document_title: Legal status of tattooing in the United States

question_text: how old do you have to be to get a tattoo in tn

text: In the United States, there is no federal law regulating the practice of tattooing. However, all 50 states and the District of Columbia have statutory laws requiring a person receiving a tattoo be 18 years of age or older. This is partially based on the legal principle that a minor cannot enter into a legal contract or otherwise render informed consent for a procedure. Most states permit a person under the age of 18 to receive a tattoo with permission of a parent or guardian, but some states outright prohibit tattooing under a certain age regardless of permission, with the exception of medical necessity (such as markings placed for radiation therapy).

text: In all jurisdictions, individual tattooists may also choose to place additional restrictions based on their own moral feelings, such as refusing any clients under a specific age even with parental consent despite it being legal, or limiting the type and/or location of where they are willing to tattoo (such as refusing any work around intimate parts of the body). They may additionally refuse to perform specific artwork, including if they merely find it inappropriate or offensive, or refuse to work on a client that they suspect may be intoxicated. Artists sometimes claim their personal business restrictions are a matter of law even when it is not true, so as to avoid arguments with clients.

text:
Legal Restrictions on Tattooing & Body Modification by State

State
Minimum Age (with parent/guardian consent)
Form of Parent/Guardian Consent
Notes & Exceptions
Intoxicated/Impaired Individuals
Area of Law/Type of Penalty
Licensing & Regulation
Relevant Statute(s) and Rules

Alabama
none specified[1]
informed written consent, signed in presence of the artist/service provider or their agent[1][2]
Ear piercing exempt from Alabama body art laws & rules.[2][3]
cannot be tattooed, branded, or pierced[1][2]
Violations of Alabama Tattoo & Body Piercing laws are a class c misdemeanor, punishable by a fine of up to $100 and/or up to 90 days imprisonment for each violation.[4]
Alabama's Department of Public Health licenses Tattoo, body piercing, & body art facilities, and sets standards for their operation.[5]
Individual tattoo artists, piercers, etc. require a permit.[2]

Ala. Code § 22-1-17A[3][6]
State Board of Health rules on Body Art Practices and Facilities.[2]

Arizona
none specified[7]
parent/guardian must be physically present[7]
Minors can have their ears pierced with the written or verbal consent of a parent/guardian, can have procedures prescribed by a health care provider.[7]
no restriction[7]
Violations are a class 6 felony.[7]
There are no health regulations for tattoo shops in Arizona. [8]
Tattoos. Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 13-3721[7]

Arkansas
16[9]
parent/guardian must both give written consent and be physically present[10]
none specified[10]
cannot be tattooed, branded, or pierced.[10]

Ark. Stat. Ann. §§ 20-27-1501 et seq.[10]

Alaska
18 (piercing excepted)[11]
parent/guardian must both give written consent and be present during the procedure[11]
Minors may be pierced with parental consent [11]
no restriction[12]

Alaska Stat. § 08.13.217[11]

California
18 (piercing excepted)[13][14]
parent/guardian must be present during procedure
Minors may have their ears pierced with parental consent.[15] They may be pierced elsewhere with parental consent, but not on their genitals or nipples. Permanent cosmetics are permitted on nipples, when done by a cosmetic technician and with parental consent.[14]
no restriction

Body Art. Cal. Health & Safety Code § 119300 to 119328[6][15]
Cal. Penal Code 653[13]

Colorado
18 Express written consent of parent or guardian[16]
parent/guardian must be present during procedure
Persons who are "noticeably impaired" cannot have body art procedures[16]

Body Artists. Colo. Rev. Stat. § 25-4-2101 to 2103[6]

Connecticut
none specified
permission of parent or guardian[17][18]
Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent[17]
Tattooing may only be performed by physicians, or by registered nurses & technicians working under the supervision of a physician.[18]

no restrictions

Conn. Gen. Stat. §19a-92a,[6][18]
Conn. Gen. Stat. §19a-92g[6][17]

District of Columbia
18 (ear piercing excepted)[19]
written consent (for ear piercing)[19]
minors may have their ears pierced with written parental consent[19]
no restrictions[19]

Body Artists. DC Code § 47-2853.76d[6][19]

Delaware
18[20]
notarized written consent to the specific procedure[20]
none specified[20]
cannot be tattooed, branded, or body pierced[20]

Del. Code Ann. Title 11, Ch 5 §1114(a)[6][20]
Del. Code Ann. Title 16, Ch 2 §122(3)(w)[6]

Florida
16[21]
Must be accompanied by parent or guardian who can show proof of guardianship, both parent and minor must present photo ID, and a consent form must be notarized.[21]
for medical or dental purposes by a licensed physician or dentist[21]
no restriction

Fla. Stat. § 381.00787[6]
Fla. Stat. §381.0775 et seq.[6] Fla. Stat. §381.075[6]

Georgia
18 (body piercing excepted)[22]
For body piercing: prior written consent of parent/guardian[23]
Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent[23]
Minors may be body pierced with written parental consent[23]
Physicians and Osteopaths or technicians working under their direct supervision can give minors tattoos or produce scars for "medical or cosmetic purposes."[22]
No one can be tattooed within an inch of their eye socket.[24]

no restrictions

Ga. Code § 31-40-1 to 31-40-10[6]
Ga. Code § 16-12-5[6]
Ga. Code § 16-5-71.1[6]

Hawaii
none specified[25]
written consent of parent/guardian[25]

Hawaii Rev. Stat. § 321-13[6]
Hawaii Rev. Stat. § 321-379[6]

Idaho
14[26]
Written informed consent of parent/guardian, executed in the presence of the person performing the procedure, or their agent/employee.[26]
Minors can have their ears pierced without parental consent.[6]
Piercing for medical procedures exempt.[6]

no restrictions

Idaho Code § 18-1523 (2004)[6]

Illinois
18 (body piercings excepted)[27]
Written consent of parent/guardian (for body piercings)[27]
Minors cannot be present in places where tattooing or body piercing is done except in the presence of a parent/guardian.[27]
Minors can have their ears pierced without parent/guardian consent.[27]

no restrictions

Ill. Stat. 720 §5/12-10.1[6]
Ill. Stat. 410 §54/1 t0 54/999[6]

Indiana
none specified[28]
Parent/guardian must both be present during the procedure and provide written permission.[28]
Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent.[28]
no restrictions

Ind. Code Ann. §35-42-2-7[6][28]
Ind. Code Ann. §16-19-3-4.1[6][29]

Iowa
18[30]
n/a - minors cannot be tattooed[30]
Body piercing is not regulated by state law in Iowa, however county or city laws may regulate it.[31]
no restrictions

Iowa Code §135.37[6]
Iowa Code §135.37[6]

Kansas
16[32]
Parent/guardian must give written consent, written consent must be notarized, and the parent/guardian must be present during the procedure.[32]
Minors may have their ears pierced[33]
no restrictions

Kan. Stat. Ann. §65-1953[6]
Kan. Stat. Ann. §65-1940 to 65-1954[6]

Kentucky
16
Parent/guardian must give written, notarized consent.[34]
none (ear piercing also requires written, notarized consent).[35]

Ky. Rev. Stat. §211.760[6]
Ky. Rev. Stat. §194A.050; 211.760[6]

Louisiana
16
Parent or guardian must consent, and their presence during the procedure is required for tattoos, but not for body piercings.[36]

no restrictions

La. Rev. Stat. Ann. §14:93.2[6]
La. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 40:2831 et seq.[6]

Maine
18 (piercings excepted)[37]
For body piercings: prior legal consent of parent/guardian.[38]
Maine law does not require parent/guardian consent for ear piercing[39]
no restrictions

Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. Title 32 § 4201-4329[6]

Maryland
none specified[40]
written consent, which must be retained for 3 years.
Piercing of the ear lobe is exempt[41]
no restriction
Health Department Regulations
A license is not required, but any person performing tattooing or piercing must comply with all the relevant health code regulations[40]
COMAR 10.06.01.02 and 10.06.01.06

Massachusetts
18 (except body piercing other than genitalia)[42]
Minors cannot receive tattoo, branding, or scarification at all. For piercing of areas other than the genitalia, a parent may provide identification and sign the consent document.[42]
Physicians performing for treatment reasons and ear piercing are exempt from regulation.[42]
no restriction
County Health Department regulates body art, but all follow a model regulation set by the state.
Artists must have a permit, and establishments are subject to following specific health department regulations[42]
Model Regulations for Body Art Establishments[42]

Michigan
none specified[43]
Written, informed consent of parent/guardian. Must be executed (signed) in the presences of the person performing the procedure, or their employee.[43]

cannot be tattooed, branded, or body pierced.[43]

Mich. Comp. Laws § 333.13101 to 333.13112[44]

Minnesota
18 (piercings excepted)[45]
For piercings: presence of parent/guardian and a consent form are both required.[45]
Minors cannot be tattooed. They can be body pierced, but not in the nipples or genitals. Branding, scarification, suspension, subdermal implantation, microdermal, and tongue bifurcation are also prohibited for minors.[45]
cannot have any body art procedures.[45]

Minnesota Statutes 146B.07[45]

Mississippi
18
n/a - minors cannot be tattooed
piercing also prohibited except for the outer perimeter or lobe of the ear.
no restriction

Miss.Code Ann. §73-61

Missouri
none specified[46]
For both piercings and tattoos, parent/guardian must sign written consent in the presence of the person performing the procedure, or their employee.[46]

cannot be tattooed, branded or body pierced.[46]
violations are a misdemeanor, punishable with a fine of up to $500 (more for repeat offenses)[46]
The state director of the division of professional registration licenses all body artists, and sets rules & regulations for the operation of body art establishments.[47]
Mo. Rev. Stat. §324.520[46]

Montana
none specified[48]
Parent or guardian must give "explicit, in-person" consent.[48] Montana administrative rules also require that the parent/guardian be present throughout the procedure.[49]

cannot be tattooed or body pierced.[49]
A person who tattoos or body pierces a minor without parent/guardian consent is guilty of Unlawful transactions with children, punishable by a fine of up to $500 or six months in county jail, or both.[48]
Other violations of Montana body art laws are a misdemeanor, with punishments ranging from a fine of $50–100 for a first offense to $300 and/or 90 days in county jail for third and subsequent offense.[50]

Montana's Department of Health and Safety licenses and regulates body art establishments.[51] Local health boards may establish their own licensing and regulatory schemes in lieu of the state department's.[52]
Mont. Code Ann. §45-5-623[48]
Mont. Code Ann. §50-48-101 to 110[53]
Mont. Code Ann. §50-48-201 to 209[54]

Nebraska
none specified[55]
written consent, must be present during procedure
Piercing does not include the external parts of the ear[56]
No restrictions

Nebraska Revised Statute 38-1008, 38-1009, 38-1010, 38-1011, 38-1060, 38-10,165

Nevada
n/a[6]
n/a[6]
Nevada state law does not regulate tattoos, piercings, or other body art. Regional health districts may regulate the practice. The southern Nevada Health District, for example, does not allow minors below the age of 14 to be tattooed, and requires a parent or guardian to provide written consent and be present during the procedure for 14- to 18-year-olds. The southern Nevada district also bans tattoos on those who are under the influence of drugs or alcohol.[57]
n/a[6]

n/a[6]

New Hampshire
18 (piercings excepted)[58]
For piercings: parent/guardian must both sign written consent and be present during the procedure.
Minors cannot be tattooed or branded. They may be pierced with parent/guardian consent.[58] Minors may have their ears pierced without parent/guardian consent.[59]
no restrictions

N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 314[6]

New Jersey
none specified[60]
written permission of parent/guardian is required for tattooing and body piercing.[60]
Parent/guardian must be present and sign written consent for ear piercings as well as for body piercing. Minors cannot have genital piercings even with parent/guardian consent.[61]
no restrictions
no restrictions
no restrictions
N.J. Stat. Ann. §2C:40-21
N.J.A.C. 8:27-1 et seq.
N.J. Stat. Ann. §26-1A-7[6]

New Mexico
none specified[62]
Written consent and presence during the procedure.
Medical procedures by physicians and ear piercing are exempt[63]
no restrictions
Administrative Regulations set by the Board of Barbers and Cosmetologists
All body artists are required to be licensed through the state, and are subject to regulations from the Board
Body Art Safe Practices Act. N.M. Stat. Ann. § 61-17B et seq.,[63] N.M. Administrative Code 16.36 et seq.[62]

New York
18 (piercings excepted) [64]
Minors cannot be tattooed with parent/guardian consent. For piercings: parent/guardian must give written consent, signed in presence of the body artist or body art establishment owner.[65]
Written parental consent is not required for ear piercings.[66]
no restrictions

New York Public Health Law, Article 4-A[6][65]
N.Y. Public Health Law §460-466[6]
N.Y. Penal Law § 260.21[6]

North Carolina
18 (piercings excepted)[67]
Minors cannot be tattooed, even with parent/guardian consent. "Prior consent" of parent/guardian is required for body piercings.[67]
Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent.[67]
no restrictions

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 130A-283[68]
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-400[69]

North Dakota
none specified[70]
Parent/guardian must be present during the procedure and give written consent.[70]

cannot get tattoos or other body art[71]

N.D. Code §23-01-35[72]
N.D. Code §12.1-31-13[6][70]

Ohio
none specified[73]
Parent/guardian must both sign a consent form and "appear in person at the business at the time the procedure is performed."[73]
none - parent/guardian consent and presence is also required for ear piercings.[73]
no restrictions

Ohio Rev. Code Ann. §3730.01 to 3730.99[6][73]

Oklahoma
18 (piercings excepted)[74]
Minors cannot be tattooed, even with parent/guardian consent. For piercings: parent/guardian must both give written consent and be present during the procedure.[74]
Ear piercing is not governed/restricted by Oklahoma law.[74]
Scleral tattooing is illegal.[74]

cannot be tattooed.[74]

Okla. Stat. Title 21 §842.1, 842.2, 842.3[6]

Oregon
18 (piercings excepted)[75]
For piercings: parent/guardian must give written consent and present proof of identity.[76][77]
Minors can only be tattooed with the authorization of a physician.[75]
Scarification and dermal implants are prohibited[78]
Persons with sunburns or skin diseases or disorders cannot be tattooed or pierced.[75][77]
Minors cannot be pierced on the genitals or nipples, even with parent/guardian consent.[76]
Piercing on testes, deep shaft (corpus cavernosa), uvula, eyelids and sub-clavicle are all prohibited.[77]

cannot be tattooed or pierced.[75][77]
Violations of Oregon body art laws are a misdemeanor.[79]
Violations of Health Licensing Office rules are fined (various amounts).[80]

Both body artists and body art establishments are licensed by the Oregon Health Licensing Office.[81] With the assistance of a Board of Body Art practitioners, the Health Licensing Office also sets detailed rules and regulations for body art.[82]
Or. Rev. Stat. § 690.350 et seq
Or. Rev. Stat. § 690.401 to 410
Or. Rev. Stat. § 679.500[6]
Health Licensing Office Rules, especially Divisions 900, 905, 915 & 920[82]

Pennsylvania
none specified[83]
parent/guardian must both give consent and be present during the procedure.[83]

no restrictions

Pa. Cons. Stat. Title 18 § 6311[6][83]

Rhode Island
18 (piercings excepted)[84][85]
Minors cannot be tattooed.[84] For piercings: parent/guardian must both give consent and be present for the procedure.[85]

no restrictions
Tattooing a minor is a criminal offense (misdemeanor), maximum fine $300[84]
Tattooing and body art are regulated by the department of health, artists must be registered.[85]
RI Gen L § 23-1-39[85]
RI Gen L § 11-9-15[84]

South Carolina
18 (piercings excepted)[86][87]
Minors cannot be tattooed.[86] For piercings: parent/guardian must either give written, notarized consent or be present during the procedure.[87]
Head, face, and neck tattoos are illegal.[86]
cannot be tattooed or body pierced[86][88]
Under the Health Code, persons violating restrictions on tattooing and body piercing are guilty of a misdemeanor. Upon conviction, they may be fined up to $2500 or imprisoned for a year, or both.[86][87]
Tattoo and body piercing facilities are regulated by the Department of Health and Environmental Control. Tattoo facilities are licensed, body piercing facilities require a permit, and artists must be registered[89][90]
S.C. Code § 44-32-10 to 44-32-120[88]
S.C. Code § 44-34-10 to 44-34-110[91]

South Dakota
none specified[92]
Parent/guardian must sign a consent form.[92]

cannot be tattooed or pierced[93][94]
Tattooing a minor is a class 2 misdemeanor.[95]
Tattooing and Body Piercing are governed by Department of Health rules.[96] Municipalities may set stricter regulations, and have the authority to license body artists.[95]
S.D. Codified Laws Ann. §26-10-19[92]
S.D. Laws § 9-34-17[95]

Tennessee
18 (piercings excepted)[97][98]
For tattoos that cover an existing tattoo (see Notes & Exceptions): Parent/Guardian must be present during the procedure.[97]
For piercings: Parent/Guardian must give written consent, be present during the procedure.[98]

Minors over the age of sixteen may be tattooed to cover up an existing tattoo, with parent/guardian consent.[97]

Minors who lie about their age to be tattooed are guilty of a "delinquent act," are required to pay a fine of $50–$250 and serve at least 20 hours of community service.[97]
Tattooing a minor is a class a misdemeanor,[97] breach of body piercing law is a class b misdemeanor.[99]

Tattoo artists and body piercers are licensed by the state department of health, tattoo shops require a certificate from the local health department.[100][101]
Tenn. Code §§ 62-38-201-310[102]

Texas
18 (piercings excepted)[103][104]
For body piercings and for covering existing tattoos (see Notes & Exceptions): Parent/guardian must be present during procedure, sign an affidavit[103][104]
Ear piercing is exempt from body piercing statutes[105]
Minors may, with parent/guardian consent, be tattooed to cover up an existing tattoo that has offensive, gang-related, or drug-related content, or "other words, symbols, or markings that the person's parent or guardian considers would be in the best interest of the person to cover"[103]
Tongue splitting prohibited.[106]

Cannot be tattooed or pierced.[103][107]
Misrepresenting one's age to get a tattoo, or to get a piercing without parental consent, is a class B misdemeanor[103][104]
Violations of Texas tattooing & body piercing statute are a Class A misdemeanor, with each day of violation counting as a separate offense.[108]
Health Commissioner can impose a fine of up to $5000 on artists & shops for each violation[109]

Tattoo artists and body piercers must be registered with the Texas Department of Health[110] Tattoo and body piercing shops must be licensed[111]
Texas Health and Safety Code Ann. §146[112]

Utah
none specified[113]
Parent/guardian must be present during the procedure, give written permission, and provide proof of identity.[113]
Parental consent not required by law for ear piercing[113]

Tattooing or body piercing a minor is a class b misdemeanor, shops can be fined up to $1000 for each violation.[113]

Utah Code Ann. §76-10-2201[6]

Vermont
none specified[114]

Tattooists and body piercers must be registered.[114]
Vt. Stat. Ann. Title 26 §4101 to 4109[6][115]

Virginia
none specified[116]
Parent/Guardian must be present during the procedure.[116]
Virginia law does not limit minors' ability to have their ears pierced.[116]

Tattooing or body piercing a minor is a class 1 misdemeanor[116]
Tattoo artists and body piercers, as well as the operators of tattoo and body piercing establishments, are licensed by the state.[117][118]
Civic/local governments are empowered to regulate tattoo and body piercing establishments.[119]

Va. Code §54.1-700 et seq.
Va. Code §15.2-912
Va. Code § 18.2-371.3.[6]

Washington
18 (piercings excepted)[120]

cannot have tattoos, body piercings, or other body art.[121]

Wash. Code §26.28.085[120]
Wash. Code § 18.300[122]
Wash. Code § 246-145-001 to 060[123]
Wash. Code §70.54[124]

West Virginia
none specified[125]
parent/guardian must give written consent[125]

All persons receiving a tattoo must attest they are not under the influence of drugs or alcohol.[125]

Tattoo shop owners and body piercing studios must register with local board of health, and must be registered as a business with the state[126][127][128]
W. Va. Code §16-37
W. Va. Code §16-38[129]

Wisconsin
18[130]
n/a (tattooing not permitted under 18)
Physicians in the course of professional practice are exempt
no restriction
Tattooing a minor or even offering to do so is subject to a fine of up to $200
Artists must be satisfy training requirements and obtain a license from the health department. Establishments are subject to inspection and licensing[131]
Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations 948.70 and 252.235

Wyoming
none specified[132]
Verbal consent, presence during procedure.[132]
Procedures performed under the supervision of a licensed physician, and piercing of the ear, do not count as body art for this law.
no restriction[132]
Misdemeanor criminal offense, punishable by fine and prison time[132]

Wyoming Statute §14-3-107[132]


document_title: List of NBA players with most championships

question_text: who has the most nba rings in the league right now

root

text: List[edit]

text:
Pos
G
Guard
F
Forward
C
Center

*
Denotes players who have been inducted to the Basketball Hall of Fame

^
Denotes players who are currently active in the NBA

tag: table

text:
Rank
Player
Pos
Seasons played
Total won
Championship teams
Ref.

1
Russell, BillBill Russell*
C
13
11
Boston Celtics (1957, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969)
[26]

2
Jones, SamSam Jones*
G
12
10
Boston Celtics (1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969)
[9]

3
Heinsohn, TomTom Heinsohn*[a]
F/C
9
8
Boston Celtics (1957, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965)
[10]

Jones, K. C.K. C. Jones*[b]
G
9
8
Boston Celtics (1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966)
[11]

Sanders, Tom "Satch"Tom "Satch" Sanders*[c]
F
13
8
Boston Celtics (1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969)
[12]

Havlicek, JohnJohn Havlicek*
F/G
16
8
Boston Celtics (1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1974, 1976)
[13]

7
Loscutoff, JimJim Loscutoff
F
9
7
Boston Celtics (1957, 1959, 1960[d], 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964)
[14]

Ramsey, FrankFrank Ramsey*
F/G
9
7
Boston Celtics (1957, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964)
[15]

Horry, RobertRobert Horry
F
16
7
Houston Rockets (1994, 1995)
Los Angeles Lakers (2000, 2001, 2002)
San Antonio Spurs (2005, 2007)
[16]

10
Cousy, BobBob Cousy*
G
14
6
Boston Celtics (1957, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963)
[17]

Abdul-Jabbar, KareemKareem Abdul-Jabbar* (formerly Lew Alcindor)[e]
C
20
6
Milwaukee Bucks (1971)
Los Angeles Lakers (1980, 1982, 1985, 1987, 1988)
[18]

Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan*
G
15
6
Chicago Bulls (1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998)
[19]

Pippen, ScottieScottie Pippen*
F
17
6
Chicago Bulls (1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998)
[20]

14
Mikan, GeorgeGeorge Mikan*
C
7
5
Minneapolis Lakers (1949, 1950, 1952, 1953, 1954)
[27]

Pollard, JimJim Pollard*
F/C
7
5
Minneapolis Lakers (1949, 1950, 1952, 1953, 1954)
[28]

Martin, SlaterSlater Martin*
G
11
5
Minneapolis Lakers (1950, 1952, 1953, 1954)
St. Louis Hawks (1958)
[29]

Siegfried, LarryLarry Siegfried
F
9
5
Boston Celtics (1964, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969)
[30]

Nelson, DonDon Nelson*
G
14
5
Boston Celtics (1966, 1968, 1969, 1974, 1976)
[31]

Cooper, MichaelMichael Cooper
G/F
12
5
Los Angeles Lakers (1980, 1982, 1985, 1987, 1988)
[32]

Johnson, Earvin "Magic"Earvin "Magic" Johnson*
G
13
5
Los Angeles Lakers (1980, 1982, 1985, 1987, 1988)
[33]

Rodman, DennisDennis Rodman*
F
14
5
Detroit Pistons (1989, 1990)
Chicago Bulls (1996, 1997, 1998)
[34]

Harper, RonRon Harper
G
15
5
Chicago Bulls (1996, 1997, 1998)
Los Angeles Lakers (2000, 2001)
[35]

Kerr, SteveSteve Kerr[g]
G
15
5
Chicago Bulls (1996, 1997, 1998)
San Antonio Spurs (1999, 2003)
[25]

Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant
G
20
5
Los Angeles Lakers (2000, 2001, 2002, 2009, 2010)
[36]

Fisher, DerekDerek Fisher
G
18
5
Los Angeles Lakers (2000, 2001, 2002, 2009, 2010)
[37]

Duncan, TimTim Duncan
F/C
19
5
San Antonio Spurs (1999, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2014)
[38]

27
Mikkelsen, VernVern Mikkelsen*
F/C
10
4
Minneapolis Lakers (1950, 1952, 1953, 1954)
[39]

Saul, FrankFrank Saul
G/F
6
4
Rochester Royals (1951)
Minneapolis Lakers (1952, 1953, 1954)
[24]

Sharman, BillBill Sharman*[h]
G
11
4
Boston Celtics (1957, 1959, 1960, 1961)
[40]

Wilkes, JamaalJamaal Wilkes*
G/F
12
4
Golden State Warriors (1975)
Los Angeles Lakers (1980, 1982, 1985[f])
[41]

Rambis, KurtKurt Rambis
F
14
4
Los Angeles Lakers (1982, 1985, 1987, 1988)
[42]

Parish, RobertRobert Parish*
C
21
4
Boston Celtics (1981, 1984, 1986)
Chicago Bulls (1997)
[43]

Perdue, WillWill Perdue
C
13
4
Chicago Bulls (1991, 1992, 1993)
San Antonio Spurs (1999)
[44]

Salley, JohnJohn Salley
F/C
11
4
Detroit Pistons (1989, 1990)
Chicago Bulls (1996)
Los Angeles Lakers (2000)
[22]

Grant, HoraceHorace Grant
F/C
17
4
Chicago Bulls (1991, 1992, 1993)
Los Angeles Lakers (2001)
[45]

O'Neal, ShaquilleShaquille O'Neal*
C
19
4
Los Angeles Lakers (2000, 2001, 2002)
Miami Heat (2006)
[46]

Ginóbili, ManuManu Ginóbili^
G
14
4
San Antonio Spurs (2003, 2005, 2007, 2014)
[47]

Parker, TonyTony Parker^
G
15
4
San Antonio Spurs (2003, 2005, 2007, 2014)
[48]


document_title: The Outlaws of Sherwood

question_text: who lead a gang of outlaws in sherwood forest

text: The Outlaws of Sherwood

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
The Outlaws of Sherwood

Author
Robin McKinley

Language
English

Genre
Science Fiction and Fantasy

Publisher
Greenwillow Books
Ace Fantasy
Firebird

Publication date

1988 (Greenwillow)
1989 (Ace Fantasy)
2002 (Firebird)

Published in English

1988

Pages
288 (hardcover)

ISBN
978-0-688-07178-3 (hardcover)
978-0698119598 (paperback, 2002 edition)

text: The Outlaws of Sherwood is a retelling of the legend of Robin Hood by Robin McKinley. In McKinley's afterword, she says, "The retellings through the centuries have echoed concurrent preoccupations." The story includes both the traditional Robin Hood characters — Little John, Much, Friar Tuck, Marian and Alan-a-dale — and characters of McKinley's own invention. Notably, three of the most important characters are women, all of whom escape marriage to prospective spouses chosen by their fathers.

tag: p

text: Summary[edit]

text: Robin is a forester in Sherwood forest. As he leaves an archery contest, someone shoots at him and only just misses. Without thinking, Robin returns fire and kills someone. Robin's friends Marian and Much convince him to become an outlaw. Robin hides in Sherwood Forest and gathers a band to oppose the tyrannous Sheriff of Nottingham. Unsurprisingly they rob the rich, give to the poor, and poach deer.

text: Newcomers join the band, including the huge Little John and Will Scarlet. Will hears that his sister does not want to marry a Norman baron, but Robin refuses to help. A young minstrel named Alan-a-dale asks for help. His beloved, Marjorie, is to wed a baron and he wants to rescue her. The outlaws get Friar Tuck to perform the wedding ceremony and Marjorie marries Alan instead of the original groom. Alan and Marjorie join Robin's band, which takes in a mysterious young man called Cecil, who is later found to be a girl, and whom Will recognizes as his sister, Cecily. She stays in the band.

text: Robin hears that Sir Richard of the Lea, who had been kind to Robin when he was a forester, is about to lose his property due to debts. The outlaws give Sir Richard the money he needs.

text: There is an archery contest with a prize of a golden arrow; it is clearly a trap so Robin does not go. Marian wears a disguise and wins the contest. Guy of Gisbourne, a mercenary hired by the Sheriff of Nottingham, attacks her thinking that she is Robin. Cecily and Little John spirit Marian away to Friar Tuck's hideout in the forest. Marian is badly hurt. Robin tells her he loves her and asks her to marry him. Guy of Gisbourne and his men find Tuck's hideout. The band beat them off.

text: Sir Richard takes the outlaws to his castle to keep them safe but the Sheriff is furious that Sir Richard is protecting them. Both he and Sir Richard send word to King Richard the Lionheart. Little John and Cecily say they love each other. King Richard shows up at Sir Richard's castle unannounced. He makes all the outlaws swear loyalty to him, and tells them that they must join the crusades. The king makes Robin the heir to Sir Richard’s lands and says that Robin and Marian can marry.


document_title: This Is Us (TV series)

question_text: who played young kate on this is us

question_tokens: who played young kate on this is us

text: This Is Us (TV series)

text: Series overview[edit]

text: The series follows siblings Kate, Kevin and Randall as their lives intertwine. Kate and Kevin were originally part of a triplet pregnancy, conceived in the bathroom of Froggy's, a bar, during Super Bowl XIV.[4] Their due date was October 12, 1980, but they were born six weeks early on August 31; their biological brother was stillborn.[5] Their parents, Jack and Rebecca, having expected to bring home three babies, decide to adopt another newborn: Randall, a black child born the same day and brought to the same hospital after his biological father abandoned him at a fire station.[6]

text: Episodes weave through the stories of the past and present of the characters, with most scenes taking place in 1980, 1989–1995, and the present day (2016–2017). Flashback scenes take place in Pittsburgh, while current scenes are typically split between Los Angeles, New Jersey, and New York City.

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Nielsen ratings

First aired
Last aired
Rank
Average viewership
(in millions)

1
18
September 20, 2016 (2016-09-20)
March 14, 2017 (2017-03-14)
6
14.70[7]

2
18[3]
September 26, 2017 (2017-09-26)
TBA
TBA
TBA

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Milo Ventimiglia as Jack Pearson: Rebecca's husband, and Kate, Kevin, & Randall's father.
Mandy Moore as Rebecca Pearson (née Malone): Jack's wife, and Kate, Kevin, & Randall's mother.
Sterling K. Brown as Randall Pearson: Jack & Rebecca's son, and Kate & Kevin's brother. Also played by Niles Fitch (age 15) and Lonnie Chavis (ages 8–10).
Chrissy Metz as Kate Pearson: Jack & Rebecca's daughter, and Kevin & Randall's sister. Also played by Hannah Zeile (age 15) and Mackenzie Hancsicsak (ages 8–10).
Justin Hartley as Kevin Pearson: Jack & Rebecca's son, and Kate & Randall's brother. Also played by Logan Shroyer (age 15) and Parker Bates (ages 8–10).
Susan Kelechi Watson as Beth Pearson: Randall's wife, and mother of Tess and Annie.
Chris Sullivan as Toby Damon: Kate's fiancé.
Ron Cephas Jones as William H. Hill (aka Shakespeare): Randall's biological father. Also played by Jermel Nakia as a youth.
Jon Huertas as Miguel Rivas: Jack's best friend and Rebecca's second husband. (recurring season 1; main season 2–present)[8]
Alexandra Breckenridge as Sophie: Kate's childhood best friend as well as Kevin's childhood love and ex-wife. Also played by Amanda Leighton (age 15) and Sophia Coto (age 10). (recurring season 1; main season 2–present)[8]
Eris Baker as Tess Pearson: Randall and Beth's older daughter. (recurring season 1; main season 2–present)
Faithe Herman as Annie Pearson: Randall and Beth's younger daughter. (recurring season 1; main season 2–present)

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Gerald McRaney as Dr. Nathan Katowski (aka Dr. K): An elderly widower, who delivers Kate and Kevin.
Janet Montgomery as Olivia Maine: Kevin's former stage partner and ex-girlfriend.
Milana Vayntrub as Sloane Sandburg: Kevin's stage partner and ex-girlfriend.
Ryan Michelle Bathe as Yvette: A family friend of the Pearsons.
Denis O'Hare as Jesse: William's friend and former romantic partner.
Adam Bartley as Duke: The stable worker at the weight-loss camp Kate attends.
Jill Johnson as Laurie: A member of Toby and Kate's weight-loss support group.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2016–17)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Pilot"
John Requa & Glenn Ficarra
Dan Fogelman
September 20, 2016 (2016-09-20)
1AZC01
10.07[9]

2
2
"The Big Three"
Ken Olin
Dan Fogelman
September 27, 2016 (2016-09-27)
1AZC02
8.75[10]

3
3
"Kyle"
John Requa & Glenn Ficarra
Dan Fogelman
October 11, 2016 (2016-10-11)
1AZC03
9.87[11]

4
4
"The Pool"
John Requa & Glenn Ficarra
Dan Fogelman & Donald Todd
October 18, 2016 (2016-10-18)
1AZC04
9.71[12]

5
5
"The Game Plan"
George Tillman
Joe Lawson
October 25, 2016 (2016-10-25)
1AZC05
8.68[13]

6
6
"Career Days"
Craig Zisk
Bekah Brunstetter
November 1, 2016 (2016-11-01)
1AZC06
8.48[14]

7
7
"The Best Washing Machine in the World"
Silas Howard
K.J. Steinberg
November 15, 2016 (2016-11-15)
1AZC07
9.50[15]

8
8
"Pilgrim Rick"
Sarah Pia Anderson
Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger
November 22, 2016 (2016-11-22)
1AZC08
9.00[16]

9
9
"The Trip"
Uta Briesewitz
Vera Herbert
November 29, 2016 (2016-11-29)
1AZC09
10.53[17]

10
10
"Last Christmas"
Helen Hunt
Donald Todd
December 6, 2016 (2016-12-06)
1AZC10
10.95[18]

11
11
"The Right Thing to Do"
Timothy Busfield
Aurin Squire
January 10, 2017 (2017-01-10)
1AZC11
10.48[19]

12
12
"The Big Day"
Ken Olin
Dan Fogelman & Laura Kenar
January 17, 2017 (2017-01-17)
1AZC12
9.59[20]

13
13
"Three Sentences"
Chris Koch
Joe Lawson & Bekah Brunstetter
January 24, 2017 (2017-01-24)
1AZC13
9.63[21]

14
14
"I Call Marriage"
George Tillman Jr.
Kay Oyegun
February 7, 2017 (2017-02-07)
1AZC14
9.57[22]

15
15
"Jack Pearson's Son"
Ken Olin
Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger
February 14, 2017 (2017-02-14)
1AZC15
9.03[23]

16
16
"Memphis"
John Requa & Glenn Ficarra
Dan Fogelman
February 21, 2017 (2017-02-21)
1AZC16
9.35[24]

17
17
"What Now?"
Wendey Stanzler
K.J. Steinberg & Vera Herbert
March 7, 2017 (2017-03-07)
1AZC17
11.15[25]

18
18
"Moonshadow"
Ken Olin
Dan Fogelman & Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger
March 14, 2017 (2017-03-14)
1AZC18
12.84[26]

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

19
1
"A Father's Advice"
Ken Olin
Dan Fogelman
September 26, 2017 (2017-09-26)
2AZC01
12.94[27]

20
2
"A Manny-Splendored Thing"
John Fortenberry
Dan Fogelman & Bekah Brunstetter
October 3, 2017 (2017-10-03)
2AZC02
11.06[28]

21
3
"Déjà Vu"
John Requa & Glenn Ficarra
Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger
October 10, 2017 (2017-10-10)
2AZC03
11.02[29]

22
4
"Still There"
Ken Olin
Vera Herbert
October 17, 2017 (2017-10-17)
2AZC04
10.65[30]

23
5
"Brothers"
John Requa & Glenn Ficarra
Tyler Bensinger
October 24, 2017 (2017-10-24)
2AZC05
10.60[31]

24
6
"The 20's"
Regina King
Don Roos
October 31, 2017 (2017-10-31)
2AZC06
8.43[32]

25
7
"The Most Disappointed Man"
Chris Koch
TBA
November 7, 2017 (2017-11-07)
2AZC07
TBD

26
8
"Number One"[33]
TBA
TBA
November 14, 2017 (2017-11-14)
2AZC08
TBD

27
9
"Number Two"[34]
TBA
TBA
November 21, 2017 (2017-11-21)
2AZC09
TBD

28
10
"Number Three"[35]
TBA
TBA
November 28, 2017 (2017-11-28)
2AZC10
TBD

text: Release[edit]

text: Home media[edit]

text: In May 2017, Hulu acquired the SVOD rights to new and past episodes of the series to air exclusively on Hulu, in addition to NBC.com and the NBC app.[36]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 89% approval rating for the first season with an average rating of 7.7/10 based on 56 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Featuring full-tilt heartstring-tugging family drama, This Is Us will provide a suitable surrogate for those who have felt a void in their lives since Parenthood went off the air."[37] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the season a score of 76 out of 100 based on 34 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[38] Season 2 received a 92% approval rating from Rotten Tomatoes based on 15 reviews.[39]

text: Entertainment Weekly gave the first few episodes of This Is Us a rating of B, calling it "a refreshing respite from the relational violence and pessimism that marks the other buzz soaps that have bubbled forth from a culture of divisiveness". Moreover, they praised all the actors, specifically Sterling K. Brown, for being able to navigate "his scenes with such intelligence, authenticity, and charisma".[40]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Timeslot (ET)
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
TV season
Rank
Avg. viewers
(millions)
18–49 rating
(average)

Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)

1
Tuesday 10:00 pm (1–2, 11)
Tuesday 9:00 pm (3–10, 12–18)
18
September 20, 2016 (2016-09-20)
10.07[9]
March 14, 2017 (2017-03-14)
12.84[26]
2016–17
6
14.70
4.6/16[7]

2
Tuesday 9:00 pm
18[3]
September 26, 2017 (2017-09-26)
12.94[27]
TBA
TBD
2017–18
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

2016
African-American Critics Association Awards
Top Ten TV Show
This Is Us
Won

American Film Institute Awards
TV Program of the Year
This Is Us
Won
[41]

Critics' Choice Television Awards
Best Drama Series
This Is Us
Nominated
[42]

Most Exciting New Series
This Is Us
Won
[42]

2017
ACE Eddie Awards
Best Edited One Hour Series for Commercial Television
David L. Bertman (for "Pilot")
Won
[43]

Golden Globe Awards
Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film
Chrissy Metz
Nominated
[44]

Mandy Moore
Nominated

Best Television Series – Drama
This Is Us
Nominated

MTV Movie & TV Awards
Best Actor in a Show
Mandy Moore
Nominated
[45]

Show of the Year
This Is Us
Nominated

Tearjerker
Milo Ventimiglia and Lonnie Chavis (Jack and Randall at Karate)
Won

NAACP Image Awards
Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series
Sterling K. Brown
Won
[46]

Outstanding Drama Series
This Is Us
Nominated

Outstanding Performance by a Youth
Lonnie Chavis
Nominated

Peabody Awards
Entertainment and Children's programs
This Is Us
Nominated
[47]

People's Choice Awards
Favorite Actor in a New TV Series
Milo Ventimiglia
Nominated
[48]

Favorite Actress in a New TV Series
Mandy Moore
Nominated

Favorite New TV Drama
This Is Us
Won

Screen Actors Guild Awards
Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series
Sterling K. Brown
Nominated
[49]

Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV: Breakout Star
Chrissy Metz
Nominated

Choice TV Actor: Drama
Sterling K. Brown
Nominated

Milo Ventimiglia
Nominated

Choice TV Show: Drama
This Is Us
Nominated

Television Critics Association Awards
Individual Achievement in Drama
Sterling K. Brown
Nominated
[50]

Outstanding Achievement in Drama
This Is Us
Nominated

Outstanding New Program
This Is Us
Won

Program of the Year
This Is Us
Nominated

Writers Guild of America Awards
Episodic Drama
Vera Herbert (for "The Trip")
Won
[51]
[52]

New Series
This Is Us
Nominated

Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Drama Series
This Is Us
Nominated
[53]

Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series
Milo Ventimiglia
Nominated

Sterling K. Brown
Won

Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series
Ron Cephas Jones
Nominated

Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series
Chrissy Metz
Nominated

Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards[a]
Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series
Brian Tyree Henry
Nominated

Gerald McRaney
Won

Denis O'Hare
Nominated

Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series
Bernard Telsey, Tiffany Little Canfield
Nominated

Outstanding Makeup for a Single-Camera Series (Non-Prosthetic)
Zoe Hay, Heather Plott, Elizabeth Hoel-Chang, Judith Lynn Staats, John Damiani
Nominated

Seoul International Drama Awards
Grand Prize
This Is Us
Won
[55]

Best Director
Dan Fogelman
Nominated

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ In 2017, Hala Bahmet, Marina Ray and Elinor Bardach were nominated for Outstanding Costumes for a Contemporary Series, Limited Series, or Movie. The nomination was rescinded after it was determined that the submitted episode "Moonshadow" was primarily set in the 1970s, violating the TV Academy's rule that "more than 50 percent" of the episode must be contemporary (within 25 years of the air date).[54]

tag: ol


document_title: Front-wheel drive

question_text: who invented the first front wheel drive car

text: Front-wheel drive

text: Front-wheel-drive arrangements[edit]

text: Most FWD layouts are front-engined. Rear-engined layouts are possible, but rare. Historically they fall into three categories:

text:
Front-engine transversely mounted/ Front-wheel drive
Front-engine longitudinally mounted/ Front-wheel drive
Front Mid-engine/ Front-wheel drive

text: History[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Prior to 1900[edit]

text: Experiments with front-wheel-drive cars date to the early days of the automobile. According to various sources, sometime between 1895 and 1898 Gräf & Stift built a voiturette with a one-cylinder De Dion-Bouton engine fitted in the front of the vehicle, powering the front axle. It was thus arguably the world's first front-wheel-drive automobile, but it never saw mass production, with only one copy ever made. In 1898, Latil, in France, devised a front-wheel-drive system for motorising horse-drawn carts.

text: Société Parisienne - Victoria Combination[edit]

text: In 1898/9 the French manufacturer Société Parisienne patented their front-wheel drive articulated vehicle concept which they manufactured as a Victoria Combination. It was variously powered by 1.75 or 2.5 horsepower (1.30 or 1.86 kW) De Dion-Bouton engine or a water cooled 3.5 horsepower (2.6 kW) Aster engine. The engine was mounted on the front axle and so was rotated by the tiller steering.[1][2][3][4] The name Victoria Combination described the lightweight, two-seater trailer commonly known as a Victoria, combined with the rear axle and drive mechanism from a motor tricycle that was placed in front to achieve front wheel drive.[2][3][4] It also known as the Eureka.

text: By 1899 Victoria Combinations were participating in motoring events such as the 371 km Paris-St Malo race, finishing 23rd overall and second(last) in the class.[5] In October a Victoria Combination won its class in the Paris-Rambouillet-Paris event, covering the 100 kilometre course at 26 km/h (16 mph).[3][4] In 1900 it completed 240 kilometres (150 mi) non-stop at 29 km/h (18 mph).[1]

text: When production ceased in mid-1901, over 400 copies had been sold for 3,000 Francs (circa $600) each.[3][4]

text: 1900 – 1920[edit]

text: J. Walter Christie of the United States patented a design for a front-wheel-drive car, the first prototype of which he built in 1904.[6] He promoted and demonstrated the vehicle by racing at various speedways in the United States, and even competed in the 1906 Vanderbilt Cup[7] and the French Grand Prix. In 1912 he began manufacturing a line of wheeled fire engine tractors which used his front-wheel-drive system, but due to lack of sales this venture failed.

text: 1920 – 1930[edit]

text: The next successful application of front-wheel drive was the supercharged Alvis 12/50 racing car designed by George Thomas Smith-Clarke and William M. Dunn of Alvis Cars of the United Kingdom. This vehicle was entered in the 1925 Kop Hill Climb in Princes Risborough in Buckinghamshire on March 28, 1925. Harry Arminius Miller of Menomonie, Wisconsin designed the Miller 122 front-wheel-drive racecar that was entered in the 1925 Indianapolis 500, which was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway on Saturday, May 30, 1925.[8]

text: However, the idea of front-wheel drive languished outside the motor racing arena as no major auto manufacturer attempted the same for production automobiles. Market experiments in the United States were left to small endeavors such as the Ruxton (200 cars in 1929), and the Cord L-29 of 1929. Neither automobile maker was particularly successful on the open market. Alvis Cars introduced a front-wheel-drive commercial model of the Alvis 12/50 in 1928, but it was not a success either.[9]

text: 1930 – 1945[edit]

text: The first successful consumer application came in 1929. The BSA (Birmingham Small Arms Company) produced the unique front-wheel-drive BSA three-wheeler. Production continued until 1936 during which time sports and touring models were available. In 1931 the DKW F1 from Germany made its debut. Buckminster Fuller adopted rear-engine, front wheel drive for his three Dymaxion Car prototypes. Other German car producers followed: Stoewer offered a car with front-wheel drive in 1931, Adler in 1932 and Audi in 1933. In 1934, the very successful Traction Avant cars were introduced by Citroën of France. The Cord 810 of the United States managed a bit better in the late 1930s than its predecessor one decade earlier. These vehicles featured a layout that places the engine behind the transmission, running "backwards," (save for the Cord, which drove the transmission from the front of the engine). The basic front-wheel-drive layout provides sharp turning, and better weight distribution creates "positive handling characteristics" due to its low polar inertia and relatively favourable weight distribution.[10] (The heaviest component is near the centre of the car, making the main component of its moment of inertia relatively low). Another result of this design is a lengthened chassis.

text: 1945 – 1960[edit]

text: Front-wheel drive continued with the 1948 Citroën 2CV, where the air-cooled lightweight aluminium flat twin engine was mounted ahead of the front wheels, but used Hooke type universal joint driveshaft joints, and 1955 Citroën DS, featuring the mid-engine layout. Panhard of France, DKW of Germany and Saab of Sweden offered exclusively front-wheel-drive cars, starting with the 1948 Saab 92.

text: In 1946, Lloyd Cars, the English car company, had produced the front-wheel-drive roadster, Lloyd 650. The two-stroke, two-cylinder motor was mounted transversely in the front and connected to the front wheels through four-speed synchronised gearbox. The high price and lacklustre performance had doomed its production. Only 600 units were produced from 1946 to 1950.

text: In 1954, Alfa-Romeo had experimented with its first front-wheel-drive compact car named "33" (not related or referred to sports car similarly named "33"). It had the same transverse-mounted, forward-motor layout as the modern front-wheel-drive automobiles. It even resembled the smaller version of its popular Alfa Romeo Giulia. However, due to the financial difficulties in post-war Italy, the 33 never saw the production. Had Alfa-Romeo succeed in producing 33, it would precede the Mini as the first "modern" European front-wheel-drive compact car.

text: In 1955, one of the first Japanese manufacturers to utilize front-wheel drive with a transversely installed engine was the Suzuki Suzulight, which was a small "city" car, called a kei car in Japanese.

text: In 1959 Austin Mini was launched by the British Motor Corporation, designed by Alec Issigonis as a response to the first 'oil crisis', the 1956 Suez Crisis, and the boom in bubble cars that followed. It was the first production front-wheel-drive car with a watercooled inline four-cylinder engine mounted transversely. This allowed eighty percent of the floor plan for the use of passengers and luggage. The majority of modern cars use this configuration. Its progressive rate rubber sprung independent suspension, low centre of gravity, and wheel at each corner with radial tyres, gave a massive increase in grip and handling over all but the most expensive cars on the market. It used GKN designed Constant-velocity joint drive shaft universal joints.

text: 1960 – 1975[edit]

text: The transversely mounted engine combined with front-wheel drive was popularized by the 1959 Mini; there the transmission was built into the sump of the engine, and drive was transferred to it via a set of primary gears. Another variant transmission concept was used by Simca in the 1960s keeping the engine and transmission in line, but transverse mounted and with unequal length driveshafts. This has proven itself to be the model on which almost all modern FWD vehicles are now based. Peugeot and Renault on their jointly developed small car engine of the 1970s where the 4-cylinder block was canted over to reduce the overall height of the engine with the transmission underneath (PSA X engine). The tendency of this layout to generate unwanted transmission "whine" has seen it fall out of favour. Also, clutch changes required engine removal.

text: The 1965 Triumph 1300 was designed around a longitudinal engine with the transmission underneath. Audi has also used a longitudinally mounted engine overhung over the front wheels since the 1970s. Audi is one of the few manufacturers which still uses this particular configuration. It allows the use of equal-length half shafts and the easy addition of all-wheel drive, but has the disadvantage that it makes it difficult to achieve 50/50 weight distribution (although they remedy this in four-wheel-drive models by mounting the gearbox at the rear of the transaxle.) The Subaru 1000 appeared in 1966 utilizing front-wheel drive mated to a flat-4 engine, with the driveshafts of equal length extending from the transmission, which addressed some of the issues of the powertrain being somewhat complex and unbalanced in the engine compartment - the Alfa Romeo Alfasud (and its replacement, the 1983 Alfa 33) also used the same layout.

text: Honda also introduced several small front wheel drive vehiches, with the N360 and N600, the Z360 and Z600 in 1967, the Honda 1300 in 1969, followed by the Honda Civic in 1972 and the Honda Accord in 1976.

text: Also in the 1970s and 1980s, the Douvrin engines used in the larger Renaults (20, 21, 25 and 30) used this longitudinal "forward" layout. The first generation Saab 900, launched in 1978, also used a longitudinal engine with a transmission underneath with helical gears. The 1966 Oldsmobile Toronado was the first U.S. front-wheel-drive car since the Cord 810. It used a longitudinal engine placement for its V8, coupled with an unusual "split" transmission, which turned the engine power 180 degrees. Power then went to a differential mounted to the transmission case, from which half-shafts took it to the wheels. The driveline was set fairly at centre-point of the wheels for better weight distribution, though this raised the engine, requiring lowered intake systems.

text: Giacosa innovation[edit]

text:
“

Little known outside of Italy, the Primula is today primarily known for innovating the modern economy-car layout.
– Hemmings Motor News,[11]

”

text:
“

This Active Tourer MPV wants to be more stable than a BMW M3, and using the Dante Giacosa-pattern front-wheel-drive layout compacts the mechanicals and saves space for people in the reduced overall length of what will surely become a production 1-series tall-sedan crossover.
– Robert Cumberford, Automobile Magazine, March, 2013[12]

”

text: Front-wheel drive layout had been highly impacted by the success of small, inexpensive cars, especially the British Mini. As engineered by Alec Issigonis, the compact arrangement located the transmission and engine sharing a single oil sump — despite disparate lubricating requirements — and had the engine's radiator mounted to the side of the engine, away from the flow of fresh air and drawing heated rather than cool air over the engine. The layout often required the engine be removed to service the clutch.[13]

text: As engineered by Dante Giacosa, the Fiat 128 featured a transverse-mounted engine with unequal length drive shafts and an innovative clutch release mechanism — an arrangement which Fiat had strategically tested on a previous production model, the Primula, from its less market-critical subsidiary, Autobianchi.

text: Ready for production in 1964, the Primula featured a gear train offset from the differential and final drive with unequal length drive shafts. The layout enabled the engine and gearbox to be located side by side without sharing lubricating fluid while orienting the cooling fan toward fresh air flow. By using the Primula as a test-bed, Fiat was able to sufficiently resolve the layout's disadvantages, including uneven side-to-side power transmission, uneven tire wear and potential torque steer, the tendency for the power of the engine alone to steer the car under heavy acceleration.

text: After the 128, Fiat further demonstrated the layout's flexibility, re-configurating the 128 drive-train as a mid-engined layout for the Fiat X1/9. The compact, efficient Giacosa layout — a transversely-mounted engine with transmission mounted beside the engine driving the front wheels through an offset final-drive and unequal-length driveshafts, combined with MacPherson struts and an independently located radiator — subsequently became common with competitors[14] and arguably an industry standard.[15]

text: 1975 – 1990[edit]

text: The Corporate Average Fuel Economy standard drove a mass changeover of cars in the U.S. to front-wheel drive. The change began in 1978, with the introduction of the first American-built transverse-engined cars, the Plymouth Horizon and Dodge Omni (based on the European designed Simca Horizon),[16] followed by the 1980 Chevrolet Citation and numerous other vehicles. Meanwhile, European car makers, that had moved to front-wheel drive decades before, began to homogenize their engine arrangement only in this decade, leaving Audi (and Volkswagen) alone with the Audi front drive-longitudinal engine layout. Years before this was the most common layout in Europe, with examples like Citroen DS, Renault 12, Renault 5, Renault 25 (a Chrysler LH ancestor) Alfa Romeo 33, Volkswagen Passat, etc. This transition can be exemplified in the Renault 21 that was offered with disparate engine configurations. The 1.7-litre version featured an 'east-west' (transversely) mounted engine, but Renault had no gearbox suitable for a more powerful transverse engine: accordingly, faster versions featured longitudinally mounted (north south) engines.

text: By reducing drivetrain weight and space needs, vehicles could be made smaller and more efficient without sacrificing acceleration. Integrating the powertrain with a transverse as opposed to a longitudinal layout, along with unibody construction and the use of constant velocity jointed drive axles, along with front wheel drive has evolved into the modern-day mass market automobile. Some suggest that the introduction of the modern Volkswagen Golf in 1974, from a traditional U.S. competitor, and the introduction of the 1973 Honda Civic, and the 1976 Honda Accord served as a wake-up call for the "Big Three" (only Chrysler already produced front-wheel-drive vehicles in their operations outside North America). Ford's 1976 Ford Fiesta was its first front-wheel-drive car in Europe, GM was even later with the 1979 Vauxhall Astra/Opel Kadett. Captive imports were the US car makers initial response to the increased demand for economy cars. The popularity of front-wheel drive began to gain momentum, with the 1981 Ford Escort, the 1982 Nissan Sentra, and the 1983 Toyota Corolla. Front-wheel drive became the norm for mid-sized cars starting with the 1982 Chevrolet Celebrity, 1982 Toyota Camry, 1983 Dodge 600, 1985 Nissan Maxima, 1986 Honda Legend, and the 1986 Ford Taurus. By the mid-1980s, most formerly rear-wheel-drive Japanese models were front-wheel drive, and by the mid-1990s, most American brands only sold a handful of rear-wheel-drive models.

text: 1990 – present[edit]

text: The vast majority of front-wheel-drive vehicles today use a transversely mounted engine with "end-on" mounted transmission, driving the front wheels via driveshafts linked via constant velocity (CV) joints, and a flexibly located electronically controlled cooling fan. This configuration was pioneered by Dante Giacosa in the 1964 Autobianchi Primula and popularized with the Fiat 128.[17] Fiat promoted in its advertising that mechanical features consumed only 20% of the vehicle's volume and that Enzo Ferrari drove a 128 as his personal vehicle.[14] The 1959 Mini, while a pioneering transverse front-wheel-drive vehicle[citation needed], used a substantially different arrangement with the transmission in the sump, and the cooling fan drawing hot air from its side-facing location.

text: Volvo Cars has switched its entire lineup after the 900 series to front-wheel drive. Swedish engineers at the company have said that transversely mounted engines allow for more crumple zone area in a head-on collision. American auto manufacturers are now shifting larger models (such as the Chrysler 300 and most of the Cadillac lineup) back to rear-wheel drive.[18][19] There were relatively few rear-wheel-drive cars marketed in North America by the early 1990s; Chrysler's car line-up was entirely front-wheel drive by 1990. GM followed suit in 1996 where its B-body line was phased out, where its sports cars (Camaro, Firebird, Corvette) were the only RWDs marketed; by the early 2000s, the Chevrolet Corvette and Cadillac Catera were the only RWD cars offered by General Motors until the introduction of the Sigma platform. After the phaseout of the Ford Panther platform (except for the Mustang), Ford automobiles (including the Transit Connect van) manufactured for the 2012 model year to present are front wheel drive; its D3 platform (based on a Volvo platform) has optional all wheel drive.

text: Records[edit]

text:
The Nissan GT-R LM Nismo race car holds the record for being the most-powerful front-wheel-drive car, with its combustion engine outputs approximately 500 hp (370 kW; 510 PS) while the flywheel system is intended to have an additional output of approximately 750 hp (560 kW; 760 PS). This accounts for a total of 1,250 hp (930 kW; 1,270 PS). Power from the flywheel was intended to be split between the front and rear wheels, making the car all-wheel drive in this configuration. However, due to unreliability the car was raced without the flywheel and with 500hp driving the front wheels only.

However, the 1970 Oldsmobile Toronado remains the most-powerful street-legal front-wheel drive production car till today, with W-34 option producing 400 hp (298 kW).

The Cadillac Eldorado, with front-wheel drive introduced in 1967, holds the record for the largest engine in a front-wheel-drive production vehicle, at 8.2 L (500 in³), starting with the 1970 model, lasting until the 1976 model year.[citation needed]
A production Dodge Neon SRT-4 from RaceDeck Racing broke the land speed record for its class at Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah on August 16, 2006. Driven by Jorgen Moller Jr., the record was set at 221 mph average speed for both runs on the five mile course.


document_title: Union Public Service Commission

question_text: who has power to appoint chairman of the state public service commission

text: Union Public Service Commission

text: History[edit]

text: The Royal Commission on the superior Civil Services in India was set up under the chairmanship of Lord Lee of Fareham by the British Government in 1923.[9][7] With equal numbers of Indian and British members, the commission submitted its report in 1924, recommending setting up of a Public Service Commission.[10] The Lee Commission proposed that 40% of future entrants should be British, 40% Indians directly recruited, and 20% Indians promoted from the provincial services.[9][8]

text: This led to the establishment of the first Public Service Commission on 1 October 1926 under the chairmanship of Sir Ross Barker.[7] A mere limited advisory function was granted to the Public Service Commission and the leaders of the freedom movement continually stressed on this aspect, which then resulted in the setting up of a Federal Public Service Commission under the Government of India Act, 1935.[7][8]

text: The Federal Public Service Commission became the Union Public Service Commission after independence. It was given a constitutional status with under of Constitution of India on 26 January 1950.[10][8][11]

text: Constitutional status[edit]

text: Articles 315 to 323 of Part XIV of the constitution, titled as Services Under the Union and the States, provide for a Public Service Commission for the Union and for each state.[4][5] Accordingly, as per Art. 315, at Union level, Union Public Service Commission is envisaged by it. UPSC is amongst the few institutions which function with both autonomy and freedom, along with the country’s higher judiciary and lately the Election Commission.[6]

text: Appointment[edit]

text: As per Art. 316, the Chairman and other members of Union Public Service Commission shall be appointed by the President. In case the office of the Chairman becomes vacant his duties shall be performed by one of the other members of the Commission as the President may appoint for the purpose.[12]

text: Also, nearly half of the members of the Commission shall be persons who at the dates of their respective appointments have held office for at least ten years either under the Government of India or under the Government of a State. A member of a Union Public Service Commission shall hold office for a term of six years from the date on which he enters upon his office or until he attains the age of sixty-five years, whichever is earlier. Under Art 318, the President is empowered to determine number of members of the Commission and their conditions of service. Further, he can make provision with respect to the number of members of the staff of the Commission and their conditions of service too. Also, conditions of service cannot be varied to his disadvantage after his appointment.[12]

text: As per Art 319, a person who holds office as Chairman shall, on the expiration of his term of office, be ineligible for re-appointment to that office. But, a member other than the Chairman of the Union Public Service Commission shall be eligible for appointment as the Chairman of the Union Public Service Commission, or as the Chairman of a State Public Service Commission, but not for any other employment either under the Government of India or under the Government of a State. Also, the Chairman of a State Public Service Commission shall be eligible for appointment as the Chairman or any other member of the Union Public Service Commission.[12]

text: Removal and suspension[edit]

text: As per Art. 317, the Chairman or any other member of a Public Service Commission shall only be removed from his office by order of the President on the ground of "misbehaviour" after the Supreme Court, on reference being made to it by the President, has, on inquiry reported that the Chairman or such other member ought to be removed. The President may suspend the Chairman or other member of the Commission until report of the Supreme Court is received.[12]

text: The President may also remove the Chairman or any other member of the commission if he/she:

text:
is adjudged an insolvent; or
engages during his term of office in any paid employment outside the duties of his office; or
is, in the opinion of the President, unfit to continue in office by reason of infirmity of mind or body.

text: If the Chairman or any other member cannot hold an office of profit or otherwise he shall be deemed to be guilty of misbehaviour.[12]

text: Functions[edit]

text: As per Art. 320, it shall be the duty of the Union Public Service Commissions to conduct examinations for appointments to the services of the Union. It shall also assist two or more States, if requested so, in framing and operating schemes of joint recruitment for any services.[12]

text: The Union Public Service Commission shall be consulted:

text:
on all matters relating to

methods of recruitment to civil services and for civil posts
making appointments to civil services and posts
making promotions and transfers from one service to another
the suitability of candidates for such appointments, promotions or transfers

on all disciplinary matters against a civil servant serving in a civil capacity, including memorials or petitions relating to such matters.
on any claim by or in respect of a person who is serving or has served in a civil capacity, that any costs incurred by him in defending legal proceedings instituted against him in respect of acts done or purporting to be done in the execution of his duty should be paid out of the Consolidated Fund of India.
on any claim for the award of a pension in respect of injuries sustained by a person while serving in a civil capacity, and any question as to the amount of such award.

text: It shall be the duty of a Union Public Service Commission to advise on any matter referred to them; provided that the President has not made any regulations specifying the matters in which it shall not be necessary for Union Public Service Commission to be consulted.[12]

text: Expenses[edit]

text: As per Art. 322, the expenses of the Union Public Service Commission, including any salaries, allowances and pensions payable to or in respect of the members or staff of the Commission, shall be charged on the Consolidated Fund of India.[12]

text: Extension of functions[edit]

text: As per Art. 321, an Act made by Parliament may provide for the exercise of additional functions by the Union Public Service Commission w.r.t. services of the Union.[12]

text: Reporting[edit]

text: As per Art. 323, it shall be the duty of the Union Commission to annually present a report to the President of the work done by the Commission. On receipt of such report, the President shall present a copy before each House of Parliament; together with a memorandum, if any, explaining the reasons where the advice of the Commission was not accepted by him.[12]

text: Organisational structure[edit]

text: The Commission consists of a chairman and other members appointed by The President of India. Usually, the Commission consists of 9 to 11 members including the chairman.[13] Every member holds office for a term of six years or until he attains the age of sixty-five years, whichever is earlier.

text: The terms and conditions of service of chairman and members of the Commission are governed by the Union Public Service Commission (Members) Regulations, 1969.[14]

text: The chairman and any other member of the Commission can submit his resignation at any time to the President of India. He may be removed from his office by the President of India on the ground of misbehaviour (only if an inquiry of such misbehaviour is made and upheld by Supreme Court) or if he is adjudged insolvent, or engages during his term of office in any paid employment outside the duties of his office, or in the opinion of the President unfit to continue in office by reason of infirmity of mind or body.

text: Secretariat[edit]

text: The Commission is serviced by a Secretariat headed by a Secretary with four Additional Secretaries, a number of Joint Secretaries, Deputy Secretaries and other supporting staff.[15] The secretariat, for administrative purpose, is further divided into divisions, each undertaking a specific responsibility:[16]

text:
Administration: Administers the Secretariat as well as looks after personal matters of Chairman/Members and other Officers/Staff of the Commission.[17]
All India Services: Recruitment to All India Services is done either by direct recruitment (through Competitive Examinations) or by promotion from the State Service. The AIS Branch handles the promotions of State Service officers to the IAS, IPS and IFS. It also handles policy matters relating to All India Services and amendments in the 'Promotion Regulations' of respective services.[18]
Appointments: It carry out appointments to central services based on Promotion(based on proposals from various Ministries/Departments/Union Territories and from certain local bodies) and by the means of Deputation and Absorption.[19]
Examination: It carries out merit-based selection and recommendation of candidates, through various examinations, to Group A and Group B Services of the Government of India.[20]
General: Primarily deals with day-to-day housekeeping works for Commission, like, arrangements and facilitation for conduction of Examinations by the UPSC, printing Annual Report etc.[21]
Recruitment: This branch carries out Direct Recruitment(out of the 3 possible mechanisms of : 'direct recruitment', 'recruitment by promotion' and 'recruitment by transfer and permanent absorption') by selection to all Group `A’ and certain Group `B’ posts of the services of the Union (including some Union Territories). These recruitment are done either by selection(interview) or through competitive examination.[22]
Recruitment Rules: The Commission is mandated under Art. 320 of the Constitution of India, read along the UPSC (Exemption from Consultation) Regulations, 1958, to advise on framing and amending of Recruitment and Service Rules for various Group A and Group B posts in the Government of India, and certain autonomous organizations like EPFO, ESIC, DJB, NDMC & Municipal Corporations(s) of Delhi. This Branch carries out this responsibility by facilitating the Ministries / Departments / UT Administrations / Autonomous Organisations in this regard.[23]
Services I: Handles disciplinary cases received from various Ministries/Departments and State Governments for advice of the Commission, as required under Article 320 (3)(c).
Services II: Handles all other cases that 'Services I' branch doesn't. It compiles the Annual Report. Also, it coordinates visits of foreign delegations, correspondence with foreign countries and hosting of international events concerning Public Service Commissions, including the SAARC Member States.

text: Present members[edit]

text: The commission has 8 members including the Chairman, who are:[24]

text:
Vinay Mittal (Chairman)
Arvind Saxena
Prof. Dr. Pradeep Kumar Joshi
Bhim Sain Bassi
Air Marshal A. S. Bhonsle (Retd.)
Sujata Mehta
Dr. Manoj Soni[25]
Smita Nagaraj[26]

text: List of all chairmen[edit]

text: Following is the list of chairmen of UPSC:[27]

text:
List of UPSC Chairmen (since inception)[hide]

Chairman
Term
Background

From
To

Sir Ross Barker
000000001926-10-01-0000October 1926
000000001932-08-01-0000August 1932

Sir David Petrie
000000001932-08-01-0000August 1932
000000001936-01-01-00001936

Sir Eyre Gorden
000000001937-01-01-00001937
000000001942-01-01-00001942

Sir F. W. Robertson
000000001942-01-01-00001942
000000001947-01-01-00001947

H. K. Kripalani
000000001947-04-01-0000April 1947
000000001949-01-01-0000January 1949

R. N. Banerjee
000000001949-01-01-0000January 1949
000000001955-05-01-0000May 1955

N. Govindarajan
000000001955-05-01-0000May 1955
000000001955-12-01-0000December 1955

V. S. Hejmadi
000000001955-12-01-0000December 1955
000000001961-12-01-0000December 1961

B. N. Jha
000000001961-12-01-0000December 1961
000000001967-02-01-0000February 1967

K. R. Damle
000000001967-04-01-0000April 1967
000000001971-03-01-0000March 1971

R.C.S. Sarkar
000000001971-05-01-0000May 1971
000000001973-02-01-0000February 1973
Academician, West Bengal Civil Services Officer

A. R. Kidwai
000000001973-02-01-0000February 1973
000000001979-02-01-0000February 1979

M. L. Shahare
000000001979-02-01-0000February 1979
000000001985-02-01-0000February 1985

H. K. L. Capoor
000000001985-02-01-0000February 1985
000000001990-03-01-0000March 1990

J. P. Gupta
000000001990-03-01-0000March 1990
000000001992-06-01-0000June 1992

R. M. Bathew (Kharbuli)
000000001992-09-01-0000September 1992
000000001996-08-01-0000August 1996

S. J. S. Chhatwal
000000001996-08-01-0000August 1996
000000001996-09-01-0000September 1996

J. M. Qureshi
000000001996-09-01-0000September 1996
000000001998-12-01-0000December 1998

Lt. Gen. Surinder Nath
000000001998-12-01-0000December 1998
000000002002-06-01-0000June 2002

P. C. Hota
000000002002-06-01-0000June 2002
000000002003-09-01-0000September 2003

Mata Prasad
000000002003-09-01-0000September 2003
000000002005-01-01-0000January 2005
Indian Administrative Service of 1962 Batch

S. R. Hashim
000000002005-01-01-0000January 2005
000000002006-04-01-0000April 2006

D. P. Agrawal
000000002008-08-01-0000August 2008
000000002014-08-01-0000August 2014
Academician

Rajni Razdan
000000002014-08-01-0000August 2014[28]
000000002014-11-01-0000November 2014
Indian Administrative Service Officer of 1973 Batch, Haryana cadre[29]

Deepak Gupta
000000002014-11-01-0000November 2014
000000002016-09-01-0000September 2016
Indian Administrative Service Officer of 1974 Batch, Jharkhand cadre[30][31]

Alka Sirohi
000000002016-09-21-0000September 21, 2016
000000002017-01-03-0000January 3, 2017
Indian Administrative Service Officer of 1974 Batch,[32] Madhya Pradesh cadre[33]

David R. Syiemlieh
000000002017-01-04-0000January 4, 2017
000000002018-01-21-0000January 21, 2018
Academician[34] and former Vice-Chancellor of the Rajiv Gandhi University, Itanagar[35]

Vinay Mittal
000000002018-01-22-0000January 22, 2018
000000002018-06-19-0000June 19, 2018
Former Chairman of the Railway Board and Indian Railway Traffic Service Officer of 1975 Batch[36]

text: Functions[edit]

text: As mentioned in Article 320 of the Constitution of India, the Commission shall be consulted on all matters relating to recruitment to civil services and posts in India. The Commission carries out its functions through the Secretariat, further divided in divisions. Details and work of each division is mentions above in the 'Secretariat' section of this article. In a nutshell, the Commission perform following tasks:[37]

text:
Conduct examinations for appointment to the services of the Union.
Recruitment (Direct) by selection through interviews.
Appointment of Department officers on promotion, deputation and through absorption.
Framing and amendment of Recruitment Rules for various services and posts under the Government.
Disciplinary cases relating to different Civil Services.
On any matter referred to the UPSC, they can directly Advice the Government by the President of India.

text: Recruitment[edit]

text: UPSC is India's central recruiting agency. It is mandated by the Constitution of India for recruitment to Central and All India Services of the Republic of India. It carries out this task through 4 modes:[10]

text:
Direct Recruitment
Promotion
Deputation/absorption
Composite Method (Deputation + Promotion)

text: Direct recruitment[edit]

text: Conducted broadly by following two methods-[22][10]

text:
Competitive Examination
Selection

text: Candidates can apply for these exams and interviews through a separate portal which is the only means(offline) for applying to these posts.

text: Competitive examinations[edit]

text: The Commission conducts examinations on biannual/annual/biennial basis throughout India for appointment to various Civil/Defence services/posts. The notifications for these examinations are published in the Gazette of India and Employment News/Rozgar Samachar. A shorter version of notification is also published in major Indian newspapers including regional language newspapers. Copies of the notifications are also sent to all Employment Exchanges and Universities, etc.

text: UPSC conducts following examinations:[38][39]

text:
Civil Services Examination (CSE)
Engineering Services Examination (ESE)
Combined Medical Services Examination (CMSE)
Combined Defence Services Examination (CDSE)
National Defence Academy Examination (NDA)
Naval Academy Examination
Special Class Railway Apprentice (SCRA)
Indian Forest Service Examination
Indian Economic Service Examination
Indian Statistical Service Examination
Combined Geo-scientist and Geologist Examination
Central Armed Police Forces (Assistant Commandant) Examination (CAPF)
Section Officers/Stenographers (Grade-B/Grade-I) Departmental Competitive Examination

text: The examinations conducted for Civil Services have a success rate of 0.1%–0.3%.

text: Selection[edit]

text: The Commission has the responsibility of direct recruitment at various levels by the method of "selection" to Group "A" Posts and selected Group "B" Posts in the Central Government.

text: Vacancies are advertised in Employment News, and other major newspapers of India. Applicants are then short-listed through computerized 'Preliminary Scrutiny' software via a rational criteria. Higher qualifications and experience than that is prescribed in the notification may be the criteria. The short-listed candidates are then called for an interview. In case of a large number of candidates apply for a post or if it is not quite possible to short-list candidates on the basis of qualifications and/or experience, a 'Recruitment Test' may be conducted to shortlist the candidates.

text: These candidates are subjected to 'Interview Boards' which are presided over by Members of the Commission, assisted by eminent experts drawn from fields for which recruitment is being done.

text: Finally, the Commission approves the Interview-Board's Report and recommendation is sent to the concerned Ministry/Department that had sought candidates for the concerned post(s).[10][22]

text: Promotion[edit]

text: The Chairman or a Member of the Commission presides over the Departmental Promotion Committee Meetings for carrying out following promotions:

text:
From Group "B" to Group "A"
From one grade to another within Group "A", where promotion is to be made by Selection.

text: The Commission also performs promotions from State Civil/Police/Forest Services to All India Services through a "Selection Committee" presided over by the Chairman or a Member of the Commission in terms of the respective "IAS/IPS/IFS/Promotion Regulations" and selection of Non-State Civil Service Officers for appointment to the IAS under "IAS(Appointment by Selection) Regulations, 1997".[10][18]

text: Deputation/absorption[edit]

text: The Recruitment Rules for a number of posts provide for appointment by Deputation (including short term contract) and Absorption. If the post under consideration consists of Central and State Government officers, prior consultation with the Commission is required for selection of the officer. If the post under consideration consists of not only Central/State Government officers, but also include officers from non-Government Institutions, the selection shall be made in consultation with the Union Public Service Commission only.[10][19]

text: Museum[edit]

text: In November 2016, UPSC opened a museum for showcasing its possession of archival material including original pamphlets, documents, reports and various other records.[40][41] The 1st section displays various artifacts related to early administration in ancient and medieval India, and phases of growth of administration in modern India. It also provides information regarding civil services in China, USA, France, Japan and Bhutan. The 2nd section displays artifacts related to UPSC itself and the various examinations it had conducted. The 3rd section displays various reports of various committees appointed for suggesting improvements to quality of UPSC and Civil Services in India.[40][42]

text: The museum is located in the premises of UPSC Dholpur House and is open 10 am - 2 pm (Monday to Saturday). Entry is free and photography is allowed inside it.[42][41]

text: Limitations[edit]

text: Although the commission is granted its charter by Constitution itself, its scope is limited in following matters:[43]

text:
It cannot be consulted while making reservations of appointments to services or posts in favour of backward classes(SC-ST and others).
It shall not be consulted for selection for chairmanships or memberships of commissions or tribunals, and posts of highest diplomatic nature.
Almost all of group C and group D central services are fulfilled by the Staff Selection Commission, and not UPSC.
It is not consulted in the case of temporary selection or officiating appointment to a post if the person appointed is not likely to hold the post for more than one year.

text: As per Art 320, the president can also regulate or limit jurisdiction of UPSC w.r.t. any post, service or other matter relating to Central and All India Services. But all such regulations by the president shall be presented before Parliament within 14 days, and the parliament may amend or repeal them.[43]

text: The Supreme Court has too held that if the government fails to consult UPSC in the matters ascribed under Art 320, does not invalidate the decision of the government. Thus rendering this provision of constitution as only advisory and not binding.[44] Nonetheless, the government still remains answerable to parliament for deviating from the advice of the commission; thereby checking indiscriminate use of this provision by the government.[43][44]

text: With the formation of Department of Personnel and Training, UPSC is no longer concerned with the classification of services, pay and service conditions, cadre management, training etc., limiting its role to that of a recruiting agency. The formation of Central Vigilance Commission in 1964 also affected role of UPSC in disciplinary matters.

text: Criticism[edit]

text: Transparency and public oversight[edit]

text: UPSC, along with other State Public Service Commissions,[45] has came under public criticism for lack of transparency and accountability in its recruitment procedures. UPSC never discloses answer sheets and marking scheme for the examinations and interviews conducted by it.[46]

text: Gender issue in application form[edit]

text: While the notification of UPSC claims "Government strives to have a workforce which reflects gender balance and women candidates are encouraged to apply",[47] the application form available online doesn't have the option for "others" under the category of sex. This was highlighted through an RTI appeal filed by a Madurai-based 23-year-transgender, S. Swapna.[48]

text: Transgender S. Swapna and the gender activist Gopi Shankar Madurai[49] staged the protest in Madurai collectorate on 7 October 2013 demanding reservation and to permit alternate genders to appear for examinations conducted by TNPSC, UPSC, SSC and Bank Exams. Later, Swapna successfully moved the Madras High Court in 2013 seeking permission to write the TNPSC Group II exam as a woman candidate.[50]