question_text: purpose of the promotion of equality and prevention of unfair discrimination act 4 of 2000

root

text:
Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act, 2000

Act to give effect to section 9 read with item 23 (1) of Schedule 6 to the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, so as to prevent and prohibit unfair discrimination and harassment; to promote equality and eliminate unfair discrimination; to prevent and prohibit hate speech; and to provide for matters connected therewith.

Citation
Act No. 4 of 2000

Territorial extent
Republic of South Africa

Enacted by
Parliament of South Africa

Date assented to
2 February 2000

Date commenced
1 September 2000 / 16 June 2003

Legislative history

Bill
Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Bill

Bill citation
B57—1999

Bill published on
25 October 1999

Introduced by
Penuell Maduna, Minister of Justice and Constitutional Development

Amendments

Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Amendment Act, 2002

Status: In force

tag: table

text: The Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act, 2000 (PEPUDA or the Equality Act, Act No. 4 of 2000) is a comprehensive South African anti-discrimination law. It prohibits unfair discrimination by the government and by private organisations and individuals and forbids hate speech and harassment. The act specifically lists race, gender, sex, pregnancy, family responsibility or status, marital status, ethnic or social origin, HIV/AIDS status, colour, sexual orientation, age, disability, religion, conscience, belief, culture, language and birth as "prohibited grounds" for discrimination, but also contains criteria that courts may apply to determine which other characteristics are prohibited grounds.[1] Employment discrimination is excluded from the ambit of the act because it is addressed by the Employment Equity Act, 1998. The act establishes the divisions of the High Court and designated Magistrates' Courts as "Equality Courts" to hear complaints of discrimination, hate speech and harassment.

tag: p

text: Background[edit]

text: Section Nine of the Constitution of South Africa contains a guarantee of equality and a prohibition of public and private discrimination. It obliges the national government to enact legislation to prohibit discrimination, and a transitional clause required this legislation to be enacted by 4 February 2000, three years after the constitution came into force. The Equality Act was assented to by the President on 2 February 2000; it was enacted alongside two other laws similarly required by the constitution: the Promotion of Access to Information Act (PAIA), dealing with freedom of information, and the Promotion of Administrative Justice Act (PAJA), dealing with justice in administrative law.


document_title: Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation

question_text: who is the current managing director of nnpc

text: Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation

text: History[edit]

text: NNPC was established on 1 April 1977 as a merger of the Nigerian National Oil Corporation and the Federal Ministry of Mines and Steel. NNPC by law manages the joint venture between the Nigerian federal government and a number of foreign multinational corporations, which include Royal Dutch Shell, Agip, ExxonMobil, Chevron, and Texaco (now merged with Chevron). Through collaboration with these companies, the Nigerian government conducts petroleum exploration and production. In 2007, the head of the Nigerian wing of Transparency International said salaries for NNPC workers were too low to prevent graft.[1]

text: The NNPC Towers in Abuja is the headquarters of NNPC. Consisting of four identical towers, the complex is located on Herbert Macaulay Way, Central Business District Abuja. NNPC also has zonal offices in Lagos, Kaduna, Port Harcourt and Warri. It has an international office located in London, United Kingdom.

text: Leadership[edit]

text: Dr. Maikanti Baru is the current Group managing director. He was appointed as the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation Group chief executive officer on July 4th, 2016 under the presidency of Muhammadu Buhari; he succeeded Dr. Ibe Kachikwu, the current Nigerian Minister of State, Petroleum.

text: NNPC Organisational Structure[edit]

text: The NNPC Group comprises the NNPC Board, the Group managing director's office, Seven operational units as listed below. Each of the Unit is headed by a chief operating officer (COO). Its Divisions are headed by Group General Managers (GGM) while its subsidiary companies are headed by Managing Directors. NNPC has several subsidiaries, two partly owned subsidiaries and 16 associated companies.

text: Autonomous Business Units:

text:
Upstream Company
Downstream Company
Refining Company
Ventures Company
Gas & Power Company

tag: ul

text: Corporate Services Units:

text:
Finance and Accounts
Corporate Services

text: Strategic Business & Corporate Services Units:

text:
SBU's/CSU's
SBU's/CSU's

National Petroleum Investment and Management Service
NNPC Trading Company

Crude Oil Marketing Division
Nigerian Petroleum Development Company

Government & Labour Relations
Integrated Data Services Limited

Corporate Secretariat, Legal Division
NNPC Retail Limited

Corporate Social Responsibility
Nigerian Petroleum Marketing Company

Marine Logistics
Nigeria Pipeline & Storage Company

Renewable Energy/Frontiers Exploration
Kaduna Refining & Petrochemicals Company

Group Public Affairs Division
Warri Refining & Petrochemicals Company

Financial Controller
Port Harcourt Refining Company PHRC

Treasury
Gas & Power Investments Company

Liabilities Management
Nigeria Gas Marketing Company

Group Human Resources Division
Nigeria Gas Processing & Transmission Company

Engineering & Technology
NNPC Properties

Information Technology Division/SAP
NNPC Shipping with NIDAS & NIKORMA as Independent Subsidiaries

NNPC Medical Services
National Engineering & Technical Company

NNPC Leadership Academy
NNPC Oilfield Services

NNPC Capital
NIGAZ (NNPC/GAZPROM JV)

NNPC Pension Fund

Nigeria LNG Limited NLNG

text: Installations[edit]

text: NNPC has sole responsibility for upstream and downstream developments, and is also charged with regulating and supervising the oil industry on behalf of the Nigerian Government. In 1988, the corporation was commercialised into 11 strategic business units, covering the entire spectrum of oil industry operations: exploration and production, gas development, refining, distribution, petrochemicals, engineering, and commercial investments. The subsidiary companies include: Nigerian Petroleum Development Company(NPDC).

text: Legal premise[edit]

text: According to the Nigerian constitution, all minerals, gas, and oil the country possesses are legally the property of the Nigerian federal government. As such, the oil corporations operating in Nigeria appropriate portions of their revenue to the government, which accrues nearly 60% of the revenue generated by the oil industry in this manner. The revenue gained by the NNPC accounts for 76% of federal government revenue[1] and 40% of the entire country's GDP. As of 2000, oil and gas exports account for 98% of Nigerian export earnings.[citation needed]

text: Corruption at the NNPC[edit]

text: KPMG Report[edit]

text: In December 2011, the Nigerian government permitted a forensic report conducted by KPMG to be published. The audit, commissioned by the Ministry of Finance following concerns over the NNPC's transparency, detailed the NNPC's sharp business practices, violation of regulations, illegal deductions of funds belonging to the state, and failure to account for several billions of naira that should go to the federation account.[2]

text: Auditors found that between 2007 and 2009 alone, the NNPC over-deducted funds in subsidy claims to the tune of N28.5 billion. It has not been able to account for the sum ever since.[3]

text: Willbros Group Inc[edit]

text: In May 2008, Willbros Group Inc, a US company, admitted to making corrupt payments totalling over $6.3 million to officials at the NNPC and its subsidiary NAPIMS, in return for assistance in obtaining and retaining contracts for work on the Eastern Gas Gathering System (EGGS).[4]

text: ABB Vetco Gray[edit]

text: In July 2004, ABB Vetco Gray, a US company, and its UK subsidiary ABB Vetco Gray UK Ltd, admitted to paying over $1 million in bribes to officials at NNPC subsidiary NAPIMS in exchange for obtaining confidential bid information and favourable recommendations from Nigerian government agencies.[5]

text: Trafigura and Vitol[edit]

text: In November 2013 after a report was published by Swiss Non-governmental advocacy organisation – Erklärung von Bern – allegations of heavy fraud surfaced, placing the NNPC under suspicion of siphoning off $6.8 billion in crude oil revenues.[6][7][8]

text: Unremitted funds (2013–2014)[edit]

text: On 9 December 2013, a letter from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Governor to the President of Nigeria, Goodluck Ebele Jonathan, dated show of 25 September 2013ing details that the NNPC had not remitted over $49.8 billion proceeds of crude oil sales to the Government surfaced. On 13 December 2013, NNPC responded that no money was missing. Reconciliation Committee (comprising representatives of (i) CBN (ii) NNPC (iii) DPR (iv) FIRS (v) OAGF (vi) The Budget Office of the Federation (vii) Federal Ministry of Finance (viii) Federal Ministry of Petroleum Resources) was set up.[9]

text: The Reconciliation Committee estimated unremitted funds at $10.8bn on 18 December 2013 while CBN changed its claim to $12bn. CBN then informed senate committee on Finance on 4 February 2014 that NNPC needs to account for $20bn as the CBN could only confirm receipt of $47bn out of $67bn revenue for the period under review. The then Finance Minister recommended the conduct of an independent Forensic Audit and PwC was officially appointed by the office of the Auditor General of the Federation (AuGF) to conduct a forensic audit into the allegations.[9]

text: Among the conclusions reached by PwC at the end of their work, as stated in their report, which was made public are:

text: 1. Total cash remitted into the Federation accounts in relation to crude oil liftings was $50.81bn and NOT $47bn as earlier stated by the Reconciliation Committee for the period from January 2012 to July 2013.[9]

text: 2. NNPC has provided information on the difference leading to a potential excess remittance of $0.74 billion (without considering expected remittances from NPDC). Other indirect costs of $2.81 billion which were not part of the submission to the Senate Committee hearing have been defrayed to arrive at this position.[9]

text: 3. A major consideration centres on the ownership of oil and gas assets controlled by NPDC. Subject to additional information being provided, we estimate that the NNPC and NPDC should refund to the Federation Account a minimum of $1.48billion as summarised in the next page.[9]

text: No staff of the NNPC or Ministry of Petroleum has so far been punished, though on Thursday, 20 February 2014, the whistle-blowing CBN Governor was suspended from office by the President.

text: Unremitted funds (2016)[edit]

text: An official audit reported in March 2016 that the NNPC had failed to pay US$1.6 billion.[10]


document_title: Beautiful (Eminem song)

question_text: who sings at the beginning of beautiful by eminem

text: Beautiful (Eminem song)

text: Music video[edit]

text: The video was shot in  Detroit, Michigan and was directed by Anthony Mandler. It premiered on July 2, 2009 on Yahoo! music.[2] The video opens with captions stating that "In 1950, Michigan was 1 of 8 states in America that collectively produced 36% of the world's GNP" and that"Detroit was the greatest manufacturing city in the world." It then cuts to present-day images of the city, featuring Eminem walking through three abandoned structures from that era: Michigan Central Station; the former Packard plant; and Tiger Stadium, including demolition footage of the latter. In each location, he is joined by several people appropriate to each building: an older woman with a suitcase, several autoworkers holding their lunchboxes and tools, and a neighborhood youth baseball team, respectively.

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The song received critical acclaim. Rolling Stone called it a "touching attempt at an inspirational ballad". Pitchfork Media claim that "Relapse hits something of a stride with 'Beautiful'". Much speculation has followed as to who sang the chorus of the song, suggesting it was Paul Rodgers.[3] "Beautiful" scored Eminem his ninth straight Top 40 single on the Billboard Hot 100, going back to "Smack That" with Akon. Billboard called the song "epic" and described it as "Part confessional ("I'm just so fucking depressed," begins the track's explicit version) and part "Lose Yourself"-style motivational anthem, "Beautiful" encapsulates the introspective nature of "Relapse" but deviates from the shock tactics that dominate the album" adding that "The song is as much a lighters-in-the-air, arena rock power ballad as it is a lyrical showcase".[4] The song was  nominated at the 52nd Grammy Awards in the Best Rap Solo Performance category, but lost to Jay-Z's "D.O.A. (Death of Auto-Tune)".[5]

text: Chart performance[edit]

text: "Beautiful" entered the UK Singles Chart on May 17, 2009 at number 38 and re-entered at #31 due to massive airplay. It was released as the third UK single after "We Made You" and peaked at #12. It became Eminem's 21st Top 40 single in the UK but also his second official single to miss the Top 10. In the U.S., it debuted at #17 on the Billboard Hot 100. The song was on the A-List of the BBC Radio 1 playlist. In the week of July 23, 2009 it re-entered the Hot 100 at #98.[6]

text: Track listing[edit]

text: Digital Download[7]No.TitleLength1."Beautiful"6:32Total length:6:32

text: Digital Single[8]No.TitleLength1."Beautiful"6:322."Beautiful" (Music Video)4:21Total length:10:53

text: CD Single[9]No.TitleLength1."Beautiful"6:322."3am" (Travis Barker Remix)5:20Total length:11:52

text: Digital EP[10]No.TitleLength1."Beautiful" (Radio Edit)4:002."Beautiful"6:323."Beautiful" (Instrumental)6:374."3am" (Travis Barker Remix)5:20Total length:22:29

text: Personnel[edit]

text: Credits adapted from Relapse digital booklet.

text:
Songwriters: M. Mathers, L. Resto, J. Bass, D. Black, A. Hill
Recorded by: Mike Strange at 54 Sound in Ferndale, Michigan
Assistant engineers: Tony Campana at 54 Sound in Ferndale, Michigan
Mixed by: Eminem and Mike Strange at Effigy Studios
Keyboards by: Jeff Bass and Luis Resto
Bass and guitar by: Jeff Bass
Samples: Contains samples from "Reaching Out" by Queen + Paul Rodgers, written by Don Black and Andy Hill

text: Charts and certifications[edit]

text:
Chart (2009)

Peakposition

Australian Singles Chart[11]

33

Austrian Singles Chart[12]

11

Canadian Hot 100[13]

8

Danish Singles Chart[14]

40

Eurochart Hot 100 Singles[15]

26

German Singles Chart[16]

39

Irish Singles Chart[17]

5

New Zealand Singles Chart[18]

4

Scottish Singles Chart[19]

6

Swedish Singles Chart[20]

47

Swiss Singles Chart[21]

8

UK Singles Chart

12

U.S. Billboard Hot 100[22]

17

U.S. Billboard Pop Songs

35

text: Year-end charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2009)

Position

New Zealand Singles Chart[23]

40

UK Singles Chart[24]

173

text: Certifications[edit]

text:
Region

Certification
Certified units/Sales

United Kingdom (BPI)[25]

Silver

200,000

United States (RIAA)[26]

3× Platinum

3,000,000

^shipments figures based on certification alonesales+streaming figures based on certification alone

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year

Nominee/work

Award

Result

2010

Grammy Awards

Best Rap Solo Performance

Nominated

Much Music Video Awards

International Video of the Year

Nominated


document_title: List of top-selling candy brands

question_text: what is the top selling candy in america

text: List of top-selling candy brands

text: The table below summarizes some of the top-selling candy brands in different countries. Candy is a confection that features sugar as a principal listing life line for an example of an ingredient. The category, called sugar confectionery, encompasses any sweet confection, including chocolate, chewing gum, and sugar candy. Vegetables, fruit, or nuts which have been glazed and coated with sugar are said to be candied.

text: Top-selling candy brands[edit]

text:
Country
Top Brands[1]
Image
2012 Annual Sales
(In millions USD)
Description

 United States
Reese's Peanut Butter Cups

2,603
Reese's Peanut Butter Cups are the #1 selling candy brand in the United States,[2] consisting of milk, white, or dark chocolate cups filled with peanut butter. They were invented by H.B. Reese after he founded the H.B. Reese Candy Company in 1923. Initially working from the basement of his Hershey, PA home, Reese's success eventually allowed him to build 2 modern factories.[3] Reese died on May 16, 1956 in West Palm Beach, Florida leaving the company to his six sons.[4] On July 2, 1963 the H.B. Reese Candy Company was acquired by the Hershey Chocolate Corporation in a tax free stock-for-stock merger. In 2017 after 54-years of stock splits, the original 666,316 shares of Hershey common stock received by the Reese family now represent 16 million Hershey shares valued at over $1.8 billion that pay annual cash dividends of $42 million.[5] In 1969, only 6-years after the Reese/Hershey merger, Reese's Peanut Butter Cups became The Hershey Company's top seller.[6]

 United States
M&M's

2,300
Mars, Inc. owns M&M's which are "colorful button-shaped chocolates," each of which has the letter "m" printed in lower case on one side and are surrounded by a filling that differs depending upon the variety of the M&M's. In 1940, M&M Limited was founded in Newark, New Jersey[7] The name "M&Ms" stands for Mars and Murrie, which were the last names of the two company founders, Forrest Mars Sr. and Bruce Murrie (who owned 20% of M&M Limited). Murrie was the son of Hershey Chocolate president William F. R. Murrie. This arrangement allowed M&Ms to be made with Hershey Chocolate, as Hershey had control of rationed chocolate during World War II.[8]

 Brazil
Trident

682
Trident, made by Cadbury, is not only the No. 1 candy in Brazil, it is also the No. 1 brand of chewing gum in the world.

 United Kingdom
Cadbury's Dairy Milk

852
Cadbury's Dairy Milk is a chocolate bar that claims to have a glass and a half of milk in every bar. This chocolate treat was created in 1904 and became an instant hit following its initial sales in 1905.[9] Cadbury was bought out by Kraft Foods in 2010.[10]

 Germany
Milka

733
Milka is milk chocolate that is manufactured by the Mondelēz International (formerly Kraft Foods) Company. It was first created in 1901. The candy's packaging is unique and includes its iconic lilac-colored cow, which helps tie the candy back to its Alpine heritage.[11]

 France
Hollywood

318
Hollywood Chewing Gum was the first French chewing gum, and it was created in 1952. The French were introduced to chewing gum for the first time by the American troops stationed there in 1944. In 1958, the gum's main advertising focus was that of the American Dream. While Hollywood now offers a variety of different flavors, the very first flavor was spearmint.[12]

 Italy
Vivident Gum

313
Vivident is a sugar-free gum that is manufactured by the Perfetti Van Melle Group and is wildly popular in Italy. Advertisements for the gum has been claimed to be behind the gum's popularity.[13]

 Russia
Orbit Gum

445
Orbit gum first got its name during the Second World War when Wrigley shipped all of their chewing gum overseas to the troops and began manufacturing gum for the civilians under the name of Orbit. After the war, the name Orbit disappeared again. In the 1970s, Wrigley began selling sugar-free gum under the name of Orbit in European countries. It was not until 2001 that Orbit gum returned to the United States.[14]

 Russia
Alpen Gold

198
Alpen Gold is a brand of chocolate produced in Russia. They sell chocolate bars, pralines, and boxes of chocolates. Their chocolate often includes ingredients such as raisins, nuts, and liqueur.[15]

 Czech Republic
Orion

142
Production of Orion chocolate began in 1896 as a part of a small family business in Prague. The chocolate became very popular, representing 1/3 of the chocolate produced in the Czech Republic. In 1991, Nestlé took over Orion chocolate, which has only helped boost the popularity of the candy.[16]

 China
Hsu Fu Chi

256
The Hsu Fu Chi company started in 1992 with brothers by the name of Hsu. The company makes a wide variety of candy, including lollipops, gummies, jelly beans, chocolates, and pastries. The company was bought out by Nestle in 2011.[17]

 Japan
Meiji

479
Meiji chocolate is manufactured by Meiji Seika Kaisha Ltd., which was established in 1916 and is located in Tokyo. Meiji chocolates flavors include cheese, black pepper, jasmine, basil, and lemon salt.[18]

 India
Cadbury's Dairy Milk

127
Cadbury's Dairy Milk is a chocolate bar that claims to have a glass and a half of milk in every bar. This chocolate treat was created in 1904 and became an instant hit following its initial sales in 1905.[9]

 United Kingdom
Galaxy bar

94
The bars are milk chocolate and are made by Mars Inc. This same candy is known as Dove in the United States.

 Israel
Elite

93
Elite candy is manufactured by the Strauss Group and includes a variety of different types of candies.

 Argentina
TopLine gum

124
TopLine gum is manufactured by a company by the name of Arcor, which was started in 1951.[19]

 Chile
Ambrosoli

102
Ambrosoli is the largest candy manufacturer in Chile. The company produces a wide variety of candies, including jelly and hard candy.[20]

 Colombia
Jet

47
Jet chocolate bars are produced by Compania Nacional de Chocolates. The candy was first manufactured in the 1960s.

 South Africa
Beacon Sweets and Chocolates

69
Candy manufactured by the Beacon Sweets and Chocolates company is the top-selling candy in South Africa. They produce a wide variety of candies, including gummies, jelly candy, chocolate, and more.

 Australia
Cadbury's Dairy Milk

197
Cadbury's Dairy Milk is a chocolate bar that claims to have a glass and a half of milk in every bar. This chocolate treat was created in 1904 and became an instant hit following its initial sales in 1905.[9]


document_title: Organizational structure of the United States Department of Defense

question_text: who is the principal assistant to the president in all matters relating to the dod

text: Chain of Command[edit]

text: The President of the United States is, according to the Constitution, the Commander-in-Chief of the U.S. Armed Forces and Chief Executive of the Federal Government. The Secretary of Defense is the "Principal Assistant to the President in all matters relating to the Department of Defense", and is vested with statutory authority (10 U.S.C. § 113) to lead the Department and all of its component agencies, including military command authority second only to the President.

text: The President and the Secretary of Defense exercise authority and control of the Armed Forces through two distinct branches of the chain of command. One branch (10 U.S.C. § 162) runs from the President, through the Secretary of Defense, to the Combatant Commanders for missions and forces assigned to their commands. The other branch, used for purposes other than operational direction of forces assigned to the combatant commands, runs from the President through the Secretary of Defense to the Secretaries of the Military Departments, i.e., the Secretary of the Army (10 U.S.C. § 3013), the Secretary of the Navy (10 U.S.C. § 5013), and the Secretary of the Air Force (10 U.S.C. § 8013). The Military Departments, organized separately within the Department, operate under the authority, direction, and control of the Secretary of that Military Department. The Secretaries of the Military Departments exercise authority through their respective Service Chiefs (i.e., Chief of Staff of the Army, Commandant of the Marine Corps, Chief of Naval Operations, and Chief of Staff of the Air Force) over forces not assigned to a Combatant Command. The Service Chiefs, except as otherwise prescribed by law, perform their duties under the authority, direction, and control of the Secretaries of their respective Military Departments, to whom they are directly responsible.

text: In the Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986, Congress clarified the command line to the combatant commanders and preserved civilian control of the military. The Act states that the operational chain of command runs from the President to the Secretary of Defense to the Combatant Commanders. The Act permits the President to direct that communications pass through the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff from the Secretary of Defense, and to the Combatant Commanders. This authority places the Chairman in the communications chain. Further, the Act gives the Secretary of Defense wide latitude to assign the Chairman oversight responsibilities for the activities of the Combatant Commanders.

text: Civilian control[edit]

text: Article II Section 2 of the Constitution designates the President as "Commander in Chief" of the Army, Navy and state militias.[2] The President exercises this supreme command authority through the civilian Secretary of Defense, who by federal law is the head of the department, has authority direction, and control over the Department of Defense, and is the principal assistant to the President in all matters relating to the Department of Defense.[3] The Secretary's principal deputy is the equally civilian Deputy Secretary of Defense who is delegated full powers to act for the Secretary of Defense. The Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) is the Secretary and Deputy Secretary's civilian staff, which includes several Under Secretaries and Assistant Secretaries of Defense with functional oversight responsibilities. The Secretaries of the Military Departments (i.e. Secretary of the Army, Secretary of the Navy, and Secretary of the Air Force) are subordinate to the Secretary of Defense. They have the authority under Title 10 of the United States Code to conduct all the affairs of their respective departments (Department of the Army, Department of the Navy, and Department of the Air Force) within which the military services are organized.[4]

text: Historically, there have been challenges to civilian control. Most notably, during the Korean War, General Douglas MacArthur ignored civilian instructions regarding advancing troops toward the Yalu River, which triggered an introduction of massive forces from China. Also, on April 5, 1950, Representative Joseph William Martin, Jr., the Minority Leader of the United States House of Representatives, released copies of a letter from MacArthur critical of President Harry S. Truman's limited-war strategy to the press and read it aloud on the floor of the house.[5] President Truman relieved MacArthur of command, and MacArthur then explored political options against Truman.[6] The Revolt of the Admirals is another example in the same era of a challenge to civilian control.

text: DoD policies and directives protect the policy of civilian control by establishing strict limitations on the political activities of members of the military. For example, DoD Directive 1344.10 prohibits active-duty members of the military from running for office or making political appearances in uniform.[7] However, enforcing this strict separation between the military and politics has been problematic. For example, over the years, many elected officials, including members of Congress, continued serving in the reserves while holding elected office. As another example, at a September 14, 2007, rally for Republican Presidential candidate John McCain in New Hampshire, seven on-duty uniformed Army personnel addressed the gathering.[8] As another example, although DOD Directive 1344.10 prohibits political appearances by active-duty military members in uniform, Virginia Governor Bob McDonnell invited a uniformed Army Staff Sergeant to stand behind him during his televised Republican response to the 2010 State of the Union Address.[9][10]

text: Components of the Department of Defense[edit]

text: Senior Leaders[edit]

text:
Secretary of Defense

Deputy Secretary of Defense

Deputy Chief Management Officer of the Department of Defense
Immediate Office of the Deputy Secretary
Joint Improvised Explosive Device Defeat Organization

Executive Secretariat
Immediate Office of the Secretary

text: Office of the Secretary of Defense[edit]

text: Acquisition, Technology and Logistics[edit]

text:
Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics

Department of Defense Test Resource Management Center
Defense Technical Information Center
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
Missile Defense Agency
Defense Contract Management Agency
Defense Logistics Agency
Defense Threat Reduction Agency
Office of Economic Adjustment
Defense Acquisition University
Operational Test and Evaluation Directorate (DOT&E)

text: Policy[edit]

text:
Under Secretary of Defense for Policy

Defense Security Cooperation Agency
Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee
Defense Prisoner of War/Missing Personnel Office
Defense Technology Security Administration

text: Comptroller[edit]

text:
Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)/Chief Financial Officer

Defense Contract Audit Agency
Defense Finance and Accounting Service

text: Personnel and Readiness[edit]

text:
Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness

Principal Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness

Joint Advertising Marketing Research & Studies (JAMRS)[11]
Department of Defense Education Activity

Department of Defense Dependents Schools

Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs

Military Health System[12]

TRICARE Management Activity[13]

Defense Commissary Agency
Defense Human Resources Activity
Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute
Office of the Chancellor for Education and Professional Development

text: Intelligence[edit]

text:
Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence

Defense Intelligence Agency
Defense Security Service
National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
National Reconnaissance Office
National Security Agency

Assistant Secretary of Defense for Networks and Information Integration

Defense Information Systems Agency

text: Other OSD Offices[edit]

text:
Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs

Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense, Internal Communications
Defense Media Activity

Director of Administration and Management

Pentagon Force Protection Agency
Washington Headquarters Services

Director of Cost Assessment and Program Evaluation

Office of Net Assessment

General Counsel of the Department of Defense

Defense Legal Services Agency

text: Defense Agencies[edit]

text: Defense Agencies are established as DoD Components by law, the President, or the Secretary of Defense to provide for the performance, on a DoD-wide basis, of a supply or service activity that is common to more than one Military Department when it is determined to be more effective, economical, or efficient to do so, pursuant to sections 101, 191(a), and 192 of Title 10 of the United States Code or when a responsibility or function is more appropriately assigned to a Defense Agency. Pursuant to section 191(b) Title 10, such organizations are designated as Defense Agencies. Each Defense Agency operates under the authority, direction, and control of the Secretary of Defense, through a Principal Staff Assistant in the Office of the Secretary of Defense.

text:
Seal or Logo
Name
Acronym
Charter
Under the Authority of
Headquarters

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
DARPA
DoDD 5134.10
Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics
Arlington, VA

Defense Commissary Agency
DeCA
DoDD 5105.55
Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness
Fort Lee, VA

Defense Contract Audit Agency
DCAA
DoDD 5105.36
Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)
Fort Belvoir, VA

Defense Contract Management Agency
DCMA
DoDD 5105.64
Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics
Fort Lee, VA

Defense Finance and Accounting Service
DFAS
DoDD 5118.05
Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)
Arlington, VA

Defense Information Systems Agency
DISA
DoDD 5105.19
Assistant Secretary of Defense for Networks & Information Integration
Arlington, VA

Defense Intelligence Agency
DIA
DoDD 5105.21
Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence
Joint Base Anacostia-Bolling, DC

Defense Legal Services Agency
DLSA
DoDD 5145.04
General Counsel of the Department of Defense
The Pentagon

Defense Logistics Agency
DLA
DoDD 5105.22
Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics
Fort Belvoir, VA

Defense Security Cooperation Agency
DSCA
DoDD 5105.65
Under Secretary of Defense for Policy
The Pentagon

Defense Security Service
DSS
DoDD 5105.42
Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence
Alexandria, VA

Defense Threat Reduction Agency
DTRA
DoDD 5105.62
Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics
Fort Belvoir, VA

Missile Defense Agency
MDA
DoDD 5134.09
Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics
The Pentagon

National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
NGA
DoDD 5105.60
Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence
Springfield, VA

National Reconnaissance Office
NRO
DoDD 5105.23
Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence
Chantilly, VA

National Security Agency
Central Security Service
NSA/CSS
DoDD 5100.20
Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence
Fort George G. Meade, MD

Pentagon Force Protection Agency
PFPA
DoDD 5105.68
Director of Administration and Management
The Pentagon

text: Department of Defense Field Activities[edit]

text: Department of Defense Field Activities are established as DoD Components by law, the President, or the Secretary of Defense to provide for the performance, on a DoD-wide basis, of a supply or service activity that is common to more than one Military Department when it is determined to be more effective, economical, or efficient to do so, pursuant to sections 101, 191(a), and 192 of Title 10 of the United States Code. Pursuant to section 191(b) of Title 10, such organizations are designated as DoD Field Activities. Each DoD Field Activity operates under the authority, direction, and control of the Secretary of Defense, through a Principal Staff Assistant in the Office of the Secretary of Defense.

text:
Seal or Logo
Name
Acronym
Charter
Under the Authority of
Headquarters

Defense Media Activity
DMA
DoDD 5105.74
Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs
Fort Meade, MD

Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency
DPAA
DoDD 5110.10
Under Secretary of Defense for Policy
The Pentagon

Defense Technical Information Center
DTIC
DoDD 5105.73
Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics
Fort Belvoir, VA

Defense Technology Security Administration
DTSA
DoDD 5105.72
Under Secretary of Defense for Policy
The Pentagon

Department of Defense Education Activity
DoDEA
DoDD 1342.20
Principal Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness
Arlington, VA

Department of Defense Human Resources Activity
DoDHRA
DoDD 5100.87
Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness
Arlington, VA

Department of Defense Test Resource Management Center
TRMC
DoDD 5105.71
Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics

Office of Economic Adjustment
OEA
DoDD 3030.01
Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics
Arlington, VA

Washington Headquarters Services
WHS
DoDD 5110.04
Director of Administration and Management
The Pentagon

text: Military Departments[edit]

text: Department of the Army[edit]

text: The Department of the Army includes all elements of the U.S. Army

text: Secretary of the Army

text: Headquarters, Department of the Army[edit]

text:
Office of the Secretary of the Army
Chief of Staff of the Army

text: Army Field Organizations[edit]

text:
Army Commands
Army Component Commands
Field Operating Agencies
Direct Reporting Units

text: Department of the Navy[edit]

text: The Department of the Navy includes all elements of the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Marine Corps

text: Secretary of the Navy

text: Navy Department[edit]

text:
Office of the Secretary of the Navy
Office of the Chief of Naval Operations
Headquarters Marine Corps (See also: Organization of the United States Marine Corps)

text: Department of the Air Force[edit]

text: The Department of the Air Force includes all elements of the U.S. Air Force

text: Secretary of the Air Force

text: Headquarters Air Force[edit]

text:
Office of the Secretary of the Air Force

Under Secretary of the Air Force

The Air Staff

Chief of Staff of the Air Force

text: Air Force Field Organizations[edit]

text:
Major Commands
Direct Reporting Units
Field Operating Agencies

text: Organization of the Joint Chiefs of Staff[edit]

text:
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

Joint Requirements Oversight Council

Joint Chiefs of Staff
The Joint Staff

Director of the Joint Staff

DOM- Directorate of Management
J1 - Personnel and Manpower
J2 - Intelligence
J3 - Operations

National Military Command Center
Alternate National Military Command Center
National Airborne Operations Center

J4 - Logistics
J5 - Strategic Plans and Policy
J6 - Command, Control, Communications and Computer Systems
J7 - Operational Plans and Joint Force Development
J8 - Force Structure, Resources, and Assessment

National Defense University

College of International Security Affairs
Industrial College of the Armed Forces
Information Resources Management College
Joint Forces Staff College
National War College

U.S. Delegation to the Inter-American Defense Board
U.S. Delegation to the United Nations Military Staff Committee
U.S. Representative at the NATO Military Committee
U.S. Section, Joint Mexico-U.S. Defense Commission

text: Unified Combatant Commands[edit]

text: There are nine Unified Combatant Commands; six regional and three functional. Africa Command became initially operational in October 2007, while Joint Forces Command was officially disestablished on August 4, 2011.

text:
Seal
Name
Acronym
Headquarters
Area of Responsibility
Other Role of CCDR

United States Africa Command
AFRICOM
Kelley Barracks, Stuttgart, Germany; to be relocated to African continent or other location TBD
Africa excluding Egypt

United States Central Command
CENTCOM
MacDill Air Force Base, Florida
Egypt through the Persian Gulf region, into Central Asia, excluding Israel

United States European Command
EUCOM
Stuttgart, Germany
Europe, including Turkey, and Israel
Also Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR)

United States Northern Command
NORTHCOM
Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado
North American homeland defense and coordinating homeland defense with federal and state civil authorities.
Also Commander of North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD)
(bilateral U.S.-Canadian military command)

United States Pacific Command
PACOM
Camp H. M. Smith, Oahu, Hawaii
The Asia-Pacific region including Hawaii.

United States Southern Command
SOUTHCOM
Miami, Florida
South, Central America and the surrounding waters

U.S. Special Operations Command
SOCOM
MacDill Air Force Base, Florida
Provides special operations for the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, and Air Force.

United States Strategic Command
STRATCOM
Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska
Covers the strategic deterrent force and coordinates the use of space assets.

United States Transportation Command
TRANSCOM
Scott Air Force Base, Illinois
Covers global mobility of all military assets for all regional commands.

text: The Geographic Commands

text: In 2007, a new geographical command for Africa was authorized. This proposed significant changes to the areas of responsibility for other adjacent geographical commands as shown in the accompanying graphic.

text: Office of the Inspector General of the Department of Defense[edit]

text: The Office of the Inspector General is an independent and objective unit within the Department of Defense that conducts and supervises audits and investigations relating to the programs and operations of the Department of Defense, pursuant to the responsibilities specified in title 5, U.S.C. Appendix and DoDD 5106.01.

text:
Inspector General of the Department of Defense

Defense Criminal Investigative Service

text: National Guard Bureau[edit]

text: The National Guard Bureau (NGB) is a joint activity of the Department of Defense. The Chief of the National Guard Bureau is a principal advisor to the Secretary of Defense, through the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, on matters involving non-federalized National Guard forces, and other matters as determined by the Secretary of Defense. For NGB matters pertaining to the responsibilities of the Departments of the Army and Air Force in law or DoD policy, the Secretary of Defense normally exercises authority, direction, and control over the NGB through the Secretaries of the Army and the Air Force. The NGB is the focal point at the strategic level for National Guard matters that are not under the authority, direction, and control of the Secretaries of the Army or Air Force, including joint, interagency, and intergovernmental matters where the NGB acts through other DoD officials as specified in DoDD 5105.77.

text: Chief of the National Guard Bureau

text: Other[edit]

text: The United States Naval Observatory falls under the Chief of Naval Operations. In 2003 the National Communications System was moved to the Department of Homeland Security, but only for executive purposes; it still centralizes its activities within the Department of Defense, since the human resources required by NCS (example: Military Departments) still reside within the Department of Defense, or for retention of practical maintenance.


document_title: Judiciary of Australia

question_text: decisions of the full court of the high court of australia are binding upon

text: Judiciary of Australia

text: Judges[edit]

text: Judges are appointed by the executive government, without intervention by the existing judiciary.[2] Once appointed, judges have tenure and there are restrictions on their removal from office. For example, a federal judge may not be removed from office except by the Governor-General upon an address of both Houses of Parliament for proved misbehavior.[3] Judges in Australia are appointed by the Executive government of the relevant jurisdiction, and most judges have previously practiced as a barrister. Federal judges may only serve until age 70.[3] There is no constitutional limit on the length of service of State court judges, but State laws usually fix a retirement age. For example, in New South Wales, judges must retire at age 72,[4] though they can remain as "acting judges" until age 76.[5]

text: Australian court hierarchy[edit]

text:
Australian court hierarchy

Federal Law Courts

High Court of Australia
Federal Court of Australia
Family Court of Australia
Federal Circuit Court of Australia
Military Court of Australia

Commonwealth courts and tribunals

Courts of Australian states and territories

New South Wales courts
Victorian courts
Queensland courts
Western Australian courts
South Australian courts
Tasmanian courts
Australian Capital Territory courts
Northern Territory courts
Norfolk Island courts

text: The hierarchy consists of a variety of courts and tribunals at both the federal and state and territory levels, with the High Court being the highest court in the Australian judicial system.[6] A single body[7] of Australian common law is applied in the various Australian courts, and ultimately determined by the High Court now that appeals to the (British) Judicial Committee of the Privy Council have been abolished.[8]

text: Superior and inferior courts[edit]

text: The High Court has described the concept of a superior court (and associated 'notions derived from the position of pre-Judicature common law courts') as having 'no ready application in Australia to federal courts.'[9] Despite this, Australian courts are frequently characterised as either 'superior' or 'inferior.' The Federal Court[10] and the Supreme Courts of each State and Territory are generally considered to be superior courts.

text: There is no single definition of the term 'superior court' (or 'superior court of record'). In many respects Australian superior courts are similar to the Senior Courts of England and Wales. In Australia, superior courts generally:

text:
have unlimited jurisdiction in law and equity,[11] or at least are not subject to jurisdictional limits as to the remedies they may grant;
determine appeals, at least as part of their jurisdiction;
are composed of judges whose individual decisions are not subject to judicial review[12] or appeal to a single judge;
are composed of judges entitled to the style and title The Honourable Justice; and
regularly publish their decisions in written form.

text: Inferior courts are those beneath superior courts in the appellate hierarchy, and are generally seen to include the Magistrates and District (or County) Court of each State as well as the Federal Circuit Court. Inferior courts are typically characterised by:

text:
jurisdiction conferred by statute and limited as to subject matter or the quantum of relief; and
amenability to judicial review by a single judge of a superior court where a right of appeal is not available.

text: Federal courts[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: These courts among them have jurisdiction over Commonwealth law, that is, law made by the Federal parliament of Australia.

text: High Court of Australia[edit]

text: The High Court is the highest court in Australia. It was created by section 71 of the Constitution.[13] It has appellate jurisdiction over all other courts. It also has some original jurisdiction, and has the power of constitutional review. The High Court of Australia is the superior court to all federal courts, and is also the final route of appeal from all state superior courts.[14]

text: Appeals to the High Court are by special leave only, which is rarely granted. Therefore, for most cases, the appellate divisions of the Supreme Courts of each state and territory and the Federal Court are the ultimate appellate courts. The Full Court of the High Court is the ultimate appeal court for Australia.

text: Appeals from Australian courts to the Privy Council were initially possible, however the Privy Council (Limitation of Appeals) Act 1968 closed off all appeals to the Privy Council in matters involving federal legislation,[15] and the Privy Council (Appeals from the High Court) Act 1975 closed almost all routes of appeal from the High Court.[16] The Australia Act 1986 eliminated appeals from state Supreme Courts to the Privy Council.[17] Appeals from the High Court to the Privy Council are now only theoretically possible in inter se matters with leave of the High Court under section 74 of the Constitution; however, the High Court has indicated it will not grant such leave in the future.[8]

text: Federal Court of Australia[edit]

text: The Federal Court primarily hears matters relating to corporations, trade practices, industrial relations, bankruptcy, customs, immigration and other areas of federal law.[1] The court has original jurisdiction in these areas, and also has the power to hear appeals from a number of tribunals and other bodies (and, in cases not involving family law, from the Federal Circuit Court of Australia.)[18]

text: The court is a superior court of limited jurisdiction, but below the High Court of Australia in the hierarchy of federal courts, and was created by the Federal Court of Australia Act in 1976.[19]

text: Decisions of the High Court are binding on the Federal Court. There is an appeal level of the Federal Court (the "Full Court" of the Federal Court), which consists of several judges, usually three but occasionally five in very significant cases.[20]

text: Family Court of Australia[edit]

text: The Family Court has jurisdiction over family law matters. It is a superior court of limited jurisdiction and was established in 1975 by the Family Law Act 1975 by the federal parliament. The Commonwealth has power over marriage and divorce under the Constitution. In the 1990s the states referred many of their powers over children of non-married couples to the Commonwealth, which added this power to the Family Court.

text: Uniquely among the states, Western Australia took up the option of establishing its own Family Court in 1975, and in that state all jurisdiction under the Family Law Act 1975 is exercised by the Family Court of Western Australia and not the Family Court of Australia.

text: The Family Court is a specialist family law court, involving parental disputes, matrimonial property, child support and other family-related laws. The principles of stare decisis (binding law from higher courts) are the same as for the Federal Court. Appeals from the Family Court are heard by the "Full Court" of the Family Court (three to five judges). Appeals from the Full Court lie to the High Court of Australia, though special leave is required. A single judge of the Family Court may hear appeals in family law matters from the Federal Circuit Court of Australia. Appeals from the Federal Circuit Court must go to either of these courts (Federal Court or Family Court), dependent on the area of law.

text: Decisions of the Full Court of the Federal and Family Courts are binding on Federal Circuit Court judges, as are decisions of these courts on appeal from a Federal Circuit Court judge. In other circumstances, decisions of a single Federal or Family Court judge are not strictly binding; however, these will usually be followed by sentencing.

text: Federal Circuit Court of Australia[edit]

text: The Federal Circuit Court of Australia (formerly known as the Federal Magistrates Court of Australia)[21] is an Australian court with jurisdiction over matters broadly relating to family law and child support, administrative law, admiralty law, bankruptcy, copyright, human rights, industrial law, migration, privacy and trade practices.There has been a shift recently towards having most cases held in this court, thereby freeing up workload so the Federal Court of Australia and the Family Court of Australia can hear more complicated cases. This court also hears appeals from various federal tribunals.

text: State and territory courts and tribunals[edit]

text: Each state and territory has a court hierarchy of its own, with the jurisdictions of each court varying from state to state and territory to territory. However, all states and territories have a Supreme Court, which is a superior court of record and is the highest court within that state or territory. These courts also have appeal divisions, known as the Full Court or Court of Appeal of the Supreme Court (in civil matters), or the Court of Criminal Appeal (in criminal matters.)

text: Decisions of the High Court are binding on all Australian courts, including state and territory Supreme Courts.

text: The state and territory courts can sometimes exercise federal jurisdiction (i.e. rule on matters subject to federal legislation.) However, an attempt by the states and the Commonwealth to pass legislation that would cross-vest state judicial powers in the Federal courts was struck down by the High Court in Re Wakim; Ex parte McNally,[22] as being unconstitutional. Notwithstanding this failure, however, both state and federal courts can exercise an "accrued jurisdiction," which enables them to hear all legal issues arising from a single set of facts. This enables all courts to deal with virtually all issues arising from the facts of a case, provided that the particular court has jurisdiction to hear the principal cause of action.

text: Most of the states have two further levels of courts, which are comparable across the country. The district court (or county court in Victoria) handles most criminal trials for less serious indictable offences, and most civil matters below a threshold (usually around $1 million). The magistrates court (or local court) handles summary matters and smaller civil matters. In jurisdictions without district or county courts, most of those matters are dealt with by the supreme courts. In Tasmania and the two mainland territories, however, there is only a Magistrates Court below the Supreme Court.

text: In the three external territories (that is, territories not directly forming part of the Commonwealth of Australia but administered by the Commonwealth) there is a supreme court and a magistrates court or court of petty sessions. The supreme courts are staffed by judges of other courts, usually the Federal Court. Appeals from those courts lie to the full Federal Court. As these territories have very small populations, the courts only sit from time to time as needed. The three external territories are Norfolk Island, Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands.

text: The remaining external territories (including Antarctica) do not have permanent courts. In the event of a case arising from these territories, the courts of the ACT have jurisdiction.

text: All the States and Territories, with the exception of Tasmania, have a Civil and Administrative Tribunal. These hear cases relating to lesser State or Territory administrative disputes (involving some individual, business or government body). These commonly involve actions by persons bound to act pursuant to some form of devolved legislation; such as Environmental Regulations or Rental Tenancy Regulations.

text: A table of the Court hierarchy and Civil and Administrative Tribunals of the Australian States and Territories follows here:

text:
New South Wales

Victoria

Queensland

Supreme Court of New South Wales
Land and Environment Court of New South Wales
District Court of New South Wales
Local Court of New South Wales
New South Wales Civil and Administrative Tribunal (NCAT)

Supreme Court of Victoria
County Court of Victoria
Magistrates' Court of Victoria
Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal (VCAT)

Supreme Court of Queensland
District Court of Queensland
Magistrates Court of Queensland
Queensland Civil and Administrative Tribunal (QCAT)

South Australia

Western Australia

Tasmania

Supreme Court of South Australia
District Court of South Australia
Magistrates Court of South Australia
South Australian Civil and Administrative Tribunal (SACAT)

Supreme Court of Western Australia
Family Court of Western Australia
District Court of Western Australia
Magistrates Court of Western Australia
State Administrative Tribunal of Western Australia (SAT)

Supreme Court of Tasmania
Magistrates Court of Tasmania

Northern Territory

Australian Capital Territory

Norfolk Island

Supreme Court of the Northern Territory
Northern Territory Local Court and specialist courts (colloq. "magistrates court")

Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory
Magistrates Court of the Australian Capital Territory
Australian Capital Territory Civil and Administrative Tribunal (ACAT)

Supreme Court of Norfolk Island
Norfolk Island Court of Petty Sessions