document_title: Northwest Passage

question_text: who made three attempts on the northwest passage

question_tokens: who made three attempts on the northwest passage

text: Northwest Passage

text: Overview[edit]

text: Before the Little Ice Age (late Middle Ages to the 19th century), Norwegian Vikings sailed as far north and west as Ellesmere Island, Skraeling Island and Ruin Island for hunting expeditions and trading with the Inuit and people of the Dorset culture who already inhabited the region.[15] Between the end of the 15th century and the 20th century, colonial powers from Europe dispatched explorers in an attempt to discover a commercial sea route north and west around North America. The Northwest Passage represented a new route to the established trading nations of Asia.

text: England called the hypothetical northern route the "Northwest Passage". The desire to establish such a route motivated much of the European exploration of both coasts of North America. When it became apparent that there was no route through the heart of the continent, attention turned to the possibility of a passage through northern waters. There was a lack of scientific knowledge about conditions; for instance, some people believed that seawater was incapable of freezing. (As late as the mid-18th century, Captain James Cook had reported that Antarctic icebergs had yielded fresh water, seemingly confirming the hypothesis.) Explorers thought that an open water route close to the North Pole must exist.[16] The belief that a route lay to the far north persisted for several centuries and led to numerous expeditions into the Arctic. Many ended in disaster, including that by Sir John Franklin in 1845. While searching for him the McClure Arctic Expedition discovered the Northwest Passage in 1850.

text: In 1906, the Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen first successfully completed a passage from Greenland to Alaska in the sloop Gjøa.[17] Since that date, several fortified ships have made the journey.

text: From east to west, the direction of most early exploration attempts, expeditions entered the passage from the Atlantic Ocean via the Davis Strait and through Baffin Bay. Five to seven routes have been taken through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, via the McClure Strait, Dease Strait, and the Prince of Wales Strait, but not all of them are suitable for larger ships.[11][18] From there ships passed through waterways through the Beaufort Sea, Chukchi Sea, and Bering Strait (separating Russia and Alaska), into the Pacific Ocean.

text: In the 21st century, major changes to the ice pack due to climate change have stirred speculation that the passage may become clear enough of ice to permit safe commercial shipping for at least part of the year. On August 21, 2007, the Northwest Passage became open to ships without the need of an icebreaker. According to Nalan Koc of the Norwegian Polar Institute, this was the first time the Passage has been clear since they began keeping records in 1972.[6][19] The Northwest Passage opened again on August 25, 2008.[20] However, drifting chunks of ice, especially in springtime, remain problematic as they can clog straits or severely damage a ship's hull. Cargo's routes may therefore be slower and uncertain, depending on conditions. Because most of the containerized traffic operates in a just-in-time mode, which does not tolerate delays well, and the relative isolation of the passage (which impedes shipping companies from optimizing their operations by grouping multiple stopovers on a same itinerary), the NWP and other Arctic routes are not usually seen as promising shipping lanes.[21]

text: Thawing ocean or melting ice simultaneously opened up the Northwest Passage and the Northeast Passage (and within it, the Northern Sea Route), making it possible to sail around the Arctic ice cap.[22] Awaited by shipping companies, this 'historic event' will cut thousands of miles off their routes. Warning, however, that the NASA satellite images indicated the Arctic may have entered a "death spiral" caused by climate change, Professor Mark Serreze, a sea ice specialist at the U.S. National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) said: "The passages are open. It's a historic event. We are going to see this more and more as the years go by."[23][24]

text: Due to Arctic shrinkage, the Beluga group of Bremen, Germany, sent the first Western commercial vessels through the Northern Sea Route (Northeast Passage) in 2009.[25] However, Canada's Prime Minister Stephen Harper announced that "ships entering the North-West passage should first report to his government."[26]

text: The first commercial cargo ship to have sailed through the Northwest Passage was the SS Manhattan in August 1969.[27][28]

text: The largest ship to navigate the Northwest Passage was the cruise liner Crystal Serenity of gross tonnage 69,000. Starting on 10 August 2016, the ship sailed from Vancouver to New York City with 1,500 passengers and crew, taking 28 days.[29]

text: Routes[edit]

text: The Northwest Passage includes three sections:

text:
East

East of Baffin Island: Baffin Bay between Greenland and Baffin Island to Lancaster Sound at the north end of Baffin Island, or
West of Baffin Island (impractical): Through Hudson Strait south of Baffin Island, north through the Foxe Basin, west through the Fury and Hecla Strait, north to Lancaster Sound through the Gulf of Boothia and Prince Regent Inlet. The Fury and Hecla Strait is usually closed by ice.

Centre: Canadian Arctic Archipelago

North: From Lancaster Sound west through the Parry Channel to the Prince of Wales Strait on the northwest side of Victoria Island. M'Clure Strait to the northwest is ice-filled; southwest through the Prince of Wales Strait between Victoria Island and Banks Island might be passable, or
South: From Lancaster Sound west past Prince Regent Inlet (basically a cul-de-sac but it may be possible to exit west through the Bellot Strait), past Somerset Island, south through Peel Sound between Somerset Island and Prince of Wales Island, either southwest through Victoria Strait (ice-choked), or directly south along the coast through Rae Strait and James Ross Strait and west through Simpson Strait south of King William Island (shallow) into Queen Maud Gulf, then west along the mainland coast south of Victoria Island.

West: There being no major islands, follow the coast to the Bering Strait.

text: Many attempts were made to find a salt water exit west from Hudson Bay, but the Fury and Hecla Strait in the far north is blocked by ice. The eastern entrance and main axis of the northwest passage, the Parry Channel, was found in 1819. The approach from the west through Bering Strait is impractical because of the need to sail around ice near Point Barrow. East of Point Barrow the coast is fairly clear in summer. This area was mapped in pieces from overland in 1821–1839. This leaves the large rectangle north of the coast, south of Parry Channel and east of Baffin Island. This area was mostly mapped in 1848–1854 by ships looking for Franklin's lost expedition. The first crossing was made by Amundsen in 1903–1905. He used a small ship and hugged the coast.

text: Extent[edit]

text: The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Northwestern Passages as follows:[30]

text: Historical expeditions[edit]

text: As a result of their westward explorations and their settlement of Greenland, the Vikings sailed as far north and west as Ellesmere Island, Skraeling Island and Ruin Island for hunting expeditions and trading with Inuit groups.[citation needed] The subsequent arrival of the Little Ice Age is thought to have been one of the reasons that European seafaring into the Northwest Passage ceased until the late 15th century.

text: Strait of Anián[edit]

text: In 1539, Hernán Cortés commissioned Francisco de Ulloa to sail along the Baja California Peninsula on the western coast of North America. Ulloa concluded that the Gulf of California was the southernmost section of a strait supposedly linking the Pacific with the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. His voyage perpetuated the notion of the Island of California and saw the beginning of a search for the Strait of Anián.

text: The strait probably took its name from Ania, a Chinese province mentioned in a 1559 edition of Marco Polo's book; it first appears on a map issued by Italian cartographer Giacomo Gastaldi about 1562. Five years later Bolognini Zaltieri issued a map showing a narrow and crooked Strait of Anian separating Asia from the Americas. The strait grew in European imagination as an easy sea lane linking Europe with the residence of Khagan (the Great Khan) in Cathay (northern China).

text: Cartographers and seamen tried to demonstrate its reality. Sir Francis Drake sought the western entrance in 1579. The Greek pilot Juan de Fuca, sailing from Acapulco (in Mexico) under the flag of the Spanish crown, claimed he had sailed the strait from the Pacific to the North Sea and back in 1592. The Spaniard Bartholomew de Fonte claimed to have sailed from Hudson Bay to the Pacific via the strait in 1640.

text: Northern Atlantic[edit]

text: The first recorded attempt to discover the Northwest Passage was the east-west voyage of John Cabot in 1497, sent by Henry VII in search of a direct route to the Orient.[16] In 1524, Charles V sent Estêvão Gomes to find a northern Atlantic passage to the Spice Islands. An English expedition was launched in 1576 by Martin Frobisher, who took three trips west to what is now the Canadian Arctic in order to find the passage. Frobisher Bay, which he first charted, is named after him.

text: As part of another expedition, in July 1583 Sir Humphrey Gilbert, who had written a treatise on the discovery of the passage and was a backer of Frobisher, claimed the territory of Newfoundland for the English crown. On August 8, 1585, the English explorer John Davis entered Cumberland Sound, Baffin Island.[31]

text: The major rivers on the east coast were also explored in case they could lead to a transcontinental passage. Jacques Cartier's explorations of the Saint Lawrence River were initiated in hope of finding a way through the continent. Cartier became persuaded that the St. Lawrence was the Passage; when he found the way blocked by rapids at what is now Montreal, he was so certain that these rapids were all that was keeping him from China (in French, la Chine), that he named the rapids for China. To this day, they are known as the Lachine Rapids.

text: In 1609, Henry Hudson sailed up what is now called the Hudson River in search of the Passage; encouraged by the saltiness of the water in the estuary, he reached present-day Albany, New York, before giving up. He later explored the Arctic and Hudson Bay. In 1611, while in James Bay, Hudson's crew mutinied. They set Hudson and his teenage son John, along with seven sick, infirm, or loyal crewmen, adrift in a small open boat. He was never seen again.[32][33] Cree oral legend reports that the survivors lived and traveled with the Cree for more than a year.

text: On May 9, 1619, under the auspices of King Christian IV of Denmark-Norway, Jens Munk set out with 65 men and the king's two ships, the Einhörningen (Unicorn), a small frigate, and Lamprenen (Lamprey), a sloop, which were outfitted under his own supervision. His mission was to discover the Northwest Passage to the Indies and China. Munk penetrated Davis Strait as far north as 69°, found Frobisher Bay, and then spent almost a month fighting his way through Hudson Strait. In September 1619, he found the entrance to Hudson Bay and spent the winter near the mouth of the Churchill River. Cold, famine, and scurvy destroyed so many of his men that only he and two other men survived. With these men, he sailed for home with the Lamprey on July 16, 1620, reaching Bergen, Norway, on September 20, 1620.

text: René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle built the sailing ship, Le Griffon, in his quest to find the Northwest Passage via the upper Great Lakes. Le Griffon disappeared in 1679 on the return trip of her maiden voyage.[34] In the spring of 1682, La Salle made his famous voyage down the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico. La Salle led an expedition from France in 1684 to establish a French colony on the Gulf of Mexico. He was murdered by his followers in 1687.[35]

text: In 1772, Samuel Hearne travelled overland northwest from Hudson Bay to the Arctic Ocean, thereby proving that there was no strait connecting Hudson Bay to the Pacific Ocean.

text: Northern Pacific[edit]

text: Most Northwest Passage expeditions originated in Europe or on the east coast of North America, seeking to traverse the Passage in the westbound direction. Some progress was made in exploring the western reaches of the imagined passage.

text: In 1728 Vitus Bering, a Danish Navy officer in Russian service, used the strait first discovered by Semyon Dezhnyov in 1648 but later accredited to and named after Bering (the Bering Strait). He concluded by this sailing that North America and Russia were separate land masses. In 1741 with Lieutenant Aleksei Chirikov, he explored seeking further lands beyond Siberia. While they were separated, Chirikov discovered several of the Aleutian Islands while Bering charted the Alaskan region. His ship was wrecked off the Kamchatka Peninsula, as many of his crew were disabled by scurvy.

text: In 1762, the English trading ship Octavius reportedly hazarded the passage from the west but became trapped in sea ice. In 1775, the whaler Herald found the Octavius adrift near Greenland with the bodies of her crew frozen below decks. Thus the Octavius may have earned the distinction of being the first Western sailing ship to make the passage, although the fact that it took 13 years and occurred after the crew was dead somewhat tarnishes this achievement. The ship's captain, Hendrick van der Heul was the quartermaster on William Kidd's expedition to the Indian Ocean in 1696. (The veracity of the Octavius story is questionable.)[citation needed]

text: The Spanish made several voyages to the northwest coast of North America during the late 18th century. Determining whether a Northwest Passage existed was one of the motives for their efforts. Among the voyages that involved careful searches for a Passage included the 1775 and 1779 voyages of Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra. The journal of Francisco Antonio Mourelle, who served as Quadra's second in command in 1775, fell into English hands. It was translated and published in London, stimulating exploration.

text: Captain James Cook made use of the journal during his explorations of the region. In 1791 Alessandro Malaspina sailed to Yakutat Bay, Alaska, which was rumoured to be a Passage. In 1790 and 1791 Francisco de Eliza led several exploring voyages into the Strait of Juan de Fuca, searching for a possible Northwest Passage and finding the Strait of Georgia. To fully explore this new inland sea, an expedition under Dionisio Alcalá Galiano was sent in 1792. He was explicitly ordered to explore all channels that might turn out to be a Northwest Passage.

text: Cook and Vancouver[edit]

text: In 1776 Captain James Cook was dispatched by the Admiralty in Great Britain on an expedition to explore the Passage. A 1745 act, when extended in 1775, promised a £20,000 prize for whoever discovered the passage. Initially the Admiralty had wanted Charles Clerke to lead the expedition, with Cook (in retirement following his exploits in the Pacific) acting as a consultant. However, Cook had researched Bering's expeditions, and the Admiralty ultimately placed their faith in the veteran explorer to lead, with Clerke accompanying him.

text: After journeying through the Pacific, to make an attempt from the west, Cook began at Nootka Sound in April 1778. He headed north along the coastline, charting the lands and searching for the regions sailed by the Russians 40 years previously. The Admiralty's orders had commanded the expedition to ignore all inlets and rivers until they reached a latitude of 65°N. Cook, however, failed to make any progress in sighting a Northwestern Passage.

text: Various officers on the expedition, including William Bligh, George Vancouver, and John Gore, thought the existence of a route was 'improbable'. Before reaching 65°N they found the coastline pushing them further south, but Gore convinced Cook to sail on into the Cook Inlet in the hope of finding the route. They continued to the limits of the Alaskan peninsula and the start of the 1,200 mi (1,900 km) chain of Aleutian Islands. Despite reaching 70°N, they encountered nothing but icebergs.[16]

text: From 1792 to 1794, the Vancouver Expedition (led by George Vancouver who had previously accompanied Cook ) surveyed in detail all the passages from the Northwest Coast. He confirmed that there was no such passage south of the Bering Strait.[36] This conclusion was supported by the evidence of Alexander MacKenzie, who explored the Arctic and Pacific oceans in 1793.

text: 19th century[edit]

text: In the first half of the 19th century, some parts of the Northwest Passage (north of the Bering Strait) were explored separately by many expeditions, including those by John Ross, Elisha Kent Kane, William Edward Parry, and James Clark Ross; overland expeditions were also led by John Franklin, George Back, Peter Warren Dease, Thomas Simpson, and John Rae. In 1826 Frederick William Beechey explored the north coast of Alaska, discovering Point Barrow.[37]

text: Sir Robert McClure was credited with the discovery of the Northwest Passage in 1851 when he looked across McClure Strait from Banks Island and viewed Melville Island. However, this strait was not navigable to ships at that time. The only usable route linking the entrances of Lancaster Sound and Dolphin and Union Strait was discovered by John Rae in 1854.

text: Franklin expedition[edit]

text: In 1845 a lavishly equipped two-ship expedition led by Sir John Franklin sailed to the Canadian Arctic to chart the last unknown swaths of the Northwest Passage. Confidence was high, as they estimated there was less than 500 km (310 mi) remaining of unexplored Arctic mainland coast. When the ships failed to return, relief expeditions and search parties explored the Canadian Arctic, which resulted in a thorough charting of the region, along with a possible passage. Many artifacts from the expedition were found over the next century and a half, including notes that the ships were ice-locked in 1846 near King William Island, about halfway through the passage, and unable to break free. Records showed Franklin died in 1847 and Captain Francis Rawdon Moira Crozier took over command. In 1848 the expedition abandoned the two ships and its members tried to escape south across the tundra by sledge. Although some of the crew may have survived into the early 1850s, no evidence has ever been found of any survivors. In 1853 explorer John Rae was told by local Inuit about the disastrous fate of Franklin's expedition, but his reports were not welcomed in Britain.

text: Starvation, exposure and scurvy all contributed to the men's deaths. In 1981 Owen Beattie, an anthropologist from the University of Alberta, examined remains from sites associated with the expedition.[38] This led to further investigations and the examination of tissue and bone from the frozen bodies of three seamen, John Torrington, William Braine and John Hartnell, exhumed from the permafrost of Beechey Island. Laboratory tests revealed high concentrations of lead in all three (the expedition carried 8,000 tins of food sealed with a lead-based solder).[39] Another researcher has suggested botulism caused deaths among crew members.[40] New evidence, confirming reports first made by John Rae in 1854 based on Inuit accounts, has shown that the last of the crew resorted to cannibalism of deceased members in an effort to survive.[41]

text: McClure expedition[edit]

text: During the search for Franklin, Commander Robert McClure and his crew in HMS Investigator traversed the Northwest Passage from west to east in the years 1850 to 1854, partly by ship and partly by sledge. McClure started out from England in December 1849, sailed the Atlantic Ocean south to Cape Horn and entered the Pacific Ocean. He sailed the Pacific north and passed through the Bering Strait, turning east at that point and reaching Banks Island.

text: McClure's ship was trapped in the ice for three winters near Banks Island, at the western end of Viscount Melville Sound. Finally McClure and his crew—who were by that time dying of starvation—were found by searchers who had travelled by sledge over the ice from a ship of Sir Edward Belcher's expedition. They rescued McClure and his crew, returning with them to Belcher's ships, which had entered the Sound from the east. McClure and his crew returned to England in 1854 on one of Belcher's ships. They were the first people known to circumnavigate the Americas and to discover and transit the Northwest Passage, albeit by ship and by sledge over the ice. (Both McClure and his ship were found by a party from HMS Resolute, one of Belcher's ships, so his sledge journey was relatively short.[42])

text: This was an astonishing feat for that day and age, and McClure was knighted and promoted in rank. (He was made rear-admiral in 1867.) Both he and his crew also shared £10,000 awarded them by the British Parliament. In July 2010 Canadian archaeologists found his ship, HMS Investigator, fairly intact but sunk about 8 m (26 ft) below the surface.[43]

text: John Rae[edit]

text: The expeditions by Franklin and McClure were in the tradition of British exploration: well-funded ship expeditions using modern technology, and usually including British Naval personnel. By contrast, John Rae was an employee of the Hudson's Bay Company, which operated a far-flung trade network and drove exploration of the Canadian North. They adopted a pragmatic approach and tended to be land-based. While Franklin and McClure tried to explore the passage by sea, Rae explored by land. He used dog sleds and techniques of surviving in the environment which he had learned from the native Inuit. The Franklin and McClure expeditions each employed hundreds of personnel and multiple ships. John Rae's expeditions included fewer than ten people and succeeded. Rae was also the explorer with the best safety record, having lost only one man in years of traversing Arctic lands. In 1854,[44] Rae returned to the cities with information from the Inuit about the disastrous fate of the Franklin expedition.

text: Amundsen expedition[edit]

text: The first explorer to conquer the Northwest Passage solely by ship was the Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen. In a three-year journey between 1903 and 1906, Amundsen explored the passage with a crew of six. Amundsen, who had sailed to escape creditors seeking to stop the expedition, completed the voyage in the converted 45 net register tonnage (4,500 cu ft or 130 m3) herring boat Gjøa. Gjøa was much smaller than vessels used by other Arctic expeditions and had a shallow draft. Amundsen intended to hug the shore, live off the limited resources of the land and sea through which he was to travel, and had determined that he needed to have a tiny crew to make this work. (Trying to support much larger crews had contributed to the catastrophic failure of John Franklin's expedition fifty years previously). The ship's shallow draft was intended to help her traverse the shoals of the Arctic straits.

text: Amundsen set out from Kristiania (Oslo) in June 1903 and was west of the Boothia Peninsula by late September. The Gjøa was put into a natural harbour on the south shore of King William Island; by October 3 she was iced in. There the expedition remained for nearly two years, with the expedition members learning from the local Inuit people and undertaking measurements to determine the location of the North Magnetic Pole. The harbour, now known as Gjoa Haven, later developed as the only permanent settlement on the island.

text: After completing the Northwest Passage portion of this trip and having anchored near Herschel Island, Amundsen skied 800 kilometres (500 mi) to the city of Eagle, Alaska. He sent a telegram announcing his success and skied the return 800 km to rejoin his companions.[45] Although his chosen east–west route, via the Rae Strait, contained young ice and thus was navigable, some of the waterways were extremely shallow (3 ft (0.91 m) deep), making the route commercially impractical.

text: Later expeditions[edit]

text: The first traversal of the Northwest Passage via dog sled[46] was accomplished by Greenlander Knud Rasmussen while on the Fifth Thule Expedition (1921–1924). Rasmussen and two Greenland Inuit travelled from the Atlantic to the Pacific over the course of 16 months via dog sled.

text: Canadian RCMP officer Henry Larsen was the second to sail the passage, crossing west to east, leaving Vancouver 23 June 1940 and arriving at Halifax on 11 October 1942.[47] More than once on this trip, he was uncertain whether the St. Roch, a Royal Canadian Mounted Police "ice-fortified" schooner, would survive the pressures of the sea ice. At one point, Larsen wondered "if we had come this far only to be crushed like a nut on a shoal and then buried by the ice." The ship and all but one of her crew survived the winter on Boothia Peninsula. Each of the men on the trip was awarded a medal by Canada's sovereign, King George VI, in recognition of this notable feat of Arctic navigation.

text: Later in 1944, Larsen's return trip was far more swift than his first. He made the trip in 86 days to sail back from Halifax, Nova Scotia to Vancouver, British Columbia.[48] He set a record for traversing the route in a single season. The ship, after extensive upgrades, followed a more northerly, partially uncharted route.

text: On July 1, 1957, the United States Coast Guard Cutter Storis departed in company with USCGC Bramble and USCGC Spar to search for a deep-draft channel through the Arctic Ocean and to collect hydrographic information. Upon her return to Greenland waters, the Storis became the first U.S.-registered vessel to have circumnavigated North America. Shortly after her return in late 1957, she was reassigned to her new home port of Kodiak, Alaska.

text: In 1969, the SS Manhattan made the passage, accompanied by the Canadian icebreakers CCGS John A. Macdonald and CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent. The U.S. Coast Guard icebreakers Northwind and Staten Island also sailed in support of the expedition.[49][50]

text: The Manhattan was a specially reinforced supertanker sent to test the viability of the passage for the transport of oil. While the Manhattan succeeded, the route was deemed not to be cost effective. The United States built the Alaska Pipeline instead.

text: In June 1977, sailor Willy de Roos left Belgium to attempt the Northwest Passage in his 13.8 m (45 ft) steel yacht Williwaw. He reached the Bering Strait in September and after a stopover in Victoria, British Columbia, went on to round Cape Horn and sail back to Belgium, thus being the first sailor to circumnavigate the Americas entirely by ship.[51]

text: In 1981 as part of the Transglobe Expedition, Ranulph Fiennes and Charles R. Burton completed the Northwest Passage. They left Tuktoyaktuk on July 26, 1981, in the 18-foot (5.5 m) open Boston Whaler and reached Tanquary Fiord on August 31, 1981. Their journey was the first open boat transit from west to east and covered around 3,000 miles (4,800 km; 2,600 nmi), taking a route through Dolphin and Union Strait following the south coast of Victoria and King William islands, north to Resolute Bay via Franklin Strait and Peel Sound, around the south and east coasts of Devon Island, through Hell Gate and across Norwegian Bay to Eureka, Greely Bay and the head of Tanquary Fiord. Once they reached Tanquary Fiord, they had to trek 150 miles (240 km) via Lake Hazen to Alert before setting up their winter base camp.

text: In 1984, the commercial passenger vessel MS Explorer (which sank in the Antarctic Ocean in 2007) became the first cruise ship to navigate the Northwest Passage.[52]

text: In July 1986, Jeff MacInnis and Mike Beedell set out on an 18-foot (5.5 m) catamaran called Perception on a 100-day sail, west to east, through the Northwest Passage.[53][54] This pair was the first to sail the passage, although they had the benefit of doing so over a couple of summers.[55]

text: In July 1986, David Scott Cowper set out from England in a 12.8-metre (42 ft) lifeboat, the Mabel El Holland, and survived three Arctic winters in the Northwest Passage before reaching the Bering Strait in August 1989. He continued around the world via the Cape of Good Hope to return to England on September 24, 1990. His was the first vessel to circumnavigate the world via the Northwest Passage.[56]

text: On July 1, 2000, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police patrol vessel Nadon, having assumed the name St Roch II, departed Vancouver on a "Voyage of Rediscovery". Nadon's mission was to circumnavigate North America via the Northwest Passage and the Panama Canal, recreating the epic voyage of her predecessor, St. Roch. The 22,000-mile (35,000 km) Voyage of Rediscovery was intended to raise awareness concerning St. Roch and kick off the fund-raising efforts necessary to ensure the continued preservation of St. Roch. The voyage was organized by the Vancouver Maritime Museum and supported by a variety of corporate sponsors and agencies of the Canadian government.

text: Nadon is an aluminum, catamaran-hulled, high-speed patrol vessel. To make the voyage possible, she was escorted and supported by the Canadian Coast Guard icebreaker Simon Fraser. The Coast Guard vessel was chartered by the Voyage of Rediscovery and crewed by volunteers. Throughout the voyage, she provided a variety of necessary services, including provisions and spares, fuel and water, helicopter facilities, and ice escort; she also conducted oceanographic research during the voyage. The Voyage of Rediscovery was completed in five and a half months, with Nadon reaching Vancouver on December 16, 2000.

text: On September 1, 2001, Northabout, an 14.3-metre (47 ft) aluminium sailboat with diesel engine,[57] built and captained by Jarlath Cunnane, completed the Northwest Passage east-to-west from Ireland to the Bering Strait. The voyage from the Atlantic to the Pacific was completed in 24 days. Cunnane cruised in the Northabout in Canada for two years before returning to Ireland in 2005 via the Northeast Passage; he completed the first east-to-west circumnavigation of the pole by a single sailboat. The Northeast Passage return along the coast of Russia was slower, starting in 2004, requiring an ice stop and winter over in Khatanga, Siberia. He returned to Ireland via the Norwegian coast in October 2005. On January 18, 2006, the Cruising Club of America awarded Jarlath Cunnane their Blue Water Medal, an award for "meritorious seamanship and adventure upon the sea displayed by amateur sailors of all nationalities."[citation needed]

text: On July 18, 2003, a father-and-son team, Richard and Andrew Wood, with Zoe Birchenough, sailed the yacht Norwegian Blue into the Bering Strait. Two months later she sailed into the Davis Strait to become the first British yacht to transit the Northwest Passage from west to east. She also became the only British vessel to complete the Northwest Passage in one season, as well as the only British sailing yacht to return from there to British waters.[58]

text: In 2006 a scheduled cruise liner (the MS Bremen) successfully ran the Northwest Passage,[59] helped by satellite images telling the location of sea ice.

text: On May 19, 2007, a French sailor, Sébastien Roubinet, and one other crew member left Anchorage, Alaska, in Babouche, a 7.5-metre (25 ft) ice catamaran designed to sail on water and slide over ice. The goal was to navigate west to east through the Northwest Passage by sail only. Following a journey of more than 7,200 km (4,474 mi), Roubinet reached Greenland on September 9, 2007, thereby completing the first Northwest Passage voyage made in one season without engine.[60]

text: In April 2009, planetary scientist Pascal Lee and a team of four on the Northwest Passage Drive Expedition drove the HMP Okarian Humvee rover a record-setting 496 km (308 mi) on sea-ice from Kugluktuk to Cambridge Bay, Nunavut, the longest distance driven on sea-ice in a road vehicle. The HMP Okarian was being ferried from the North American mainland to the Haughton–Mars Project (HMP) Research Station on Devon Island, where it would be used as a simulator of future pressurized rovers for astronauts on the Moon and Mars. The HMP Okarian was eventually flown from Cambridge Bay to Resolute Bay in May 2009, and then driven again on sea-ice by Lee and a team of five from Resolute to the West coast of Devon Island in May 2010.[61] The HMP Okarian reached the HMP Research Station in July 2011. The Northwest Passage Drive Expedition is captured in the motion picture documentary film Passage To Mars (2016).

text: In 2009 sea ice conditions were such that at least nine small vessels and two cruise ships completed the transit of the Northwest Passage. These trips included one by Eric Forsyth[62] on board the 42-foot (13 m) Westsail sailboat Fiona, a boat he built in the 1980s. Self-financed, Forsyth, a retired engineer from the Brookhaven National Laboratory, and winner of the Cruising Club of America's Blue Water Medal, sailed the Canadian Archipelago with sailor Joey Waits, airline captain Russ Roberts and carpenter David Wilson.[63] After successfully sailing the Passage, the 77-year-old Forsyth completed the circumnavigation of North America, returning to his home port on Long Island, New York.

text: On August 28, 2010, Bear Grylls and a team of five were the first rigid inflatable boat (RIB) crew to complete a point-to-point navigation between Pond Inlet on Baffin Island and Tuktoyaktuk in the Northwest Territories. Note: A Northwest Passage requires crossing the Arctic Circle twice, once each in the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans.[citation needed]

text: On August 30, 2012 S/Y Billy Budd,[64] 110 feet (34 m), an English S/Y, successfully completed the Northwest Passage in Nome, Alaska, while sailing a northern route never sailed by a sailing pleasure vessel before. After six cruising seasons in the Arctic (Greenland, Baffin Bay, Devon Island, Kane Basin, Lancaster Sound, Peel Sound, Regent Sound) and four seasons in the South (Antarctic Peninsula, Patagonia, Falkland Islands, South Georgia), S/Y Billy Budd, owned by and under the command of an Italian sporting enthusiast, Mariacristina Rapisardi.[65] Crewed by Marco Bonzanigo, five Italian friends, one Australian, one Dutch, one South African, and one New Zealander, it sailed through the Northwest Passage. The northernmost route was chosen. Billy Budd sailed through the Parry Channel, Viscount Melville Sound and Prince of Wales Strait, a channel 160 nautical miles (300 km; 180 mi) long and 15 nautical miles (28 km; 17 mi) wide which flows south into the Amundsen Gulf. During the passage Billy Budd – likely a first for a pleasure vessel - anchored in Winter Harbour in Melville Island, the very same site where almost 200 years ago Sir William Parry was blocked by ice and forced to winter.

text: On August 29, 2012, the Swedish yacht Belzebub II, a 31-foot (9.4 m) fibreglass cutter captained by Canadian Nicolas Peissel, Swede Edvin Buregren and Morgan Peissel, became the first sailboat in history to sail through McClure Strait, part of a journey of achieving the most northerly Northwest Passage.[66] Belzebub II departed Newfoundland following the coast of Greenland to Qaanaaq before tracking the sea ice to Grise Fiord, Canada's most northern community. From there the team continued through Parry Channel into McClure Strait and the Beaufort Sea, tracking the highest latitudes of 2012's record sea ice depletion before completing their Northwest Passage September 14, 2012. The expedition received extensive media coverage, including recognition by former U.S. Vice President Al Gore.[67] The accomplishment is recorded in the Polar Scott Institute's record of Northwest Passage Transits and recognized by the Explorers Club[68] and the Royal Canadian Geographic Society.[69]

text: At 18:45 GMT September 18, 2012, Best Explorer, a steel cutter 15.17 metres (49.8 ft), skipper Nanni Acquarone, passing between the two Diomedes, was the first Italian sailboat to complete the Northwest Passage along the classical Amundsen route. Twenty-two Italian amateur sailors took part of the trip, in eight legs from Tromsø, Norway, to King Cove, Alaska, totalling 8,200 nautical miles (15,200 km; 9,400 mi).[70]

text: Setting sail from Nome, Alaska, on August 18, 2012, and reaching Nuuk, Greenland, on September 12, 2012, The World became the largest passenger vessel to transit the Northwest Passage.[71][72] The ship, carrying 481 passengers, for 26 days and 4,800 nmi (8,900 km; 5,500 mi) at sea, followed in the path of Captain Roald Amundsen. The World's transit of the Northwest Passage was documented by National Geographic photographer Raul Touzon.[73]

text: In September 2013 the MS Nordic Orion became the first commercial bulk carrier to transit the Northwest Passage.[74] She was carrying a cargo of 73,500 short tons (66,700 t) of coking coal from Port Metro Vancouver, Canada, to the Finnish Port of Pori, 15,000 more tons than would have been possible via the traditional Panama Canal route.[74][75] The Northwest Passage shortened the distance by 1,000 nautical miles (1,900 km; 1,200 mi) compared to traditional route via the Panama Canal.[75]

text: In August and September 2016 a cruise ship was sailed through the northwest passage.[76] The ship (Crystal Serenity, 1000 passengers, 600 crew) left Seward, Alaska, used Amundsen's route and reached New York on September 17. Tickets for the 32-day trip started at $22,000 and were quickly sold out.[77]

text: International waters dispute[edit]

text: The Canadian government claims that some of the waters of the Northwest Passage, particularly those in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, are internal waters of Canada, giving Canada the right to bar transit through these waters.[12] Most maritime nations, including the United States and those of the European Union, classify these waters as an international strait, where foreign vessels have the right of "transit passage". In such a regime, Canada would have the right to enact fishing and environmental regulation, and fiscal and smuggling laws, as well as laws intended for the safety of shipping, but not the right to close the passage.[11][78] If the passage's deep waters become completely ice-free in summer months, they will be particularly enticing for supertankers that are too big to pass through the Panama Canal and must otherwise navigate around the tip of South America.[79]

text: The dispute between Canada and the United States arose in 1969 with the trip of the U.S. oil tanker SS Manhattan through the Arctic Archipelago. The perspective of more American traffic headed to the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field made the Canadian government realize that political action was required should it decide to consider the archipelago as internal water.[80]

text: In 1985, the U.S. Coast Guard icebreaker Polar Sea passed through from Greenland to Alaska; the ship submitted to inspection by the Canadian Coast Guard before passing through, but the event infuriated the Canadian public and resulted in a diplomatic incident. The United States government, when asked by a Canadian reporter, indicated that they did not ask for permission as they were not legally required to. The Canadian government issued a declaration in 1986 reaffirming Canadian rights to the waters. The United States refused to recognize the Canadian claim. In 1988 the governments of Canada and the United States signed an agreement, "Arctic Cooperation", that resolved the practical issue without solving the sovereignty questions. Under the law of the sea, ships engaged in transit passage are not permitted to engage in research. The agreement states that all U.S. Coast Guard vessels are engaged in research, and so would require permission from the Government of Canada to pass through.[81]

text: In late 2005, it was reported that U.S. nuclear submarines had travelled unannounced through Canadian Arctic waters, sparking outrage in Canada. In his first news conference after the 2006 federal election, Prime Minister-designate Stephen Harper contested an earlier statement made by the U.S. ambassador that Arctic waters were international, stating the Canadian government's intention to enforce its sovereignty there. The allegations arose after the U.S. Navy released photographs of USS Charlotte surfaced at the North Pole.[82][83]

text: On April 9, 2006, Canada's Joint Task Force (North) declared that the Canadian Forces will no longer refer to the region as the Northwest Passage, but as the Canadian Internal Waters.[84] The declaration came after the successful completion of Operation Nunalivut (Inuktitut for "the land is ours"), which was an expedition into the region by five military patrols.[85]

text: In 2006 a report prepared by the staff of the Parliamentary Information and Research Service of Canada suggested that because of the September 11 attacks, the United States might be less interested in pursuing the international waterways claim in the interests of having a more secure North American perimeter.[81] This report was based on an earlier paper, The Northwest Passage Shipping Channel: Is Canada's Sovereignty Really Floating Away? by Andrea Charron, given to the 2004 Canadian Defence and Foreign Affairs Institute Symposium.[18] Later in 2006 former United States Ambassador to Canada, Paul Cellucci agreed with this position; however, the succeeding ambassador, David Wilkins, stated that the Northwest Passage was in international waters.[79]

text: On July 9, 2007, Prime Minister Harper announced the establishment of a deep-water port in the far North. In the government press release the Prime Minister is quoted as saying, "Canada has a choice when it comes to defending our sovereignty over the Arctic. We either use it or lose it. And make no mistake, this Government intends to use it. Because Canada's Arctic is central to our national identity as a northern nation. It is part of our history. And it represents the tremendous potential of our future."[86]

text: On July 10, 2007, Rear Admiral Timothy McGee of the United States Navy, and Rear Admiral Brian Salerno of the United States Coast Guard announced that the United States would be increasing its ability to patrol the Arctic.[87]

text: Thinning ice cover and the Northwest Passage[edit]

text: In the summer of 2000, two Canadian ships took advantage of thinning summer ice cover on the Arctic Ocean to make the crossing.[88] It is thought that climate change is likely to open the passage for increasing periods, making it potentially attractive as a major shipping route. However, the passage through the Arctic Ocean would require significant investment in escort vessels and staging ports, and it would remain seasonal. Therefore, the Canadian commercial marine transport industry does not anticipate the route as a viable alternative to the Panama Canal even within the next 10 to 20 years.[89]

text: Wikinews has related news: Arctic ice levels at record low opening Northwest Passage

tag: table

text: On September 14, 2007, the European Space Agency stated that ice loss that year had opened up the historically impassable passage, setting a new low of ice cover as seen in satellite measurements which went back to 1978. According to the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment, the latter part of the 20th century and the start of the 21st had seen marked shrinkage of ice cover. The extreme loss in 2007 rendered the passage "fully navigable".[6][7] However, the ESA study was based only on analysis of satellite images and could in practice not confirm anything about the actual navigation of the waters of the passage. The ESA suggested the passage would be navigable "during reduced ice cover by multi-year ice pack" (namely sea ice surviving one or more summers) where previously any traverse of the route had to be undertaken during favourable seasonable climatic conditions or by specialist vessels or expeditions. The agency's report speculated that the conditions prevalent in 2007 had shown the passage may "open" sooner than expected.[8] An expedition in May 2008 reported that the passage was not yet continuously navigable even by an icebreaker and not yet ice-free.[90]

text: Scientists at a meeting of the American Geophysical Union on December 13, 2007, revealed that NASA satellites observing the western Arctic[clarification needed] showed a 16% decrease in cloud coverage during the summer of 2007 compared to 2006. This would have the effect of allowing more sunlight to penetrate Earth's atmosphere and warm the Arctic Ocean waters, thus melting sea ice and contributing to the opening the Northwest Passage.[91]

text: In 2006 the cruise liner MS Bremen successfully ran the Northwest Passage,[59] helped by satellite images telling where sea ice was.

text: On November 28, 2008, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation reported that the Canadian Coast Guard confirmed the first commercial ship sailed through the Northwest Passage. In September 2008, the MV Camilla Desgagnés, owned by Desgagnés Transarctik Inc. and, along with the Arctic Cooperative, is part of Nunavut Sealift and Supply Incorporated (NSSI),[92] transported cargo from Montreal to the hamlets of Cambridge Bay, Kugluktuk, Gjoa Haven, and Taloyoak. A member of the crew is reported to have claimed that "there was no ice whatsoever". Shipping from the east was to resume in the fall of 2009.[93] Although sealift is an annual feature of the Canadian Arctic this is the first time that the western communities have been serviced from the east. The western portion of the Canadian Arctic is normally supplied by Northern Transportation Company Limited (NTCL) from Hay River. The eastern portion by NNSI and NTCL from Churchill and Montreal.[94][95]

text: In January 2010, the ongoing reduction in the Arctic sea ice led telecoms cable specialist Kodiak-Kenai Cable to propose the laying of a fiberoptic cable connecting London and Tokyo, by way of the Northwest Passage, saying the proposed system would nearly cut in half the time it takes to send messages from the United Kingdom to Japan.

text: In September 2013 the first large ice strengthened sea freighter, MS Nordic Orion, used the passage.[74]

text: In 2016 a new record was set when the cruise ship Crystal Serenity transited with 1,700 passengers.[96]

text: Transfer of Pacific species to North Atlantic[edit]

text: Scientists believe that reduced sea ice in the Northwest Passage has permitted some new species to migrate across the Arctic Ocean.[97] The gray whale Eschrichtius robustus has not been seen in the Atlantic since it was hunted to extinction there in the 18th century, but in May 2010, one such whale turned up in the Mediterranean. Scientists speculated the whale had followed its food sources through the Northwest Passage and simply kept on going.[97][98][99]

text: The plankton species Neodenticula seminae had not been seen in the Atlantic for 800,000 years. Over the past few years, however, it has become increasingly prevalent there. Again, scientists believe that it got there through the reopened Northwest Passage.[97][99]

text: In August 2010, two bowhead whales from West Greenland and Alaska, respectively, entered the Northwest Passage from opposite directions and spent approximately 10 days in the same area.[100]


document_title: Pretty Little Liars

question_text: who is is a in pretty little liars

question_tokens: who is is a in pretty little liars

root

text: Pretty Little Liars

text: Premise[edit]

text: Set in the small suburban town of Rosewood, Pennsylvania , the series follows the lives of five girls: Spencer Hastings, Alison DiLaurentis, Aria Montgomery, Hanna Marin and Emily Fields, whose clique falls apart after the leader of the group, Alison, goes missing. One year later, the remaining estranged friends are reunited as they begin receiving messages from a mysterious villain named "A" and later from "A.D.", who threatens and tortures them for the mistakes they have made before and after Alison's death. At first, they think it is Alison herself, but after her body is found, the girls come to a realization that it is someone else who is sending threatening messages to them.

tag: p

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Nielsen ratings

First aired
Last aired
Viewers
(in millions)
Adults
(18-49)

1
22
June 8, 2010 (2010-06-08)
March 21, 2011 (2011-03-21)
2.87
1.0

2
25
June 14, 2011 (2011-06-14)
March 19, 2012 (2012-03-19)
2.68
1.0

3
24
June 5, 2012 (2012-06-05)
March 19, 2013 (2013-03-19)
2.59[8]
1.1[8]

4
24
June 11, 2013 (2013-06-11)
March 18, 2014 (2014-03-18)
2.53[9]
1.1[9]

5
25
June 10, 2014 (2014-06-10)
March 24, 2015 (2015-03-24)
2.01[10]
0.9[10]

6
20
June 2, 2015 (2015-06-02)
March 15, 2016 (2016-03-15)
1.72[11]
0.8[11]

7
20
June 21, 2016 (2016-06-21)
June 27, 2017 (2017-06-27)
1.11[12]
0.6[12]

text: Production[edit]

text: Originally developed as a television series by book packaging company Alloy Entertainment, the idea was described as "Desperate Housewives for teens."[13] Alloy met with author Shepard and gave her the property to develop into a book series.[13] With Alloy and Warner Horizon Television interested in producing Pretty Little Liars as a television series for years, it was first planned for The WB in 2005 with a different writer until the network shut down in early 2006 and reestablished as The CW later that year.[14] The first novel was published by HarperTeen in October 2006.[15] In June 2008, Alloy noted that it was developing a Pretty Little Liars television pilot for ABC Family,[13] with the novels adapted for television.[14] After the pilot was shot in Vancouver in December 2009, filming for the rest of the series moved to Los Angeles.[16][17] The series was primarily filmed at the Warner Bros. studio and backlot in the city of Burbank, near Los Angeles.[18] In June 2012, the series was selected by lottery for a California film and TV tax credit.[19]

text: Casting[edit]

text: ABC Family began casting for a Pretty Little Liars television pilot in October 2009.[14] Lucy Hale was cast as Aria Montgomery in the project, followed by Troian Bellisario as Spencer Hastings and Ian Harding as Ezra Fitz in November 2009.[20] In December 2009, The Futon Critic confirmed the casting of Ashley Benson as Hanna Marin and Shay Mitchell as Emily Fields, as well as the addition of Laura Leighton as Ashley Marin, Nia Peeples as Pam Fields, Roark Critchlow as Tom Marin, and Bianca Lawson as Maya.[21][22] Mitchell had initially auditioned for the role of Spencer and then tried for Emily.[23] The Hollywood Reporter also noted that Torrey DeVitto and Sasha Pieterse landed recurring roles in the pilot.[22] The Alloy website later confirmed that Pieterse would be playing Alison DiLaurentis and DeVitto would be Melissa Hastings, also mentioning the casting of Janel Parrish as Mona Vanderwaal.[24] On January 27, 2010, ABC Family picked up the series for 10 episodes, set to premiere in June 2010.[25] In April 2010, the role of Aria's father Byron was recast with Chad Lowe,[26] and Holly Marie Combs was cast as Aria's mother Ella. Jenna Marshall is played by Tammin Sursok.[27]

text: On January 7, 2011, Tilky Jones was cast as Logan Reed.[28] On April 8, 2011, Annabeth Gish was cast for the role of Anne Sullivan, a therapist who tries to find out the characters' secrets.[29] On May 23, 2011, Andrea Parker signed up to appear as Jessica DiLaurentis, Alison's mother.[30] On June 29, 2011, it was announced that Natalie Hall would be replacing Natalie Floyd as Hanna's soon-to-be stepsister, Kate.[31] On January 30, 2012, The Hollywood Reporter reported that Tyler Blackburn had been promoted to series regular for the third season.[32] In March 2012, Janel Parrish was also promoted from recurring to series regular for the third season.[33] On March 16, 2016, TVLine reported that Andrea Parker was added as a series regular for the seventh season.[34]

text: Promotion[edit]

text: Pretty Little Liars was called one of the most spectacular new shows of summer 2010 thanks to heavy promotion by ABC Family, including "spicy promos and hot posters".[35] ABC Family encouraged fans to host a "Pretty Little Premiere Party" for the show by sending the first respondents a fan kit,[36] and selected applicants to become part of an interactive "Secret Keeper Game" played with iPhones provided by the network.[37] The show's official Facebook and Twitter accounts also promoted special fan features, including a "Pretty Little Lie Detector".[38] Los Angeles department store Kitson showcased the show in their shop window.[39]

text: A tie-in edition featuring the Season 1 poster and logo of the 2006 first novel in the Pretty Little Liars series was released on the date of the show's premiere,[40] as was the final book of the original book series, "Wanted".[41] "Wanted" later decidedly became the eighth book of the series, as Shepard later confirmed she would extend the series. A TV tie-in of the second book "Flawless" featuring an altered Season 3 poster was released on December 28, 2012.

text: Music[edit]

text: The theme song for Pretty Little Liars is "Secret" by The Pierces, which was suggested by one of the show's stars, Ashley Benson.[42] The pilot episode featured music from artists such as The Fray, Ben's Brother, MoZella, Orelia, and Colbie Caillat.[43] The show has also featured music from Passion Pit, Lady Gaga, Pink, Florence and the Machine, Lykke Li, Selena Gomez & the Scene, McFly and Rachel Platten. Music from Katie Herzig can be heard multiple times throughout the show. A few songs being "Hey Na Na" and "Where the Road Meets the Sun". Madi Diaz has been heard on the show with her song "Heavy Heart", as well as Joy Williams with "Charmed Life" and Foreign Slippers with "What Are You Waiting For?". The last episode of season one featured a song by Alexz Johnson that she originally recorded for the soundtrack of the Canadian hit TV show Instant Star. On June 14, 2011, "Jar of Hearts" by Christina Perri was featured in the first episode of the second season. The song "Follow Suit" by Trent Dabbs has also been featured on the show. In the episode "The Perfect Storm", Lucy Hale sings a cover of the song "Who Knows Where the Time Goes?" by British band Fairport Convention. The official soundtrack was released on February 15, 2011.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text:
Troian Bellisario portrays Spencer Hastings, one of the five Liars. Bellisario also portrays Alex Drake in the final season, Spencer's identical twin sister, which is not truly revealed until the series finale. Spencer is an extreme perfectionist who likes to please her wealthy family and her friends. She is very competitive and an overachiever. Spencer is strong willed, smart, and kind towards everyone around her, but isn't afraid to take down someone who is a threat to something she cares about. She was in a relationship with Toby Cavanaugh (Keegan Allen) for most of the first six and a half seasons. Toby later joins the Rosewood Police Force to protect Spencer. Tired of being the victim, Spencer was a brief member of the "A" team after she thinks that she finds Toby in the woods killed by "A", but finds out from Mona that he is still alive and the only way to get to him is to become part of the team. She then learns that the only reason Toby joined the "A" team was to protect her. After the five year jump, Spencer dates Caleb Rivers (Tyler Blackburn) and lives in Washington, D.C. She returns home after the death of Charlotte Drake but ends up staying due to her mother running for the state senate. In the season 7 mid-season finale, it is revealed that she is the biological child of Mary Drake. After the five year time jump, it is shown she has continued with politics and is a paralegal at her mothers law firm. It is revealed that she had a twin sister, Alex Drake, who grew up in London, that became A.D to avenge Charlotte's death.
Ashley Benson portrays Hanna Marin, one of the five Liars. Hanna used to have an eating disorder. She was overweight, with the nickname 'Hefty Hanna'. After Alison DiLaurentis disappeared, Hanna lost weight and changed her style, which seemed similar to Ali's, with the help of her new best friend Mona Vanderwaal. Over the course of the series, Hanna cares more about the people around her and tries to protect herself and her friends. She is loyal and strong. She has had few love affairs through the series and was in a relationship with Caleb Rivers. After the time jump, Hanna was engaged to Jordan and working in the fashion industry, but has moved back to Rosewood and is married to Caleb. In the series finale, it is revealed that she is pregnant.
Holly Marie Combs portrays Ella Montgomery, the mother of Aria and Mike, as well as the wife of Byron.
Lucy Hale portrays Aria Montgomery, one of the five Liars. Aria is the artsy chameleon who is very intelligent, caring, and has a good sense of style. She's the one who keeps her family together. Aria spent some time as a "goth". She wore black, punk-like clothing and had pink highlights in her hair. After Alison disappeared, Aria and her family moved to Iceland for a year (because of Alison's disappearance), before returning to Rosewood. When Aria and her family moved back to Rosewood, she was no longer a "goth" as she used to be, she was a girly-girl. Aria had a relationship with her English teacher, Ezra Fitz (Ian Harding) from the very first episode of the entire show, but they decided to end their relationship before Aria went to college. After the time jump, Aria dates her co-worker, Liam, and then breaks up with him after she and Ezra start dating again. Ezra then proposes to her and they get engaged. Later, Aria joins the A-Team, after being blackmailed by Uber A. In the season finale, it is revealed that she is infertile which leads her to believe that she would never be able to marry Ezra; however, at the end of the episode she and Ezra are married. Aria finds out that she is unable to have children shortly before the wedding and tells Ezra the day before their marriage. He still wants to marry her.
Ian Harding portrays Ezra Fitz, a former English teacher at Rosewood High who begins a relationship with Aria which causes a lot of tension due to her being his student. However they keep a steady relationship until season 4 when it is revealed that he is writing a book about the disappearance of Alison DiLaurentis which causes Aria to break up with him. It is also revealed that he had a very brief relationship with Alison before she disappeared after she met him in bar near Hollis with Charlotte Drake. After the time jump, Ezra is in a very bad place due to his girlfriend Nicole being kidnapped and killed in Nicaragua while they were there doing charity work. He is writing a book about his experience which is being published through the company Aria is currently working at which causes them to rekindle their old friendship. In the season 6 finale, they have sex which causes them to talk about their relationship and Ezra proposes to Aria which after some hesitation and a confession about the death of Archer Dunhill, she accepts. They are married in the series finale.
Bianca Lawson portrays Maya St. Germain, a new girl who moves into Rosewood and develops a relationship with Emily, becoming her first girlfriend. She moves into Alison's old house which causes tension with the girls at first but they quickly begin to like her. She is killed in the season 2 finale by Lyndon James who was her stalker from a rehabilitation camp which she was sent to when Pam discovers weed in her bag. Lyndon disguises himself as her cousin who tries to get close to Emily so that he can kill her out of jealousy however, he is killed by Emily stabbing him in mid-season 3.
Laura Leighton portrays Ashley Marin, the mother of Hanna. In the first season she is working as a member of the bank until she is arrested as the suspected murderer of Darren Wilden. She is released when Mona takes the blame for murder and Pastor Ted posts her bail. She then begins working for Mrs DiLaurentis until her death when she chooses to leave as Jason takes over which causes tension due to their past relationship. After the 5 year time jump, she has now turned Radley into a fancy hotel and is working as the manager.
Chad Lowe portrays Byron Montgomery, the father of Aria and Mike, as well as the husband of Ella. He is the center of one of the first story lines due to him having an affair with one of his students at Hollis causing all sorts of issues with his family. Due to this, him and Ella get a divorced but later remarry in season 6 with Aria as their officiator. Chad Lowe was the first cast member to direct an episode of Pretty Little Liars, followed by Troian Bellisario.
Shay Mitchell portrays Emily Fields, one of the five Liars. Emily is the sporty one in the group. She is the best swimmer on the high school swim team, and eventually becomes a coach of the team. Emily's demeanor is kindhearted and very loyal to those she loves. Emily is a shy closeted lesbian in the beginning of the series, in love with Alison DiLaurentis. Over the course of the series, Emily came out to her parents that she was in a relationship with Maya St. Germain. After Maya's murder, Emily develops a relationship with Paige McCullers in season 3. They're together for a while, until Paige betrays Emily's trust. After the time jump, Emily has dropped out of the university she attended in California after the death of her father and she came back to Rosewood with a secret. She ends up donating her eggs in season 6 to help to start a family. As of The Darkest Knight she is now working at Rosewood High School as the swim coach. In Season 7, it is revealed that Alison is pregnant with Emily's baby after A.D stole Emily's eggs after she donated them and impregnated Alison while she was in Welby. Emily confronts Ali about the baby and she agrees to have it for her. Soon after, Alison confesses her feelings for Emily and the 2 enter a relationship. In the series finale, Emily and Ali are raising twin girls, Lily and Grace. Alison proposes to Emily who accepts.
Nia Peeples portrays Pam Fields, the mother of Emily as well as being the wife of Wayne.
Sasha Pieterse portrays Alison DiLaurentis, one of the five Liars and the former "Queen Bee" of her clique, and the most popular girl in school before her disappearance. She enjoys using people's deepest secrets against them to keep them in line. Charming and manipulative, Alison managed to manipulate all four of her friends in one way or another and is skilled at finding ways to blackmail others. It was later revealed that Alison is alive and was on the run from "A". After the five-year time jump, Alison marries a man posing as Dr. Elliott Rollins, who was her sister Charlotte's psychiatrist. In the beginning of Season 7, Alison finds out that he is not the "good" man that she thought she married and with the help of the other girls, they manage to kill him before he kills them. Alison is now an English teacher at Rosewood High. It is also revealed in season 7 that she is pregnant with Emily's baby. Shortly after, she admits to being in love with Emily and enters a relationship with her and intends to raise the baby with her.In the series finale, she is raising twin girls, Lily and Grace, later on in the episode she proposes to Emily.
Tyler Blackburn portrays Caleb Rivers, the high school boyfriend and later husband of Hanna Marin, and a professional hacker. It is revealed in season 1 that he was in the foster care system and slept in school or public places the majority of the time to avoid staying with his foster family. For a brief time he moves into Hanna's basement before moving in with Lucas. He also reconnects with his biological parents. He departs the show mid-season 4 to go to Ravenswood, which was a sister spin-off show of Pretty Little Liars. He returns in the 100th episode with a haunting secret which causes tension between him and Hanna. They both begin drinking, him to forget Ravenswood, her coping with Alison's return to Rosewood. After the time jump, it is revealed that he and Hanna broke up due to them working too much and he begins dating Spencer causing a love triangle between the three of them. In the mid-season 7 finale, he confesses his feeling for Hanna leading to them having sex prompting them to get back together. In "Choose or Loose", they elope in the courthouse and in the finale, Hanna announces she's pregnant.
Janel Parrish portrays Mona Vanderwaal, the original and first "A". She is the person who stalked Alison before her disappearance, and did this as revenge for Alison crowning her "Rosewood's biggest loser". After Alison disappeared she became best friends with Hanna Marin and they transformed themselves into the most popular girls at school, taking Alison's place. In the season two finale she is exposed as "A" and sent to Radley Sanitarium, where she is visited by CeCe Drake (Charlotte), who takes Mona's place in the "A" game. In Season 3, she continues working as "A" and by the end of the season is kicked off the "A" team and becomes a victim of "A" along with the other girls. In Season 4 she helps the girls out with their investigations of the new "A". In season 5 she creates an army so as not to be intimidated by Alison's return. Later in the season, she fakes her own death to ferret out "A" but is kidnapped by "A" and imprisoned in "A"'s dollhouse. After the time jump, Mona is working for Veronica Hastings' rival for State Senator, and is revealed to be Charlotte Drake's killer.
Andrea Parker portrays Jessica DiLaurentis / Mary Drake, twin sisters. Jessica is the mother to Alison and Jason, while Mary is revealed to be the mother of Charlotte and Spencer. Mary was admitted to Radley Sanitarium for most of her life, but has now returned to Rosewood. During the fourth season, Mary kills Jessica and attempts to frame Peter Hastings for it. However, this is not revealed until season 7. She comes back to Rosewood later, now allied with Archer Dunhill. In the nineteenth episode of season 7, she takes the blame for the death of Archer Dunhill so the Liars won't have to go to prison. In the season finale, it revealed that she escaped prison with the help of Mona so that she could ally with Alex Drake, her other biological daughter, Spencer's twin sister who is revealed as "A.D.".

tag: ul

text: Setting[edit]

text: Rosewood[edit]

text: Rosewood is a fictional town in the state of Pennsylvania. It is the principal setting of the series and the books. The Liars live in this town along with most of the other characters. It contains many principal locations: the police station, the Rosewood High School, the church, the Rosewood Shopping Center, Hollis College, the Rosewood Community Hospital, the Rosewood movie theater, the mausoleum, the dental office, the Ophthalmology Cabinet, and the Rosewood Court.

text: Virtually all these locations are actually exteriors on the backlot of the Warner Bros. studio lot in Burbank. Interior scenes are filmed separately on nearby soundstages. For example, different sides of the same building on the backlot are used for the entrances of the Rosewood police station and high school.

text: Secondary locations[edit]

text: Real towns: New York City, Cape May, Philadelphia, London, Hilton Head Island and Brookhaven.

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: Pretty Little Liars premiered on June 8, 2010 in the United States, becoming ABC Family's highest-rated series debut on record across the network's target demographics.[44] It ranked number one in key 12–34 demos and teens, becoming the number-one scripted show in Women 18–34, and Women 18–49. The premiere was number two in the hour for total viewers, which generated 2.47 million unique viewers, and was ABC Family's best delivery in the time slot since the premiere of The Secret Life of the American Teenager.

text: The second episode retained 100% of its premiere audience with 2.48 million viewers, despite the usual downward trend following a premiere of a show, and built on its premiere audience. It was the dominant number one of its time slot in Adults 18–49, and the number one show in female teens.[45] Subsequent episodes fluctuated between 2.09 and 2.74 million viewers.[46][47] The August 10, 2010 "Summer Finale" episode drew an impressive 3.07 million viewers.

text: On June 28, 2010, ABC Family ordered 12 more episodes of the show, bringing its total first-season order to 22.[48] On January 10, 2011, ABC Family picked the show up for a second season that premiered on June 14, 2011. During the summer of 2011, Pretty Little Liars was basic cable's top scripted series in women aged 18–34 and viewers 12–34.[49][50] The second half of season 2 aired on Mondays at 8/7c, beginning on January 2, 2012.[51]

text: On November 29, 2011, ABC Family renewed the show for a third season, which consisted of 24 episodes.[52][53] On October 4, 2012, ABC Family announced that the show was renewed for a fourth season, again comprising 24 episodes. The second half of the third season began airing on January 8, 2013 and finished March 19, 2013. Pretty Little Liars returned for Season 4 on June 11, 2013. On March 25, 2013, it was again announced that Pretty Little Liars had been renewed for a fifth season scheduled for a 2014 air date and a new spin off show entitled Ravenswood would begin airing after the season four annual Halloween special in October 2013.[54] The second half of season four premiered on January 7, 2014.[55] It was announced on June 10, 2014 that Pretty Little Liars was renewed for two seasons, making the show ABC Family's longest running original hit series.[56] On August 29, 2016, I.Marlene King announced that Pretty Little Liars would be ending after the seventh season had aired. The second half of the seventh season will begin airing later than previous season, in April instead of January.[57]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Pretty Little Liars opened with mixed reviews. Metacritic gave the pilot episode 52 out of 100, based upon 14 critical reviews.[58] The New York Daily News gave the show a positive review, commenting that it "makes most popular vampire romances look anemic", while concluding, "Pretty Little Liars could go in several directions, including mundane teen clichés. It's got an equally good shot at making us care about these imperfect pretty girls."[59] A writer on Terror Hook has stated that " 'Pretty Little Liars' gets off to a very promising start. Great production all around, the writing keeps the viewer on their toes, and the acting just reinforces it. The overall mystery of the show in the end is dark and unpredictable, even stepping into the slasher film realm."[60] The New York Post gave the show three out of five stars, stating, "OK, so we've established that there is no socially redeeming value in this series and that your kids shouldn't watch it if they are too young and impressionable. But if you can distract them enough to miss the first 15 minutes, the show isn't half-bad. Actually, it is half-good, if that makes sense."[61] The Los Angeles Times wrote that the series is "one of those shows that manages to mildly, and perhaps unintentionally, spoof its genre while fully participating in it, and that's not a bad thing at all."[62]

text: Entertainment Weekly had a less favorable review, giving the show a letter grade of "D−", saying, "Imagine the pitch for Liars: It's I Know What You Did Last Summer meets Gossip Girl, but like not so subtle." It went on to say that the plot "hits every racy teen entertainment mark so hard (everyone's hair is so full—of secrets!) that it feels like the only thing missing is a visit from the ghosts of Jennifer Love Hewitt and Freddie Prinze, Jr."[63] The Hollywood Reporter compared the show to those on The CW and noted, "Sure, there's a lot here that sustains more eye-rolling than interested stares, but a little patience might be warranted."[64]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Since the series premiere, Pretty Little Liars has remained popular. In 2016, a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that the show's "popularity is tilted toward women more than any other show in the data — over 94 percent of 'likes' come from women".[65]

text: The series earned its highest rated episode with 4.20 million total viewers, ranking among ABC Family's top 5 telecasts in adult viewers 18–34, total viewers and women viewers.[66] The highest rated episodes include season one's finale, with 3.64 million, and season two's premiere and finale episodes, each yielding nearly 3.7 million viewers.[67][68][69] The show stands as the most watched series on ABC Family, maintaining a steady viewership of over 2.5 million and currently standing as the only show to yield an average of over 2 million viewers.

text:
Season
Network
Episodes
Timeslot
Season premiere
Season finale
TV season
Viewers
(in millions)

Premiere date
Viewers
(million)
Finale date
Viewers
(million)

1
ABC Family
22
Tuesdays 8:00 pm (first set)
Mondays 8:00 pm (second set)
June 8, 2010
2.47[70]
March 21, 2011
3.64[67]
2010–11
2.87

2
25
June 14, 2011
3.68[68]
March 19, 2012
3.69[69]
2011–12
2.68

3
24
Tuesdays 8:00 p.m.
June 5, 2012
2.93[71]
March 19, 2013
2.87[72]
2012–13
2.59[73]

4
24
June 11, 2013
2.97[74]
March 18, 2014
3.12[75]
2013–14
2.53[76]

5
25
June 10, 2014
2.72[77]
March 24, 2015
2.65[78]
2014–15
2.01[79]

6
ABC Family (2015)

Freeform (2016)
20
June 2, 2015
2.38[80]
March 15, 2016
1.19[81]
2015–16
1.72[82]

7
Freeform
20
June 21, 2016
1.43[83]
June 27, 2017
1.41[84]
2016–17
1.11[12]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipient(s)
Result

2010

Teen Choice Awards[90]
Choice Summer TV Show
Pretty Little Liars
Won

Choice Summer TV Star: Male
Ian Harding
Won

Choice Summer TV Star: Female
Lucy Hale
Won

2011

NewNowNext Awards[91]
TV You Betta Watch
Pretty Little Liars
Won

People's Choice Awards[92]
Favorite TV Obsession
Nominated

GLAAD Media Awards[93]
Outstanding Drama Series
Nominated

Young Hollywood Awards[94]
Cast To Watch
Troian Bellisario, Ashley Benson, Lucy Hale and Shay Mitchell
Won

Teen Choice Awards[95]
Choice Summer TV Show
Pretty Little Liars
Won

Choice Summer TV Star: Female
Lucy Hale
Won

Troian Bellisario
Nominated

Choice Summer TV Star: Male
Ian Harding
Won

Keegan Allen
Nominated

Banff Television Festival
Best Continuing Series
I. Marlene King, Lesli Linka Glatter and Lisa Cochran-Neilan
Won

Capricho Awards (pt)[96]
Best TV Series
Pretty Little Liars
Nominated

Best International Actress
Lucy Hale
Nominated

Best International Actor
Ian Harding
Nominated

2012
People's Choice Awards[97]
Favorite Cable TV Drama
Pretty Little Liars
Won

GLAAD Media Awards[98]
Outstanding Drama Series
Nominated

TV Guide Awards[99]
Favorite Guilty Pleasure
Nominated

Capricho Awards (pt)[100]
Best TV Series
Nominated

Teen Choice Awards[101]
Choice TV Show: Drama
Won

Choice TV Actor
Ian Harding
Won

Choice TV Actress
Lucy Hale
Won

Choice TV Villain
Janel Parrish
Won

Choice Summer TV Star: Female
Troian Bellisario
Won

2013
People's Choice Awards[102]
Favorite Cable TV Drama
Pretty Little Liars
Nominated

Favorite TV Fan Following
Little Liars
Nominated

Gracie Awards[103]
Outstanding Performance by a Female Rising Star
Lucy Hale
Won

TV Guide Awards[104]
Favorite Ensemble
Pretty Little Liars
Nominated

Favorite Villain
Janel Parrish and Keegan Allen
Nominated

Teen Choice Awards[105]
Choice TV Show: Drama
Pretty Little Liars
Won

Choice Summer TV Show
Pretty Little Liars
Won

Choice TV Actor: Drama
Ian Harding
Won

Choice TV Actress: Drama
Troian Bellisario
Won

Choice TV Villain
Janel Parrish
Won

Choice Summer TV Star: Female
Lucy Hale
Won

Choice Summer TV Star: Male
Keegan Allen
Won

Capricho Awards (pt)[106]
Best TV Series
Pretty Little Liars
Nominated

Best International Actress
Ashley Benson
Nominated

2014
People's Choice Awards[107][108]
Favorite Cable TV Drama
Pretty Little Liars
Nominated

Favorite Cable TV Actress
Lucy Hale
Won

GLAAD Media Awards[109]
Outstanding Drama Series
Pretty Little Liars
Nominated

40th Saturn Awards[110]
Best Youth-Oriented Television Series
Nominated

Young Hollywood Awards
Bingeworthy TV series
Nominated

Best Cast Chemistry — TV
Nominated

Teen Choice Awards[111]
Choice TV Show: Drama
Won

Choice TV Actor: Drama
Ian Harding
Won

Choice TV Actor: Drama
Keegan Allen
Nominated

Choice TV Actress: Drama
Lucy Hale
Won

Choice TV Actress: Drama
Troian Bellisario
Nominated

Choice TV Villain
Janel Parrish
Nominated

Choice Summer TV Star: Female
Ashley Benson
Won

Choice Summer TV Star: Female
Shay Mitchell
Nominated

Choice Summer TV Star: Male
Tyler Blackburn
Won

Choice TV Breakout Star: Female
Sasha Pieterse
Won

2015
People's Choice Awards[112]
Favorite Cable TV Actress
Ashley Benson
Nominated

Lucy Hale
Nominated

Favorite Cable TV Drama
Pretty Little Liars
Won

GLAAD Media Awards
Outstanding Drama Series
Nominated

41st Saturn Awards[113]
Best Youth-Oriented Television Series
Nominated

MTV Fandom Awards
Feels Freak Out Of The Year
Won

Ship Of The Year
Shay Mitchell and Sasha Pieterse
Nominated

Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Show: Drama
Pretty Little Liars
Won

Choice TV Actor: Drama
Keegan Allen
Nominated

Ian Harding
Won

Choice TV Actress: Drama
Lucy Hale
Won

Shay Mitchell
Nominated

Choice Summer TV Star: Male
Tyler Blackburn
Won

Choice Summer TV Star: Female
Troian Bellisario
Nominated

Ashley Benson
Won

Choice TV Scene Stealer
Sasha Pieterse
Nominated

Choice TV Villain
"A" (Vanessa Ray)
Won

2016

People's Choice Awards[114]

Favorite Cable TV Drama
Pretty Little Liars
Won

Favorite Cable TV Actress
Ashley Benson
Nominated

Lucy Hale
Nominated

Shay Mitchell
Nominated

Teen Choice Awards

Choice TV Show: Drama
Pretty Little Liars
Won

Choice TV Actor: Drama
Keegan Allen
Nominated

Tyler Blackburn
Nominated

Ian Harding
Won

Choice TV Actress: Drama
Troian Bellisario
Nominated

Ashley Benson
Won

Choice TV Villain
Janel Parrish
Won

Choice TV Scene Stealer
Sasha Pieterse
Won

Choice TV Chemistry
Ashley Benson and Tyler Blackburn
Won

Choice Summer TV Actress
Lucy Hale
Nominated

Shay Mitchell
Nominated

2017
People's Choice Awards[115]
Favorite Cable TV Actress
Ashley Benson
Nominated

Lucy Hale
Nominated

Favorite Cable TV Drama
Pretty Little Liars
Nominated

MTV Movie & TV Awards

Show Of The Year
Nominated

Teen Choice Awards

Choice TV Show: Drama
Nominated

Choice TV Actress: Drama
Troian Bellisario
Nominated

Ashley Benson
Nominated

Lucy Hale
Won

Shay Mitchell
Nominated

Sasha Pieterse
Nominated

Choice TV Actor: Drama
Ian Harding
Nominated

Choice TV Villain
Janel Parrish
Won

Choice TV Ship
Shay Mitchell and Sasha Pieterse
Nominated

text: DVD releases[edit]

text:
DVD release dates for Pretty Little Liars

Name
Release dates
Ep #
Additional information

Region 1
Region 2
Region 4

Season 1: The Complete First Season
June 7, 2011
September 24, 2012[116]
November 2, 2011[117]
22

Pretty Little Liars: Two Truths and a Lie—Discover some fun facts and fictional fallacies about the cast of Pretty Little Liars.
It All Started with a Little Lie: Making Pretty Little Liars—Discover how the pages and characters of Sara Shepard's novel became this can't miss TV series
Little Secrets from the Set—Catch up with the cast and crew of summer's hottest show as they bring us several juicy behind-the-scenes secrets from the Pretty Little Liars set
Deleted Scenes and extras

Season 2: The Complete Second Season
June 5, 2012[118]
November 11, 2013[119]
September 5, 2012[120]
25

Fashion's Guilty Pleasure: Check out Aria's edgy bohemian looks, Hanna's rock 'n' roll glamour, Emily's laid back sporty style and Spencer's prepster perfection
Men of Mystery: Brooding brows, soulful smiles and mysterious minds... get ready for the heart-melting guys of Rosewood
Deleted scenes and extras

Season 3: The Complete Third Season
June 4, 2013
April 21, 2014[121]
June 19, 2013[122]
24

Featurette: "The 'A' Network"
The Lady Killer episode alternate endings
Bonus Webisodes
Deleted Scenes

Season 4: The Complete Fourth Season
June 3, 2014
September 29, 2014[123]
July 9, 2014[124]
24

Featurette: "Unhooding Red Coat: Alison Is Alive!"
Featurette: "Confessions of 'A' Liar"
Featurette: "Pretty Little Scenes"
Bonus Recap Episode
Deleted Scenes

Season 5: The Complete Fifth Season
June 2, 2015
July 15, 2015[125]
June 19, 2015
25

Featurette: "Good Girls, Bad Lies: The Stronger PLLs"
Featurette: "Pretty Little Liars: The Guys Are Back!"
Featurette: "Celebrating a Pretty 100th"
Featurette: "Christmas in Rosewood: Designing the Ice Ball"
We Love You to Death: Fan Appreciation Episode
Deleted Scenes

Season 6: The Complete Sixth Season
April 19, 2016[126]
April 18, 2016[127]
April 22, 2016
20

Featurette: "We Heart the PLL Ships"
Featurette: "A PLL Prom"
Featurette: "Inside the 5 Years"
Featurette: "A Homecoming: The PLLs Return"
Pretty Little Liars: 5 Years Forward
Deleted Scenes

Season 7: The Seventh and Final Season
July 25, 2017[128]
TBA
TBA
20

Featurette: "Inside the PLL Sheets"
Featurette: "That PLL Boy Is Mine"
Featurette: "A PLL Proposal"
Featurette: "A Surprising Mary Drake"
Featurette: "Hot for Haleb"
Featurette: "Say I Do"
Featurette: "The Final Sendoff from Rosewood"
Featurette: "A.D.: The Ultimate Suspect"
Featurette: "Thank You to Fans"
Pretty Little Liars: A-List Wrap Party (Special Episode)
Deleted Scenes

The Complete Series
July 25, 2017[128]
TBA
TBA
160

All previously released special features on all seven seasons.

text: In other media[edit]

text: Spin-offs[edit]

text: Ravenswood (2013–2014)[edit]

text: Ravenswood is a supernatural teen drama mystery-thriller series, set in the fictional town of Ravenswood, Pennsylvania, the series follows five strangers whose lives become intertwined by a deadly curse that has plagued their town for generations. They have to dig into the town's dark past to solve the mysterious curse.

text: Pretty Little Liars: The Perfectionists (2019)[edit]

text: Pretty Little Liars: The Perfectionists is an upcoming teen drama mystery series, based on the novel The Perfectionists by Sara Shepard. Set in another fictional town of Beacon Heights, Washington, where everything seems perfect, from their top-tier college to their overachieving residents and the stress of needing to be perfect leads to the town’s first murder.

text: Web series[edit]

text: Pretty Dirty Secrets (2012)[edit]

text: Pretty Dirty Secrets is a web series, which taking place between the events of two episodes "The Lady Killer" and "This Is a Dark Ride". Set in a Rosewood's costume store, as the residents of Rosewood prepared for Halloween.[129]


document_title: SS Constitution

question_text: ship used in movie an affair to remember

text: SS Constitution

text:
SS Constitution in Hawaii

History

Name:

1951—1974: Constitution
1974—1982: Oceanic Constitution
1982—1997: Constitution

Owner:

1951—1974: American Export Lines
1974—1979: Atlantic Far East Lines
1982—1997: American Hawaii Cruises

Builder:
Bethlehem Steel Corporation's Fore River Shipyard, Quincy, Massachusetts, USA

Yard number:
1619[1]

Laid down:
1950

Launched:
September 16, 1950[1]

Completed:
1951

Maiden voyage:
June 25, 1951[1]

Fate:
Sank while under tow to shipbreakers, 1995

General characteristics (as built)[1]

Type:
Ocean liner

Tonnage:

23,719 GRT
7,250 t DWT

Length:
208.01 m (682.45 ft)

Beam:
27.18 m (89.17 ft)

Draft:
9.20 m (30.18 ft)

Installed power:
2 × Bethlehem Steel Corporation steam turbines; 40456 kW

Speed:
23 knots (43 km/h)

Capacity:
1000 passengers

General characteristics (after 1959 refit)[1]

Type:
Cruise ship

Tonnage:
23,754 GRT

Capacity:
395 passengers

General characteristics (after 1974 refit)[1]

Capacity:
950 passengers

General characteristics (after 1980 refit)[1]

Tonnage:
20,221 GRT

Capacity:
1073 passengers

text: The SS Constitution was an ocean liner owned by American Export Lines. Commissioned in 1951, she started her long career sailing on the New York City-Genoa-Naples-Gibraltar route to Europe. Constitution was a sister ship to the SS Independence.

text: SS Constitution was featured in several episodes of the situation comedy I Love Lucy starring Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz, starting with episode, "Bon Voyage," aired January 16, 1956. Lucy Ricardo missed the ship and had to be ferried by air by a then-novel helicopter.

text: American movie actress Grace Kelly sailed aboard SS Constitution from New York to Monaco for her wedding to Prince Rainier in 1956.

text: SS Constitution was featured in the 1957 film, An Affair to Remember starring Cary Grant and Deborah Kerr. Former President Harry S. Truman and his wife Bess sailed back to New York from Europe on the Constitution in the summer of 1958. The ship was also featured in the beginning and end of an episode of the Naked City TV series titled "No Naked Ladies in Front of Giovanni's House!" aired April 17, 1963. The ship also featured prominently in the Magnum, P.I. television series episode titled "All Thieves on Deck" aired January 30, 1986.

text: Following service on American Export's "Sunlane" cruise to Europe in the 1950s and 1960s the two ships sailed for American Hawaii Cruises for many years in the 1980s and 1990s; as U.S. ships with U.S. crews meeting the criteria of the Passenger Services Act they were able to cruise the Islands without sailing to a foreign port.

text: SS Constitution was retired in 1995; while under tow to be scrapped, the liner sank north of the Hawaiian Islands on November 17, 1997; 700 nautical miles (1,300 km).


document_title: If Loving You Is Wrong

question_text: actor who plays randall on if loving you is wrong

text: If Loving You Is Wrong

text: Overview[edit]

text: If Loving You Is Wrong is loosely based on Perry's 2014 film The Single Moms Club. Actress Zulay Henao reprised her movie role of Esperanza, although her character and storyline was rebooted for the TV series. It was officially ordered straight-to-series on January 9, 2014.[3][4][5] It premiered on September 9, 2014, on the Oprah Winfrey Network (OWN), and the first half of the first season finale aired on November 4, 2014.[5][6][7]

text: The series premiere was the highest-rated in OWN history, setting a new record over The Haves and the Have Nots. The second half of the first season aired on March 24, 2015. On February 27, 2015, the series was renewed for a second season with 22 more episodes. The second season premiered on September 22, 2015. The second half premiered on March 15, 2016. OWN renewed the series for a third season. The third season of the series premiered on September 13, 2016.[8] The second half of season 3 premiered on March 21, 2017. On August 29, 2017, OWN announced the show's return for the fourth season, which premiered on September 19, 2017. On November 21, 2017, it was announced that the second half of season 4 will premiere on January 10, 2018.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Amanda Clayton as Alex Montgomery, a housewife who is married to businessman, Brad. She has two children with him, Peter and Paisley, after which he had a vasectomy. She was caught having an affair with her next door neighbor, Randall, which ends her friendship with Randall's wife Marcie and prompts Brad to leave her. She gave birth to a third child, a son, who may be Randall's son, born from their affair.[5]
Matt Cook as Joey Blackman, Natalie's oldest son who was released from jail. Somewhat naïve in a lot of things while getting used to being out of jail, and is often hovered over by his mother with whom he works with at her place of business, Burger Fast.
Edwina Findley as Kelly Issacs, a single and working mother to a young son named Justice. She is being pursued by a man named Travis, despite his being engaged to someone he met while in Haiti.[5]
Tiffany Haddish as Jackie (season 1), Natalie's loyal assistant at Burger Fast. A very business-savvy woman.
Heather Hemmens as Marcie Holmes, a real estate agent and Randall's unhappy wife, who is angry with Alex for her affair with Randall. Gets even with both of them by embarking on a revenge affair with Brad. She demands that Randall divorce her; he refuses because he still loves her, but also loves Alex.[5] In the third season, it is revealed that Marcie is pregnant, but with Brad's child.
Zulay Henao as Esperanza Willis, ex-wife of Edward, a 911 dispatcher for the city of Maxine. Mother of a daughter named Mika with Edward. When she began dating Julius, he immediately became a target of Edward's rage and jealousy, which is later justified as he is the relative of a drug-cartel leader, which constantly places her and Mika in danger.[5]
April Parker Jones as Natalie Henning, a single working mother of four kids who manages a fast food place called Burger Fast. Often hovers over her oldest son, Joey.[5]
Eltony Williams as Dr. Randall Holmes, Marcie's estranged husband, a psychologist. He has an affair with Alex, which destroys both his marriage to Marcie and his friendship with Brad. With the affair out in the second season premiere he is attacked by both Eddie and Brad. Later that night Brad destroys Randall's boat and comes at him with an axe and the two begin to fight as Brad pulls out a gun and shots are fired. In season three Randall gets a dose of his own medicine when he finds Marcie and Brad begin a revenge affair and having sex in his shed where he had his affair with Alex. He refuses to divorce Marcie, because he wants to have both women in his life. In the season three finale it was revealed that Randall is not the father of Alex's newborn baby boy.[5]
Aiden Turner as Brad Montgomery, a former Royal Marine who fought in Iraq with Alex's cousin, Eddie and later became a businessman and married Alex. Now a businessman who was unaware of his wife's affair with his friend, Randall until the second season premiere. He gets into a fight with Randall, demolishes his boat and nearly kills him. He eventually leaves Alex and he begins a revenge affair with Marcie. Brad is the father of Peter and Paisley his children with Alex, Brad had a vasectomy after Paisley's birth, which gives credence to Randall being the father of Alex's newborn son.[5]
Joel Rush as Edward “Eddie” Willis, Esperanza's ex, Alex's cousin and Brad's friend. A former U.S. Marine and a very corrupt police officer for the city of Maxine. He has a daughter named Mika with Esperanza. He still intends to control her life although he himself is remarried and has kids with a woman named Yolanda, who would eventually leave him as well. Later revealed that he is still in love with Esperanza, which drives him to behave the way he does, and is also a recovering cocaine addict.[5]
Octavio Pizano as Julius Escada Jr., Esperanza's new boyfriend, a target of the jealous Edward's rage, in this case, justifiably, as he is the relative of a Drug-Cartel leader, and Edward is concerned for the safety of Esperanza and, more importantly, his daughter, Mika.[5]
Charles Malik Whitfield as Lushion Morgan, Natalie's fiancé and the father of her youngest son, Frankie. He's a rookie cop with Eddie, who has a hostile working relationship with him, due to his corrupt ways. However, he still has enough loyalty to save him from a drive by shooting.[5]
Denzel Wells as Travis Cain, Kelly's love interest, who is away on a relief mission in Haiti. Upon his return, he reveals that he got engaged to another woman while in Haiti and left Kelly. However, he has second thoughts, and ends his engagement. He then pursues Kelly anew, although she is very disinterested. In season three, he becomes very angry and hostile towards Kelly.
Dawan Owens as Quan (seasons 1–3), Joey's old running buddy who is not liked by Lushion and Natalie, and at times, Joey himself. In season 3 he is killed during a shoot-out with Joey, who was seriously injured but survives.

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Brianne Davis as Yolanda, Edward's new wife who would, like Esperanza did, leave him. An alcoholic, she absolutely despises Esperanza, and the two women often quarrel. Has two children (one an unnamed older daughter) with Edward, and is Mika's stepmother.[9]
Claudette Ortiz as Claudia, a new addition to the 911 emergency service who is also the half-sister of Quan.
Jasmine Guy as Mattaline Cain, Travis' mother who did not approve of Kelly, but later accepts her.
Judi Blair as Faun, daughter of Mr. Kym, owner of Burger Fast. Faun is friendly with Joey, who works at Burger Fast with Natalie and Jackie.
Clayton Landey as Captain Daniel Mackey, the immediate superior of Edward and Lushion and the head of the Maxine Police Department.
Sharon Conley as Sally
Celine Areu as Mika Willis, the daughter of Eddie and Esperanza.
Chase Wainscott as Peter Montgomery, the son and oldest child of Brad and Alex.
Ashlyn Areu as Paisley Montgomery, the daughter and youngest child of Brad and Alex.
Timmy Richardson as Justice Issacs, the son of Kelly.
Donielle T. Hansley Jr. as Frank Morgan, the youngest son of Natalie and Lushion.
Trevante Rhodes as Ramsey Walters, Kelly's new neighbor, to whom she is attracted.
Chris V. Pipkin as Pete Davis, a rookie cop who takes it upon himself to investigates Ben's shooting.
Andrea Frye as Louise Holmes, Randall's mother. Tries to be a peace barrier for Marcie and Randall.
Jordan Wiseley as Ben Bryant, a drug addict and rookie cop who works under Eddie.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
20
September 9, 2014 (2014-09-09)
May 26, 2015 (2015-05-26)

2
22
September 22, 2015 (2015-09-22)
May 24, 2016 (2016-05-24)

3
22
September 13, 2016 (2016-09-13)
May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)

4
18
September 19, 2017 (2017-09-19)
TBA