document_title: 2017–18 UEFA Europa League

question_text: who did rangers draw in the europa league

question_tokens: who did rangers draw in the europa league

text: 2017–18 UEFA Europa League

text: Association team allocation[edit]

text: A total of 190 teams from all 55 UEFA member associations participate in the 2017–18 UEFA Europa League.[4] The association ranking based on the UEFA country coefficients is used to determine the number of participating teams for each association:[5]

text:
Associations 1–51 (except Liechtenstein) each have three teams qualify.

As the winners of the 2016–17 UEFA Europa League, Manchester United qualified for the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League; the 2017–18 UEFA Europa League berth they would otherwise have earned for finishing 6th in the 2016–17 Premier League was vacated and not passed to another English team.

Associations 52–54 each have two teams qualify.
Liechtenstein and Kosovo each have one team qualify (Liechtenstein organises only a domestic cup and no domestic league; Kosovo as per decision by the UEFA Executive Committee).[6]
Moreover, 33 teams eliminated from the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League are transferred to the Europa League.

text: Starting from this season, Gibraltar are granted two spots instead of one in the Europa League.[7] Kosovo, who became a UEFA member on 3 May 2016, made their debut in the UEFA Europa League.[6][8]

text: Association ranking[edit]

text: For the 2017–18 UEFA Europa League, the associations are allocated places according to their 2016 UEFA country coefficients, which takes into account their performance in European competitions from 2011–12 to 2015–16.[9][10]

text: Apart from the allocation based on the country coefficients, associations may have additional teams participating in the Europa League, as noted below:

text:
(UCL) – Additional teams transferred from the UEFA Champions League
(UEL) – Vacated berth due to UEFA Europa League title holders playing in UEFA Champions League

text:
Rank
Association
Coeff.
Teams
Notes

1
 Spain
105.713
3

2
 Germany
80.177
+1 (UCL)

3
 England
76.284
−1 (UEL)

4
 Italy
70.439

5
 Portugal
53.082

6
 France
52.749
+1 (UCL)

7
 Russia
51.082

8
 Ukraine
44.883
+1 (UCL)

9
 Belgium
40.000
+1 (UCL)

10
 Netherlands
35.563
+1 (UCL)

11
 Turkey
34.600
+1 (UCL)

12
 Switzerland
33.775
+1 (UCL)

13
 Czech Republic
32.925
+2 (UCL)

14
 Greece
29.700
+1 (UCL)

15
 Romania
25.383
+2 (UCL)

16
 Austria
25.100
+1 (UCL)

17
 Croatia
23.875
+1 (UCL)

18
 Poland
22.500
+1 (UCL)

19
 Cyprus
22.175

Rank
Association
Coeff.
Teams
Notes

20
 Belarus
20.000
3
+1 (UCL)

21
 Sweden
19.875

22
 Norway
19.250
+1 (UCL)

23
 Israel
18.625
+1 (UCL)

24
 Denmark
18.600
+1 (UCL)

25
 Scotland
17.300

26
 Azerbaijan
14.875

27
 Serbia
14.625
+1 (UCL)

28
 Kazakhstan
14.125
+1 (UCL)

29
 Bulgaria
13.125
+1 (UCL)

30
 Slovenia
13.125

31
 Slovakia
12.000

32
 Liechtenstein
10.500
1

33
 Hungary
9.875
3

34
 Moldova
9.125
+1 (UCL)

35
 Iceland
8.750
+1 (UCL)

36
 Georgia
8.125

37
 Finland
7.400

Rank
Association
Coeff.
Teams
Notes

38
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
7.125
3

39
 Albania
6.625

40
 Macedonia
6.000
+1 (UCL)

41
 Republic of Ireland
5.450

42
 Latvia
5.375

43
 Luxembourg
5.250

44
 Montenegro
4.875

45
 Lithuania
4.625

46
 Northern Ireland
4.500

47
 Estonia
4.250

48
 Armenia
4.125

49
 Faroe Islands
3.625

50
 Malta
3.583

51
 Wales
3.500

52
 Gibraltar
1.000
2

53
 Andorra
0.999

54
 San Marino
0.333

55
 Kosovo
0.000
1

text: Distribution[edit]

text: In the default access list, Manchester United enter the group stage (as the sixth-placed team of the 2016–17 Premier League).[8] However, since they qualified for the Champions League as the Europa League title holders, the spot which they qualified for in the Europa League group stage is vacated, and the following changes to the default allocation system are made:[11][12][13]

text:
The domestic cup winners of association 13 (Czech Republic) are promoted from the third qualifying round to the group stage.
The domestic cup winners of association 18 (Poland) are promoted from the second qualifying round to the third qualifying round.
The domestic cup winners of associations 25 and 26 (Scotland and Azerbaijan) are promoted from the first qualifying round to the second qualifying round.

text:
Teams entering in this round
Teams advancing from previous round
Teams transferred from Champions League

First qualifying round
(100 teams)

29 domestic cup winners from associations 27–55
36 domestic league runners-up from associations 18–54 (except Liechtenstein)
35 domestic league third-placed teams from associations 16–51 (except Liechtenstein)

Second qualifying round
(66 teams)

8 domestic cup winners from associations 19–26
2 domestic league runners-up from associations 16–17
6 domestic league fourth-placed teams from associations 10–15

50 winners from first qualifying round

Third qualifying round
(58 teams)

5 domestic cup winners from associations 14–18
9 domestic league third-placed teams from associations 7–15
5 domestic league fourth-placed teams from associations 5–9
3 domestic league fifth-placed teams from associations 4–6 (League Cup winners for France)
3 domestic league sixth-placed teams from associations 1–3 (League Cup winners for England)

33 winners from second qualifying round

Play-off round
(44 teams)

29 winners from third qualifying round

15 losers from Champions League third qualifying round

Group stage
(48 teams)

13 domestic cup winners from associations 1–13
1 domestic league fourth-placed team from association 4
3 domestic league fifth-placed teams from associations 1–3
−1 Europa League title holders

22 winners from play-off round

10 losers from Champions League play-off round

Knockout phase
(32 teams)

12 group winners from group stage
12 group runners-up from group stage

8 third-placed teams from Champions League group stage

text: Redistribution rules[edit]

text: A Europa League place is vacated when a team qualifies for both the Champions League and the Europa League, or qualifies for the Europa League by more than one method. When a place is vacated, it is redistributed within the national association by the following rules (regulations Articles 3.03 and 3.04):[5]

text:
When the domestic cup winners (considered as the "highest-placed" qualifier within the national association with the latest starting round) also qualify for the Champions League, their Europa League place is vacated. As a result, the highest-placed team in the league which have not yet qualified for European competitions qualify for the Europa League, with the Europa League qualifiers which finish above them in the league moved up one "place".
When the domestic cup winners also qualify for the Europa League through league position, their place through the league position is vacated. As a result, the highest-placed team in the league which have not yet qualified for European competitions qualify for the Europa League, with the Europa League qualifiers which finish above them in the league moved up one "place" if possible.
For associations where a Europa League place is reserved for either the League Cup or end-of-season European competition play-offs winners, they always qualify for the Europa League as the "lowest-placed" qualifier. If the League Cup winners have already qualified for European competitions through other methods, this reserved Europa League place is taken by the highest-placed team in the league which have not yet qualified for European competitions.

text: Teams[edit]

text: The labels in the parentheses show how each team qualified for the place of its starting round:[14][15]

text:
CW: Cup winners
2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, etc.: League position
LC: League Cup winners
RW: Regular season winners
PW: End-of-season European competition play-offs winners
UCL: Transferred from the Champions League

GS: Third-placed teams from the group stage
PO: Losers from the play-off round
Q3: Losers from the third qualifying round

text:
Round of 32

 (UCL GS)
 (UCL GS)
 (UCL GS)
 (UCL GS)

 (UCL GS)
 (UCL GS)
 (UCL GS)
 (UCL GS)

Group stage

 Villarreal (5th)
 Vitória de Guimarães (4th)
 Lugano (3rd)
 İstanbul Başakşehir (UCL PO)

 Real Sociedad (6th)
 Lyon (4th)
 Fastav Zlín (CW)
 Young Boys (UCL PO)

 1. FC Köln (5th)
 Lokomotiv Moscow (CW)
 Copenhagen (UCL PO)
 Nice (UCL PO)

 Hertha BSC (6th)
 Zorya Luhansk (3rd)
 Slavia Prague (UCL PO)
 1899 Hoffenheim (UCL PO)

 Arsenal (CW)
 Zulte Waregem (CW)
 Rijeka (UCL PO)
 Steaua București (UCL PO)

 Atalanta (4th)
 Vitesse (CW)
 Astana (UCL PO)

 Lazio (5th)
 Konyaspor (CW)
 Hapoel Be'er Sheva (UCL PO)

Play-off round

 BATE Borisov (UCL Q3)
 Rosenborg (UCL Q3)
 Sheriff Tiraspol (UCL Q3)
 Dynamo Kyiv (UCL Q3)

 Legia Warsaw (UCL Q3)
 Ludogorets Razgrad (UCL Q3)
 Partizan (UCL Q3)
 AEK Athens (UCL Q3)

 FH (UCL Q3)
 Viitorul Constanța (UCL Q3)
 Viktoria Plzeň (UCL Q3)
 Club Brugge (UCL Q3)

 Vardar (UCL Q3)
 Red Bull Salzburg (UCL Q3)
 Ajax (UCL Q3)

Third qualifying round

 Athletic Bilbao (7th)
 Bordeaux (6th)
 PSV Eindhoven (3rd)
 CS U Craiova (5th)[Note ROU]

 SC Freiburg (7th)
 Zenit Saint Petersburg (3rd)
 Fenerbahçe (3rd)
 Austria Wien (2nd)

 Everton (7th)
 Krasnodar (4th)
 Sion (4th)
 Dinamo Zagreb (2nd)

 Milan (6th)
 Olimpik Donetsk (4th)
 Sparta Prague (3rd)
 Arka Gdynia (CW)

 Braga (5th)
 FC Oleksandriya (5th)
 PAOK (CW)

 Marítimo (6th)
 Gent (3rd)
 Panathinaikos (3rd)

 Marseille (5th)
 Oostende (PW)
 Dinamo București (3rd)

Second qualifying round

 Utrecht (PW)
 Panionios (5th)
 Apollon Limassol (CW)
 Bnei Yehuda (CW)

 Galatasaray (4th)
 Astra Giurgiu (6th)[Note ROU]
 Dinamo Brest (CW)
 Brøndby (2nd)

 Luzern (5th)
 Sturm Graz (3rd)
 Östersund (CW)
 Aberdeen (2nd)

 Mladá Boleslav (4th)
 Hajduk Split (3rd)
 Brann (2nd)
 Gabala (2nd)

First qualifying round

 Rheindorf Altach (4th)
 Ordabasy (4th)
 VPS (4th)
 Crusaders (2nd)

 Osijek (4th)
 Botev Plovdiv (CW)
 Široki Brijeg (CW)
 Coleraine (3rd)

 Jagiellonia Białystok (2nd)
 Levski Sofia (3rd)
 Željezničar Sarajevo (2nd)
 Ballymena United (PW)

 Lech Poznań (3rd)
 Dunav Ruse (4th)[Note BUL]
 Sarajevo (3rd)
 Levadia Tallinn (2nd)

 AEK Larnaca (2nd)
 Domžale (CW)
 Tirana (CW)
 Nõmme Kalju (3rd)

 AEL Limassol (4th)
 Gorica (2nd)
 Partizani Tirana (2nd)
 Flora Tallinn (4th)

 Shakhtyor Soligorsk (2nd)
 Olimpija Ljubljana (3rd)
 Skënderbeu Korçë (3rd)
 Shirak (CW)

 Dinamo Minsk (3rd)
 Slovan Bratislava (CW)
 Pelister (CW)
 Gandzasar Kapan (2nd)

 AIK (2nd)
 Ružomberok (3rd)
 Shkëndija (2nd)
 Pyunik (4th)

 IFK Norrköping (3rd)
 Trenčín (4th)
 Rabotnički (3rd)
 KÍ (CW)

 Odd (3rd)
 Vaduz (CW)
 Cork City (CW)
 NSÍ Runavík (3rd)

 Haugesund (4th)
 Ferencváros (CW)
 Derry City (3rd)[Note IRL]
 B36 Tórshavn (4th)

 Maccabi Tel Aviv (2nd)
 Videoton (2nd)
 Shamrock Rovers (4th)
 Floriana (CW)

 Beitar Jerusalem (3rd)
 Vasas (3rd)
 Ventspils (CW)
 Balzan (2nd)

 Lyngby (3rd)
 Dacia Chișinău (2nd)
 Jelgava (2nd)
 Valletta (4th)[Note MLT]

 Midtjylland (PW)
 Milsami Orhei (3rd)
 Liepāja (4th)
 Bala Town (CW)

 Rangers (3rd)
 Zaria Bălți (4th)
 Differdange 03 (2nd)
 Connah's Quay Nomads (2nd)

 St Johnstone (4th)
 Valur (CW)
 Fola Esch (3rd)
 Bangor City (PW)

 Inter Baku (3rd)
 Stjarnan (2nd)
 Progrès Niederkorn (4th)
 Lincoln Red Imps (2nd)

 Zira (4th)
 KR (3rd)
 Sutjeska Nikšić (CW)
 St Joseph's (3rd)

 Red Star Belgrade (2nd)
 Torpedo Kutaisi (CW)
 Zeta (2nd)
 UE Santa Coloma (CW)

 Vojvodina (3rd)
 Chikhura Sachkhere (2nd)
 Mladost Podgorica (3rd)
 Sant Julià (2nd)

 Mladost Lučani (4th)
 Dinamo Batumi (3rd)
 Trakai (2nd)
 Tre Penne (CW)

 Kairat (2nd)
 SJK (CW)
 Sūduva Marijampolė (3rd)
 Folgore (3rd)

 Irtysh Pavlodar (3rd)
 HJK (2nd)
 Atlantas (4th)
 Prishtina (2nd)[Note KOS]

text: Notably two teams take part in the competition that are not playing in their national top division, Tirana (2nd tier) and Vaduz (2nd tier).

text:
^ Bulgaria (BUL): On 29 May 2017 a UEFA letter to the Bulgarian Football Union declared that CSKA Sofia, the runners-up of the 2016–17 First Professional Football League, were not allowed to compete in the Europa League as they were considered to have been re-formed as a new club and thus did not pass the "three-year rule".[16] As this decision was appealed by CSKA Sofia, the Bulgarian Football Union granted a license to them subject to legal proceedings.[17][18][19] A few hours prior to the Europa League first qualifying round draw, UEFA replaced them with Dunav Ruse, the fourth-placed team of the league.[20]
^ Kosovo (KOS): Besa Pejë would have qualified for the Europa League first qualifying round as the winners of the 2016–17 Kosovar Cup, but failed to obtain a UEFA license.[21] As a result, the berth was given to the runners-up of the 2016–17 Football Superleague of Kosovo, Prishtina.
^ Malta (MLT): Birkirkara would have qualified for the Europa League first qualifying round as the third-placed team of the 2016–17 Maltese Premier League, but failed to obtain a UEFA licence.[22] As a result, the berth was given to the fourth-placed team of the league, Valletta.
^ Republic of Ireland (IRL): Derry City are a club based in Northern Ireland, but will participate in the Europa League through one of the berths for the Republic of Ireland (any coefficient points they earn count toward Republic of Ireland and not Northern Ireland).
^ Romania (ROU): Voluntari would have qualified for the Europa League third qualifying round as the winners of 2016–17 Cupa României, and CFR Cluj would have qualified for the second qualifying round as the fourth-placed team of the 2016–17 Liga I, but both failed to obtain a UEFA licence.[23] As a result, the third qualifying round berth was given to the fifth-placed team of the league, CS U Craiova, and the second qualifying round berth was given to the sixth-placed team of the league, Astra Giurgiu.

tag: ol

text: Round and draw dates[edit]

text: The schedule of the competition is as follows (all draws are held at the UEFA headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland, unless stated otherwise).[8][24][25]

text:
Phase
Round
Draw date
First leg
Second leg

Qualifying
First qualifying round
19 June 2017
29 June 2017
6 July 2017

Second qualifying round
13 July 2017
20 July 2017

Third qualifying round
14 July 2017
27 July 2017
3 August 2017

Play-off
Play-off round
4 August 2017
17 August 2017
24 August 2017

Group stage
Matchday 1
25 August 2017
(Monaco)
14 September 2017

Matchday 2
28 September 2017

Matchday 3
19 October 2017

Matchday 4
2 November 2017

Matchday 5
23 November 2017

Matchday 6
7 December 2017

Knockout phase
Round of 32
11 December 2017
15 February 2018
22 February 2018

Round of 16
23 February 2018
8 March 2018
15 March 2018

Quarter-finals
16 March 2018
5 April 2018
12 April 2018

Semi-finals
13 April 2018
26 April 2018
3 May 2018

Final
16 May 2018 at Parc Olympique Lyonnais, Décines-Charpieu

text: Matches in the qualifying, play-off, and knockout rounds may also be played on Tuesdays or Wednesdays instead of the regular Thursdays due to scheduling conflicts.

text: Qualifying rounds[edit]

text: In the qualifying rounds and the play-off round, teams are divided into seeded and unseeded teams based on their 2017 UEFA club coefficients,[26][27][28] and then drawn into two-legged home-and-away ties. Teams from the same association cannot be drawn against each other.

text: First qualifying round[edit]

text: The draw for the first qualifying round was held on 19 June 2017, 13:00 CEST, at the UEFA headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland.[29]

text: The first legs were played on 29 June, and the second legs were played on 4 and 6 July 2017.

text:
Team 1
Agg.
Team 2
1st leg
2nd leg

Maccabi Tel Aviv
5–0
 Tirana
2–0
3–0

Mladost Lučani
0–5
 Inter Baku
0–3
0–2

Shirak
2–4
 Gorica
0–2
2–2

Shkëndija
7–0[A]
 Dacia Chișinău
3–0
4–0

Trenčín
8–1
 Torpedo Kutaisi
5–1
3–0

Kairat
8–1
 Atlantas
6–0
2–1

Chikhura Sachkhere
1–2
 Rheindorf Altach
0–1
1–1

Zira
4–1
 Differdange 03
2–0
2–1

Levski Sofia
3–1
 Sutjeska Nikšić
3–1
0–0

Lech Poznań
7–0
 Pelister
4–0
3–0

Beitar Jerusalem
7–3
 Vasas
4–3
3–0

Fola Esch
3–2
 Milsami Orhei
2–1
1–1

Vojvodina
2–3
 Ružomberok
2–1
0–2

Irtysh Pavlodar
3–0
 Dunav Ruse
1–0
2–0

Mladost Podgorica
4–0
 Gandzasar Kapan
1–0
3–0

Široki Brijeg
2–0[A]
 Ordabasy
2–0
0–0

Partizani Tirana
1–4
 Botev Plovdiv
1–3
0–1

Pyunik
1–9[A]
 Slovan Bratislava
1–4
0–5

Dinamo Batumi
0–5[A]
 Jagiellonia Białystok
0–1
0–4

Videoton
5–3
 Balzan
2–0
3–3

Red Star Belgrade
6–3
 Floriana
3–0
3–3

UE Santa Coloma
0–6
 Osijek
0–2
0–4

Tre Penne
0–7[A]
 Rabotnički
0–1
0–6

Željezničar Sarajevo
3–2
 Zeta
1–0
2–2

St Joseph's
0–10[A]
 AEL Limassol
0–4
0–6

Valletta
3–0
 Folgore
2–0
1–0

Zaria Bălți
3–3 (6–5 p)
 Sarajevo
2–1
1–2 (a.e.t.)

Rangers
1–2
 Progrès Niederkorn
1–0
0–2

AEK Larnaca
6–1
 Lincoln Red Imps
5–0
1–1

Skënderbeu Korçë
6–0
 Sant Julià
1–0
5–0

Ventspils
0–1
 Valur
0–0
0–1

Bala Town
1–5
 Vaduz
1–2
0–3

Domžale
5–2
 Flora Tallinn
2–0
3–2

Midtjylland
10–2
 Derry City
6–1
4–1

Haugesund
7–0
 Coleraine
7–0
0–0

St Johnstone
1–3
 Trakai
1–2
0–1

VPS
2–0
 Olimpija Ljubljana
1–0
1–0

Crusaders
3–3 (a)
 Liepāja
3–1
0–2

Dinamo Minsk
4–1
 NSÍ Runavík
2–1
2–0

Stjarnan
0–2
 Shamrock Rovers
0–1
0–1

Odd
5–0
 Ballymena United
3–0
2–0

Connah's Quay Nomads
1–3
 HJK
1–0
0–3

Nõmme Kalju
4–2
 B36 Tórshavn
2–1
2–1

Ferencváros
3–0
 Jelgava
2–0
1–0

IFK Norrköping
6–0
 Prishtina
5–0
1–0

Shakhtyor Soligorsk
1–2
 Sūduva Marijampolė
0–0
1–2

KR
2–0[A]
 SJK
0–0
2–0

Levadia Tallinn
2–6
 Cork City
0–2
2–4

Lyngby
4–0
 Bangor City
1–0
3–0

KÍ
0–5[A]
 AIK
0–0
0–5

text: ^ a b c d e f Order of legs reversed after original draw.

text: Second qualifying round[edit]

text: The draw for the second qualifying round was held on 19 June 2017, 14:30 CEST (after the completion of the first qualifying round draw), at the UEFA headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland.[29]

text: The first legs were played on 12 and 13 July, and the second legs were played on 20 July 2017.

text:
Team 1
Agg.
Team 2
1st leg
2nd leg

Beitar Jerusalem
1–5[B]
 Botev Plovdiv
1–1
0–4

Apollon Limassol
5–1
 Zaria Bălți
3–0
2–1

Rabotnički
1–4
 Dinamo Minsk
1–1
0–3

Slovan Bratislava
1–3
 Lyngby
0–1
1–2

Shamrock Rovers
2–5
 Mladá Boleslav
2–3
0–2

Željezničar Sarajevo
0–2
 AIK
0–0
0–2

Cork City
0–2[B]
 AEK Larnaca
0–1
0–1

Kairat
1–3
 Skënderbeu Korçë
1–1
0–2

Panionios
5–2
 Gorica
2–0
3–2

Astra Giurgiu
3–1[B]
 Zira
3–1
0–0

Haugesund
3–4
 Lech Poznań
3–2
0–2

Brøndby
3–2
 VPS
2–0
1–2

IFK Norrköping
3–3 (3–5 p)
 Trakai
2–1
1–2 (a.e.t.)

Hajduk Split
3–1
 Levski Sofia
1–0
2–1

Nõmme Kalju
1–4
 Videoton
0–3
1–1

Maccabi Tel Aviv
5–1
 KR
3–1
2–0

Valletta
1–3
 Utrecht
0–0
1–3

Ružomberok
2–1
 Brann
0–1
2–0

Liepāja
1–2
 Sūduva Marijampolė
0–2
1–0

Gabala
3–1
 Jagiellonia Białystok
1–1
2–0

Progrès Niederkorn
1–3
 AEL Limassol
0–1
1–2

Rheindorf Altach
4–1
 Dinamo Brest
1–1
3–0

Östersund
3–1
 Galatasaray
2–0
1–1

Inter Baku
2–4
 Fola Esch
1–0
1–4

Vaduz
0–2
 Odd
0–1
0–1

Valur
3–5
 Domžale
1–2
2–3

Irtysh Pavlodar
1–3
 Red Star Belgrade
1–1
0–2

Aberdeen
3–1
 Široki Brijeg
1–1
2–0

Ferencváros
3–7
 Midtjylland
2–4
1–3

Sturm Graz
3–1
 Mladost Podgorica
0–1
3–0

Shkëndija
4–2
 HJK
3–1
1–1

Trenčín
1–3
 Bnei Yehuda
1–1
0–2

Osijek
3–2
 Luzern
2–0
1–2

text: ^ a b c Order of legs reversed after original draw.

text: Third qualifying round[edit]

text: The draw for the third qualifying round was held on 14 July 2017, 13:00 CEST, at the UEFA headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland.[30]

text: The first legs were played on 27 July, and the second legs were played on 2 and 3 August 2017.

text:
Team 1
Agg.
Team 2
1st leg
2nd leg

PSV Eindhoven
0–2
 Osijek
0–1
0–1

Trakai
2–4
 Shkëndija
2–1
0–3

Krasnodar
5–2
 Lyngby
2–1
3–1

Sturm Graz
2–3
 Fenerbahçe
1–2
1–1

Panathinaikos
3–1
 Gabala
1–0
2–1

Mladá Boleslav
3–3 (2–4 p)
 Skënderbeu Korçë
2–1
1–2 (a.e.t.)

Austria Wien
2–1
 AEL Limassol
0–0
2–1

Dinamo Zagreb
2–1
 Odd
2–1
0–0

Dinamo București
1–4
 Athletic Bilbao
1–1
0–3

Olimpik Donetsk
1–3
 PAOK
1–1
0–2

Arka Gdynia
4–4 (a)
 Midtjylland
3–2
1–2

Östersund
3–1
 Fola Esch
1–0
2–1

Bordeaux
2–2 (a)
 Videoton
2–1
0–1

Maccabi Tel Aviv
2–0
 Panionios
1–0
1–0

Utrecht
2–2 (a)
 Lech Poznań
0–0
2–2

CS U Craiova
0–3
 Milan
0–1
0–2

Brøndby
0–2
 Hajduk Split
0–0
0–2

Gent
2–4
 Rheindorf Altach
1–1
1–3

Astra Giurgiu
0–1
 FC Oleksandriya
0–0
0–1

Everton
2–0
 Ružomberok
1–0
1–0

Aberdeen
2–3
 Apollon Limassol
2–1
0–2

Red Star Belgrade
3–0
 Sparta Prague
2–0
1–0

Botev Plovdiv
0–2
 Marítimo
0–0
0–2

Bnei Yehuda
1–2[C]
 Zenit Saint Petersburg
0–2
1–0

Marseille
4–2
 Oostende
4–2
0–0

SC Freiburg
1–2
 Domžale
1–0
0–2

AEK Larnaca
3–1
 Dinamo Minsk
2–0
1–1

AIK
2–3
 Braga
1–1
1–2 (a.e.t.)

Sūduva Marijampolė
4–1
 Sion
3–0
1–1

text: ^ Order of legs reversed after original draw.

text: Play-off round[edit]

text: The draw for the play-off round was held on 4 August 2017, 13:00 CEST, at the UEFA headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland.[31]

text: The first legs were played on 16 and 17 August, and the second legs were played on 24 August 2017.

text:
Team 1
Agg.
Team 2
1st leg
2nd leg

Milan
7–0[D]
 Shkëndija
6–0
1–0

Osijek
2–2 (a)
 Austria Wien
1–2
1–0

Krasnodar
4–4 (a)[D]
 Red Star Belgrade
3–2
1–2

Club Brugge
0–3
 AEK Athens
0–0
0–3

Marítimo
1–3
 Dynamo Kyiv
0–0
1–3

Panathinaikos
2–4
 Athletic Bilbao
2–3
0–1

Apollon Limassol
4–3
 Midtjylland
3–2
1–1

FH
3–5
 Braga
1–2
2–3

Everton
3–1
 Hajduk Split
2–0
1–1

Viitorul Constanța
1–7
 Red Bull Salzburg
1–3
0–4

Vardar
4–1
 Fenerbahçe
2–0
2–1

Ajax
2–4
 Rosenborg
0–1
2–3

Rheindorf Altach
2–3
 Maccabi Tel Aviv
0–1
2–2

BATE Borisov
3–2
 FC Oleksandriya
1–1
2–1

Dinamo Zagreb
1–1 (a)
 Skënderbeu Korçë
1–1
0–0

Ludogorets Razgrad
2–0
 Sūduva Marijampolė
2–0
0–0

Domžale
1–4
 Marseille
1–1
0–3

Partizan
4–0
 Videoton
0–0
4–0

Utrecht
1–2
 Zenit Saint Petersburg
1–0
0–2 (a.e.t.)

Legia Warsaw
1–1 (a)
 Sheriff Tiraspol
1–1
0–0

Viktoria Plzeň
3–1
 AEK Larnaca
3–1
0–0

PAOK
3–3 (a)
 Östersund
3–1
0–2

text: ^ a b Order of legs reversed after original draw.

text: Group stage[edit]

text: The draw for the group stage was held on 25 August 2017, 13:00 CEST, at the Grimaldi Forum in Monaco.[32] The 48 teams were drawn into twelve groups of four, with the restriction that teams from the same association cannot be drawn against each other. For the draw, the teams were seeded into four pots based on their 2017 UEFA club coefficients.[26][27][28]

text: In each group, teams play against each other home-and-away in a round-robin format. The group winners and runners-up advance to the round of 32, where they are joined by the eight third-placed teams of the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League group stage. The matchdays are 14 September, 28 September, 19 October, 2 November, 23 November, and 7 December 2017.

text: A total of 29 national associations are represented in the group stage. Arsenal, Atalanta, Fastav Zlín, 1899 Hoffenheim, İstanbul Başakşehir, 1. FC Köln, Lugano, Milan, Östersund, Real Sociedad, Red Star Belgrade, Vardar and Vitesse made their debut appearances in the UEFA Europa League group stage (although Milan and Red Star Belgrade had appeared in the UEFA Cup group stage). Vardar are the first team from Macedonia to play in either the Champions League or Europa League group stage.[33]

text:
[show]Tiebreakers

Teams are ranked according to points (3 points for a win, 1 point for a draw, 0 points for a loss), and if tied on points, the following tiebreaking criteria are applied, in the order given, to determine the rankings (Regulations Articles 16.01):[5]

Points in head-to-head matches among tied teams;
Goal difference in head-to-head matches among tied teams;
Goals scored in head-to-head matches among tied teams;
Away goals scored in head-to-head matches among tied teams;
If more than two teams are tied, and after applying all head-to-head criteria above, a subset of teams are still tied, all head-to-head criteria above are reapplied exclusively to this subset of teams;
Goal difference in all group matches;
Goals scored in all group matches;
Away goals scored in all group matches;
Wins in all group matches;
Away wins in all group matches;
Disciplinary points (red card = 3 points, yellow card = 1 point, expulsion for two yellow cards in one match = 3 points);
UEFA club coefficient.

text: Group A[edit]

text:
Pos
Team

v
t
e

Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification

VIL
SLP
MTA
AST

1
 Villarreal
1
1
0
0
3
1
+2
3
Advance to knockout phase

—
19 Oct
7 Dec
3–1

2
 Slavia Prague
1
1
0
0
1
0
+1
3

2 Nov
—
1–0
7 Dec

3
 Maccabi Tel Aviv
1
0
0
1
0
1
−1
0

28 Sep
23 Nov
—
2 Nov

4
 Astana
1
0
0
1
1
3
−2
0

23 Nov
28 Sep
19 Oct
—

text: Group B[edit]

text:
Pos
Team

v
t
e

Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification

DKV
PAR
YB
SKE

1
 Dynamo Kyiv
1
1
0
0
3
1
+2
3
Advance to knockout phase

—
7 Dec
19 Oct
3–1

2
 Partizan
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1

28 Sep
—
23 Nov
2 Nov

3
 Young Boys
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1

2 Nov
1–1
—
7 Dec

4
 Skënderbeu Korçë
1
0
0
1
1
3
−2
0

23 Nov
19 Oct
28 Sep
—

text: Group C[edit]

text:
Pos
Team

v
t
e

Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification

BRA
LUD
IBS
HOF

1
 Braga
1
1
0
0
2
1
+1
3
Advance to knockout phase

—
19 Oct
28 Sep
23 Nov

2
 Ludogorets Razgrad
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1

2 Nov
—
23 Nov
28 Sep

3
 İstanbul Başakşehir
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1

7 Dec
0–0
—
2 Nov

4
 1899 Hoffenheim
1
0
0
1
1
2
−1
0

1–2
7 Dec
19 Oct
—

text: Group D[edit]

text:
Pos
Team

v
t
e

Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification

MIL
AEK
RJK
AW

1
 Milan
1
1
0
0
5
1
+4
3
Advance to knockout phase

—
19 Oct
28 Sep
23 Nov

2
 AEK Athens
1
1
0
0
2
1
+1
3

2 Nov
—
23 Nov
28 Sep

3
 Rijeka
1
0
0
1
1
2
−1
0

7 Dec
1–2
—
2 Nov

4
 Austria Wien
1
0
0
1
1
5
−4
0

1–5
7 Dec
19 Oct
—

text: Group E[edit]

text:
Pos
Team

v
t
e

Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification

ATA
LYO
APL
EVE

1
 Atalanta
1
1
0
0
3
0
+3
3
Advance to knockout phase

—
7 Dec
19 Oct
3–0

2
 Lyon
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1

28 Sep
—
23 Nov
2 Nov

3
 Apollon Limassol
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1

2 Nov
1–1
—
7 Dec

4
 Everton
1
0
0
1
0
3
−3
0

23 Nov
19 Oct
28 Sep
—

text: Group F[edit]

text:
Pos
Team

v
t
e

Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification

KOB
ZLI
SHE
LOM

1
 Copenhagen
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
Advance to knockout phase

—
2 Nov
7 Dec
0–0

2
 Fastav Zlín
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1

19 Oct
—
0–0
7 Dec

3
 Sheriff Tiraspol
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1

28 Sep
23 Nov
—
19 Oct

4
 Lokomotiv Moscow
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1

23 Nov
28 Sep
2 Nov
—

text: Group G[edit]

text:
Pos
Team

v
t
e

Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification

FCSB
HBS
LUG
PLZ

1
 Steaua București
1
1
0
0
3
0
+3
3
Advance to knockout phase

—
2 Nov
7 Dec
3–0

2
 Hapoel Be'er Sheva
1
1
0
0
2
1
+1
3

19 Oct
—
2–1
7 Dec

3
 Lugano
1
0
0
1
1
2
−1
0

28 Sep
23 Nov
—
19 Oct

4
 Viktoria Plzeň
1
0
0
1
0
3
−3
0

23 Nov
28 Sep
2 Nov
—

text: Group H[edit]

text:
Pos
Team

v
t
e

Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification

ARS
BATE
ZVE
KLN

1
 Arsenal
1
1
0
0
3
1
+2
3
Advance to knockout phase

—
7 Dec
2 Nov
3–1

2
 BATE Borisov
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1

28 Sep
—
23 Nov
19 Oct

3
 Red Star Belgrade
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1

19 Oct
1–1
—
7 Dec

4
 1. FC Köln
1
0
0
1
1
3
−2
0

23 Nov
2 Nov
28 Sep
—

text: Group I[edit]

text:
Pos
Team

v
t
e

Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification

MAR
SAL
VSC
KON

1
 Marseille
1
1
0
0
1
0
+1
3
Advance to knockout phase

—
7 Dec
19 Oct
1–0

2
 Red Bull Salzburg
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1

28 Sep
—
23 Nov
2 Nov

3
 Vitória de Guimarães
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1

2 Nov
1–1
—
7 Dec

4
 Konyaspor
1
0
0
1
0
1
−1
0

23 Nov
19 Oct
28 Sep
—

text: Group J[edit]

text:
Pos
Team

v
t
e

Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification

OST
ATH
HRT
ZOR

1
 Östersund
1
1
0
0
2
0
+2
3
Advance to knockout phase

—
19 Oct
28 Sep
23 Nov

2
 Athletic Bilbao
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1

2 Nov
—
23 Nov
28 Sep

3
 Hertha BSC
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1

7 Dec
0–0
—
2 Nov

4
 Zorya Luhansk
1
0
0
1
0
2
−2
0

0–2
7 Dec
19 Oct
—

text: Group K[edit]

text:
Pos
Team

v
t
e

Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification

NCE
LAZ
VIT
ZUL

1
 Nice
1
1
0
0
5
1
+4
3
Advance to knockout phase

—
19 Oct
28 Sep
23 Nov

2
 Lazio
1
1
0
0
3
2
+1
3

2 Nov
—
23 Nov
28 Sep

3
 Vitesse
1
0
0
1
2
3
−1
0

7 Dec
2–3
—
2 Nov

4
 Zulte Waregem
1
0
0
1
1
5
−4
0

1–5
7 Dec
19 Oct
—

text: Group L[edit]

text:
Pos
Team

v
t
e

Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification

ZEN
RS
ROS
VRD

1
 Zenit Saint Petersburg
1
1
0
0
5
0
+5
3
Advance to knockout phase

—
28 Sep
19 Oct
23 Nov

2
 Real Sociedad
1
1
0
0
4
0
+4
3

7 Dec
—
4–0
2 Nov

3
 Rosenborg
1
0
0
1
0
4
−4
0

2 Nov
23 Nov
—
28 Sep

4
 Vardar
1
0
0
1
0
5
−5
0

0–5
19 Oct
7 Dec
—

text: Knockout phase[edit]

text: In the knockout phase, teams play against each other over two legs on a home-and-away basis, except for the one-match final. The mechanism of the draws for each round is as follows:

text:
In the draw for the round of 32, the twelve group winners and the four third-placed teams from the Champions League group stage with the better group records are seeded, and the twelve group runners-up and the other four third-placed teams from the Champions League group stage are unseeded. The seeded teams are drawn against the unseeded teams, with the seeded teams hosting the second leg. Teams from the same group or the same association cannot be drawn against each other.
In the draws for the round of 16 onwards, there are no seedings, and teams from the same group or the same association can be drawn against each other.

text: Round of 32[edit]

text: The draw for the round of 32 will be held on 11 December 2017, 13:00 CET, at the UEFA headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland.[34]

text: The first legs will be played on 15 February, and the second legs will be played on 22 February 2018.

text: Round of 16[edit]

text: The draw for the round of 16 will be held on 23 February 2018, 13:00 CET, at the UEFA headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland.[35]

text: The first legs will be played on 8 March, and the second legs will be played on 15 March 2018.

text: Quarter-finals[edit]

text: The draw for the quarter-finals will be held on 16 March 2018, 13:00 CET, at the UEFA headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland.[36]

text: The first legs will be played on 5 April, and the second legs will be played on 12 April 2018.

text: Semi-finals[edit]

text: The draw for the semi-finals will be held on 13 April 2018, 13:00 CEST, at the UEFA headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland.[37]

text: The first legs will be played on 26 April, and the second legs will be played on 3 May 2018.

text: Final[edit]

text: The 2018 UEFA Europa League Final will be played at the Parc Olympique Lyonnais in Décines-Charpieu on 16 May 2018. The "home" team for the final (for administrative purposes) will be determined by an additional draw held after the semi-final draw.[37]

text: v

text:
16 May 2018 (2018-05-16)
20:45 CEST

text: v

text: Parc Olympique Lyonnais, Décines-Charpieu

text: Statistics[edit]

text: Statistics exclude qualifying rounds and play-off round.

text: Note: Players and teams in bold are still active in the competition.

text: Top goalscorers[edit]

text:
Rank
Player
Team
Goals
Minutes played

1
 André Silva
 Milan
3
90

2
 Aleksandr Kokorin
 Zenit Saint Petersburg
2
64

 Alassane Pléa
 Nice
77

 Constantin Budescu
 Steaua București
83

 Diego Llorente
 Real Sociedad
90

6
52 players
1
N/A


document_title: Gone in 60 Seconds (2000 film)

question_text: who plays kip in gone in 60 seconds

question_tokens: who plays kip in gone in 60 seconds

root

text: Gone in 60 Seconds (2000 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Kip Raines (Giovanni Ribisi), an aspiring car thief in Los Angeles, is working with his gang to steal fifty expensive cars for Raymond Calitri (Christopher Eccleston), a British gangster, via Calitri's associate, Atley (Will Patton). On the last heist, their antics bring attention by the police, and they narrow avoid capture, though are forced to abandon the warehouse and the bulk of cars they stole. Detectives Castleback (Delroy Lindo) and Drycoff (Timothy Olyphant) seize the cars and begin an investigation.

tag: p

text: Calitri kidnaps Kip and threatens to kill him for failing the job. Atley, sympathetic to Kip's plight, visit Kip's older brother, Randall "Memphis" Raines (Nicolas Cage), a former car thief having gone straight years before, and explains the situation. Memphis meets with Calitri to negotiate Kip's release, but in exchange, Calitri forces Memphis to agree to steal the fifty cars within 72 hours or else he will kill Kip. Memphis visits his mentor Otto Halliwell (Robert Duvall) and they assemble a crew, including Donny Astricky (Chi McBride), (Vinnie Jones), and Sara "Sway" Wayland (Angelina Jolie), Memphis' old flame. Kip and his crew also offer to help. Knowing the police will be watchful for the thefts, Memphis suggests to steal all the cars in a twelve hour period. The group starts to identify the target cars with Memphis giving each a woman's name. He plans on stealing a 1967 Ford Shelby GT500, dubbed "Eleanor", last, as he considers the car a curse, with all previous attempts to steal one gone awry. As they scout the car locations, Memphis is approached by Castleback and Drycoff. While they cannot charge him with any crime, they warn him that they are watching his activities closely. Later, the detectives discover that some of the previous heists were done by ordering electric keys for certain vehicles, and they set up stakeouts to watch those cars.

text: On the night of the heists, most of the initial thefts go without problems, with the gang members delivering the cars to Calitri's dock. When Memphis and others prepare to steal those with the electric keys, he gets a sense of something amiss, and has the gang abandon those; instead, they successfully scheme a way to obtain those cars from the police impound. Castleback, furious that he could not catch Memphsis in the act, returns to the seized warehouse to search for any more clues. They discover pieces of a blacklight lamp, and shortly discover the list of fifty cars written in ultraviolet-sensitive paint on the wall. Aware they cannot watch all those cars, Castleback focuses on the Shelby, knowing Memphis' perchance for this car and its rarity. They quickly locate the few Shelbys in the city.

text: Just as Memphis is about to take the Shelby, the detectives arrive. Memphis leads them and their police escort on a dangerous chase through the city, eventually ditching them near the docks. He delivers the damaged car to Calitri, who refuses it since Memphis was twelve minutes late, and has the Shelby crushed. Memphis again pleads for Calitri's mercy as he prepares to kill Memphis instead with a gun, but Kip and a repentant Atley overcome their guards, and force Calitri to flee into his dockside warehouse; Memphis gives chase just as Castleback and Drycoff arrive. Memphis and Calitri engage in a game of cat-and-mouse, the noise drawing the detectives inside. Just as Calitri has Memphis cornered, Castleback appears, confusing Calitri and giving Memphis the opportunity to rush him and push him over a railing to his death. Memphis explains the situation to Castleback and where they can find the other stolen cars, and Castleback reluctantly lets Memphis and Kip go.

text: The gang celebrates with a barbecue, and as a way of showing thanks, Kip has sold off his motorcycle to buy Memphis the partially-wrecked, but still drive-able, Shelby.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Nicolas Cage as Randall "Memphis" Raines
Angelina Jolie as Sara "Sway" Wayland
Giovanni Ribisi as Kip Raines
Robert Duvall as Otto Halliwell
Delroy Lindo as Det. Roland Castlebeck
Timothy Olyphant as Det. Drycoff
Will Patton as Atley Jackson
Chi McBride as Donny Astricky
Vinnie Jones as "The Sphinx"
Christopher Eccleston as Raymond "The Carpenter" Calitri
Scott Caan as Timmy "Tumbler" Tummel
T.J. Cross as "Mirror Man" (credited TJ Cross)
William Lee Scott as Toby
James Duval as "Freb"
Frances Fisher as Junie Halliwell
Grace Zabriskie as Helen Raines
Master P. as Johnnie B. (uncredited)
Carmen Argenziano as Detective Mayhew
Bodhi Elfman as "Fuzzy" Frizzel
Arye Gross as James Lakewood
Dan Hildebrand as Saul
Michael Peña as Ignacio (credited Michael A. Pena)

tag: ul

text: Cars featured[edit]

text: The 50 cars, stolen in the film, are listed below. They are listed in the same order as seen in the film; by year and model, along with their respective codenames.

text:
#
Years
Automobiles
Codes
#
Years
Automobiles
Codes

1
1999
Aston Martin DB7
Mary
26
1999
Infiniti Q45
Rachel

2
1962
Aston Martin DB1
Barbara
27
1994
Jaguar XJ220
Bernadine

3
1999
Bentley Arnage
Lindsey
28
1999
Jaguar XK8 Coupe
Deborah

4
1999
Bentley Azure
Laura
29
1990
Lamborghini LM SUV
Gina

5
1964
Bentley Continental
Alma
30
1999
Lexus LS 400
Hillary

6
1959
Cadillac Eldorado
Madeline
31
1999
Lincoln Navigator
Kimberley

7
1958
Cadillac Eldorado Brougham
Patricia
32
1957
Mercedes-Benz 300SL/Gullwing
Dorothy

8
1999
Cadillac Escalade
Carol
33
1999
Mercedes-Benz CL500
Donna

9
2000
Cadillac Eldorado STS
Daniela
34
1999
Mercedes-Benz S600
Samantha

10
1957
Chevrolet Bel Air Convertible
Stefanie
35
1998
Mercedes Benz SL 600
Ellen

11
1969
Chevrolet Camaro Z28
Erin
36
1950
Mercury Custom
Gabriela

12
1953
Chevrolet Corvette
Pamela
37
1971
Plymouth Hemi ‘Cuda
Shannon

13
1967
Corvette Corvette Stingray L71
Stacey
38
1969
Plymouth Road Runner
Jessica

14
2000
Ford F-Series F-350 4×4 Pickup (Modified)
Ann
39
1965
Pontiac GTO
Sharon

15
1971
DeTomaso Pantera
Kate
40
1999
Porsche 996
Tina

16
1970
Plymouth Superbird
Vanessa
41
2000
Porsche Boxster
Marsha

17
1998
Dodge Viper Coupé GTS
Denise
42
1961
Porsche 356B Speedster
Natalie

18
1995
Ferrari F355 B
Diane
43
1988
Porsche 959
Virginia

19
1997
Ferrari F355 F1
Iris
44
1997
Porsche 911 Twin Turbo
Tanya

20
1967
Ferrari 275 GTB/4
Nadine
45
2000
Rolls-Royce Park Ward Stretch Limousine
Grace

21
1999
Ferrari 550 Maranello
Angelina
46
1966
Shelby AC Cobra
Ashley

22
1987
Ferrari Testarossa
Rose
47
1967
Shelby Mustang GT500
Eleanor

23
1956
Ford Thunderbird
Susan
48
2000
Toyota Land Cruiser
Katie

24
2000
GMC Yukon
Megan
49
1998
Toyota Supra Turbo
Lynn

25
1999
Hummer H1 (2 Door)
Tracy
50
2000
Volvo V70R
Lisa

tag: table

text: Release[edit]

text: In 1995, Denice Shakarian Halicki entered into a license contract to produce the remake with Disney and Jerry Bruckheimer. Filming began in 1999, with Halicki as Executive Producer. The movie premiered on June 9, 2000.

text: The film trailer was narrated by Melissa Disney and the film is widely credited as one of the first major movies to employ a female trailer voice.[3]

text: In its opening weekend, Gone in 60 Seconds grossed $25,336,048 from 3,006 US theaters, leading all films that weekend. By the end of the film's theatrical run, it had grossed $101,648,571 domestically and $135,553,728 internationally, comprising a total gross revenue for the film of $237,202,299 worldwide.[4]

text: Though the film earned a $237 million worldwide box office gross, Slate columnist Edward Epstein argued that, after overhead, it lost roughly $90 million after all expenses, including the $103.3 million it cost to make the film, were taken into account over the four years following the film's release.[5][6]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: A soundtrack containing a blend of rock, electronic, and hip hop music was released on June 6, 2000 by the Island Def Jam Music Group. It peaked at #69 on the Billboard 200.[7]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The film garnered a mostly poor reaction from critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 24% out of 135 reviews gave the film a positive review, with the site consensus being: "Even though Oscar-bearers Nicolas Cage, Angelina Jolie, and Robert Duvall came aboard for this project, the quality of Gone in 60 Seconds is disappointingly low. The plot line is nonsensical, and even the promised car-chase scenes are boring."[8] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.[9]


document_title: Greek art

question_text: three broad stages of greek art and civilization

text: Greek art

text: Ancient period[edit]

text: Artistic production in Greece began in the prehistoric pre-Greek Cycladic and the Minoan civilizations, both of which were influenced by local traditions and the art of ancient Egypt.

text: There are three scholarly divisions of the stages of later ancient Greek art that correspond roughly with historical periods of the same names. These are the Archaic, the Classical and the Hellenistic. The Archaic period is usually dated from 1000 BC. The Persian Wars of 480 BC to 448 BC are usually taken as the dividing line between the Archaic and the Classical periods, and the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC is regarded as separating the Classical from the Hellenistic period. Of course, different forms of art developed at different speeds in different parts of the Greek world, and varied to a degree from artist to artist.[1] There was a sharp transition from one period to another.

text: The art of ancient Greece has exercised an enormous influence on the culture of many countries from ancient times until the present, particularly in the areas of sculpture and architecture. In the West, the art of the Roman Empire was largely derived from Greek models. In the East, Alexander the Great's conquests initiated several centuries of exchange between Greek, Central Asian and Indian cultures, resulting in Greco-Buddhist art, with ramifications as far as Japan. Following the Renaissance in Europe, the humanist aesthetic and the high technical standards of Greek art inspired generations of European artists. Pottery was either blue with black designs or black with blue designs.

text: Byzantine period[edit]

text: Byzantine art is the term created for the Eastern Roman Empire from about the 5th century until the fall of Constantinople in 1453. (The Roman Empire during this period is conventionally known as the Byzantine Empire.) The term can also be used for the art of states which were contemporary with the Persian Empire and shared a common culture with it, without actually being part of it, such as Bulgaria, or Russia, and also Venice, which had close ties to the Byzantine Empire despite being in other respects part of western European culture. It can also be used for the art of people of the former Byzantine Empire under the rule of Ottoman Empire after 1453. In some respects the Byzantine artistic tradition has continued in Russia and other Eastern Orthodox countries to the present day.[2]

text: Byzantine art grew from the art of ancient Greece and, at least before 1453, never lost sight of its classical heritage, but was distinguished from it in a number of ways. The most profound of these was that the humanist ethic of ancient Greek art was replaced by the Christian ethic. If the purpose of classical art was the glorification of man, the purpose of Byzantine art was the glorification of God.

text: In place of the nude, the figures of God the Father, Jesus Christ, the Virgin Mary and the saints and martyrs of Christian tradition were elevated and became the dominant - indeed almost exclusive - focus of Byzantine art. One of the most important forms of Byzantine art was, and still is, theded the Cretan school as the leading school of Greek post-Byzantine painting after Crete fell to the Ottomans in 1669. Like the Cretan school it combined Byzantine traditions with an increasing Western European artistic influence, and also saw the first signiand the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C.[3]

text: Post-Byzantine and modern period[edit]

text: Cretan School describes the school of icon painting, also known as Post-Byzantine art, which flourished while Crete was under Venetian rule during the late Middle Ages, reaching its climax after the Fall of Constantinople, becoming the central force in Greek painting during the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries. The Cretan artists developed a particular style of painting under the influence of both Eastern and Western artistic traditions and movements; the most famous product of the school, El Greco, was the most successful of the many artists who tried to build a career in Western Europe, and also the one who left the Byzantine style farthest behind him in his later career.

text: The Heptanese School of painting (error: {{lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help), also known as the Ionian Islands' School) succeeded the Cretan School as the leading school of Greek post-Byzantine painting after Crete fell to the Ottomans in 1669. Like the Cretan school it combined Byzantine traditions with an increasing Western European artistic influence, and also saw the first significant depiction of secular subjects. The school was based in the Ionian Islands, which were not part of Ottoman Greece, from the middle of the 17th century until the middle of the 19th century.[4]

text: Modern Greek art, after the establishment of the Greek Kingdom, began to be developed around the time of Romanticism. Greek artists absorbed many elements from their European colleagues, resulting in the culmination of the distinctive style of Greek Romantic art, inspired by revolutionary ideals as well as the country's geography and history. After centuries of Ottoman rule, few opportunities for an education in the arts existed in the newly independent Greece, so studying abroad was imperative for artists. Munich, as an important international center for the arts at that time, was the place where the majority of the Greek artists of the 19th century chose to study. Later on, they would return to Greece and pass on their knowledge. Both academic and personal bonds developed between early Greek painters and Munich artistry giving birth to the Greek "Munich School" (Greek academic art of the 19th century). Nikolaos Gysis was an important teacher and artist at the Munich Academy and he soon became a leading figure among Greek artists. Many of these Munich School artists chose subjects such as everyday Greek life, local customs, and living conditions. Several important painters emerged at this time. Theodoros Vryzakis specialized in historical painting and especially inspired by the 1821 Greek War of Independence. Nikiphoros Lytras concentrated on realistic depictions of Greek life. Georgios Jakobides devoted his attention to infants and children and he would laterbecome the first Director of the new National Gallery of Athens. Georgios Roilos was another leading painter of the period closely associated with the Munich School, especially in his early career. Konstantinos Volanakis was inspired mostly by the Greek sea.[5]

text: Other notable painters of the era are Theodore Ralli, Ioannis Altamouras and the folk painter Theofilos Hatzimichail. Notable sculptors of the era are Leonidas Drosis (his major work was the extensive neo-classical architectural ornament at the Academy of Athens, Lazaros Sochos, Georgios Vitalis, Dimitrios Filippotis, Ioannis Kossos, Yannoulis Chalepas, Georgios Bonanos and Lazaros Fytalis.

text: Major museums and galleries in Greece[edit]

text: Attica[edit]

text:
Goulandris Museum of Cycladic Art
Acropolis Museum
National Archaeological Museum, Athens
Stoa of Attalos
Numismatic Museum of Athens
Archaeological Museum of Piraeus
Benaki Museum
National Gallery (Athens)

text: Thessaloniki[edit]

text:
Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki
Museum of Byzantine Culture

text: Crete[edit]

text:
Heraklion Archaeological Museum
Archaeological Museum of Chania
Agia Triada Monastery

text: Corfu[edit]

text:
Archaeological Museum of Corfu
Byzantine Museum of Antivouniotissa

text: Rest of Greece[edit]

text:
Archaeological Museum of Patras
Archaeological Museum of Volos
Archaeological Museum of Dion
Archaeological Museum of Amphipolis
Archaeological Museum of Pella
Archaeological Museum of Veroia
Archaeological Museum of Thasos
Archaeological Museum of Delos
Archaeological Museum of Rhodes
Archaeological Museum of Epidaurus
Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Delphi Archaeological Museum
Nea Moni of Chios
Florina Museum of Modern Art


document_title: List of best-selling game consoles

question_text: what video game console has the highest number of video game console sales of all time

text: List of best-selling game consoles

text: Best-selling game consoles[edit]

text: The following tables contain video game consoles and handheld game consoles that have sold at least 1 million units worldwide either through to consumers or inside retail channels. Each console include sales from every iteration unless otherwise noted. The years correspond to when the home or handheld game console was first released—excluding test markets. Each year links to the corresponding "year in video gaming".

text: Background shading indicates current generation consoles on the market.    Dagger glyph indicates dedicated consoles.    Double-dagger glyph indicates hybrid video game consoles.

text: Hardware firms labelled  Atari ,  Microsoft ,  Nintendo ,  Sega  or  Sony  have more than two consoles listed; those with a white background do not.

text: All game consoles[edit]

text:
Million-selling game consoles

Platform
Firm
Released[2]
Units sold
Ref.

PlayStation 2
Sony
2000
>155 million
[note 1]

Nintendo DS
Nintendo
2004
154.02 million
[16]

Game Boy
Game Boy Color
Nintendo
1989
1998
118.69 million
[note 2]

PlayStation
Sony
1994
102.49 million
[32]

Wii
Nintendo
2006
101.63 million
[16]

Xbox 360
Microsoft
2005
84 million
[note 3]

PlayStation 3
Sony
2006
>83.8 million
[note 1]

PlayStation Portable
Sony
2004
82 million
[note 1]

Game Boy Advance
Nintendo
2001
81.51 million
[16]

Nintendo 3DS
Nintendo
2011
68.98 million
[39]

PlayStation 4
Sony
2013
67.5 million
[40][41]

Nintendo Entertainment System
Nintendo
1983
61.91 million
[16]

Super Nintendo Entertainment System
Nintendo
1990
49.10 million
[16]

Nintendo 64
Nintendo
1996
32.93 million
[16]

Sega Genesis
Sega
1988
30.75 million
[note 4]

Atari 2600
Atari
1977
30 million
[42]

Xbox One
Microsoft
2013
25–30 million
(estimate)
[note 3]

Xbox
Microsoft
2001
24 million
[43]

GameCube
Nintendo
2001
21.74 million
[16]

Wii U
Nintendo
2012
13.56 million
[16]

Master System
Sega
1986
10–13 million
[note 5]

Sega Game Gear
Sega
1990
10.62 million
[50]

TurboGrafx-16
NEC/Hudson Soft
[note 6]
1987
10 million
[52]

PlayStation Vita
Sony
2011
10–15 million
(estimate)
[note 1]

Sega Saturn
Sega
1994
9.26 million
[53]

Dreamcast
Sega
1998
9.13 million
[53][54][55][56]

Nintendo Switch
Nintendo
2017
7.63 million
[39]

Sega Pico
Sega
1993
>3.4 million
[note 7]

WonderSwan
Bandai
1999
3.5 million
[note 8]

Color TV-Game
Nintendo
1977
3 million
[65][66]

Intellivision
Mattel
1980
3 million
[67]

N-Gage
Nokia
2003
3 million
[68]

ColecoVision
Coleco
1982
>2 million
[note 9]

Magnavox Odyssey²
Magnavox/Philips
1978
2 million
[72]

Atari Lynx
Atari
1989
>1 million
[note 10]

Philips CD-i
Philips
1991
>1 million
[note 11]

Telstar
Coleco
1976
>1 million
[77][note 12]

Atari 5200
Atari
1982
1 million
[79]

text: Home game consoles[edit]

text:
Million-selling home game consoles

Platform
Firm
Released[2]
Units sold
Ref.

PlayStation 2
Sony
2000
>155 million
[note 1]

PlayStation
Sony
1994
102.49 million
[32]

Wii
Nintendo
2006
101.63 million
[16]

Xbox 360
Microsoft
2005
84 million
[note 3]

PlayStation 3
Sony
2006
>83.8 million
[note 1]

PlayStation 4
Sony
2013
67.5 million
[40][41]

Nintendo Entertainment System
Nintendo
1983
61.91 million
[16]

Super Nintendo Entertainment System
Nintendo
1990
49.10 million
[16]

Nintendo 64
Nintendo
1996
32.93 million
[16]

Sega Genesis
Sega
1988
30.75 million
[note 4]

Atari 2600
Atari
1977
30 million
[42]

Xbox One
Microsoft
2013
25–30 million
(estimate)
[note 3]

Xbox
Microsoft
2001
24 million
[43]

GameCube
Nintendo
2001
21.74 million
[16]

Wii U
Nintendo
2012
13.56 million
[16]

Master System
Sega
1986
10–13 million
[note 5]

TurboGrafx-16
NEC/Hudson Soft
[note 6]
1987
10 million
[52]

Sega Saturn
Sega
1994
9.26 million
[53]

Dreamcast
Sega
1998
9.13 million
[53][54][55][56]

Nintendo Switch
Nintendo
2017
7.63 million
[39]

Sega Pico
Sega
1993
>3.4 million
[note 7]

Color TV Game
Nintendo
1977
3 million
[65][66]

Intellivision
Mattel
1980
3 million
[67]

ColecoVision
Coleco
1982
>2 million
[note 9]

Magnavox Odyssey²
Magnavox/Philips
1978
2 million
[72]

Philips CD-i
Philips
1991
>1 million
[note 11]

Telstar
Coleco
1976
>1 million
[77][note 12]

Atari 5200
Atari
1982
1 million
[79]

text: Handheld game consoles[edit]

text:
Million-selling handheld game consoles

Platform
Firm
Released[2]
Units sold
Ref.

Nintendo DS
Nintendo
2004
154.02 million
[16]

Game Boy
Game Boy Color
Nintendo
1989
1998
118.69 million
[note 2]

PlayStation Portable
Sony
2004
82 million
[note 1]

Game Boy Advance
Nintendo
2001
81.51 million
[16]

Nintendo 3DS
Nintendo
2011
68.98 million
[39]

Sega Game Gear
Sega
1990
10.62 million
[50]

PlayStation Vita
Sony
2011
10–15 million
(estimate)
[note 1]

Nintendo Switch
Nintendo
2017
7.63 million
[39]

WonderSwan
Bandai
1999
3.5 million
[note 8]

N-Gage
Nokia
2003
3 million
[68]

Atari Lynx
Atari
1989
>1 million
[note 10]

text: Best-selling game consoles by firm[edit]

text: Total amount of every console with at least 1 million units sold.

text:
Million-selling game consoles by firm

Manufacturer
Home
console sales
Handheld
console sales
Total sales

Nintendo
283.67 million
415.79 million
699.46 million

Sony
>388.69 million
>86 million
>474.69 million

Microsoft
118 million
–
118 million

Sega
59.14–62.14 million
>14.02 million
>76.16 million

Atari
31 million
>1 million
>32 million

Hudson Soft/NEC
10 million
–
10 million

Bandai
–
3.5 million
3.5 million

Coleco
>3 million
–
>3 million

Magnavox/Philips
>3 million
–
>3 million

Mattel
3 million
–
3 million

Nokia
–
3 million
3 million

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Sony stopped divulging individual platform sales starting with 2012 fiscal reports,[17][18] and continues to sporadically.[19] PlayStation 2: 138.8 million units sold as of Sony's first fiscal quarter ending June 2009 (Q1 FY2009).[20] Sony sold 16.2 million units from Q2 FY2009 until March 31, 2012.[21] It was discontinued worldwide on January 4, 2013.[22] PlayStation 3: A Sony press release reported 80 million sold as of November 2, 2013.[23] 3.4 million were shipped in 2014 and 0.4 million in the first quarter of 2015.[24] PlayStation Portable: 52.9 million units sold as of Q1 FY2009.[20] Sony sold 23.4 million units from Q2 FY2009 until March 31, 2012.[25] On June 3, 2014, IGN reported a sales figure of 80 million,[26] but the Associated Press noted "More than 76 million PSP machines were sold, as of two years ago, the last time a tally was taken."[27] Shipments to North America ended in January 2014, and to Japan in June 2014. Shipments to Europe ended during the latter part of 2014.[27] IGN reported in mid-November that 82 million PSP were manufactured and shipped at end of production.[28] PlayStation Vita: 4 million reported by The Guardian on January 4, 2013.[22] Glixel stated in June 2017 that 15 million were sold,[29] while the Electronic Entertainment Design and Research suggests a couple million less by end of 2015.[30]
^ Jump up to: a b Nintendo only provided a combined sales total.[31] Before Game Boy Color's release in late-1998,[2] previous models sold 64.42 million units combined worldwide.[16]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Starting with Microsoft's fiscal quarter ending June 2014 (Q4), the company stopped divulging individual platform sales in their fiscal reports.[33][34] Microsoft stated it will shift focus to the amount of active users on Xbox Live starting in late 2015.[35] Xbox 360: Sold 84 million as of June 2014.[36] Xbox One: Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella unveiled at a December 3, 2014 shareholder presentation that 10 million units were sold.[37] Third-party estimates suggest sales reached approximately 25-30 million worldwide by late 2016.[38]
^ Jump up to: a b 30.75 million sold by Sega worldwide as of March 1996,[50][53] not including third-party sales. In addition, Tec Toy sold 3 million in Brazil,[81][82] and Majesco Entertainment projected it would sell 1.5 million in the United States.[83]
^ Jump up to: a b 10–13 million, not including recent Brazil sales figures.[44][45] Screen Digest wrote in a 1995 publication that the Master System's active installed user base in Western Europe peaked at 6.25 million in 1993. Those countries that peaked are France at 1.6 million, the United Kingdom at 1.35 million, Germany at 700 thousand, Spain at 550 thousand, the Netherlands at 200 thousand, and other Western European countries at 1.4 million. However, Belgium peaked in 1991 with 600 thousand, and Italy in 1992 with 400 thousand. Thus it is estimated approximately 6.8 million units were purchased in this part of Europe.[46] 1 million were sold in Japan as of 1986.[47] 2 million were sold in the United States.[48] 8 million were sold by Tectoy in Brazil as of 2016.[49]
^ Jump up to: a b Designed by Hudson and manufactured and marketed by NEC.[51]
^ Jump up to: a b Sega sold this amount as of April 2005.[57] Its successor launched on August 6, 2005.[58] Majesco re-manufactured and distributed the Pico in the United States starting at the end of 1999.[59]
^ Jump up to: a b Bandai released three WonderSwan iterations.[60] A March 2003 Famitsu article reported the original (March 1999)[61] and color (December 2000)[61] versions sold approximately 3 million units combined,[62] while the SwanCrystal (July 2002)[60] sold over 200 thousand units.[62] Bandai announced the transition from hardware to third-party development in February 2003 due to declining sales and will supply software to the competitor's Game Boy Advance by March 2004.[63] Average weekly Famitsu sales during the transition were only a couple hundred units,[1] and the SwanCrystal went build to order starting in autumn 2003.[62] WonderSwan hardware designer Koto claimed over 3.5 million were sold.[64]
^ Jump up to: a b The ColecoVision reached 2 million units sold by the spring of 1984. Console quarterly sales dramatically decreased at this time, but it continued to sell modestly[69][70] with most inventory gone by October 1985.[71]
^ Jump up to: a b The Wall Street Journal reported in November 1992 approximately 1 million were sold.[73] Around June 1994, Atari shifted its focus from the Lynx to its Jaguar console.[74]
^ Jump up to: a b This Philips-reported figure was in The New York Times on September 15, 1994.[75] The CD-i was discontinued in 1998.[76]
^ Jump up to: a b Coleco launched Telstar in 1976 and sold a million. Production and delivery issues, and dedicated consoles being replaced by electronic handheld games dramatically reduced sales in 1977. Over a million Telstars were scrapped in 1978, and it cost Coleco $22.3 million that year[70]—almost bankrupting the company.[78]


document_title: Agar

question_text: who introduced the use of agar as a solidifier liquid media

text: Agar

text: History[edit]

text: Agar may have been discovered in Japan in 1658 by Mino Tarōzaemon (美濃 太郎左衛門), an innkeeper who, according to legend, was said to have discarded surplus seaweed soup and noticed that it gelled later after a winter night's freezing.[6] Over the following centuries, agar became a common gelling agent in several Southeast Asian cuisines.[7]

text: Agar was first subjected to chemical analysis in 1859 by the French chemist Anselme Payen, who had obtained agar from the marine algae Gelidium corneum.[8]

text: Beginning in the late 19th century, agar began to be used heavily as a solid medium for growing various microbes. Agar was first described for use in microbiology in 1882 by the German microbiologist Walther Hesse, an assistant working in Robert Koch's laboratory, on the suggestion of his wife Fannie Hesse.[9][10] Agar quickly supplanted gelatin as the base of microbiological media, due to its higher melting temperature, allowing microbes to be grown at higher temperatures without the media liquefying.[11]

text: With its newfound use in microbiology, agar production quickly increased. This production centered on Japan which produced most of the world's agar until World War II.[12] However, with the outbreak of World War II many nations were forced to establish domestic agar industries in order to continue microbiological research.[12] Around the time of World War II, approximately 2,500 tons of agar were produced annually.[12] By the mid-1970s, production worldwide had increased dramatically to approximately 10,000 tons each year.[12] Since then, production of agar has fluctuated due to unstable and sometimes over-utilized seaweed populations.[13]

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The word "agar" comes from agar-agar, the Malay name for red algae (Gigartina, Gracilaria) from which the jelly is produced.[14] It is also known as Kanten (Japanese: 寒天) (from the phrase kan-zarashi tokoroten (寒晒心太) or “cold-exposed agar”), Japanese isinglass, Ceylon moss or Jaffna moss.[15] Gracilaria lichenoides is specifically referred to as agal-agal or Ceylon agar.[16]

text: Composition[edit]

text: Agar consists of a mixture of two polysaccharides: agarose and agaropectin, with agarose making up about 70% of the mixture.[17] Agarose is a linear polymer, made up of repeating units of agarobiose, a disaccharide made up of D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-L-galactopyranose.[18] Agaropectin is a heterogeneous mixture of smaller molecules that occur in lesser amounts, and is made up of alternating units of D-galactose and L-galactose heavily modified with acidic side-groups, such as sulfate and pyruvate.[19][17][18]

text: Agar exhibits hysteresis, melting at 85 °C (358 K, 185 °F) and solidifying from 32–40 °C (305–313 K, 90–104 °F).[20] This property lends a suitable balance between easy melting and good gel stability at relatively high temperatures. Since many scientific applications require incubation at temperatures close to human body temperature (37 °C), agar is more appropriate than other solidifying agents that melt at this temperature, such as gelatin.

text: Uses[edit]

text: Culinary[edit]

text: Agar-agar is a natural vegetable gelatin counterpart. White and semi-translucent, it is sold in packages as washed and dried strips or in powdered form. It can be used to make jellies, puddings, and custards. For making jelly, it is boiled in water until the solids dissolve. Sweetener, flavouring, colouring, fruit or vegetables are then added and the liquid is poured into molds to be served as desserts and vegetable aspics, or incorporated with other desserts, such as a jelly layer in a cake.

text: Agar-agar is approximately 80% fiber, so it can serve as an intestinal regulator. Its bulking quality has been behind fad diets in Asia, for example the kanten (the Japanese word for agar-agar[3]) diet. Once ingested, kanten triples in size and absorbs water. This results in the consumers feeling fuller. This diet has recently received some press coverage in the United States as well. The diet has shown promise in obesity studies.[21]

text: One use of agar in Japanese cuisine (Wagashi) is anmitsu, a dessert made of small cubes of agar jelly and served in a bowl with various fruits or other ingredients. It is also the main ingredient in mizu yōkan, another popular Japanese food.

text: In Philippine cuisine, it is used to make the jelly bars in the various gulaman refreshments or desserts such as sago gulaman, buko pandan, agar flan, halo-halo, and the black and red gulaman used in various fruit salads.

text: In Vietnamese cuisine, jellies made of flavored layers of agar agar, called thạch, are a popular dessert, and are often made in ornate molds for special occasions. In Indian cuisine, agar agar is known as "China grass" and is used for making desserts. In Burmese cuisine, a sweet jelly known as kyauk kyaw [tɕaʊʔtɕɔ́] is made from agar.

text: In Russia, it is used in addition or as a replacement to pectin in jams and marmalades, as a substitute to gelatin for its superior gelling properties, and as a strengthening ingredient in souffles and custards. Another use of agar-agar is in ptich'ye moloko (bird's milk), a rich jellified custard (or soft meringue) used as a cake filling or chocolate-glazed as individual sweets. Agar-agar may also be used as the gelling agent in gel clarification, a culinary technique used to clarify stocks, sauces, and other liquids.

text: Mexico has traditional candies made out of Agar gelatin, most of them in colorful, half-circle shapes that resemble a melon or watermelon fruit slice, and commonly covered with sugar. They are known in Spanish as Dulce de Agar (Agar sweets)

text: Agar-agar is an allowed nonorganic/nonsynthetic additive used as a thickener, gelling agent, texturizer, moisturizer, emulsifier, flavor enhancer, and absorbent in certified organic foods.[22]

text: Microbiology[edit]

text: An agar plate or Petri dish is used to provide a growth medium using a mix of agar and other nutrients in which microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi, can be cultured and observed under the microscope. Agar is indigestible for many organisms so that microbial growth does not affect the gel used and it remains stable. Agar is typically sold commercially as a powder that can be mixed with water and prepared similarly to gelatin before use as a growth medium. Other ingredients are added to the agar to meet the nutritional needs of the microbes. Many specific formulations are available, because some microbes prefer certain environmental conditions over others. Agar is often dispensed using a sterile media dispenser.

text: Motility assays[edit]

text: As a gel, an agar or agarose medium is porous and therefore can be used to measure microorganism motility and mobility. The gel's porosity is directly related to the concentration of agarose in the medium, so various levels of effective viscosity (from the cell's "point of view") can be selected, depending on the experimental objectives.

text: A common identification assay involves culturing a sample of the organism deep within a block of nutrient agar. Cells will attempt to grow within the gel structure. Motile species will be able to migrate, albeit slowly, throughout the gel and infiltration rates can then be visualized, whereas non-motile species will show growth only along the now-empty path introduced by the invasive initial sample deposition.

text: Another setup commonly used for measuring chemotaxis and chemokinesis utilizes the under-agarose cell migration assay, whereby a layer of agarose gel is placed between a cell population and a chemoattractant. As a concentration gradient develops from the diffusion of the chemoattractant into the gel, various cell populations requiring different stimulation levels to migrate can then be visualized over time using microphotography as they tunnel upward through the gel against gravity along the gradient.

text: Plant biology[edit]

text: Research grade agar is used extensively in plant biology as it is supplemented with a nutrient and vitamin mixture that allows for seedling germination in Petri dishes under sterile conditions (given that the seeds are sterilized as well). Nutrient and vitamin supplementation for Arabidopsis thaliana is standard across most experimental conditions. Murashige & Skoog (MS) nutrient mix and Gamborg's B5 vitamin mix in general are used. A 1.0% agar/0.44% MS+vitamin dH2O solution is suitable for growth media between normal growth temps.

text: When using agar, within any growth medium, it is important to know that the solidification of the agar is pH-dependent. The optimal range for solidification is between 5.4-5.7.[23] Usually, the application of KOH is needed to increase the pH to this range. A general guideline is about 600 µl 0.1M KOH per 250 ml GM. This entire mixture can be sterilized using the liquid cycle of an autoclave.

text: This medium nicely lends itself to the application of specific concentrations of phytohormones etc. to induce specific growth patterns in that one can easily prepare a solution containing the desired amount of hormone, add it to the known volume of GM, and autoclave to both sterilize and evaporate off any solvent that may have been used to dissolve the often-polar hormones. This hormone/GM solution can be spread across the surface of Petri dishes sown with germinated and/or etiolated seedlings.

text: Experiments with the moss Physcomitrella patens, however, have shown that choice of the gelling agent — agar or Gelrite - does influence phytohormone sensitivity of the plant cell culture.[24]

text: Other uses[edit]

text: Agar is used:

text:
As an impression material in dentistry.
As a medium to precisely orient the tissue specimen and secure it by agar pre-embedding (especially useful for small endoscopy biopsy specimens) for histopathology processing[25]
To make salt bridges and gel plugs for use in electrochemistry.
In formicariums as a transparent substitute for sand and a source of nutrition.
As a natural ingredient to form modelling clay for young children to play with.
As an allowed biofertilizer component in organic farming.[26]
As a substrate for precipitin reactions in immunology.

text: Gelidium agar is used primarily for bacteriological plates. Gracilaria agar is used mainly in food applications.

text: In 2016, AMAM, a Japanese company, developed a prototype for Agar-based commercial packaging system called Agar Plasticity, intended as a replacement for oil-based plastic packaging.[27][28]