document_title: State supreme court

question_text: when can the decisions of state supreme courts be appealed to the united states supreme court

text: State supreme court

text: Appellate jurisdiction[edit]

text: Under American federalism, the interpretation of a state supreme court on a matter of state law is normally final and binding and must be accepted in both state and federal courts.

text: Federal courts may overrule a state court only when there is a federal question, which is to say, a specific issue (such as consistency with the Federal Constitution) that gives rise to federal jurisdiction. Federal appellate review of state supreme court rulings on such matters may be sought by way of a petition for writ of certiorari to the Supreme Court of the United States. As the U.S. Supreme Court recognized in Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins (1938), no part of the federal Constitution actually grants federal courts or the federal Congress the power to directly dictate the content of state law (as distinguished from creating altogether separate federal law that in a particular situation may override state law). Clause 1 of Section 2 of Article Three of the United States Constitution describes the scope of federal judicial power, but only extended it to "the Laws of the United States" and not the laws of the several or individual states. It is this silence on that latter issue that gave rise to the American distinction between state and federal common law not found in other English-speaking common law federations like Australia and Canada.

text: One of the informal traditions of the American legal system, derived from the common law, is that all litigants are guaranteed at least one appeal after a final judgment on the merits. However, appeal is merely a privilege provided by statute in 47 states and in federal judicial proceedings; the U.S. Supreme Court has repeatedly ruled that there is no federal constitutional right to an appeal.[1]

text: Since a few states lack intermediate appellate courts, the state supreme court may operate under "mandatory review", in which it must hear all appeals from the trial courts. This was the case, for example, in Nevada (prior to 2014). Such judicial systems are usually very congested.[2]

text: Most state supreme courts have implemented "discretionary review," like their federal counterpart. Under such a system, intermediate appellate courts are entrusted with deciding the vast majority of appeals. Intermediate appellate courts generally focus on the mundane task of what appellate specialists call "error correction,"[3] which means their primary task is to decide whether the record reflects that the trial court correctly applied existing law.

text: For certain limited categories of cases, the state supreme court still operates under mandatory review, usually with regard to cases involving the interpretation of the state constitution or capital punishment. But for the vast majority, the state supreme court possesses the discretion to grant certiorari (known as review in states that discourage the use of Latin). These cases usually pertain to issues which different appellate courts within its jurisdiction have decided differently, or highly controversial cases involving a completely new legal issue never seen in that state. In other words, once the state supreme court is able to offload the tedious burden of error correction to intermediate courts, it can then focus on the long-term task (i.e., a policymaking role) of developing a coherent body of case law for the people of its state.

text: Iowa, Oklahoma, and Nevada have a unique procedure for appeals. In those states, all appeals are filed with the appropriate Supreme Court (Iowa has a single Supreme Court, while Oklahoma has separate civil and criminal Supreme Courts) which then keeps all cases of first impression for itself to decide. It forwards the remaining cases – which deal with points of law it has already addressed – to the intermediate Court of Appeals. Under this so-called "push-down" or "deflection" model of appellate procedure, the state supreme court can immediately establish final statewide precedents on important issues of first impression as soon as they arise, rather than waiting several months or years for the intermediate appellate court to make a first attempt at resolving the issue (and leaving the law uncertain in the interim).

text: Notably, the Supreme Court of Virginia operates under discretionary review for nearly all cases, but the intermediate Court of Appeals of Virginia hears appeals as a matter of right only in family and administrative cases. The result is that there is no first appeal of right for the vast majority of civil and criminal cases in that state. Appellants are still free to petition for review, of course, but such petitions are subject to severe length constraints (6,125 words or 35 pages in Virginia) and necessarily are more narrowly targeted than a long opening appellate brief to an intermediate appellate court (in contrast, an opening brief to a California intermediate appellate court can run up to 14,000 words). In turn, the vast majority of decisions of Virginia circuit courts in civil and criminal cases are thereby insulated from appellate review on the merits.

text: New Hampshire and West Virginia formerly also provided only discretionary review for nearly all cases, even though they had no intermediate appellate court. Both states gradually recognized that even if this arrangement did not offend the federal Constitution, it was unduly harsh for hapless appellants, and transitioned to mandatory review, respectively, in 2004[4] and 2010.[5][6]

text: Influence of the federal Supreme Court on the state supreme courts[edit]

text: As noted above, the U.S. Supreme Court may hear appeals from state supreme courts only if there is a question of law under the United States Constitution (which includes issues arising from federal treaties, statutes, or regulations), and those appeals are heard at the Court's sole discretion (that is, only if the Court grants a petition for writ of certiorari).

text: In theory, state supreme courts are bound by the precedent established by the U.S. Supreme Court as to all issues of federal law, but in practice, the Supreme Court reviews very few decisions from state courts. For example, in 2007 the Court reviewed 244 cases appealed from federal courts and only 22 from state courts. Despite the relatively small number of decisions reviewed, Professors Sara Benesh and Wendy Martinek found that state supreme courts follow precedent more closely than federal courts in the area of search and seizure and appear to follow precedent in confessions as well.[7]

text: Location[edit]

text: Traditionally, state supreme courts are headquartered in the capital cities of their respective states,[8] though they may occasionally hold oral argument elsewhere. The seven main exceptions are:

text:
Alaska, whose supreme court is located in and usually sits in its largest city, Anchorage (monthly), but also sits in Fairbanks and Juneau (quarterly), and in other Alaskan communities on an as-needed basis.
California, whose supreme court is headquartered in San Francisco and maintains only branch offices in the state capital, Sacramento, and the state's largest city, Los Angeles, and hears argument at all three locations each year.
Delaware, whose supreme court is located in Wilmington.
Louisiana, whose supreme court is headquartered in New Orleans' French Quarter.
Maine, whose supreme court is headquartered in Portland.
Pennsylvania, whose supreme court has facilities at three coequal locations (Harrisburg, Philadelphia, and Pittsburgh).
Tennessee, whose state constitution requires its supreme court to sit at three coequal locations (Nashville, Knoxville, and Jackson).

text: As for the court's actual facilities, a state supreme court may be housed in the state capitol, in a nearby state office building shared with other courts or state executive branch agencies, or in a small courthouse reserved for its exclusive use. State supreme courts normally require a courtroom for oral argument, private chambers for all justices, a conference room, offices for law clerks and other support staff, a law library, and a lobby with a window where the court clerk can accept filings and release new decisions in the form of "slip opinions" (that is, in looseleaf format held together only by a staple).

text: Terminology[edit]

text: Court of Appeals[edit]

text: Because state supreme courts generally hear only appeals, some courts have names which directly indicate their function – in the states of New York and Maryland, and in the District of Columbia, the highest court is called the "Court of Appeals". In New York, the "Supreme Court" is the trial court of general unlimited jurisdiction and the intermediate appellate court is called the "Supreme Court—Appellate Division". Maryland's jury trial courts are called "Circuit Courts" (non-jury trials are usually conducted by the "District Courts," whose decisions may be appealed to the Circuit Courts), and the intermediate appellate court is called the "Court of Special Appeals". West Virginia mixes the two; its highest court is called the "Supreme Court of Appeals".

text: Other states' supreme courts have used the term "Appeals": New Jersey's supreme courts under the 1844 constitution and Delaware's supreme court were both the "Court of Errors and Appeals"; The term "Errors" refers to the now-obsolete writ of error, which was used by state supreme courts to correct certain types of egregious errors committed by lower courts.

text: Older terminology[edit]

text: Massachusetts and New Hampshire originally named their highest courts the "Superior Court of Judicature." Currently, Massachusetts uses the names "Supreme Judicial Court" (to distinguish itself from the state legislature, which is called the Massachusetts General Court), while New Hampshire uses the name "Supreme Court". Additionally the highest court in Maine is named the "Supreme Judicial Court". This similar terminology is probably a holdover from the time when Maine was part of Massachusetts. In Connecticut, Delaware, New Jersey, and New York, the highest courts formerly used variations of the term "Court of Errors," which indicated that the court's primary purpose was to correct the errors of lower courts.

text: Dual supreme courts[edit]

text: Oklahoma and Texas have two separate supreme courts: one for criminal appeals and one for civil cases. In both states, the first is formally called the Court of Criminal Appeals, and the second is called the Supreme Court.

text: Statistics[edit]

text:
Term length

6 years
15 states

7 years
Maine

8 years
11 states

10 years
13 states

12 years
5 states

14 years
New York

Life tenure
4 states

text:
Number of members

Five justices
16 states

Seven justices
29 states

Nine justices
5 states

text: Texas and Oklahoma have dual supreme courts. In Texas, both have nine justices. In Oklahoma the Supreme Court has nine justices and the Court of Criminal Appeals has five (assimilated to nine in the above table).

text: Selection[edit]

text: Judges are either appointed, selected through a merit process (with an election thereafter in some cases), or elected. The elections may be through partisan or non-partisan elections. A non-partisan election does not mean that the judges run and are selected with no regard to political beliefs. In many cases "non-partisan election" merely means the prospective judges' parties are not printed on the ballot. Political contributions to these campaigns may be allowed, including from trade associations such as the U.S. Chamber of Commerce.[9]

text:
Mode of selection

Partisan election
6 states

Non-partisan election
16 states

Missouri Plan
16 states

Appointment by governor with collegial body consent
10 states

Elected by state legislature
2 states

text: List[edit]

text: States

text:
Name and state
Mode of selection
Term
(Years)
Number of
members

Supreme Court of Alabama
Partisan election
6
9

Alaska Supreme Court
Missouri Plan
10
5

Arizona Supreme Court
Missouri Plan
6
7

Arkansas Supreme Court
Non-partisan election
10
7

Supreme Court of California
Missouri Plan
12
7

Colorado Supreme Court
Missouri Plan
10
7

Connecticut Supreme Court
Missouri Plan
8
7

Delaware Supreme Court
Appointment by the Governor with agreement of Delaware Senate
12
5

Florida Supreme Court
Missouri Plan
7
7

Supreme Court of Georgia
Non-partisan election
6
9

Supreme Court of Hawaii
Appointment by the Governor with agreement of Hawaii State Senate
10
5

Idaho Supreme Court
Non-partisan election
6
5

Supreme Court of Illinois
Partisan election
10
7

Supreme Court of Indiana
Missouri Plan
10
5

Iowa Supreme Court
Missouri Plan
8
7

Kansas Supreme Court
Missouri Plan
6
7

Kentucky Supreme Court
Non-partisan election
8
7

Louisiana Supreme Court
Partisan election
10
7

Maine Supreme Judicial Court
Appointment by the Governor with agreement of Maine Senate
7
7

Maryland Court of Appeals
Appointment by the Governor with agreement of Maryland Senate
10
7

Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court
Appointment by the Governor with agreement of Massachusetts Governor's Council
Life, until 70[10]
7

Michigan Supreme Court
Non-partisan election
8
7

Minnesota Supreme Court
Non-partisan election
6
7

Supreme Court of Mississippi
Non-partisan election
8
9

Supreme Court of Missouri
Missouri Plan
12
7

Montana Supreme Court
Non-partisan election
8
7

Nebraska Supreme Court
Missouri Plan
6
7

Supreme Court of Nevada
Non-partisan election
6
7

New Hampshire Supreme Court
Appointment by the Governor with agreement of Executive Council of New Hampshire
Life, until 70
7

New Jersey Supreme Court
Appointment by the Governor with agreement of New Jersey Senate
7 Years, then until 70
7

New Mexico Supreme Court
Partisan election
8
5

New York Court of Appeals
Appointment by the Governor with agreement of New York State Senate
14
7

North Carolina Supreme Court
Non-partisan election
8
7

North Dakota Supreme Court
Non-partisan election
10
5

Ohio Supreme Court
Non-partisan election
6
7

Supreme Court of Oklahoma
Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals
Missouri Plan
6
9
5

Oregon Supreme Court
Non-partisan election
6
7

Supreme Court of Pennsylvania
Partisan election
10
7

Rhode Island Supreme Court
Appointment by the Governor with agreement of Rhode Island General Assembly (both houses)
Life
5

South Carolina Supreme Court
Elected by South Carolina General Assembly
10
5

South Dakota Supreme Court
Missouri Plan
8
5

Tennessee Supreme Court
Appointment by the Governor with agreement of Tennessee General Assembly
8
5

Supreme Court of Texas
Texas Court of Criminal Appeals
Partisan election
6
9
9

Utah Supreme Court
Missouri Plan
10
5

Vermont Supreme Court
Appointed by governor, with retention vote every 6 years by a majority vote of Vermont Senate
6
5

Supreme Court of Virginia
Elected by Virginia General Assembly
12
7

Washington Supreme Court
Non-partisan election
6
9

Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia
Non-partisan election
12
5

Wisconsin Supreme Court
Non-partisan election
10
7

Wyoming Supreme Court
Missouri Plan
8
5

text: Territories and federal district

text:
Name and territory or federal district
Mode of selection
Term
(Years)
Number of
members

High Court of American Samoa
Appointment by the United States Secretary of the Interior
During good behavior
2

District of Columbia Court of Appeals
Appointment by the President with the advice and consent of the United States Senate
15
9

Supreme Court of Guam
Appointment by the Governor with the confirmation of the Legislature of Guam
During good behavior, subject to a retention election every ten years after his or her appointment
3

Northern Mariana Islands Supreme Court
Appointment by the Governor with the confirmation of the Senate of the Northern Mariana Islands
8
3

Supreme Court of Puerto Rico
Appointment by the Governor with the confirmation of the Senate of Puerto Rico
Mandatory retirement at age 70
9

Supreme Court of the Virgin Islands
Appointment by the Governor with the confirmation of the Legislature of the Virgin Islands
Initial 10, with a term of good behavior upon reconfirmation
3

text: Tribal supreme courts[edit]

text:
Supreme Court of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma (formerly the Judicial Appeals Tribunal)
Supreme Court of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (North Carolina)[11]
Supreme Court of the Navajo Nation (formerly the "Court of Appeals")


document_title: Helminthiasis

question_text: which are the most frequent cause of helminth infections in the united states

root

text: Helminthiasis

text: Signs and symptoms[edit]

text: The signs and symptoms of helminthiasis depend on a number of factors including: the site of the infestation within the body; the type of worm involved; the number of worms and their volume; the type of damage the infesting worms cause; and, the immunological response of the body. Where the burden of parasites in the body is light, there may be no symptoms.

tag: p

text: Certain worms may cause particular constellations of symptoms. For instance, taeniasis can lead to seizures due to neurocysticercosis.[7]

text: Mass and volume[edit]

text: In extreme cases of intestinal infestation, the mass and volume of the worms may cause the outer layers of the intestinal wall, such as the muscular layer, to tear. This may lead to peritonitis, volvulus, and gangrene of the intestine.[8]

text: Immunological response[edit]

text: As pathogens in the body, helminths induce an immune response. Immune-mediated inflammatory changes occur in the skin, lung, liver, intestine, central nervous system, and eyes. Signs of the body's immune response may include eosinophilia, edema, and arthritis.[9] An example of the immune response is the hypersensitivity reaction that may lead to anaphylaxis. Another example is the migration of Ascaris larvae through the bronchi of the lungs causing asthma.[10]

text: Secondary effects[edit]

text: Immune changes[edit]

text: In humans, T helper cells and eosinophils respond to helminth infestation. Inflammation leads to encapsulation of egg deposits throughout the body. Helminths excrete into the intestine toxic substances after they feed. These substances then enter the circulatory and lymphatic systems of the host body.

text: Chronic immune responses to helminthiasis may lead to increased susceptibility to other infections such as tuberculosis, HIV, and malaria.[11][12][13] There is conflicting information about whether deworming reduces HIV progression and viral load and increases CD4 counts in antiretroviral naive and experienced individuals.[14][15]

text: Chronic illness[edit]

text: Chronic helminthiasis may cause severe morbidity.[16] Helminthiasis has been found to result in poor birth outcome, poor cognitive development, poor school and work performance, decreased productivity, poor socioeconomic development, and poverty.[3][4][5]

text: Malnutrition[edit]

text: Helminthiasis may cause chronic illness through malnutrition including vitamin deficiencies, stunted growth, anemia, and protein-energy malnutrition. Worms compete directly with their hosts for nutrients, but the magnitude of this effect is likely minimal as the nutritional requirements of worms is relatively small.[17][18][19] In pigs and humans, Ascaris has been linked to lactose intolerance and vitamin A, amino acid, and fat malabsorption.[3] Impaired nutrient uptake may result from direct damage to the intestinal mucosal wall or from more subtle changes such as chemical imbalances and changes in gut flora.[20] Alternatively, the worms’ release of protease inhibitors to defend against the body’s digestive processes may impair the breakdown of other nutrients.[17][19] In addition, worm induced diarrhoea may shorten gut transit time, thus reducing absorption of nutrients.[3]

text: Malnutrition due to worms can give rise to anorexia.[18] A study of 459 children in Zanzibar revealed spontaneous increases in appetite after deworming.[21] Anorexia might be a result of the body’s immune response and the stress of combating infection.[19] Specifically, some of the cytokines released in the immune response to worm infestation have been linked to anorexia in animals.[17]

text: Anemia[edit]

text: Helminths may cause iron-deficiency anemia. This is most severe in heavy hookworm infections, as Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale feed directly on the blood of their hosts. Although the daily consumption of an individual worm (0.02–0.07 ml and 0.14–0.26 ml respectively) is small, the collective consumption under heavy infection can be clinically significantly.[3][19] Intestinal whipworm may also cause anemia. Anemia has also been associated with reduced stamina for physical labor, a decline in the ability to learn new information, and apathy, irritability, and fatigue.[3] A study of the effect of deworming and iron supplementation in 47 students from the Democratic Republic of the Congo found that the intervention improved cognitive function.[22] Another study found that in 159 Jamaican schoolchildren, deworming led to better auditory short-term memory and scanning and retrieval of long-term memory over a period of nine-weeks.[23]

text: Cognitive changes[edit]

text: Malnutrition due to helminths may affect cognitive function leading to low educational performance, decreased concentration and difficulty with abstract cognitive tasks. Iron deficiency in infants and preschoolers is associated with "lower scores ... on tests of mental and motor development ... [as well as] increased fearfulness, inattentiveness, and decreased social responsiveness".[17] Studies in the Philippines and Indonesia found a significant correlation between helminthiasis and decreased memory and fluency.[24][25] Large parasite burdens, particularly severe hookworm infections, are also associated with absenteeism, under-enrollment, and attrition in school children.[17]

text: Helminths types causing infections[edit]

text: Of all the known helminth species, the most important helminths with respect to understanding their transmission pathways, their control, inactivation and enumeration in samples of human excreta from dried feces, faecal sludge, wastewater, and sewage sludge are:[26]

text:
soil-transmitted helminths, including Ascaris lumbricoides (the most common worldwide), Trichuris trichiura, Necator americanus, Strongyloides stercoralis and Ancylostoma duodenale
Hymenolepis nana
Taenia saginata
Enterobius
Fasciola hepatica
Schistosoma mansoni
Toxocara canis
Toxocara cati

tag: ul

text: Helminthiases are classified as follows (the disease names end with "-sis" and the causative worms are in brackets):

text: Roundworm infection (nematodiasis)[edit]

text:
Filariasis (Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi infection)
Onchocerciasis (Onchocerca volvulus infection)
Soil-transmitted helminthiasis – this includes ascariasis (Ascaris lumbricoides infection, trichuriasis (Trichuris infection), and hookworm infection (includes necatoriasis and Ancylostoma duodenale infection)
Trichostrongyliasis (Trichostrongylus spp. infection)
Dracunculiasis (guinea worm infection)
Baylisascaris (raccoon roundworm, may be transmitted to pets livestock and humans)

text: Tapeworm infection (cestodiasis)[edit]

text:
Echinococcosis (Echinococcus infection)
Hymenolepiasis (Hymenolepis infection)
Taeniasis/cysticercosis (Taenia infection)
Coenurosis (T. multiceps, T. serialis, T. glomerata, and T. brauni infection)

text: Trematode infection (trematodiasis)[edit]

text:
Amphistomiasis (amphistomes infection)
Clonorchiasis (Clonorchis sinensis infection)
Fascioliasis (Fasciola infection)
Fasciolopsiasis (Fasciolopsis buski infection)
Opisthorchiasis (Opisthorchis infection)
Paragonimiasis (Paragonimus infection)
Schistosomiasis/bilharziasis (Schistosoma infection)

text: Acanthocephala infection[edit]

text: Moniliformis infection

text: Transmission[edit]

text: Helminths are transmitted to the final host in several ways. The most common infection is through ingestion of contaminated vegetables, drinking water, and raw or undercooked meat. Contaminated food may contain eggs of nematodes such as Ascaris, Enterobius, and Trichuris; cestodes such as Taenia, Hymenolepis, and Echinococcus; and treamtodes such as Fasciola. Raw or undercooked meats are the major sources of Taenia (pork, beef and venison), Trichinella (pork and bear), Diphyllobothrium (fish), Clonorchis (fish), and Paragonimus (crustaceans). Schistosomes and nematodes such as hookworms (Ancylostoma and Necator) and Strongyloides can penetrate the skin directly. Finally, Wuchereria, Onchocerca, and Dracunculus are transmitted by mosquitoes and flies.[16] In the developing world, the use of contaminated water is a major risk factor for infection.[27] Infection can also take place through the practice of geophagy, which is not uncommon in parts of sub-Saharan Africa. Soil is eaten, for example, by children or pregnant women to counteract a real or perceived deficiency of minerals in their diet.[28]

text: Diagnosis[edit]

text: Specific helminths can be identified through microscopic examination of their eggs (ova) found in faecal samples. The number of eggs is measured in units of eggs per gram.[29] However, it does not quantify mixed infections, and in practice, is inaccurate for quantifying the eggs of schistosomes and soil-transmitted helmiths.[30] Sophisticated tests such as serological assays, antigen tests, and molecular diagnosis are also available;[29][31] however, they are time-consuming, expensive and not always reliable.[32]

text: Prevention[edit]

text: Disrupting the cycle of the worm will prevent infestation and re-infestation. Prevention of infection can largely be achieved by addressing the issues of WASH—water, sanitation and hygiene.[33][34][35] The reduction of open defecation is particularly called for,[36][37] as is stopping the use of human waste as fertilizer.[6]

text: Further preventive measures include adherence to appropriate food hygiene, wearing of shoes, regular deworming of pets, and the proper disposal of their feces.[3]

text: Scientists are also searching for a vaccine against helminths, such as a hookworm vaccine.[38]

text: Treatment[edit]

text: Medications[edit]

text: Broad-spectrum benzimidazoles (such as albendazole and mebendazole) are the first line treatment of intestinal roundworm and tapeworm infections. Macrocyclic lactones (such as ivermectin) are effective against adult and migrating larval stages of nematodes. Praziquantel is the drug of choice for schistosomiasis, taeniasis, and most types of food-borne trematodiases. Oxamniquine is also widely used in mass deworming programmes. Pyrantel is commonly used for veterinary nematodiasis.[39][40] Artemisinins and derivatives are proving to be candidates as drugs of choice for trematodiasis.[41]

text: Mass deworming[edit]

text: In regions where helminthiasis is common, mass deworming treatments may be performed, particularly among school-age children, who are a high-risk group.[42][43] Most of these initiatives are undertaken by the World Health Organization (WHO) with positive outcomes in many regions.[44][45] Deworming programs can improve school attendance by 25 percent.[46] Although deworming improves the health of an individual, outcomes from mass deworming campaigns, such as reduced deaths or increases in cognitive ability, nutritional benefits, physical growth, and performance, are uncertain or not apparent.[47][48][49][50]

text: Surgery[edit]

text: If complications of helminthiasis, such as intestinal obstruction occur, emergency surgery may be required.[8][51] Patients who require non-emergency surgery, for instance for removal of worms from the biliary tree, can be pre-treated with the anthelmintic drug albendazole.[8]

text: Epidemiology[edit]

text: Areas with the highest prevalence of helminthiasis are tropical and subtropical areas including sub-Saharan Africa, central and east Asia, and the Americas.

text: Neglected tropical diseases[edit]

text: Some types of helminthiases are classified as neglected tropical diseases.[1][52] They include:

text:
Soil-transmitted helminthiases
Roundworm infections such as lymphatic filariasis, dracunculiasis, and onchocerciasis
Trematode infections, such as schistosomiasis, and food-borne trematodiases, including fascioliasis, clonorchiasis, opisthorchiasis, and paragonimiasis
Tapeworm infections such as cysticercosis, taeniasis, and echinococcosis

text: Prevalence[edit]

text: The soil-transmitted helminths (A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura, N. americanus, A. duodenale), schistosomes, and filarial worms collectively infect more than a quarter of the human population worldwide at any one time, far surpassing HIV and malaria together.[29][31] Schistosomiasis is the second most prevalent parasitic disease of humans after malaria.[53]

text: In 2014–15, the WHO estimated that approximately 2 billion people were infected with soil-transmitted helminthiases,[6] 249 million with schistosomiasis,[54] 56 million people with food-borne trematodiasis,[55] 120 million with lymphatic filariasis,[56] 37 million people with onchocerciasis,[57] and 1 million people with echinococcosis.[58] Another source estimated a much higher figure of 3.5 billion infected with one or more soil-transmitted helminths.[59][60]

text: In 2014, only 148 people were reported to have dracunculiasis because of a successful eradication campaign for that particular helminth, which is easier to eradicate than other helminths as it is transmitted only by drinking contaminated water.[61]

text: Because of their high mobility and lower standards of hygiene, school-age children are particularly vulnerable to helminthiasis.[62] Most children from developing nations will have at least one infestation. Multi-species infections are very common.[63]

text: Variations within communities[edit]

text: Even in areas of high prevalence, the frequency and severity of infection is not uniform within communities or families.[64] A small proportion of community members harbour the majority of worms, and this depends on age. The maximum worm burden is at five to ten years of age, declining rapidly thereafter.[65] Individual predisposition to helminthiasis for people with the same sanitation infrastructure and hygiene behavior is thought to result from differing immunocompetence, nutritional status, and genetic factors.[64] Because individuals are predisposed to a high or a low worm burden, the burden reacquired after successful treatment is proportional to that before treatment.[64]

text: Disability-adjusted life years[edit]

text: It is estimated that intestinal nematode infections cause 5 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYS) to be lost, of which hookworm infections account for more than 3 million DALYS and ascaris infections more than 1 million.[66] There are also signs of progress: The Global Burden of Disease Study published in 2015 estimates a 46 percent (59 percent when age standardised) reduction in years lived with disability (YLD) for the 13-year time period from 1990 to 2013 for all intestinal/nematode infections, and even a 74 percent (80 percent when age standardised) reduction in YLD from ascariasis.[67]

text: Deaths[edit]

text: As many as 135,000 die annually from soil transmitted helminthiasis.[3][68][69]

text: The 1990–2013 Global Burden of Disease Study estimated 5,500 direct deaths from schistosomiasis,[70] while more than 200,000 people were estimated in 2013 to die annually from causes related to schistosomiasis.[71] Another 20 million have severe consequences from the disease.[72] It is the most deadly of the neglected tropical diseases.[73]

text:
Helminth genera
Common name
Infections (million per year)
Direct deaths per year
Regions where common

Soil transmitted helminthiasis (STH) (classified as neglected tropical disease):

Ascaris lumbricoides
Roundworm
1000 to 1450
807 to 1,121[74]

20,000
Many regions of South-east Asia, Africa, and Central and South America[75][76][77][78][79][80]

Trichuris trichiura
Whipworm
500
604–795[74]

In moist, warm, tropical regions of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, and the Caribbean islands.[77][78][79][80][81]

Ancylostoma duodenale
Hookworm
900 to 1300
576–740 (hookworm in general)[82]

In tropical and subtropical countries (Sub-Saharan Africa)[78][81]

Necator americanus

Strongyloides stercoralis
Hookworm, pinworm
50 to 100
Thousands
In moist rainy areas of the tropics and subtropics, in some areas of southern and eastern Europe and of the United States of America[78][79]

All STH together

1500 to 2000[6]
135,000[3][68][69]
Tropical and subtropical areas, in particular sub-Saharan Africa, the Americas, China and east Asia.[6]

Not transmitted via soil but classified as neglected tropical disease:

Schistosoma mansoni
Blood fluke
All types of Schistosoma together: 160 to 200
(210 "affected"[83])

12,000[84] 150,000 deaths from renal failure[85]
200,000 indirect deaths from "causes related to" Schistosomiasis[71]

In tropical and subtropical regions[77][78][79][80][81]

Schistosoma haematobium

112 (in Sub-Saharan Africa alone)[85]

Echinococcus granulosus

3[86]

Developing countries

Not transmitted via soil and not classified as neglected tropical disease:

Toxocara canis
Dog roundworm
50

Many regions of South-east Asia, Africa, and Central and South America[75][76][77][78][79][80]

Taenia solium
Pork tapeworm
50

South America, Southeast Asia, West Africa and East Africa[77][78][79][80]

Taenia saginata
Beef tapeworm
50
(all types of Taenia: 40 to 60[87])

Hymenolepis nana
Dwarf tapeworm
100

Hymenolepis diminuta
Rat tapeworm

Fasciola hepatica,
Fascioloides magna
Liver fluke
50

Largely in southern and eastern Asia but also in central and eastern Europe[78][79]

Fasciolopsis buski
Giant intestinal fluke

Dracunculus medinensis
Guinea worm
Nowadays negligible thanks to eradication program[88]

Formerly widespread in India, west Africa and southern Sudan[78][79]

Trichostrongylus orientalis
Roundworm
1–3 ("several")

Rural communities in Asia[78][79]

Other

100

Worldwide[78][79]

Total (number of infections)
Approx. 3.5 billion

Worldwide

tag: table


document_title: List of Outlander episodes

question_text: how many episodes to season 3 of outlander

text: List of Outlander episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
16
8
August 9, 2014 (2014-08-09)
September 27, 2014 (2014-09-27)

8
April 4, 2015 (2015-04-04)
May 30, 2015 (2015-05-30)

2
13
April 9, 2016 (2016-04-09)
July 9, 2016 (2016-07-09)

3
13
September 10, 2017 (2017-09-10)
December 10, 2017 (2017-12-10)

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2014–15)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

Volume One

1
1
"Sassenach"
John Dahl
Ronald D. Moore
August 9, 2014 (2014-08-09)
0.72[5]

In 1946, Claire Randall is a former WWII combat nurse visiting Inverness, Scotland, with her husband Frank, getting to know each other again after their wartime separation. Frank is researching his family history, in particular his 18th Century ancestor Jonathan "Black Jack" Randall. The morning after observing a modern Druid ritual at the standing stones on the hill of Craigh na Dun, Claire touches one of the stones, and wakes up lying on the ground. Soon she is in the middle of a skirmish between English redcoats and rebel Highlanders, and comes face to face with Frank's double, Randall, who is captain of the Dragoons. A Scotsman rescues Claire and she meets Jamie Fraser. She is able to set his dislocated arm and later treat his bullet wound, as they flee. Claire is brought to Castle Leoch, and realises that she has somehow travelled back in time.

2
2
"Castle Leoch"
John Dahl
Ronald D. Moore
August 16, 2014 (2014-08-16)
0.90[6]

Claire is presented to Colum MacKenzie, laird of the castle, and realises she is suspected of being an English spy. She meets Geillis Duncan, and witnesses Jamie doing a kindness for Laoghaire, the pretty young granddaughter of Mrs. Fitzgibbons. As Claire plans to return to Inverness and the standing stones, Colum decides it is best to keep her at Leoch, against her will, as healer to the clan.

3
3
"The Way Out"
Brian Kelly
Anne Kenney
August 23, 2014 (2014-08-23)
1.00[7]

Claire hopes that her medical skills will earn her the trust of the MacKenzies, and her eventual freedom, but manages only to make herself indispensable. By saving Mrs. Fitzgibbons's nephew from poisoning, which the fanatical Father Bain had declared as demonic possession, Claire makes a new enemy. After she and Jamie collude to help a youth punished for stealing, Claire is given renewed hope of being able to travel home when she hears a folk tale about a time traveller and the standing stones.

4
4
"The Gathering"
Brian Kelly
Matthew B. Roberts
August 30, 2014 (2014-08-30)
0.84[8]

Claire plots her escape during a clan gathering at Leoch, but Jamie convinces her that she would fail. Escorting her back, he finds himself in a dangerous position with Colum that he had been trying to avoid, but manages to make an oath of loyalty while manoeuvering himself out of trouble with his kinsman. Claire earns Dougal's respect while tending a dying man on a boar hunt, and he decides to take her with him on his rent collecting tour.

5
5
"Rent"
Brian Kelly
Toni Graphia
September 6, 2014 (2014-09-06)
0.95[9]

Claire clashes with Dougal and his men on the rent-collecting journey, especially when Dougal uses Jamie's scars to collect more money from the villagers. Later, she realises that they are collecting funds for the prospective Jacobite army. Knowing from history that their cause is doomed, she tries to warn them off.

6
6
"The Garrison Commander"
Brian Kelly
Ira Steven Behr
September 13, 2014 (2014-09-13)
1.10[10]

The redcoats take Claire to meet General Lord Thomas, who promises her safe passage to Inverness in the company of Randall. When the General leaves, Randall tries to discover why she is in Scotland. She concocts a story and he describes in detail his vicious whipping of young Jamie. Dougal comes to take her away, but Randall insists that he has to deliver Claire to Fort William the following day. They leave, and Dougal tells Claire he does not have to turn her in if she marries Jamie and so becomes Scottish.

7
7
"The Wedding"
Anna Foerster
Anne Kenney
September 20, 2014 (2014-09-20)
1.23[11]

Claire and Jamie get married to protect her from Randall, and try to get to know each other better afterwards to make the consummation less awkward. They realise their feelings for each other, but Claire is still torn thinking about Frank.

8
8
"Both Sides Now"
Anna Foerster
Ronald D. Moore
September 27, 2014 (2014-09-27)
1.42[12]

In 1946, Frank is losing hope of finding Claire, but goes to the standing stones one last time. In the past, Claire finds herself nearby to the stones, and runs for them. She hears Frank calling, and he hears her as well. But Claire is captured by English troops before she can reach the stones, and a despondent Frank leaves, as she is taken to Fort William. Claire nearly talks her way out of being interrogated by Randall, but he turns the tables on her. Just as he is about to rape her at knifepoint, Jamie appears in the window.

Volume Two

9
9
"The Reckoning"
Richard Clark
Matthew B. Roberts
April 4, 2015 (2015-04-04)
1.22[13]

Jamie saves Claire from Black Jack Randall, but the dynamic of their marriage is tested. Jamie tries to ease the conflict between Colum and Dougal sparked by Claire's rescue. Jamie rebuffs a seduction by Laoghaire, who then leaves a bad luck charm under Claire and Jamie's bed.

10
10
"By the Pricking of My Thumbs"
Richard Clark
Ira Steven Behr
April 11, 2015 (2015-04-11)
0.86[14]

Claire confronts a spiteful Laoghaire, but is surprised to learn that the charm came from Geillis. Jamie petitions the Duke of Sandringham for help to rid himself of Randall and the price on his head, while Claire secretly uses her historical knowledge to leverage his help in Jamie's favour. Dougal is inconsolable after his wife's death from an illness, but Geillis, pregnant with his child, is pleased. When Geillis's husband dies at a banquet for the Duke, Claire realises that Geillis poisoned him. Colum forbids Dougal from pursuing a relationship with Geillis, and exiles Dougal to his estate, with Jamie in tow. Claire and Geillis are arrested for witchcraft.

11
11
"The Devil's Mark"
Mike Barker
Toni Graphia
April 18, 2015 (2015-04-18)
1.09[15]

Claire and Geillis face charges of witchcraft. Ned Gowan comes to their defence, but witnesses, including Laoghaire and Father Bain, testify against them, and they are found guilty. Before Jamie can fight his way out of the courtroom with his wife, Geillis confesses and exonerates Claire. Claire recognises from the smallpox vaccine scar on Geillis's shoulder that she too is from the future. Geillis is taken to be burned at the stake. When Jamie asks Claire about her scar, she tells him of her time travel. He believes her, takes her back to Craigh na Dun, and wishes her well in returning to her own time. But Claire decides not to go back.

12
12
"Lallybroch"
Mike Barker
Anne Kenney
April 25, 2015 (2015-04-25)
1.11[16]

Jamie takes Claire to his family home of Lallybroch, where he clashes with his strong willed sister Jenny. Taking up his role as laird, he disrupts the household until Claire sets him straight. After Jamie narrowly avoids a run-in with passing redcoats, he and Jenny make amends.

13
13
"The Watch"
Metin Hüseyin
Toni Graphia
May 2, 2015 (2015-05-02)
1.05[17]

The men of the Watch arrive at Lallybroch, and Jamie pretends to be a Fraser cousin. Claire realises that Jenny's impending childbirth will be a dangerous, breech birth, but Jenny swears her to secrecy. The redcoat defector Horrocks appears, and threatens to reveal that Jamie has a price on his head unless Jamie pays him. Jenny's husband Ian kills Horrocks. Coming clean to the Watch leader MacQuarrie, Jamie agrees to join their raid. Jenny gives birth to a daughter with Claire's help. Meanwhile, the raiding party is ambushed, and Jamie captured by the redcoats.

14
14
"The Search"
Metin Hüseyin
Matthew B. Roberts
May 9, 2015 (2015-05-09)
1.08[18]

Claire and Jenny set out to find Jamie. They learn he has escaped his captors, and a newly arrived Murtagh takes Claire on a journey to find him. Their plan is to have Jamie find them by touring the countryside with Claire as a songstress called "The Sassenach". They attract Dougal's attention, and he tells them that Jamie has been recaptured and tried, and is awaiting execution at Wentworth Prison. Claire makes a deal with Dougal, and convinces his men to help her rescue Jamie.

15
15
"Wentworth Prison"
Anna Foerster
Ira Steven Behr
May 16, 2015 (2015-05-16)
1.01[19]

Randall appears at Wentworth Prison and tortures Jamie, seeking his submission. Meanwhile, Claire gets into the prison to save her husband. When Randall catches her, Jamie agrees to submit to rape by Randall in exchange for her freedom. Before she leaves, Claire "curses" Randall and tells him what will be the date of his death. When all seems lost, Murtagh comes up with a plan to rescue Jamie.

16
16
"To Ransom a Man's Soul"
Anna Foerster
Ira Steven Behr & Ronald D. Moore
May 30, 2015 (2015-05-30)
0.98[20]

Murtagh's rescue is successful and Randall left for dead, but Jamie remains tortured by his ordeal. As Claire tends to his injuries, Jamie is tormented by memory of his rape and torture. Murtagh accompanies them as they set sail for safety in France, where Claire hopes to meet Charles Stuart and somehow prevent the catastrophic Battle of Culloden. As they set sail, Claire tells Jamie that she is pregnant.

text: Season 2 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

17
1
"Through a Glass, Darkly"
Metin Hüseyin
Ronald D. Moore
April 9, 2016 (2016-04-09)
1.46[21]

Claire awakes at Craigh Na Dun back in 1948. Grieving over Jamie's assumed death in battle, she is reunited with Frank, who cannot understand her reappearance but is desperate to reconcile. Claire explains where she has been, including her relationship with Jamie and that she is carrying his child. They agree that they will raise the child together and resume married life. She later recalls her arrival with Jamie to France, where they make contact with Jamie's Jacobite cousin Jared Fraser, and make an enemy of the Comte St. Germain.

18
2
"Not in Scotland Anymore"
Metin Hüseyin
Ira Steven Behr
April 16, 2016 (2016-04-16)
1.24[22]

In 1744, Claire and Jamie have settled in Paris, ostensibly working for Jared but actually seeking to foil the Jacobite rebellion. Jared arranges for Jamie to meet with Prince Charles Stuart himself, but Jamie cannot deter him from planning to seize the English throne for his father. Claire secures an invitation to the Palace of Versailles, where she hopes to meet King Louis XV of France and thwart his funding of the Stuart cause. The Frasers make an impression, and are reunited with the Duke of Sandringham. Claire is shocked to learn that Randall is still alive, and is not sure if she should tell Jamie.

19
3
"Useful Occupations and Deceptions"
Metin Hüseyin
Anne Kenney
April 23, 2016 (2016-04-23)
1.21[23]

While Jamie continues to try and sour the financing of Prince Charles's rebellion, Claire makes herself useful at L'Hôpital des Anges, a charity hospital run by the imperious Mother Hildegarde. Claire and Jamie discover that Sandringham is helping Charles secure funds from English nobles, which Jamie hopes to thwart. Though spending time with Sandringham will surely reveal to Jamie that Randall is alive, Claire cannot bear to tell Jamie herself.

20
4
"La Dame Blanche"
Douglas Mackinnon
Toni Graphia
April 30, 2016 (2016-04-30)
1.17[24]

Claire finally tells Jamie about Randall, and the potential for vengeance reinvigorates Jamie. Claire suspects the Comte St. Germain when an attempt is made on her life, and she and Jamie plan a dinner party to paint Charles and his cause in a bad light to Sandringham. Murtagh, Claire and the young Mary Hawkins are attacked on their way to the party, and Mary is raped. Back at the house, the party goes as planned until a misunderstanding sparks a brawl.

21
5
"Untimely Resurrection"
Douglas Mackinnon
Richard Kahan
May 7, 2016 (2016-05-07)
1.13[25]

The disastrous dinner party has discouraged Charles's investors, but the prince finds a new one in Jamie's enemy, St. Germain. Charles puts Jamie and St. Germain into business together, to their concern. Trying to preserve Frank's lineage, Claire sabotages the blossoming relationship between Mary Hawkins and Alex Randall. Randall appears at Versailles, and Jamie challenges him to a duel. Jamie is angry when Claire forces him to swear that he will not harm Randall until he has conceived a child with Mary.

22
6
"Best Laid Schemes..."
Metin Hüseyin
Matthew B. Roberts
May 14, 2016 (2016-05-14)
1.03[26]

Jamie tells Murtagh the truth about Claire's past. Claire uses her medical knowledge to give St. Germain's men symptoms that resemble those of smallpox. Jamie and Murtagh then steal the Comte's wine shipment, seemingly dashing Charles's hopes. Fate brings Jamie and Randall face to face, and Claire arrives just in time to see them duelling. As Jamie stabs Randall and gendarmes arrive to arrest them, a pregnant Claire collapses, bleeding.

23
7
"Faith"
Metin Hüseyin
Toni Graphia
May 21, 2016 (2016-05-21)
1.10[27]

Claire and Jamie's daughter is stillborn, and a devastated Claire nearly dies from fever. With Jamie in the Bastille, Claire discovers that he duelled with Randall because he had discovered the English captain raping Fergus. Claire seeks mercy for Jamie from the king, who forces her to decide the fates of suspected "sorcerers" Master Raymond and St. Germain. She contrives to save them, but Raymond poisons St. Germain. Claire submits sexually to the king in exchange for Jamie's freedom. They reconcile, and visit their daughter Faith's grave before leaving Paris for Scotland.

24
8
"The Fox's Lair"
Mike Barker
Anne Kenney
May 28, 2016 (2016-05-28)
1.06[28]

In Scotland, Jamie finds himself compelled to support the Jacobite rebellion. He and Claire seek military assistance from his grandfather, Lord Lovat, and are reunited with Colum and Laoghaire. Colum hopes to discourage the rebellion, which he is certain will fail. Laoghaire begs Claire's forgiveness, and later agrees to help Claire and Jamie manipulate Lovat. Playing both sides, Lovat promises peace to Colum, but also sends Jamie some troops as reinforcements.

25
9
"Je Suis Prest"
Philip John
Matthew B. Roberts
June 4, 2016 (2016-06-04)
0.94[29]

Claire and Jamie are reunited with Angus, Rupert and Dougal. As Jamie and Murtagh attempt to train Lovat's men, the camps remind Claire of her traumatic experiences in World War II. She and Jamie later coerce young English scout William Grey to reveal vital information about the English army that is nearby.

26
10
"Prestonpans"
Philip John
Ira Steven Behr
June 11, 2016 (2016-06-11)
0.82[30]

Jamie and the Jacobite army undertake their first battle against the English at Prestonpans. Surprising them in the fog, the Highlanders are victorious, but Angus later dies of his injuries.

27
11
"Vengeance Is Mine"
Mike Barker
Diana Gabaldon
June 18, 2016 (2016-06-18)
0.86[31]

When Claire, Jamie and their party are surrounded by redcoats, Claire pretends to be an English hostage so Dougal can negotiate the Highlanders' safe passage. Taken to 'safety', Claire finds herself face to face with the Duke of Sandringham and his goddaughter Mary Hawkins. She also recognises Sandringham's valet, Danton, as the man who had raped Mary. Sandringham intends to lure "Red Jamie" to save Claire, and then turn them both over to the redcoats. Forewarned, Jamie and Murtagh slip into the castle. Mary kills Danton, and Murtagh beheads Sandringham to fulfill his promise to Claire and Mary to avenge their attack in Paris.

28
12
"The Hail Mary"
Philip John
Ira Steven Behr & Anne Kenney
June 25, 2016 (2016-06-25)
1.05[32]

Jamie tries to avoid the Battle of Culloden with a preemptive strike against the English while they are celebrating the Duke of Cumberland's birthday, but the Prince gets lost in the dark. Claire finds herself trying to convince Randall to marry Mary, who is pregnant with a dying Alex's child. A dying Colum asks Claire to help him end his life painlessly. Before she does, he tells her that Geillis was not burned at the stake until after her child with Dougal was born, and that the child was adopted into the MacKenzie clan.

29
13
"Dragonfly in Amber"
Philip John
Toni Graphia & Matthew B. Roberts
July 9, 2016 (2016-07-09)
1.15[33]

In 1968, fifty-year-old Claire is reunited with Reverend Wakefield's adopted son, Roger, in Inverness. Her twenty-year-old daughter, Brianna, discovers that she is not Frank's biological daughter, but refuses to believe her mother's tale of time travel. Meanwhile, Brianna meets Scottish Independence activist Gillian Edgars, whom Claire later recognises is Geillis Duncan. Before the battle of Culloden in 1746, Jamie insists that Claire save herself and their unborn child by travelling back through the stones. Back in 1968, Claire realises Roger is a descendant of Geillis and Dougal. To prevent Gillian's death, they try to stop her from travelling back through time. They arrive too late, but seeing Gillian disappear into the stone convinces Brianna that her mother is telling the truth. Roger reveals to Claire that Jamie did not die at Culloden.

text: Season 3 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

30
1
"The Battle Joined"
Brendan Maher
Ronald D. Moore
September 10, 2017 (2017-09-10)
1.49[34]

In 1948, a pregnant Claire moves to Boston with Frank. Their relationship is tense, and she struggles to adjust to her new life as a housewife. She gives birth to Jamie's daughter. In 1746, Jamie and Rupert have survived the Battle of Culloden, but Jamie's wounds are grave. They are caught by redcoats, and Rupert is executed. Just as Jamie's turn comes, he is recognised by Lord Melton, the elder brother of the boy—John Grey—whose life Jamie spared before Prestonpans. Bound by honour, Melton sends Jamie home to Broch Tuarach, expecting him to die en route.

31
2
"Surrender"
Jennifer Getzinger
Anne Kenney
September 17, 2017 (2017-09-17)
1.40[35]

Baby Brianna has brought Claire and Frank closer, but the memory of Jamie stands between them. Searching for fulfillment, Claire enrolls in medical school as the only woman in her class. Jamie has survived, but with the English searching for him, he lives in a cave as an outlaw. Soldiers come to Lallybroch repeatedly, harassing Jenny and Ian for information about Jamie's whereabouts. When Fergus loses a hand in a run-in with redcoats, Jamie arranges to be "caught", so that Jenny can claim the reward and the English will leave his family alone.

32
3
"All Debts Paid"
Brendan Maher
Matthew B. Roberts
September 24, 2017 (2017-09-24)
1.55[36]

Claire graduates. Years later as Brianna graduates high school, Frank tells Claire he wants a divorce so he can marry his mistress and return to England. They are poised to argue over where Brianna will live, but Frank is killed in a car accident. Jamie is serving time in Ardsmuir Prison, where he is the leader and spokesman for the Scottish prisoners. His uneasy relationship with the new governor, an adult John Grey, evolves into friendship. When the prison is shuttered, Murtagh and the rest of the prisoners are sent to the American colonies as indentured servants, while Grey paroles Jamie to work at a private estate called Helwater.

33
4
"Of Lost Things"
Brendan Maher
Toni Graphia
October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01)
1.59[37]

Claire and Brianna research history to track Jamie to Ardsmuir, but when the trail runs cold, they return to America. Serving as a groom for the Dunsany family, Jamie is blackmailed into sex by heiress Geneva. When she and her earl husband die, leaving their newborn son Willie an orphan, Geneva's sister Isobel keeps the secret that the child is really Jamie's. Years later, when the young earl's resemblance to him is becoming obvious, Jamie leaves Helwater, with Willie in the care of Isobel and Grey, who are engaged to be married.

34
5
"Freedom & Whisky"
Brendan Maher
Toni Graphia
October 8, 2017 (2017-10-08)
1.60[38]

In December 1968, Roger arrives in Boston having discovered a clue to Jamie's whereabouts in 1765. Brianna urges Claire to go back and reunite with Jamie, and mother and daughter have a tearful farewell. In Edinburgh in 1765, Claire finds Jamie in a print shop.

35
6
"A. Malcolm"
Norma Bailey
Matthew B. Roberts
October 22, 2017 (2017-10-22)
1.72[39]

Claire and Jamie are reunited. She shares photos of Brianna, and he tells Claire about Willie. She also learns that Jamie prints subversive material, smuggles wine and spirits, and lives in a brothel. Claire is reunited with an adult Fergus, and meets some of the prostitutes in Madame Jeanne's establishment. While Jamie is out, Claire finds herself in danger from an intruder.

36
7
"Crème de Menthe"
Norma Bailey
Karen Campbell
October 29, 2017 (2017-10-29)
1.52[40]

Claire's attacker falls and suffers a critical head injury, and she is unable to save his life. Ian arrives looking for his son, Young Ian. Jamie claims he has not seen the boy, though young Ian has been working for him. Young Ian confronts an intruder at the print shop, who discovers Jamie's treason. The shop is soon consumed by fire, but Jamie saves the boy.

37
8
"First Wife"
Jennifer Getzinger
Joy Blake
November 5, 2017 (2017-11-05)
1.64[41]

Jamie takes Claire and young Ian home to Lallybroch. Claire discovers that Jamie married a twice widowed Laoghaire, who accidentally shoots him during a confrontation. Jamie recovers thanks to the penicillin that Claire has brought. Ned Gowan negotiates a settlement with Laoghaire, and Jamie decides to retrieve the treasure on Silky Isle to pay for it. Young Ian swims to the island in an injured Jamie's place. Jamie and Claire are horrified to see the boy forcibly taken aboard a ship and carried away.

38
9
"The Doldrums"
David Moore
Shannon Goss
November 12, 2017 (2017-11-12)
1.49[42]

Learning in France that young Ian's ship is heading for Jamaica, Claire and Jamie pursue it on a trading ship, the Artemis. At sea, Fergus reveals that Laoghaire's daughter Marsali is aboard, and they seek Jamie's approval for their marriage. The British man-of-war Porpoise stops them and seeks help, her crew stricken with a plague. Claire determines that the disease is typhoid fever and trains them to stop its spread, but the ship carries her off with the captain's promise to leave her in Jamaica to wait for the Artemis.

39
10
"Heaven and Earth"
David Moore
Luke Schelhaas
November 19, 2017 (2017-11-19)
1.23[43]

On the Porpoise, Claire struggles against suspicion from some of the crew, but eventually manages to stop the spread of the disease. She discovers that the captain knows Jamie's true identity and plans to have him arrested in Jamaica for treason and murder. When they go ashore, she tries to escape but is apprehended by the captain. That night at sea, a woman named Annejke encourages Claire to jump overboard using an empty barrel as a raft, as the current will carry her towards land. Meanwhile on the Artemis, Jamie is confined after threatening the captain, wanting him to sail faster in pursuit of the Porpoise. He tries to get Fergus to help him take control of the ship, but Fergus instead persuades the captain to let Jamie rejoin the crew after he promises not to mutiny again.

40
11
"Uncharted"
Charlotte Brandström
Karen Campbell & Shannon Goss
November 26, 2017 (2017-11-26)
1.40[44]

Claire swims ashore, and walks inland, struggling to survive the harsh tropical environment. She is found and taken in by Father Fogden, a runaway priest. In passing, he tells her of a cave in Jamaica where people have been known to disappear. A few days later, the Artemis reaches the island, needing to make repairs after a storm, her captain having died. As the ship is about to sail, Claire attracts Jamie's attention from the beach using a mirror. Back on the island, Fogden marries Fergus and Marsali. The next day, Jamie, Claire and the crew set sail for Jamaica.

41
12
"The Bakra"
Charlotte Brandström
Luke Schelhaas
December 3, 2017 (2017-12-03)
1.51[45]

Young Ian is being held prisoner in Jamaica by Geillis. She makes him drink tea that compels him to tell the truth about Jamie and the treasure. Jamie and Claire reach the island, and Claire gets into an altercation at the slave market. Jamie buys her the slave, Temeraire, to defuse the situation. They attend a ball thrown by the new governor, who they discover is Lord John. Claire is reunited with Geillis, who offers to help with their search. At the ball, Margaret Campbell prophesies that a king will rule Scotland again when a two-hundred year-old child is killed. Fergus sees Captain Leonard arrive, and warns Jamie, who flees. Temeraire tells Claire and Jamie that Geillis is holding Ian. On their way to Geillis's villa, Jamie is arrested by Leonard.

42
13
"Eye of the Storm"
Matthew B. Roberts
Matthew B. Roberts & Toni Graphia
December 10, 2017 (2017-12-10)
1.43[46]

Claire is captured whilst searching Geillis's slave houses for Ian. The governor's troops recover Jamie from Captain Leonard, and Grey sets Jamie free after Leonard is unable to produce any evidence of his alleged crimes. Meanwhile, Claire tells Geillis about her return to the 20th century, and Geillis realises that it is Claire's child who must die before Scotland wins its new king. Jamie frees Claire, and they rescue Ian from Geillis, who is killed during the struggle. The group sets sail from Jamaica, but are shipwrecked in a storm. Jamie saves Claire from drowning, and they are washed up together on the shore of Georgia.

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Ep. 1
Ep. 2
Ep. 3
Ep. 4
Ep. 5
Ep. 6
Ep. 7
Ep. 8
Ep. 9
Ep. 10
Ep. 11
Ep. 12
Ep. 13
Ep. 14
Ep. 15
Ep. 16

1
0.72
0.90
1.00
0.84
0.95
1.10
1.23
1.42
1.22
0.86
1.09
1.11
1.05
1.08
1.01
0.98

2
1.46
1.24
1.21
1.17
1.13
1.03
1.10
1.06
0.94
0.82
0.86
1.05
1.15
N/A

3
1.49
1.40
1.55
1.59
1.60
1.72
1.52
1.64
1.49
1.23
1.40
1.51
1.43
N/A


document_title: Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb

question_text: who plays nicky in night at the museum

question_tokens: who plays nicky in night at the museum

text: Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1938 Egypt, a team of archaeologists discover the tomb of pharaoh Ahkmenrah, including a young Cecil Fredericks, finding the magical Tablet of Ahkmenrah. The locals warn the group that removing the tablet will end its magic. In present-day New York City, Larry Daley remains the night guard of the American Museum of Natural History. He, Theodore Roosevelt, Sacagawea, Attila the Hun, Jedediah, Octavius, Rexy the Tyrannosaurus rex skeleton and Dexter the capuchin monkey help re-open the Hayden Planetarium. A new wax Neanderthal resembling Larry named Laaa is introduced, identifying Larry as his father. Ahkmenrah shows Larry that the tablet is corroding, which later causes the exhibits to act erratically, causing mayhem at the planetarium's reopening. Afterwards, Larry catches his son Nick, who plans on taking a gap year to sort out his life, throwing a house party.

text: Larry reunites with Cecil, now in retirement, who realizes the end of the tablet's magic will cause the exhibits to become lifeless. Cecil explains that Ahkmenrah's parents, Merenkahre and Shepseheret, may be able to restore the tablet's power but that they are located in the British Museum. Larry convinces the museum's curator, Dr. McPhee, to let him ship Ahkmenrah to London to restore the tablet, convinced that McPhee knows its secrets. Larry and Nick travel to the British Museum, bypassing the night guard Tilly. To Larry's surprise, Roosevelt, Sacagawea, Attila, Jed, Octavius, Dexter, Rexy and Laaa have come as well, and Laaa is left to stand guard while the others search the museum, the tablet bringing its own exhibits to life.

text: They are joined by a wax Sir Lancelot, who helps them fight off aggressive museum exhibits like a Xiangliu statue and a Triceratops skeleton. Jedediah and Octavius fall through a ventilation shaft but are rescued from an erupting Pompeii model by Dexter. The group find Ahkmenrah's parents, learning the tablet's power can be regenerated by moonlight, since it is empowered through the magic of Khonsu. Lancelot mistakes the tablet for the Holy Grail and steals it, leaving to find Camelot. Larry and Laaa are locked in the employee break room by Tilly, but they escape, and Laaa remains behind to distract Tilly, during which they become attracted to each other.

text: Lancelot crashes a performance of the musical Camelot, starring Hugh Jackman and Alice Eve as King Arthur and Queen Guinevere, but Larry and the others chase him to the theatre roof, where the New York exhibits begin to die. Lancelot then sees that the quest was about them and gives the tablet back. The moonlight restores the tablet's power, saving the exhibits. They decide that Ahkmenrah and the tablet should stay with his parents, even if it means the New York exhibits will no longer come to life. Back in New York, Larry spends some final moments with his friends before sunrise.

text: Three years later, Larry, having taken the blame for the planetarium incident, thus giving McPhee his job back, now works as a teacher, and a traveling British Museum exhibit comes to New York. Tilly becomes the new night guard, and gives the tablet to Dr. McPhee, showing him its power and allowing the exhibits to awaken again. Outside, Larry watches them party inside.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Ben Stiller as Larry Daley, a security guard at the American Museum of Natural History.[4]
Stiller also plays Laaa, a Neanderthal who resembles Larry.
Robin Williams as Theodore Roosevelt, the wax statue of the 26th President of the United States.[4]
Owen Wilson as Jedediah, a cowboy diorama miniature.[4]
Steve Coogan as Octavius, a Roman soldier miniature.[4]
Ricky Gervais as Dr. McPhee, the director of the Museum of Natural History.[4]
Rachael Harris as Madeline Phelps, the chairwoman of the American Museum of Natural History.
Dan Stevens as Sir Lancelot, the wax statue of the legendary Knight of the Round Table.[5]
Rebel Wilson as Tilly, the night security guard at the British Museum.[4]
Skyler Gisondo as Nick Daley, the son of Larry Daley.[6] He was previously played by Jake Cherry in the first two films.
Rami Malek as Ahkmenrah, the mummy of an ancient pharaoh.[4]
Patrick Gallagher as Attila the Hun, the statue of the leader of the Huns.[4]
Mizuo Peck as Sacagawea, the polyurethane model of the Lemhi Shoshone woman who is Theodore Roosevelt's girlfriend.[4]
Ben Kingsley as Merenkahre, the mummy of an ancient pharaoh and Ahkmenrah's father.[7]
Dick Van Dyke as Cecil "C.J." Fredericks, a retired security guard from the first film.[8]
Percy Hynes White plays the younger Cecil "C.J." Fredericks
Mickey Rooney as Gus, a retired security guard from the first film.[8]
Bill Cobbs as Reginald, a retired security guard from the first film.[8]
Andrea Martin as Rose, an archivist at the Museum of Natural History.
Brennan Elliott as Robert Fredericks, C.J.'s father in the prologue.
Matt Frewer as Archibald Stanley, an archeologist who accompanies Robert and Cecil in the prologue.
Anjali Jay as Shepseheret, the mummy of a Great Royal Wife of Merenkahre and mother of Ahkmenrah.
Crystal the Monkey as Dexter, a Capuchin monkey.
Hugh Jackman as Himself (uncredited)
Alice Eve as Herself (uncredited)

text: Voices[edit]

text:
Robin Williams as Garuda Artifact.
Brad Garrett as Easter Island Head.
Regina Taufen as New York Reporter.

text: Production[edit]

text: On January 21, 2010, co-writer Thomas Lennon said to Access Hollywood, "I think it's a really outstanding idea to do Night at the Museum 3, in fact. I wonder if someone's not even already working on a script for that. I cannot confirm that for a fact, but I cannot deny it for a fact either... It might be in the works."[9] In an October 2011 interview with The Hollywood Reporter, Stiller confirmed the sequel, however, he said that it was only in the "ideas stage".[10] In February 2013 it was announced that the film, directed by Shawn Levy, would be released on December 25, 2014.[11] On September 10, 2013, it was announced that shooting would start in February 2014.[12]

text: On November 8, 2013, actor Dan Stevens was cast as Lancelot.[5] On November 15, 2013, it was announced that Skyler Gisondo would be replacing Jake Cherry in the role of Nicky Daley.[6] On December 18, 2013, it was announced that Stiller, Robin Williams, and Ricky Gervais would be returning for the sequel.[13] On January 9, 2014, it was announced that Rebel Wilson would play a security guard in the British Museum.[4] On January 14, 2014, the film's release date was moved up from December 25, 2014, to December 19, 2014.[14] On January 23, 2014, it was announced Ben Kingsley would play an Egyptian Pharaoh at the British Museum.[15] Principal photography and production began on January 27, 2014.[16][17] On May 6, 2014, it was announced that the film would be titled Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb.[18] In May 2014, principal photography ended.[19] Shooting took place outside the British Museum in London, England, as well as on a sound stage at the Vancouver Film Studios in Vancouver, British Columbia for scenes taking place inside the museum.

text: Music[edit]

text: Alan Silvestri returned to score the final installment of the trilogy.[20][21]

text:
Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)Film score by Alan SilvestriReleased
January 6, 2015 (2015-01-06)Recorded
2014Genre
Film scoreLength
56:52Label
Varèse Sarabande

text: Track listing[edit]

text: Varèse Sarabande released a soundtrack album of the score on January 6, 2015.[22][23][24]

text: All tracks written by Alan Silvestri.

text: Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)No.TitleLength1."The Ahkmenrah Expedition"3:342."Performance Prep"2:023."LOL"2:224."The Grand Re-Opening"3:135."The End Will Come"2:196."Sneak And Greet"3:257."Sir Lancelot"3:338."Where Are Jed And Octavius?"2:509."Main Hall"3:2410."Xiangliu"3:4611."Male Bonding"2:1512."The Legend of the Tablet"3:1113."The Escher Fight"3:4514."Camelot"3:4915."The Quest"2:3516."Seeing Your Boy Become A Man"3:1417."Laaa Love"1:5318."A Farewell Kiss"2:4019."Teddy's Goodbye"3:02Total length:56:52

text: Release[edit]

text: The film premiered at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City on December 11, 2014.[25] It was then released on December 19, 2014 in the United States.[26]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb grossed $113.7 million in North America, and $249.5 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $363.2 million against a budget of $127 million.[2]

text: In North America, early analysts were predicting a potential $25–$28 million opening.[27][28] In North America, the film was released on December 19, 2014 across 3,785 theaters.[29] It opened Friday, December 19, 2014 and earned $5.6 million on its opening day, placing at number three at the box office.[30] The film underperformed expectations during its opening weekend, earning $17.1 million, which was relatively lower than the openings of the original film ($30.4 million) and its sequel ($54.1 million).[31] The film debuted at number two at the box office behind The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies.[32] According to 20th Century Fox, the movie's audience was 51% male, with 54% of the audience under the age of 25. In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend, cinema audiences gave the film an average grade of "B+", on an A+ to F scale.[32]

text: The film began its international rollout the same weekend as the North American premiere and earned $10.4 million from 27 markets in its opening weekend, debuting at #3 behind at the box office behind The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies and Penguins of Madagascar.[33][34][35][36] The film expanded to an additional 40 markets in its second week and grossed $31.2 million.[37] It topped the box office outside North America in its fourth weekend with a total gross of $46.2 million, primarily because of China, where it opened at #1 with $26 million.[38] The other highest opening figures were from Mexico ($5.85 million), Brazil ($3.1 million), Malaysia ($3.07 million), the UK ($3 million), Australia ($2.8 million), Germany ($2.1 million) and Singapore ($2 million).[37][33][39]

text: For the weekend of January 16, 2015, the film grossed $17.8 million, which includes a $3.9 million debut in South Korea.[40]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film received a 48% approval rating, based on 104 reviews, with an average score of 5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "While not without its moments, Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb is a less-than-inspired sendoff for the trilogy."[41] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 47 out of 100, based on 33 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[42] In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend, cinema audiences gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.[32]

text: Scott Foundas of Variety gave the film a positive review, praising the visual effects and calling the production values "topnotch", and admiring Guillermo Navarro's work. He added, "A most enjoyable capper to director Shawn Levy and producer Chris Columbus' cheerfully silly and sneakily smart family-entertainment juggernaut... offers little in the way of secrets of surprises, but should add much holiday cheer to Fox's box-office coffers."[43] Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave the film three stars out of five and said, "The third part in what absolutely no one is calling the Night at the Museum 'trilogy' turns out to be a good-natured and entertainingly surreal panto fantasy."[44] Glenn Kenny awarded the film 2½ stars out of 4 praising the Indiana Jones themed-set while criticizing the performances of the cast and said, "As talent-packed as any Night at the Museum picture may be—in this third installment... —one doesn't come to a movie of this sort expecting anybody's best work. Or at least one certainly shouldn't, because it won't materialize."[45] Stephanie Zacharek of The Village Voice gave the film a positive review, saying "The third installment, Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb may be the best, and even the generally wound-too-tight Ben Stiller – once again playing a bemused Museum of Natural History guard – is easy to tolerate."[46] Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying "Where the previous films felt frenetic and forced, this outing feels breezier, more enjoyable and less contrived."[47] Joe Neumaier of the New York Daily News gave the film three out of five stars, saying "There's a serenity to museum visits, especially if it's a place you know and love. Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb, amazingly, recaptures that feeling in big-studio franchise form."[48]

text: Bill Goodykoontz of The Arizona Republic gave the film two out of five stars, saying "Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb is a rather lackluster affair, a cash grab that tries to aim a little higher but confuses sappy shortcuts with real emotion."[49] Joe McGovern of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B, saying "It's kind of fun, unembarrassingly, and not least of all because the people who made it look like they had a good time doing so."[50] Tom Long of The Detroit News gave the film a B, saying "There are some key elements that make this Night at the Museum sequel work better than its predecessor."[51] Stephen Whitty of the Newark Star-Ledger gave the film two out of four stars, saying "The exhibits in this Night at the Museum may still come to life nightly. But their latest movie stays stubbornly inert."[52] Tom Russo of The Boston Globe gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying "Seeing Ben Stiller, the late Robin Williams, and their magically roused gang together again, this time in London, is initially all about indulgent, nostalgic smiles rather than new wows. But then comes the movie's exceptionally clever and fresh final act, which delivers genuine surprise along with many laughs."[53] Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph gave the film three out of five stars, saying "The third Night at the Museum film starts strongly, with its heart in the past... It's an exciting opening, and perhaps too exciting for the film's own good. It's hard not to be disappointed when the plot moves back to the present and settles into the time-honoured formula of digitised creatures running riot and famous people in fancy dress doing shtick."[54] Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a negative review, saying "Despite relocating across the pond to the esteemed British Museum, the creaky Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb fails to capitalize on the comic potential provided by that change of venue."[55]

text: Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of The A.V. Club gave the film a C+, saying "Secret of the Tomb plays it as a source of corny jokes, pop-culture references, and father-son bonding moments. In other words, it's exactly the kind of film that shouldn't be expected to engage with its assorted bizarre subtexts – but what a movie it could be if it did."[56] Sara Stewart of the New York Post gave the film two out of four stars, saying "For piquing kids' interest in history and nature, you could do worse than this goofy Ben Stiller franchise. But its third installment is more meh than manic, too reliant on wide shots of the ragtag Museum of Natural History cohorts striding down corridors. You get the feeling returning director Shawn Levy is ready to hang it up."[57] Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film one and a half stars out of five, saying "The dialogue is schmaltzy and often painfully unfunny. The special effects are often so 1980s-bad, one wonders if it was a deliberate choice, to make the creepy visuals of sculptures dancing and paintings moving less frightening to young viewers. Time and again, terrific actors sink in the equivalent of cinematic quicksand, helpless against the sucking sound of this movie."[58] Drew Hunt of Slant Magazine gave the film one out of four stars, saying "None of the entries in the Night at the Museum series could ever pass for high art, but a wealth of comedic talent gave the first two installments a madcap energy that somewhat forgave their childish premises. Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb, the third and supposedly final edition in the franchise, is nothing more than an uncomfortably transparent contractual obligation."[59]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award

Category

Recipient(s)

Result

Ref(s)

Teen Choice Awards

Choice Movie: Comedy

Nominated

[60]

Choice Movie Actor: Comedy

Ben Stiller

Nominated

Kids' Choice Awards

Favorite Movie Actor

Ben Stiller

Won

[61][62]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb was released on Blu-ray and DVD on March 10, 2015.[63] The film debuted in second place on the home media charts behind The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1.[64]


document_title: iPhone (1st generation)

question_text: when did the first touchscreen iphone come out

text: iPhone (1st generation)

text: History[edit]

text: In 2005, Apple CEO Steve Jobs conceived an idea of using a multi-touch touchscreen to interact with a computer in a way in which he could directly type onto the display. He decided that it needed to have a triple layered touch screen, a very new and high tech technology at the time. This helped out with removing the physical keyboard and mouse, the same as a tablet computer. Jobs recruited a group of Apple engineers to investigate the idea as a side project.[11]  When Jobs reviewed the prototype and its user interface, he conceived a second idea of implementing the technology onto a mobile phone.[12] The whole effort was called Project Purple 2 and began in 2005.[13]

text: Apple created the device during a secretive and unprecedented collaboration with AT&T, formerly Cingular Wireless. The development cost of the collaboration was estimated to have been $150 million[14] over a thirty-month period. Apple rejected the "design by committee" approach that had yielded the Motorola ROKR E1, a largely unsuccessful collaboration with Motorola. Instead, Cingular Wireless gave Apple the liberty to develop the iPhone's hardware and software in-house.[15][16]

text: The original iPhone was introduced by Steve Jobs on January 9, 2007 in a keynote address at the Macworld Conference & Expo held in Moscone West in San Francisco, California.[17] In his address, Jobs said, "This is a day, that I have been looking forward to for two and a half years", and that "today, Apple is going to reinvent the phone."[18] Jobs introduced the iPhone as a combination of three devices: a "widescreen iPod with touch controls"; a "revolutionary mobile phone"; and a "breakthrough Internet communicator".[19]

text: Release[edit]

text: The iPhone was released in the United States on June 29, 2007 at the price of $499 for the 4 GB model and $599 for the 8 GB model, both requiring a 2-year contract.[20] Thousands of people were reported to have waited outside Apple and AT&T retail stores days before the device's launch;[21] many stores reported stock shortages within an hour of availability. To avoid repeating the problems of the PlayStation 3 launch, which caused burglaries and even a shooting, off-duty police officers were hired to guard stores overnight.[22][23]

text: It was later made available in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Portugal, the Republic of Ireland, and Austria in November 2007.[20]

text: Six out of ten Americans surveyed said they knew the iPhone was coming before its release.[23]

text: Post-release[edit]

text: The iPod Touch, a touchscreen device with the media and internet abilities and interface of the iPhone but without the ability to connect to a cellular network for phone functions or internet access, was released on September 5, 2007. At the same time, Apple significantly dropped the price of the 8 GB model (from $599 to $399, still requiring a 2-year contract with AT&T) while discontinuing the 4 GB model.[24] Apple sold the one millionth iPhone five days later, or 74 days after the release.[25] After receiving "hundreds of emails...upset" about the price drop, Apple gave store credit to early adopters.[26]

text: A 16 GB model was released on February 5, 2008 for $499, the original launch price of the 4 GB model.[27] Apple released an SDK on March 6, 2008, allowing developers to create the apps that would be available starting in iPhone OS version 2.0, a free upgrade for iPhone users. On June 9, Apple announced the iPhone 3G, which began shipping July 11.[28] The original iPhone was discontinued 4 days later; total sales volume came to 6,124,000 units.

text: While most Apple literature simply called the device "iPhone", the term "the original iPhone" appears in a press release from July 2010.[29]

text: Software[edit]

text: During release, the iPhone was marketed as running "OS X". The name of the operating system was revealed as iPhone OS with the release of the iPhone SDK. The original iPhone supported three major versions of the operating system before it was discontinued: iPhone OS 1, 2, and 3. However, the full iPhone OS 3 feature set was not supported, and the last update the original iPhone received was iPhone OS 3.1.3.

text: Software history[edit]

text: The original operating system for the original iPhone was iPhone OS 1, marketed as OS X, and included Visual Voicemail, multi-touch gestures, HTML email, Safari web browser, threaded text messaging, and YouTube. However, many features like MMS, apps, and copy and paste were not supported at release, leading hackers jailbreaking their phones to add these features. Official software updates slowly added these features.

text: iPhone OS 2 was released on July 11, 2008, around the same time as the release of the iPhone 3G, and introduced third-party applications, Microsoft Exchange support, push e-mail,[citation needed] and other enhancements.

text: iPhone OS 3 was released on June 17, 2009, and introduced copy and paste functionality, Spotlight search for the home screen, and new features for the YouTube app. iPhone OS 3 was available for the original iPhone as well as the iPhone 3G. However, not all features of iPhone OS 3 were supported on the original iPhone.

text: iPhone OS 3.1.3 was the last version of iPhone OS (now iOS) to be released for the original iPhone.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Only four writers were given review models of the original iPhone:[30][31] David Pogue of The New York Times,[32] Walt Mossberg of The Wall Street Journal,[33] Steven Levy of Newsweek,[34] and Ed Baig of USA Today.[35] The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal published positive, but cautious, reviews of the iPhone, their primary criticisms being the relatively slow speed of the AT&T's 2.5G EDGE network and the phone's inability to connect using 3G services. The Wall Street Journal's technology columnist, Walt Mossberg, concluded that "despite some flaws and feature omissions, the iPhone is, on balance, a beautiful and breakthrough handheld computer."[36] Time magazine named it the Invention of the Year in 2007.[37]

text: Timeline of models[edit]


document_title: Qadam Qadam Badaye Ja

question_text: who wrote this song kadam kadam badhaye ja khushi ke geet gaye ja

text: Qadam Qadam Badaye Ja

text:
"Qadam Qadam Badhaye Ja"
March by Ram Singh ThakurWritten
1942Text
by Pt. Vanshidhar ShuklaLanguage
Devanagari, Hindi

text: "Qadam Qadam Badhaye Ja" (Hindi: क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा) was the regimental quick march of the Subhas Chandra Bose's Indian National Army.  Written by Pt. Vanshidhar Shukla and composed by  Ram Singh Thakuri, it was banned in India after World War II as "seditious", which was subsequently lifted in August 1947. The song has since become a patriotic song in India, and has been re-interpreted by various Indian musicians including C. Ramachandra and A.R. Rahman. The song  is currently the regimental quickmarch of the Indian Army.[1][2]

text: Lyrics[edit]

text:
Devnagari script

Romanised Hindi

Translation (Approximate)

क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा
ख़ुशी के गीत गाये जा
ये ज़िंदगी है क़ौम की
तू क़ौम पे लुटाये जा

तू शेर-ए-हिन्द आगे बढ़
मरने से तू कभी न डर
उड़ा के दुश्मनों का सर
जोश-ए-वतन बढ़ाये जा

क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा
ख़ुशी के गीत गाये जा
ये ज़िंदगी है क़ौम की
तू क़ौम पे लुटाये जा

हिम्मत तेरी बढ़ती रहे
ख़ुदा तेरी सुनता रहे
जो सामने तेरे खड़े
तू ख़ाक़ में मिलाये जा

क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा
ख़ुशी के गीत गाये जा
ये ज़िंदगी है क़ौम की
तू क़ौम पे लुटाये जा

चलो दिल्ली पुकार के
क़ौमी-निशाँ संभाल के
लाल क़िले पे गाड़ के
लहराये जा लहराये जा

क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा
ख़ुशी के गीत गाये जा
ये ज़िंदगी है क़ौम की
तू क़ौम पे लुटाये जा

Qadam Qadam baṛāye jā
khushi kē gīt gāē jā
yē zīndagi hai qâum kī
tū qâum pē lūtāē jā

tū shēr-ē-hind āgē baṛ
marnē sē tū kabhī nā daṛ
Ūṛākē dushmanō kā  saṛ
jōsh-ē-vatan baṛāē jā

Qadam Qadam baṛāye jā
khushi kē gīt gāē jā
yē zīndagi hai qâum kī
tū qâum pē lūtāē jā

himmat tēri baṛtī rahē
khuda tērī suntā rahē
jō sāmnē tērē khaṛē
tū khāq mē milāē jā

Qadam Qadam baṛāye jā
khushi kē gīt gāē jā
yē zndagi hai qâum kī
tū qâum pē lūtāē jā

Chalō Dillī pūkār kē
qâumi-nishāñ sam.bhāl kē
Lāl qilē pē gāṛ kē
lehrāē jā lehrāē jā

Qadam qadam baṛāye jā
khushi kē geet gāē jā
yē zindagi hai qâum kī
tū qâum pē lūtāē jā

Keep stepping forward
Singing songs of happiness
This life belongs to our Nation
Keep laying it down for her

March forward You the Tiger of India
never ever be afraid to die
By Blowing away the enemy's head
Raise the spirits of your nation

Keep stepping forward
Singing songs of happiness
This life belongs to our Nation
Keep laying it down for her

Let your courage be ever increasing
May The Lord always hear you
As for those who stand in your way
Keep trampling them to dust and ashes

Keep stepping forward
Singing songs of happiness
This life belongs to our Nation
Keep laying it down for her

Let "Towards Delhi" be your war-cry
And hold the Nation's banner high
Plant it on the Red Fort
And wave it high, wave it high

Keep stepping forward
Singing songs of happiness
This life belongs to our Nation
Keep laying it down for her