document_title: Arlington National Cemetery

question_text: who gave the land for arlington national cemetery

question_tokens: who gave the land for arlington national cemetery

text: Arlington National Cemetery

text: History[edit]

text: George Washington Parke Custis, grandson of Martha Washington, acquired the land that now is Arlington National Cemetery in 1802, and began construction of Arlington House (the name is ultimately derived from the village of Arlington, Gloucestershire, England, where Custis' family was originally from). The estate passed to Custis' daughter, Mary Anna, who had married United States Army officer Robert E. Lee. Custis' will gave a "life inheritance" to Mary Lee, allowing her to live at and run Arlington Estate for the rest of her life but not enabling her to sell any portion of it.[4] Upon her death, the Arlington estate passed to her eldest son, George Washington Custis Lee.[4]

text: When Virginia seceded from the Union at the start of the American Civil War, Robert E. Lee resigned his commission on April 20, 1861, and took command of the armed forces of the Commonwealth of Virginia, later becoming commander of the Army of Northern Virginia.[5] On May 7, troops of the Virginia militia occupied Arlington and Arlington House.[6] With Confederate forces occupying Arlington's high ground, the capital of the Union was left in an untenable military position.[7] Although unwilling to leave Arlington House, Mary Lee believed her estate would soon be recaptured by federal soldiers. So she buried many of her family treasures on the grounds and left for her sister's estate at Ravensworth in Fairfax County, Virginia, on May 14.[8][9] On May 3, General Winfield Scott ordered Brigadier General Irvin McDowell to clear Arlington and the city of Alexandria, Virginia, of all troops not loyal to the United States.[10] McDowell occupied Arlington without opposition on May 24.[11]

text: At the outbreak of the Civil War, most military personnel who died in battle near Washington, D.C., were buried at the United States Soldiers' Cemetery in Washington, D.C., or Alexandria Cemetery in Alexandria, Virginia, but by late 1863 both were nearly full.[12] On July 16, 1862, Congress passed legislation authorizing the U.S. federal government to purchase land for national cemeteries for military dead, and put the U.S. Army Quartermaster General in charge of this program.[12] In May 1864, Union forces suffered large numbers of dead in the Battle of the Wilderness. Quartermaster General Montgomery C. Meigs ordered that an examination of eligible sites be made for the establishment for a large new national military cemetery. Within weeks, his staff reported that Arlington Estate was the most suitable property in the area.[12] The property was high and free from floods (which might unearth graves), it had a view of the District of Columbia, and it was aesthetically pleasing. It was also the home of the leader of the armed forces of the Confederate States of America, and denying Robert E. Lee use of his home after the war was a valuable political consideration.[13] The first military burial at Arlington, for William Henry Christman, was made on May 13, 1864,[14] close to what is now the northeast gate in Section 27.[15] However, Meigs did not formally authorize establishment of burials until June 15, 1864.[16] Arlington did not desegregate its burial practices until President Harry S. Truman issued Executive Order 9981 on July 26, 1948.[17]

text: The government acquired Arlington at a tax sale in 1864 for $26,800, equal to $410,000 today.[18] Mrs. Lee had not appeared in person but rather had sent an agent, attempting to pay the $92.07 in property taxes (equal to $1,400 today) assessed on the estate in a timely manner.[19] The government turned away her agent, refusing to accept the tendered payment. In 1874, Custis Lee, heir under his grandfather's will passing the estate in trust to his mother, sued the United States claiming ownership of Arlington. On December 9, 1882, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5–4 in Lee's favor in United States v. Lee, deciding that Arlington had been confiscated without due process.[19][20] After that decision, Congress returned the estate to him, and on March 3, 1883, Custis Lee sold it back to the government for $150,000 (equal to $3,271,364 in 2017) at a signing ceremony with Secretary of War Robert Todd Lincoln.[18][21] The land then became a military reservation.[22]

text: President Herbert Hoover conducted the first national Memorial Day ceremony in Arlington National Cemetery, on May 30, 1929.[23]

text: Freedmen's Village[edit]

text: Beginning in 1863, the federal government used the southern portion of the land now occupied by the cemetery as a settlement for freed slaves, giving the name of "Freedmen's Village" to the land. The government constructed rental houses that 1,100 to 3,000 freed slaves eventually occupied while farming 1,100 acres (450 ha) of the estate and receiving schooling and occupational training during the Civil War and after War ended.[21][24] However, after the land became part of a military reservation, the government asked the Villagers to leave. When some remained, John A. Commerford, the Superintendent of Arlington National Cemetery, asked the Army's Quartermaster General in 1887 to close the Village on the grounds that people living in the Village had been taking trees at night from the cemetery for use as firewood.[22][25] The Quartermaster General and the Secretary of War then approved Commerford's request.[22] The last of the Village's residents departed after the 56th United States Congress appropriated $75,000 in 1900 to settle the government's debts to them.[22]

text: Recent expansion[edit]

text: With limited space but large numbers of World War II, Korean War, Vietnam War, and other veterans dying and wanting to be buried at Arlington, the need for additional burial space at the cemetery became a pressing issue. In 1991, Cemetery superintendent John C. Metzler, Jr., implemented a $1.4 million plan to clear a former 13 acres (5.3 ha) parking lot to create space for about 9,000 new grave sites.[26]

text: The Cemetery received the authority to transfer 12 acres (4.9 ha) of woodland from the NPS-controlled Arlington House in 1996[27][28] and 2001,[29][30] 37 acres (15 ha) of land in 1999 from the DOD that was the site of the Navy Annex building,[31][32] 8 acres (3.2 ha) of land in 1999 from the Department of the Army that was part of Fort Myer,[31][33] 4 acres (1.6 ha) of land from Arlington County's Southgate Road right-of-way in 2004,[34] and just under 10 acres (4.0 ha) of land from Fort Myer in 2005.[29][35][36]

text: In 2007, Metzler implemented the Millennium Project, a $35 million expansion plan to begin utilizing the Arlington woodland, Fort Myer, and Navy Annex land. The project also included converting 40 acres (16 ha) of unused space and 4 acres (16,000 m2) of maintenance property on the cemetery grounds into burial space in 2006 and 2007 to allow an additional 26,000 graves and 5,000 inurnments. The Millennium Project expanded the cemetery's physical boundaries for the first time since the 1960s, and was the largest expansion of burial space at the site since the American Civil War.[35] Several environmental and historical preservation groups criticized Metzler's plans, as did the NPS and the manager of Arlington House.[35][36][37]

text: On March 26, 2013, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013 (Public Law 113-6) appropriated to the DOD $84 million to plan, design and construct the Millennium Project.[38] The legislation additionally appropriated to the DOD $19 million to study, plan and design a future expansion of the cemetery's burial space.[38]

text: Navy Annex property expansion controversy[edit]

text: In 1998, a Congressional proposal to expand the cemetery onto land that the Navy Annex and Fort Myer then occupied led to concerns that Arlington County officials had not been properly consulted, leading to the withdrawal of the proposal.[39] However, the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000 (Public Law 106-65), which was enacted into law during October 1999, subsequently required the Secretary of Defense to transfer to the Secretary of the Army administrative jurisdiction of the 36 acres (15 ha) Navy Annex property. The Act required the Secretary of Defense to demolish the Annex's buildings and prepare the property for use as part of the cemetery, while requiring the Secretary of the Army to incorporate the Annex property into the cemetery.[32]

text: In January 2013, the County Manager of Arlington County, Virginia, and the Executive Director of the Army National Military Cemeteries (consisting of Arlington National Cemetery and the United States Soldiers' and Airmen's Home National Cemetery)[40] signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between the Arlington County Board and the Department of the Army to expand the cemetery even further. Under the tentative plan, Arlington County would give up the easement for Southgate Road (which lies between the Navy Annex property and the cemetery's 2012 boundary), and obtain a narrow easement along the southwest border of the Navy Annex site for a new Southgate Road. In exchange, the Department of Defense would give the Navy Annex parking lot to the county.

text: The Army would also transfer land west of South Joyce Street to Columbia Pike to Arlington County. Additionally, the Commonwealth of Virginia would convey to the cemetery roughly the northern half of the Virginia Department of Transportation land bounded by South Joyce Street, Columbia Pike, and South Washington Boulevard. The cloverleaf interchange between Columbia Pike and S. Washington Blvd. would be eliminated, and the hairpin turn in Columbia Pike straightened, to provide a safer, more natural exit from S. Washington Blvd. onto Columbia Pike. Although exact acreages were not specified and the plan depended upon the Commonwealth of Virginia's cooperation, the MOU if implemented would have created a more contiguous plot of land for the cemetery.[41]

text: However, in December 2016, the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017 (Public Law 114-328) authorized the Secretary of the Army to expand the cemetery by acquiring from Arlington County and the Commonwealth of Virginia by condemnation and other means properties near the cemetery that contain the Southgate Road, South Joyce Street and Washington Boulevard right-of-ways, including the Washington Boulvard-Columbia Pike interchange.[42] The Army then informed the Arlington County government in June 2017 that the Army would no longer pursue a land exchange with the County. The Army told the County that the Army would use the entire Navy Annex site to expand the cemetery and would acquire for the cemetery about 5 acres (2.0 ha) of public land that Arlington County then owned. The Army would also acquire for the cemetery expansion about 7 acres (2.8 ha) of land located between Columbia Pike and Interstate 395 that the Commonwealth of Virginia then owned.[43]

text: Arlington Woods expansion controversy[edit]

text: On February 22, 1995, officials of the United States Department of the Interior and the United States Department of the Army signed an agreement to transfer from Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial, to the Army a part of Arlington Woods, which was located in Section 29 of the NPS at Arlington National Cemetery between Arlington House and Fort Myer.[44] The property transfer, which involved 12 acres (4.9 ha) of NPS land, was intended to permit Metzler to start expanding the cemetery beyond its existing boundaries.[28][45]

text: Environmentalists expressed concerns that the agreement would result in the partial destruction of the 24 acres (9.7 ha) remnant of an historically important stand of native trees.[37][46] A historical marker near the woodland notes that, while visiting Arlington House in 1825, Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette had warned Mary Lee Fitzhugh Custis, the wife of George Washington Parke Custis: "Cherish these forest trees around your mansion. Recollect how much easier it is to cut a tree than to make one grow." The marker further notes that the Virginia Native Plant Society had recognized the woodland as being one of the best examples of old growth terraced gravel forest remaining in Virginia.[47]

text: On September 23, 1996, the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997 (Public Law 104-201) authorized the Secretary of the Interior to transfer to the Secretary of the Army all of the land in Section 29 that was within an "Arlington National Cemetery Interment Zone" and some of the land in the Section that was within a "Robert E. Lee Memorial Preservation Zone".[27][28]

text: On March 5, 1998, the NPS, which is a component of the Department of the Interior, informed the National Capital Planning Commission that it wanted to transfer only 4 acres (1.6 ha) to the cemetery, rather than the 12 acres (4.9 ha) that the 1995 agreement had described. In response, Metzler stated: "I was surprised. But we will continue to work with the Department of Interior and see what happens."[28]

text: On July 12, 1999, the NPS issued a Federal Register notice that announced the availability of an environmental assessment (EA) for the transfer.[45][48] The EA stated that the Interment Zone contained the oldest and largest tract of climax eastern hardwood forest in Arlington County. This forest was the same type that once covered the Arlington estate, and had regenerated from trees that were present historically. A forestry study determined that a representative tree was 258 years old. The Interment Zone was also determined to contain significant archeological and cultural landscape resources, in addition to those in the Preservation Zone.[48] The EA described four alternative courses of action.[48]

text: In contrast to the NPS's March 1998 statement to the National Capital Planning Commission, the 1999 EA stated that the preferred alternative (Alternative 1) would transfer to the cemetery approximately 9.6 acres (3.9 ha), comprising most of the Interment Zone and the northern tip of the Preservation Zone.[48] Another alternative (Alternative 3) would transfer to the cemetery the 12 acres (4.9 ha) Interment Zone, while keeping the 12.5 acres (5.1 ha) Preservation Zone under NPS jurisdiction.[48] The EA concluded: "Public Law 104-201 directed the Secretary of the Interior to transfer to the Secretary of the Army jurisdiction over the Interment Zone, which is the plan in Alternative 3. Adoption of any of the other alternatives would require legislative action to amend the existing law."[48]

text: On December 28, 2001, the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2002 (Public Law 107-107) repealed the "obsolete" part of Public Law 104-201 that had authorized the transfer of portions of Section 29 to the Secretary of the Army.[30] The new legislation required the Secretary of the Interior to transfer to the Secretary of the Army within 30 days the approximately 12 acres (4.9 ha) Interment Zone.[30] The transfer therefore involved the entire 12 acres (4.9 ha) of NPS land that the 1995 agreement and Alternative 3 in the 1999 EA had described.

text: The 2001 legislation required the Secretary of the Army to use the Interment Zone for in-ground burial sites and columbarium.[30] In addition, the legislation required the Secretary of the Interior to manage the remainder of Section 29 "in perpetuity to provide a natural setting and visual buffer for Arlington House, the Robert E. Lee Memorial."[30]

text: On December 12, 2012, the United States Army Corps of Engineers asked for comments on a draft EA that described a further expansion of Arlington National Cemetery as part of the Millennium Project.[49][50][51] The 2012 draft EA was intended to implement conversion into burial space of the 17 acres (6.9 ha) of Ft. Myer grounds as well as 10 acres (4.0 ha) of Section 29 woodland. The draft EA described seven alternatives. The preferred alternative (Alternative E) called for the removal of about one-half of the 1,700 trees with a diameter of 6 inches (15 cm) or greater on the site. About 640 of the trees were within a 135-year-old portion of Arlington Woods.[52] The draft EA concluded: "Based on the evaluation of environmental impacts....., no significant impacts would be expected from the Proposed Action; therefore, an Environmental Impact Statement will not be prepared and a Finding of No Significant Impact will be prepared and signed."[52]

text: On March 12, 2013, the Corps of Engineers released a revised EA for the Millennium Project.[53][54] The revised EA contained copies of a number of public comments on the draft EA that had criticized the project and parts of the EA while proposing alternative locations for new military burials near the cemetery and elsewhere.[55] However, the Department of Forestry of the Commonwealth of Virginia found that, based on information in the draft EA, the project would not have a significant adverse impact on the Commonwealth's forest resources.[56] The revised EA did not change the preferred alternative (Alternative E) or the Army's plans to prepare and sign the Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI) that the draft EA had described.[57]

text: On June 5, 2013, after reviewing 100 public comments that it had received on the revised EA, the Corps of Engineers released a final EA and a signed FONSI for the Millennium Project.[58][59] The Final EA and the FONSI retained Alternative E as the preferred alternative.[58] The final EA stated that, of the 905 trees to be removed, 771 trees were healthy native trees that had diameters between 6 and 41 inches.[60][61] The project would remove approximately 211 trees from a less than 2.63 acres (1.06 ha) area containing a portion of a 145-year-old forest that stood within the property boundaries of a historic district that a National Register of Historic Places nomination form for Arlington House had described in 1966.[60][62] About 491 trees would be removed from an area of trees that was approximately 105 years old.[60] Approximately 203 trees with ages of 50 to 145 years would be removed from a former picnic area.[60] At a public hearing on July 11, 2013, the National Capital Planning Commission approved the site and building plans for the Millennium Project.[63]

text: 2010 mismanagement controversy[edit]

text: On June 9, 2010, United States Secretary of the Army John M. McHugh reprimanded the cemetery's superintendent, John C. Metzler, Jr., and his deputy, Thurman Higgenbotham, after a DOD inspector general's report revealed that cemetery officials had placed the wrong headstones on tombs, buried coffins in shallow graves, and buried bodies on top of one another.[64] Metzler, who had already announced his intention to retire on July 2, 2010, admitted some mistakes had been made but denied allegations of widespread or serious mismanagement.[64] The investigation also found that cemetery employees were burdened in their day-to-day work by "dysfunctional management, lack of established policy and procedures, and an overall unhealthy organizational climate."[65][66] Both Metzler and Higgenbotham retired soon after the investigation commenced.[67]

text: In March 2011, as a result of the problems discovered, Kathryn Condon, the recently appointed Executive Director of the Army National Military Cemeteries, announced that the cemetery's staff had been increased from 102 to 159. She added that the cemetery was also acquiring additional equipment because, "They didn't have the proper equipment to do the job really to the standard they needed to do."[68]

text: The mismanagement controversy included a limitation on mass media access to funerals, which also proved controversial. Until 2005, the cemetery's administration gave free access, with the family's permission, to the press to cover funerals at the cemetery. According to the Washington Post in 2008, the cemetery gradually imposed increasing restrictions on media coverage of funerals beginning about 2005.[69]

text: Management turnover[edit]

text: After the cemetery's management controversy began to end, the Army appointed Patrick K. Hallinan the acting superintendent of the cemetery in June 2010. He was promoted permanently to the position in October 2010. Hallinan had previously worked for the Office of Field Programs in the National Cemetery Administration, an agency of the United States Department of Veterans' Affairs. In that capacity, Hallinan had oversight of 131 national cemeteries, national cemetery policy, procedures, and operations.[70] Hallinan was promoted to Executive Director of the Army National Military Cemeteries upon the retirement of Kathryn Condon in spring 2014.[71]

text: In May 2014, Hallinan stepped down and was replaced by Jack E. Lechner, Jr. as superintendent of the cemetery. Lechner had been a funeral director for 10 years in the private sector before joining the U.S. Army. He rose to the rank of colonel (retiring in November 2011), having spent 2008 to 2010 as chief of the Supply Division of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, overseeing the equipping of Iraqi and Afghanistan national security forces. Since June 2010, he had served as executive officer and deputy superintendent of the cemetery under Hallinan.[71]

text: The Army removed Lechner as superintendent of the cemetery in early August 2015 after a performance review "called into question his ability to serve successfully as a senior leader". The Army declined to elaborate further and appointed Hallinan to be the temporary Cemetery superintendent until the Army could find a successor.[72]

text: Wreaths Across America[edit]

text: Beginning in 1992, the Morrill Worcester wreath company in Harrington, Maine, had a surplus at the end of the holiday season. Recalling a boyhood trip to the cemetery, Worcester donated to the cemetery 5,000 wreaths to honor the cemetery's dead, with the help of volunteers and a local trucking company. After thirteen years of similar donations, in 2005 a photo of snowy gravestones covered with wreaths at the cemetery received widespread circulation on the Internet. Thousands of people called Worcester, wanting to replicate the wreath-laying service at their own veteran cemeteries.[73]

text: In 2006, over 150 different locations simultaneously held ceremonies with Arlington's. Additionally, the project had its first “Veterans Honor Parade” with "Patriot Guard Riders" who escorted the wreaths from Maine to the cemetery. The parade, which is held each year, now visits schools, monuments, veterans’ homes and communities along its route.[73]

text: At the end of 2006, Worcester's company supplied wreaths to over 230 state and national cemeteries and veterans monuments across the country.[74] Assisted by veterans and truckers, Worcester established in 2007 a nonprofit organization named "Wreaths Across America".[73] In December 2008, the United States Senate agreed to a resolution that designated December 13, 2008, as “Wreaths Across America Day”.[75]

text: In 2014, volunteers placed over 700,000 memorial wreaths at 1,000 locations in the United States and overseas, including the USS Arizona Memorial at Pearl Harbor, Bunker Hill, Valley Forge, and the National September 11 Memorial at the World Trade Center site in New York City. During that year, volunteers were able to place wreaths in all sections of the cemetery for the first time.[73] In 2016, this number increased to 1.2 million wreaths being placed at more than 1,230 cemeteries across the nation.[76]

text: Conflict of interest charges have been made against Wreaths Across America because this charity has an exclusive for-profit supplier, Worcestor Wreath Company, also run by the Morrill family in the same town. The charity's purchases of wreaths from this company account for most of the company's revenue and profits. In late 2015, the Wall Street Journal reported serious conflicts of interest with potential malfeasance in governance and contracting.[77] In 2015 alone the WSJ reported profits of over $1 million on sales of over 850,000 wreaths to the charity raising concerns about competitive bidding, reporting that several competitors had asked to bid significantly below the price offered by Worcestor Wreath Company but were denied access.

text: 150th anniversary[edit]

text: During May and June 2014, the cemetery celebrated the 150th anniversary of its founding with a month-long series of events, tours, and lectures.[78] During these celebrations, cemetery officials formally re-designated the Old Amphitheater as the James Tanner Amphitheater. James R. Tanner was a Union Army officer who lost both legs during the war. He later became a War Department stenographer, and recorded much of the early evidence in the investigation into the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. He later was active in the Grand Army of the Republic, a Union Army veterans group. Tanner is buried a few yards from the amphitheater.[79]

text: Sections[edit]

text: The Cemetery is divided into 70 sections, with some sections in the southeast and western part of the cemetery reserved for future expansion.[80] Section 60, in the southeast part of the cemetery, is the burial ground for military personnel killed in the Global War on Terror since 2001.[81] Section 21, also known as the Nurses Section, is the area of Arlington National Cemetery where many nurses are buried and is the site of the Spanish-American War Nurses Memorial and the Nurses Memorial.[82] Another section—Chaplains Hill—includes monuments to Jewish, Protestant, and Roman Catholic military chaplains. In 1901, Confederate soldiers buried at the Soldiers' Home and various locations within Arlington were reinterred in a Confederate section that was authorized by Congress in 1900. On June 4, 1914, the United Daughters of the Confederacy dedicated the Confederate Memorial designed by Moses Ezekiel. Upon his death in 1917, Ezekiel was buried at the base of the monument as he was a veteran of the Confederate army.[83] All Confederate headstones in this section are peaked rather than rounded.[84] More than 3,800 former slaves, called "Contrabands" during the Civil War, are buried in Section 27. Their headstones are designated with the word "Civilian" or "Citizen".[85]

text: Grave markers, niches, and headstones[edit]

text: The United States Department of Veterans Affairs oversees the National Cemetery Administration's orders[86] for placement of inscriptions and faith emblems at no charge to the estate of the deceased, submitted with information provided by the next of kin[87] that is placed on upright marble headstones or columbarium niche covers. The Department of Veterans Affairs currently offers 63 authorized faith emblems for placement on markers to represent the deceased's faith.[88] This number has grown in recent years due to legal challenges to policy.[89]

text: Prior to 2007, the United States Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) did not allow the use of the pentacle as an "emblem of belief" on tombstones in military cemeteries. This policy was changed following an out-of-court settlement on April 23 following a series of lawsuits by the family of Patrick Stewart against the VA.[90][91][92]

text: Between 1947 and 2001, privately purchased markers were permitted in the cemetery. The sections in which the cemetery permitted such markers are nearly filled and the cemetery generally does not allow new burials in these sections.[93] Nevertheless, the older sections of the cemetery have a wide variety of private markers placed prior to 2001, including an artillery piece.[94]

text: There are 32 Commonwealth war dead burials and some headstones are Commonwealth War Graves Commission style.

text: Arlington Memorial Amphitheater[edit]

text: The Tomb of the Unknowns is part of the Arlington Memorial Amphitheater. The Memorial Amphitheater has hosted state funerals and Memorial Day and Veterans Day ceremonies. Ceremonies are also held for Easter. About 5,000 people attend these holiday ceremonies each year. The structure is mostly built of Imperial Danby marble from Vermont. The Memorial Display room, between the amphitheater and the Tomb of the Unknowns, uses Botticino stone, imported from Italy. The amphitheater was the result of a campaign by Ivory Kimball to construct a place to honor America's servicemen/women. Congress authorized the structure on March 4, 1913. Woodrow Wilson laid the cornerstone for the building on October 15, 1915. The cornerstone contained 15 items including a Bible and a copy of the Constitution.[95]

text: Before the Arlington Memorial Amphitheater was completed in 1921, important ceremonies were held at what is now known as the "Old Amphitheater." This structure sits where Robert E. Lee once had his gardens. The amphitheater was built in 1868 under the direction of Civil War General John A. Logan. Gen. James A. Garfield was the featured speaker at the Decoration Day dedication ceremony, May 30, 1868, later being elected as President of the United States 1881. The amphitheater has an encircling colonnade with a latticed roof that once supported a web of vines. The amphitheater has a marble dais, known as "the rostrum", which is inscribed with the U.S. national motto found on the Great Seal of the United States, E pluribus unum ("Out of many, one"). The rostrum was designed by General Montgomery C. Meigs, then Quartermaster General of the U.S. Army.[96] The amphitheater seats 1,500 people and has hosted speakers such as William Jennings Bryan.[97]

text: Memorials[edit]

text: Tomb of the Unknowns[edit]

text: The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier stands on top of a hill overlooking Washington, D.C. One of the more well-attended sites at the cemetery, the tomb is made from Yule marble quarried in Colorado. It consists of seven pieces, with a total weight of 79 short tons (72 metric tons). The tomb was completed and opened to the public April 9, 1932, at a cost of $48,000.

text: It was initially named the "Tomb of the Unknown Soldier." Other unknown servicemen were later entombed there, and it became known as the "Tomb of the Unknowns", though it has never been officially named. The soldiers entombed there are:

text:
Unknown Soldier of World War I, interred November 11, 1921. President Warren G. Harding presided.
Unknown Soldier of World War II, interred May 30, 1958. President Dwight D. Eisenhower presided.
Unknown Soldier of the Korean War, also interred May 30, 1958. President Dwight Eisenhower presided again, Vice President Richard Nixon acted as next of kin.
Unknown Soldier of the Vietnam War, interred May 28, 1984. President Ronald Reagan presided. The remains of the Vietnam Unknown were disinterred, under the authority of President Bill Clinton, on May 14, 1998, and were identified as those of Air Force 1st Lt. Michael J. Blassie, whose family had them reinterred near their home in St. Louis, Missouri. It has been determined that the crypt at the Tomb of the Unknowns that contained the remains of the Vietnam Unknown will remain empty.

text: The Tomb of the Unknowns has been perpetually guarded since July 2, 1937, by the U.S. Army. The 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment ("The Old Guard") began guarding the Tomb on April 6, 1948. There is a meticulous routine which the guard follows when watching over the graves.[98] The Tomb Guard:

text:
Marches 21 steps down the black mat behind the Tomb.
Turns, faces east for 21 seconds.
Turns and faces north for 21 seconds.
Takes 21 steps down the mat.
Repeats the routine until the soldier is relieved of duty at the Changing of the Guard.

tag: ol

text: After each turn, the Guard executes a sharp "shoulder-arms" movement to place the weapon on the shoulder closest to the visitors to signify that the Guard stands between the Tomb and any possible threat.

text: Twenty-one was chosen because it symbolizes the highest military honor that can be bestowed—the 21-gun salute.

text: Each turn the guard makes precise movements and followed by a loud click of the heels as he snaps them together. The guard is changed every half-hour during daylight in the summer, and every hour during daylight in the winter and every two hours at night (when the cemetery is closed to the public), regardless of weather conditions.

text: A commemorative stamp was issued on November 11, 1922, the first anniversary of the first entombment picturing the Amphitheater. It encompasses the original Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. The remains of an unidentified WW I American soldier was entombed on Armistice Day, November 11, 1921, later covered in 1931 by a more elaborate marble sarcophagus.[99]

text: Other memorials[edit]

text: There are several memorials on the grounds of the cemetery. However, due to the lack of space for burials and the large amount of space that memorials take up, the U.S. Army now requires a joint or concurrent resolution from Congress before it will place new memorials at Arlington.

text: Near the Tomb of the Unknowns stands the USS Maine Mast Memorial, which commemorates the 266 men who lost their lives aboard the USS Maine. The memorial is built around a mast salvaged from the Maine’s wreckage. The USS Maine Memorial served as the temporary resting place for foreign heads of state or government, Manuel L. Quezon of the Philippines and Ignacy Jan Paderewski of Poland, who died in exile in the United States during World War II.

text: The Space Shuttle Challenger Memorial was dedicated on May 20, 1986, in memory of the crew of flight STS-51-L, who died during launch on January 28, 1986. Transcribed on the back of the stone is the text of the John Gillespie Magee, Jr. poem High Flight, which was quoted by then President Ronald Reagan when he addressed the disaster. Although many remains were identified and returned to the families for private burial, some were not, and were laid to rest under the marker. Two crew members, Scobee and Smith, are buried in Arlington. On February 1, 2004, NASA Administrator Sean O'Keefe dedicated a similar memorial to those who died when the Shuttle Columbia broke apart during reentry on February 1, 2003.[100] Astronauts Laurel Clark, David Brown and Michael Anderson, who were killed in the Columbia disaster, are also buried in Arlington.

text: The Lockerbie Cairn is a memorial to the 270 killed in the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland. The memorial is constructed of 270 stones, one for each person killed in the disaster. In section 64, a memorial to the 184 victims of the September 11 attacks on the Pentagon was dedicated September 11, 2002. The memorial takes the shape of a pentagon, and lists the names of all the victims that were killed. Unidentified remains from the victims are buried beneath it.[101]

text: On June 25, 1925, President Calvin Coolidge approved a request to erect a Commonwealth Cross of Sacrifice with the names of all the citizens of the USA who lost their lives fighting in the Canadian forces during World War I. The monument was dedicated November 11, 1927 and after the Korean War and World War II the names of US citizens who died in those conflicts were added.

text: The Women in Military Service for America Memorial is adjacent to the Ceremonial Entrance to the cemetery.

text: The Laos Memorial, or Lao Veterans of America memorial, dedicated to Lao and Hmong veterans who served with US Special Forces and CIA advisors during the Vietnam War, to defend the Royal Kingdom of Laos from the North Vietnamese invasion of Laos by selling opium to the CIA in exchange for weapons and promises for their own country, is located on Grant Avenue near the eternal flame memorial to U.S. President John F. Kennedy.[102]

text: In 2012, legislation began moving through Congress to approve a "Place of Remembrance" at the cemetery. The memorial will be an ossuary designed to contain fragments of remains which are unidentifiable through DNA analysis. The remains will be cremated before placement in the memorial.[103]

text: Burial procedures[edit]

text: The flags in the cemetery are flown at half-staff from a half-hour before the first funeral until a half hour after the last funeral each day. Funerals are normally conducted five days a week, excluding weekends.[104][105]

text: Funerals, including interments and inurnments, average between 27–30 per day. The Cemetery conducts approximately 6,900 burials each year.[85]

text: With more than 400,000 interments,[1] the cemetery has the second-largest number of burials of any national cemetery in the United States. The largest of the 130 national cemeteries is the Calverton National Cemetery, on Long Island, near Riverhead, New York, which conducts more than 7,000 burials each year.

text: In addition to in-ground burial, the cemetery also has one of the larger columbaria for cremated remains in the country. Four courts are currently in use, each with 5,000 niches. When construction is complete, there will be nine courts with a total of 50,000 niches; capacity for 100,000 remains. Any honorably discharged veteran is eligible for inurnment in the columbarium, if s/he served on active duty at some point in her/his career (other than for training).[106]

text: Burial criteria[edit]

text: Part 553 (Army National Military Cemeteries) of Title 32 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) establishes regulations for the cemetery, including eligibility for interment (ground burial) and inurnment.[107] Due to limited space, the criteria for ground burial eligibility are more restrictive than at other national cemeteries, as well as more restrictive than for inurnment in the columbarium.

text: The persons specified below are eligible for ground burial in the cemetery, unless otherwise prohibited.[108] The last period of active duty of former members of the armed forces must have ended honorably. Interment may be of casketed or cremated remains.

text:
Any active-duty member of the armed forces (except those members serving on active duty for training only).
Any veteran who is retired and eligible for retirement pay from service in the armed forces (including service members retired from a reserve component who served a period of active duty (other than for training)).
Any former member of the armed forces separated honorably prior to October 1, 1949, for medical reasons and who was rated at 30% or greater disabled effective on the day of discharge.
Any former member of the armed forces who has been awarded one of the following decorations:

Medal of Honor
Distinguished Service Cross, Navy Cross, or Air Force Cross
Silver Star
Purple Heart

Any former member of the armed forces who served on active duty (other than for training) and who held any of the following positions:

An elective office of the U.S. Government (such as a term in Congress).
Office of the Chief Justice of the United States or of an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.
An office listed, at the time the person held the position, in 5 USC 5312 or 5313 (Levels I and II of the Executive Schedule).
The chief of a mission who was at any time during his/her tenure classified in Class I under the provisions of Section 411, Act of August 13, 1946, 60 Stat. 1002, as amended (22 USC 866) or as listed in State Department memorandum dated March 21, 1988.

Any former prisoner of war who, while a prisoner of war, served honorably in the active military, naval, or air service, whose last period of military, naval or air service terminated honorably and who died on or after November 30, 1993.
The spouse, widow or widower, minor child, or permanently dependent child, and certain unmarried adult children of any of the above eligible veterans.

text:
The widow or widower of:

a member of the armed forces who was lost or buried at sea or fell out of a plane or officially determined to be permanently absent with a status of either missing or missing in action.
a member of the armed forces who is interred in a US military cemetery overseas that is maintained by the American Battle Monuments Commission.

The spouse, minor child, or permanently dependent child of any person already buried in Arlington National Cemetery.
The parents of a minor child, or permanently dependent child whose remains, based on the eligibility of a parent, are already buried at Arlington. A spouse divorced from the primary eligible, or widowed and remarried, is not eligible for interment.
Provided certain conditions are met, a former member of the armed forces may be buried in the same grave with a close relative who is already buried and is the primary eligible.

text: Inurnment criteria for columbarium[edit]

text: Due at least partly to the lack of space at the cemetery for ground burial, standards for inurnment (burial of cremated remains) in the columbarium are currently much less restrictive than for ground burial at the cemetery. In general, any former member of the armed forces who served on active duty (other than for training) and whose last service terminated honorably is eligible for inurnment. Eligibility for inurnment is described fully in 32 C.F.R. § 553.15a.

text: Prohibitions against interment or memorialization[edit]

text: Congress has from time to time created prohibited categories of persons that, even if otherwise eligible for burial, lose that eligibility. One such prohibition is against certain persons who are convicted of committing certain state or federal capital crimes, as defined in 38 U.S. Code § 2411. Capital crime is a specifically defined term in the statute, and for state offenses can include offenses that are eligible for a life sentence (with or without parole). The reasoning for this provision originally was to prevent Timothy McVeigh from being eligible at Arlington National Cemetery, but it has since been amended to prevent others.[109]

text: Also prohibited under the same statute are those determined, with clear and convincing evidence, to have avoided such conviction by death or flight.

text: Notable burials[edit]

text: The first soldier to be buried in Arlington was Private William Henry Christman of Pennsylvania on May 13, 1864.[110] There are 396 Medal of Honor recipients buried in Arlington National Cemetery,[111] nine of whom are Canadian.

text: Five state funerals have been held at Arlington: those of Presidents William Howard Taft and John F. Kennedy, his two brothers, Senator Robert F. Kennedy and Senator Edward "Ted" Kennedy, and General of the Armies John J. Pershing. Whether or not they were wartime service members, U.S. presidents are eligible to be buried at Arlington, since they oversaw the armed forces as commanders-in-chief.

text: Among the most frequently visited sites in the cemetery is the grave of President John F. Kennedy, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis who is buried nearby along with their son Patrick and their stillborn daughter Arabella. His remains were interred there on March 14, 1967, a reinterment from his original Arlington burial site, some 20 feet (6.1 m) away, where he was buried in November 1963. The grave is marked with an "eternal flame". The remains of his brothers, Senator Robert F. Kennedy and Senator Edward M. "Ted" Kennedy, are buried nearby. The latter two graves are marked with simple crosses and footstones. On December 1, 1971, Robert Kennedy's body was re-interred 100 feet (30 m) from its original June 1968 burial site.

text: Two of the astronauts who were killed in January 27, 1967 flash fire inside the Apollo 1 Command Module, Gus Grissom and Roger Chaffee, are buried at the cemetery. John Glenn, the first American to orbit Earth and a longtime U.S. Senator from Ohio, was buried at the cemetery in April 2017.[112]

text: British Diplomat and Field Marshal Sir John Dill was buried at the cemetery when he died in Washington D.C. during World War II.[113] The equestrian statue on Dill's grave is one of only two such statues at the cemetery; the other is Major General Philip Kearny's.[114]

text: Visitor requirements[edit]

text: The cemetery has within recent years announced policies and procedures that limit visitor access to the cemetery's grounds. The Cemetery's executive director has stated that some of these may create delays for visitors. Some have become controversial.

text: Bicycle use policy[edit]

text: On August 6, 2013, Patrick Hallinan, Executive Director, Army National Military Cemeteries, issued an official memorandum that contained the cemetery's then-current bicycle use policy.[115][116] The memorandum permitted cyclists to travel in only one direction on only one route unless otherwise authorized by the executive director.[116] This "White Line" route traveled from the Old Post Chapel gate at Joint Base Myer-Henderson Hall towards the main entrance of the cemetery at Memorial Avenue, using Meigs Drive, Sherman Drive and Schley Drive.[116] The memorandum stated without explanation: ″Bicycle traffic will not be permitted to travel in the reverse direction, ....″.[116]

text: Cyclists could only use this route between 8:00 a.m. and 6:45 p.m. from April 1 to September 30 and between 8:00 a.m. and 4:45 p.m. from October 1 to March 31.[116] Cyclists had to wear bicycle helmets that certain designated organizations had approved.[116] Bicycles had to be equipped with headlights, tail lights or red reflectors in lieu of tail lights, regardless of the time of travel.[116]

text: On May 11, 2016, the Department of the Army published in the Federal Register a proposed rule that would, among other things, prohibit a visitor to an Army National Military Cemetery (Arlington National Cemetery and the United States Soldiers' and Airmen's Home National Cemetery) from riding a bicycle without first acquiring a pass to visit a relative's gravesite or columbarium niche.[117] After receiving 13 comments from 13 individuals concerning the use of bicycles in the cemetery (including comments from representatives of the Arlington County Board and local bicycle advocacy groups that opposed the new restrictions), the Department of the Army published a final rule in the Federal Register on September 26, 2016, that implemented the proposed rule, effective October 26, 2016.[118]

text: In accordance with the final rule, the cemetery issued a new bicycle use policy, effective October 26, 2016. The policy stated that bicycling would no longer be allowed on Cemetery grounds without a family pass. The policy further stated that "bicyclists traversing the cemetery grounds do impact funeral services and the experience that families expect and deserve as they visit their loved one’s grave. .... As there are no bike paths on the cemetery grounds, mixing cyclists with pedestrians and vehicles creates a safety hazard."[119]

text: Security procedures[edit]

text: In September 2016, Hallinan announced that the cemetery was increasing security measures for its visitors. In addition to random identification checks and other security measures already in place, the cemetery will require pedestrians to enter at set access points: the main entrance on Memorial Avenue, the Ord and Weitzel gate, and the Old Post Chapel gate at Joint Base Myer-Henderson Hall. Before entering the cemetery through its main entrance, all pedestrians will be screened through the cemetery's Welcome Center. All vehicle access will require presenting valid, government-issued photo identification, such as a driver’s license or passport, when entering the cemetery. Vehicles will also be subject to random inspections. Hallinan stated that these processes may result in delays when entering the cemetery.[120]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: In Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, the cemetery appeared as the backdrop for a state funeral held for Superman by the United States Army.[121] However, the physical filming took place in Michigan, using green screen.[122]


document_title: Renal sodium reabsorption

question_text: where does the highest rate of tubular reabsorption occur

root

text: Renal sodium reabsorption

text: Proximal tubule[edit]

text: Most of the reabsorption (65%) occurs in the proximal tubule. In the latter part it is favoured by an electrochemical driving force, but initially it needs the cotransporter SGLT and the Na-H antiporter. Sodium passes along an electrochemical gradient (passive transport) from the lumen into the tubular cell, together with water and chloride which also diffuse passively. Water is reabsorbed to the same degree, resulting in the concentration in the end of the proximal tubule being the same as in the beginning. In other words, the reabsorption in the proximal tubule is isosmotic.

tag: p

text: Loop of Henle[edit]

text: Sodium is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb of loop of Henle, by Na-K-2Cl symporter and Na-H antiporter. It goes against its chemical driving force, but the high electrical driving force renders the overall electrochemical driving force positive anyway, availing some sodium to diffuse passively either the transcellular or paracellular way..

text: Distal tubule[edit]

text: In the distal convoluted tubule sodium is transported against an electrochemical gradient by sodium-chloride symporters.

text: Collecting duct[edit]

text: The principal cells are the sodium-transporting cells in the collecting duct system.

text: Regulation[edit]

text: Although only a fragment of total reabsorption happens here, it is the main part of intervention. This is e.g. done by endogenous production of aldosterone, increasing reabsorption. Since the normal excretion rate of sodium is ~100mmoles/day, then a regulation of the absorption of still more than 1000 mmoles/day entering the collecting duct system has a substantial influence of the total sodium excreted.

text: Overview table[edit]

text:
Characteristics of Na+ reabsorption

Characteristic
proximal tubule
loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct system

S1
S2
S3
descending limb
thin ascending limb
thick ascending limb
connecting tubule
initial collecting tubule
cortical collecting ducts
medullary collecting ducts

reabsorption (%)
67%[2]

25%[2]
5%[2]
3%[2]

reabsorption (mmoles/day)
~17,000[2]

~6,400[2]
~1,300[2]
~700[2]

Concentration (mM)
142[3]

142[3]

100[3]
70[3]

40[3]

electrical driving force (mV)
-3[3]

+3[3]

+15[3]
-5 to +5[3]

-40[3]

chemical driving force (mV)
0[3]

0[3]

-9[3]
-19[3]

-34[3]

electrochemical driving force (mV)
-3[3]

+3[3]

+6[3]
-24 to -14[3]

-74[3]

apical transport proteins
SGLT, Na-H antiporter[4]

(passively)
Na-K-2Cl symporter
(Na-H antiporter[4] and passively)
sodium-chloride symporter[4]

ENaC[4]

basolateral transport proteins
Na+/K+-ATPase[4]

Other reabsorption features
isosmotic

by principal cells, stimulated by aldosterone

tag: table


document_title: Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle

question_text: who plays the tow truck driver in harold and kumar

text: Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle

text: Plot[edit]

text: Investment banker Harold Lee is persuaded by his colleagues to do their work while they leave for the weekend. Kumar Patel attends a medical school interview, but intentionally botches it to prevent getting accepted. Harold is attracted to his neighbor, Maria, but is unable to admit his feelings. After smoking marijuana with Kumar, and seeing an advertisement for White Castle, the pair decide to get hamburgers. After traveling to the nearest White Castle in New Brunswick, they find it replaced by "Burger Shack" but learn of another White Castle in Cherry Hill.

text: Kumar suggests stopping at Princeton University to buy more marijuana. Kumar buys marijuana from a student and they are discovered by campus security and forced to flee, losing their marijuana. Harold and Kumar resume their drive, and Kumar pulls over to urinate. A raccoon gets in the car and bites Harold. Kumar takes Harold to a hospital where Kumar's father and older brother work. Kumar steals ID badges to obtain medical marijuana, but after being mistaken for his brother, Kumar performs surgery on a gunshot victim and, after the surgery, the patient tells them how to reach White Castle.

text: Kumar spots Maria at a movie theatre. He decides to get her attention so Harold can talk to her, but Harold panics and crashes the car. They are rescued by Freakshow, a tow-truck driver, who takes them to his house to repair their car. Harold and Kumar are propositioned by Freakshow's wife, but after Freakshow suggests a foursome, Harold and Kumar flee in disgust. Kumar pick up a hitchhiker, Neil Patrick Harris, who is high on ecstasy. Harold and Kumar go into a convenience store to get directions and Harris drives away. The duo are then harassed by a racist police officer for jaywalking. Harold attempts to punch Kumar for teasing the officer, but ends up punching the officer, resulting in his arrest.

text: Kumar fakes a 911 call to draw the police away and breaks into the station to free Harold. Harold and Kumar flee. The pair encounters an escaped cheetah, and after smoking marijuana with it, they ride it. After encountering a group of extreme sports punks who have been harassing the pair, Harold and Kumar steal their truck. A police officer spots the speeding truck and chases them. They are trapped when they reach the edge of a cliff. Spotting the White Castle below, Harold and Kumar use a hang glider from the truck to reach their destination. The pair place their orders but are disheartened to find they have no money. Harris suddenly appears, and pays for their meal as an apology for stealing their car.

text: Kumar realizes he wants to be a doctor, but is afraid of conforming to the stereotype of Indians becoming doctors. Harold notices his co-workers pull up with two women and gets angry at them because they said they had to work with clients but were actually out partying. He tells them off and threatens to get them fired and humiliated if it happens again. After returning to their apartment they encounter Maria. Harold professes his feelings for her and they kiss. She informs Harold that she is leaving for Amsterdam but will return in ten days. Kumar convinces Harold to go with him to Amsterdam to pursue Maria, reminding him that marijuana is legal in the Netherlands.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
John Cho as Harold Lee, a second generation Korean-American man working at his first job in investment banking.
Kal Penn as Kumar Patel, a second generation Indian-American whose family thinks that he will become a doctor like his father and brother.
Paula Garcés as Maria Perez, Harold and Kumar's neighbor, on whom Harold has a crush.
Neil Patrick Harris as a fictionalized version of himself.
David Krumholtz as Goldstein, Harold and Kumar's neighbor and Rosenberg's roommate
Eddie Kaye Thomas as Rosenberg, Harold and Kumar's neighbor and Goldstein's roommate
Brooke D'Orsay as Clarissa, twin sister student at Princeton University who agreed to smoke weed with Kumar
Kate Kelton as Chrissy, twin sister student at Princeton University who agreed to smoke weed with Kumar
Christopher Meloni as Randy/Freakshow, a car mechanic with infected pimples on his face and neck who fixed Harold and Kumar's car
Sandy Jobin Bevans as Officer Palumbo, a police officer
Ryan Reynolds as an OR nurse
Fred Willard as Dr. Willoughby, medical school dean who interviewed Kumar
Robert Tinkler as J.D.
Anthony Anderson as the Burger Shack Employee
Siu Ta as Cindy Kim, student at Princeton University who has a crush on Harold
Malin Åkerman as Liane, Freakshow's wife
Dov Tiefenbach as Bradley Thomas, student at Princeton University who sold weed to Kumar
Gary Anthony Williams as Tarik Jackson
Gary Archibald as Nathaniel Brooks
Craig Stevens as Ralph
Jamie Kennedy as Creepy Guy (uncredited)
Ethan Embry as Billy Carver

tag: ul

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle - Soundtrack

Soundtrack album by Various Artists

Released
July 27th, 2004

Label
Bulletproof

text: Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle : Original Soundtrack was released on July 27, 2004. It contains 16 songs from the film.

text:
"Chick Magnet" - MxPx
"One Good Spliff" - Ziggy Marley / The Melody Makers
"Yeah (Dream of Me)" - All Too Much
"Righteous Dub" - Long Beach Dub All Stars
"Skunk One" - Kottonmouth Kings
"Same Old Song" - Phunk Junkeez
"White Castle Blues" - The Smithereens
"Crazy On You" - Heart
"Cameltoe" - Fannypack
"Kinda High, Kinda Drunk" - Coolio
"Mary Jane" - Rick James
"I Wanna Get Next to You" - Rose Royce
"Hold On" - Wilson Phillips
"Ridin'" - Classic & 86
"5ves" - Heiruspecs
"Total Eclipse of the Heart" - Nicki French

text: Songs that are in the film but do not appear on the soundtrack include:

text:
"Also Sprach Zarathustra" - David Kitay
"Baby Baby" - Amy Grant
"Ballin' Boy" - No Good
"Click Click Pow" - Lexicon (real song title is "The Official")
"Warrior Dance" - Zion I feat. Pep Love
"Fall In Line" - Phunk Junkeez
"Faraway" - Dara Schindler
"Gangsta Gangsta" - J. O'Neal / D. Black
"Girl From Ypsilanti" - Daniel May
"Let's Get Retarded" - Black Eyed Peas (this song is the unedited version of their "Let's Get It Started" hit)
"Looney" - Moonshine Bandits
"Mariachi Speier" - Eric Speier
"On the Ganges" - Matt Hirt
"Rock to the Rhythm" - Lexicon (actual song name is "Rock")
"Rock Your Body 2004" - Stagga Lee
"Ooh Wee" - Mark Ronson

text: Release[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: In its opening weekend, the film grossed $5,480,378 in 2135 theatres in the United States and Canada. In total it had a worldwide gross of $23,936,908.[1]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The film was positively received by critics, with a 74% rating at Rotten Tomatoes based on 147 reviews; the consensus states "The likable leads and subversion of racial stereotypes elevate Harold and Kumar above the typical stoner comedy."[2][3]

text: Film critic Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times awarded the film 3 out of 4 stars and wrote "One secret of fiction is the creation of unique characters who are precisely defined. The secret of comedy is the same, with the difference being that the characters must be obsessed with unwholesome but understandable human desires."[4]

text: Sequels[edit]

text: Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay is the 2008 sequel to White Castle. The movie revolves around Harold and Kumar trying to get to Amsterdam to find Maria, but when the two are mistaken for terrorists on the plane, they are sent to the Guantanamo Bay detention camp.

text: Both Hurwitz and Schlossberg announced plans to write a third Harold and Kumar film, with Greg Shapiro returning as producer, and Kal Penn and John Cho returning in their title roles,[5][6] While Todd Strauss-Schulson directed the film. A Very Harold & Kumar 3D Christmas, was released on November 4, 2011 in 2D and 3D.


document_title: America's Got Talent (season 13)

question_text: who received the golden buzzer on agt 2018

text: America's Got Talent (season 13)

text: Preliminary auditions

text: The season had preliminary open call auditions in Orlando, Cincinnati, Savannah, Milwaukee, Houston, Las Vegas, New York City, Nashville, and Los Angeles.[5] As in years past, prospective contestants could also submit online auditions.[6]

text: Auditions were taped from March 6-23 at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Los Angeles[7] and began to air on May 29, 2018.[8]

text: Golden buzzer

text: The golden buzzer returned for its fifth consecutive season. Any act that receives the golden buzzer during the judges' auditions will be sent directly to the live shows and will not compete in the Judge Cuts round. In the first episode, Tyra Banks was the first to press the golden buzzer for acrobatic and dance group Zurcaroh.[8] Simon Cowell was second to press it for 40-year-old singer Michael Ketterer. Howie Mandel was third to press it for 13 year old singer Courtney Hadwin. Mel B was fourth to press it for 15 year old singer Amanda Mena. Heidi Klum was the final judge to use the golden buzzer, using it for 15 year old singer Makayla Phillips.

text: Judge Cuts

text: The Judge Cuts rounds began airing on Tuesday, July 17, 2018. Like the previous season, one guest judge will join the judges' panel each show and will be given one golden buzzer opportunity to send an act straight to the live shows. Eighteen acts perform each week instead of twenty as in the previous three seasons. Of the eighteen acts performing each week seven acts advance including the guest judge's golden buzzer which immediately advances if used. Guest judges will not be given a red buzzer to use. Any act that will receive all four red buzzers will be immediately eliminated from the competition. The four guest judges are Ken Jeong, Olivia Munn, Martina McBride, and Chris Hardwick, who was also a guest judge in the previous season.[9] The final Judge Cuts episode aired on August 7, 2018. This is the first Judge Cuts rounds in history where no acts received four red buzzers.

text: After the Judge Cuts, three wildcards were chosen from eliminated acts to perform in the live shows: Daniel Emmet, Human Fountains and Front Pictures (who did not perform in the Judge Cuts round).

text: Golden Buzzer

text: The golden buzzer also returned for the Judge Cuts round. Each week during the Judge Cuts a guest judge will have the option to use their golden buzzer on any act. An act that receives the golden buzzer during the Judge Cuts round will not face elimination and will advance automatically to the live shows. In the first week of the Judge Cuts Ken Jeong pressed his golden buzzer for the Voices of Hope Children's Choir. In week 2, Olivia Munn pressed her Golden Buzzer for Angel City Chorale. In the third week, Martina McBride pressed her Golden Buzzer for Quin and Misha, a ballroom dance duo. Chris Hardwick gave the season’s final Golden Buzzer for Flau’jae, a 14-year old rapper, in the final week of the Judge Cuts.

text:
Key

 Buzzed

 Golden buzzer

  Advanced

  Quarterfinal Wildcard

  Eliminated

  Advanced Immediately

text: Week 1

text: Guest judge: Ken Jeong

text: Date: July 17, 2018

text:
Act

Order

Performance type

Buzzes

Result

Cowell

Klum

Jeong

Mel B

Mandel

Junior New System

1

Dance Group

Advanced

Harold & Regan

2

Dance Duo

Eliminated

Us the Duo

3

Band

Advanced

Kevin Blake

4

Magician

Eliminated

Mochi

5

Diabolo Artist

Advanced

Lilly Wilker

6

Animal Impressionist

Eliminated

Oscar and Pam

7

Singing Dog & Pianist

Eliminated

Daniel Emmet

8

Opera Singer

Quarterfinal Wildcard

Voices of Hope

9

Choir

Advanced Immediately

Aaron Crow

10

Danger Act

Advanced

Carmen Lynch

11

Stand-up Comedienne

Eliminated

Christina Wells

12

Singer

Advanced

Patches

13

Rapper

Eliminated

Andrew Johnston

14

Singer

Eliminated

Celina and Filiberto

15

Dance Duo

Eliminated

Trinh Tra My

16

Aerialist

Eliminated

Jack Tenney

17

Trampolinist

Eliminated

Duo Transcend

18

Trapeze Duo

Advanced

text: Week 2

text: Guest judge: Olivia Munn

text: Date: July 24, 2018

text:
Act

Order

Performance type

Buzzes

Result

Cowell

Klum

Munn

Mel B

Mandel

Human Fountains

1

Novelty Act

Quarterfinal Wildcard

Shin Lim

2

Close-up Magician

Advanced

The Melisizwe Brothers

3

Band

Eliminated

Macey Mac

4

Singer/Guitarist

Eliminated

Sophie Fatu

5

Singer

Eliminated

Reyes del Swing

6

Salsa Dance Troupe

Eliminated

The Future Kingz

7

Dance Group

Advanced

Lioz Shem Tov

8

Comedy Mentalist

Eliminated

Angel City Chorale

9

Choir

Advanced Immediately

Shannon and Reckon

10

Dog Act

Eliminated

EXISDANCE

11

Multimedia Dance Act

Eliminated

Hans

12

Singer/Accordionist/Dancer

Advanced

Vivien Vajda

13

Jump Rope Acrobat

Eliminated

Rob Lake

14

Illusionist

Advanced

Leah Mathies

15

Singer/Guitarist

Eliminated

Hunter Price

16

Singer/Guitarist

Eliminated

Joseph O'Brien[a]

17

Singer/Pianist

Advanced

Vicki Barbolak

18

Stand-up Comedienne

Advanced

text: Jump up ^ Simon Cowell forced Joseph O'Brien to stop performing during his act. After given the opportunity, O'Brien chose to perform for a second time. His result is based off the second performance.

text: Week 3

text: Guest judge: Martina McBride

text: Date: July 31, 2018

text: This is the second Judge Cuts episode in the show's history in which an act with at least one "X" buzzer was nevertheless promoted to the live shows.

text:
Act

Order

Performance type

Buzzes

Result

Cowell

Klum

McBride

Mel B

Mandel

The Savitsky Cats

1

Cat Act

Advanced

Blue Tokyo

2

Acrobatic Dance Group

Eliminated

OC Music and Dance

3

Orchestral Band

Eliminated

The PAC Dance Team

4

Dance Group

Advanced

Angel Garcia

5

Singer

Eliminated

Jeffrey Li

6

Singer

Eliminated

Ms. Trysh

7

Singer

Eliminated

Kazi

8

Singer/Guitarist

Eliminated

Bone Hampton

9

Stand-up Comedian

Eliminated

Quin and Misha

10

Ballroom Dance Duo

Advanced Immediately

Noah Guthrie[a]

11

Singer/Guitarist

Advanced

Jules and Jerome

12

Teeterboard Duo

Eliminated

Fratelli Rossi

13

Acrobatic Duo

Eliminated

Bensax International

14

Saxophonist

Eliminated

Oliver Graves

15

Stand-up Comedian

Eliminated

UDI Dance

16

Blacklight Dance Group

Advanced

We Three

17

Band

Advanced

The Sacred Riana

18

Illusionist

Advanced

text: Jump up ^ Simon Cowell forced Noah Guthrie to stop performing during his act. After given the opportunity, Guthrie chose to perform for a second time. His result is  based off the second performance.

text: Week 4

text: Guest judge: Chris Hardwick

text: Date: August 7, 2018

text: This is the first time in America's Got Talent Judge Cuts history where two or more acts that have been buzzed went on to the live shows.

text:
Act

Order

Performance type

Buzzes

Result

Cowell

Klum

Hardwick

Mel B

Mandel

Brian King Joseph

1

Electric Violinist

Advanced

Yumbo Dump

2

Comedy Duo

Advanced

Academy of Villains

3

Dance Group

Eliminated

Da RepubliK

4

Dance Group

Advanced

Berlin

5

Singer/Pianist

Eliminated

Sergey and Sasha

6

Acrobatic Duo

Eliminated

Flau'jae

7

Rapper

Advanced Immediately

Elijah Holt

8

Trampolinist

Eliminated

Sixto and Lucia

9

Quick Change Duo

Eliminated

Brody Ray

10

Singer/Guitarist

Eliminated

Ronnie Lamarque

11

Singer

Eliminated

Glennis Grace

12

Singer

Advanced

Diabolowalker

13

Diabolo Dance Group

Eliminated

Troy James

14

Contortionist

Eliminated

Street Drum Corps

15

Percussion Group

Eliminated

NUNNABOVE

16

Band

Eliminated

Lord Nil

17

Escape Artist

Advanced

Samuel J. Comroe

18

Stand-up Comedian

Advanced

text: Quarterfinals

text: The quarterfinals were broadcast live from the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles starting on August 14, 2018 with twelve acts performing each night.[10] The following night the results will be announced to the public with seven of the twelve acts proceeding to the semifinals.[11] Each week viewers of the show also have the opportunity to send one act, determined by popular vote, using "Google's Instant Save", sometimes also known as the "Dunkin' Save" due to a sponsorship contract with Dunkin Donuts, via the America's Got Talent app or the official website.[12][13] In the first week of the Quarterfinals, Human Fountains received a buzzer from Cowell and Lord Nil received one from Mel B. In the second week of the Quarterfinals, Yumbo Dump received a buzzer from Klum.

text:
Key

 Buzzed

 Judges' Choice

  Advanced (Won Public Vote)

  Advanced (Won Judges' Choice)

  Advanced (Recived Google's Instant Save / Dunkin' Save)

  Advanced (Received Judges' Wildcard)

  Eliminated

  Eliminated (Lost Judges' Choice)

text: Week 1 (August 14–15)

text: Guest: Darci Lynne Farmer

text:
Act

Order

Performance type

Buzzes

Result

Cowell

Klum

Mel B

Mandel

Mochi

1

Diabolo Artist

Lost Judges' Choice

Human Fountains

2

Novelty Act

Eliminated

Angel City Chorale

3

Choir

Google's Instant Save / Dunkin' Save

The PAC Dance Team

4

Dance Group

Eliminated

Amanda Mena

5

Singer

Advanced

Junior New System[a]

6

Dance Group

Won Judges' Choice

We Three

7

Band

Advanced

Lord Nil

8

Escape Artist

Eliminated

Flau'jae

9

Rapper

Eliminated

Shin Lim

10

Close-up Magician

Advanced

Vicki Barbolak

11

Stand-up Comedienne

Advanced

Courtney Hadwin

12

Singer

Advanced

text: Jump up ^ After the Judges' choice was split evenly, Junior New System was revealed to have received more of the public vote and therefore advanced to the next round.

text: Week 2 (August 21–22)

text: Guests: The Illusionists and Light Balance

text:
Act

Order

Performance type

Buzzes

Result

Cowell

Klum

Mel B

Mandel

Makayla Phillips

1

Singer

Google's Instant Save / Dunkin' Save

Da RepubliK

2

Dance Group

Won Judges' Choice

Noah Guthrie

3

Singer/Guitarist

Advanced

Yumbo Dump

4

Comedy Duo

X[a]

X[b]

Eliminated

Samuel J. Comroe

5

Stand-up Comedian

Advanced

Voices of Hope

6

Choir

Advanced

The Savitsky Cats

7

Cat Act

Eliminated

Glennis Grace

8

Singer

Advanced

The Sacred Riana

9

Illusionist

Eliminated

Quin and Misha

10

Ballroom Dance Duo

Eliminated

Front Pictures

11

Multimedia Performance Act

Received Judges' Wildcard

Duo Transcend

12

Trapeze Duo

Advanced

text:
Jump up ^ Cowell buzzed the act, but then took his buzzer back at the end.

Jump up ^ Mel B buzzed the act, but then took her buzzer back at the end.

text: Week 3 (August 28–29)

text: Guest: Beautiful Broadway

text:
Act

Order

Performance type

Buzzes

Result

Cowell

Klum

Mel B

Mandel

The Future Kingz

1

Dance Group

Lost Judges' Choice

Us the Duo

2

Band

Advanced

Daniel Emmet

3

Opera Singer

Google's Instant Save / Dunkin' Save

Brian King Joseph

4

Electric Violinist

Advanced

Aaron Crow

5

Danger Act

Won Judges' Choice

Joseph O'Brien

6

Singer/Pianist

Eliminated

Hans

7

Singer/Accordionist/Dancer

Eliminated

UDI Dance

8

Blacklight Dance Group

Eliminated

Christina Wells

9

Singer

Advanced

Zurcaroh

10

Acrobatic Group

Advanced

Rob Lake

11

Illusionist

Eliminated

Michael Ketterer

12

Singer

Advanced

text: Semifinals

text: The live semifinals started on September 4, 2018. They featured the 21 acts voted to the semifinals, plus the judges' semifinal wildcard pick. Each week, eleven acts performed; five went through to the finals, and six were eliminated.

text:
Key

 Buzzed

 Judges' Choice

  Advanced (Won Public Vote)

  Advanced (Won Judges' Choice)

  Advanced (Recived Google's Instant Save / Dunkin' Save)

  Eliminated

  Eliminated (Lost Judges' Choice)

text: Week 1 (September 4–5)

text:
Act

Order

Performance description

Buzzes

Result

Cowell

Klum

Mel B

Mandel

Amanda Mena

1

Singer; performed "Happy" by Pharrell.

Eliminated

Junior New System

2

Dance Group; dancers performed with a basketball themed red stiletto extravaganza to "Work Bitch" by Britney Spears, "Bang Bang" by Jessie J ft. Ariana Grande & Nicki Minaj, and "Lose Control" by Missy Elliott ft. Ciara & Fatman Scoop.

Eliminated

Us the Duo

3

Band; performed an original song called "Broke".

Eliminated

Voices of Hope

4

Choir; performed "Defying Gravity" from Wicked by Idina Menzel.

Lost Judges' Choice

Shin Lim

5

Close-up Magician; started the act by placing a card in his back pocket "for later". He asked Heidi to pick a card and sign it. He put the signed card down and after he made a gesture, smoke began to rise from beneath it, at which point the card was shown to be blank. He opened his mouth, smoke came billowing out, and Heidi's card appeared from it. He placed her card in a plastic bag and then asked Tyra to pick a card and sign it. Tyra's card jumped from Shin's hand to his vest pocket, and thence to the card that started in his back pocket. Tyra's card then appeared in his mouth amidst a cloud of smoke, then switched places with Heidi's card in the plastic bag before the two cards switched back. He put both cards into the plastic bag and then vanished them in full view of the audience. Finally, he placed the remaining cards back in the box, and when smoke began pouring from the box he crushed it flat, making the box immediately disappear.

Advanced

Makayla Phillips

6

Singer; performed "Who You Are" by Jessie J.

Eliminated

Front Pictures

7

Multimedia Performance Act; starts in outer space and then gets a low oxygen tank. Ends up swimming with sea creatures such as turtles, dolphins, and whales.

Eliminated

Duo Transcend[a]

8

Trapeze Duo; performed a dangerous trapeze act for half of the performance, and the other half was a fire roller skate act where Mary hung onto Tyce with just her legs wrapped around his neck.

Won Judges' Choice

Samuel J. Comroe

9

Stand-up Comedian; explains about being the only kid out of his six siblings with tourettes. Then talks about how a woman tried to pray away his Tourette Syndrome. He ends with a story about how he was at a party with his black friends and the cops came. The cops told him to blink twice if he was in danger, and having tourettes he is likely to blink, so his black friends had to run.

Google's Instant Save / Dunkin' Save

Michael Ketterer

10

Singer; performed "When I Look At You" by Miley Cyrus.

Advanced

Zurcaroh

11

Acrobatic Group; the act was set in Egypt. Start with a dance on the floor, and then began leaping and flipping from the air while other members held gold wings and swung them simultaneously. They ended with two men swinging from a rope that dangled from the ceiling, and then made a human tower where the little girl on the top jumped down.

Advanced

text: Jump up ^ After the Judges' choice was split evenly, Duo Transcend was revealed to have received more of the public vote and therefore advanced to the finale.

text: Week 2 (September 11–12)

text: Guest: BTS[14] and A Magical Cirque Christmas

text:
Act

Order

Performance description

Buzzes

Result

Cowell

Klum

Mel B

Mandel

Christina Wells

1

Singer; performed "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman" by Aretha Franklin.

Eliminated

Da RepubliK

2

Dance Group; dancers mixed a combination of flipping and dancing to "Get Ugly" by Jason Derulo, "Hit the Floor" by Twista ft. Pitbull, and "Baby Got Back" by Sir Mix-a-Lot.

Eliminated

Noah Guthrie

3

Singer; performed "I Will Always Love You" by Whitney Houston.

Eliminated

Daniel Emmet

4

Opera Singer; performed "Somewhere" from West Side Story by Reri Grist.

Won Judges' Choice

Angel City Chorale

5

Choir; performed "The Rising" by Bruce Springsteen.

Eliminated

Aaron Crow

6

Danger Act; starts the act with a video of Crow asking Howie for his help in this routine. It then cuts back to the main stage with Howie trapped in a box. In total there are four boxes. Crow first asks Heidi to choose a box out of the four, then ask Mel B to do the same. Heidi selected box 3 and Mel B picked box 1. Crow proceeded to cut a rope that crushed box 3. He then did the same thing to box 1. Simon then had to pick a box which turned out to be box 4, Crow then crushed box 4. Finally, Crow opened box 2 and Howie was inside and safe.

Eliminated

Vicki Barbolak

7

Stand-up Comedienne; talks about how she is extra attracted to Italian men. She says the best way to get a guy to notice you is to trace your body. Next, she explains that no diet has worked for her in the past. She ends talking about if a cop caught her drunk in her trailer, she would just trace her body.

Advanced

We Three

8

Band; performed an original song called "Make Up".

Lost Judges' Choice

Glennis Grace

9

Singer; performed "This Woman's Work" by Kate Bush.

Google's Instant Save / Dunkin' Save

Brian King Joseph

10

Electric Violinist; started in the audience and made his way to the main stage. Performed "Gangsta's Paradise" by Coolio ft. L.V. to an electric mix on the song.

Advanced

Courtney Hadwin

11

Singer; performed "Born to Be Wild" by Steppenwolf.

Advanced

text: Finals

text: The final performances took on September 18, followed by the final results show aired on September 19, 2018. No acts were buzzed.

text: During the finale results, the top 5 acts were revealed first; then they were eliminated in reverse ranking from fifth place to third place.

text:
Key

  Advanced to the Top 5

  Top 10

text:
Act

Order

Performance Description

Result

Brian King Joseph

1

Electric Violinist; performed "Heartless" by Kanye West to an electric beat on the song. Joseph was surrounded by fire and two drummers.

Advanced

Daniel Emmet

2

Opera Singer; gives an opera take on "Perfect" by Ed Sheeran.

Top 10

Vicki Barbolak

3

Stand-up Comedienne; starts by saying she thought the finale was a bathing suit contest. She proceeds to strip into her bathing suit and talk about her time as a stripper. Chats about all the accomplishments her grandson has in school, to later say he is homeschooled. She says her dad is an ex-football player, and she has the typical looks of a football player's daughter. Ends with talking about Hooter's and how she wants tom open a restaurant for women called, "Woodpeckers".

Top 10

Glennis Grace

4

Singer; performed "Run" by Snow Patrol.

Top 10

Zurcaroh

5

Acrobatic Group; started all lined up in a row. They broke out and performed a ritual dance to "Baba Yetu". Next, they created a human tower, and threw the little girl at the top off. They showed a scene where a little boy sees a girl acrobat and is scared of her appearance. The remaining acrobats do a flag routine. The little boy comes back and isn't scared of the girl anymore. They end the routine by making another human tower and throwing three girls in the air to be caught.

Advanced

Samuel J. Comroe

6

Stand-up Comedian; explains how he met his wife. Tells a story about a guy he met that was squeezing his girlfriend's butt. The guy then walked up to Comroe and said he doesn't really have tourettes because he doesn't cuss. Comroe said when he cusses it is from the heart. He finishes talking about how he does not like rude people. If you honk at him, he will follow you home. If he opens the door and you don't say thank you, he will pull you back in.

Advanced

Courtney Hadwin

7

Singer; performed "River Deep, Mountain High" by Tina Turner.

Top 10

Shin Lim

8

Close-up Magician; played piano for a bit, and talked about how he used to play piano until carpal tunnel made him stop, then got Tyra to randomly select a card. He then made multiple copies of this card appear and disappear, and displayed the name of the card with floating playing cards.

Advanced

Duo Transcend

9

Trapeze Duo; opens with both at the top of the trapeze. Mary blindfolds Tyce, and proceeds to dangle for his leg in the air. She then does many flips by just holding onto his arms. Mary stands on Tyce's shoulders and jumps down with Tyce just barely catching her. They continue to do flips. Mary takes off his blindfold and holds him by just her arms. They conclude by Mary dropping Tyce, on purpose.

Top 10

Michael Ketterer

10

Singer; performed "Ain't No Mountain High Enough" by Marvin Gaye & Tammi Terrell.

Advanced

text: Finale

text: Guest performers in the finale included Kiss, Bebe Rexha, The Struts, Plácido Domingo, and Lindsey Stirling. Other celebrity appearances included David Spade, Matt Iseman and Akbar Gbaja-Biamila.[15]

text: The following chart describes the acts, appearances and segments presented during the finale.

text:
Act(s)

Performance Description

Glennis Grace

Singer; Guest performer Bebe Rexha sang a duet with Grace of her song "Meant to Be".

Samuel J. Comroe

Stand-up Comedian; Clips were shown of Comroe performing and acting as a judge to comment on the Mel B's performance as a stand-up comedienne.

Courtney Hadwin

Singer; Guest performer The Struts sang a duet with Hadwin of their song "Could Have Been Me" and Janis Joplin's version of "Piece of My Heart" song.

Daniel Emmet

Opera Singer; Guest performer Plácido Domingo sang a duet with Emmet of Les pêcheurs de perles opera song "Au fond du temple saint" (generally known as "The Pearl Fishers Duet").

Vicky Barbolak

Stand-up Comedienne; Guest performer David Spade performed together with Barbolak.

Michael Ketterer

Singer; Sang "The Courage To Love" by Garth Brooks.

Shin Lim

Close-up Magician; Guest volunteers Matt Iseman and Akbar Gbaja-Biamila

Brian King Joseph & Duo Transcend

Electric Violinist and Trapeze Duo; Guest performer Lindsey Stirling and Joseph performed performed "Roundtable Rival" and "The Force of Nature" while Duo Transcend performs.

Zurcaroh

Acrobatic Group; Guest performer Lindsey Stirling

text:
Key

  1st place (Winner)

  2nd place (Runner-ups)

  3rd place

  4th place

  5th place

text:
Act

Result

Shin Lim

Winner

Zurcaroh

Runner-Ups

Brian King Joseph

3rd place

Samuel J. Comroe

4th place

Michael Ketterer

5th place

text: Top 36 acts

text:
Key

     Winner

     Runner-up

     Third Place

     Top 5

     Finalist

     Semifinalist (lost judges' vote)

     Semifinalist (lost audience vote)

     Quarterfinalist (lost judges' vote)

     Quarterfinalist (lost audience vote)

 Golden buzzer (Auditions)

 Golden buzzer (Judge Cuts)

 Judges' wild card (quarterfinals)

 Judges' wild card (semifinals)

text:
Name of Act

Age(s)

Genre

Act

Hometown

Quarterfinal

Semifinal

Result

Shin Lim

26

Magic

Close-up Magician

Acton, Massachusetts

1

1

Winner

Zurcaroh

8–39

Acrobatics

Acrobatic Group

 Götzis, Austria

3

1

Runners-Up

Brian King Joseph

27

Music

Electric Violinist

Los Angeles, California

3

2

3rd place

Samuel J. Comroe

30

Comedy

Stand-up Comedian

Los Angeles, California

2

1

4th place

Michael Ketterer

40

Singing

Singer

Anaheim, California

3

1

5th place

Courtney Hadwin

13

Singing

Singer

 County Durham, England

1

2

Finalist (Won Public Vote)

Daniel Emmet

25

Singing

Opera Singer

Las Vegas, Nevada

3

2

Finalist (Won Judges' Vote)

Duo Transcend

29 & 32

Acrobatics

Trapeze Duo

Salt Lake City, Utah

2

1

Finalist (Won Judges' Vote)

Glennis Grace

40

Singing

Singer

 Amsterdam, Netherlands

2

2

Finalist (Won Dunkin' Save)

Vicki Barbolak

60

Comedy

Stand-up Comedienne

Oceanside, California

1

2

Finalist (Won Public Vote)

Voices of Hope

5–17

Singing

Choir

Orange County, California

2

1

Semifinalist (Lost Judges' Vote)

We Three

21–27

Singing

Band

McMinnville, Oregon

1

2

Semifinalist (Lost Judges' Vote)

Aaron Crow

49

Danger

Danger Act

 Bruges, Belgium

3

2

Eliminated

Amanda Mena

15

Singing

Singer

Boston, Massachusetts

1

1

Eliminated

Angel City Chorale

19–88

Singing

Choir

Los Angeles, California

1

2

Eliminated

Christina Wells

42

Singing

Singer

Houston, Texas

3

2

Eliminated

Da RepubliK

15–32

Dance

Dance Group

 Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic

2

2

Eliminated

Front Pictures

41 & 43

Variety

Multimedia Performance Act

 Kiev, Ukraine

2

1

Eliminated

Junior New System

18–25

Dance

Dance Group

 Manila, Philippines

1

1

Eliminated

Makayla Phillips

16

Singing

Singer

Canyon Lake, California

2

1

Eliminated

Noah Guthrie

24

Singing

Singer/Guitarist

Greer, South Carolina

2

2

Eliminated

Us the Duo

27 & 28

Singing

Band

Los Angeles, California

3

1

Eliminated

Mochi

29

Variety

Diabolo Artist

 Shizuoka, Japan

1

N/A

Quarterfinalist (Lost Judges' Vote)

The Future Kingz

7–23

Dance

Dance Group

Chicago, Illinois

3

N/A

Quarterfinalist (Lost Judges' Vote)

Flau'jae

14

Music

Rapper

Savannah, Georgia

1

N/A

Eliminated

Hans

"19"

Variety

Singer/Accordionist/Dancer

 Adelaide, Australia

3

N/A

Eliminated

Human Fountains

24–29

Variety

Novelty Act

Los Angeles, California

1

N/A

Eliminated

Joseph O'Brien

20

Singing

Singer/Pianist

Columbia, Tennessee

3

N/A

Eliminated

Lord Nil

38

Danger

Escape Artist

 Italy

1

N/A

Eliminated

Quin and Misha

70 & 35

Dance

Ballroom Dance Duo

Orlando, Florida

2

N/A

Eliminated

Rob Lake

35

Magic

Illusionist

Norman, Oklahoma

3

N/A

Eliminated

The PAC Dance Team

15–18

Dance

Dance Group

Sahuarita, Arizona

1

N/A

Eliminated

The Sacred Riana

25

Magic

Illusionist

 Jakarta, Indonesia

2

N/A

Eliminated

The Savitsky Cats

24 & 45

Animal

Cat Act

 Ukraine

2

N/A

Eliminated

UDI Dance

20–37

Dance

Blacklight Dance Group

 Tomsk, Russia

3

N/A

Eliminated

Yumbo Dump

31 & 34

Comedy

Comedy Duo

 Okayama, Japan

2

N/A

Eliminated

text: International broadcast

text: This season is being aired in Asia within 48 hours of being broadcast in the US. It airs on AXN starting May 31, 2018 (UTC+8).[16][17]

text: In the United Kingdom and Ireland the first episode was brought to Netflix on May 31. In Singapore, the show was broadcast on MediaCorp Channel 5 every Thursday starting May 31, 2018.[18]

text: Ratings

text: U.S. Nielsen ratings

text:
Episode

Title

First air date

Timeslot (EDT)

Rating(18–49)

Share(18–49)

Viewers(millions)

NightlyRank

WeeklyRank

1

Auditions Week 1

May 29, 2018

Tuesday  8:00 p.m.

2.5

11

12.16

1[19]

3[20]

2

Auditions Week 2

June 5, 2018

2.2

10

11.27

1[21]

3[22]

3

Auditions Week 3

June 12, 2018

2.3

10

11.46

1[23]

1[24]

4

Auditions Week 4

June 19, 2018

2.2

10

11.86

1[25]

1[26]

5

Auditions Week 5

June 26, 2018

2.0

9

11.32

1[27]

1[28]

6

Auditions Week 6

July 10, 2018

2.1

9

11.55

1[29]

1[30]

7

Judge Cuts 1

July 17, 2018

2.1

9

11.33

1[31]

1[32]

8

Judge Cuts 2

July 24, 2018

2.0

8

11.68

1[33]

1[34]

9

Judge Cuts 3

July 31, 2018

2.1

9

11.83

1[35]

1[36]

10

Judge Cuts 4

August 7, 2018

1.9

9

11.04

1[37]

1[38]

11

Quarterfinals, Week 1 (Performances)

August 14, 2018

2.1

10

11.10

1[39]

1[40]

12

Quarterfinals, Week 1 (Results)

August 15, 2018

Wednesday  8:00 p.m.

1.5

8

9.85

2[41]

2[40]

13

Quarterfinals, Week 2 (Performances)

August 21, 2018

Tuesday  8:00 p.m.

2.1

9

11.21

1[42]

1[43]

14

Quarterfinals, Week 2 (Results)

August 22, 2018

Wednesday  8:00 p.m.

1.6

8

9.69

1[44]

2[43]

15

Quarterfinals, Week 3 (Performances)

August 28, 2018

Tuesday  8:00 p.m.

1.9

8

10.78

1[45]

1[46]

16

Quarterfinals, Week 3 (Results)

August 29, 2018

Wednesday  8:00 p.m.

1.5

7

9.90

2[47]

2[46]

17

Semifinals, Week 1 (Performances)

September 4, 2018

Tuesday  8:00 p.m.

1.8

8

10.69

1[48]

5[49]

18

Semifinals, Week 1 (Results)

September 5, 2018

Wednesday  8:00 p.m.

1.5

7

9.89

2[50]

7[49]

19

Semifinals, Week 2 (Performances)

September 11, 2018

Tuesday  8:00 p.m.

1.9

8

10.75

1[51]

4[52]

20

Semifinals, Week 2 (Results)

September 12, 2018

Wednesday  8:00 p.m.

1.6

8

10.15

1[53]

5[52]

21

The Finals

September 18, 2018

Tuesday  8:00 p.m.

2.3

10

12.99

1[54]

2[55]

22

Season Finale

September 19, 2018

Wednesday  8:00 p.m.

2.1

10

12.88

1[56]

3[55]

text: Special episodes

text:
Specials

Title

First air date

Timeslot (EDT)

Rating(18–49)

Share(18–49)

Viewers(millions)

NightlyRank

WeeklyRank

S1

Best of Auditions

July 11, 2018

Wednesday  8:00 p.m.

0.9

5

5.98

2[57]

4[30]

S2

Road to Lives

August 9, 2018

Thursday  8:00 p.m.

0.7

3

3.82

2[58]

21[38]

text: Contestants who appeared in other seasons or shows

text:
Act

Television show

Season

Result

Notes

Academy of Villains

America's Got Talent

7

Semifinalist

Sergey and Sasha

10

Cut Before Judge Cuts

Silicon Valley Girls

11

Cut Before Judge Cuts

Auditioned as "Trio Grace"

Junior New System

Asia's Got Talent

1

Finalist

Received the golden buzzer during the semifinals.[59]

The Sacred Riana

2

Winner

[60]

Yumbo Dump

Semi-Finalist

[61][62]

UDI

Britain's Got Talent

9

Finalist

Wes-P

12

Semi-Finalist

Auditioned as "Mr. Uekusa"

Aaron Crow

7

Semi-Finalist

La France a un incroyable talent

11

Semi-Finalist

Zurcaroh

12

Finalist

Received the golden buzzer during the auditions.[63]

David Pereira

8

Finalist

Got Talent España

1

Finalist

Noah Guthrie

Glee

6

N/A

Played Roderick Meeks[64]Recurring role; 12 episodes.

Lioz Shem Tov

Israel's Got Talent

1

Semi-Finalist

Jeffrey Li

Little Big Shots

1

N/A

Rob Lake

Masters of Illusion

3

N/A

Shin Lim

Penn & Teller: Fool Us

2

Fooler

4

Jimmy Ichihana

Non-Fooler

Flau'jae

The Rap Game

3

Final Four

Troy James

Showtime At The Apollo

1

N/A

Glennis Grace

Eurovision Song Contest

50 (2005)

Semi-Finalist

Dutch contestant with "My Impossible Dream"

Soundmixshow

10 (1994)

Winner

Sang "One Moment in Time" by Whitney Houston

Courtney Hadwin

The Voice Kids (UK)

1

Finalist

One-chair turn from Danny Jones.[65]

Angel Garcia

La Voz Kids (US)

2

Eliminated in the Battles

Auditioned as "Angelito Garcia". One-chair turn from Prince Royce.

Amanda Mena

Winner

Three-chair turner and joined Team Royce.[66]