document_title: List of NHL players with 50-goal seasons

question_text: how many nhl players have scored 50 goals in a season

text: Scoring 50 goals in one season is one of the most celebrated individual achievements in the National Hockey League (NHL).[1] In 1944–45, Maurice Richard became the first player to score 50 goals in a season. Bernie Geoffrion became the second player to reach the milestone 16 years later in 1960–61. Fifty-goal seasons increased in frequency during the 1970s and 1980s as offense increased across the league. By 1980, it had been reached 24 times in NHL history; the plateau was reached 76 times in the 1980s alone.

text: Wayne Gretzky scored his 50th goal in his 39th game in 1981–82, the fastest any player has done so. He also shares the record for most 50-goal seasons with Mike Bossy, each having reached the milestone nine times in their careers. A record fourteen players exceeded 50 goals in 1992–93, after which offence declined across the league, and with it the number of players to reach the total. For the first time in 29 years, no player scored 50 goals in 1998–99. Ninety-one unique players have scored 50 goals in any one NHL season, doing so a combined 186 times.

text: History[edit]

text: Joe Malone scored 44 goals for the Montreal Canadiens in the NHL's inaugural season of 1917–18—a season with a twenty-game schedule. It was a record that stood nearly 30 years.[2] The introduction of the centre red line and permission of forward passing out of the defensive zone in 1943 increased scoring;[3] six players scored 30 goals in 1943–44, the first time in league history so many players reached that total in one season.[4] Maurice Richard averaged a goal per game for Montreal in 1944–45 and surpassed Malone's record late in the season.[5] He was as obsessed with reaching the 50-goal mark as his opponents were with preventing it. Richard faced opponents who repeatedly elbowed, hooked and held him in an effort to prevent him from reaching 50.[2] As a result, he scored only seven goals in his final 13 games.[6] Richard scored his 50th goal, in 50 games, in the third period of Montreal's final game of the season against the Boston Bruins.[7] The league introduced the Maurice "Rocket" Richard Trophy in his honour in 1999, and the Canadiens donated the physical trophy.[8]

text: Richard's mark stood untouched for 16 seasons until Bernie Geoffrion became the second player to score 50 goals in 1960–61, also for Montreal, doing so in his 62nd game of the season (and the Canadiens' 68th).[1] Early in the 1960s, Chicago Black Hawks teammates Stan Mikita and Bobby Hull began experimenting with curved blades, noticing that different bends made shots more unpredictable for goaltenders. Mikita led the NHL in scoring four times using a curved blade,[9] while Hull became the third player in NHL history to score 50 goals in 1961–62. It was the first of five times he would reach the milestone.[10]

text: While playing for Boston in the 1970s, Phil Esposito scored 50 goals in five consecutive seasons, led by a then-NHL record 76 goals in 1970–71.[11] By 1980, 24 players had reached the mark.[12] Mike Bossy of the New York Islanders joined Richard as the second man in NHL history to score 50 goals in 50 games in 1980–81. He did so by scoring two goals in the final five minutes of the Islanders' 50th game.[12] Bossy, who had set a league rookie-scoring record with 53 goals in 1977–78, surpassed the 50-goal mark in each of his first nine NHL seasons.[13] The 1980s represented one of the highest scoring eras in NHL history:[14] on 76 occasions, a player scored 50 goals in a season.[1] Wayne Gretzky was responsible for nine of those occasions, including his league-record 92 goals in 1981–82.[15] In that season, Gretzky scored five goals in his 39th game of the season to total 50, bettering Richard and Bossy by 11 games as the fastest to reach the mark.[16]

text: A record 14 players scored 50 goals in 1992–93.[17] Among them was Teemu Selanne, who scored 76 goals as a rookie, surpassing Bossy's record for first-year players by 23 goals.[18] Brett Hull, son of Bobby, scored over 50 goals five times in the 1990s,[19] equalling his father's totals in the 1960s. As teams shifted their focus to defensive play rather than offensive, scoring rapidly declined in the late 1990s.[20] No player scored 50 in 1998–99, the first time that had happened in 29 years, excluding the lockout-shortened 1994–95 NHL season.[21]

text: Only five players reached the 50-goal mark between 1999 and 2004: Pavel Bure, Joe Sakic, Jaromir Jagr, Jarome Iginla, and Milan Hejduk. Following the 2004–05 lockout that cancelled the season, the league introduced numerous rule changes designed to increase scoring.[20] Five players scored 50 in 2005–06; however, the number of players reaching 50 goals has decreased since. Alexander Ovechkin was the only player to do so in 2008–09.[22] Ovechkin scored 50 goals for the fourth time in his career in 2009–10. He was one of three players to reach the mark, joined by Steven Stamkos and Sidney Crosby.[23] Ovechkin alone reached the mark again in 2013–14, 2014–15, and 2015–16.

text: Players[edit]

text:
Season
Player
Team
GP
G
Ref

1944–45
Richard, MauriceMaurice Richard
Montreal Canadiens
50
50
[7]

1960–61
Geoffrion, BernieBernie Geoffrion
Montreal Canadiens
64
50
[1]

1961–62
Hull, BobbyBobby Hull (1)
Chicago Black Hawks
70
50
[10]

1965–66
Hull, BobbyBobby Hull (2)
Chicago Black Hawks
65
54
[10]

1966–67
Hull, BobbyBobby Hull (3)
Chicago Black Hawks
66
52
[10]

1968–69
Hull, BobbyBobby Hull (4)
Chicago Black Hawks
74
58
[10]

1970–71
Esposito, PhilPhil Esposito (1)
Boston Bruins
78
76
[11]

1970–71
Bucyk, JohnnyJohnny Bucyk
Boston Bruins
78
51
[1]

1971–72
Esposito, PhilPhil Esposito (2)
Boston Bruins
76
66
[11]

1971–72
Hadfield, VicVic Hadfield
New York Rangers
78
50
[24]

1971–72
Hull, BobbyBobby Hull (5)
Chicago Black Hawks
78
50
[10]

1972–73
Esposito, PhilPhil Esposito (3)
Boston Bruins
78
55
[11]

1972–73
Redmond, MickeyMickey Redmond (1)
Detroit Red Wings
76
52
[25]

1972–73
MacLeish, RickRick MacLeish
Philadelphia Flyers
78
50
[26]

1973–74
Esposito, PhilPhil Esposito (4)
Boston Bruins
78
68
[11]

1973–74
Martin, RickRick Martin (1)
Buffalo Sabres
78
52
[27]

1973–74
Redmond, MickeyMickey Redmond (2)
Detroit Red Wings
76
51
[25]

1973–74
Hodge, KenKen Hodge
Boston Bruins
76
50
[28]

1974–75
Esposito, PhilPhil Esposito (5)
Boston Bruins
79
61
[11]

1974–75
Lafleur, GuyGuy Lafleur (1)
Montreal Canadiens
70
53
[29]

1974–75
Martin, RickRick Martin (2)
Buffalo Sabres
68
52
[27]

1974–75
Grant, DannyDanny Grant
Detroit Red Wings
80
50
[24]

1975–76
Leach, ReggieReggie Leach (1)
Philadelphia Flyers
80
61
[30]

1975–76
Lafleur, GuyGuy Lafleur (2)
Montreal Canadiens
80
56
[29]

1975–76
Larouche, PierrePierre Larouche (1)
Pittsburgh Penguins
76
53
[1]

1975–76
Pronovost, JeanJean Pronovost
Pittsburgh Penguins
80
52
[31]

1975–76
Gare, DannyDanny Gare (1)
Buffalo Sabres
79
50
[32]

1975–76
Barber, BillBill Barber
Philadelphia Flyers
80
50
[33]

1976–77
Shutt, SteveSteve Shutt
Montreal Canadiens
80
60
[34]

1976–77
Lafleur, GuyGuy Lafleur (3)
Montreal Canadiens
80
56
[29]

1976–77
Dionne, MarcelMarcel Dionne (1)
Los Angeles Kings
80
53
[35]

1977–78
Lafleur, GuyGuy Lafleur (4)
Montreal Canadiens
78
60
[29]

1977–78
Bossy, MikeMike Bossy (1)
New York Islanders
73
53
[13]

1978–79
Bossy, MikeMike Bossy (2)
New York Islanders
80
69
[13]

1978–79
Dionne, MarcelMarcel Dionne (2)
Los Angeles Kings
80
59
[35]

1978–79
Lafleur, GuyGuy Lafleur (5)
Montreal Canadiens
80
52
[29]

1978–79
Chouinard, GuyGuy Chouinard
Atlanta Flames
80
50
[24]

1979–80
Simmer, CharlieCharlie Simmer (1)
Los Angeles Kings
64
56
[36]

1979–80
Gare, DannyDanny Gare (2)
Buffalo Sabres
76
56
[32]

1979–80
Stoughton, BlaineBlaine Stoughton (1)
Hartford Whalers
80
56
[37]

1979–80
Dionne, MarcelMarcel Dionne (3)
Los Angeles Kings
80
53
[35]

1979–80
Bossy, MikeMike Bossy (3)
New York Islanders
75
51
[13]

1979–80
Gretzky, WayneWayne Gretzky (1)
Edmonton Oilers
79
51
[38]

1979–80
Larouche, PierrePierre Larouche (2)
Montreal Canadiens
73
50
[1]

1979–80
Lafleur, GuyGuy Lafleur (6)
Montreal Canadiens
74
50
[29]

1979–80
Leach, ReggieReggie Leach (2)
Philadelphia Flyers
76
50
[30]

1980–81
Bossy, MikeMike Bossy (4)
New York Islanders
79
68
[13]

1980–81
Dionne, MarcelMarcel Dionne (4)
Los Angeles Kings
80
58
[35]

1980–81
Simmer, CharlieCharlie Simmer (2)
Los Angeles Kings
65
56
[36]

1980–81
Gretzky, WayneWayne Gretzky (2)
Edmonton Oilers
80
55
[38]

1980–81
Kehoe, RickRick Kehoe
Pittsburgh Penguins
80
55
[24]

1980–81
Babych, WayneWayne Babych
St. Louis Blues
78
54
[24]

1980–81
Richard, JacquesJacques Richard
Quebec Nordiques
78
52
[24]

1980–81
Maruk, DennisDennis Maruk (1)
Washington Capitals
80
50
[39]

1981–82
Gretzky, WayneWayne Gretzky (3)
Edmonton Oilers
80
92
[38]

1981–82
Bossy, MikeMike Bossy (5)
New York Islanders
80
64
[13]

1981–82
Maruk, DennisDennis Maruk (2)
Washington Capitals
80
60
[39]

1981–82
Ciccarelli, DinoDino Ciccarelli (1)
Minnesota North Stars
76
55
[40]

1981–82
Vaive, RickRick Vaive (1)
Toronto Maple Leafs
77
54
[41]

1981–82
Stoughton, BlaineBlaine Stoughton (2)
Hartford Whalers
80
52
[37]

1981–82
Middleton, RickRick Middleton
Boston Bruins
75
51
[42]

1981–82
Dionne, MarcelMarcel Dionne (5)
Los Angeles Kings
78
50
[35]

1981–82
Messier, MarkMark Messier
Edmonton Oilers
78
50
[43]

1981–82
Trottier, BryanBryan Trottier
New York Islanders
80
50
[44]

1982–83
Gretzky, WayneWayne Gretzky (4)
Edmonton Oilers
80
71
[38]

1982–83
McDonald, LannyLanny McDonald
Calgary Flames
80
66
[45]

1982–83
Bossy, MikeMike Bossy (6)
New York Islanders
79
60
[13]

1982–83
Goulet, MichelMichel Goulet (1)
Quebec Nordiques
80
57
[46]

1982–83
Dionne, MarcelMarcel Dionne (6)
Los Angeles Kings
80
56
[35]

1982–83
Secord, AlAl Secord
Chicago Black Hawks
80
54
[47]

1982–83
Vaive, RickRick Vaive (2)
Toronto Maple Leafs
78
51
[41]

1983–84
Gretzky, WayneWayne Gretzky (5)
Edmonton Oilers
74
87
[38]

1983–84
Goulet, MichelMichel Goulet (2)
Quebec Nordiques
75
56
[46]

1983–84
Kerr, TimTim Kerr (1)
Philadelphia Flyers
79
54
[48]

1983–84
Anderson, GlennGlenn Anderson (1)
Edmonton Oilers
80
54
[49]

1983–84
Kurri, JariJari Kurri (1)
Edmonton Oilers
64
52
[50]

1983–84
Vaive, RickRick Vaive (3)
Toronto Maple Leafs
76
52
[41]

1983–84
Bossy, MikeMike Bossy (7)
New York Islanders
67
51
[13]

1983–84
Bullard, MikeMike Bullard
Pittsburgh Penguins
76
51
[51]

1984–85
Gretzky, WayneWayne Gretzky (6)
Edmonton Oilers
80
73
[38]

1984–85
Kurri, JariJari Kurri (2)
Edmonton Oilers
73
71
[50]

1984–85
Bossy, MikeMike Bossy (8)
New York Islanders
76
58
[13]

1984–85
Goulet, MichelMichel Goulet (3)
Quebec Nordiques
69
55
[46]

1984–85
Ogrodnick, JohnJohn Ogrodnick
Detroit Red Wings
79
55
[52]

1984–85
Kerr, TimTim Kerr (2)
Philadelphia Flyers
74
54
[48]

1984–85
Carpenter, BobbyBobby Carpenter
Washington Capitals
80
53
[53]

1984–85
Hawerchuk, DaleDale Hawerchuk
Winnipeg Jets
80
53
[54]

1984–85
Gartner, MikeMike Gartner
Washington Capitals
80
50
[55]

1985–86
Kurri, JariJari Kurri (3)
Edmonton Oilers
78
68
[50]

1985–86
Bossy, MikeMike Bossy (9)
New York Islanders
80
61
[13]

1985–86
Kerr, TimTim Kerr (3)
Philadelphia Flyers
76
58
[48]

1985–86
Anderson, GlennGlenn Anderson (2)
Edmonton Oilers
72
54
[49]

1985–86
Goulet, MichelMichel Goulet (4)
Quebec Nordiques
75
53
[46]

1985–86
Gretzky, WayneWayne Gretzky (7)
Edmonton Oilers
80
52
[38]

1986–87
Gretzky, WayneWayne Gretzky (8)
Edmonton Oilers
79
62
[38]

1986–87
Kerr, TimTim Kerr (4)
Philadelphia Flyers
75
58
[48]

1986–87
Lemieux, MarioMario Lemieux (1)
Pittsburgh Penguins
63
54
[56]

1986–87
Kurri, JariJari Kurri (4)
Edmonton Oilers
79
54
[50]

1986–87
Ciccarelli, DinoDino Ciccarelli (2)
Minnesota North Stars
80
52
[40]

1987–88
Lemieux, MarioMario Lemieux (2)
Pittsburgh Penguins
77
70
[56]

1987–88
Simpson, CraigCraig Simpson
Pittsburgh Penguins/Edmonton Oilers
80
56
[57]

1987–88
Carson, JimmyJimmy Carson
Los Angeles Kings
80
55
[58]

1987–88
Robitaille, LucLuc Robitaille (1)
Los Angeles Kings
80
53
[59]

1987–88
Nieuwendyk, JoeJoe Nieuwendyk (1)
Calgary Flames
75
51
[60]

1987–88
Yzerman, SteveSteve Yzerman (1)
Detroit Red Wings
64
50
[61]

1987–88
Richer, StephaneStephane Richer (1)
Montreal Canadiens
72
50
[62]

1987–88
Loob, HakanHakan Loob
Calgary Flames
80
50
[24]

1988–89
Lemieux, MarioMario Lemieux (3)
Pittsburgh Penguins
76
85
[56]

1988–89
Nicholls, BernieBernie Nicholls
Los Angeles Kings
79
70
[63]

1988–89
Yzerman, SteveSteve Yzerman (2)
Detroit Red Wings
80
65
[61]

1988–89
Gretzky, WayneWayne Gretzky (9)
Los Angeles Kings
78
54
[38]

1988–89
Nieuwendyk, JoeJoe Nieuwendyk (2)
Calgary Flames
77
51
[60]

1988–89
Mullen, JoeJoe Mullen
Calgary Flames
79
51
[64]

1989–90
Hull, BrettBrett Hull (1)
St. Louis Blues
80
72
[19]

1989–90
Yzerman, SteveSteve Yzerman (3)
Detroit Red Wings
79
62
[61]

1989–90
Neely, CamCam Neely (1)
Boston Bruins
76
55
[65]

1989–90
Bellows, BrianBrian Bellows
Minnesota North Stars
80
55
[66]

1989–90
LaFontaine, PatPat LaFontaine (1)
New York Islanders
74
54
[67]

1989–90
Robitaille, LucLuc Robitaille (2)
Los Angeles Kings
80
52
[59]

1989–90
Richer, StephaneStephane Richer (2)
Montreal Canadiens
75
51
[62]

1989–90
Leeman, GaryGary Leeman
Toronto Maple Leafs
80
51
[24]

1990–91
Hull, BrettBrett Hull (2)
St. Louis Blues
78
86
[19]

1990–91
Neely, CamCam Neely (2)
Boston Bruins
69
51
[65]

1990–91
Fleury, TheorenTheoren Fleury
Calgary Flames
79
51
[68]

1990–91
Yzerman, SteveSteve Yzerman (4)
Detroit Red Wings
80
51
[61]

1991–92
Hull, BrettBrett Hull (3)
St. Louis Blues
73
70
[19]

1991–92
Stevens, KevinKevin Stevens (1)
Pittsburgh Penguins
80
54
[69]

1991–92
Roberts, GaryGary Roberts
Calgary Flames
76
53
[24]

1991–92
Roenick, JeremyJeremy Roenick (1)
Chicago Blackhawks
80
53
[70]

1992–93
Mogilny, AlexanderAlexander Mogilny (1)
Buffalo Sabres
77
76
[71]

1992–93
Selanne, TeemuTeemu Selanne (1)
Winnipeg Jets
84
76
[18]

1992–93
Lemieux, MarioMario Lemieux (4)
Pittsburgh Penguins
60
69
[56]

1992–93
Robitaille, LucLuc Robitaille (3)
Los Angeles Kings
84
63
[59]

1992–93
Bure, PavelPavel Bure (1)
Vancouver Canucks
83
60
[72]

1992–93
Turgeon, PierrePierre Turgeon
New York Islanders
83
58
[73]

1992–93
Yzerman, SteveSteve Yzerman (5)
Detroit Red Wings
84
58
[61]

1992–93
Stevens, KevinKevin Stevens (2)
Pittsburgh Penguins
72
55
[69]

1992–93
Hull, BrettBrett Hull (4)
St. Louis Blues
80
54
[19]

1992–93
Andreychuk, DaveDave Andreychuk (1)
Buffalo Sabres/Toronto Maple Leafs
83
54
[74]

1992–93
LaFontaine, PatPat LaFontaine (2)
Buffalo Sabres
84
53
[67]

1992–93
Recchi, MarkMark Recchi
Philadelphia Flyers
84
53
[75]

1992–93
Shanahan, BrendanBrendan Shanahan (1)
St. Louis Blues
71
51
[76]

1992–93
Roenick, JeremyJeremy Roenick (2)
Chicago Blackhawks
84
50
[70]

1993–94
Bure, PavelPavel Bure (2)
Vancouver Canucks
76
60
[72]

1993–94
Hull, BrettBrett Hull (5)
St. Louis Blues
81
57
[19]

1993–94
Fedorov, SergeiSergei Fedorov
Detroit Red Wings
82
56
[77]

1993–94
Andreychuk, DaveDave Andreychuk (2)
Toronto Maple Leafs
83
53
[74]

1993–94
Shanahan, BrendanBrendan Shanahan (2)
St. Louis Blues
81
52
[76]

1993–94
Sheppard, RayRay Sheppard
Detroit Red Wings
82
52
[78]

1993–94
Graves, AdamAdam Graves
New York Rangers
84
52
[24]

1993–94
Neely, CamCam Neely (3)
Boston Bruins
49
50
[65]

1993–94
Modano, MikeMike Modano
Dallas Stars
76
50
[79]

1995–96
Lemieux, MarioMario Lemieux (5)
Pittsburgh Penguins
70
69
[56]

1995–96
Jagr, JaromirJaromir Jagr* (1)
Pittsburgh Penguins
82
62
[80]

1995–96
Mogilny, AlexanderAlexander Mogilny (2)
Vancouver Canucks
79
55
[71]

1995–96
Bondra, PeterPeter Bondra (1)
Washington Capitals
67
52
[81]

1995–96
LeClair, JohnJohn LeClair (1)
Philadelphia Flyers
82
51
[82]

1995–96
Sakic, JoeJoe Sakic (1)
Colorado Avalanche
82
51
[83]

1995–96
Tkachuk, KeithKeith Tkachuk (1)
Winnipeg Jets
76
50
[84]

1995–96
Kariya, PaulPaul Kariya
Mighty Ducks of Anaheim
82
50
[85]

1996–97
Tkachuk, KeithKeith Tkachuk (2)
Phoenix Coyotes
81
52
[84]

1996–97
Selanne, TeemuTeemu Selanne (2)
Mighty Ducks of Anaheim
78
51
[18]

1996–97
Lemieux, MarioMario Lemieux (6)
Pittsburgh Penguins
76
50
[56]

1996–97
LeClair, JohnJohn LeClair (2)
Philadelphia Flyers
82
50
[82]

1997–98
Selanne, TeemuTeemu Selanne (3)
Mighty Ducks of Anaheim
73
52
[18]

1997–98
Bondra, PeterPeter Bondra (2)
Washington Capitals
76
52
[81]

1997–98
Bure, PavelPavel Bure (3)
Vancouver Canucks
82
51
[72]

1997–98
LeClair, JohnJohn LeClair (3)
Philadelphia Flyers
82
51
[82]

1999–2000
Bure, PavelPavel Bure (4)
Florida Panthers
74
58
[72]

2000–01
Bure, PavelPavel Bure (5)
Florida Panthers
82
59
[72]

2000–01
Sakic, JoeJoe Sakic (2)
Colorado Avalanche
82
54
[83]

2000–01
Jagr, JaromirJaromir Jagr* (2)
Pittsburgh Penguins
81
52
[80]

2001–02
Iginla, JaromeJarome Iginla* (1)
Calgary Flames
82
52
[86]

2002–03
Hejduk, MilanMilan Hejduk
Colorado Avalanche
82
50
[87]

2005–06
Cheechoo, JonathanJonathan Cheechoo
San Jose Sharks
82
56
[88]

2005–06
Jagr, JaromirJaromir Jagr* (3)
New York Rangers
82
54
[80]

2005–06
Kovalchuk, IlyaIlya Kovalchuk (1)
Atlanta Thrashers
78
52
[89]

2005–06
Ovechkin, AlexanderAlexander Ovechkin* (1)
Washington Capitals
81
52
[90]

2005–06
Heatley, DanyDany Heatley* (1)
Ottawa Senators
82
50
[91]

2006–07
Lecavalier, VincentVincent Lecavalier*
Tampa Bay Lightning
82
52
[92]

2006–07
Heatley, DanyDany Heatley* (2)
Ottawa Senators
82
50
[91]

2007–08
Ovechkin, AlexanderAlexander Ovechkin* (2)
Washington Capitals
82
65
[90]

2007–08
Kovalchuk, IlyaIlya Kovalchuk (2)
Atlanta Thrashers
79
52
[89]

2007–08
Iginla, JaromeJarome Iginla* (2)
Calgary Flames
82
50
[86]

2008–09
Ovechkin, AlexanderAlexander Ovechkin* (3)
Washington Capitals
79
56
[90]

2009–10
Crosby, SidneySidney Crosby*
Pittsburgh Penguins
81
51
[93]

2009–10
Stamkos, StevenSteven Stamkos* (1)
Tampa Bay Lightning
82
51
[94]

2009–10
Ovechkin, AlexanderAlexander Ovechkin* (4)
Washington Capitals
72
50
[90]

2010–11
Perry, CoreyCorey Perry*
Anaheim Ducks
82
50
[95]

2011–12
Stamkos, StevenSteven Stamkos* (2)
Tampa Bay Lightning
82
60
[94]

2011–12
Malkin, EvgeniEvgeni Malkin*
Pittsburgh Penguins
75
50
[96]

2013–14
Ovechkin, AlexanderAlexander Ovechkin* (5)
Washington Capitals
78
51
[90]

2014–15
Ovechkin, AlexanderAlexander Ovechkin* (6)
Washington Capitals
81
53
[90]

2015–16
Ovechkin, AlexanderAlexander Ovechkin* (7)
Washington Capitals
79
50
[90]


document_title: Cheraw dance

question_text: which indian folk dance uses bamboo sticks place horizontally on the ground

root

text: Cheraw dance

text:
Cheraw dance
Jampui girls performing the Cheraw danceGenre
FolkOrigin
India

tag: table

text: Cheraw dance is a ritual dance performed in Mizoram, India, consisting of four people holding two crossed pairs of bamboo staves. It is one of the most famous dances in Mizoram, and a center of attraction during festive occasions. Similar dances are found in the Far East and in the Philippines, where it is known as Tinikling.[1]

tag: p

text: The Cheraw dance is characterized by the use of bamboo staves, which are kept in cross and horizontal forms on the ground. While the male dancers move these bamboo staves in rhythmic beats, the female dancers perform by stepping in and out of the bamboo blocks. Recognized as one of the oldest dances of Mizoram, the Cheraw dance has become an integral part of almost every festival of Mizoram.

text: It is believed that the Cheraw dance originated as early as the 1st century AD. Long bamboo staves are used for this dance, therefore many people call it "Bamboo Dance". Aptly supported by two bases, the bamboos are clapped together on a particular beat by the male dancers. The females who have a perfect sense of timing, dance gracefully by stepping in and out of the crossed and horizontally laid bamboo staves.  The dancers move by stepping alternatively in and out from between and across a pair of horizontal bamboos, held against the ground by people sitting face to face on either side. They tap the bamboos in rhythmic beats. The bamboos, placed horizontally, are supported by two bases, one at each end. The bamboos, when clapped, produce a sound which forms the rhythm of the dance. It indicates the timing of the dance as well. The dancers steps in and out to the beats of the bamboos with ease and grace.

text: The common costumes worn by the female performers during the Cheraw dance Dance include Thihna, Vakiria, Kawrchei and Puanchei. All these traditional costumes of Cheraw Dance come in vibrant colors that further brighten up the surrounding environment.

text: In the ancient ages, Cheraw dance Dance was performed with the hope of providing solace to soul of a deceased mother who had left her newborn child on earth. However, today, the horizon of Cheraw dance Dance has expanded considerably. In fact this dance is performed on every big and small occasion of Mizoram.

text: More often than not the various movements made by the Cheraw dance dancers are inspired by the nature. While some expressions of Cheraw dance Dance resemble the swaying of trees some others indicate the flying of birds. There is no denying the fact that Cheraw dance Dance is surely a most enchanting form of Mizoram culture.


document_title: Scoville scale

question_text: what is the scoville unit of a habanero pepper

text: Scoville scale

text: Scoville organoleptic test[edit]

text: In the Scoville organoleptic test, an exact weight of dried pepper is dissolved in alcohol to extract the heat components (capsaicinoids), then diluted in a solution of sugar water.[6][7][8] Decreasing concentrations of the extracted capsaicinoids are given to a panel of five trained tasters, until a majority (at least three) can no longer detect the heat in a dilution.[7][8][9] The heat level is based on this dilution, rated in multiples of 100 SHU.[7]

text: A weakness of the Scoville organoleptic test is its imprecision due to human subjectivity, depending on the taster's palate and number of mouth heat receptors, which varies widely among people.[9] Another weakness is sensory fatigue;[9] the palate is quickly desensitized to capsaicinoids after tasting a few samples within a short time period.[7] Results vary widely (up to ± 50%) between laboratories.[8]

text: Pungency units[edit]

text: Since the 1980s, spice heat has been measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) which measures the concentration of heat-producing chemicals, such as capsaicin.[6] HPLC results enable use of a mathematical formula that weights them according to their relative capacity to produce perceived heat ("pungency"). This method yields results in American Spice Trade Association (ASTA) "pungency units" which are then multiplied by 15 to produce a Scoville score defined as one part capsaicin per million in a unit of dried pepper mass.[11]

text: Scoville ratings[edit]

text: Considerations[edit]

text: Since Scoville ratings are defined per unit of dry mass, comparison of ratings between products having different water content can be misleading. For example, typical fresh chili peppers have a water content around 90%, whereas Tabasco sauce has a water content of 95%.[12] For law-enforcement-grade pepper spray, values from 500,000 up to 1 million SHU have been mentioned,[13] but the actual strength of the spray depends on the dilution.[1]

text: Numerical results for any specimen vary depending on its cultivation conditions and the uncertainty of the laboratory methods used to assess the capsaicinoid content. Pungency values for any pepper are variable, owing to expected variation within a species—easily by a factor of 10 or more—depending on seed lineage, climate (humidity is a big factor for the Bhut Jolokia; the Dorset Naga and the original Naga have quite different ratings), and even soil (this is especially true of habaneros). The inaccuracies described in the measurement methods above also contribute to the imprecision of these values.[8]

text: Capsicum peppers[edit]

text: Capsicum chili peppers are commonly used to add pungency in cuisines worldwide.[5] Subjective sensory feedback from people experienced with tasting hot chili peppers indicates five possible categories related to perceiving chili heat and the corresponding Scoville units: 1) development of heat sensation over time, 2) duration, 3) location (lips, mouth, throat, stomach), 4) sensation of heat, and 5) intensity (specifically related to Scoville units).[5] The range of pepper heat reflected by a Scoville score is from 100 or less (sweet peppers) to over 3 million (Pepper X) (table below; Scoville scales for individual chili peppers are in the respective linked article).

text:
Scoville heat units
Peppers

0.6 to 3.2 million
Carolina Reaper, Pepper X, Dragon's Breath, Naga Morich[14]

350.000 to 600.000
Red Savina pepper

100,000 to 350.000
Habanero, Scotch Bonnet

10,000 to 100,000
Malagueta pepper, Cayenne pepper

1,000 to 10,000
Guajillo pepper, Jalapeño

100 to 1,000
Banana pepper, Cubanelle

0 - 100
Bell pepper

text: Capsaicinoids[edit]

text: The class of compounds causing pungency in plants like chili peppers is called capsaicinoids, which display a linear correlation between concentration and Scoville scale, and may vary in content during ripening.[15]

text:
Scoville heat units
Chemical

16,000,000,000
Resiniferatoxin

5,300,000,000
Tinyatoxin

16,000,000
Capsaicin

15,000,000
Dihydrocapsaicin

9,200,000
Nonivamide

9,100,000
Nordihydrocapsaicin

8,600,000
Homocapsaicin, Homodihydrocapsaicin

160,000
Shogaol

100,000
Piperine

60,000
Gingerol

16,000
Capsiate


document_title: Stand by Me (film)

question_text: who did wil wheaton play in stand by me

question_tokens: who did wil wheaton play in stand by me

text: Stand by Me (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Author Gordie Lachance reads a newspaper article titled "Attorney Christopher Chambers Fatally Stabbed In Restaurant". Seeing two young boys ride past on bicycles, Gordie narrates a flashback (later revealed to be Gordie writing) to a childhood incident when he and three buddies undertook a journey to find the body of a missing boy near the town of Castle Rock, Oregon, over Labor Day weekend in 1959.

text: Young Gordie is a quiet, bookish boy who likes to tell stories. His parents, grieving the recent death of Gordie's older brother Denny, neglect their younger son. Gordie's friends are Chris Chambers, whose relatives are criminals and alcoholics; Teddy Duchamp, an eccentric and physically scarred boy; and Vern Tessio, who is overweight and timid.

text: Vern overhears his older brother, Billy, and Billy's friend, Charlie Hogan, discussing Ray Brower, a young boy who has been missing for some time. Gordie, Chris, Teddy, and Vern decide to find Ray's body, hoping to become local heroes. Chris steals his father's M1911 pistol, and the boys set out, stopping at a nearby junkyard to drink from its water pump. The boys hang out in the junkyard for a while, while Gordie leaves to buy food for the journey. When Gordie returns, he sees his friends jumping the fence to escape Milo Pressman, the junkman, and his dog Chopper. Gordie escapes as well. Pressman, infuriated, threatens to call the boys' parents and calls Teddy's father a "loony"; Teddy attempts to attack Pressman, but the boys restrain him and they leave.

text: At nighttime, Gordie tells the other boys a story of Davie "Lard-Ass" Hogan, an overweight boy who is constantly teased and bullied. Hogan enters a pie-eating contest, but his goal was not to win, but to exact revenge. Prior to the contest, Hogan consumed a full bottle of castor oil and a raw egg. After eating several pies and briefly dominating the contest, Hogan vomits, inducing the vomiting of the contestants and crowd members, humiliating and embarrassing his tormentors.

text: After a series of misadventures and self-revelation, the boys locate the body. However, local hoodlum "Ace" Merrill and his gang, including Chris' older brother "Eyeball" Chambers, Billy Tessio, Charlie Hogan, and three other gang members, arrive in cars to claim the body and the credit for finding it. When Chris refuses to allow this, Ace draws a switchblade with intent to kill him, but Gordie intervenes with the pistol Chris had stolen. Ace and his gang leave and Ace vows revenge.

text: The boys agree to report the body via an anonymous phone call to the authorities and hike back to Castle Rock and bid each other farewell until they see each other in a few days, at junior high school.

text: The present-day Gordie writes that while he and Chris remained friends, they drifted apart from Teddy and Vern shortly after that day. Gordie notes how everyone's life turned out: Vern married immediately after high school, has four children, and drives a forklift at a local lumberyard. Teddy tried enlisting in the army but was turned down because of bad eyesight and an ear injury; he later served time in prison and now does odd jobs around town. Chris went to college and became a lawyer; when attempting to break up a fight in a fast-food restaurant, he was fatally stabbed.

text: After finishing the story, Gordie walks outside and drives away with his son and his son's friend to take them swimming.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Wil Wheaton as Gordie Lachance (aged 12)

Richard Dreyfuss as Gordie Lachance (adult; credited as "The Writer")

River Phoenix as Chris Chambers
Corey Feldman as Teddy Duchamp
Jerry O'Connell as Vern Tessio
Kiefer Sutherland as John "Ace" Merrill, gang leader
Casey Siemaszko as Billy Tessio, gang member
John Cusack as Denny Lachance
Marshall Bell as Mr. Lachance
Frances Lee McCain as Mrs. Lachance
Gary Riley as Charlie Hogan, gang member
Bradley Gregg as Richard "Eyeball" Chambers, gang member
Jason Oliver as Vince Desjardins, gang member
Bruce Kirby as Mr. Quidacioluo, store owner
William Bronder as Milo Pressman, junkyard owner
Scott Beach as Mayor Grundy
Andy Lindberg as Davie "Lard-Ass" Hogan

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Bruce A. Evans sent a copy of Stephen King's novella The Body to Karen Gideon, the wife of his friend and writing partner Raynold Gideon on August 29, 1983 as a gift for her birthday.[3] Both Gideon and Evans quickly became fans of the novella and shortly thereafter contacted King's agent, Kirby McCauley, seeking to negotiate film rights; McCauley replied that King's terms were $100,000 and 10% of the gross profits. Although the money was not an issue, the share of gross profits was considered excessive, especially considering that no stars could be featured to help sell the movie. In response, Evans and Gideon pursued an established director, Adrian Lyne, to help sell the project.[3]

text: After reading the novella, Lyne teamed up with Evans and Gideon, but all the studios the trio approached turned the project down except for Martin Shafer at Embassy Pictures. Embassy spent four months negotiating the rights with McCauley, settling on $50,000 and a smaller share of the profits, and Evans and Gideon spent eight weeks writing the screenplay. Evans and Gideon asked to also produce the film, but Shafer suggested they team up with Andy Scheinman, a more experienced producer.[3] Embassy was unwilling to meet Lyne's salary for directing the film until Evans and Gideon agreed to give up half of their share of profits to meet Lyne's asking price.[3]

text: Reiner later recalled that Lyne was going to direct the film, but had promised himself a vacation following the production of 9½ Weeks,[4][5] and would not be available to start production until the spring of 1986.[3] Reiner, better known at the time as the actor who had played 'Meathead' Stivic in All in the Family, was sent the script by Scheinman,[3] and his initial reaction was the script had promise but "no focus".[6] After Lyne withdrew from the project, Reiner signed on to direct in September 1984.[3] Reiner realized the story should focus on Gordie, as "his father always paid more attention to his older brother" and he identified with that, as he struggled with the shadow of fame cast by his comedian father, Carl Reiner.[6] The writers incorporated Reiner's suggestions, producing a new script by December 1984 for Embassy's review and approval.[3]

text: Days before shooting started in the summer of 1985, Embassy was sold to Columbia Pictures, who made plans to cancel the production.[3] Norman Lear, one of the co-owners of Embassy, gave $7.5 million of his own money to complete the film, citing his faith in Reiner and the script.[6] However, since Embassy also would have distributed the film, once the film was completed it had no distributor. The producers showed a print to Michael Ovitz, head of the powerful Creative Artists Agency, and Ovitz promised to help them find a distributor.[3] Paramount, Universal Pictures, and Warner Bros. all passed on the film; Columbia Pictures production head Guy McElwaine screened the film at his house because he was feeling ill, and the positive reaction of his daughters convinced him to distribute the film.[3][6]

text: Casting[edit]

text: In a 2011 interview with NPR, Wil Wheaton attributed the film's success to the director's casting choices:

text: Rob Reiner found four young boys who basically were the characters we played. I was awkward and nerdy and shy and uncomfortable in my own skin and really, really sensitive, and River was cool and really smart and passionate and even at that age kind of like a father figure to some of us, Jerry was one of the funniest people I had ever seen in my life, either before or since, and Corey was unbelievably angry and in an incredible amount of pain and had an absolutely terrible relationship with his parents.[7]

text: Feldman recalled how his home life translated into his onscreen character: "[Most kids aren't] thinking they're going to get hit by their parents because they're not doing well enough in school, which will prevent them from getting a work permit, which will prevent them from being an actor."[6] O'Connell agreed that he was cast based on how his personality fit the role, saying "Rob really wanted us to understand our characters. He interviewed our characters. [...] I tried to stay like Vern and say the stupid things Vern would. I think I was Vern that summer."[8] Reiner and the producers interviewed more than 70 boys for the four main roles,[3] out of more than 300 who auditioned;[8] Phoenix originally read for the part of Gordie Lachance.[8]

text: Rather than start shooting right away, Reiner put the four main actors together for two weeks to play games from Viola Spolin's Improvisation for the Theater (which Reiner called "the bible" of theater games)[8] and build camaraderie, which led to a real friendship between them and several one-shot takes, where the young actors hit their cues perfectly.[6] Wheaton would recall "When you saw the four of us being comrades, that was real life, not acting."[8]

text: Before settling on Richard Dreyfuss as the narrator (and the role of the adult Gordie), Reiner considered David Dukes, Ted Bessell, and Michael McKean.[6]

text: Locations[edit]

text: Parts of the film were shot in Brownsville, Oregon, which stood in for the fictional town of Castle Rock. The town was selected for its small town, 1950s ambience.[9][10] The town fondly remembers the making of the movie in June and July 1985, in which approximately 100 local residents were employed as extras, and since 2007 has held an annual Stand By Me Day each July which has drawn international attendees.[9]

text: The blueberry pie eating contest was also filmed in Brownsville; residents were employed as extras and a local bakery supplied the pies and extra filling, which was mixed with large-curd cottage cheese to simulate the vomit.[11] The quantity of simulated vomit varied per person, from as much as 5 US gallons (19 l) during the triggering event to little as 1⁄16 US gallon (0.24 l).[11]

text: Scenes that include the "mailbox baseball" game and the junkyard scenes were filmed in Veneta, Oregon. The junkyard is still in operation. The campout/standing guard scene was filmed in Eugene, Oregon, just a few miles from Veneta. The general store is in Franklin, Oregon, just north of Veneta. Scenes along the railroad tracks were shot near Cottage Grove, Oregon, along the Oregon, Pacific and Eastern Railway. The line was abandoned 1994; the roadbed was repurposed as the Row River National Recreation Trail.

text: The scene where the boys outrace a steam train engine across an 80-foot tall trestle was filmed on the McCloud River Railroad, above Lake Britton Reservoir, near McArthur-Burney Falls Memorial State Park in California.[12] The scene took a full week of shooting, making use of four small adult female stunt doubles with closely cropped hair, made up to look like the film's protagonists.[12] Plywood planks were laid across the trestles to provide a safer surface on which the stunt doubles could run.[12] The locomotive used for the scene, M.C.R.R. 25, is still in daily operation for excursion service on the Oregon Coast Scenic Railroad.[12] Telephoto compression was used to make the train appear much closer than it actually was, and the actors did not feel a sense of danger until Reiner threatened them. "You see those guys? They don’t want to push that dolly down the track any more. And the reason they’re getting tired is because of you. I told them if they weren't worried that the train was going to kill them, then they should worry that I was going to. And that's when they ran."[4]

text: Title[edit]

text: In March 1986, Columbia Pictures, concerned that the original title, The Body, was misleading, renamed the film Stand by Me. According to screenwriter Raynold Gideon, "...it sounded like either a sex film, a bodybuilding film or another Stephen King horror film. Rob came up with Stand by Me, and it ended up being the least unpopular option."[13]

text: Music[edit]

text: Jack Nitzsche composed the film's musical score. On August 8, 1986, a soundtrack album was released containing many of the 1950s and early 1960s oldies songs featured in the film:

text:
"Everyday" (Buddy Holly) – 2:07
"Let the Good Times Roll" (Shirley and Lee) – 2:22
"Come Go with Me" (The Del-Vikings) – 2:40
"Whispering Bells" (The Del-Vikings) – 2:25
"Get a Job" (The Silhouettes) – 2:44
"Lollipop" (The Chordettes) – 2:09
"Yakety Yak" (The Coasters) – 1:52
"Great Balls of Fire" (Jerry Lee Lewis) – 1:52
"Mr. Lee" (The Bobbettes) – 2:14
"Stand by Me" (Ben E. King) – 2:55

tag: ol

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film was a box office success in North America. It opened in a limited release on August 8, 1986 in 16 theaters and grossed $242,795, averaging $15,174 per theater. The film then had its wide opening in 745 theaters on August 22 and grossed $3,812,093, averaging $5,116 per theater and ranking #2. The film's widest release was 848 theaters, and it ended up earning $52,287,414 overall, well above its $8 million budget.[14]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 91% of 53 surveyed critics gave the film a positive rating; the average rating was 8/10.[15]

text: Reviewing for The New York Times, Walter Goodman thought the direction was rather self-conscious, "looking constantly at his audience"; Goodman called it a "trite narrative" and that "Reiner's direction hammers in every obvious element in an obvious script."[16] Dave Kehr wrote "there's nothing natural in the way Reiner has overloaded his film with manufactured drama" in his review for the Chicago Tribune.[17] In contrast, Sheila Benson called it "[a treasure] absolutely not to be missed" in her review for the Los Angeles Times.[18] Paul Attanasio, reviewing for The Washington Post, called the acting ensemble "wonderful", and particularly praised the performances by Wheaton and Phoenix.[19]

text: Stephen King, whose novella this film was adapted from, was very impressed with the finished result[20] and indicated, on the special features of the 25th anniversary Blu-ray set, that he considered the film to be the first successful translation to film of any of his works. According to a later interview with Gene Siskel, Reiner recalls that after a private early screening of the film, King excused himself for fifteen minutes to compose himself, returning to remark "That's the best film ever made out of anything I've written, which isn't saying much. But you've really captured my story. It is autobiographical."[21]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: Nominations

text:
Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama
Golden Globe Award for Best Director (Rob Reiner)
Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay (Raynold Gideon & Bruce A. Evans)
WGA Award for Best Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium (Raynold Gideon & Bruce A. Evans)
Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures (Rob Reiner)
AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:

"Lollipop" – Nominated[22]

AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – Nominated[23]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) – Nominated[24]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Events and tourism[edit]

text: Brownsville has held an annual "Stand By Me Day" since 2007, which has attracted international participants[9] and includes a pie eating contest.[11] On July 24, 2010, a 25th Anniversary Celebration of the filming of Stand by Me was held in Brownsville, Oregon. The event included a cast and crew Q&A session, an amateur blueberry pie eating contest, and an outdoor showing of the film.[25]

text: Stand By Me Day was officially fixed to July 23 by the Brownsville Chamber of Commerce in 2013.[26] To encourage tourism, the city has embedded a penny in the street at Main and Park, where Vern found one, and an advertising mural painted for the movie production has survived.[27]

text: Production company[edit]

text: In 1987, following the success of Stand by Me, Reiner co-founded a film and television production company and named it Castle Rock Entertainment, after the fictional setting of the story.[20]

text: Books[edit]

text: Andrew A. Smith wrote the young adult novel Grasshopper Jungle, published in 2014, which has been described as "Stand by Me meets Attack the Block".[28]

text: Movies[edit]

text:
Jonathan Bernstein states the pop culture discussions between characters in films by Quentin Tarantino originate in the similar semi-serious banter between the boys of Stand by Me.[29]
Reviewers have seen an influence from Stand by Me in the 2011 movie Attack the Block, directed by Joe Cornish.[30]
The movie Mud (2012) has a character (Neckbone) who has been called a "perfect fusion of River Phoenix and Jerry O'Connell in 'Stand by Me.'"[31][32] The writer and director, Jeff Nichols, said of the film "Yeah, you know, I basically remade Stand by Me" when defending the work-in-progress to studio executives.[33]
The Kings of Summer, a 2013 coming-of-age film by Jordan Vogt-Roberts, has been reviewed as being inspired by Stand by Me.[31][34][35]

text: Music[edit]

text: Dan Mangan's song "Rows of Houses" (2011) is based on this movie and takes the perspective of Gordie Lachance.[36]

text: Television[edit]

text:
Seinfeld, the first television show produced by Reiner's Castle Rock production company, featured banter between Jerry Seinfeld and George Costanza that was reminiscent of the dialogue between the protagonists of Stand by Me.[29]
The plotline of "The Blunder Years", a 2001 episode from the thirteenth season of The Simpsons, revolves around a repressed childhood trauma in which Homer Simpson, along with his friends Lenny and Carl, discover a body blocking an inlet for the Springfield Quarry.[31][37]
Actors auditioning for roles on the Netflix show Stranger Things were asked to read lines from Stand by Me and one episode was named The Body in homage to the source novella.[31][38]

text: Video games[edit]

text: The English localization of the original Pokémon games featured an easter egg where the hero can search the television downstairs in the starting house, which states it is playing a movie where "four boys are walking down railroad tracks", referring to the movie Stand by Me.[31][39]


document_title: 8 Simple Rules

question_text: who played ed gibb on 8 simple rules

question_tokens: who played ed gibb on 8 simple rules

text: 8 Simple Rules

text: Premise[edit]

text: The rules are:

text:
Use your hands on my daughter and you'll lose them after.
You make her cry, I make you cry.
Safe sex is a myth. Anything you try will be hazardous to your health.
Bring her home late, there's no next date.
If you pull into my driveway and honk, you better be dropping off a package because you're sure not picking anything up (Alternative rule #5: Only delivery men honk. Dates ring the doorbell. Once.)
No complaining while you're waiting for her. If you're bored, change my oil.
If your pants hang off your hips, I'll gladly secure them with my staple gun.
Dates must be in crowded public places. You want romance? Read a book.

text: The third season (after Ritter's death) took a creative turn, revolving more around cousin C.J. (David Spade) and grandfather Jim (James Garner), than the immediate Hennessy family, more specifically not revolving around the raising of the Hennessy girls. After the novelty of newly added ensemble characters wore off, the series returned to its original format.

text: Production[edit]

text: Ritter's death[edit]

text: The first three episodes of the series' second season had been completed when Ritter experienced discomfort during a rehearsal on the afternoon of September 11, 2003.[2] Crew members took him to a nearby hospital, Providence Saint Joseph Medical Center, where he was misdiagnosed as having a heart attack and as a result, his condition had worsened when physicians later diagnosed him with an aortic dissection, and he died that evening at the age of 54.[3][4][5] Following Ritter's death, ABC announced that 8 Simple Rules would continue after a hiatus, and would incorporate the death of his character. The three new episodes that Ritter completed were aired with Sagal introducing them.

text: 8 Simple Rules returned two months after Ritter's death with a one-hour episode, "Goodbye", which was turned into a tribute to Ritter's character. Subsequent episodes dealt with the family's reaction to his death and how they moved on from it. The first four post-Ritter episodes were shot without a live audience with James Garner and Suzanne Pleshette guest-starring as Cate's strict parents and David Spade guest-starring as Cate's wayward nephew, C.J. Barnes. Garner and Spade later received starring roles in order to fill the void left by Ritter for the remainder of the series' run.

text: Third season and cancellation[edit]

text: Before Ritter's death, 8 Simple Rules ranked 42nd in the Nielsen ratings. After Ritter's death, it had slipped to 50th, but was renewed for a third season, in which ABC moved the series to Friday at 8:00 pm as part of its TGIF comedy line-up. The series' creator and showrunner, Tracy Gamble, left the series for a time over creative differences prior to the third season, but he later returned as a consulting producer midway through the third season. Gamble was replaced by Judd Pillot and John Peaslee, who had performed the same role in the final season of Spade's sitcom, Just Shoot Me!.[6] The series plunged to 94th in the ratings. Even before the third-season finale's airing, rumors began circulating that 8 Simple Rules was facing cancellation due to Ritter's death and poor ratings. The Friday night "death slot" ratings took their toll on 8 Simple Rules. The third season finale was not aired for May sweeps. The finale received a 3.9/8 rating share which gave ABC a third-place finish behind NBC's Dateline (5.8/11) and CBS's Joan of Arcadia (4.9/10), which starred Ritter's son, Jason. Shortly afterwards, ABC officially cancelled 8 Simple Rules in May 2005.[7]

text: Cast of characters[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Paul Hennessy, portrayed by John Ritter (2002–2003), is a former sports writer who worked from home as a Lifestyle columnist described as being "the master of the double standard" and a "Psycho-Dad", as well as a perceived hypocrite who often embarrasses his children, even if he wants what is best for them. Nonetheless, he loves his children, and wants them to have happy futures. Paul dies in the second season after collapsing in the store while buying milk. (Though no real reason is given for why he collapsed, it is believed that it had something to do with his heart, as was the reason for John Ritter's death.)
Cate S. Hennessy (née Egan), portrayed by Katey Sagal, is the wife, mother, nurse, and easily the most sane and composed person in the family. She takes a nursing job at the kids' school so she can work standard hours and spend more time with the kids. Cate starts dating her kids' high-school principal, Ed Gibb (portrayed by Adam Arkin), towards the end of season three. During her teens, she was more or less just as popular, scheming, and rebellious as Bridget, thus she is usually the first to notice when Bridget is up to something. She received her middle name "Stinky" as a result of her father promising his best friend he would name one of his children after him after accidentally stabbing him with a bayonet while they were drunk in Korea; to hide this, she claims that the S stands for "Stacy."
Bridget Erin "Beach" Hennessy, portrayed by Kaley Cuoco, is the beautiful, ditzy oldest child. She is depicted as a stereotypical blonde, a popular bombshell who is preoccupied with her looks, teenaged boys, and little else. She sometimes displays intelligence or profundity, but these are initially few and far between, yet often poignant. Her favorite book is J. D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye.[8] After her father dies, she begins to steadily mature. Bridget initially felt guilty about Paul's death because the last words she ever spoke to him were "I hate you" after arguing with him earlier that morning, because he said no to her using the car. In season two, Bridget was revealed to have been conceived on a beach.[9]
Kerry "Care Bear" Hennessy, portrayed by Amy Davidson, is the middle child, but is not very happy about it. She is often seen as unattractive when compared to her beautiful older sister, Bridget. She was accused by Bridget of stealing her (ex-) boyfriend, Kyle, though clearly Bridget's actions drove Kyle away. Kerry is sarcastic, often making snide remarks about essentially everybody, though less to her mother. She is also a passionate activist who cares about animal rights. She lost her virginity to Bruno (her boyfriend in Europe) later in the third season. She is often annoyed at her sister and is easily upset, yet frequently the two girls team up against their parents' authority or at the expense of their younger rascal brother. Kerry is also very artistic and keeps a sketchbook. She is the smart child, but often shows naiveté. After she starts dating Bridget's popular ex-boyfriend Kyle, her own popularity increases, and she begins to act a little more like her older sister.
Rory Joseph Hennessy, portrayed by Martin Spanjers, is Cate and Paul's son and their youngest child. He constantly tattles on his sisters, getting twisted pleasure out of it, as per his remark when he had stirred the pot to his liking: "This is just like my birthday!" Usually he waits until his sisters already commit an infraction, then he tattles to see his father explode. Rory is his father's favorite, being the boy. He becomes involved in money-making schemes with C.J. He is commonly seen playing in the living room and mentions wanting a monkey, which he once had by trading some of his father's baseball cards; the monkey was later traded for a guitar, which was short-lived, as Rory annoyed the family with it. He also delights in showing his friends the private aspects of his sister Bridget's life, mentioning once that his friends looted Bridget's underwear drawer. Rory was hit hard by Paul's death and ended up punching a hole in his wall out of anger, cutting his hand. He covered for it saying he burnt it taking a casserole out of the oven. After he enters high school, Rory matures, leaving C.J. to be the wisecracker of the family. However, Rory still had his moments.
Jim Egan, portrayed by James Garner (2003–2005), is Cate's father. Jim served in the Korean War and is proud of his service (he angers whenever it is mentioned as a "police action"). He is very protective of the family. He often sneaks away to smoke tobacco. He is divorced, having formerly resided in Florida before moving into Cate's basement, and often used to try to beat C.J. with his cane. He takes pride in C.J.'s success as a teacher. When C.J.'s biological father comes to visit his son, Jim feels out of place and angry because he prepared a car for C.J. after he becomes a full-fledged teacher, but then Mr. Barnes gives C.J. a sports car.
C.J. Barnes, portrayed by David Spade (2004–2005), is Cate's nephew. He was once in the Army and claims to have studied aerial photography during the Gulf War, and to have received a Purple Heart in combat, which is in complete contrast with his generally childish attitude. He is a teacher at the school and often pursues women, albeit unsuccessfully. When C.J. first arrives, the family is initially surprised. He reveals to them that he was ashamed that he did not live up to be the person Paul had once said he would be and avoided them because of that. He lives along with his grandfather, Jim, in the basement (having previously lived in a van, which was burned by that same grandfather). He once dated Mrs. Krupp, his cousins' (Kerry and Bridget) math teacher, but he ended up cheating on her with his ex-girlfriend Cheryl. He once revealed that his first initial stands for Corey, but Rory said that was untrue. C.J. previously smoked marijuana heavily (and in fact used to smoke with Kyle's older brother), but at the start of his appearances, he claims not to have touched it in two years (he originally claimed it was five, though he relented after Jim expressed disbelief).

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Kyle, portrayed by Billy Aaron Brown, is Bridget's – and later Kerry's – boyfriend. He is often seen spending time with Rory when not with either Kerry or Bridget. His father, Tommy, used to work with Paul.
Ed Gibb, portrayed by Adam Arkin, is the principal of the local high school. Cate and he knew each other in high school, and even dated. When discussing it, their account of their first romantic encounter varied, with either believing they had more self-control and admitting to the other that they liked the other as just friends. Despite this, they have had some very intimate moments.
Coach Scott, portrayed by Dan Cortese, is a high-school coach on whom Bridget had a crush. He likes Cate, and Cate initially likes him, but then discovers Bridget's crush, which causes her to deny Scott's romantic advances towards her.
Jenna Sharpe, portrayed by Nikki Danielle Moore (2003–2005), is Paul's boss Nick's daughter, and one of Bridget's rivals, who later becomes her friend. She has a younger sister, Rachael (Nicole Mansour), who is a friend of Kerry.
Missy Kleinfeld, portrayed by Daniella Monet (2003–2004), is Rory's love interest in season two. She has a sister, Sissy (Elena Lyons), who likes C.J.
Jeremy, portrayed by Jonathan Taylor Thomas (2004), is Bridget's tutor and eventual boyfriend. He is considered a nerd at school, and because of this, Bridget at first denies her interest in him by saying it was only because he was her tutor.
Anthony W., portrayed by Cole Williams (2002–2003), is a student in Bridget's class. He was a white boy who spoke like a black rapper, often resulting in confusion. In "Cool Parent", he is shown to play lacrosse.
Maggie Barnes (née Egan), portrayed by Cybill Shepherd, is Cate's sister and C.J.'s mother. Maggie shares the same sensitive, moody nature as Kerry. However, it appears (from a conversation between Ed Gibb and Cate) that Cate was the smarter one, as well as being more popular.
Fred Doyle, portrayed by John Ratzenberger, is a persistent and over-friendly neighbor of the Hennessys, and husband of Mary Ellen (portrayed originally by Shelley Long and then by Cindy Williams). He is the father of Donald "Donny" Doyle, who has dated Bridget for some time. Fred was the head of the neighborhood watch, and his family is revealed as religious when Bridget claims she is going over for Bible study in an episode in season two.
Mrs. Crupp, portrayed by Suzy Nakamura, is a math teacher from school.
Damian, portrayed by Paul Wesley, is Bridget's ex-boyfriend. He appeared in two episodes.
Lacey/Lacy, portrayed by Kala Savage (2003-2004), a sometimes friend of Bridget, appeared in three episodes.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Nielsen ratings

First aired
Last aired
Average viewers
(in millions)
Rank

1
28
September 17, 2002 (2002-09-17)
May 20, 2003 (2003-05-20)
10.9[10]
#46[10]

2
24
September 23, 2003 (2003-09-23)
May 18, 2004 (2004-05-18)
10.0[11]
#50[11]

3
24
September 24, 2004 (2004-09-24)
April 15, 2005 (2005-04-15)
6.8[12]
#90[12]

text: Syndication[edit]

text: While 8 Simple Rules ratings were well above those of the surrounding TGIF shows during its third season, ABC cancelled it due to the perceived inability to sell reruns of the show into syndication (a fourth season would have given the show the 100 episodes necessary to enter daily syndication).

text: On July 11, 2005 (less than two months after ABC officially cancelled it), The WB network announced it would air back-to-back repeats of all 76 episodes of 8 Simple Rules from 4–5 p.m. as part of the replacement of Kids' WB with the more broad-audience Daytime WB block. It aired weekdays from January 2, 2006 to September 15, 2006 when it was replaced by Reba upon the merger of UPN and The WB into The CW.[13]

text: On Tuesday, June 12, 2007, the show joined the ABC Family line-up, airing weekdays from 6:00 pm to 7:00 pm Then in September 2008, the show started airing from 3:00 pm to 4:00 pm, until October 10, 2008. On October 3, 2009, 8 Simple Rules returned to ABC Family, having been absent for a year, airing on Saturdays from 10:00 am to 11:00 am, and Sundays at 11:00 a.m.-12:00 pm[14] Airings have been sporadic due to the channel's unpredictable movie schedule and holiday programming block. On February 8, 2010, the series was added back to ABC Family's weekday lineup, airing from 6-7PM/ET, replacing The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air. After a few months of being absent on the channel, 8 Simple Rules resumed airings on ABC Family at 7/6 c on select weekend mornings, beginning July 18, 2010. In mid-December 2012, 8 Simple Rules was removed from ABC Family's weekday line-up, only to be added back in September 2013.

text: In 2003, the show began airing in the UK on the Disney Channel, which was edited for children's viewing.[15] It was picked up by ABC1 which aired the show until the channel's closure in 2007. The same year, Channel 5 began airing the series, in which season one only aired, then from 2008, was shown on 5*, which aired all three seasons.[16] The series was aired uncut on subsequent channels following its cancellation by Disney Channel. Both Channel 5 and 5* aired the series in its originally-produced widescreen format.

text: Danish channel TV3 and the Canadian channels YTV and ABC Spark (the Canadian version of ABC Family) also have carried the series.

text: The series was shown on Irish channel RTÉ Two, then later, rights to the show were acquired by TG4, which aired the series weeknights at 5.35 pm. The series was shown on both these channels full uncut, despite the fact it was shown pre-watershed (9.00 pm), although, the show was issued an age rating. On RTÉ Two it was issued a 'PS' rating and on TG4, a '12' rating.

text: Comedy Central UK obtained the rights to the show and will start airing it in the UK on 12 June 2017.

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: On August 7, 2007, Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released Season 1 of 8 Simple Rules on DVD in Region 1. Season 1 was released in Britain on September 1, 2008.[17]

text: In August 2008, Lionsgate Home Entertainment announced that they had acquired the rights to the series from ABC Studios. They subsequently released Season 2 on DVD in Region 1 on May 19, 2009.[18]

text:
DVD Name
Ep #
Region 1
Region 2
Region 4

The Complete First Season
28
August 7, 2007
September 1, 2008
November 12, 2008[19]

The Complete Second Season
24
May 19, 2009
TBA
TBA

The Complete Third Season
24
TBA
TBA
TBA

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Category
Recipient
Result
Ref(s)

56th Primetime Emmy Awards
Cinematography for a Multi-Camera Series
Bruce L. Finn
Won
[20]

Lead Actor in a Comedy Series
John Ritter (posthumously)
Nominated


document_title: Hindi Medium (film)

question_text: what is the name of heroine in hindi medium

text: Hindi Medium (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Raj Batra (Irrfan Khan) is a rich businessman from Delhi staying with his wife Mita (Saba Qamar). They studied in a Hindi Medium school but wants their 5 year old daughter, Pia (Dishita Sehgal), to be admitted to one of the top schools in Delhi. The top school, 'Delhi Grammar School', has a condition that they will admit students who reside within 3km radius, so the family moves to Vasant Vihar.

text: Later they realise that parents are interviewed for the admission. They go to a consultant, Shikha (Tillotama Shome), who grooms them for the interview. However, Raj fails to deliver his tutored answers in the interview and gets exposed. As a result, their daughter get rejected by all the schools. Raj tries all sorts of ploys but none of his tricks succeed.

text: Raj and Mita learn from their employee how he got his daughter admission through Right To Education (RTE) quota. Raj takes the help of a tout after he assures that he can rig the lottery process through which students are selected. But just as the couple is about to enjoy their success, a news report expose the manipulation of the RTE quota by rich parents. Raj and Mita panic, as the only option before them is to actually start living the life of a poverty stricken family at the address which they had filled in the form.

text: Their neighbours, Shyam Prakash Kori (Deepak Dobriyal) and his wife Tulsi, help them through their ordeals without knowing the truth, despite having limited means. One day a teacher from 'Delhi Grammar School' arrives to do a background verification. He catches the bluff of Raj but Shyam saves him by telling that he may be a victim of circumstances. The couple convinces the teacher on his second visit, who tells them to arrange Rs. 24000 as extracurricular charges. Late in the night Shyam sees Raj in the ATM and thinks he is trying to steal money. Shyam stops him from taking the money and instead gets himself hit by a SUV to extort money from the car owner.

text: Piya eventually gets admission, but Mohan (Angshuman Nandi), the son of Shyam does not get selected. Raj and his family leave the home and return to their Vasant Vihar home. The couple goes to the school where Mohan is studying, to sponsor his studies. After watching the state of affairs they donate a substantial amount to renovate it and get new books. Shyam after watching his son being fluent in English meets the principal and through him gets the address of the donor. Although he get angry after knowing the reality, he cools down after watching Pia in the school. Raj's guilt takes over and inspite of Mita's resistance, he meets the school principal (Amrita Singh) to cancel his daughter's admission. The principal concerned with the reputation of the school at stake does not agree to his proposal. Eventually Raj gives a moving speech in the auditorium and walks away from the school. Later Raj and Mita send Piya to the government run Hindi Medium school where Mohan studies.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Irrfan Khan as Raj Batra
Saba Qamar as Meeta Batra
Deepak Dobriyal as Shyamprakash Kori
Sanjana Sanghi as young Meeta
Delzad Hiwale as young Raj Batra
Sumit Gulati as Raj's junior shopkeeper
Swati Das as Tulsi Kori, Shyam's wife
Dishita Sehgal as Pia Batra
Angshuman Nandi as Mohan
Jaspal Sharma
Vijay Kumar Dogra
Amrita Singh as the principal of Delhi Grammar School
Neha Dhupia as Aarti
Sushil Parwana
Tillotama Shome as Consultant
Rajesh Sharma in a special appearance as a local politician
Sanjay Suri as Kabir
Mallika Dua in a special appearance
Rajiv Gupta as Master Ji (Raj Batra's Father)
Tanishkaa Sanghvi in a special appearance as the singer girl in the song "Ek Jindari"

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was released worldwide on 19 May 2017.[3] Hindi Medium was declared 'tax-free' in Gujarat, Maharashtra,[4][5] Madhya Pradesh[6] and Delhi.[7]

text: The satellite rights of Hindi Medium , along with Raabta, were sold to Sony Pictures Networks.

text: Controversy[edit]

text: The makers of the Bengali movie Ramdhanu (2014), directed by the duo Nandita Roy and Shiboprosad Mukherjee, had launched a copyright case against Hindi Medium with claims of story-line having a strong resemblance.[8] In response to this, the film director Saket Chaudhary said,

text: "We have researched our script over a year and it is based on original material. I would request everyone involved to not rush to a judgement without ascertaining the facts. And the facts can easily be confirmed by watching Hindi Medium on May 12."[9]

text: Hindi Medium eventually won the case by providing the appropriate facts and arguments. With the verdict going to go in favour of Hindi Medium, the makers of Ramdhanu withdrew all the charges made in their plagiarism and copyright claim against the film.[10]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Hindi Medium collected ₹ 2.81 crore on its opening day and became the highest solo opener of Irrfan khan.[11] Also it clashed with a much bigger release Half Girlfriend starring Shraddha Kapoor and Arjun Kapoor in lead roles which earned over 10.5 crore on the first day. But graduallyHindi Medium turned to be more successful than the former. After one week the film collected ₹ 25.21 crore at the box office.[12] It had a good second week grossing ₹ 17.75 crore. The film collected around 8 crores in its 3rd weekend taking its domestic total to ₹ 55 crore. The film also collected 15 crores from satellite and overseas rights. [13] It became the 7th highest grosser in 2 weeks. It grossed ₹69 crore in total after its fifth weekend in India. The film also grossed US $ 2 million with a worldwide total of around ₹ 102.71cr.[2] The film emerged as a sleeper hit at the box office.[14]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Hindi Medium

Soundtrack album by Sachin–Jigar

Released
21 April 2017

Recorded
2016–2017

Genre
Feature film Soundtrack

Length
21:20

Label
T-Series

Sachin–Jigar chronology

Meri Pyaari Bindu
(2017)Meri Pyaari Bindu2017
Hindi Medium
(2017)

text: The music of the film is composed by Sachin–Jigar while lyrics have been penned by Priya Saraiya and Kumaar. Amar Mohile has given the background score. The soundtrack was released on 21 April 2017 by T-Series.[15][16]

text:
No.
Title
Lyrics
Music
Singer(s)
Length

1.
"Suit Suit"
Guru Randhawa, Arjun
Guru Randhawa, Rajat Nagpal
Guru Randhawa, Arjun
3:10

2.
"Hoor"
Priya Saraiya
Sachin–Jigar
Atif Aslam
3:57

3.
"Oh Ho Ho Ho"
Ikka, Sukhbir
Sukhbir, Abhijit Vaghani
Sukhbir, Ikka Singh
4:04

4.
"Ek Jindari"
Kumaar
Sachin–Jigar
Taniskaa Sanghvi
4:31

5.
"Fakiri"
Traditional
Neeraj Arya
Neeraj Arya
5:38

Total length:
21:20

text: Sequel[edit]

text: Producer Dinesh Vijan told Mid-Day, “The response we have got is phenomenal. The entire unit of ‘Hindi Medium’, including Irrfan and Saba, who look cool as a couple on screen, should be repeated in a film. There is definitely scope for a sequel. We would certainly explore it.” Vijan added, “It’s too early. Also, I still have to talk to director Saket Chaudhary, who is currently working on another movie project.”[17]