document_title: Timeline of the introduction of color television in countries

question_text: when did the first colour tv come out in the uk

text: This is a list of when the first color television broadcasts were transmitted to the general public. Non-public field tests and closed-circuit demonstrations are not included.

text: Countries and territories which never had black and white television (i.e. the first broadcasts were in color), such as Zanzibar, Brunei, Botswana, Laos, South Africa, Namibia, Macau, Sri Lanka, Papua New Guinea, Fiji, Palau, Bhutan, Vanuatu, Faroe Islands, Malawi, The Gambia, Tonga, Liechtenstein, San Marino, Somalia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe, Tanzania and Nepal are not included in this list.

text:
Country
Year
Network or channel
Color system
Notes

 Afghanistan
1977/1983
RTA
PAL
First experimental color broadcasts in late 1977 and stalled in 1979 due to the Soviet War in Afghanistan. Returned by at least 1983 in full service.

 Albania
1981
RTSH
PAL
Color broadcasts had been available from Yugoslavia since 1971, and Italy since 1977, Frequencies have been occasionally jammed due to censorship of some programs in Albania in that time.

 Algeria
1973
RTA
PAL
RTA was transmitted in the older French 819-line standard System E, until 1973 when it started broadcasting in 625-line standard System B.[1]

 American Samoa
1969
KVZK-2
NTSC
KVZK-2 was a National Educational Television affiliate.

 Angola
1983
TPA
PAL

 Argentina
1978/1980
LS 82 Canal 7
PAL-N
Introduced for the 1978 FIFA World Cup (regular full color transmission began at midnight on Thursday 1 May 1980). In 1969, Canal 13 made experimental transmissions in NTSC, but did not receive government approval. Subsequently, the project was cancelled.

 Armenian SSR
1973/1978
Armenia 1
PAL
First transmission was the May Day Parade in Yerevan. Full-time color transmissions since Christmas Eve 1978.

 Australia
1975
ATV-0 (now ATV-10).
PAL
Full-time color transmissions since Saturday, March 1, 1975. First closed-circuit color test broadcast on Thursday, June 15, 1967 with live coverage of the Pakenham races.[2] Many television shows were produced and broadcast in color between 1972-1974, with limited color transmissions from mid-1974 on.

 Austria
1969/1975
ORF
PAL
First transmission was the Eurovision broadcast of New Year Concert from Vienna on Wednesday, January 1, 1969. Full-time color transmissions since January 15, 1975.

 Azerbaijan SSR
1983
AzTV
PAL

 Bahamas
1983
ZNS-TV
NTSC
Color transmissions had been available from Miami since 1954 (WTVJ) and West Palm Beach since the late-1950s[3]

 Bahrain
1972
Bahrain TV
PAL

 Bangladesh
1980
BTV
PAL

 Barbados
1971
CBC
NTSC

 Belize
1984
Channel 7
NTSC

 Benin
1982
OTRB
PAL

 Byelorussian SSR
1961/1979
Belteleradio
SECAM
The first Soviet Bloc country and first country in Eastern Europe to introduce color television in 1961. Full color service came around 1979.

 Belgium
1967/1971
RTB/BRT
PAL
Color broadcasts from France (SECAM), Germany and Netherlands (PAL) were available since 1967. Early receivers were very costly owing to multiple standards: PAL/SECAM/625 lines and monochrome/819 lines

 Bermuda
1968
ZBM-TV
NTSC
ZBM was an affiliate of the U.S. network CBS. Color broadcasts have been available from the United States since 1958.

 Bolivia
1977/1980
TV Boliviana
NTSC
Experimental color broadcasts began in 1977. Full-time color arrived in 1980. Color broadcasts have been available from Brazil since 1970, but were PAL.

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
1971/1972/1973-1978
Televizija Sarajevo
PAL
First color transmission came from Belgrade in 1971, local service began in 1972 to 1973 1978.

 Brazil
1970/1972/1973-1978
Bandeirantes/Globo
PAL-M
First transmissions (unofficial and just for specific programs) were made between 1962 and 1963 using NTSC. Tests for the regular transmissions begins in 1970 with the Mexico's FIFA World Cup, and the first official transmission being the coverage of the 12th Caxias do Sul Grape Festival in February 1972. Full-time color transmissions since 1973 to 1978.

 Bulgaria
1970/1977
BNT
SECAM
Full color transmissions achieved by 1977.

 Burma
1984
MRTV
NTSC
The last country in Southeast Asia to introduce color television.

 Burundi
1983
RTNB
SECAM

 Kampuchea
1981/1985
National Television of Kampuchea
PAL
Full-time color transmissions started in 1985.

 Canada
1966/1974/1976-1977
(CBC, SRC), CTV
NTSC
First test transmissions on CBC in September 1966, CTV began color broadcasts a year later. Color broadcasts from the United States had been available since the mid-1950s. A mandatory transition to color for all transmitters took place between 1969 and 1976 on all English and French channels. CBC began Full-time color broadcasts in 1974. Full-time color officially achieved between 1976-1977.

 Central African Republic
1982
RTC
SECAM

 Chad
1982
Télé Tchad
SECAM

 Chile
1978
TVN, Canal 13
NTSC
First transmission in color was in the 13th Viña del Mar Festival, but only for export until the 18th edition. First nationwide color show transmitted was Esta noche fiesta of Canal 13 on Monday, April 10, 1978.[4] First news report in color was shown at Teletrece on April 12, 1978.[5] Full-time color transmissions since mid 1979.

 China
1973/1984
CCTV
PAL
Urban areas began color broadcasts in 1973. Full-time color transmissions since 1984 nationwide.

 Colombia
1979[6]
Inravisión
NTSC
Test broadcasts in SECAM were held in 1966.[7] Test for the regular transmissions began in 1971 with the coverage of that year's Pan American Games held in Cali. In 1974, the inauguration of West Germany's FIFA World Cup was aired in color in closed circuit at two colosseums in Bogota and Cali.[8] Full-time color transmissions since Saturday, December 1, 1979.[6]

 Congo (Brazzaville)
1975
TeleCongo
SECAM

 Costa Rica
1973
TICA-TV
NTSC

 Croatia
1972
Televizija Zagreb
PAL

 Cuba
1958/1975
Tele-Color, S.A.
Tele Rebelde (1975)
NTSC
Ended in 1959 as a result of the Cuban Revolution; returned in 1975.

 Cyprus
1976
CyBC
SECAM

 Czechoslovakia/ Czech Republic
1973
ČST
SECAM PAL
Regular colour broadcasts started in May 9, 1973 on second channel and in May 9, 1975 on first channel. Full color transition in late 1970's, switched to PAL broadcasting in 1993. ČST started color experiments in late 60's in PAL. After Russian invasion in 1968 SECAM was chosen for broadcasting, but not for production. TV studios worked in PAL and than it was transcoded for SECAM broadcasting till 1993.

 Denmark
1968/1970[9]
Danmarks Radio
PAL
First introduced for the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble, France.[9] The national broadcaster's programming transitioned to color throughout 1969 and "color tests" were officially ended on Wednesday, April 1, 1970.[9] Color broadcasts had been available from Germany since 1967.

 Djibouti
1974
RTD
SECAM

 Dominican Republic
1969
Color Visión
NTSC

 Ecuador
1974
Ecuavisa
Teleamazonas
NTSC

 Egypt
1973
ETV
PAL

 Equatorial Guinea
1976
RNGE
SECAM

 El Salvador
1973
YSU-TV
NTSC

 Estonian SSR
1967/1972
ETV
SECAM/
PAL
First color broadcasts came from Moscow; first local color program was transmitted on Saturday, December 30, 1972. Transitioned from SECAM to PAL 1992-1999.

 Ethiopia
1979
ETV
PAL

 Finland
1970
YLE/MTV
PAL

 France
1967/1976/1983
ORTF
SECAM
Introduced on La Deuxième Chaîne at 2:15pm (14:15) on Sunday, October 1, 1967. The first channel TF1 remained B&W for years due to being transmitted in the older 819-line standard: its transition to color 625-line began on Thursday, January 1, 1976 and the full nationwide color coverage was only achieved in 1983.[10]

 French Polynesia
1971
RFO (1erè Radio Tahiti)
SECAM

 French Guiana
1974
RFO (Guyane RFO TV)
SECAM

 Gabon
1973
RTG
SECAM

 Georgian SSR
1975-1976/1984
Georgian Public Broadcaster
SECAM
The last country with black and white transmission to introduce color television. Early color broadcasts came from Moscow since at least 1975 and 1976 during certain events.

 East Germany
1969
DFF
SECAM
Introduced on Friday, October 3, 1969 on the new second television channel launched for that purpose with a symbolic launch button pressed by Walter Ulbricht on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the GDR on Tuesday, October 7. The television tower in East Berlin was also opened that day.

 West Germany
1967
ARD/ZDF
PAL
Introduced on both channels simultaneously at 9:30am on Friday, August 25, 1967 with a symbolic launch button pressed by Willy Brandt on the International Radio and Television Fair in West Berlin.

 Ghana
1980
GTV
PAL

 Gibraltar
1969
GBC
PAL

 Greece
1976/1977-1979
ERT
SECAM
Test color broadcasts began in 1976. Full color broadcasts started on 1977 to 1979. ERT switched to PAL in 1992.

 Greenland
1984/1987/1990
KNR
PAL
Color broadcasts from Canada had been available since 1972, but were NTSC and Iceland since 1976. Private transmitters were built to receive TV signals from those countries long before Greenland had their native TV service which came into broadcast in 1982. Full-time color service came in 1984, remote areas continued to broadcast in black and white until c.1987-1990.

 Guadeloupe
1972
RFO (Guadeloupe 1erè)
SECAM

 Guinea
1971
RTG
PAL
Color broadcasts from the Ivory Coast had been available since 1970, but were SECAM.

 Guinea-Bissau
1981
RTGB
PAL

 Guatemala
1970
RTG
NTSC
First Central American country to introduce color television; color broadcasts available from Mexico since 1967.

 Guam
1970
KUAM-TV
NTSC
KUAM was a primary NBC affiliate that also carried some programming from ABC and CBS.

 Haiti
1971
Télé Haïti[11]
NTSC

 Honduras
1973
Canal 3 Honduras
NTSC

 Hong Kong
1969/1975
TVB
PAL
Introduced for the Festival of Hong Kong in December 1969. Color broadcasts have been available from PR China since 1973. Full-time color broadcasts since 1975.

 Hungary
1971/1975
Magyar Televízió
SECAM
Full color broadcasts introduced in 1975.

 Iceland
1974-1976
RÚV (Sjónvarpið)
PAL
Full-time color broadcasts since 1974 to 1976.

 India
1978/1979-1981/1982
Doordarshan
PAL
Experimental color broadcasts began in 1978. Color broadcasts from Pakistan had been available since 1977. Full color broadcasts were introduced in 1979 and 1981 to 1982.

 Indonesia
1982
TVRI
PAL
Full-time color broadcasts began on Tuesday 24 August 1982.

 Iran
1973
NIRT
SECAM

 Iraq
1968
RTI
SECAM
First Muslim country to introduce color television.

 Ireland
1971
RTÉ
PAL
Introduced for the Eurovision Song Contest 1971 in Dublin on Saturday, April 3, 1971; color broadcasts from United Kingdom available since 1967–69.
Full-time color broadcasts began in 1976.

 Israel
1977/1978/1979-1983
IBA/IETV
PAL
Introduced for the coverage of the Egyptian president's visit to Israel in November 1977, then reintroduced for the Eurovision Song Contest 1979 in Jerusalem on Saturday, March 31, 1979. Gradual transition to full-time color transmissions from 1980 to 1983. Full-time color transmissions since February 1983. Color broadcasts from Jordan and Egypt had been available since 1974 and Lebanon since 1975. Since color TVs were considered more expensive, the government ordered removing the color signals, in the name of public equality. Engineers have managed to produce a device that extrapolates the colors from programs that were originally shot in color, and such devices were sold to the thousands.

 Italy
1972/1977
RAI
PAL
Introduction temporarily stalled by political turmoil. Color broadcasts from France (SECAM) had been available since 1967, and from Austria (PAL) since 1969. Privately operated transmitter chains made these signals available as far as Rome. First color test was in 1972 Summer Olympic Games. The Sanremo Music Festival began to be broadcast in color in 1973, as well as, in the same year, the Jeux Sans Frontières. Full-time color transmissions started on Tuesday, February 1, 1977.

 Ivory Coast
1970
RTI
SECAM

 Jamaica
1975
JBC
NTSC

 Japan
1960/1968/1971
NHK/NTV
TBS
YTV
ABC
NTSC-J
The first Asian country to introduce color television, on Saturday, September 10, 1960. Full-time color since 1968 to 1971.[12]

 Jordan
1974
JTV
PAL

 Kazakh SSR
1977
Kazakhstan
PAL
Full color transmissions introduced in the 1980s.

 Kenya
1978
KBC
PAL

 North Korea
1977-1980
KCTV
PAL
Full color broadcasts were introduced by 1977 to 1980.

 South Korea
1975/1981
KBS/MBC
NTSC
Test color broadcasts began in 1975. Full-time color broadcasts since 1981. Color broadcasts have been available from North Korea since 1974.

 Kuwait
1974
KTV
PAL

 Kirghiz SSR
1981
Kyrgyz Television
SECAM
Experimental color broadcast for the 1980 Summer Olympics.

 Latvian SSR
1968/1974
LTV
SECAM/
PAL
First color broadcasts came from Moscow. First local color program was transmitted on Monday, January 28, 1974. Switched from SECAM to PAL on February 2, 1998.

 Lebanon
1967/1975
CLT/Télé Liban
SECAM
In 1967, CLT became the third television station in the world after the Soviet Union and France to broadcast in color, utilizing the French SECAM technology. [13]

 Liberia
1975
LBS
PAL

 Libya
1976
Al-Libyah TV
PAL

 Lithuanian SSR
1968
LRT
SECAM/
PAL
Used SECAM as part of the USSR 1968-1990, and 1990-1997. PAL has been in use since 1997.

 Luxembourg
1972
Compangnie Luxembourgeoise de Télédiffusion
PAL
SECAM
The then only channel for audiences in Luxembourg, France and Belgium originally used the French/Belgian 819-line B&W standard. After Belgium and France opted for different color systems, Luxembourg broadcast two versions of the same channel. All later RTL channels aimed at French-, German- and Dutch-speaking audiences in Europe adopted the standards of their target markets.

 Macedonia
1974
Televizija Skopje
PAL

 Madagascar
1977
MBS
SECAM

 Malaysia
1978/1979-1981/1982
RTM
PAL
Introduced in Peninsular Malaysia on Thursday 28 December 1978 and in Sabah and Sarawak on Sunday 31 August 1980. Color had been available from Southern Thailand since 1972 and Singapore since 1974. Full-time color broadcasts began on 1979 to 1981 to Friday 1 January 1982.

 Maldives
1984
TVM
PAL
Color had been available from India since 1982.

 Mali
1984
ORTM
SECAM

 Malta
1981
TVM
PAL
Color broadcasts from Italy had been available since 1977, full color service began in 1981

 Martinique
1969
RFO (Martinique 1erè)
SECAM

 Mauritania
1984
TV de Mauritanie
PAL

 Mauritius
1978
MBC
SECAM
Color television arrived on a full-time schedule in 1978.

 Mexico
1963/1964/1965-1968
Canal 5 Telesistema Mexicano (now Televisa)
NTSC
Launched Friday, February 8, 1963 with the program Paraiso Infantil. Color had been available previously in a few border cities from the United States, on a limited basis. Full-time color transmissions started with the 1968 Summer Olympic Games. Curiously, Mexico had its own system of color television, invented by Guillermo González, prior to NTSC adoption, which would be used in the 1964 Olympic Games.

 Moldavian SSR
1978
TeleRadio-Moldova
SECAM/
PAL

 Monaco
1973
TMC
PAL /
SECAM
Color broadcasts from France had been available since 1967.

 Mongolia
1975
MNB
SECAM

 Montenegro
1974
JRT/Televizija Titograd (now TV CG 1)
PAL

 Morocco
1973
RTM
SECAM
First test transmission was in 1972.

 Mozambique
1984
TVM
PAL

 Netherlands
1967
NPO
PAL
Introduced on both national channels on Thursday, September 21, 1967.

 Netherlands Antilles
1973
TeleCuraçao
NTSC

 New Caledonia
1972-1973-1978
RFO (France Ô - New Caledonia)
SECAM
New Caledonia first broadcast in color for the 1972 Munich Olympic Games and a Chinese program in 1973, full color broadcasts became official in 1978.[citation needed]

 New Zealand
1973/1975
NZBC
PAL
Introduced in November 1973, as part of preparations for the 1974 British Commonwealth Games, held in Christchurch in February 1974.[14] Full-time color was achieved by December 1975.[15] Color broadcasts have been available from Australia in parts of New Zealand since the early 1970s.

 Nicaragua
1973
Televicentro Canal 2
NTSC

 Niger
1979
Télé Sahel
SECAM
Color broadcasts had been available from Nigeria from 1974, but were PAL.

 Nigeria
1974
WNTV (now called the NTA)
PAL

 Norway
1972/1975
NRK
PAL
Experimental color broadcasts introduced for the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble, France. Regular test transmissions from Saturday, January 1, 1972. Full-time color broadcasts since Wednesday, January 1, 1975. Color broadcasts had been available from Sweden since 1970, in parts of Norway and Finland since 1969.

 Oman
1984
Oman TV
PAL

 Pakistan
1977-1982
PTV
PAL
Full-time color transmissions arrived in 1977 to 1982.

 Panama
1972
NTP
NTSC

 Paraguay
1979
TV Cerro Corá
PAL-N

 Peru
1978
TV Perú
América Televisión
Panamericana Televisión
NTSC
First color test transmission was done in 1967 by Panamericana Televisión for a soap opera but for economic and political reasons the project was canceled. Channel 7 made test broadcasts with their own content since 1977 that became official on January 17, 1978 when color standard adopted and official broadcasts were authorised. The first color broadcast was the coverage of the 1978 election. América Televisión and Panamericana Televisión began their regular color broadcasting with the broadcast of the 1978 Argentina's FIFA World Cup. Transition completed on October 1, 1980.

 Philippines
1963/1966/1971
ABS-CBN
NTSC
First Southeast Asian Country color test transmission was in 1963. Commercial launch in June 1966 using RCA color; and full-time color transmissions began in 1971 when color sets became more widespread in the Manila area and suburbs.

 Poland
1971
TVP
SECAM
First time color program was broadcast on March 16, 1971 & regular broadcasting began on December 6, 1971 for 6th PUWP congress. The 1972 Munich Olympic Games Use Color in SECAM. Transitioned to PAL on January 1, 1994 for all TVP channels except for TVP1 which transitioned on January 1, 1995.

 Portugal
1976/1980
RTP
PAL
First experimental broadcasts for the coverage of the 1976 election and The 1976 Montreal Olympic Games. Introduced for the Portuguese version of Jeux Sans Frontières on Wednesday, September 5, 1979; color broadcasts from Spain available since 1972. Full-color transmissions started on 1977 to Monday, March 10, 1980.

 Puerto Rico
1966
WAPA
NTSC

 Qatar
1974
QBS
PAL
Color broadcasts from Bahrain had been available since 1973.

 Réunion
1972
RFO (1erè Rèunion)
SECAM
The 1972 Munich Olympic Games Use SECAM System

 Romania
1985-1990
TVR
PAL
Despite being in the Eastern Bloc, Romania used PAL for the first testing of the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games and chose not to adopt SECAM, unlike the other Warsaw Pact countries. Full-time color broadcasts since 1984 and 1985 to 1990. Romania became the last country in Europe to introduce color television.

 Rwanda
1982
ORINFOR
SECAM

 Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla
1982
ZIZ-TV
NTSC
Full-time color transmissions introduced in 1982. Color broadcasts have been available from Guadeloupe since 1972, but were SECAM and the Netherlands Antilles since 1973.

 Saint Pierre and Miquelon
1971
RFO (1eré SPM TV; Previously known as ORTF)
SECAM
Color transmissions had been available from Newfoundland and Labrador since 1967, but were NTSC. There are transmitters in SPM that can carry a signal from Newfoundland and Labrador which converts it to SECAM from NTSC and in some cases, In Fortune, Newfoundland, 1eré is converted to NTSC by a transmitter that is placed there.

 Saudi Arabia
1973
SAGTS
SECAM

 Senegal
1975
RTS
SECAM

 Sierra Leone
1978[16]
SLBS
PAL

 Singapore
1974-1975
Radio Television Singapore (RTS)
PAL
First Testing The 1974 Tehran Asian Games, Full-time color broadcasts began on 1 November 1975 and 1976 to 1977.

 Slovakia
1970/1973
ČST
SECAM PAL
First color transmission in 1970 during World Ski Championship which was broadcast in PAL. Adopted SECAM in 1973 with full color transition in late 1970s. Switched to PAL in 1993.

 Slovenia
1976/1976
Televizija Ljubljana
PAL
First Testing The 1976 Montreal Olympic Games, Full Tine Color Transition in 1977

 Spain
1972/1978
RTVE
PAL
Color broadcasts had been available from France since 1967, but were SECAM and Gibraltar since 1969. First color test was in 1972. Full-time color broadcasts since 1973 to 1977, although monochrome commercials continued to be made until 1978. The Eurovision Song Contest 1969 in Madrid was a color production, but it was televised in black-and-white to the local audience.

 Sudan
1976
Sudan TV
PAL

 Suriname
1977
STVS
NTSC

 Sweden
1970
Sveriges Radio TV
PAL
Test transmissions started on Wednesday, December 14, 1966. Regular color service and color license fee introduced Wednesday, April 1, 1970.

  Switzerland
1968
SBC
PAL
Switzerland uses PAL to broadcast the 1968 Mexico City Olympic Games, color transmissions had been available from France and Germany since 1967.

 Syria
1980
STV
PAL

 Taiwan
1975
CTV
NTSC
Full-time color transmissions since 1975.

 Tajik SSR
1982
TVT
SECAM
Experimental color broadcast for the 1980 Summer Olympics.

 Thailand
1975
Channel 7
PAL
Although television in Thailand originally employed a 525-line screen (System M, US standard at the time), the country opted for PAL color, which necessitated a conversion to system B (625 lines), starting with Channel 7 in November 1967. Regional stations converted between 1972 and 1975.

 Togo
1979
TVT
SECAM

 Trinidad and Tobago
1969
TTT
NTSC

 Tunisia
1976
RTT
PAL

 Turkey
1984[17]
TRT
PAL
Test transmissions started with the New Year's Eve celebrations on Thursday, December 31, 1981 and 1 January 1982; full color television did not start until Sunday, July 1, 1984. Color broadcasts from Greece had been available since 1976 and Bulgaria since at least 1971.

 Turkmen SSR
1970
Turkmen Television
SECAM
First Central Asian country to introduce color television. Introduced on Saturday, October 31, 1970 in preparation for the start of Ramadan.

 Uganda
1975
UTV
PAL

 Ukrainian SSR
1967/1975
UT-1
SECAM/
PAL
First transmission came from Moscow in 1967, Ukraine uses SECAM in for the 1968 Mexico City Olympic Games. Local color broadcasts began in 1968 and 1969 to 1975.

 United Arab Emirates
1974
UAE-TV
PAL

 United Kingdom
1967/1969/1976
BBC 2
PAL
Introduced on BBC 2 for Wimbledon coverage on Saturday, July 1, 1967. The launch of the BBC 2 "full" color service took place on December 2, 1967. Some British TV programs, however, had been produced in color even before the introduction of color television in 1967, for the purpose of sales to American, Canadian, and Filipino networks. Full-time color broadcasts since 1969.[18] Full nationwide color broadcasting achieved in 1976.

 United States
1950
CBS
CBS
Field sequential color system; experimental; ended 1951.[19] The first country with black and white transmission to introduce color television.

 United States
1953
NBC
CBS
NTSC
Dot sequential system.[20] The US began a gradual transition to color in late 1953. The first color TV sets were very expensive and the audience for color was accordingly very small, so only specials and a handful of regularly scheduled shows aired in color during the 1950s. Market penetration slowly increased as more affordable sets and more color programming became available. A tipping point came in 1965, when the commercial networks first aired the majority of their prime-time shows in color. By the end of 1966, prime-time was all-color, but an ever-dwindling number of daytime, local and educational programs continued in black-and-white for a few more years.

 United States - Alaska
1966
KENI-TV (now KTUU)
NTSC
First program in color, on Monday, September 19, 1966, was the premiere episode of That Girl, an ABC show. KENI was a primary affiliate of both NBC and ABC. Transitioned to full color service by 1972. Color broadcasts have been available from the USSR since 1967 but were SECAM.

 United States - Hawaii
1965
KONA-TV, now KHON-TV; KHVH-TV, now KITV; KGMB
NTSC
KHVH was an ABC affiliate, KGMB was CBS, and KONA was NBC. Transitioned to full color service around 1969.

 USSR
 Russia
1967/1975
Soviet Central Television (Now Channel One (Russia))
SECAM
Introduced specifically for the 50th Golden Jubilee Anniversary of the October Revolution. Full-time colorcasts began with the Revolution's 58th anniversary, in 1975. Some parts of the USSR received color from Alaska since 1966 in some circumstances when signals were not jammed in some parts and was received by contraband receivers to pick up signals.

 Upper Volta
1976
Volta Vision
SECAM
This country is now known as Burkina Faso.

 Uruguay
1981
CXB-10
PAL-N
Introduced for the 1980 Mundialito but locally broadcast in B&W. Local color broadcasting started in 1981.

 Uzbek SSR
1984
MTRK
SECAM
Experimental color broadcast for the 1980 Summer Olympics. The last Central Asian country to introduce color television.

 Venezuela
1974-1980
RCTV
Venevision
NTSC
Color tests were made during the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich, West Germany. Color television arrived on a full-time schedule on Monday 1 January 1973 and 1974 to Saturday 1 December 1979 by TVN5. Transition completed on Sunday 1 June 1980. Color broadcasts have been available from Trinidad and Tobago since 1969.

 Vietnam
1977
VTV
PAL
The first color television program aired on Tết.[21] Color televisions were available only in big cities until the late 1980s.

 U.S. Virgin Islands
1968
WBNB-TV
NTSC
WBNB was a CBS affiliate whose first color broadcasts took place during the 1968 Summer Olympic Games in Mexico City, Mexico. This station was destroyed by Hurricane Hugo in 1989.

 North Yemen
1979
NYRTC
PAL

 South Yemen
1981
SYRTC
PAL
Color broadcasts had been available from North Yemen since 1979.

 Yugoslavia
 Serbia
1971
JRT/Televizija Beograd (now RTS1)
PAL
Introduced on the launch of the second TVB channel (TVB 2), as it was the first Yugoslav channel to start in color. From the late 1970s, TVB 1 switches to color, thus making all channels broadcast in color. (both TVB 1 and TVB 2, as they were only the channels available in that time) Full time color broadcasts in SR Serbia began on May 25, 1979.

 Zaire
1980
OZRT
SECAM

 Zambia
1977
ZNBC
PAL

 Zimbabwe
1984[22]
ZBC
PAL
The last country in Africa to introduce color television. Color broadcasts have been available from Zambia since 1977 and South Africa since 1976.


document_title: St Michael's Mount

question_text: who lives in the castle at st michael's mount

question_tokens: who lives in the castle at st michael 's mount

root

text: St Michael's Mount

text: Prehistory[edit]

text: There is evidence of people living in the area during the Neolithic (from circa 4000 to 2500 BCE years). The key discovery was of a leaf-shaped flint arrowhead, which was found within a shallow pit on the lower eastern slope, now part of the modern gardens. Other pieces of flint have been found, and at least two could be Mesolithic (circa 8000 to 3500 BCE).[4] During the Mesolithic, Britain was still attached to mainland Europe via Doggerland, and archaeologist and prehistorian Caroline Malone noted that during the Late Mesolithic, the British Isles were something of a "technological backwater" in European terms, still living as a hunter-gatherer society whilst most of southern Europe had already taken up agriculture and sedentary living.[9] At this time the mount would likely to have been an area of dry ground surrounded by a marshy forest. Any Neolithic or Mesolithic camps are likely to have been destroyed by the later extensive building operations, but it is reasonable to expect the mount to have supported either a seasonal or short-term camp for Mesolithic people.[4]

tag: p

text: None of the flints, so far recovered, can be positively dated to the Bronze Age (c. 2500 to 800 BCE) although any summit cairns would have most likely been destroyed when building the castle. A hoard of copper weapons, once thought to have been found on the mount, are now thought to have been found on nearby Marazion Marsh. Defensive stony banks on the north-eastern slopes are likely to date to the early 1st millennium BC, and are considered to be a cliff castle.[4] The mount is one of several candidates for the island of Ictis, described as a tin trading centre in the Bibliotheca historica of the Sicilian-Greek historian Diodorus Siculus, writing in the first century BC.[10][5]

text: History[edit]

text: It may have been the site of a monastery in the 8th – early 11th centuries, and Edward the Confessor gave it to the Norman Abbey of Mont Saint-Michel.[11] It was a priory of that abbey until the dissolution of the alien houses as a side-effect of the war in France by Henry V, when it was given to the Abbess and Convent of Syon at Isleworth, Middlesex in 1424.  Thus ended its association with Mont St Michel,[11][12] and any connection with Looe Island (dedicated to the Archangel Michael). It was a destination for pilgrims, whose devotions were encouraged by an indulgence granted by Pope Gregory in the 11th century.[citation needed]

text: Siege, occupation and ownership[edit]

text: Sir Henry de la Pomeroy captured the Mount in 1193, on behalf of Prince John, in the reign of King Richard I.[13] The monastic buildings were built during the 12th century and in 1275 an earthquake destroyed the original Priory Church, which was rebuilt in the late 14th century, remaining in use.[citation needed] Syon Abbey, a monastery of the Bridgettine Order acquired the Mount in 1424.[14]

text: John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford, seized and held it during a siege of twenty-three weeks against 6,000 of Edward IV's troops in 1473–74,[citation needed] Perkin Warbeck, a pretender to the English throne. occupied the Mount in 1497.[citation needed] Sir Humphrey Arundell, Governor of St Michael's Mount, led the Prayer Book Rebellion of 1549.[citation needed] During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, it was given to Robert Cecil, Earl of Salisbury, by whose son it was sold to Sir Francis Bassett. During the Civil War, Sir Arthur Bassett, brother of Sir Francis, held the Mount against the Parliament until July 1646.[citation needed]

text: 18th century[edit]

text: Little is known about the village before the beginning of the 18th century, save that there were a few fishermen's cottages and monastic cottages. After improvements to the harbour in 1727, St Michael's Mount became a flourishing seaport.

text: In 1755 the Lisbon earthquake caused a tsunami to strike the Cornish coast over 1,000 miles (1,600 km) away. The sea rose six feet (2 m) in ten minutes at St Michael's Mount, ebbed at the same rate, and continued to rise and fall for five hours. The 19th-century French writer Arnold Boscowitz claimed that "great loss of life and property occurred upon the coasts of Cornwall."[15]

text: 19th century[edit]

text:
By 1811 there were fifty-three houses and four streets. The pier was extended in 1821[16] and the population peaked in the same year, when the island had 221 people. There were three schools, a Wesleyan chapel, and three public houses, mostly used by visiting sailors. The village went into decline following major improvements to nearby Penzance harbour and the extension of the railway to Penzance in 1852, and many of the houses and buildings were demolished.
A short underground, funicular narrow gauge railway was built in Victorian times. It was used to bring luggage up to the house. It occasionally operates, but only for demonstration reasons and is not open to the general public, although a small stretch is visible at the harbour. It is Britain's last functionally operational 4 ft 6 in (1,372 mm) railway.[17][18]

text: In the late 19th century an anchorite's remains were discovered in a tomb within the domestic chapel.[19] The Mount was sold in 1659 to Colonel John St Aubyn. As of  2016[update] his descendants, the Lords St Levan, remain seated at St Michael's Mount.

text: Second World War[edit]

text: The Mount was fortified during the Second World War during the invasion crisis of 1940–41. Three pillboxes can be seen to this day.[20]

text: Sixty-five years after the Second World War, it was suggested based on interviews with contemporaries that the former Nazi Foreign Minister and onetime Ambassador to London, Joachim von Ribbentrop, had intended to live at the Mount after the planned German conquest. Archived documents revealed that during his time in Britain in the 1930s, when he had proposed an alliance with Nazi Germany, General von Ribbentrop frequently visited Cornwall.[21]

text: National Trust[edit]

text: In 1954, Francis Cecil St Aubyn, 3rd Baron St Levan gave most of St Michael's Mount to the National Trust, together with a large endowment fund. The St Aubyn family retained a 999-year lease to inhabit the castle and a licence to manage the public viewing of its historic rooms. This is managed in conjunction with the National Trust.

text: Priors and owners of St Michael's Mount[edit]

text: 1250 Frà Richard le Scrope,1262 Frà Ralph de Vieilles,1266 Frà Ralph de Carteret,1275 Frà Richard de Perrers, collated by Bishop Bronescombe1283 Frà Geoffrey de Gernon,1316 Frà Peter de Carewe, Prior during Bishop Grandisson's visitation1342 Frà Nicholas d'Isabelle,1349 Frà John Hardy, until indictment at Launceston 13541362 Frà John de Voland,1385 Frà Richard de Harepath, his official prioral brass seal survives;[22]1412 Dom. William Lambert, Prior1537 Mgr. Richard Arscott, Archpriest1539 Dissolution of Syon Monastery; St Michael's Mount reverted to the Crown1611 Royal grant of the St Michael's Mount to Robert, Earl of Salisbury1640 Fee conveyed to William, Earl of Salisbury by Sir Francis Bassett; later sold to the St Aubyn family.[23]

tag: ul

text: The island today[edit]

text: The chapel of St Michael, a fifteenth-century building, has an embattled tower, one angle of which is a small turret, which served for the guidance of ships. The chapel is extra-diocesan and continues to serve the Order of St John[24] by permission of Lord St Levan. Chapel Rock, on the beach, marks the site of a shrine dedicated to the Virgin Mary, where pilgrims paused to worship before ascending the mount. Many antiquities, comprising plate armour, paintings and furniture, are preserved at the castle. Several houses are built on the hillside facing Marazion, and a spring provides a natural flow of water. There is a row of eight houses at the back of the present village; built in 1885 they are known as Elizabeth Terrace. Some of the houses are occupied by staff working in the castle and elsewhere on the island. The mount's cemetery (currently no public access) contains the graves of former residents of the island and several drowned sailors. There are also buildings that were formerly the steward's house, a changing-room for bathers, the stables, the laundry, a barge house, a sail loft (now a restaurant), and two former inns. A former bowling green adjoins one of the buildings.

text: The harbour, enlarged in 1823 to accommodate vessels of up to 500 tonnes deadweight, has a pier dating back to the 15th century which has also been renovated. Queen Victoria disembarked from the royal yacht at St Michael's Mount in 1846, and a brass inlay of her footstep can be seen at the top of the landing stage. King Edward VII's footstep is also visible near the bowling green. In 1967 the Queen Mother entered the harbour in a pinnace from the royal yacht Britannia.

text: Another noteworthy point of interest on the island is its underground railway, which is still used to transport goods from the harbour up to the castle. It was built by miners around 1900, replacing the pack horses which had previously been used. Its steep gradient renders it unsafe for passenger-use, thus The National Trust has made it out-of-bounds for public access.

text: The causeway between the mount and Marazion was improved in 1879 by raising it by one foot (30 cm) with sand and stones from the surrounding area.[25] Repairs were completed in March 2016 following damage from the 2014 winter storms.[26] Some studies indicate that any rise in ocean waters as well as existing natural erosion would put some of the Cornwall coast at risk, including St. Michael's Mount.[27]

text: Local government[edit]

text: Until recent times both the mount and the town of Marazion formed part of the parish of St Hilary.[6] St Michael's Mount forms its own civil parish for local government purposes. Currently, this takes the form of a parish meeting as opposed to a parish council (that is, a yearly meeting of electors that does not elect councillors). Lord St Levan currently chairs the St Michael's Mount Parish Meeting.

text: Geology[edit]

text: The rock exposures around St Michael's Mount provide an opportunity to see many features of the geology of Cornwall in a single locality.[28] The mount is made of the uppermost part of a granite intrusion into metamorphosed Devonian mudstones or pelites. The granite is itself mineralised with a well-developed sheeted greisen vein system. Due to its geology the island's seaward has been designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest since 1995.[8]

text: Granites[edit]

text: There are two types of granite visible on the mount. Most of the intrusion is a tourmaline muscovite granite which is variably porphyritic. This is separated from a biotite muscovite granite by pegmatites.

text: Devonian Pelites[edit]

text: Originally laid down as mudstones these pelites were regionally metamorphosed and deformed (mainly folded here) by the Variscan orogeny. They were then affected by the intrusion of the granite, which caused further contact metamorphism, locally forming a hornfels, and mineralisation.

text: Mineralisation[edit]

text: The best developed mineralisation is found within the uppermost part of the granite itself in the form of sheeted greisen veins. These steep W-E trending veins are thought to have formed by hydraulic fracturing when the fluid pressure at the top of the granite reached a critical level. The granite was fractured and the fluids altered the granite by replacing feldspars with quartz and muscovite. The fluids were also rich in boron, tin and tungsten and tourmaline, wolframite and cassiterite are common in the greisen veins. As the area cooled the veins became open to fluids from the surrounding country rock and these deposited sulphides e.g. chalcopyrite and stannite. Greisen veins are also locally developed within the pelites.

text: Folklore[edit]

text: In prehistoric times, St Michael's Mount may have been a port for the tin trade, and Gavin de Beer made a case for it to be identified with the "tin port" Ictis/Ictin mentioned by Posidonius.[5]

text: It is claimed that the Archangel Michael appeared before local fishermen on the mount in the 5th century AD,[29]  with the version by John Mirk copying details from the Golden Legend.[30]

text: The chronicler John of Worcester[31] relates under the year 1099 that St Michael's Mount was located five or six miles (10 km) from the sea, enclosed in a thick wood, but that on the third day of November the sea overflowed the land, destroying many towns and drowning many people as well as innumerable oxen and sheep; the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records under the date 11 November 1099, "The sea-flood sprung up to such a height, and did so much harm, as no man remembered that it ever did before".[32] The Cornish legend of Lyonesse, an ancient kingdom said to have extended from Penwith toward the Isles of Scilly, also talks of land being inundated by the sea.

text: One of the earliest references to the mount (originally named "Dynsol" or "Dinsul"), was in the mid 11th century when it was "Sanctus Michael beside the sea".[33][34]

text: In the 1600s John Milton used the Mount as the setting for the finale of what was once one of the most famous poems in English literature, his "Lycidas", which drew on the traditional sea-lore that had it that the archangel Michael sat in a great stone chair at the top of the Mount, seeing far over the sea and thus protecting England. In the mid 1850s the poem's scenes of the drowning of Lycidas, in the seas below the Mount, were illustrated in engravings and paintings by J. M. W. Turner. The poem drew together various traditions from the Bible, classical mythology and local folkore to offer an elegy for the pagan world that had faded away.

text: Legend[edit]

text: During the 6th century, before a castle was built, according to legend, the island St. Michael's Mount sits upon was once home to an 18-foot giant named Cormoran, who lived in a cave with his ill-gotten treasures obtained by terrorizing local towns and villages. That is, until a young farmer's son named Jack took on this gigantic menace, who had an appetite for cattle and children, and killed him by trapping him in a concealed pit, bringing down his axe upon his head. When he returned home, the elders in the village gave him a hero's welcome, and henceforth, called him "Jack the Giant Killer".

text: In modern popular culture[edit]

text: The mount has featured in a number of films, including the 1979 film Dracula, where it was prominently featured as the exterior of Castle Dracula.[35] It appeared in the 1983 James Bond film Never Say Never Again, as two guided missiles armed with nuclear warheads fly over the English countryside and out to sea, passing directly over St Michael's Mount. In the 2003 film Johnny English it was used as the exterior of the character Pascal Sauvage's French chateau and in 2012, it was a filming location for the fantasy adventure movie Mariah Mundi and the Midas Box.

text: "Mt Saint Michel + Saint Michaels Mount" is the title of an experimental electronic track by musician Aphex Twin, who grew up in Cornwall and in Michael Moorcock's series of Fantasy novels about Prince Corum, a fictionalised version of St Michael's Mount appears as Moidel's Mount.

text: It was one of the locations used on BBC One "Balloon" Idents which were used on the channel from 4 October 1997 to 29 March 2002.

text: Images[edit]

text:
Sunset at the Mount

Castle of St. Michael

Causeway at low tide.

Local map from 1946

Sunrise Mount's Bay

Mount's Bay, 2014

St Aubyn family arms


document_title: I'll Keep Holding On

question_text: who sings the song i keep holding on

question_tokens: who sings the song i keep holding on

text: I'll Keep Holding On

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text:
"I'll Keep Holding On"

Single by The Marvelettes

B-side
"No Time for Tears"

Released
May 11, 1965

Format
7" single

Recorded
1965, Bell Sound Studios, New York City & Hitsville USA

Genre
Soul

Label
Tamla

Songwriter(s)
William "Mickey" Stevenson
Ivy Jo Hunter

Producer(s)
William "Mickey" Stevenson, Ivy Jo Hunter

The Marvelettes singles chronology

"Too Many Fish in the Sea"
(1964)
"I'll Keep Holding On"
(1965)
"Danger: Heartbreak Dead Ahead"
(1965)

"Too Many Fish in the Sea"
(1964)
"I'll Keep Holding On"
(1965)
"Danger: Heartbreak Dead Ahead"
(1965)

text: "I'll Keep Holding On" is a song composed by Mickey Stevenson and Ivy Jo Hunter and recorded by Motown singing group The Marvelettes, who released the single on the Tamla imprint in 1965. Peaking at #34 on the Billboard Hot 100 (and #11 on the R&B charts),[1] the single returned the group to the top forty after a year recording songs that performed below the top forty.[2] This was among the first A-side singles that longtime Marvelettes member Wanda Young sung lead on. Before 1965, the majority of the leads in Marvelettes songs had belonged to original member Gladys Horton. The single features a woman determined to win the love of an unknowingly conquest telling him that she'll convince him to love her "until my will to resist is gone". Her Marvelettes band mates Gladys Horton and Katherine Anderson egg her on with her ad-libbing "oh yeah/sho' nuff" in the bridge leading up to the chorus. The single was covered by British mod-pop act, The Action in 1966, released as "I'll Keep On Holding On". It then returned across the Atlantic in 1998 to be released on Mink Rat or Rabbit by the Detroit Cobras.

text: Credits[edit]

text:
Lead vocals by Wanda Young
Background vocals by Gladys Horton, Katherine Anderson and The Andantes (Jackie Hicks, Marlene Barrow, Louvain Demps)
Instrumentation by The Funk Brothers

Drums by Benny Benjamin


document_title: Smooth Criminal

question_text: where did annie are you ok come from

question_tokens: where did annie are you ok come from

text: Smooth Criminal

text: Background and composition[edit]

text: The song was written by Jackson and produced by Quincy Jones (with Jackson as co-producer). An early version of the song was written in 1985, and the original demo was recorded the following year under the title of "Al Capone" (which was later released on Bad 25). This version did not make the album and was re-worked and re-written as "Smooth Criminal."

text: This song is played in the key of C major.[4] Jackson's vocal spans from G3 to E5.[4] It has a moderate tempo of 118 beats per minute.[4] The refrain of the song contains the phrase "Annie, are you OK?" This is a phrase used in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training courses, and Michael Jackson is known to have taken a CPR course.[5] Resusci Anne, otherwise known as "Annie" in English-speaking countries, is the name of a mannequin commonly used in CPR training. As part of the course, trainees are taught to say "Annie, are you OK?" to the dummy in order to check that the patient is conscious and responsive.[6] This has been further verified by Gabriel Noguera of Cheltenham, England who claims to have been present during the training. He also claims the Bee Gees referred to the same course in their hit single 'Staying Alive'.[citation needed]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Jason Elias of AllMusic called the song one of Jackson's best: "Despite the content "Smooth Criminal" is a gorgeous and exhilarating record."[7] The New York Times' Jon Pareles wrote: "in Smooth Criminal, the singer finds a bloodstained carpet and an unconscious body, and asks, obsessively, Annie are you O.K.? when, clearly, she's not."[8] Rolling Stone's Davitt Sigerson wrote: "Smooth Criminal" may be the result of retiring too soon after a Brian de Palma picture."[9]

text: Music video[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Jackson originally wanted to make the music video in the western genre, but he later decided after watching 'The Godfather' with director Colin Chilvers to change it to a 1930s gangster style.[10] Film was shot between mid-February and April 1987.[2] The video premiered on MTV on October 13, 1988.

text: Jeffrey Daniel of the soul music group Shalamar co-choreographed the "Smooth Criminal" video with Jackson and Vincent Paterson, who was a back-up dancer in "Beat It" and "Thriller". It was directed by special effects coordinator Colin Chilvers. The dance sequence of the video in the 1930s style lounge (and Michael's white suit and fedora) pays tribute to the Fred Astaire musical comedy film The Band Wagon. Currently there are four different versions of the video for "Smooth Criminal", as well as an additional vignette created for the 2009 This Is It concert series:

text:
Original Moonwalker version - This is the version included in the Moonwalker film. While technically the whole "Smooth Criminal" segment is about 40 minutes long, the actual "Smooth Criminal" song section is only about ten minutes. It is generally the most complete version of the video and includes the unedited middle section of interpretive dance with the dancers but does not include the last six seconds where a flapper fans herself after the door is shut behind Michael. In comparison to the original song this version has two lines in the second stanza added: "Everytime I try to find him he's leaving no clues left behind him. And they have no way of knowing of the suspect, or what to expect."
Moonwalker edit - This version is included on History on Film, Volume II as well as Michael Jackson's Vision and it is basically an edited version of the ten-minute song section from the "Smooth Criminal" segment in the film Moonwalker. It is essentially the same, however it has some minor changes including: different opening music and no dialogue, the middle section with the dancers chanting has been truncated (some of the chanting has been shortened) and ends similarly to the original where Michael exits the club but with the addition of the lead flapper fanning herself.
Album version - This is the version of the video that is on Michael Jackson's official website, as well as his YouTube channel. It also appears during the end credits for Moonwalker and Number Ones and was included on the Visionary single and the bonus Target exclusive DVD of Bad 25. The video is a montage of clips from the original Moonwalker version, that have either been sped up, or slowed down, and glossed with an added blur effect, as well as some alternate angles. The video is four minutes and seventeen seconds long. Throughout the video, the regular version of the song is played.
Single version - This unreleased version is edited to be in sync with the single mix taken from the "Smooth Criminal" single released October 24, 1988. It excludes the added lyric and interlude. This video is four minutes and three seconds long. It is considered an MTV Base video.
This Is It vignette - 2009 video, shot in black and white and intended to be shown during the London O2 concert series. It runs three minutes and forty-two seconds and features Jackson in a reprisal of his Moonwalker character, digitally inserted in the 1946 film noir Gilda which includes the song "Put the Blame on Mame" along with a few shots/scenes of his film Moonwalker.

text: The video won Best Music Video at the 1989 Brit Awards and the Critic's Choice awarded Jackson the "Best Video" award and the People's Choice Awards for "Favorite Music Video" for that same year.

text: The style of clothing as well as mannerisms Jackson portrayed were reused in the numerous adaptations of the video game Michael Jackson's Moonwalker. The song itself serves as the background music for the "Club 30s" stage, the nightclub seen in the music video, that appears in the game.

text: Anti-gravity lean[edit]

text: In the music video, Michael Jackson and the dancers immediately around him perform a seemingly impossible forward lean; this illusion was created using strings and wires in the music video. Without these, it would be tedious and impossible. To accomplish this manoeuvre in live shows, a hitching mechanism which Jackson co-patented was built into the floor of the stage and the performers' shoes, thereby allowing performers to lean without needing to keep their centers of mass directly over their feet.[11] The system consists of pegs that rise from the stage at the appropriate moment and special shoes with ankle supports and cutouts in the heels which can slide over the pegs and be temporarily attached to the stage.[12]

text: In the patent, it is stated that the illusion in the music video was achieved by means of harnesses and cables which had to be connected to and disconnected from the floor by stagehands.[12]

text: Live performances[edit]

text: The song was performed live on all of Jackson's tours.

text: Bad World Tour: During the second leg of Jackson's Bad World Tour (1988-1989), directed and choreographed by Jackson and Vincent Paterson. The performance featured a dance routine modeled after the scene from Moonwalker. This version of the song is available on the DVD Live at Wembley July 16, 1988. In this version, he wears the signature white suit coat with blue armband and pocket square and the white fedora over his normal outfit. The "Hotel" intro was performed, similar to the opening of This Place Hotel in the 1987 leg of the Bad Tour, containing a spoken introduction and Jackson's silhouette dancing behind a lit curtain.

text: Dangerous World Tour: By the time the 1992 Dangerous World Tour came around, this performance became a regular on Jackson tours. This time, the jacket and hat were put on top of the gold leotard. Also, the anti-gravity lean was introduced during this tour. During the Bad tour, the lean was a drop to the floor, but Jackson stopped himself before hitting it. The lean was pulled off using a special cut-out in the performers' shoes patented by Jackson that held them to the floor using nails while they leaned forward. This performance can be seen on the DVD Live in Bucharest: The Dangerous Tour.

text: Part of the song was also briefly used in the middle of the live version of the song "Dangerous" since Jackson's performance at the 1995 MTV Video Music Awards to the 2002 American Bandstand 50th Anniversary performance.

text: History World Tour: During the 1996-1997 History World Tour, the costume was the coat, hat and a blue shirt and a white tie over the gold pants. The "Hotel" opening was scrapped for a similar opening with no spoken line, instead showcasing the background dancers and a keyboard interlude of "Childhood" by Brad Buxer.

text: This Is It: The song was rehearsed for the This Is It concerts, which were scheduled to run from July 2009 to March 2010 before Jackson's untimely death in June 2009. Rather than featuring Jackson dancing behind a lit curtain, the performance would open with a 3-D vignette of Jackson being chased by several gangsters from early 1930s films, inserting him into the film noirs Gilda, The Big Sleep, and In a Lonely Place. The vignette would end with Jackson jumping out of a window as Humphrey Bogart shoots at him and onto the stage where he picks up a tommy gun and shoots out the lights of a marquee to spell "Smooth Criminal". Throwing the tommy gun aside, Jackson would then pause for a moment before cuing the band to start the song. The performance would have also featured the return of the anti-gravity lean and the inclusion of dancers descending from the ceiling inside chandeliers that they would blow out with tommy guns.

text: Film adaptation[edit]

text: The song was adapted into a short film directed by Colin Chilvers which was the centerpiece of the 1988 film Moonwalker starring Michael Jackson and Joe Pesci in the lead roles.

text: Plot[edit]

text: The film begins with three homeless children—Sean, Katie and Zeke (Sean Lennon, Kellie Parker and Brandon Quintin Adams)—sneaking through a big city to see their friend Michael walk out of his store in a black suit covered over with his white jacket. As Michael stands in front of the door, he gazes at the night sky before he is attacked by mobsters with machine guns. The film then backtracks to show Michael and the children playing in a meadow in happier times. Their dog Skipper runs away, and as Michael and Katie look for him, they uncover the lair of Mr. Big (Joe Pesci). Mr. Big—whose real name is Frankie LiDeo, which is an anagram of Frank DiLeo—is a drug-dealing mobster with a disciplined private army at his command. He wants to get the entire population of Earth addicted to drugs, starting with children. He likes to eat nuts and leaves nutshells wherever he goes. He is obsessed with spiders, as displayed by their abundance at the entrance to his lair and his operation named "bugs and drugs". Further, all his henchmen sport a spider crest on their uniforms. Katie screams when she sees a spider on her hand, and Mr. Big discovers them spying on his operation.

text: The story returns to the shooting in front of Michael's store. Unknown to the mobsters, Michael has a lucky star, and using it, he escaped the gunfire. Upon realizing that Michael has escaped again, Mr. Big orders his henchmen to track him down with dogs. Michael is eventually cornered in an alley, where he uses his lucky star again to turn into a sportscar (the 1970 Lancia Stratos prototype) that mows down several of Mr. Big's henchmen. Michael is pursued through the city streets until he loses the henchmen. Meanwhile, the children scout out Club 30's, where Michael had told them to meet him, and find only an abandoned and haunted nightclub. As Michael arrives, Katie sees a silhouette of him turning back from a car into himself, this time in a white and blue suit. The door of the club opens with a gust of wind, and Michael walks in to find it filled with zoot suiters and swing dancers. The children gather outside a window of the club and watch Michael dance to "Smooth Criminal."

text: The song used in the film is much longer than the album release, with several lyrics that clarify the story. There is also an interlude wherein Jackson joins the other dancers in a modern interpretive dance. At the climax of the song, Mr. Big lays siege to the club and kidnaps Katie. Michael follows them back to Big's lair and ends up surrounded by his henchmen. Mr. Big appears and taunts Michael by threatening to inject Katie with highly addictive narcotics. Katie breaks free for a moment, but Mr. Big grabs her again and starts kicking Michael. As Mr. Big stands over Michael and orders his henchmen to kill him and Katie, Michael looks up and sees his lucky star. He transforms into a giant robot and kills all of Mr. Big's soldiers, then turns into a spaceship. Mr. Big gets into a large hillside-mounted energy cannon, firing on the spaceship as it flies into a nearby ravine. The children are his next target, but the spaceship returns from the ravine just in time to fire a beam into the cannon with Mr. Big inside, destroying it and killing him. The children watch the ship fly into the night sky with a shower of light.

text: The children return to the city, believing that Michael is gone forever. As the boys talk about Michael, Katie walks away crying and clutching a paper star. As she sits in a corner wishing for him to come back, the paper star flies out of her hand and Michael walks out of the night fog. He takes them to Club 30's, where they find that the club has turned into the backstage area of a concert. Michael's stage crew return the children's missing dog and then escort Michael onto the stage where he performs "Come Together".

text: Personnel[edit]

text:
Written, composed, clap, solo and background vocals by Michael Jackson
Produced by Quincy Jones
Co-produced by Michael Jackson, Bill Bottrell
John Robinson: Drums
Bruce Swedien: Recording Engineer
David Williams: Guitar, Bass guitar
Kim Hutchcroft, Larry Williams: Saxophones
Gary Grant, Jerry Hey: Trumpets
Kevin Maloney: Muted Steinway piano
Christopher Currell: Synclavier

Certain synclavier effects by Denny Jaeger and Michael Rubini

John Barnes, Michael Boddicker: Synthesizers
Chief of police announcement by Bruce Swedien
Michael Jackson's heartbeat recording by Dr. Eric Chevlen; digitally processed in the Synclavier
Rhythm arrangement by Michael Jackson and John Barnes
Vocal arrangement by Michael Jackson
Horn arrangement by Jerry Hey
Video directed by Colin Chilvers

text: Chart performance[edit]

text:
Chart (1988–1989)
Peak
position

Australia (ARIA)[13]
29

Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[14]
17

Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[15]
1

France (SNEP)[16]
4

Germany (Official German Charts)[17]
9

Ireland (IRMA)[18]
4

Italy (FIMI)[19]
7

Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[20]
1

Netherlands (Single Top 100)[21]
1

New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[22]
29

Spain (AFYVE)[23]
1

Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[24]
5

UK (Official Charts Company)[25]
8

US Billboard Hot 100[3]
7

US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play[3]
10

US Billboard Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales[3]
13

US Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles[3]
2

Chart (2006)
Peak
position

France (SNEP)[16]
61

Ireland (IRMA)[18]
14

Italy (FIMI)[19]
6

Netherlands (Single Top 100)[21]
20

Spain (PROMUSICAE)[26]
1

UK (The Official Charts Company)[25]
19

Chart (2009)
Peak
position

Australia (ARIA)[13]
16

Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[14]
30

Canada (Hot Canadian Digital Singles)[3]
22

Denmark (Tracklisten)[27]
28

Europe (Eurochart Hot 100 Singles)[28]
20

France (SNEP) Download Chart[29]
10

Italy (FIMI)[19]
17

Netherlands (Single Top 100)[21]
22

New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[22]
37

Spain (PROMUSICAE)[26]
33

Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[30]
12

Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[24]
12

UK (Official Charts Company)[25]
13

UK Download (Official Charts Company)[31]
13

US Billboard Hot Digital Songs[3]
12

Chart (2013)
Peak
position

France (SNEP)[16]
172

Chart (2016)
Peak
position

Poland (Polish Airplay Top 100) [32]
76

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
7" single:[33]

"Smooth Criminal" (single mix) – 4:10
"Smooth Criminal" (instrumental) – 4:10

12" maxi and CD-maxi:[33]

"Smooth Criminal" (extended dance mix) – 7:46
"Smooth Criminal" (extended dance mix radio edit) – 5:20
"Smooth Criminal" ("Annie" mix) – 5:35
"Smooth Criminal" (dance mix – dub version) – 4:45
"Smooth Criminal" (a cappella) – 4:12

Cassette Single //2 Tracks//[33]

Smooth Criminal
Smooth Criminal (Instrumental)

Visionary single:[33]

CD side:

"Smooth Criminal" – 4:10
"Smooth Criminal" (extended dance mix) – 7:45

DVD side:

"Smooth Criminal" (music video (short version)) — 4:11
"Smooth Criminal" (music video) — 9:27

3" CD single:[33]

"Smooth Criminal" (extended dance mix) – 7:46
"Smooth Criminal" ("Annie" mix) – 5:35
"Smooth Criminal" (dance mix – dub version) – 4:45

CD promo:[33]

"Smooth Criminal" (single mix) – 4:12
"Smooth Criminal" (extended dance mix)  (different from other releases)– 7:46
"Smooth Criminal" (extended dance mix radio edit)  (different from other releases)– 5:20
"Smooth Criminal" ("Annie" mix)  (different from other releases) – 5:35
"Smooth Criminal" (dance mix – dub version) – 4:45
"Smooth Criminal" (a cappella) – 4:12

3" CD Japanese Single //2 Tracks//[33]

Smooth Criminal
Smooth Criminal (Instrumental)

text: Alien Ant Farm version[edit]

text:
"Smooth Criminal"

Single by Alien Ant Farm

from the album Anthology

Released
July 24, 2001

Format
CD

Recorded
2000

Genre

Nu metal[34]
funk metal[35]

Length
3:29

Label
DreamWorks

Songwriter(s)
Michael Jackson

Producer(s)
Jay Baumgardner

Alien Ant Farm singles chronology

"Movies"
(2001)
"Smooth Criminal"
(2001)
"Movies (re-release)"
(2001)

"Movies"
(2001)
"Smooth Criminal"
(2001)
"Movies (re-release)"
(2001)

text: In 2001, Alien Ant Farm released a cover of "Smooth Criminal" as their debut single from their album Anthology. According to the band members, they would play a few riffs of the Jackson song while warming up before gigs and audience members would request them to play the entire song. This positive feedback encouraged them to record their own rendition of "Smooth Criminal" and include it on Anthology. It became a number one hit on Billboard's Modern Rock Tracks chart and was also a number one in Australia. The music video was directed by Marc Klasfeld, and features multiple references to Michael Jackson music videos, including the "Smooth Criminal" video itself. The song was featured in the 2001 film American Pie 2 and the TV spot for Horrible Bosses 2. This version was featured in several video games including Karaoke Revolution, Guitar Hero On Tour: Decades and as downloadable content for the Rock Band series.

text: The album Greatest Hits (1999) includes a hidden track named "Slick Thief", which is an early version of "Smooth Criminal".[citation needed]

text: Charts[edit]

text: Weekly charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2001)
Peak
position

Australia (ARIA)[36]
1

Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[37]
6

Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[38]
3

Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[39]
4

Denmark (Tracklisten)[40]
3

Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[41]
2

France (SNEP)[42]
27

Germany (Official German Charts)[43]
5

Ireland (IRMA)[18]
2

Italy (FIMI)[44]
11

Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[45]
4

Netherlands (Single Top 100)[46]
4

New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[47]
4

Norway (VG-lista)[48]
7

Scotland (Official Charts Company)[49]
3

Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[50]
5

Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[51]
4

UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[52]
3

UK Rock and Metal (Official Charts Company)[53]
1

US Billboard Hot 100[54]
23

US Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks (Billboard)[54]
18

US Modern Rock Tracks(Billboard)[54]
1

US Top 40 Mainstream(Billboard)[54]
12

US Top 40 Tracks(Billboard)[54]
24

text: Year-end charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2001)
Position

Australia (ARIA)[55]
8

Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[56]
61

Belgium (Ultratop Flanders)[57]
24

Belgium (Ultratop Wallonia)[58]
55

Germany (Official German Charts)[59]
43

Netherlands (Single Top 100)[60]
42

Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[61]
48

Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[62]
39

UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[63]
32

text: Certifications[edit]

text:
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales

Australia (ARIA)[64]
2× Platinum
140,000^

Germany (BVMI)[65]
Gold
250,000^

United Kingdom (BPI)[66]
Gold
400,000

^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone

text: Glee version[edit]

text: In January 2012, Naya Rivera (as her character Santana Lopez) and Grant Gustin (as Sebastian Smythe) performed "Smooth Criminal" as a duet in the season three episode "Michael" of the American musical television show Glee, backed by musical duo 2Cellos. The song was filmed in a similar environment as the 2Cellos music video, in a room surrounded by empty chairs as the two musicians play. This cover debuted and peaked at number 26 at Billboard Hot 100, number 10 at Billboard Digital Songs, and number 28 at Billboard Canadian Hot 100 chart at the week of February 18, 2012.[67]


document_title: Oceanic crust

question_text: where would the oldest oceanic crust be found

text: Oceanic crust

text: Composition[edit]

text: Although a complete section of oceanic crust has not yet been drilled, geologists have several pieces of evidence that help them understand the ocean floor. Estimations of composition are based on analyses of ophiolites (sections of oceanic crust that are thrust onto and preserved on the continents), comparisons of the seismic structure of the oceanic crust with laboratory determinations of seismic velocities in known rock types, and samples recovered from the ocean floor by submersibles, dredging (especially from ridge crests and fracture zones) and drilling.[8] Oceanic crust is significantly simpler than continental crust and generally can be divided in three layers. According to mineral physics experiments, at lower mantle pressures, oceanic crust becomes denser than the surrounding mantle.[9]

text:
Layer 1 is on an average 0.4 km thick. It consists of unconsolidated or semiconsolidated sediments, usually thin or even not present near the mid-ocean ridges but thickens farther away from the ridge.[10] Near the continental margins sediment is terrigenous, meaning derived from the land, unlike deep sea sediments which are made of tiny shells of marine organisms, usually calcareous and siliceous, or it can be made of volcanic ash and terrigenous sediments transported by turbidity currents.[11]
Layer 2 could be divided into two parts: layer 2A – 0.5 km thick uppermost volcanic layer of glassy to finely crystalline basalt usually in the form of pillow basalt, and layer 2B – 1.5 km thick layer composed of diabase dikes.[12]
Layer 3 is formed by slow cooling of magma beneath the surface and consists of coarse grained gabbros and cumulate ultramafic rocks.[13] It constitutes over two-thirds of oceanic crust volume with almost 5 km thickness.[14]

text: Geochemistry[edit]

text: The most voluminous volcanic rocks of the ocean floor are the mid-oceanic ridge basalts, which are derived from low-potassium tholeiitic magmas. These rocks have low concentrations of large ion lithophile elements (LILE), light rare earth elements (LREE), volatile elements and other highly incompatible elements. There can be found basalts enriched with incompatible elements, but they are rare and associated with mid-ocean ridge hot spots such as surroundings of Galapagos Islands, the Azores and Iceland.[15]

text: Life cycle[edit]

text: Oceanic crust is continuously being created at mid-ocean ridges. As plates diverge at these ridges, magma rises into the upper mantle and crust. As it moves away from the ridge, the lithosphere becomes cooler and denser, and sediment gradually builds on top of it. The youngest oceanic lithosphere is at the oceanic ridges, and it gets progressively older away from the ridges.[16]

text: As the mantle rises it cools and melts, as the pressure decreases and it crosses the solidus. The amount of melt produced depends only on the temperature of the mantle as it rises. Hence most oceanic crust is the same thickness (7±1 km). Very slow spreading ridges (<1 cm·yr−1 half-rate) produce thinner crust (4–5 km thick) as the mantle has a chance to cool on upwelling and so it crosses the solidus and melts at lesser depth, thereby producing less melt and thinner crust. An example of this is the Gakkel Ridge under the Arctic Ocean. Thicker than average crust is found above plumes as the mantle is hotter and hence it crosses the solidus and melts at a greater depth, creating more melt and a thicker crust. An example of this is Iceland which has crust of thickness ~20 km.[17]

text: The age of the oceanic crust can be used to estimate the (thermal) thickness of the lithosphere, where young oceanic crust has not had enough time to cool the mantle beneath it, while older oceanic crust has thicker mantle lithosphere beneath it.[18] The oceanic lithosphere subducts at what are known as convergent boundaries. These boundaries can exist between oceanic lithosphere on one plate and oceanic lithosphere on another, or between oceanic lithosphere on one plate and continental lithosphere on another. In the second situation, the oceanic lithosphere always subducts because the continental lithosphere is less dense. The subduction process consumes older oceanic lithosphere, so oceanic crust is seldom more than 200 million years old.[19] The process of super-continent formation and destruction via repeated cycles of creation and destruction of oceanic crust is known as the Wilson cycle.

text: The oldest large scale oceanic crust is in the west Pacific and north-west Atlantic - both are about up to 180-200 million years old. However, parts of the eastern Mediterranean Sea are remnants of the much older Tethys ocean, at about 270 and up to 340 million years old.[20][21][22]

text: Magnetic anomalies[edit]

text: The oceanic crust displays a pattern of magnetic lines, parallel to the ocean ridges, frozen in the basalt. A symmetrical pattern of positive and negative magnetic lines emanates from the mid-ocean ridge.[23] New rock is formed by magma at the mid-ocean ridges, and the ocean floor spreads out from this point. When the magma cools to form rock, its magnetic polarity is aligned with the then-current positions of the magnetic poles of the Earth. New magma then forces the older cooled magma away from the ridge. This process results in parallel sections of oceanic crust of alternating magnetic polarity.


document_title: Elastic artery

question_text: what specific type of artery is found closest to the heart

text: Elastic artery

text:
Elastic artery

Details

System
Cardiovascular system

Identifiers

TH
H3.09.02.0.01010

Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]

text: An elastic artery (conducting artery or conduit artery) is an artery with a large number of collagen and elastin filaments in the tunica media, which gives it the ability to stretch in response to each pulse.[1] This elasticity also gives rise to the Windkessel effect, which helps to maintain a relatively constant pressure in the arteries despite the pulsating nature of the blood flow. Elastic arteries include the largest arteries in the body, those closest to the heart. They give rise to medium-sized vessels known as distributing arteries (or muscular arteries).

text: The pulmonary arteries, the aorta, and its branches together comprise the body's system of elastic arteries.

text: Elastic arteries receive their own blood supply by the vasa vasorum unlike smaller blood vessels, which are supplied by diffusion


document_title: Brian Song

question_text: who sang theme song for life of brian

question_tokens: who sang theme song for life of brian

text: Brian Song

text: for the 1971 made for TV movie

text:
"Brian/Always Look On The Bright Side Of Life"

Single by Monty Python

from the album Monty Python's Life of Brian

Released
16 November 1979

Genre

Comedy
soundtrack

Label
Warner Brothers

Songwriter(s)

Michael Palin
Andre Jacquemin
Dave Howman

Producer(s)
Andre Jacquemin
Dave Howman

Monty Python singles chronology

"Python On Song"
(1976)
"Brian/Always Look On The Bright Side Of Life"
(1979)
"I Like Chinese"
(1980)

"Python On Song"
(1976)
"Brian/Always Look On The Bright Side Of Life"
(1979)
"I Like Chinese"
(1980)

text: "Brian Song" is the title song from the 1979 film Monty Python's Life of Brian.[1] It was released as a single in the UK on 16 November 1979 as a Double A side with "Always Look on the Bright Side of Life". The song, which charts the growth of the Brian character to manhood, was composed by Andre Jacquemin and Dave Howman with lyrics by Michael Palin. It was performed by sixteen-year-old Sonia Jones[2] with a string and brass accompaniment in the style of a John Barry film theme (the entire brass section was performed via extensive multitracking by John Du Prez). It is included on the Monty Python's Life of Brian album and on the CD Monty Python Sings.[3] Martin Chilton, the Culture Editor for The Telegraph website, listed it as one of the five best Monty Python songs in 2013.[1]

text: In 2009, Jones re-recorded the song for the opening credits of the six-part documentary series Monty Python: Almost the Truth (Lawyers Cut), with altered lyrics referring to "Python" rather than "Brian". Five different versions were used for the first five episodes, with Jones sounding increasingly fed up with performing the song. On the sixth and final episode she was replaced by Iron Maiden vocalist Bruce Dickinson.


document_title: Tribute (song)

question_text: who plays the devil in tenacious d tribute

text: Tribute (song)

text: History[edit]

text: Tribute was the first song Black and Gass played live as Tenacious D.[4] The song, like many other songs that were recorded on Tenacious D, was originally performed on their short-lived HBO TV series.[5] During earlier performances of this song Kyle Gass played the opening to "Stairway to Heaven".[6] The two songs are both in A minor and have very similar chord progressions, and critics have said the songs sound alike.[1][7][8]

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: The song chronicles the band members' encounter with a demon who demands the duo play "the best song in the world" or have their souls eaten. Having nothing to lose from trying, they play "the first thing that came to our heads", and it "just so happened to be the best song in the world."

text: Given the "Stairway to Heaven" interlude in the original TV series version, along with the similarity of the chord progression in both songs, Tribute at first implies that the best song in the world is indeed that song. However, the lyrics make clear that Tribute sounds nothing like the song they came up with to please the demon; as Black describes: "And the peculiar thing is this my friends: The song we sang on that fateful night, it didn't actually sound anything like this song."

text: In an interview the band claimed that the inspiration from the song came after Jack Black played Metallica's "One" for Kyle Gass, describing it as "the best song in the world",[9][10] leading to a failed attempt to themselves write an even better song, and a discussion of the meaninglessness of labeling any song that way. Tribute was written as a paean to the impossibility of reaching musical perfection, making the claim that the greatest song in the world had in fact been theirs, but that they had forgotten it.

text: In Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny, it is implied that the climax of the movie, a rock-off challenge between Satan and Tenacious D told through the song Beelzeboss (The Final Showdown), is the incident chronicled in Tribute, and that the portion of Beelzeboss performed by Tenacious D is the song receiving tribute. After defeating Satan, Jack and Kyle recall the incident once more, describing it as, "the greatest song in the world". Unfortunately, they are unable to remember how it went. Also in the song Beelzeboss, they mention that they know the demon's weakness, referred to as their "rocket sauce", which is what they use in their HBO television series to defeat the demon. However, unlike the demon in the television episode, Satan says they are "Fuckin' lame" and tries to take Kyle Gass to hell after all, while the demon asks if they are angels. However, considering that they do not remember the song, they may have forgotten this as well. This was confirmed in a commentary with Jack Black for the movie.

text: Music video[edit]

text: The music video for "Tribute", directed and edited by Liam Lynch, features Jack Black and Kyle Gass, in a cheap shopping mall karaoke booth, rewired to record their song.

text: As they sing, the video cuts between footage of the pair walking down the "long, lonesome road" and the encounter with the demon played by Dave Grohl. The demon also performs the electric guitar solo in the music video. After the solo, Black and Gass jump out of the booth and start shouting the lyrics at mall shoppers and dancing flamboyantly. Passersby include cameos from Lynch and Ben Stiller. While most pay no attention, an old lady, played by Linda Porter assaults Black with her purse after he grabs her while singing. A policeman, played by JR Reed, who played "Lee" in the band's television series, takes Black and Gass away. At the end the same old lady who was frightened by the duo picks up the now-recorded CD, eyes glowing red, and cackles demonically.[11]

text: Although the video had huge success on UK television, the song was never actually released there as a single. "Tribute" was nominated for two Music Video Production Association Awards: "Alternative Video of the Year" and "Directorial Debut of the Year".[12] In addition, it was a nominee for best video in the 2002 Kerrang! Awards.[13]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Some critics described the plot of the song as being similar to the song "The Devil Went Down to Georgia" by the Charlie Daniels Band.[1][7][14]

text: Track listings[edit]

text:
"Tribute" – 4:08
"Jesus Ranch (demo)" – 2:14

tag: ol

text:
"Tribute" – 4:08
"Cosmic Shame (live)" – 4:28 Recorded at the Cox Arena in San Diego on November 20, 2001.
"Friendship" – 2:00
"Tribute (Video)" – 4:08
"Wonderboy (Video)" – 4:07

text:
"Tribute" (Radio Edit) – 4:08
"Cave Intro" – 0:46
"Jesus Ranch (demo)" – 2:14
"Kyle Quit the Band (demo)" – 2:10
"Explosivo (Mocean Worker's Megamix)" – 5:02

text: "Tribute" – 4:08 (Radio Edit)

text: Chart performance[edit]

text:
Chart
Peak
position
Year

Dutch Top 40[15]
25
2002

Australian ARIA Singles Chart[16]
4

New Zealand Singles Chart[17]
9

UK Singles Chart
166
2007

137
2011

84
2012

126
2013

Certifier
Award

RIANZ[18]
Gold

ARIA[16]
Platinum

text: Personnel[edit]

text:
Jack Black (vocals/acoustic guitar)
Kyle Gass (backing vocals/acoustic guitar)
Page McConnell (keys)
Dave Grohl (drums)
Warren Fitzgerald (electric guitar solo)
Alfredo Ortiz (additional drums)
The Dust Brothers (production)
Ken Andrews (mixer)


document_title: Police dog

question_text: how many police dogs are there in the uk

text: Police dog

text: History[edit]

text: Early history[edit]

text: Dogs have been used in law enforcement since the Middle Ages. Money was then ide in the villages for the upkeep of the parish constable's bloodhounds that were used for hunting down outlaws.[clarification needed] In France, dogs were used in the 14th century in St. Malo.[clarification needed] Bloodhounds used in Scotland were known as "Slough dogs" - the word "Sleuth", (meaning detective) was derived from this.[3]

text: The rapid urbanization of London in the 19th century increased public concern regarding growing lawlessness - a problem that was far too great to be dealt with by the existing law enforcement of the time. As a result, private associations were formed to help combat crime. Night watchmen were employed to guard premises, and were provided with firearms and dogs to protect themselves from criminals.

text: Modern era[edit]

text: One of the first attempts to use K9s in Policing was in 1889 by the Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police of London, Sir Charles Warren. Warren's repeated failures at identifying and apprehending the serial killer Jack the Ripper had earned him much vilification from the press, including being denounced for not using bloodhounds to track the killer. He soon had two bloodhounds trained for the performance of a simple tracking test from the scene of another of the killer's crimes. The results were far from satisfactory, with one of the hounds biting the Commissioner and both dogs later running off, requiring a police search to find them.[4]

text: It was in Continental Europe that dogs were first used on a large scale. Police in Paris began using dogs against roaming criminal gangs at night, but it was the police department in Ghent, Belgium that introduced the first organized police dog service program in 1899.[5] These methods soon spread to Austria-Hungary and Germany; in the latter the first scientific developments in the field took place with experiments in dog breeding and training. The German police selected the German Shepherd Dog as the ideal breed for police work and opened up the first dog training school in 1920 in Greenheide.[6] The dogs were systematically trained in obedience to their officers and tracking and attacking criminals.

text: In Britain, the North Eastern Railway Police were among the first to use police dogs in 1908 to put a stop to theft from the docks in Hull. By 1910, railway police forces were experimenting with other breeds such as Labrador Retrievers, Doberman Pinschers, and German Shepherds.[7]

text: Training[edit]

text: For a dog to be considered for a Police Department, they must first pass a basic obedience training course. They must be able to obey the commands of their handler without hesitation. This allows the officer to have complete control over how much force the dog should use against a suspect. Dogs trained in Europe are usually given commands in the country's native language. Dogs are initially trained with this language for basic behavior, so, it is easier for the officer to learn new words/commands, rather than retraining the dog to new commands. This is contrary to the popular belief that Police Dogs are trained in a different language so that a suspect cannot command the dog against the officer. [8]

text: Dogs used in law enforcement are trained to either be either "single purpose" or "dual purpose". Single purpose dogs are used primarily for backup, personal protection, and tracking. Dual purpose dogs, however, are more commonly trained. Dual purpose dogs do everything that single purpose dogs do, and also detect either explosives or narcotics, however, they cannot be trained to detect both. Dogs can only be trained for one or the other because the dog cannot communicate to the officer if it found explosives or narcotics. When a narcotics dog in the United States indicates to the officer that it found something, the officer has reasonable suspicion to search whatever the dog alerted on (i.e. bag or vehicle) without a warrant. [9]

text: Specialized police dogs[edit]

text:
Sentry and attack K9s - This dog is used to locate and subdue suspects or enemies, and to provide security for sensitive or controlled areas.
Search and rescue K9s (SAR) - This dog is used to locate suspects or find missing people or objects. Bloodhounds are often used for this task.
Detection or explosive K9s - Some dogs are used to detect illicit substances such as drugs or explosives which may be carried on a person or in their effects. In many countries, Beagles are used in airports to sniff baggage for items that are not permitted; due to their friendly nature and appearance, the Beagle does not worry most passengers.[10]
Arson K9s - Some dogs are trained to pick up on traces of accelerants at sites of suspected arson.
Cadaver K9s - Some dogs are trained in detecting cadaverine and other odors of decomposing bodies. Dogs' noses are so sensitive that they are even capable of detecting bodies that are under running water.[11]

text: Popular breeds[edit]

text: Some breeds are used to enforce public order by chasing and detaining suspects either by direct apprehension or a method known as Bark and Hold. K9s such as the German Shepherd breed, have many qualities that make them applicable for the job. A successful K9 should be intelligent, aggressive, strong, and have a good sense of smell. Many police dogs that are chosen are male and remain unneutered to maintain their aggressive behavior, however there are female police dogs which are used for rescue, tracking, and locating bombs and drugs.[12] German Shepherd dogs and Belgian Malinois are most commonly used because of their availability.

text: Notable police dog breeds are:

text:
Basset Hound (locating bombs and narcotics)
Beagle (locating bombs, drugs. Used worldwide.)
Belgian Malinois (protection, attack dog, locating IEDs, locating evidence, locating drugs, prisoner transport, human tracking.)
Bloodhound (odor-specific ID, tracking, locating bombs, drugs, evidence.)
English Cocker Spaniel (firearms, bombs, money, drugs)
Doberman Pinscher (protection, attack dog)
Dutch Shepherd (protection, attack dog)
Springer Spaniel (locating bombs, drugs)
German Shepherd (protection, attack dog, ground based tracking and air based tracking, locating human remains, locating drugs, locating IEDs, locating evidence)
German Shorthaired Pointer (ground based tracking and air based tracking, locating drugs, locating evidence)
Labrador Retriever (locating bombs, drugs)

text: Retirement[edit]

text: Police dogs are retired if they become injured to an extent where they will not recover completely, pregnant, or raising puppies, or are too old or sick to continue working. Since many dogs are raised in working environments for the first year of their life and retired before they become unable to perform, the working life of a K9 is 6–9 years.[13]

text: If these K9s are killed in the line of duty they get the same honors as their human partners.[14]

text: Usage by country[edit]

text: Australia[edit]

text: The Australian Federal Police and other law enforcement agencies are known to employ K9s for security priorities such as airport duties.

text: Belgium[edit]

text: The Belgian Canine Support Group is part of the country's federal police. It has 35 dog teams. Some dogs are trained to detect drugs, human remains, hormones or fire accelerants. About a third are tracker dogs trained to find or identify living people. These teams are often deployed to earthquake areas to locate people trapped in collapsed buildings. The federal police's explosive detector dogs are attached to the Federal Police Special Units.

text: Canada[edit]

text: Many Canadian municipalities use dog squads as a means of tracking suspects. Most municipalities in Canada employ the bite and hold technique rather than the bark and hold technique meaning once the dog is deployed, it bites the suspect until the dog handler commands it to release. This often results in serious puncture wounds and is traumatic for suspects. A dog has the legal status of property in Canada. As such, developing case law is moving towards absolute liability for the handlers of animals deliberately released to intentionally maim suspects. The dog is effectively a weapon.

text: In 2010, an Alberta Court of Queen's Bench judge stayed criminal charges against Kirk Steele, a man who was near-fatally shot by a police officer while he stabbed the officer's police dog. The judge found that the shooting was cruel and unusual treatment and excessive force.[15]

text: Police require reasonable suspicion they will recover evidence in order to use a dog to sniff a person or their possessions in public. This is because using a dog to detect scents is considered a search.[16] The main exemption to that rule are the dogs of the Canada Border Services Agency who are allowed to make searches without warrants under s.98 of the Customs Act.

text: Denmark[edit]

text: There are a total of 240 active police dogs in Denmark, each of which are ranked in one of three groups: Group-1, Group-2 and Group-3. Dogs in Group-1 are very experienced, and highly trained. Group-1 dogs are typically within the age range of four to eight years old and are used for patrolling, rescue, searching for biological evidence and major crime investigations. Group-2 dogs are employed for the same tasks as members of Group-1, but they do not participate in major crime investigations or searching for biological evidence. Group-3 is the beginner rank for police dogs, and are only employed for patrol operations. The Danish police have used law enforcement dogs since 1907, and only approve male German Shepherds.

text: Hong Kong[edit]

text: The Police Dog Unit, (Abbreviation: PDU; Chinese: 警犬隊) established in 1949, is a specialist force of the Hong Kong Police under the direct command of the Special Operations Bureau. Their roles are crowd control, search and rescue, and poison and explosive detection. In addition, the Police Dog Unit works in collaboration with other departments for anti-crime operations.

text: Netherlands[edit]

text: The Dutch Mounted Police and Police Dog Service (DLHP) is part of the Korps landelijke politiediensten (KLPD; National Police Services Agency) and supports other units with horse patrols and specially trained dogs. The DLHP's dogs are trained to recognize a single specific scent. They specialize in identifying scents (identifying the scent shared by an object and a person), narcotics, explosives and firearms, detecting human remains, locating drowning people and fire accelerants.

text: The KLPD is just one of the 26 police regions in the Netherlands. Every other region has its own K-9 unit. For example, the K-9 unit of the regional police Amsterdam-Amstelland has 24 patroldog handlers and 6 specialdog handlers and 4 instructors. The unit has 24 patroldogs, 3 explosives/firearms dogs, 3 active narcotic dogs, 2 passive narcotic dogs,2 scent identifying dogs, 1 crime scene dog and 1 USAR dog. They work on a 24/7 basis, every shift (07:00-15:00/15:00-23:00/23:00-07:00 local time), has a minimum of 2 patroldog handlers on patrol. The special dog handlers work only in the dayshift or after a call.

text: India[edit]

text: In India, the National Security Guard inducted Malinois (Belgian Shepherd Dog) into its K-9 Unit, Border Security Force and Central Reserve Police Force use Rajapalayam as guard dogs to support the Force in the borders of Kashmir. Most of the Indian State Local Police use Labrador Retriever, German Shepherd and Doberman Pinscher in their Dog Squads. The Delhi Police has recruited many of the city's street dogs to be trained for security purposes.[17]

text: Italy[edit]

text: All the law enforcement in Italy (Carabinieri, Polizia di Stato and Guardia di Finanza) have in service many patrol dogs for Public Order, Anti-Drug, Anti-explosive, Search and Rescue.

text: Russia[edit]

text: One of the most common breeds used in Russia is the German Shepherd. This is mainly because these dogs are adapted to the climate of the country. Attack dogs have been used for a long time, off and on for foot patrolling. These dogs are kept on a leash at all times and are required to wear a muzzle unless the dog is needed to pursue and detain a suspect. These dogs must remain calm, docile, and unfazed by crowds or noise. Russian Police Dogs may react to any and all stimuli only if they are ordered to do so by their handler. They are a common sight in the public and are often unnerving to the public. German shepherds are also used for tasks such as seeking dangerous fugitives, tracking, and were ultimately chosen as the all-purpose police and army breed. This has remained common in most Soviet Union Successor States.[18]

text: Sweden[edit]

text: The Swedish law enforcement acquired its first two dogs in 1910, when two police officers brought Airedale Terrier Cora and shepherd Leo from Hamburg to assist in police investigations,[19] but regular use of K9 did not take off until the 1950s.[20] The Swedish Police Authority currently deploys around 400 police dogs, of which about 70 percent German Shepherds and 20 percent Malinois. The remaining 10 percent consist of a range of breeds, including Boxers, Labradors, and Springer Spaniel[disambiguation needed].[21] There is however no requirement for the dogs to be purebred, as long as they meet mental and physical requirements set by the police. Dogs aged 18–48 months are eligible to take admission tests for the K9 training. The police dogs live with their operators, and after retirement at age 8-10 the operator often assumes the ownership of the dog.[22]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: Police forces across the country employ dogs and handlers and dog training schools are available to cater for the ever-increasing number of dogs being used.

text: There are over 2,500 police dogs employed amongst the various police forces in the UK, with the German Shepherd as the most popular breed for general purpose work. The Belgian Malinois is also gaining in popularity; in 2008, a Belgian Malinois female handled by PC Graham Clarke won the National Police Dog Trials with the highest score ever recorded.

text: All British police dogs, irrespective of the discipline they are trained in, must be licensed to work operationally. To obtain the license they have to pass a test at the completion of their training, and then again every year until they retire, which is usually at about the age of 8. The standards required to become operational are laid down by the Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO) sub-committee on police dogs and are reviewed on a regular basis to ensure that training and licensing reflects the most appropriate methods and standards.

text: Many British police services now source the majority of their replacement dogs from within specialized police dog breeding programs designed to ensure that the dogs are bred with strong working ethics and health as a priority. The Metropolitan Police has the largest police dog breeding program in the UK supplying not only the capital city, London, but many other parts of the UK and the world with police service dogs.

text: In 2011, a freedom of information request by British broadcaster BBC to all 48 police forces in the UK revealed that between 2008–2010 196 police staff and 155 innocent members of the public were bitten by police dogs.[23] A similar investigation in 2014 revealed that between 2011–2013 police dogs were involved in at least 150 attacks on innocent members of the public including two 10-year-old children.[24]

text: United States[edit]

text: Police dogs are in widespread use across the United States. K-9 units are operated on the federal, state, county, and local level and are utilized for a wide variety of duties, similar to those of other nations. Their duties generally include drug, bomb, and weapon detection and cadaver searches. The most common police dogs used for everyday duties are German Shepherds, though other breeds may be used to perform specific tasks.

text: On the federal level, police dogs are rarely seen by the general public, though they may be viewed in some airports assisting Transportation Security Administration officials search for explosives and weapons or by Customs and Border Protection searching for concealed narcotics and people. Some dogs may also be used by tactical components of such agencies as the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and the United States Marshals Service.

text: Most police agencies in the United States - whether state, county, or local – use K-9s as a means of law enforcement. Often, even the smallest of departments operates a K-9 team of at least one dog, while the officers of more metropolitan cities can be more used to working with dozens. In the former case, police dogs usually serve all purposes deemed necessary, most commonly suspect apprehension and narcotics detection, and teams are often on call; in the latter case, however, individual dogs usually serve individual purposes in which each particular animal is specialized, and teams usually serve scheduled shifts. In both cases, police dogs are almost always cared for by their specific handlers. K-9s are not often seen by the public, though specialized police vehicles used for carrying dogs may be seen from time to time.

text: It is a felony to assault or kill a federal law enforcement animal, and it is a crime in most states to assault or kill a police animal. Yet despite common belief[citation needed], police dogs are not treated as police officers for the purpose of the law, and attacking a police dog is not punishable in the same manner as attacking a police officer.[citation needed] Though many police departments formally swear dogs in as police officers, this swearing-in is purely honorary, and carries no legal significance.[2]

text: Police dogs also play a major role in American penal systems. Many jails and prisons will use special dog teams as a means of intervening in large-scale fights or riots by inmates. Also, many penal systems will employ dogs – usually bloodhounds – in searching for escaped prisoners.

text: U.S. Supreme Court cases[edit]

text: The United States Supreme Court is the highest federal court in the United States of America. It holds rulings that are the ultimate appellate jurisdiction over all federal, and state court cases.

text: Some U.S. Supreme Court cases that pertain to police dogs are:

text:
United States v. Place- The court determined that the sniffing of personal items of a person in a public place by a dog for the purpose of finding contraband was not considered a "search" under the Fourth Amendment.
City of Indianapolis v. Edmond- It is unconstitutional to set up a checkpoint to detect evidence of "ordinary criminal wrongdoing". This case was due to a checkpoint for drugs using Police dogs to sniff cars.
United States v. Sharp- A canine sniff of the exterior of a vehicle is not a search under the Fourth Amendment, but if the canine enters the vehicle to sniff, it is a search. This case was ruled in favor of the officer because the dog jumped into the car, however, it was not encouraged by the officer therefore it was the dog's natural instinct to get closer to the scent. [25]