Arthur's nephew, and Mordred, the wicked son of King Arthur, and his half-sister Morgana le Fay.[3] King Arthur is taken away to Avalon, a secret island after he is terribly wounded by Mordred while he was making the final stab with his sword to kill Mordred.[3]


question_text: who can be buried at the air force academy

text: The United States Air Force Academy Cemetery is a cemetery at the United States Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs, El Paso County, Colorado.

text: Notable interments[edit]

text:
Medal of Honor recipients
William J. Crawford, for action in World War II; US Army retired Master Sergeant and long-time janitor-student mentor at the Academy
General officers
Samuel E. Anderson, Commander of 5th Air Force, Korean War.
Salvador E. Felices, delivered the first KC-135 to SAC Headquarters.  Was the first to pilot the first flight of a KC-135 made by the then joint Chiefs of Staff.
Harold L. George, espoused precision daylight bombing methods, unofficial leader of the Bomber Mafia, first leader of Air Transport Command
Hubert R. Harmon, first Superintendent of the Air Force Academy
Curtis LeMay, Air Force Chief of Staff and the father of Strategic Air Command (SAC)
John P. McConnell, sixth Air Force Chief of Staff
Robin Olds, Air Force brigadier general and fighter ace
Samuel C. Phillips, Air Force four-star general, Director of Apollo Program through Apollo 11.
John Dale Ryan, seventh Air Force Chief of Staff
Carl Spaatz, first Air Force Chief of Staff
Louis L. Wilson Jr., Commander of Pacific Air Forces
Purple Heart Recipients
Laura A. Piper, first female Air Force Academy graduate to be awarded the Purple Heart, killed April 14, 1994 (1994 Black Hawk shootdown incident).