document_title: Magic in Harry Potter

question_text: what is the killing curse in harry potter called

question_tokens: what is the killing curse in harry potter called

text: Magic in Harry Potter

text: Using magic[edit]

text: Witches and wizards need training to learn how to control their magic. With young and untrained children, magic will manifest itself subconsciously in moments of strong apprehension, fear, anger and sadness.[4] For example, Harry Potter once made his hair grow back after a bad haircut, set a boa constrictor on his cousin Dudley at the London Zoo, and made Aunt Marge inflate to an enormous size. While this reaction is usually uncontrollable, as an untrained child, Lord Voldemort was able to make things move without touching them, make animals do what he wanted without training them, make "bad things happen to people" who annoyed him, or make them hurt if he wanted to.[5] In addition, Lily Potter was able to guide and control the blooming of a flower by wanting to.

text: Almost all magic is done with the use of a wand. On the subject of wandless magic, Rowling says:[6]

text:
“
You can do unfocused and uncontrolled magic without a wand (for instance when Harry blows up Aunt Marge) but to do really good spells, yes, you need a wand.
”

text: A wizard or witch is only at their best when using their own wand. When using another's wand, one's spells are not as strong as they normally would be.[HP1]

text: Within the books, technical details of magic are obscure. Of Harry's lessons, only those involving magical creatures, potions or divination are given in any detail.

text: Severus Snape once told Harry Potter that "Time and space matter in magic" during Harry's first Occlumency lesson in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix and Albus Dumbledore told Harry after finding the magically concealed boat to reach the locket Horcrux that "Magic always leaves traces, sometimes very distinctive traces."[HP6]

text: Spellcasting[edit]

text: Spells are the every-purpose tools of a wizard or witch; short bursts of magic used to accomplish single specialised tasks such as opening locks or creating fire. Typically casting requires an incantation, most often in a modified form of Latin (see Dog Latin), and gesturing with a wand. However, Rowling has revealed that particularly talented wizards can cast spells without the aid of wand, although magic produced with one is generally more precise and powerful.[7] Spells can also be cast non-verbally, but with a magical wand. This special technique is taught in the sixth year of study at Hogwarts and requires the caster to concentrate on the incantation. Some spells (e.g. Levicorpus) are apparently designed to be used non-verbally. While most magic shown in the books requires the caster to use their voice, some do not (and this may depend on the witch or wizard). Dumbledore has been known to do impressive feats of magic without speaking, such as conjuring enough squashy purple sleeping bags to accommodate the entire student population[HP3] or during his duel with Voldemort towards the end of Order of the Phoenix.

text: It is possible to use a wand without holding it. In Order of the Phoenix, Harry himself performs Lumos to light his wand when it is lying on the ground somewhere near him.[HP5] Additionally, Animagi and Metamorphmagi do not need wands to undergo their transformations.

text: Spells are divided into rough categories, such as "charms", "curses", "hexes", or "jinxes". Although offensive and potentially dangerous curses exist in number, three are considered usable only for great evil, which earns them the special classification of "Unforgivable Curses".

text: The limits of magic[edit]

text: Before publishing the first Harry Potter novel, Rowling spent five years establishing the limitations of magic—determining what it could and could not do. "The most important thing to decide when you're creating a fantasy world," she said in 2000, "is what the characters CAN'T do." For instance, while it is possible to conjure things out of thin air, it is far more tricky to create something that fits an exact specification rather than a general one; moreover, any objects so conjured tend not to last.[8]

text: Death[edit]

text: Rowling has described death as the most important theme in the books.[9] Consequently, as Dumbledore states in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, there is no spell that can truly bring the dead back to life. While corpses can be transformed into obedient Inferi on a living wizard's command, they are little more than zombies with no soul or will of their own. However, there are some methods of communicating with the dead, though with limited results. For example, all Hogwarts headmasters appear in a portrait when they die, allowing consultation by future generations. It is also possible through the rare Priori Incantatem effect to converse with ghost-like "shadows" of magically murdered people. The Resurrection Stone also allows one to talk to the dead, but those brought back by the Stone are not corporeal, nor do they wish to be disturbed from their peaceful rest. Throughout the series, this limit is continually mentioned, and wizards try to transcend it at their own folly.

text: Likewise, it is not possible to make oneself immortal unless one makes use of an object of great power to sustain life, such as the Philosopher's Stone or horcruxes. If one were to possess the three Deathly Hallows, it is fabled that they would possess the tools to become the "master of death". However, it is hinted that to be a true "master of death" is to be willing to accept that death is inevitable. Other methods of extending life include drinking unicorn blood, which will keep a person alive even if death is imminent, but at the terrible price of being cursed forever. Being magical can contribute to one's longevity, as there are several characters in the series who are unusually long-lived (such as Griselda Marchbanks, who was an invigilator during Albus Dumbledore's O.W.L examinations). It is revealed by Nearly Headless Nick in the fifth book that all witches and wizards have the choice of becoming ghosts upon dying; however, it is described as "a pale imitation of life". Snape states that a ghost is merely "the imprint of a departed soul left upon the earth".

text: Death is studied at the Department of Mysteries in a chamber containing an enigmatic veil, which Rowling has described as "the divide between life and death". With regard to what is on the other side, she elaborated: "Do I believe you go on? Yes, I do believe you go on. I do believe in an afterlife, although I'm absolutely doubt-ridden and always have been but there you are."[10] Sirius falls through this veil in Order of the Phoenix after he is hit with a curse from Bellatrix.

text: Principal Exceptions to Gamp's Law of Elemental Transfiguration[edit]

text: The Principal Exceptions to Gamp's Law of Elemental Transfiguration is a magical theory mentioned by Hermione and later repeated by Ron in the final book. She explains that food is one of these: witches or wizards can cook and prepare food using magic, and even multiply it, but not create it out of nothing. There are numerous examples in the series of food appearing to have been conjured from nothing, such as the sudden materialisation of ingredients in the pots of Molly Weasley's kitchen and when Professor McGonagall creates a self-refilling plate of sandwiches for Harry and Ron in Chamber of Secrets. In all cases, these events can be reasonably explained as food either being multiplied or transported from elsewhere. One example of the latter is banqueting at Hogwarts—the food is prepared by elves in the kitchens and laid onto four replica tables, directly below the actual house tables in the Great Hall. The food is then magically transported to the tables.

text: This is the only exception mentioned explicitly in the series. However, Rowling herself has stated once in an interview that money is something wizards cannot simply materialise out of thin air,[8] or the economic system of the wizarding world would then be gravely flawed and disrupted. While the Philosopher's Stone does permit alchemy, this is portrayed as an extremely rare, even unique, object, whose owner does not exploit its powers.

text: Emotion[edit]

text: As explained earlier, young untrained wizards can trigger uncontrolled magic when they are in the state of heightened emotions. But emotions also affect trained witches and wizards and their magical abilities. For instance, in Half-Blood Prince, a heartbroken Nymphadora Tonks temporarily loses her power as a Metamorphmagus when Remus Lupin starts distancing himself from her. The form of her Patronus changes to reflect her depression. Another example is Merope Gaunt, who only demonstrated any magical ability when removed from her father's oppression, but then lost it again when her husband abandoned her.

text: Several magical spells require the use of certain emotions when casting them. The Patronus charm, for example, requires the caster to concentrate on a happy memory. (Force of will, under extenuating circumstances, helps a lot. An example of this is when Harry is able to conjure a corporeal Patronus when Sirius is in danger of being administered the Dementor's Kiss.)[HP3] Another example is the Cruciatus Curse, which causes immense pain; as Harry discovers during a duel with Bellatrix Lestrange, effective use of this forbidden dark magic requires sadistic desires.[HP5]

text: Love (in its broadest meaning) is depicted as a particularly powerful form of magic. According to Dumbledore, love is a "force that is at once more wonderful and more terrible than death, than human intelligence, than forces of nature."[HP5] Lily's voluntary sacrifice on Harry's behalf saves him from Voldemort as a baby, and Harry makes a similar sacrifice to save his friends at the end of Deathly Hallows.[HP7] A certain key prophecy in the series describes Harry as having "power the Dark Lord knows not", referencing his capacity for love.[HP5]

text: True love is impossible to create magically; Amortentia, a love potion, can only create a powerful sense of infatuation and obsession.

text: Magical abilities[edit]

text: The following is a list of special abilities that a wizard or witch in the Harry Potter universe may have.

text: Animagi[edit]

text: An Animagus (portmanteau of animal and magus) is a witch or wizard who can turn into a particular animal or magical creature at will. This ability is not innate: it must be acquired by magical means. All Animagi must register at a central authority by law, though a number of characters are revealed over the course of the series to have remained unregistered illegally: James Potter, Sirius Black, Peter Pettigrew and Rita Skeeter.

text: Animagi transformation can be performed wandlessly. Sirius and Peter are left wandless for over 10 years, but both retain the ability with no apparent ill effects. When Animagi transform, they take on the appearance of a normal animal. However, in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, it is noted that Ron's pet rat Scabbers (later revealed as Peter Pettigrew's Animagus form) has lived over twelve years when only expected to live three. Also, an Animagus in animal form retains the ability to think like a human, which is the principal difference between being an animagus and being transfigured into an animal. Otherwise, they would forget that they were a wizard and be trapped, unknowingly, in this form unless transformed back by another wizard. Characteristics of an Animagus' human form can manifest themselves in the animal transformation; for example, the markings around McGonagall's eyes as a cat resemble her glasses. When an Animagus registers, they must record all the defining physical traits of their animal form so that the Ministry can identify them.

text: Each Animagus has a specific animal form, and cannot transform into any other animal. The animal cannot be chosen: it is uniquely suited to that individual's personality, and in most cases the Animagus will change into the same animal used in the person's Patronus Charm.[11]

text: Explicit emphasis is placed in the books on the differences between Animagi and werewolves. Animagi have full control over their transformations and retain their minds, whereas werewolves' transformations are involuntary and include severe changes in personality. After the person has transformed into a werewolf, he no longer remembers who he is; he would kill his best friend if he got anywhere near him. A werewolf only responds to the call of his own kind. The only way that a werewolf can retain his sanity, intelligence and memory while transformed is using the Wolfsbane Potion.

text: Metamorphmagi[edit]

text: A Metamorphmagus (a portmanteau of metamorph and magus) is a witch or wizard born with the innate ability to change some or all of their appearance at will. The talent cannot be acquired; a witch or wizard who has it must be born with it.

text: Nymphadora Tonks and her son, Teddy Lupin are currently the only known Metamorphmagi in the series; it is a very rare ability, possibly hereditary. Tonks is known to change her hair colour and style according to her mood. She even appears as an old woman on occasion. She can also change her nose appearance, as she does when eating with the Weasley family to entertain Ginny and Hermione. Her son, Teddy Lupin, also inherited this trait, as his hair is mentioned repeatedly changing colour.

text: The extent of these appearance-altering abilities and the limits thereof are not entirely clear. According to Rowling, a Metamorphmagus can alter his or her appearance completely, for instance, from black to white, young to old, handsome to plain and so on.[12] In one example, Tonks changes her facial appearance by reshaping her nose into "a beaklike protuberance like Snape's", to "something resembling a button mushroom", and "one like a pig snout" which reminded Harry of his cousin Dudley.[13] The emotional state of a Metamorphmagus can affect their abilities.

text: Parseltongue[edit]

text: Parseltongue is the language of snakes. It is often associated with Dark Magic, although Dumbledore stated that it is not necessarily an evil quality. Those possessing the ability to speak it ("Parselmouths") occur very rarely. People apparently acquire the skill through learning or via a method of xenoglossia, such as through genetic inheritance (or by use of Dark or dangerous Magic). Harry was a Parselmouth until the age of 18. Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets explains this was because of Voldemort's passing on some of his abilities to Harry the night he tried to kill him. Deathly Hallows reveals that a part of Voldemort's soul within Harry grants him this ability, which is later destroyed leaving Harry stripped of the ability.[14]

text: Other known Parselmouths include Salazar Slytherin and his descendants, including the Gaunts and Voldemort. Dumbledore can also understand Parseltongue; however, he learned it and did not naturally possess the ability.[15] In Half-Blood Prince he repeats Morfin Gaunt's words "the big house over the way", which were spoken in Parseltongue.

text: Ron uses Parseltongue in the final book to reopen the Chamber of Secrets, but he is only imitating the sound of a phrase Harry used earlier in the book.

text: Rowling borrowed the term from "an old word for someone who has a problem with the mouth, like a hare lip".[16]

text: Professor Francis Nolan, Professor of Phonetics at University of Cambridge, designed the version of Parseltongue used in the films as an ergative-absolutive language featuring geminate consonants and VSO word order. It has a high frequency of fricative and pharyngeal consonants to acoustically approximate the physiology of a snake.[citation needed]

text: Seers[edit]

text: A Seer is a witch or wizard with the clairvoyant ability to predict future events. The predictions given through this ability can sometimes be self-fulfilling prophecies, and Dumbledore states in Order of the Phoenix that not all of them come true, depending on the choices made by those mentioned. This would seem to indicate that a Seer predicts possible or likely events, at least in some cases.

text: In the Hall of Prophecy at the Department of Mysteries, thousands upon thousands of glass spheres are imbued with records of prophecies made by Seers. Only a person mentioned in a prophecy can safely retrieve it; anyone else who tries to do so will be driven insane.

text: According to McGonagall, true Seers are extremely rare. Sybill Trelawney is the only Seer portrayed in the books, although it is mentioned that Sybill's great-great-grandmother, Cassandra Trelawney, was a renowned Seer in her day. Trelawney is considered an "old fraud" by her students, and is sacked by Dolores Umbridge in the fifth book for it. However, she has twice made true prophecies. Sybill Trelawney is noted to never remember that she has made a prophecy when it is a true one. She speaks in a hoarse voice, and only if a wizard is present will anyone know about it.

text: Legilimency and Occlumency[edit]

text: Legilimency is the magical skill of extracting feelings and memories from another person's mind—a form of magical "telepathy" (although Snape, an able practitioner of the art, dismisses the colloquial term "mind-reading", as a drastic oversimplification). It also allows one to convey visions or memories to another person, whether real or imaginary. A witch or wizard possessing this skill is called a Legilimens, and can, for example, detect lies and deceit in another person, witness memories in another person's past, or "plant" false visions in another's mind.

text: The counter-skill to Legilimency is Occlumency (and its user, known as an Occlumens), by which one can compartmentalize one's emotions, or prevent a Legilimens from discovering thoughts or memories which contradict one's spoken words or actions. An advanced form of Occlumency is planting false temporary memories inside an Occlumens' own head while blocking all other true memories, so if a Legilimens, even a highly skilled one, were to attempt to read the mind, he or she would find false memories only and believe everything was right.

text: The skills are first elaborated in Order of the Phoenix. Legilimency and Occlumency are not part of the normal curriculum at Hogwarts, and most students would graduate without learning them.

text: Voldemort, Snape, and Dumbledore are all known to be skilled in Legilimency and Occlumency. Voldemort is said to be the master of Legilimency by Snape, as he, in almost all cases, immediately knows if someone lied to him. In addition, in Deathly Hallows, Voldemort repeatedly uses Legilimency to interrogate his victims. Voldemort practices Occlumency throughout the period of Half-Blood Prince to deny Harry access to his thoughts and emotions. However, in Deathly Hallows, Voldemort repeatedly loses grip, resulting in occasional but very powerful burst of thoughts, visions and emotions to be sent to Harry.

text: Throughout the books, Snape is repeatedly said to be highly skilled in Occlumency.[17] This is how Snape was able to lie to Voldemort for years. Even before Order of the Phoenix, Harry repeatedly gets the impression that Snape can read minds.

text: Bellatrix Lestrange and Draco also have skill in Occlumency, since Bellatrix was clearly said to have taught Draco to shield his thoughts from Snape.[HP6]

text: During the Order of Phoenix Snape is instructed by Dumbledore to give Harry lessons in Occlumency. Whether as a result of Snape's poor instruction, or poor aptitude on Harry's part, Harry did not make any progress. (Only once did Harry manage to overcome Snape with the use of Occlumency.)[18] In Deathly Hallows, Harry finally masters Occlumency—shutting his mind to Voldemort—when Dobby dies. He realises that his grief—or as Dumbledore calls it, love—is what can block out the Dark Lord.

text: Queenie Goldstein, in Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them, is shown to be a proficient Legilimens, as she was easily able to read the minds of Jacob Kowalski and others in the film, as well as sense and hear them through their thoughts. However, she says she has problems with Brits like Newt Scamander, because of the accent.

text: Apparition and Disapparition[edit]

text: Apparition is a magical form of teleportation, through which a witch or wizard can disappear ("Disapparate") from one location and reappear ("Apparate") in another. It is sometimes accompanied by a distinctive cracking or popping sound, though the most skilled wizards can Apparate "so suddenly and silently" that they seem to have "popped out of the ground" (Dumbledore). The act is also accompanied by a very unpleasant squeezing sensation, as though being sent through a tight rubber tube, according to Harry.[HP6]

text: The Ministry of Magic licenses Apparition. A witch or wizard must be 17 years old or older and have a licence to Apparate as a means of transportation in much the same way real-world governments require individuals to have a licence to drive a motor vehicle. Students at Hogwarts may attend Ministry-administered Apparition lessons during their sixth year, and take their examination once they turn seventeen. It is shown that although it is possible to Apparate without a licence, it is not usually done (unless in lessons) and is illegal. In Deathly Hallows, Harry does not possess a licence, but since his Trace has been lifted, the Ministry is likely unaware that he does it.

text: Learning to Apparate is difficult, and students run the risk of splinching—being physically split between the origin and destination—which requires the assistance of the Ministry's Accidental Magic Reversal Squad to undo properly, although essence of dittany can also mend certain wounds. Splinching is quite common during lessons, and can be uncomfortable (and at times rather gruesome) depending on the body parts splinched, but is ultimately harmless if properly reversed. It is implied that though Ron can Apparate, he isn't terribly skilled at it, seeing as he splinches himself at least three times (once losing half an eyebrow, two fingernails and part of his arm.); Harry and Hermione both pick up the skill quickly in comparison. As explained in the Half-Blood Prince, there is no word spell to Apparate or Disapparate, but the caster has to concentrate on the location on which he has to apparate, needs to be fully focused on the spell, and also has to "feel" it through the whole body.

text: It has been indicated that it is considered rude to Apparate directly into a private area, such as a home. Dumbledore states in Half-Blood Prince that it would be "quite as rude as kicking down the front door". For this reason, and for reasons of security, many homes have Anti-Apparition spells protecting them from uninvited intrusions. The accepted way to travel to a home is to Apparate to a nearby location and continue to the final destination on foot. Apparition is considered unreliable over long distances, and even experienced users of the technique sometimes prefer other means of transport, such as broomsticks. Rowling has stated that Apparating over long distances depends on the skill of the wizard, and "Cross-continental Apparition would almost certainly result in severe injury or death."[19] Indeed, even the prodigiously skilled Lord Voldemort elects to fly back to England after visiting the far-flung Nurmengard.

text: For reasons of security, the grounds and buildings of Hogwarts are protected by ancient Anti-Apparition and Anti-Disapparition spells, which prevent humans from Apparating on the school grounds. There is also a spell that prevents individuals from Disapparating, which Dumbledore places on the Death Eaters captured at the Ministry in Order of the Phoenix; a sister spell, which allows one to Apparate into a location but prevents them from Disapparating out of it, is cast by the Death Eaters in Hogsmeade in concordance with the Caterwauling Charm. Dumbledore is the only person who can both Apparate and Disapparate from the school grounds, since he is the headmaster.

text: A witch or wizard can use Side-Along Apparition to take others with them during Apparition. Dumbledore successfully transports Harry this way several times in Half-Blood Prince, and notably, Harry's first non-lesson attempt at the skill is the Side-Along Apparition with the weakened Dumbledore when they return from the seaside cave.

text: In the Order of the Phoenix film, Death Eaters and Order members Apparate and Disapparate in clouds of smoke. Death Eaters appear and disappear in black smoke, Order members in white. In the film, both sides also appear to be able to "half-apparate" in which their bodies were made out of smoke, giving them the ability to fly. Interestingly, both times Fred and George apparated and disapparated, they did it with a pop as in the books.

text: In the books, the words "Apparate" and "Disapparate", like many other neologisms used by Rowling, are capitalised, whereas established English words such as "jinx" and "hex" are not. The words themselves are most likely derived from the French apparaître and disparaître, meaning 'to appear' and 'to disappear'. Another possible derivation is from the English word "apparition", meaning "a supernatural appearance of a person or thing; anything that appears, especially something remarkable or startling; an act of appearing", which comes from the Latin "apparitio", meaning attendance. "Disapparate" probably comes from the same word but with the prefix: "dis-" expressing negation or reversal.

text: Other teleportation[edit]

text: Some magical creatures have their own forms of instantaneous travel, such as a house elf's ability to teleport or a phoenix's ability to appear and disappear in a burst of flame. Unlike wizards, these creatures are not restricted by anti-Apparition magic. Dobby, Kreacher and the rest of the house-elf population can Apparate within the Hogwarts grounds, as is demonstrated on multiple occasions, most notably when Dobby visits Harry in the hospital wing, and when Dobby and Kreacher are summoned by Harry and assigned to tail Draco Malfoy. Fawkes disapparates from the headmaster's office at Hogwarts along with Dumbledore when the latter manages to evade arrest at the hands of Ministry officials in Order of the Phoenix.

text: Some magical devices like the Floo Network, Portkeys and Vanishing Cabinets also provide forms of magical teleportation.

text: Veela charm[edit]

text: An ability attributed to Veela and those of Veela heritage, such as Fleur Delacour. It is used to charm males, much like the Sirens in The Odyssey. Men who are exposed to it over time become more resistant to it, although the Veela charm takes full effect if the Veela surprises the man, as noted by Ron in Half-Blood Prince.

text: As shown in Goblet of Fire, Veela hair can be used as cores to create magical wands. According to famed wandmaker Mr. Ollivander, these wands are a little "temperamental".

text: Magical resistance[edit]

text: This refers to a certain degree of immunity against hexes and spells found in powerful creatures such as trolls, dragons, and giants. Hagrid is resistant to certain spells, like the Stunning Spell, due to his giant blood. This type of resistance is not insurmountable; if enough Stunning Spells, for example, are fired at a creature with magical resistance at once, the creature may still be rendered unconscious. Also, wizards and witches can resist certain spells with the power of their own sheer will, such as Harry did in Goblet of Fire, when Barty Crouch Jr. disguised as Alastor Moody tried to control Harry with the Imperius curse and Harry resisted.

text: Subjects at Hogwarts[edit]

text: At Hogwarts, students must study a core group of subjects for the first two years, after which they must choose between several electives. During their final two years, students are permitted to take more specialized subjects such as Alchemy.

text: Transfiguration, Defence Against the Dark Arts, Charms, Potions, Astronomy, History of Magic, and Herbology are compulsory subjects for the first five years, as well as flying lessons. At the end of their second year, students are required to add at least two optional subjects to their syllabus for the start of the third year. The five choices are Arithmancy, Muggle Studies, Divination, Study of Ancient Runes and Care of Magical Creatures. Very specialised subjects such as Alchemy are sometimes offered in the final two years, if there is sufficient demand. There is a total of twelve named Professors at Hogwarts, each specializing in one of these subjects.

text: Transfiguration[edit]

text: Transfiguration is essentially the art of changing the properties of an object.[20] Transfiguration is a theory-based subject, including topics such as "Switching Spells" (altering only a part of some object, such as when Hagrid gave Dudley a pig tail); Vanishing Spells (causing an object to completely disappear);[OotP Ch.13] and Conjuring Spells (creating objects out of thin air).[OotP Ch.13] It is possible to change inanimate objects into animate ones and vice versa—Minerva McGonagall, the class's teacher, transfigures her desk into a pig and back in Philosopher's Stone.[PS Ch.8]

text: Defence Against the Dark Arts[edit]

text: Defence Against the Dark Arts, commonly shortened to D.A.D.A.,[21] is the class that teaches students defensive techniques to defend against the Dark Arts, and to be protected from Dark creatures. In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, with Death-Eaters in charge of the school, the subject is renamed the Dark Arts, and involves pupils practicing the Cruciatus Curse on those who have earned detentions.[DH Ch.29] The subject has an extraordinarily high turnover of staff members—throughout the series no Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher has retained the post for more than one school year. Harry is exceptionally skilled in this subject. During the period the story takes place, the class is taught by Quirinus Quirrell (book one), Gilderoy Lockhart (book two), Remus Lupin (book three), Bartemius Crouch Jr impersonating Alastor "Mad-eye" Moody (book four), Dolores Umbridge (book five), Severus Snape (book six), and Amycus Carrow (book seven). Hagrid suggests in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets that "They're startin' ter think the job's jinxed. No one's lasted long for a while now." In Half-Blood Prince, Dumbledore suggests that Voldemort cursed the position because his application for it was rejected.[HBP Ch.20] The existence of the jinx was eventually confirmed by Rowling. The position had also been coveted by Snape, but he was denied the position as well. Snape was finally appointed D.A.D.A. professor in Half-Blood Prince. Rowling announced in an interview that once Voldemort had died, the jinx he placed on the office was lifted and a permanent professor had been teaching the subject between the end of Deathly Hallows and the epilogue, set nineteen years afterwards. Furthermore, she imagines that Harry Potter occasionally comes to the class to give lectures on the subject.[22]

text: Charms[edit]

text: Charms is the class that teaches how to develop incantations for the uses of bewitchment. Rowling has described Charms as a type of magic spell concerned with giving an object new and unexpected properties.[20] Charms classes are described as notoriously noisy and chaotic, as the lessons are largely practical.[OotP Ch.18] Many of the exposition sequences in the books are set in Charms classes, which are on the second floor of Hogwarts. The class is taught by Filius Flitwick.

text: Potions[edit]

text: Potions is described as the art of creating mixtures with magical effects. It requires the correct mixing and stirring of ingredients at the right times and temperatures. As to the question of whether a muggle could brew a potion, given the correct magical ingredients, Rowling has said, "Potions seems, on the face of it, to be the most muggle-friendly subject. But there does come a point in which you need to do more than stir."[23] Rowling later confirmed on Pottermore that "There is always some element of wandwork necessary to make a potion."[24] Snape's lessons are depicted as unhappy, oppressing times set in a gloomy dungeon in the basement of the castle, whilst Slughorn's, who replaces Snape as Potions Master, are shown as more cheerful and even fun at times.

text: Astronomy[edit]

text: Astronomy classes take place in the Astronomy Tower, the tallest tower in Hogwarts, and are taught by Professor Aurora Sinistra. Lessons involve observations of the night skies with telescopes. No astronomy lessons are shown in the books, but they are frequently referenced. Rowling describes one of Harry's Astronomy exams in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. Also, bits of the Astronomy Tower are seen throughout the film series, such as HP2 and HP3, and featured in Half-Blood Prince, as the place where Dumbledore died, and seen in Deathly Hallows. Known student homework activities include learning the names of stars, constellations and planets, and their location, movements, and environments.

text: History of Magic[edit]

text: History of Magic is the study of magical history. Cuthbert Binns' lessons are depicted as some of the most boring at Hogwarts. They are only lectures, given without pause, about significant events in wizarding history. Topics have included goblin rebellions, giant wars, and the origins of wizarding secrecy. This is the only class at Hogwarts that is taught by a ghost, as the professor never noticed he had died and simply continued teaching as if nothing had changed.

text: Herbology[edit]

text: Herbology is the study of magical plants and how to take care of, utilise and combat them. There are at least three greenhouses described in the books, holding a variety of magical plants. Herbology is also the only subject Neville excels in. The epilogue to Deathly Hallows explains that he later replaces Professor Sprout as the Herbology teacher.

text: Arithmancy[edit]

text: Arithmancy is a branch of magic concerned with the magical properties of numbers. As Harry Potter does not take this subject, the class is never described in the books. It is, however, a favourite subject of Hermione. Arithmancy is reportedly difficult, as it requires memorising or working with many charts. In Order of the Phoenix, it is mentioned that the study of Arithmancy is required to become a Curse-Breaker for Gringotts. The subject is taught by Professor Septima Vector.

text: Study of Ancient Runes[edit]

text: Study of Ancient Runes, more commonly known as Ancient Runes, is a generally theoretical subject that studies the ancient runic scripts. Because only Hermione studies it, little else is known about this subject, taught by Professor Bathsheba Babbling.[25] In Deathly Hallows Dumbledore bequeaths his copy of The Tales of Beedle the Bard, which is written in ancient runes, to Hermione.

text: Divination[edit]

text: Divination is the art of predicting the future. Various methods are described, including tea leaves, fire omens, crystal balls, palmistry, cartomancy (including the reading of conventional playing cards and the tarot), astrology, and dream interpretations. Divination is described by Professor McGonagall as "one of the most imprecise branches of magic".[PA Ch.6] Supporters of the subject claim that it is an inexact science that requires innate gifts such as the "Inner Eye". Those opposed claim that the subject is irrelevant and fraudulent. Harry is first taught Divination by Professor Trelawney, and then later by Firenze after Trelawney is sacked by Dolores Umbridge in Harry's fifth year. In the sixth (and presumably seventh) year, Firenze and Professor Trelawney share Divination classes, divided by year.

text: Care of Magical Creatures[edit]

text: Care of Magical Creatures is the class which instructs students on how to care for magical beasts. Classes are held outside the castle. In Harry's first two years, the class is taken by Professor Silvanus Kettleburn who then retires "in order to enjoy more time with his remaining limbs". Dumbledore then recruits the gamekeeper Rubeus Hagrid to accept a teaching position along with his gamekeeping duties. Although Hagrid is obviously very experienced and knowledgeable, he doesn't "have a normal person's view of what's dangerous", an example being that the Care of Magical Creatures students were required to get a literally ferocious textbook called the "Monster Book of Monsters", and so consistently misjudges the risk that the animals he uses in his lessons pose to his students[PA Ch.6][GF Ch.13], which sometimes results in chaos. When Hagrid is absent, his lessons are taken over by Wilhelmina Grubbly-Plank, a witch and an acquaintance of Dumbledore's.

text: Muggle Studies[edit]

text: Muggle Studies is a class which involves the study of the muggle (non-magical) culture "from a wizarding point of view." The only need for witches and wizards to learn about muggle ways and means is to ensure they can blend in with muggles while needing to do so (for example, at the 1994 Quidditch World Cup). As the class is only mentioned as being taken by Hermione, and for just one year, little is known about its curriculum. In the opening chapter of the final book, Voldemort murders Professor Charity Burbage because she portrays muggles in a positive light and is opposed to limiting wizardry to only people of pure-blood origins. For the rest of the academic year covered by Deathly Hallows, the Death Eater Alecto Carrow teaches Muggle Studies. However, her lessons (which are made compulsory) mainly describe muggles and muggle-borns as subhuman and worthy of persecution.

text: Alchemy[edit]

text: Alchemy classes are not mentioned in the Harry Potter series; however, Rowling has used Alchemy as an example of a 'specialized' subject offered when there is sufficient demand. Alchemy is a philosophical tradition searching for the philosopher's stone, which is said to have the power to turn base metals into gold and to contain the elixir of life, which makes or keeps the drinker young and immortal. As mentioned in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, Nicholas Flamel created a Philosopher's Stone, but it was destroyed at the end of Harry's first year.

text: Flying[edit]

text: Flying is the class that teaches the use of broomsticks made for the use of flying and is taught only to Hogwarts first years by Rolanda Hooch. The subject is the only one that requires physicality. The only flying lesson depicted in the Harry Potter series is in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone.

text: Apparition[edit]

text: Apparition is an optional class for those in the sixth and seventh years at Hogwarts, in preparation for obtaining their licence. In Harry's sixth year, Wilkie Twycross, a Ministry of Magic Apparition instructor, teaches the lessons. Magical enchantments on Hogwarts castle and grounds prevent Apparition and Disapparition inside the castle; however Half-Blood Prince explains that these protections are temporarily relaxed within the Great Hall for short periods to permit students to practice. Students are warned, though, that they will not be able to Apparate outside of the Great Hall and that it would be unwise to try.

text: Spell-like effects[edit]

text: Unbreakable Vow[edit]

text: The Unbreakable Vow is a voluntary agreement made between two witches or wizards. It must be performed with a witness ("Bonder") on hand, holding their wand on the agreeing persons' linked hands to bind them with magic as a tongue of flame. The Vow is not literally "unbreakable" as the person taking it is still able to go back on his or her word, but doing so will cause instant death. The Unbreakable Vow was first introduced in Half-Blood Prince, in which Snape made a promise to Narcissa Malfoy to protect Draco, with Bellatrix as the "Bonder", as her son attempted to fulfil the Dark Lord's task, and for Snape to fulfil the task if something should prevent Draco from doing it. Another example in Half-Blood Prince occurs when Ron tells Harry how Fred and George tried to make him undertake an Unbreakable Vow, but because of their father's intervention, they did not succeed.

text: Priori Incantatem[edit]

text: Priori Incantatem (from Latin: priorem incantatum - a previous spell), or the Reverse Spell Effect, is used to detect the spells cast by a wand. The spells cast by the wand will emerge in smoky or ghost-like replicas in reverse order, with the latest spell emerging first. It is first encountered in Goblet of Fire when the house elf Winky is found holding Harry's wand. This spell is used to reveal that it was indeed Harry's wand that cast the Dark Mark. In Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince, it is revealed that the teenage Voldemort murdered his father and grandparents using his uncle Morfin's wand, knowing that, when examined, the wand would incriminate Morfin as the murderer. In Deathly Hallows, Harry fears that a Priori Incantatem spell will be used on Hermione's wand after the Death Eaters get hold of it. This would reveal that she had accidentally broken his holly-and-phoenix-feather wand when a curse misfired and they both narrowly escaped Voldemort earlier. As a result, the protection of the shared cores was lost and, worse still, this would now be made known to Voldemort. During the final duel between Harry and Voldemort, the latter mentions that he knows that the holly and phoenix wand is destroyed, implying that the Priori Incantatem has indeed been performed on Hermione's wand, as they had feared.

text: Forcing two wands that share the source of their cores to do battle can also cause a more potent form of Priori Incantatem. The tips of the two wands will connect, forming a thick golden "thread" of energy, and the two wands' masters fight a battle of wills. The loser's wand will regurgitate shadows of spells that it has cast in reverse order. This phenomenon occurs during the duel between Harry and Voldemort at the end of Goblet of Fire. Their simultaneous spells (Harry and Voldemort cast "Expelliarmus" and "Avada Kedavra" respectively) trigger the threads, and as Voldemort loses the battle of wills, his wand regurgitates, in reverse order, echoes of the people his wand had last murdered: Cedric Diggory; Frank Bryce; Bertha Jorkins; as well as Harry's parents. Harry was previously informed by Mr. Ollivander that the holly wand that "chose" Harry was the "brother" of the yew wand that gave him the lightning-shaped scar on his forehead, although the significance of this was not discussed then. Dumbledore later reveals to Harry that his and Voldemort's wands both contain a tail feather given by Dumbledore's pet phoenix, Fawkes.

text: Dark Arts[edit]

text: The Dark Arts are magical spells and practices that are usually used for malicious purposes. Practitioners of Dark Arts are referred to as Dark witches or wizards. The most prominent of these is Voldemort, known to them as the Dark Lord. His followers, known as Death Eaters, practice the Dark Arts while doing his bidding.

text: The type of spells characteristic of Dark Arts are known as curses,[26] which usually cause harm to the target. All, to a certain degree, are in some circumstances justifiable. The motivation of the caster affects a curse's result. This is most notable in the case of Cruciatus: when cast by Harry, angered by the death of his godfather at Bellatrix's hands and desiring to punish her, it causes a short moment of pain. As Bellatrix herself comments, righteous anger does not allow the spell to work for long. When cast by figures such as Voldemort, who desire to inflict pain for its own sake, it causes intense agony that can last as long as the Dark witch or wizard desires. Use of Dark Magic can corrupt the soul and body; Voldemort has used such magic in his quest to prolong his life and obtain great power. The Dark Arts also cause Voldemort to look deformed and inhuman, a side effect of splitting his soul into Horcruxes.

text: According to Snape, the Dark Arts "are many, varied, ever-changing and eternal... unfixed, mutating, indestructible".[27] In magical dueling, there are any number of spells that may be used to attack, immobilise, or disarm an opponent without causing pain or lasting harm; however, spells such as the Cruciatus Curse or Sectumsempra, judged to be Dark by reliable authorities, wound or seriously distress a victim in some way. Dark spells can be classified into three groups: jinxes, hexes & curses.

text: In the wizarding world, use of the Dark Arts is strongly stigmatised and even illegal; however, these spells are prevalent enough that even before the rise of Voldemort, many schools, (including Hogwarts), taught Defence Against the Dark Arts as a standard subject. Techniques include anti-curses and simple spells to disable or disarm attackers or fight off certain creatures. Some schools, such as Durmstrang, teach Dark Magic. A Dark Arts class is also taught at Hogwarts while it is under Death Eater control.

text: Unforgivable Curses[edit]

text: The Unforgivable Curses are some of the most powerful known Dark Arts spells. They were first classified as unforgivable in 1717. Used by the books' villains, such as Voldemort and the Death Eaters and in some cases the Ministry of Magic, their use inspires horror and great fear amongst others. The curses are so named because their use is forbidden and unforgivable in the wizarding world and is punishable by a life sentence in Azkaban. The only exception is if a person is proved to have done them under the influence of mind control. These curses are thus very rarely used openly.

text: The Unforgivable Curses include:

text:
Avada Kedavra, the Killing Curse. The curse is used for murder. This is one of the most powerful curses. Normally, it cannot be stopped or deflected, but it can be dodged or obstructed with a physical object. The spell causes immediate, painless death, and cannot be reversed. Casting it requires immense magical power, so much so that the combined power of an entire class of 4th year students is not sufficient for it. The curse, when summoned, is shown as a bright green light (a bolt or beam of green light in the films). Harry Potter is the only person known to have survived (twice), nullified (once) and deflected (once) this curse.
Crucio, the Cruciatus Curse. The curse is used for torturing a person by causing them physical pain and agony. The strength of the curse is determined by the person who cast it. The curse is so powerful that it can even torture a person to the point that they are exhausted to death, or in a more sadistic case, it causes permanent amnesia and insanity (the case of Neville's parents, who were tortured by Bellatrix Lestrange). Effective casting requires the caster to have sadistic desires. Harry finds out in Order of the Phoenix while attempting to use the Cruciatus Curse on Bellatrix that the caster must truly want their victim to suffer for the spell to work, and that his righteous anger is not enough. The curse, when summoned, is shown in a bright-faded blue light (though it is usually invisible or even a red bolt of light in the films). When Hogwarts was under Death Eater control, the Dark Arts teacher forced the students in his class to use the Cruciatus Curse on students who had been assigned detention.
Imperio, the Imperius Curse. The curse is used for mind control or hypnosis and can force the victim to do things he/she would be unwilling to do or even incapable of under normal circumstances. The strength (and also the duration) of the curse is determined by the determination of the person who cast it, as well as by the level of resistance of the victim. The curse, when summoned, is shown in a bright haze (while it was either invisible or green, mist-like haze in the films). Harry Potter resisted an Imperius Curse cast by Voldemort.

text: The use of the Unforgivable Curses was authorised against Voldemort and his followers by Bartemius Crouch Sr, during the First Wizarding War. (Shortly after his resurrection, Voldemort names two Death Eaters "killed by Aurors".) In addition, in Deathly Hallows, the Unforgivable Curses are used liberally by good characters, ranging from Professor McGonagall with the Imperius Curse, to Harry effectively using the Cruciatus Curse. He also uses the Imperius Curse on a goblin and a suspicious Death Eater during their disguised attack upon Gringotts Bank.

text: Dark Mark[edit]

text: The Dark Mark is the symbol of Voldemort and the Death Eaters and takes the form of a skull with a snake coming out of the mouth in place of a tongue. The mark is cast into the sky by Death Eaters whenever they have murdered someone. The spell used by Death Eaters to conjure the Mark is Morsmordre. It first appears in Goblet of Fire and is described as a "colossal skull, composed of what looked like emerald stars, with a serpent protruding from its mouth like a tongue". Once in the sky it was "blazing in a haze of greenish smoke". Dark Marks are also branded on the left forearm of the closest followers of Voldemort. The mark serves as a connection between Voldemort and each who bears it; he can summon them by touching his mark, causing it and those of his followers to burn and change colour. Death Eaters can summon Voldemort in the same fashion. Following Voldemort's ultimate defeat, the Dark Marks on his Death Eaters fade into a scar "similar" to Harry's.[14] In the books, the Dark Mark is described as green; however, in the films, it was only green at the Quidditch World Cup. In all other film appearances it has been grey.

text: Inferius[edit]

text: An Inferius (plural: Inferi) is a corpse controlled through a Dark wizard's spells. An Inferius is not alive, but a dead body that has been bewitched into acting like a puppet for the witch or wizard; this manifests itself as a white mist in the controlled corpse's eyes. They cannot think for themselves: they are created to perform a specific duty assigned by the Dark wizard who commands them, and as seen in the Inferi guarding Voldemort's Horcrux in a seaside cave, remain idle until their task can be performed. This task is then thoughtlessly carried out, whether or not it will produce any result. Inferi are difficult to harm by magic; however, they can be repelled by fire or any other forms of heat or light, as the Inferi in Voldemort's cave had never been exposed to either of these elements. When defeated, they return to their idle state.

text: Inferi are considered dangerous and frightening enough by the magical world that impersonating an Inferius (as Mundungus Fletcher does in Half-Blood Prince) is an offence worthy of imprisonment in Azkaban.

text: The Ministry of Magic fears that Voldemort is killing enough people to make an army of Inferi: as they are dead, they are very difficult to stop. When Voldemort was hiding one of his Horcruxes in the past, he filled a lake in a cave with many Inferi, which were to attack and drown anyone but Voldemort who came into the cavern and took the locket. When Harry and Dumbledore took the locket, the Inferi attacked Harry; Dumbledore repelled them with a rope of fire. It is also revealed that the Inferi almost killed Kreacher after he drank from the basin to help Voldemort hide his Horcruxes, but having been ordered to return to his master after his task with Voldemort was complete, he was able to apparate out of the cave. These Inferi later killed Regulus Black when he stole the Horcrux and ordered Kreacher to destroy it.

text: In Latin, the word inferus (plural: inferi) means "below", often referring in the plural to "the gods below" (see di inferi) or the spirits of the dead.[28] Inferius is a neuter singular form of inferior, a comparative adjective meaning "lower".[28][29]

text: Horcrux[edit]

text: A horcrux is an object created using dark magic to attain effective immortality. The concept is first introduced in the sixth novel, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, although horcruxes are present in earlier novels without being described or expanded upon.

text: To create a horcrux, a witch or wizard must first prepare the chosen object[30] in a ritual which is referred to as only “too horrible to go into detail about”. Following the preparation of the object, the witch or wizard must then take a life, an act which splits the soul. Following that, further dark rituals are required in order to remove the soul shard from the maker and place it into the prepared object. Once this is done, the Horcrux becomes impervious to almost all forms of destruction, requiring extremely powerful magic or substances to do so.

text: Ordinarily, when one's body is killed, the soul departs for the next world. If, however, the body of a horcrux owner is killed, that portion of his soul which had remained in his body will not pass on to the next world, but will rather exist in a non-corporeal form capable of being resurrected by another wizard. If all of someone's horcruxes are destroyed, then his soul's only anchor in the material world would be his body, the destruction of which would then cause his final death.

text: Portraits[edit]

text: In the Harry Potter series the subjects of magical portraits (even those of characters that are dead) can move, interact with living observers, speak and demonstrate apparent emotion and personality. Some can even move to other portraits to visit each other, or relay messages, or (if more than one painting of the subject exists) move between separate locations by way of their portraits. An example of this is Phineas Nigellus Black, who has a painting in the Headmaster's office and at Number 12 Grimmauld Place. Many such portraits are found on the walls of Hogwarts.

text: Some portraits are used to conceal the entrance of a room or passageway. For example, the Fat Lady's portrait covers the entrance to the Gryffindor common room, and she can swing the portrait open when given the correct password or close to prevent entry. In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, there is a portrait of Ariana Dumbledore in the Room of Requirement that conceals a secret passageway to the Hog's Head. There is also a painting of a large fruit bowl in front of the Hogwarts kitchen, which will swing open if the pear is tickled to reveal a hidden door.

text: Portraits are enchanted to move by the artist, but the degree to which they can interact with others depends on the power of the subject.[31] Rowling has commented that a portrait is merely a faint imprint of the deceased subject, imitating their basic personality and thought patterns. They are therefore "not as fully realised as ghosts".[32] In Harry Potter and the Cursed Child the portrait of Albus Dumbledore describes himself as only "paint and memory" and Professor McGonagall (his successor as headteacher of Hogwarts) comments that, although she speaks to Dumbledore to help her in making decisions, she is careful to remember that "portraits don't represent even half of their subjects".

text: Portraits in the Headmaster's office[edit]

text: The portraits in the Headmaster's office depict all the former Heads of Hogwarts, with the exception of Dolores Umbridge. They advise the Headmaster and are "honour-bound to give service to the present headmaster" (according to Armando Dippet). Rowling has explained that portraits of past headteachers tend to be more realistic than most, as the subject in question usually imparts knowledge and teaches them how to behave before their death. The portrait of Snape was installed in the Headmaster's Office at Harry's request.[31]

text: The Fat Lady[edit]

text: The portrait of the Fat Lady covers the door to Gryffindor Tower. She will open it (sometimes grudgingly) when the correct password is uttered. She is often upset after being awoken, and is sometimes seen drunk with her best friend, Violet. The Fat Lady has no other known name -- even the unfailingly polite Albus Dumbledore refers to her only as "the Fat Lady" -- and it may be that she does not represent a real person but is instead an invention of her portrait's artist. In Philosopher's Stone, she leaves her portrait in the middle of the night, locking Harry, Ron, Hermione, and Neville out of Gryffindor Tower, forcing them to run across the school. Luckily for them, when they return, she has returned to her portrait, allowing them to escape into Gryffindor Tower. In Prisoner of Azkaban, Sirius Black slashes the Fat Lady's portrait when she won't let him in without a password and it is some time before she dares to guard Gryffindor Tower again. After her portrait is restored, she requests protection in case someone tries to attack her portrait again. Thus, two security trolls are hired. In Half Blood Prince, she gets so annoyed with Harry's late return that she pretends the password has changed and tries to call him back when he heads off to talk to Dumbledore. When Harry later confirms Dumbledore's death, she lets out a sob and, for the only time in the series, she opens without the password for Harry in her grief.

text: In the first film the Fat Lady is played by Elizabeth Spriggs, and by Dawn French in the third film.

text: Photographs[edit]

text: Wizarding photographs of people have similar properties to magical painted portraits: the figures within move about or even sometimes leave the frame. They appear in wizard newspapers and other print media, as well as on Chocolate Frog cards.[HP1] Colin Creevey mentions in Chamber of Secrets that a boy in his dormitory said that if he develops the film from his Muggle camera 'in the right potion', the pictures will move.[33] However, unlike portraits, figures in wizarding pictures cannot speak and display little sentience. It appears that they do have some knowledge of current events, as in Order of the Phoenix, the family photograph on Arthur's desk shows everyone except Percy "who appeared to have walked out of it",[34] mirroring the deterioration of Percy's relationship with his family. It is also mentioned that in a photo taken by Colin Creevey of Gilderoy Lockhart and Harry, Harry's picture had walked out and was resisting all of Lockhart's efforts to pull him back in.


question_text: who founded the national association for nursery education (nane) which later became naeyc

question_tokens: who founded the national association for nursery education ( nane ) which later became naeyc

root

text: History[edit]

text: In the 1920s, concern over the varying quality of emerging nursery school programs in the United States inspired Patty Smith Hill to gather prominent figures in the field to decide how to best ensure the existence of high-quality programs.  Meeting in Washington, DC, the group negotiated the issue of a manual, called "Minimum Essentials for Nursery Education," that set out standards and methods of acceptable nursery schools.  Three years later, the group cemented the existence of a professional association of nursery school experts named the National Association for Nursery Education (NANE). NANE changed its name to NAEYC in 1964.

tag: p

text: The association has existed for over 80 years.[2] Its holds two national early childhood conferences per year, the NAEYC Annual Conference & Expo and the NAEYC National Institute for Early Childhood Professional Development.[3] The NAEYC Annual Conference & Expo is the largest early childhood education conference in the world.[3] The association publishes periodicals, books, professional development materials, and resources, all of which relate to the education of young children. The association is also active in public policy work.  The association is well known for accrediting high-quality child care/preschool centers, and more than 10,000 centers, programs and schools have earned NAEYC Accreditation.

text: Accreditation[edit]

text:
NAEYC accredits early childhood programs according to health, safety and education standards it first launched in 1985 and reinvented and released in September 2006.[4][5]
The new standards were intended to provide a more reliable and accountable accreditation system and to encourage the field of early childhood education to strive for a new level of excellence.[6]

text: NAEYC also accredits academic degree programs for early childhood educators.[7]

text: Structure[edit]

text: NAEYC has a structure of state and local Affiliates that are semi-autonomous but that are required to contribute part of the membership dues to the national organization. The Office of Affiliate Relations provides direct services to NAEYC State Affiliates, Local Affiliate Chapters, and Affiliate Alliances to support them in their efforts to build capacity and become high-performing, inclusive organizations.[8]

text: Current Programs[edit]

text: NAEYC provides many different programs to assist professionals who work to educate young children. They are a leading publisher of educational resources, which include books, videos and posters that can assist in the teaching of young children. NAEYC also publishes two scholarly journals to help early childhood professionals and parents stay informed about the latest research on educating children age 0-8. These journals are Young Children and Early Childhood Research Quarterly. In 2007, NAEYC also developed Teaching Young Children, a magazine written for preschool teachers.  The magazine provides useful, research-based ideas that teachers can use in their classrooms. Every year the NAEYC offers several conferences where participants can learn about and receive professional development in their field as well as focus on the improvements that have been made in the practices, policies and research.

text: NAEYC goes beyond publications, conferences and videos, and offers a program called “Supporting Teachers, Strengthening Families” that is designed to assist in the fight to prevent child abuse and promote healthy social and emotional development in young children.  This program works by teaching the educators how to better communicate with the families of their students.  Another important program sponsored by the NAEYC is the “Week of the Young Child”.  This is a week-long promotion every spring that brings public awareness to the importance of early childhood development and education.

text: Policy and Advocacy[edit]

text: NAEYC encourages its supporters to be informed of current issues and legislation that affect the lives of young children. At the NAEYC Children's Champions Action Center,[9] individuals can find information about the federal legislative process, learn how to contact members of Congress, and see the daily agenda for the House and the Senate.[10]

text: NAEYC believes that our nation is at a crossroads. An integrated system of early childhood care and education that includes comprehensive approaches that directly involve families and communities in program design, implementation, and evaluation must be developed. NAEYC believes Americans can invest now in our children and families and enjoy long-term savings, with a more vibrant nation of healthy, achieving children and more stable families. Or, they can fail to make the investment and pay the price: increased delinquency, greater educational failures, lowered productivity, less economic competitiveness, and fewer adults prepared to be effective, loving parents to the next generation of children.

text: Federal, state and local government, communities, parents, and the private sector must share in the responsibility of ensuring the well-being of children and families.

text: In order to keep the programs going, NAEYC members must pay dues for funding of the programs they run. In September 2012, the NAEYC members at that time received a letter/e-mail regarding a due increase. This was the first time since 2000 that there was an increase in dues.[11]

text: Journals, Publications and Position Statements[edit]

text: The following periodic publications are released and sponsored by NAEYC:[12]

text: Young Children

text: Young Children is a peer reviewed journal published bi-monthly by the National Association for the Education of Young Children. In this journal, issues are organized around topical clusters that devote special attention to issues in the field of early childhood education.[13]

text: Teaching Young Children

text: Teaching Young Children is a magazine specifically designed for preschool teachers.  It highlights current thinking on best practices in early childhood education, innovations in the field, research and its implications, and interesting ideas for and from preschool teachers. The articles and other features reinforce the accreditation criteria for the NAEYC Early Childhood Program Standards on Relationships and Teaching and encourage effective teaching in the preschool years.[14]

text: Early Childhood Research Quarterly

text: Early Childhood Research Quarterly is a research journal that is published four times a year, and contains current research in early childhood.[15]

text: In addition to these periodicals, NAEYC produces formal position statements from time to time to "state the Association's position on issues related to early childhood education practice, policy, and/or professional development for which there are controversial or critical opinions."[16] These position statements are typically produced by NAEYC to include in-depth discussion of specific issues such as Early Learning Standards, Teacher Certification or Media Violence. In a few instances, NAEYC has issued position statements jointly with other authorities. A recent example is the 2012 position statement titled "Technology and Interactive Media as Tools in Early Childhood Programs Serving Children from Birth through Age 8", produced jointly with the Fred Rogers Center for Early Learning and Children's Media at Saint Vincent College.

text: Caring for Children in Low-Income Families: A Substudy of the National Child Care Survey, 1990

text: Caring for Children in Low-Income Families  is a study that NAEYC conducted with The Urban Institute in 1990 on affordable child care facilities for low- income families. This book explores multiple different aspects of the lives of low-income children and day care. The study also examines aspects of the family lives. For example, whether a home has a single parent, two parents, unemployed parents, or other odd family situations and how that effects the children and their abilities to receive proper education. This was a very thorough and detailed study conducted by NAEYC and it helped them to better suit their own child care facilities to adapt to the needs of low-income families.[17]

text: Presidents of the NAEYC Governing Board[edit]

text:
Name
Term

Evangeline H. Ward
1972–1974

D. Bruce Gardner
1974–1976

Bernard Spodek
1976–1978

Jan McCarthy
1978–1980

Barbara T. Bowman
1980–1982

Bettye M. Caldwell
1982–1984

Docia Zavitkovsky
1984–1986

David Elkind
1986–1988

Ellen Galinsky
1988–1990

Lana Hostetler
1990–1992

Lilian G. Katz
1992–1994

Jerlean Daniel
1994–1996

Richard M. Clifford
1996–1998

Sharon Lynn Kagan
1998–1999

Kathy R. Thornburg
2000–2001

Jane Wiechel
2002–2004

Dwayne Crompton
2005

Josue Cruz, Jr.
2005–2006

Anne Mitchell
2006–2008

Sue Russell
2008–2010

Stephanie Fanjul
2010–2012

Gera Jacobs
2012-2014

Deborah Cassidy (President Elect)

2014-2016 (died in 2016)[18]

Carol Brunson Day
2014-2017 (retired in 2017)[19]

Tammy L. Mann

2017–present[18]

tag: table


document_title: List of Indian IT companies

question_text: top 10 companies in india in it sector

question_tokens: top 10 companies in india in it sector

text: List of Indian IT companies

text: This is a list of notable companies in the information technology sector based in India. Top 10 companies are listed in descending order of their market capitalization,[1] and other companies are listed alphabetically, grouped by the cities in which they are headquartered. Certain companies have main offices in more than one city, in which case they are listed under each, but minor offices and resources are not listed. Foreign companies are only listed if they have one of their main offices in India.

text: Top 10 companies

text:
Name
Headquarters
City

Tata Consultancy Services

Mumbai

Ahmedabad

Bangalore

Bhubaneswar

Chennai

Coimbatore

Delhi

Gandhinagar

Gurgaon

Guwahati

Hyderabad

Indore

Kochi

Kolkata

Lucknow

Patna

Mumbai[3]

Nagpur

Noida

Pune

Vadodara

Varanasi

Trivandrum

Infosys

Bangalore

Bangalore

Bhubaneswar

Chandigarh

Chennai

Delhi

Hyderabad

Indore

Jaipur

Mangalore

Mysore

Pune

Trivandrum

Wipro

Bangalore

Ahmedabad

Bangalore

Bhubaneswar

Chennai

Coimbatore

Gurgaon

Guwahati

Hyderabad

Indore

Jaipur

Kochi[4]

Kolkata

Mumbai

Mysore

Noida

Pune

Vadodara[4]

Visakhapatnam

HCL Technologies

Noida

Bangalore

Chennai

Gurgaon

Hyderabad

Kochi[5]

Kolkata

Mumbai

Noida

Pune

Vadodara

Tech Mahindra

Pune

Bangalore

Bhubaneswar

Chandigarh

Chennai

Gandhinagar

Gurgaon

Hyderabad

Kolkata

Mumbai

Noida

Pune

Visakhapatnam

Oracle Financial Services Software

Mumbai

Bangalore

Chennai

Hyderabad

Mumbai

Pune

Larsen & Toubro Infotech

Mumbai

Bangalore

Chennai

Mumbai

Pune

Mphasis

Bangalore

Bangalore

Chennai

Mangalore

Mumbai

Pune

Mindtree

Bangalore

Bangalore

Bhubaneswar

Chennai

Hyderabad

Mumbai

Pune

Hexaware Technologies

Navi Mumbai

Bangalore

Chennai

Mumbai

Pune

text: Other companies

text:
Name
Headquarters
City

3i Infotech

Mumbai

Bangalore

Hyderabad

Mumbai

Noida

Accel Frontline

Chennai

Bangalore

Chennai

Delhi

Kolkata

Aditi Technologies[6]

Bangalore

Bangalore

Adrenalin eSystems

Chennai

Chennai

Aftek

Mumbai

Mumbai

Atom Technologies

Mumbai

Mumbai

Blue Star Infotech

Mumbai

Mumbai

C-DAC

Pune

Kolkata

Pune

Trivandrum

CMC Limited

New Delhi

Hyderabad

Kolkata

Mumbai

Cognizant

Teaneck, New Jersey

Bangalore

Chennai

Coimbatore[7]

Gurgaon

Hyderabad

Indore

Kochi

Kolkata

Mangalore[8]

Mumbai

Pune

Collabera

Morristown, New Jersey, United States

Bangalore

Gurgaon

Hyderabad

Mumbai

Kolkata

Pune

Computer Sciences Corporation

Falls Church, Virginia

Chennai

Cybage

Pune

Gandhinagar

Hyderabad

Pune

Cyient

Hyderabad

Bangalore

Hyderabad

Cynapse

Mumbai

Mumbai

Datamatics Global Services

Mumbai [9]

Mumbai

Nashik

Bangalore

Puducherry

Chennai

Eclerx

Mumbai

Mumbai

Firstsource

Mumbai

Bhubaneswar

Kolkata

Flytxt Mobile Solutions

Amsterdam

Trivandrum

Fulcrum Worldwide

Mumbai

Mumbai

Pune

Gateway TechnoLabs

Ahmedabad

Ahmedabad

Godrej Infotech Ltd

Mumbai

Mumbai

Harbinger Systems

Pune

Pune

Honeywell

Morris Plains, New Jersey

Madurai

HSBC GLT India

Pune

Pune

IGATE

Bridgewater Township, New Jersey

Bangalore

Chennai

Gandhinagar

Hyderabad

Indore

Mumbai

Noida

Pune

KPIT Technologies

Pune

Pune

Noida

Mumbai

Chennai

Bengaluru

Mastek

Mumbai

Mumbai

Pune

Melstar Information Technologies

Mumbai

Mumbai

Microland

Bangalore

Bangalore

Microsoft

Hyderabad

Ahmedabad

Bangalore

Chennai

Gurgaon

Hyderabad

Kochi

Kolkata

Mumbai

New Delhi

Mistral Solutions[10]

Bangalore

Bangalore

MobME

Kochi

Kochi

Monsoon Multimedia

Noida

Noida

NIIT Technologies

Noida

Delhi

Gurgaon

Indore

Kolkata

Mumbai

Noida

Nucleus Software Exports Ltd.

Noida

Noida

Onward Technologies

Mumbai

Mumbai

Oswald Labs[11]

Delhi

Delhi

Persistent Systems

Pune

Bangalore

Goa

Hyderabad

Nagpur

Pune

Polaris Financial Technology Limited

Chennai

Chennai

Hyderabad

Pramati Technologies

Hyderabad

Hyderabad

Prodapt Solutions[12]

Chennai

Chennai

Quest Global

Thiruvananthapuram

Thiruvananthapuram

Trivandrum

Ramco Systems

Chennai

Chennai

Mumbai

Rediff.com

Mumbai

Mumbai

Samsung India Software Center

Noida

Noida

Sasken

Bangalore

Bangalore

Chennai

Pune

Sonata Software

Bangalore

Bangalore

Mumbai[13]

SPAN Infotech (India) Pvt. Ltd.

Bangalore

Bangalore

Tata Interactive Systems

Mumbai

Mumbai

Trianz[14]

Silicon Valley

Washington DC Metro

New York

Bengaluru

Mumbai

Delhi NCR

Chennai

Hyderabad

Dubai

ThinkPalm Technologies

Kochi

Kochi

Thiruvananthapuram

Chennai

Thirdware

Mumbai

Mumbai

Thoughtworks

Bangalore

Bangalore

Chennai

Hyderabad

Gurgaon

Pune

UST Global

Aliso Viejo, California

Kochi

Trivandrum

WNS Global Services

Mumbai

Mumbai

Nashik

Xansa

Reading, Berkshire

Noida

Xerox[15]

Norwalk, Connecticut

Bangalore

Zensar Technologies

Pune

Hyderabad

Pune

ZOHO Corporation

Pleasanton, California

Chennai


document_title: History of the periodic table

question_text: who developed the first periodic table with 8 columns

text: History of the periodic table

text: Ancient times[edit]

text: A number of physical elements (such as platinum, tin and zinc) have been known from antiquity, as they are found in their native form and are relatively simple to mine with primitive tools.[3] Around 330 BCE, the Greek philosopher Aristotle proposed that everything is made up of a mixture of one or more roots, an idea that had originally been suggested by the Sicilian philosopher Empedocles. The four roots, which were later renamed as elements by Plato, were earth, water, air and fire. Similar ideas about these four elements also existed in other ancient traditions, such as Indian philosophy. While Aristotle and Plato understood the concept of an element, their ideas did nothing to advance the understanding of the nature of matter.

text: Hennig Brand[edit]

text: The history of the periodic table is also a history of the discovery of the chemical elements. The first person in history to discover a new element was Hennig Brand, a bankrupt German merchant. Brand tried to discover the Philosopher's Stone — a mythical object that was supposed to turn inexpensive base metals into gold. In 1649, his experiments with distilled human urine resulted in the production of a glowing white substance, which he named phosphorus.[4] He kept his discovery secret until 1680, when Robert Boyle rediscovered phosphorus and published his findings. The discovery of phosphorus helped to raise the question of what it meant for a substance to be an element.

text: In 1661, Boyle defined an element as "a substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance by a chemical reaction". This simple definition served for three centuries and lasted until the discovery of subatomic particles.

text: Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier[edit]

text: Lavoisier's Traité Élémentaire de Chimie (Elementary Treatise of Chemistry), which was written in 1789 and first translated into English by the writer Robert Kerr, is considered to be the first modern textbook about chemistry. It contained a list of "simple substances" that Lavoisier believed could not be broken down further, which included oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, phosphorus, mercury, zinc and sulfur, which formed the basis for the modern list of elements. Lavoisier's list also included 'light' and 'caloric', which at the time were believed to be material substances. He has classified these substances into metals and non metals. While many leading chemists refused to believe Lavoisier's new revelations, the Elementary Treatise was written well enough to convince the younger generation. However, Lavoisier's descriptions of his elements lack completeness, as he only classified them as metals and non-metals.

text: 19th century[edit]

text: Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner[edit]

text: In 1817, Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner began to formulate one of the earliest attempts to classify the elements. In 1829, he found that he could form some of the elements into groups of three, with the members of each group having related properties. He termed these groups triads.

text: Definition of Triad law:-"Chemically analogous elements arranged in increasing order of their atomic weights formed well marked groups of three called Triads in which the atomic weight of the middle element was found to be generally the arithmetic mean of the atomic weight of the other two elements in the triad.

text:
chlorine, bromine, and iodine
calcium, strontium, and barium
sulfur, selenium, and tellurium
lithium, sodium, and potassium

tag: ol

text: Alexandre-Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois[edit]

text: Alexandre-Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois, a French geologist, was the first person to notice the periodicity of the elements — similar elements occurring at regular intervals when they are ordered by their atomic weights. In 1862 he devised an early form of periodic table, which he named Vis tellurique (the 'telluric helix'), after the element tellurium, which fell near the center of his diagram.[5] With the elements arranged in a spiral on a cylinder by order of increasing atomic weight, de Chancourtois saw that elements with similar properties lined up vertically. His 1863 publication included a chart (which contained ions and compounds, in addition to elements), but his original paper in the Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences used geological rather than chemical terms and did not include a diagram. As a result, de Chancourtois' ideas received little attention until after the work of Dmitri Mendeleev had been publicised.[6]

text: John Newlands[edit]

text: In 1864, the English chemist John Newlands classified the sixty-two known elements into eight groups, based on their physical properties.[7][8]

text: Newlands noted that many pairs of similar elements existed, which differed by some multiple of eight in mass number, and was the first to assign them an atomic number.[1] When his 'law of octaves' was printed in Chemistry News, likening this periodicity of eights to the musical scale, it was ridiculed by some of his contemporaries. His lecture to the Chemistry Society on 1 March 1866 was not published, the Society defending their decision by saying that such 'theoretical' topics might be controversial[citation needed].

text: The importance of Newlands' analysis was eventually recognised by the Chemistry Society with a Gold Medal five years after they recognised Mendeleev's work. It was not until the following century, with Gilbert N. Lewis' valence bond theory (1916) and Irving Langmuir's octet theory of chemical bonding (1919), that the importance of the periodicity of eight would be accepted.[9][10] The Royal Chemistry Society acknowledged Newlands' contribution to science in 2008, when they put a Blue Plaque on the house where he was born, which described him as the "discoverer of the Periodic Law for the chemical elements".[1]

text: He contributed the word 'periodic' in chemistry.

text: Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev[edit]

text: The Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev was the first scientist to make a periodic table similar to the one used today.[citation needed] Mendeleev arranged the elements by atomic mass, corresponding to relative molar mass. It is sometimes said that he played 'chemical solitaire' on long train journeys, using cards with various facts about the known elements.[11] On March 6, 1869, Mendeleev gave a formal presentation, The Dependence Between the Properties of the Atomic Weights of the Elements, to the Russian Chemical Society. In 1869, the table was published in an obscure Russian journal and then republished in a German journal, Zeitschrift für Chemie.[12] In it, Mendeleev stated that:

text:
The elements, if arranged according to their atomic mass, exhibit an apparent periodicity of properties.
Elements which are similar as regards to their chemical properties have atomic weights which are either of nearly the same value (e.g., Pt, Ir, Os) or which increase regularly (e.g., K, Rb, Cs).
The arrangement of the elements, or of groups of elements in the order of their atomic masses, corresponds to their so-called valencies, as well as, to some extent, to their distinctive chemical properties; as is apparent among other series in that of Li, Be, B, C, N, O, and F.
The elements which are the most widely diffused have small atomic weights.
The magnitude of the atomic weight determines the character of the element, just as the magnitude of the molecule determines the character of a compound body.
We must expect the discovery of many yet unknown elements – for example, elements analogous to aluminium and silicon – whose atomic weight would be between 65 and 75.
The atomic weight of an element may sometimes be amended by a knowledge of those of its contiguous elements. Thus the atomic weight of tellurium must lie between 123 and 126, and cannot be 128.
Certain characteristic properties of elements can be foretold from their atomic masses.

text: Scientific benefits of Mendeleev's table

text:
It enabled Mendeleev to predict the discovery of new elements and left spaces for them, namely eka-silicon (germanium), eka-aluminium (gallium), and eka-boron (scandium). Thus, there was no disturbance in the periodic table.
It could be used by Mendeleev to point out that some of the atomic weights being used at the time were incorrect.
It provided for variance from atomic weight order.

tag: ul

text: Shortcomings of Mendeleev's table

text:
The table was not able to predict the existence of the noble gases, but did, however, leave spaces for yet to be discovered elements to slot into. Time proved this audacious calculation correct. However, when this entire family of elements was discovered, Sir William Ramsay was able to add them to the table as Group 0, without the basic concept of the periodic table being disturbed.
A single position could not be assigned to hydrogen, which could be placed either in the alkali metals group, the halogens group or separately above the table between boron and carbon.[13]

text: Lothar Meyer[edit]

text: Unknown to Mendeleev, a German chemist, Lothar Meyer, was also working on a periodic table. Although his work was published in 1864, and was done independently of Mendeleev, few historians regard him as an equal co-creator of the periodic table. Meyer's table only included twenty-eight elements, which were not classified by atomic weight, but by valence, and he never reached the idea of predicting new elements and correcting atomic weights. A few months after Mendeleev published his periodic table of the known elements, predicted new elements to help complete his table and corrected the atomic weights of some of the elements, Meyer published a virtually identical periodic table.

text: Meyer and Mendeleev are considered by some historians of science to be the co-creators of the periodic table, but Mendeleev's accurate prediction of the qualities of undiscovered elements enables him to have the larger share of the credit.

text: William Odling[edit]

text: In 1864, the English chemist William Odling also drew up a table that was remarkably similar to the table produced by Mendeleev. Odling overcame the tellurium-iodine problem and even managed to get thallium, lead, mercury and platinum into the right groups, which is something that Mendeleev failed to do at his first attempt. Odling failed to achieve recognition, however, since it is suspected[by whom?] that he, as Secretary of the Chemical Society of London, was instrumental in discrediting Newlands' earlier work on the periodic table.

text: 20th century[edit]

text: Henry Moseley[edit]

text: In 1914, a year before he was killed in action at Gallipoli, the English physicist Henry Moseley found a relationship between the X-ray wavelength of an element and its atomic number. He was then able to re-sequence the periodic table by nuclear charge, rather than by atomic weight. Before this discovery, atomic numbers were sequential numbers based on an element's atomic weight. Moseley's discovery showed that atomic numbers were in fact based upon experimental measurements.

text: Using information about their X-ray wavelengths, Moseley placed argon (with an atomic number Z=18) before potassium (Z=19), despite the fact that argon's atomic weight of 39.9 is greater than the atomic weight of potassium (39.1). The new order was in agreement with the chemical properties of these elements, since argon is a noble gas and potassium is an alkali metal. Similarly, Moseley placed cobalt before nickel and was able to explain that tellurium occurs before iodine, without revising the experimental atomic weight of tellurium, as had been proposed by Mendeleev.

text: Moseley's research showed that there were gaps in the periodic table at atomic numbers 43 and 61, which are now known to be occupied by technetium and promethium respectively.

text: Glenn T. Seaborg[edit]

text: During his Manhattan Project research in 1943, Glenn T. Seaborg experienced unexpected difficulties in isolating the elements americium and curium. Seaborg wondered if these elements belonged to a different series, which would explain why their chemical properties were different from what was expected. In 1945, against the advice of colleagues, he proposed a significant change to Mendeleev's table: the actinide series.

text: Seaborg's actinide concept of heavy element electronic structure, predicting that the actinides form a transition series analogous to the rare earth series of lanthanide elements, is now well accepted and included in the periodic table. The actinide series is the second row of the f-block (5f series). In both the actinide and lanthanide series, an inner electron shell is being filled. The actinide series comprises the elements from actinium to lawrencium. Seaborg's subsequent elaborations of the actinide concept theorized a series of superheavy elements in a transactinide series comprising elements from 104 to 121 and a superactinide series of elements from 122 to 153.


document_title: List of Super Rugby champions

question_text: who has won the most super rugby titles

question_tokens: who has won the most super rugby titles

text: List of Super Rugby champions

text: Champions[edit]

text:
Year
No. of Teams

Final

Losing semi-finalists

Winners
Score
Runners-up
1st losing semi-finalists
2nd losing semi-finalists

1996
12
 Blues
45–21
 Sharks
 Reds
 Bulls

1997
12
 Blues
23–7
 Brumbies
 Hurricanes
 Sharks

1998
12
 Crusaders
20–13
 Blues
 Sharks
 Highlanders

1999
12
 Crusaders
24–19
 Highlanders
 Reds
 Stormers

2000
12
 Crusaders
20–19
 Brumbies
 Highlanders
 Cats

2001
12
 Brumbies
36–6
 Sharks
 Cats
 Reds

2002
12
 Crusaders
31–13
 Brumbies
 Waratahs
 Highlanders

2003
12
 Blues
21–17
 Crusaders
 Hurricanes
 Brumbies

2004
12
 Brumbies
47–38
 Crusaders
 Stormers
 Chiefs

2005
12
 Crusaders
35–25
 Waratahs
 Bulls
 Hurricanes

2006
14
 Crusaders
19–12
 Hurricanes
 Waratahs
 Bulls

2007
14
 Bulls
20–19
 Sharks
 Crusaders
 Blues

2008
14
 Crusaders
20–12
 Waratahs
 Sharks
 Hurricanes

2009
14
 Bulls
61–17
 Chiefs
 Hurricanes
 Crusaders

2010
14
 Bulls
25–17
 Stormers
 Crusaders
 Waratahs

2011
15
 Reds
18–13
 Crusaders
 Blues
 Stormers

2012
15
 Chiefs
37–6
 Sharks
 Crusaders
 Stormers

2013
15
 Chiefs
27–22
 Brumbies
 Crusaders
 Bulls

2014
15
 Waratahs
33–32
 Crusaders
 Sharks
 Brumbies

2015
15
 Highlanders
21–14
 Hurricanes
 Waratahs
 Brumbies

2016
18
 Hurricanes
20–3
 Lions
 Chiefs
 Highlanders

2017
18
 Crusaders
25–17
 Lions
 Chiefs
 Hurricanes

text: By team[edit]

text:
Team
Combined
Super 12
Super 14
Super Rugby

Crusaders
8
5
2
1

Blues
3
3
0
0

Bulls
3
0
3
0

Brumbies
2
2
0
0

Chiefs
2
0
0
2

Reds
1
0
0
1

Waratahs
1
0
0
1

Highlanders
1
0
0
1

Hurricanes
1
0
0
1

text: By country[edit]

text:
Country
Winning teams
Total wins

New Zealand
Crusaders
Blues
Chiefs
Highlanders
Hurricanes
15

Australia
Brumbies
Reds
Waratahs
4

South Africa
Bulls
3

text: Competition structure[edit]

text: Every season, each team played every other team once, in a round-robin. The venues for regular season matches alternated each year, therefore teams would not play one another at the same venue in consecutive seasons unless they met in the play-offs. The tournament used the rugby union bonus points system; teams were awarded four points for a win, two for a draw, and none for a loss. They received bonus points for scoring four or more tries in a match, and for a loss by seven or fewer points.[4]

text: After each team had completed their regular season matches, the top 4 teams qualified for the semi-finals. Semi-finals were held under a Shaughnessy playoff system; the first-placed team in the table hosted the fourth-placed, and second hosted third. The winner of each semi-final advanced to the final, held at the home ground of whichever team amassed more points in the round-robin table.[5]

text: In 2011, Melbourne Rebels joined the Super Rugby competition, meaning that Australia, New Zealand and South Africa would each be represented by five teams. The tournament format was also changed. Teams are divided into three conferences; one per country.[6] Each team plays other teams in the same conference home and away, and plays eight further matches against teams from other conferences, for a total of sixteen games.[7] Each team receives two byes throughout a season; from 2014 no points are added to the team's total on the day a bye is allocated.[8] The highest placed team in each conference qualifies for the finals stage, along with three highest scoring teams which were not conference winners. The two highest scoring teams advance straight to the semi-finals, while the 3rd to 6th placed teams play-off to decide which two teams advance to the semis. The format of the semi-finals and final is the same as that previously used in the Super 14.[9] The bonus points system has also been retained, with the single addition that a team receives four points for each bye.[10]

text: 2016 saw the tournament expand to 18 teams with the inclusion of an Argentine team and Japanese team. The South African conference was split in two with the Sunwolves in South African conference 1 and Jaguares in South African conference 2. South African conference 1 teams will play Australian and New Zealand teams in alternative years with South African conference 2 teams. Every team plays 16 games in the regular season with the top 8 teams qualifying for the quarter-finals 1 v 8 etc. with each conference winner being seeded 1-4.

text: Tournaments[edit]

text: Key[edit]

text:
Symbol
Meaning

Champions.

Points
Refers to points scored during games.

Diff
Difference between points scored and conceded in games.

BP
Bonus points

TP
Table points

text: Teams mentioned are those that qualified for the play-off rounds. Results are written so that the score of the team in each row is mentioned first. The highlighted team won that season's Super Rugby final.[11][12]

text: Note. For 1996 and 1997, it was the policy of the South African Rugby Union to send the top four teams of the previous year's Currie Cup to the Super 12. This resulted in the Sharks, Transvaal, Northern Transvaal and Western Province playing in 1996 and the Sharks, the Gauteng Lions, Free State Cheetahs and Northern Transvaal playing in 1997. In 1998, South Africa set up four (and later five, then six) Super Rugby regions, similar to the policy adopted by the New Zealand Rugby Union. For these areas, please see Super Rugby franchise areas.[11]

text:
Super 12 champions (1996–2005)

Year
Duration
Table position
Team
Games
Points
BP
TP
Semi score
Final score
Refs

played
won
drawn
lost
for
against
diff

1996
28 February –
31 May
1
Reds
11
9
0
2
320
247
+73
5
41
25–43
—
[13]

2
Blues
11
8
0
3
408
354
+54
9
41
48–11
45–21

3
Northern Transvaal
11
8
0
3
329
208
+121
6
38
11–48
—

4
Sharks
11
6
0
5
389
277
+112
9
33
43–25
21–45

1997
1 March –
25 May

1
Blues
11
10
1
0
435
283
+152
8
50
55–36
23–7
[14]

2
Brumbies
11
8
0
3
406
291
+115
9
41
33–20
7–23

3
Hurricanes
11
6
0
5
416
314
+102
10
34
20–33
—

4
Sharks
11
5
2
4
321
350
–29
6
30
36–55
—

1998
27 February –
30 May
1
Blues
11
9
0
2
388
296
+92
7
43
37–31
13–20
[15]

2
Crusaders
11
8
0
3
340
260
+80
9
41
36–32
20–13

3
Coastal Sharks
11
7
0
4
329
263
+66
8
36
32–36
—

4
Highlanders
11
7
0
4
343
279
+64
6
34
31–37
—

1999
26 February –
30 May
1
Reds
11
8
1
2
233
170
+63
2
36
22–28
—
[16]

2
Stormers
11
8
0
3
290
244
+46
4
36
18–33
—

3
Highlanders
11
8
0
3
280
203
+77
3
35
33–18
19–24

4
Crusaders
11
7
1
3
322
262
+60
3
33
28–22
24–19

2000
25 February –
27 May
1
Brumbies
11
9
0
2
393
196
+197
9
45
28–5
19–20
[17]

2
Crusaders
11
8
0
3
369
293
+76
7
39
37–15
20–19

3
Highlanders
11
6
0
5
310
280
+30
8
32
15–37
—

4
Cats
11
7
0
4
320
334
–14
4
32
5–28
—

2001
23 February –
26 May

1
Brumbies
11
8
0
3
348
204
+144
8
40
36–6
36–6
[18]

2
Sharks
11
8
0
3
322
246
+76
6
38
30–12
6–36

3
Cats
11
7
0
4
285
244
+41
6
34
12–30
—

4
Reds
11
6
0
5
300
277
+23
8
32
6–36
—

2002
22 February –
25 May

1
Crusaders
11
11
0
0
469
264
+205
7
51
34–23
31–13
[19]

2
Waratahs
11
8
0
3
337
284
+53
7
39
10–51
—

3
Brumbies
11
7
0
4
374
230
+144
10
38
51–10
13–31

4
Highlanders
11
8
0
3
329
207
+122
6
38
23–34
—

2003
21 February –
24 May

1
Blues
11
10
0
1
393
185
+208
9
49
42–21
21–17
[20]

2
Crusaders
11
8
0
3
358
263
+95
8
40
39–16
17–21

3
Hurricanes
11
7
0
4
324
284
+40
7
35
16–39
—

4
Brumbies
11
6
0
5
358
313
+45
7
31
21–42
—

2004
20 February –
22 May

1
Brumbies
11
8
0
3
408
269
+139
8
40
32–17
47–38
[21]

2
Crusaders
11
7
0
4
345
303
+42
6
34
27–16
38–47

3
Stormers
11
7
0
4
286
260
+26
5
33
16–27
—

4
Chiefs
11
7
0
4
274
251
+23
5
33
17–32
—

2005
25 February –
28 May

1
Crusaders
11
9
0
2
459
281
+178
9
45
47–7
35–25
[22]

2
Waratahs
11
9
0
2
322
174
+148
8
44
23–13
25–35

3
Bulls
11
7
0
4
301
229
+72
6
34
13–23
—

4
Hurricanes
11
8
0
3
281
248
+33
2
34
7–47
—

text:
Super 14 champions (2006–2010)

Year
Duration
Table position
Team
Games
Points
BP
TP
Semi score
Final score
Refs

played
won
drawn
lost
for
against
diff

2006
February 10 –
May 27

1
Crusaders
13
11
1
1
412
210
+202
5
51
35–15
19–12
[23]

2
Hurricanes
13
10
0
3
328
226
+102
7
47
16–14
12–19

3
Waratahs
13
9
0
4
362
192
+170
9
45
14–16
—

4
Bulls
13
7
1
5
355
290
+65
7
38
15–35
—

2007
February 2 –
May 19

1
Sharks
13
10
0
3
355
214
+141
5
45
34–18
19–20
[24]

2
Bulls
13
9
0
4
388
223
+165
6
42
27–12
20–19

3
Crusaders
13
8
0
5
382
235
+147
10
42
12–27
—

4
Blues
13
9
0
4
355
235
+120
6
42
18–34
—

2008
February 15 –
May 31

1
Crusaders
13
11
0
2
369
176
+193
8
52
33–22
20–12
[25]

2
Waratahs
13
9
1
3
255
186
+69
5
43
28–13
12–20

3
Sharks
13
9
1
3
271
209
+62
4
42
13–28
—

4
Hurricanes
13
8
1
4
310
204
+106
7
41
22–33
—

2009
February 13 –
May 30

1
Bulls
13
10
0
3
338
271
+67
6
46
36–23
61–17
[26]

2
Chiefs
13
9
0
4
338
236
+102
9
45
14–10
17–61

3
Hurricanes
13
9
0
4
380
279
+101
8
44
10–14
—

4
Crusaders
13
8
1
4
231
198
+33
7
41
23–36
—

2010
February 12 –
May 29

1
Bulls
13
10
0
3
436
345
+91
7
47
39–24
25–17
[27]

2
Stormers
13
9
0
4
365
171
+194
8
44
25–6
17–25

3
Waratahs
13
9
0
4
385
288
+97
7
43
6–25
—

4
Crusaders
13
8
1
4
388
295
+93
7
41
24–39
—

text:
Super Rugby champions (2011– 2015)

Year
Duration
Table position
Team
Conference
position
Games
Points
BP
TP
Qualifier score
Semi score
Final score
Refs

played
won
drawn
lost
for
against
diff

2011
February 18 –
July 9

1
Reds
1
16
13
0
3
429
309
+120
6
66
—
30-13
18–13
[28]

2
Stormers
1
16
12
0
4
400
257
+143
7
63
—
10-29
—

3
Crusaders
1
16
11
1
4
436
273
+163
7
61
36-8
29-10
13-18

4
Blues
2
16
10
1
5
405
335
+70
10
60
26-13
13-30
—

5
Waratahs
2
16
10
0
6
398
252
+146
9
57
13–26
—
—

6
Sharks
2
16
10
1
5
407
339
+68
7
57
8–36
—
—

2012
February 24 –
August 4

1
Stormers
1
16
14
0
2
350
254
+96
2
66
—
19-26
—
[29][30]

2
Chiefs
1
16
12
0
4
444
358
+86
8
64
—
20-17
37-6

3
Reds
1
16
11
0
5
359
347
+12
6
58
17-30
—
—

4
Crusaders
2
16
11
0
5
485
343
+142
9
61
28-13
17-20
—

5
Bulls
2
16
10
0
6
472
369
+103
11
59
13-28
—

6
Sharks
3
16
10
0
6
436
348
+88
11
59
30-17
26-19
6-37

2013
February 16 –
August 4

1
Chiefs
1
16
12
0
4
458
364
+94
10
66
—
20-19
27-22
[31]

2
Bulls
1
16
12
0
4
448
330
+118
7
63
—
23-26
—

3
Crusaders
2
16
11
0
5
446
307
+139
8
60
38-9
19-20
—

4
Brumbies
1
16
10
2
4
430
295
+135
8
60
15-13
26-23
22-27

5
Reds
2
16
10
2
4
321
296
+25
6
58
9-38
—
—

6
Cheetahs
2
16
10
0
6
382
258
+24
6
54
13-15
—
—

2014
February 16 –
August 2

1
Waratahs
1
16
12
0
4
481
272
+209
10
58
—
26-8
33-32
[32]

2
Crusaders
1
16
11
0
5
445
322
+123
7
51
—
38-6
32-33

3
Sharks
1
16
11
0
5
406
203
+113
6
50
31-27
6-38
—

4
Brumbies
2
16
10
0
6
412
378
+34
5
45
32-30
8-26
—

5
Chiefs
2
16
8
2
6
384
378
+6
8
44
30-32
—
—

6
Highlanders
3
16
8
0
8
401
442
-41
10
42
27-31
—
—

2015
February 13 –
July 4

1
Hurricanes
1
16
14
0
2
458
288
+170
10
66
—
29-9
14-21
[33]

2
Waratahs
1
16
11
0
5
409
313
+96
8
52
17-35
17-35
—

3
Stormers
1
16
10
1
5
373
323
+50
3
45
19-39
—
—

4
Highlanders
2
16
11
0
5
450
333
+117
9
53
24-14
35-17
21-14

5
Chiefs
3
16
10
0
6
372
299
+73
8
48
14-24
—
—

6
Brumbies
2
16
9
0
7
369
261
+108
11
47
39-19
9-29
—

text:
Super Rugby champions (2016– )

Year
Duration
Table
position
Team
Conference
position
Qualifying
path
Games
Points
BP
TP
QF score
Semi score
Final score
Refs

played
won
drawn
lost
for
against
diff

2016
February 26 –
August 6

1
Hurricanes
1
1st NZ Conf
15
11
0
4
458
314
144
9
53
41-0
25-9
20-3
[34]

2
Lions
1
1st AF2 Conf
15
11
0
4
535
349
186
8
52
42-25
42-30
3-20

3
Highlanders
2
NZ/AU wc
15
11
0
4
422
273
149
8
52
15-9
30-42
-

4
Chiefs
3
NZ/AU wc
15
11
0
4
491
341
150
7
51
60-21
9-25
-

5
Stormers
1
1st AF1 Conf
15
10
1
4
440
274
166
9
51
21-60
-
-

6
Crusaders
4
NZ/AU wc
15
11
0
4
487
317
170
6
50
25-42
-
-

7
Brumbies
1
1st AU Conf
15
10
0
5
425
326
99
3
43
9-15
-
-

8
Sharks
2
AF wc
15
9
1
5
360
269
91
5
43
0-41
-
-

2017
February 23 –
August 5

1
Lions
1
1st AF2 Conf
15
14
0
1
590
268
322
9
65
23-21
44-29
17-25
[35]

2
Crusaders
1
1st NZ Conf
15
14
0
1
544
303
241
7
63
17-0
27-13
25-17

3
Stormers
1
1st AF1 Conf
15
10
0
5
490
436
54
3
43
11-17
-
-

4
Brumbies
1
1st AU Conf
15
6
0
9
315
295
20
10
34
16-35
-
-

5
Hurricanes
2
NZ/AU wc
15
12
0
3
596
272
324
10
58
35-16
44-29
-

6
Chiefs
3
NZ/AU wc
15
12
1
2
433
292
141
7
57
17-11
13-27
-

7
Highlanders
4
NZ/AU wc
15
11
0
4
488
308
180
7
51
0-17
-
-

8
Sharks
2
AF wc
15
9
1
5
408
354
54
4
46
21-23
-
-