document_title: Background radiation

question_text: what is the average annual dose of radiation

text: Background radiation

text: Definitions[edit]

text: The term background radiation can have different meanings, depending whether we are considering an ambient radiation dose, or we wish to differentiate between an incidental background and a particular source of radiation of concern.

text: For example, in considering radiation safety , background radiation is defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency as "Dose or dose rate (or an observed measure related to the dose or dose rate) attributable to all sources other than the one(s) specified.[1] So a distinction is made between sources of dose which are incidentally in a location, which are defined here as being "background", and the dose due to a specified source. This is important where radiation measurements are taken of a specified radiation source, and the incidental background may affect this measurement. An example would be detection of radioactive contamination in a gamma ray background, which could increase the total reading above that expected from the contamination alone.

text: However, if no specific radiation source is of concern, then the total radiation dose measurement taken at a location is generally called the background radiation , and this is usually the case where an ambient dose rate is measured for environmental purposes.

text: Background dose rate examples[edit]

text: Background radiation varies with location and time, and the following table gives examples:

text:
Average annual human exposure to ionizing radiation in millisieverts (mSv) per year

Radiation source
World[2]
US[3]
Japan[4]
Remark

Inhalation of air
1.26
2.28
0.40
mainly from radon, depends on indoor accumulation

Ingestion of food & water
0.29
0.28
0.40
(K-40, C-14, etc.)

Terrestrial radiation from ground
0.48
0.21
0.40
depends on soil and building material

Cosmic radiation from space
0.39
0.33
0.30
depends on altitude

sub total (natural)
2.40
3.10
1.50
sizeable population groups receive 10–20 mSv

Medical
0.60
3.00
2.30
worldwide figure excludes radiotherapy;
US figure is mostly CT scans and nuclear medicine.

Consumer items
–
0.13

cigarettes, air travel, building materials, etc.

Atmospheric nuclear testing
0.005
–
0.01
peak of 0.11 mSv in 1963 and declining since; higher near sites

Occupational exposure
0.005
0.005
0.01
worldwide average to workers only is 0.7 mSv, mostly due to radon in mines;[2]
US is mostly due to medical and aviation workers.[3]

Chernobyl accident
0.002
–
0.01
peak of 0.04 mSv in 1986 and declining since; higher near site

Nuclear fuel cycle
0.0002

0.001
up to 0.02 mSv near sites; excludes occupational exposure

Other
–
0.003

Industrial, security, medical, educational, and research

sub total (artificial)
0.61
3.14
2.33

Total
3.01
6.24
3.83
millisieverts per year

text: Natural background radiation[edit]

text: Radioactive material is found throughout nature. Detectable amounts occur naturally in soil, rocks, water, air, and vegetation, from which it is inhaled and ingested into the body. In addition to this internal exposure, humans also receive external exposure from radioactive materials that remain outside the body and from cosmic radiation from space. The worldwide average natural dose to humans is about 2.4 millisievert (mSv) per year.[2] This is four times the worldwide average artificial radiation exposure, which in 2008 amounted to about 0.6 mSv per year. In some rich countries, like the US and Japan, artificial exposure is, on average, greater than the natural exposure, due to greater access to medical imaging. In Europe, average natural background exposure by country ranges from under 2 mSv annually in the United Kingdom to more than 7 mSv annually for some groups of people in Finland.[5]

text: The International Atomic Energy Agency states:

text: Air[edit]

text: The biggest source of natural background radiation is airborne radon, a radioactive gas that emanates from the ground. Radon and its isotopes, parent radionuclides, and decay products all contribute to an average inhaled dose of 1.26 mSv/a (millisievert per year). Radon is unevenly distributed and varies with weather, such that much higher doses apply to many areas of the world, where it represents a significant health hazard. Concentrations over 500 times the world average have been found inside buildings in Scandinavia, the United States, Iran, and the Czech Republic.[7] Radon is a decay product of uranium, which is relatively common in the Earth's crust, but more concentrated in ore-bearing rocks scattered around the world. Radon seeps out of these ores into the atmosphere or into ground water or infiltrates into buildings. It can be inhaled into the lungs, along with its decay products, where they will reside for a period of time after exposure.

text: Although radon is naturally occurring, exposure can be enhanced or diminished by human activity, notably house construction. A poorly sealed basement in an otherwise well insulated house can result in the accumulation of radon within the dwelling, exposing its residents to high concentrations. The widespread construction of well insulated and sealed homes in the northern industrialized world has led to radon becoming the primary source of background radiation in some localities in northern North America and Europe.[citation needed] Basement sealing and suction ventilation reduce exposure. Some building materials, for example lightweight concrete with alum shale, phosphogypsum and Italian tuff, may emanate radon if they contain radium and are porous to gas.[7]

text: Radiation exposure from radon is indirect. Radon has a short half-life (4 days) and decays into other solid particulate radium-series radioactive nuclides. These radioactive particles are inhaled and remain lodged in the lungs, causing continued exposure. Radon is thus assumed to be the second leading cause of lung cancer after smoking, and accounts for 15,000 to 22,000 cancer deaths per year in the US alone.[8][better source needed]. However, the discussion about the opposite experimental results is still going on.[9]

text: About 100,000 Bq/m3 of radon was found in Stanley Watras's basement in 1984.[10][11] He and his neighbours in Boyertown, Pennsylvania, United States may hold the record for the most radioactive dwellings in the world. International radiation protection organizations estimate that a committed dose may be calculated by multiplying the equilibrium equivalent concentration (EEC) of radon by a factor of 8 to 9 nSv·m3/Bq·h and the EEC of thoron by a factor of 40 nSv·m3/Bq·h.[2]

text: Most of the atmospheric background is caused by radon and its decay products. The gamma spectrum shows prominent peaks at 609, 1120, and 1764 keV, belonging to bismuth-214, a radon decay product. The atmospheric background varies greatly with wind direction and meteorological conditions. Radon also can be released from the ground in bursts and then form "radon clouds" capable of traveling tens of kilometers.[12]

text: Cosmic radiation[edit]

text: The Earth and all living things on it are constantly bombarded by radiation from outer space. This radiation primarily consists of positively charged ions from protons to iron and larger nuclei derived sources outside our solar system. This radiation interacts with atoms in the atmosphere to create an air shower of secondary radiation, including X-rays, muons, protons, alpha particles, pions, electrons, and neutrons. The immediate dose from cosmic radiation is largely from muons, neutrons, and electrons, and this dose varies in different parts of the world based largely on the geomagnetic field and altitude. For example, the city of Denver in the United States (at 1650 meters elevation) receives a cosmic ray dose roughly twice that of a location at sea level.[13] This radiation is much more intense in the upper troposphere, around 10 km altitude, and is thus of particular concern for airline crews and frequent passengers, who spend many hours per year in this environment. During their flights airline crews typically get an extra dose on the order of 2.2 mSv (220 mrem) per year.[14]

text: Similarly, cosmic rays cause higher background exposure in astronauts than in humans on the surface of Earth. Astronauts in low orbits, such as in the International Space Station or the Space Shuttle, are partially shielded by the magnetic field of the Earth, but also suffer from the Van Allen radiation belt which accumulates cosmic rays and results from the Earth's magnetic field. Outside low Earth orbit, as experienced by the Apollo astronauts who traveled to the Moon, this background radiation is much more intense, and represents a considerable obstacle to potential future long term human exploration of the moon or Mars.

text: Cosmic rays also cause elemental transmutation in the atmosphere, in which secondary radiation generated by the cosmic rays combines with atomic nuclei in the atmosphere to generate different nuclides. Many so-called cosmogenic nuclides can be produced, but probably the most notable is carbon-14, which is produced by interactions with nitrogen atoms. These cosmogenic nuclides eventually reach the Earth's surface and can be incorporated into living organisms. The production of these nuclides varies slightly with short-term variations in solar cosmic ray flux, but is considered practically constant over long scales of thousands to millions of years. The constant production, incorporation into organisms and relatively short half-life of carbon-14 are the principles used in radiocarbon dating of ancient biological materials, such as wooden artifacts or human remains.

text: The cosmic radiation at sea level usually manifests as 511 keV gamma rays from annihilation of positrons created by nuclear reactions of high energy particles and gamma rays. At higher altitudes there is also the contribution of continuous bremsstrahlung spectrum.[12]

text: Terrestrial sources[edit]

text: Terrestrial radiation, for the purpose of the table above, only includes sources that remain external to the body. The major radionuclides of concern are potassium, uranium and thorium and their decay products, some of which, like radium and radon are intensely radioactive but occur in low concentrations. Most of these sources have been decreasing, due to radioactive decay since the formation of the Earth, because there is no significant amount currently transported to the Earth. Thus, the present activity on earth from uranium-238 is only half as much as it originally was because of its 4.5 billion year half-life, and potassium-40 (half-life 1.25 billion years) is only at about 8% of original activity. The effects on humans of the actual diminishment (due to decay) of these isotopes is, however, minimal. This is because humans evolved too recently for the difference in activity over a fraction of a half-life to be significant. Put another way, human history is so short in comparison to a half-life of a billion years, that the activity of these long-lived isotopes has been effectively constant throughout our time on this planet.

text: In addition, many shorter half-life (and thus more intensely radioactive) isotopes have not decayed out of the terrestrial environment because of their on-going natural production. Examples of these are radium-226 (decay product of thorium-230 in decay chain of uranium-238) and radon-222 (a decay product of radium-226 in said chain).

text: Thorium and uranium (and their daughters) primarily undergo alpha and beta decay, and aren't easily detectable. However, many of their daughter products are strong gamma emitters. Thorium-232 is detectable via a 239 keV peak from lead-212, 511, 583 and 2614 keV from thallium-208, and 911 and 969 keV from actinium-228. Uranium-238 manifests as 609, 1120, and 1764 keV peaks of bismuth-214 (cf. the same peak for atmospheric radon). Potassium-40 is detectable directly via its 1461 keV gamma peak.[12]

text: The level over the sea and other large bodies of water tends to be about a tenth of the terrestrial background. Conversely, coastal areas (and areas by the side of fresh water) may have an additional contribution from dispersed sediment.[12]

text: Food and water[edit]

text: Some of the essential elements that make up the human body, mainly potassium and carbon, have radioactive isotopes that add significantly to our background radiation dose. An average human contains about 30 milligrams of potassium-40 (40K) and about 10 nanograms (10−8 g) of carbon-14 (14C),[citation needed] which has a decay half-life of 5,730 years. Excluding internal contamination by external radioactive material, the largest component of internal radiation exposure from biologically functional components of the human body is from potassium-40. The decay of about 4,000 nuclei of 40K per second[15] makes potassium the largest source of radiation in terms of number of decaying atoms. The energy of beta particles produced by 40K is also about 10 times that from the beta particles from 14C decay. 14C is present in the human body at a level of 3700 Bq with a biological half-life of 40 days.[16] There are about 1,200 beta particles per second produced by the decay of 14C. However, a 14C atom is in the genetic information of about half the cells, while potassium is not a component of DNA. The decay of a 14C atom inside DNA in one person happens about 50 times per second, changing a carbon atom to one of nitrogen.[17] The global average internal dose from radionuclides other than radon and its decay products is 0.29 mSv/a, of which 0.17 mSv/a comes from 40K, 0.12 mSv/a comes from the uranium and thorium series, and 12 μSv/a comes from 14C.[2]

text: Areas with high natural background radiation[edit]

text: Some areas have greater dosage than the country-wide averages.[18] In the world in general, exceptionally high natural background locales include Ramsar in Iran, Guarapari in Brazil, Karunagappalli in India,[19] Arkaroola in Australia [20] and Yangjiang in China.[21]

text: The highest level of purely natural radiation ever recorded on the Earth's surface was 90 µGy/h on a Brazilian black beach (areia preta in Portuguese) composed of monazite.[22] This rate would convert to 0.8 Gy/a for year-round continuous exposure, but in fact the levels vary seasonally and are much lower in the nearest residences. The record measurement has not been duplicated and is omitted from UNSCEAR's latest reports. Nearby tourist beaches in Guarapari and Cumuruxatiba were later evaluated at 14 and 15 µGy/h.[23][24]

text: The highest background radiation in an inhabited area is found in Ramsar, primarily due to the use of local naturally radioactive limestone as a building material. The 1000 most exposed residents receive an average external effective radiation dose of 6 mSv per year, (0.6 rem/yr,) six times the ICRP recommended limit for exposure to the public from artificial sources.[25] They additionally receive a substantial internal dose from radon. Record radiation levels were found in a house where the effective dose due to ambient radiation fields was 131 mSv/a, (13.1 rem/yr) and the internal committed dose from radon was 72 mSv/a (7.2 rem/yr).[25] This unique case is over 80 times higher than the world average natural human exposure to radiation.

text: Epidemiological studies are underway to identify health effects associated with the high radiation levels in Ramsar. It is much too early to draw unambiguous statistically significant conclusions.[25] While so far support for beneficial effects of chronic radiation (like longer lifespan) has been observed in few places only,[26] a protective and adaptive effect is suggested by at least one study whose authors nonetheless caution that data from Ramsar are not yet sufficiently strong to relax existing regulatory dose limits.[27] However, the recent statistical analyses discussed that there is no correlation between the risk of negative health effects and elevated level of natural background radiation.[28]

text: Photoelectric[edit]

text: Background radiation doses in the immediate vicinity of particles of high atomic number materials, within the human body, have a small enhancement due to the photoelectric effect.[29]

text: Neutron background[edit]

text: Most of the natural neutron background is a product of cosmic rays interacting with the atmosphere. The neutron energy peaks at around 1 MeV and rapidly drops above. At sea level, the production of neutrons is about 20 neutrons per second per kilogram of material interacting with the cosmic rays (or, about 100–300 neutrons per square meter per second). The flux is dependent on geomagnetic latitude, with a maximum near the magnetic poles. At solar minimums, due to lower solar magnetic field shielding, the flux is about twice as high vs the solar maximum. It also dramatically increases during solar flares. In the vicinity of larger heavier objects, e.g. buildings or ships, the neutron flux measures higher; this is known as "cosmic ray induced neutron signature", or "ship effect" as it was first detected with ships at sea.[12]

text: Artificial background radiation[edit]

text: Medical[edit]

text: The global average human exposure to artificial radiation is 0.6 mSv/a, primarily from medical imaging. This medical component can range much higher, with an average of 3 mSv per year across the USA population.[3] Other human contributors include smoking, air travel, radioactive building materials, historical nuclear weapons testing, nuclear power accidents and nuclear industry operation.

text: A typical chest x-ray delivers 0.02 mSv (2 mrem) of effective dose.[30] A dental x-ray delivers a dose of 5 to 10 µSv.[31] A CT scan delivers an effective dose to the whole body ranging from 1 to 20 mSv (100 to 2000 mrem). The average American receives about 3 mSv of diagnostic medical dose per year; countries with the lowest levels of health care receive almost none. Radiation treatment for various diseases also accounts for some dose, both in individuals and in those around them.

text: Consumer items[edit]

text: Cigarettes contain polonium-210, originating from the decay products of radon, which stick to tobacco leaves. Heavy smoking results in a radiation dose of 160 mSv/year to localized spots at the bifurcations of segmental bronchi in the lungs from the decay of polonium-210. This dose is not readily comparable to the radiation protection limits, since the latter deal with whole body doses, while the dose from smoking is delivered to a very small portion of the body.[32]

text: Air travel causes increased exposure to cosmic radiation. The average extra dose to flight personnel is 2.19 mSv/year.[33]

text: Atmospheric nuclear testing[edit]

text: Frequent above-ground nuclear explosions between the 1940s and 1960s scattered a substantial amount of radioactive contamination. Some of this contamination is local, rendering the immediate surroundings highly radioactive, while some of it is carried longer distances as nuclear fallout; some of this material is dispersed worldwide. The increase in background radiation due to these tests peaked in 1963 at about 0.15 mSv per year worldwide, or about 7% of average background dose from all sources. The Limited Test Ban Treaty of 1963 prohibited above-ground tests, thus by the year 2000 the worldwide dose from these tests has decreased to only 0.005 mSv per year.[37]

text: Occupational exposure[edit]

text: The International Commission on Radiological Protection recommends limiting occupational radiation exposure to 50 mSv (5 rem) per year, and 100 mSv (10 rem) in 5 years.[38]

text: However, background radiation for occupational doses includes radiation that is not measured by radiation dose instruments in potential occupational exposure conditions. This includes both offsite "natural background radiation" and any medical radiation doses. This value is not typically measured or known from surveys, such that variations in the total dose to individual workers is not known. This can be a significant confounding factor in assessing radiation exposure effects in a population of workers who may have significantly different natural background and medical radiation doses. This is most significant when the occupational doses are very low.

text: At an IAEA conference in 2002, it was recommended that occupational doses below 1–2 mSv per year do not warrant regulatory scrutiny.[39]

text: Nuclear accidents[edit]

text: Under normal circumstances, nuclear reactors release small amounts of radioactive gases, which cause small radiation exposures to the public. Events classified on the International Nuclear Event Scale as incidents typically do not release any additional radioactive substances into the environment. Large releases of radioactivity from nuclear reactors are extremely rare. To the present day, there were two major civilian accidents – the Chernobyl accident and the Fukushima I nuclear accidents – which caused substantial contamination. The Chernobyl accident was the only one to cause immediate deaths.

text: Total doses from the Chernobyl accident ranged from 10 to 50 mSv over 20 years for the inhabitants of the affected areas, with most of the dose received in the first years after the disaster, and over 100 mSv for liquidators. There were 28 deaths from acute radiation syndrome.[40]

text: Total doses from the Fukushima I accidents were between 1 and 15 mSv for the inhabitants of the affected areas. Thyroid doses for children were below 50 mSv. 167 cleanup workers received doses above 100 mSv, with 6 of them receiving more than 250 mSv (the Japanese exposure limit for emergency response workers).[41]

text: The average dose from the Three Mile Island accident was 0.01 mSv.[42]

text: Non-civilian: In addition to the civilian accidents described above, several accidents at early nuclear weapons facilities – such as the Windscale fire, the contamination of the Techa River by the nuclear waste from the Mayak compound, and the Kyshtym disaster at the same compound – released substantial radioactivity into the environment. The Windscale fire resulted in thyroid doses of 5–20 mSv for adults and 10–60 mSv for children.[43] The doses from the accidents at Mayak are unknown.

text: Nuclear fuel cycle[edit]

text: The Nuclear Regulatory Commission, the United States Environmental Protection Agency, and other U.S. and international agencies, require that licensees limit radiation exposure to individual members of the public to 1 mSv (100 mrem) per year.

text: Other[edit]

text: Coal plants emit radiation in the form of radioactive fly ash which is inhaled and ingested by neighbours, and incorporated into crops. A 1978 paper from Oak Ridge National Laboratory estimated that coal-fired power plants of that time may contribute a whole-body committed dose of 19 µSv/a to their immediate neighbours in a radius of 500 m.[44] The United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation's 1988 report estimated the committed dose 1 km away to be 20 µSv/a for older plants or 1 µSv/a for newer plants with improved fly ash capture, but was unable to confirm these numbers by test.[45] When coal is burned, uranium, thorium and all the uranium daughters accumulated by disintegration — radium, radon, polonium — are released.[46] Radioactive materials previously buried underground in coal deposits are released as fly ash or, if fly ash is captured, may be incorporated into concrete manufactured with fly ash.

text: Radiation metrology[edit]

text: In a radiation metrology laboratory, background radiation refers to the measured value from any incidental sources that affect an instrument when a specific radiation source sample is being measured. This background contribution, which is established as a stable value by multiple measurements, usually before and after sample measurement, is subtracted from the rate measured when the sample is being measured.

text: This is in accordance with the International Atomic Energy Agency definition of background as being "Dose or dose rate (or an observed measure related to the dose or dose rate) attributable to all sources other than the one(s) specified.[1]

text: The same issue occurs with radiation protection instruments, where a reading from an instrument may be affected by the background radiation. An example of this is a scintillation detector used for surface contamination monitoring. In an elevated gamma background the scintillator material will be affected by the background gamma, which will add to the reading obtained from any contamination which is being monitored. In extreme cases it will make the instrument unusable as the background swamps the lower level of radiation from the contamination. In such instruments the background can be continually monitored in the "Ready" state, and subtracted from any reading obtained when being used in "Measuring" mode.

text: Regular Radiation measurement is carried out at multiple levels. Government agencies compile radiation readings as part of environmental monitoring mandates, often making the readings available to the public and sometimes in near-real-time. Collaborative groups and private individuals may also make real-time readings available to the public. Instruments used for radiation measurement include the Geiger–Müller tube and the Scintillation detector. The former is usually more compact and affordable and reacts to several radiation types, while the latter is more complex and can detect specific radiation energies and types. Readings indicate radiation levels from all sources including background, and real-time readings are in general unvalidated, but correlation between independent detectors increases confidence in measured levels.

text: List of near-real-time government radiation measurement sites, employing multiple instrument types:

text:
Europe and Canada: European Radiological Data Exchange Platform (EURDEP) Simple map of Gamma Dose Rates
USA: EPA Radnet near-real-time and laboratory data by state

text: List of international near-real-time collaborative/private measurement sites, employing primarily Geiger-Muller detectors:

text:
GMC map: http://www.gmcmap.com/ (mix of real-time and old-data detector stations)
Netc: http://www.netc.com/
Radmon: http://www.radmon.org/
Radiation Network: http://radiationnetwork.com/
Radioactive@Home: http://radioactiveathome.org/map/
Safecast: http://safecast.org/tilemap (the green circles are real-time detectors)
uRad Monitor: http://www.uradmonitor.com/


document_title: Honorific nicknames in popular music

question_text: who is considered to be the first modern pop princess

root

text: Honorific nicknames in popular music

text: Individual titles

text: A

text:
Artist
Title
Country
Source

Aitken, LaurelLaurel Aitken
Godfather of Ska
Jamaica
[16]

Kansiime, AnneAnne Kansiime
African Queen of Comedy
Uganda
[17]

Aaliyah
Princess of R&B
United States
[18]

Queen of Urban Pop
[19]

Acuff, RoyRoy Acuff
King of Country
United States
[21]

Adamou, IviIvi Adamou
Pop Queen
Cyprus/Greece
[22][23]

Teen Idol

, AdeleAdele
British Queen of Soul
United Kingdom
[24]

Princess of Pop
[25]

Christina Aguilera
Princess of Pop
United States
[26]

The Voice of a Generation
[27]

Álvarez, PaulinaPaulina Álvarez
Empress of the Danzonete
Cuba
[28][29]

Amuro, NamieNamie Amuro
Queen of Japanese Pop
Japan
[30]

The Japanese Madonna
[31]

Andrews, JulieJulie Andrews
Britain's Youngest Prima Donna
United Kingdom
[32][33]

Arden, DonDon Arden
The English Godfather
United Kingdom
[34]

Mr. Big
[34]

Ashford, AnnaleighAnnaleigh Ashford
The New Queen of Disco
United States
[35]

Armstrong, LouisLouis Armstrong
King of Jazz Trumpet
United States
[36]

Ashanti
Princess of Hip Hop and Soul
United States
[37]

Atkins, ChetChet Atkins
Mr. Guitar
United States
[38]

tag: table

text: B

text:
Artist
Title
Country
Source

Erykah Badu
First Lady of Neo-Soul
United States
[39]

Queen of Neo-Soul
[40]

Godmother of Soul
[41]

Joan Baez
Queen of Folk
United States
[42][43]

Beck
King of Slackers
United States
[44]

Harry Belafonte
King of Calypso
United States
[45][46]

Chuck Berry
King of Rock and Roll
United States
[47]

Father of Rock and Roll
[48]

Beyoncé
Princess of R&B
United States
[49]

Queen Bey
[50]

Björk
Queen of Avant-Garde
Iceland
[51]

Queen of Experimental Pop
[52]

Queen of Experimental Music
[53]

Mary J. Blige
Empress of Soul
United States
[54]

Queen of Hip Hop
[26]

Queen of Hip Hop Soul
[54][55]

Queen of R&B
[56][57]

Kurtis Blow
King of Rap
United States
[58]

BoA
Queen of K-Pop
South Korea
[59]

David Bowie
The King of Glam Rock
United Kingdom
[60]

The Master of Reinvention
[61]

The Picasso of Pop
[62][63][64]

Brandy
Princess of R&B
United States
[65]

The Vocal Bible
[66][67][68]

Moya Brennan
First Lady of Celtic Music
Ireland
[69][70]

Garth Brooks
King of Country
United States
[71]

Arthur Brown
The God of Hellfire
United Kingdom
[72]

Chris Brown
Prince of R&B
United States
[73][74]

Chuck Brown
Godfather of Go-Go
United States
[75]

Dennis Brown
Crown Prince of Reggae
Jamaica
[76][77]

James Brown
Godfather of Soul
United States
[78][79][80]

Hardest-working Man in Show Business
[79]

King of Soul
[81]

Soul Brother No. 1.
[80]

Mr. Dynamite
[82]

Minister of Super Heavy Funk
[83]

Ruth Brown
Queen of R&B
United States
[84][85]

Solomon Burke
King of Rock 'n' Soul
United States
[86]

text: C

text:
Artist
Title
Country
Source

Laura Canales
Queen of Tejano
United States
[87]

Mariah Carey
Queen of Pop
United States
[88]

Songbird Supreme
[89]

Queen of Christmas
[90][91]

Roberto Carlos
The King of Latin Music
Brazil
[92][93]

Carlos do Carmo
King of Fado
Portugal
[94]

Ceca
The Queen
Serbia
[95]

Ray Charles
The Genius
United States
[96][97]

The High Priest of Soul
[98]

Clifton Chenier
King of Zydeco
United States
[99]

Cher
Goddess of Pop
United States
[100][101][102]

Queen of Reinvention
[103][104]

Queen of Comebacks
[105][106][107][108]

Queen of Camp
[109][110][111]

Jacky Cheung
God of Song
Hong Kong
[112]

Leslie Cheung
Gor Gor (Big/Elder Brother)
Hong Kong
[113]

Jay Chou
King of Chinese Pop
Taiwan
[114]

Ciara
Princess of Crunk & B
United States
[115]

Eric Clapton
God
United Kingdom
[116]

Slowhand
[116]

Kelly Clarkson
The Original American Idol
United States
[117][118][119]

Pop Princess
[120][121][122]

Queen of Covers
[123][124][125][126]

George Clinton
Father of P-Funk
United States
[127]

Keyshia Cole
Princess of Hip Hop Soul
United States
[128]

Sam Cooke
King of Soul
United States
[129][130][131]

Alice Cooper
Godfather of Shock Rock
United States
[132][133][134][135]

Celia Cruz
Queen of Salsa
Cuba
[136]

Dick Curless
Baron of Country Music
United States
[137]

Miley Cyrus
Teen Queen
United States
[138][139][140]

text: D

text:
Artist
Title
Country
Source

Daddy Yankee
King of Reggaetón
Puerto Rico
[141][142]

Damares
Queen of Brazilian Gospel
Brazil
[143][144][145][146]

Ray Davies
Godfather of Britpop
United Kingdom
[147]

Vinjamuri Anasuya Devi
Queen of Folk
India
[148]

Lana Del Rey
Queen of Indie Pop
United States
[149]

Mac DeMarco
Prince of Rock
Canada
[149]

Dr. Dre
Father of G-Funk
North America
[150]

Amr Diab
Father of Mediterranean Music
Egypt
[151][152]

Neil Diamond
The Jewish Elvis
United States
[153]

Dick Dale
King of the Surf Guitar
United States
[154]

Bo Diddley
The Originator of Rock and Roll
United States
[155]

Celine Dion
Queen Celine
Canada
[156][157]

Queen of Pop
[158]

Fats Domino
King of Rock and Roll
United States
[159]

Lonnie Donegan
King of Skiffle
United Kingdom
[160]

Rockin' Dopsie
Crown Prince of Zydeco
United States
[161]

Doro
Metal Queen
Germany
[162][163]

Tommy Dorsey
Sentimental Gentleman of Swing
United States
[164][165]

Duncan Mighty
Port Harcourt First Son
Nigeria
[166]

Rocío Dúrcal
Queen of Ranchera
Spain
[167]

Bob Dylan
King of Folk
United States
[168][169]

The Crown Prince of Folk
[170][171]

God of Folk
[172]

King of Folk-Rock
[172]

text: E

text:
Artist
Title
Country
Source

E., SheilaSheila E.
Queen of Percussion
United States
[173][174]

Edwards, NokieNokie Edwards
King of Guitars
United States/Japan
[175]

Eldritch, AndrewAndrew Eldritch
Godfather of Goth
United Kingdom
[176]

Elliott, MissyMissy Elliott
Beat Slayer
United States
[177]

First Lady of Hip-Hop
[178][179]

Hip-Hop Goddess
[180][181]

Hip-Hop Heavyweight
[182][183][184][185][186]

Puff Mommy
[187][188][189]

Queen of the Beats
[190][191][192]

Queen of Hip Hop
[193]

Queen of Hip Hop Dance Music
[177]

Queen of Female Rappers
[194][195][196]

Queen of Rap
[197][198][199]

Enya
Queen of New Age
Ireland
[200][201]

Darren Espanto
The Rising Total Performer
Canada and Philippines
[202]

Lali Espósito
Queen of Argentine Pop
Argentina
[203]

Estefan, GloriaGloria Estefan
Queen of Latin Pop
Cuba
[204]

Cesária Évora
Barefoot Diva
Cape Verde
[205]

Queen of Morna
[206]

Elvy Sukaesih
Dangdut Queen of Indonesia
Indonesia
[207]

text: F

text:
Artist
Title
Country
Source

Brenda Fassie
The Black Madonna
South Africa
[208][209][210]

Pops Fernandez
Concert Queen
Philippines
[211]

Vicente Fernandez
King of Ranchera
Mexico
[212]

Ella Fitzgerald
First Lady of Song
United States
[213][214]

Queen of Jazz
[215]

Foley, RedRed Foley
Mr. Country Music
United States
[216]

Aretha Franklin
Queen of Soul
United States
[26][217]

Alan Freed
King of Rock and Roll
United States
[218]

text: G

text:
Artist
Title
Country
Source

G-Dragon
King of K-Pop
South Korea
[219][220][221][222]

King of K-Rap
[223]

Juan Gabriel
King of Latin Pop
Mexico
[224]

Lyca Gairanod
Little Superstar
Philippines
[225]

Marvin Gaye
Prince of Motown
United States
[226]

Prince of Soul
[227]

Gloria Gaynor
Queen of Disco
United States
[228]

Muma Gee
Queen of African music
Nigeria
[229]

Sarah Geronimo
Popstar Princess
Philippines
[230]

Popstar Royalty
[231]

Queen of Philippine Pop
[232]

Rachelle Ann Go
Fierce Broadway Songstress
Philippines
[233]

Marika Gombitová
Queen of Slovak Pop Music
Slovakia
[234][235][236]

Songstress of the 20th Century
[237][238]

Benny Goodman
King of Swing
United States
[239]

Vern Gosdin
The Voice
United States
[240]

Ellie Goulding
Queen of Movie Soundtracks
United Kingdom
[241][242][243]

Grande, ArianaAriana Grande
Princess of Pop
United States
[244]

Amy Grant
Queen of Christian Pop
United States
[245][246]

Gretchen
Queen of Memes
Brazil
[247]

text: H

text:
Artist
Title
Country
Source

Hagen, NinaNina Hagen
Godmother of Punk
Germany
[248]

Haley, BillBill Haley
King of Rock and Roll
United States
[218]

Hamasaki, AyumiAyumi Hamasaki
Empress of Pop
Japan
[249]

Haza, OfraOfra Haza
The Israeli Madonna
Israel
[250]

Madonna of the East
[251]

Hegerová, HanaHana Hegerová
Queen of Czechoslovak Chanson
Czech/Slovak Republic
[252][253][254]

Hikawa, KiyoshiKiyoshi Hikawa
Prince of the Enka World
Japan
[255]

Hirose, KohmiKohmi Hirose
Queen of Winter
Japan
[256]

, Billie HolidayBillie Holiday
Lady Day
United States
[257]

Hooker, John LeeJohn Lee Hooker
King of the Blues
United States
[258]

Houston, WhitneyWhitney Houston
Pop Princess
United States
[259]

The Voice
[260]

Queen of Pop
[261][262]

Prom Queen of Soul
[263]

Hughes, GlennGlenn Hughes
The Voice of Rock
United Kingdom
[264]

Hui, SamuelSamuel Hui
God of Songs
Hong Kong
[265]

Hurricane, AlAl Hurricane
Godfather of New Mexico music
United States
[266][267]

text: I

text:
Artist
Title
Country
Source

Enrique Iglesias
King of Latin Pop
Spain
[268]

Iggy Azalea
Princess of Hip-Hop
Australia
[269]

La India
The Princess of Salsa
Puerto Rico (United States)
[270]

Rhoma Irama
King of Dangdut
Indonesia
[271]

Gregory Isaacs
Cool Ruler
Jamaica
[272]

Inul Daratista
"Mother" Queen of Indonesia
Indonesia
[273]

text: J

text:
Artist
Title
Country
Source

Jacki-O
Queen of The South
United States
[274]

Janet Jackson
Princess of Pop
United States
[275]

Queen of Pop
[276]

Queen of R&B
[277]

Queen of Radio
[278]

Mahalia Jackson
Queen of Gospel
United States
[279]

Michael Jackson
King of Pop
United States
[280][281]

Elmore James
King of the slide guitar
United States
[282]

Jaya
Pinoy Queen of Soul
Philippines
[283]

Philippine Queen of Soul
[284]

Ayi Jihu
The Chinese Madonna
China
[285][286]

Cui Jian
Grandfather of Chinese Rock
People's Republic of China
[287]

Blind Lemon Jefferson
Father of the Texas Blues
United States
[282]

Joan Jett
Godmother of Punk
United States
[288]

Carly Rae Jepsen
Queen Of...
Canada
[289]

Robert Johnson
Grandfather of Rock and Roll
United States
[290]

Al Jolson
The World's Greatest Entertainer
United States
[291]

Janis Joplin
Queen of Rock and Roll
United States
[292][293]

Sharon Jones
Godmother of Soul
United States
[294][295]

Scott Joplin
King of Ragtime (writers)
United States
[296]

Louis Jordan
King of the Jukebox
United States
[297]

José José
The Prince of Song
Mexico
[298]

Juliana Kanyomozi
Uganda's Music Queen
Uganda
[299][300]

Pop Princess
[301]

Jully Black
Queen of Canadian R&B
Canada
[302]

text: K

text:
Artist
Title
Country
Source

R. Kelly
King of R&B
United States
[303]

King of Pop-Soul
[304]

Keys, AliciaAlicia Keys
Queen of R&B
United States
[305][306]

Khaled
King of Raï
Algeria
[307]

B.B. King
King of the Blues
United States
[308][309]

Chaka Khan
Queen of Funk
United States
[310]

Khánh Ly
Barefoot Queen
Vietnam
[311]

Khia
Queen of The South
United States
[312]

Maurice Kirya
King of Mwooyo
Uganda
[313][314]

Gladys Knight
Empress of Soul
United States
[315][316][317]

Frankie Knuckles
Godfather of House
United States
[318]

Joseph Koo
Godfather of Cantopop
Hong Kong
[319]

Koda Kumi
Queen of J-Pop
Japan
[320]

Queen of Live
[321]

Kyary Pamyu Pamyu
Princess of J-Pop
Japan
[322]

Harajuku Pop Princess
[323]

Kyla
Queen of R&B
Philippines
[324]

text: L

text:
Artist
Title
Country
Source

Patti LaBelle
Godmother of Soul
United States
[325]

High Priestess of Good Vibrations
[326]

Queen of Rock 'n' Soul
[327]

Lady Gaga
Queen of Pop
United States
[328]

Princess of Pop
[329][330]

Mother Monster
[331]

The Countess
[332]

Lady Leshurr
Queen of Rap
United Kingdom
[333]

Lady Saw
Queen of Dancehall
Jamaica
[334][335]

Lamar, KendrickKendrick Lamar
King of the West Coast
United States
[336]

Lambert, AdamAdam Lambert
The New King of Queen
United States
[337][338]

Lane, NikkiNikki Lane
First Lady of Outlaw Country
United States
[339]

Last, JamesJames Last
Last king of easy listening
Germany
[340]

Lavigne, AvrilAvril Lavigne
Pop-Punk Queen
Canada
[341][342][343][344][345]

Pop Rock Princess
[346]

Princess of Pop
[347]

Punk Rock Princess
[348][349][350]

Kuh Ledesma
Pop Diva
Philippines
[351]

The Renaissance Woman
[352]

Paul, LesLes Paul
Architect of Rock and Roll
United States
[11]

Liberace
Mr. Showmanship
United States
[353]

Lil B
The Based God
United States
[354]

Lil Brianna
Princess of the South
United States
[355]

Lil Jon
King of Crunk
United States
[356]

Lil' Kim
Queen Bee
United States
[357][358]

Queen of Hip-Hop
[359]

Queen of Rap
[360][361][362][363][364]

Hip-Hop Goddess
[365][366][367]

Queen of Daring Style
[368]

Lil' Mo
Godmother of Hip-Hop and R&B
United States
[369][370]

Lisa Lisa
Queen of Latin Hip Hop
United States
[371]

Little Richard
Architect of Rock and Roll
United States
[372]

King of Rock and Roll
[373]

Logan, JohnnyJohnny Logan
Mr. Eurovision
Ireland
[374][375][376]

Loggins, KennyKenny Loggins
King of the Movie Soundtrack
United States
[377][378]

Lorde
New Queen of Alternative
New Zealand
[379]

Dave Lombardo
The Godfather of double bass
United States
[380]

Love, TobyToby Love
King of Crunkchata
United States
[381]

Lynn, LorettaLoretta Lynn
First Lady of Country
United States
[382]

Queen of Country
[383][384]

Lynn, VeraVera Lynn
Forces sweetheart
United Kingdom
[385][386]

Miguel, LuisLuis Miguel
The Sun of Mexico
Mexico
[387]

text: M

text:
Artist
Title
Country
Source

Madonna
First Lady of Pop
United States
[388][389]

Queen of Pop
[390][391][392]

High Priestess of Pop
[393]

Queen of Reinvention
[394][395]

Queen of Controversy
[396][397]

Magalona, FrancisFrancis Magalona
King of Philippine Rap
Philippines
[398]

Makeba, MiriamMiriam Makeba
Mama Africa
South Africa
[399]

Bamboo Mañalac
Rock Maestro
United States
[400]

Teena Marie
Ivory Queen of Soul
United States
[401]

Lady T
[401]

Marley, BobBob Marley
King of Reggae
Jamaica
[402][403]

Maurício, FernandoFernando Maurício
King of Fado and Mouraria
Portugal
[404]

Mazelle, KymKym Mazelle
First Lady of House
United States
[405][406][407]

Martina McBride
Celine Dion of Country
United States
[408]

McEntire, RebaReba McEntire
Queen of Country
United States
[383][409]

Mendoza, LydiaLydia Mendoza
Queen of Tejano
United States
[410]

Menzel, IdinaIdina Menzel
Broadway Queen
United States
[411]

Mercury, DanielaDaniela Mercury
Queen of Axé
Brazil
[412]

Sparrow, MightyMighty Sparrow
Calypso King of the World
Trinidad and Tobago
[413]

Minaj, NickiNicki Minaj
Queen of Rap
Trinidad and Tobago/United States
[414][415]

Queen of Hip Hop
[416]

Minnelli, LizaLiza Minnelli
Queen of Broadway
United States
[417][418]

Queen of Hollywood
[419]

Minogue, KylieKylie Minogue
Goddess of Pop
Australia
[420][421][422][423]

Pint-sized Pop Princess
[424][425][426][427]

Princess of Pop
[428]

Queen of Pop
[423][429][430][431]

Queen of the Manchester Arena
[432]

Maite Perroni
Teen Queen of Telenovelas
Mexico
[433]

Misia
Queen of Ballads
Japan
[434]

Queen of Japanese Soul
[435]

Misora, HibariHibari Misora
Queen of Japanese Pop
Japan
[436][437]

Monica
R&B Princess
United States
[65]

Monroe, BillBill Monroe
Father of Bluegrass
United States
[438]

Moore, Rudy RayRudy Ray Moore
Godfather of Rap
United States
[439]

Moroder, GiorgioGiorgio Moroder
Father of Disco
Italy
[440]

Morrison, JimJim Morrison
King of Orgasmic Rock
United States
[441]

Mui, AnitaAnita Mui
Queen of Canto Pop
Hong Kong
[442][443]

Madonna of Asia
[444]

Müren, ZekiZeki Müren
Sun of Art
Turkey
[445]

Murphy, PeterPeter Murphy
Godfather of Goth
United Kingdom
[446]

My Tam (Mỹ Tâm)
The Queen of V-Pop
Vietnam
[447]

text: N

text:
Artist
Title
Country
Source

Emilio Navaira
King of Tejano
United States
[448]

Stevie Nicks
Queen of Rock and Roll
United States
[449][450]

Thanh Nga
The Queen of Cải lương (Vietnamese Renovated Opera)
South Vietnam
[451]

Nina
Asia's Diamond Soul Siren (or simply Soul Siren)
Philippines
[452]

Marni Nixon
The Ghostess with the Mostess
United States
[453]

No I.D.
The Godfather of Chicago hip hop
United States
[454][455]

Noor Jehan
Queen of Melody
Pakistan
[456]

Ted Nugent
Motor City Madman
United States
[457]

text: O

text:
Artist
Title
Country
Source

Odetta
Queen of American Folk Music
United States
[458]

Onyeka Onwenu
Queen of African pop music
Nigeria
[459]

Elegant Stallion
[460]

Orelsan
The Boss of French rap
France
[461]

Ozzy Osbourne
Godfather of Heavy Metal
United Kingdom
[462]

Prince of Darkness
[462]

Johnny Otis
Godfather of Rhythm and Blues
United States
[463]

text: P

text:
Artist
Title
Country
Source

Papin, ImeldaImelda Papin
Sentimental Songstress
Philippines
[464]

Parton, DollyDolly Parton
Queen of Country
United States
[383]

Patton, CharleyCharley Patton
Father of the Delta Blues
United States
[465]

Pavarotti, LucianoLuciano Pavarotti
King of the High C's
Italy
[466]

Peniston, CeCeCeCe Peniston
Queen of Dance
United States
[467][468]

, PeretPeret
King of Catalan Rumba
Spain
[469][470]

Perkins, CarlCarl Perkins
King of Rockabilly
United States
[471]

Peters, BernadetteBernadette Peters
Queen of Broadway
United States
[472][473]

Pitbull
Mr. 305
United States
[474]

Mr. Worldwide
[474]

Pop, IggyIggy Pop
Godfather of Punk
United States
[475][476]

Prado, PérezPérez Prado
King of Mambo
Cuba
[477]

Presley, ElvisElvis Presley
King of Rock and Roll
United States
[478]

The King

Presley, Lisa MarieLisa Marie Presley
Princess of Rock and Roll
United States
[479]

Prince
The Artist
United States
[480]

The Purple One
[481]

The Purple Perv
[482]

Psy
King of YouTube
South Korea
[483][484][485]

text: Q

text:
Artist
Title
Country
Source

Ivy Queen
Queen of Reggaetón
Puerto Rico/United States
[486][487]

Queen of Rap
[488]

Queen of Latin Hip-Hop
[489]

Queen of Urban Music
[490]

Reggaetón's First Lady
[491]

text: R

text:
Artist
Title
Country
Source

Rushdi, AhmedAhmed Rushdi
Magician of Voice
Pakistan
[492]

Joey Ramone
Godfather of Punk
United States
[493]

Ray, JohnnieJohnnie Ray
Prince of Wails
United States
[494]

Redding, OtisOtis Redding
King of Soul
United States
[495]

Reed, LouLou Reed
Godfather of Punk
United States
[496]

Redžepova, EsmaEsma Redžepova
Queen of Gypsy Music
Macedonia
[497]

Regis, SherynSheryn Regis
Crystal Voice of Asia
Philippines
[498]

Rihanna
Caribbean Queen
Barbados
[499][500]

Pop Princess
[501]

R&B Princess
[502][503][504]

Rivera, JenniJenni Rivera
The Diva of Banda
Mexico/United States
[505]

The First Lady of Corrido

Rodgers, JimmieJimmie Rodgers
Father of Country Music
United States
[506]

Rodrigues, AmáliaAmália Rodrigues
Queen of Fado
Portugal
[507]

Rozalla
Queen of Rave
Zambia
[508]

Robinson, RossRoss Robinson
Godfather of Nu Metal
United States
[509]

Rubio, PaulinaPaulina Rubio
Latin Madonna
The Golden Girl The Queen of Latin Pop

Mexico
[510]

Todd Rundgren
God
United States
[511][512][513]

, RuPaulRuPaul
Glamazon
United States
[514]

Supermodel of the World
[515]

The World's Most Famous Drag Queen
[516]

text: S

text:
Artist
Title
Country
Source

Janella Salvador
OPM Pop Sweetheart
Philippines
[517]

Sandara Park
BoA of the Philippines
Philippines
[518]

Pambansang Krung Krung ng Pilipinas
[518]

Sandro
The Gypsy
Argentina
[519]

Argentine Elvis
[519]

Sandy
Princess of Brazilian Pop
Brazil
[520][521][not in citation given]

Romeo Santos
King of Bachata
United States
[522]

Chuck Schuldiner
Father of Death Metal
United States
[523]

Shirley Scott
Queen of the Organ
United States
[524]

Gil Scott-Heron
Godfather of Rap
United States
[439]

Selena
Queen of Tejano Music
United States
[525]

Queen of Latin Music
[526]

Tejano Madonna
[527]

Seo Taiji
President of Culture
South Korea
[528]

Shakira
Queen of the World Cup
Colombia
[529]

Shin Jung-hyeon
Godfather of Rock
South Korea
[530]

Frank Sinatra
The Chairman of the Board
United States
[531]

The Voice
[532]

Nina Simone
Queen of Soul
United States
[533]

High Priestess of Soul
[534]

Siouxsie Sioux
Godmother of Goth
United Kingdom
[535]

Siti Nurhaliza
Voice of Asia
Malaysia
[536]

Asia's Celine Dion
[537]

Shila Amzah
Asia's Sweetheart
Malaysia
[538][539]

National Treasure of Malaysia
[540]

Princess of Music
[541]

Bessie Smith
Empress of the Blues
United States
[534]

Patti Smith
Godmother of Punk
United States
[542]

Sy Smith
The Underground Queen of R&B and Soul
United States
[543][544][545]

Barbra Streisand
Mother of Divas
United States
[546][547][548]

Diva of Divas
[549][550][551][552][553]

Britney Spears
Princess of Pop
United States
[26][554]

Queen of Pop
[555][556]

Phil Spector
First Tycoon of Teen
United States
[557]

Spice
Queen of Stage
Jamaica
[558]

Queen of Dancehall
[559]

Dusty Springfield
White Queen of Soul
United Kingdom
[560][561]

Bruce Springsteen
The Boss
United States
[562]

Candi Staton
First Lady of Southern Soul
United States
[563]

Gwen Stefani
Pop Princess
United States
[564][565][566]

Stevie B
King of Freestyle
United States
[567]

George Strait
King of Country
United States
[568]

Yma Sumac
Queen of Exotica
Peru
[569]

Donna Summer
Queen of Disco
United States
[26]

Taylor Swift
Country-Pop Princess
United States
[570]

Pop Princess
[571]

Country Queen
[571]

Sylvester
Queen of Disco
United States
[572]

text: T

text:
Artist
Title
Country
Source

T.I.
King of the South
United States
[573][574]

Alan Tam
Principal (Tam)
Hong Kong
[575]

Koko Taylor
Queen of the Blues
United States
[576]

Thalía
Queen of Latin pop
Mexico
[577]

Queen of Telenovelas
[578]

Empress of Beauty
[579]

Sister Rosetta Tharpe
Godmother of Rock and Roll
United States
[580]

Irma Thomas
Soul Queen of New Orleans
United States
[581]

Timaya
Egberi papa 1 of Bayelsa
Nigeria
[582]

Justin Timberlake
Prince of Pop
United States
[583][584]

President of Pop
[585]

Dick Todd
King of the Jukebox
United States
[586]

Pete Townshend
Godfather of Punk
United Kingdom
[587]

Gloria Trevi
The Mexican Madonna
Mexico
[588]

Trina
Diamond Princess
United States
[589]

Queen of The South
[590]

Tina Turner
Queen of Rock
United States
[26][591][592][593]

Shania Twain
Country Pop Queen
Canada
[594][595]

Queen of Country Pop
[596]

Jolin Tsai
Queen of Chinese Pop
Taiwan
[597]

Asia's Dancing Queen
[598]

The Asian Madonna
[599]

text: U

text:
Artist
Title
Country
Source

Hikaru Utada
Diva of the Heisei period
Japan
[600]

Usher
King of R&B
United States
[601][602]

Mr. Entertainment
[603][604]

Carrie Underwood
Country Music's Reigning Queen
United States
[605][606]

text: V

text:
Artist
Title
Country
Source

Regine Velasquez
Asia's Songbird
Philippines
[607]

Viguen
King of Persian Pop
Sultan of Jazz
Iran
[608]

Rhonda Vincent
Queen of Bluegrass
United States
[609]

text: W

text:
Artist
Title
Country
Source

Liza Wang
Big Sister
Hong Kong
[610]

Dionne Warwick
Princess of Pop
United States
[611]

Martha Wash
Queen of Clubland
United States
[612]

Dinah Washington
Queen of the Blues
United States
[613][614]

Paul Weller
Modfather
United Kingdom
[615]

Kitty Wells
Queen of Country
United States
[616][617]

Paul Whiteman
King of Jazz
United States
[7][218]

Marijohn Wilkin
The Den Mother of Music Row
United States
[618]

Jackie Wilson
Mister Excitement
United States
[619]

Tony Wilson
Mr Manchester
United Kingdom
[620][621]

Wendy O. Williams
Queen of Shock Rock
United States
[622]

Wendy Williams
Queen of Media
United States
[623]

Faye Wong
Diva of Asia
Hong Kong/People's Republic of China
[624]

Heavenly Queen
[624]

Tammy Wynette
First Lady of Country
United States
[625][626]

text: X

text:
Artist
Title
Country
Source

Xuxa
Queen of Children
Brazil
[627]

text: Y

text:
Artist
Title
Country
Source

Yuri
The Mexican Madonna
Mexico
[628]

"Weird Al" Yankovic
King of Parody
United States
[629][630]

Neil Young
Godfather of Grunge
Canada
[631]

text: Z

text:
Artist
Title
Country
Source

Jimmy Zámbó
The King
Hungary
[632][633]

text: Group and collective titles

text:
Artist(s)
Title
Country
Source

Aerosmith
America's Greatest Rock and Roll Band
United States
[634][635]

Anthrax
Big Four of Thrash
United States
[636][637][638]

Megadeth

Metallica

Slayer

The Beach Boys
America's Band
United States
[639]

The Beatles
Fab Four
United Kingdom
[640]

Big Bang
Kings of K-pop
South Korea
[641][642][643][644][645][646]

National Boy Group
[647]

Black Sabbath
Unholy Trinity of British Hard Rock and Heavy Metal
United Kingdom
[648]

Deep Purple

Led Zeppelin

Daft Punk
Godfathers of French House
France
[649]

Dusty Springfield
Five Mighty Pop Divas of the Sixties
United Kingdom
[650]

Aretha Franklin
United States

Martha Reeves

Diana Ross

Dionne Warwick

Five Stairsteps
First Family of Soul
United States
[651][652]

The Jackson 5
First Family of Soul
United States
[651]

Jacky Cheung
Four Heavenly Kings of Chinese Pop
Hong Kong
[112]

Leon Lai

Andy Lau

Aaron Kwok

Girls' Generation
Korean Pop Princesses
South Korea
[653]

Mỹ Linh (Đỗ Mỹ Linh)
Four Divas of Vietnam
Vietnam
[654]

Thanh Lam (Đoàn Thanh Lam)

Hồng Nhung (Lê Hồng Nhung)

Trần Thu Hà

One Direction
World's Biggest Boyband
United Kingdom / Ireland

[655][656][657]

R.E.M.
America's Greatest Rock and Roll Band
United States
[658]

The Rolling Stones
World's Greatest Rock and Roll Band
United Kingdom
[659]

Shinee
Princes of K-pop
South Korea
[660]

Spice Girls
Fab Five
United Kingdom
[661]

TVXQ
King of K-pop
South Korea
[662][663]

Kiss
The Hottest Band in the World
United States
[664]

U2
The Biggest Band in the World
Ireland
[665][666]