document_title: Moana (2016 film)

question_text: what island is the moana movie based on

question_tokens: what island is the moana movie based on

text: Moana (2016 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: On the Polynesian island of Motunui, the inhabitants worship the goddess Te Fiti, who brought life to the ocean, using a pounamu stone as her heart and the source of her power. Maui, the shapeshifting demigod and master of sailing, steals the heart to give humanity the power of creation. However, Te Fiti disintegrates, and Maui is attacked by Te Kā, a volcanic demon, losing both his magical giant fishhook and the heart to the depths.

text: A millennium later, Moana, daughter of Motunui's chief Tui, is chosen by the ocean to return the heart to Te Fiti. However, Tui arrives and takes Moana away, causing her to lose the heart. Tui and Moana's mother, Sina, try to keep her away from the ocean to prepare her for ascension as the island's chief. Years later, a blight strikes the island, rotting the coconuts and dwindling the number of fish caught. Moana suggests going beyond the island's reef to find more fish, but Tui forbids it. Moana tries conquering the reef but is overpowered by the tides and shipwrecked back on Motunui.

text: Moana's grandmother Tala shows her a secret cave, where a number of ships are hidden, revealing to Moana that their people used to be voyagers. Tala explains they stopped when Maui stole Te Fiti's heart and that Te Kā's darkness is poisoning the island, but it can be cured if Moana finds Maui and makes him restore the heart of Te Fiti, which she gives to Moana. Tala falls ill shortly after and dies.

text: Moana sets sail on a camakau found in the cavern. She is caught in a typhoon and shipwrecked on an island where she finds the stranded Maui, who traps her and steals the camakau, but Moana catches up to him with help from the ocean. She demands that Maui return the heart but he refuses. Maui is accompanied by a sentient "Mini-Maui" tattoo, acting as his conscience.

text: They are attacked by Kakamora—coconut-armored pirates—who seek the heart, but Moana and Maui outwit them. Moana realizes Maui is no longer a hero, and convinces him to redeem himself by returning the heart. Maui first needs to obtain his magical fishhook, which is located in Lalotai, the Realm of Monsters, and is in the possession of Tamatoa, a giant, greedy coconut crab. Maui retrieves his fishhook while Moana distracts Tamatoa, but Maui discovers he cannot control his shapeshifting and loses self-confidence, quickly becoming overpowered by Tamatoa. Moana's quick thinking allows them to escape with the hook. Maui reveals that his first tattoo was earned when his mortal parents rejected him. After reassurance from Moana, Maui teaches her the art of sailing and regains control of his powers.

text: The two arrive at Te Fiti's island, only to be attacked by Te Kā, who badly damages Maui's fishhook. Fearful he will lose his hook, and therefore his power, Maui angrily abandons Moana, who tearfully asks the ocean to find someone else to restore the heart. The ocean obliges and takes the heart from Moana. Tala's spirit appears, inspiring Moana to find her true calling. She retrieves the heart and sails back to confront Te Kā. Maui returns, having had a change of heart, and buys Moana time to reach Te Fiti by fighting Te Kā, destroying his fishhook in the process. Moana discovers Te Fiti is missing, and realizes Te Kā is Te Fiti without her heart. Moana tells the ocean to clear a path, allowing her to restore Te Fiti's heart, transforming her back to normal. Te Fiti then heals the ocean and islands of the blight. Maui apologizes to Te Fiti, who restores his fishhook and falls into a deep sleep.

text: Moana bids farewell to Maui, returning home where she reunites with her parents. She takes up her role as chief and wayfinder, leading her people on a voyage.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Auliʻi Cravalho as Moana, the 16-year-old daughter of village chief Tui and Sina, who is chosen by the ocean to restore the heart of Te Fiti
Cravalho reprised her role in the Hawaiian-language version of the movie.[5]
Louise Bush as a younger Moana
Dwayne Johnson as Maui, a legendary shapeshifting demigod who sets off with Moana on her journey
Rachel House as Tala, Moana's grandmother. Like Moana, Tala shares a passion for the ocean
House reprised her role in the Māori-language version of the movie.[6][7]
Temuera Morrison as Tui, Moana's overprotective father, who is Tala's son, chief of Motunui Island
Morrison reprised his role in the Māori-language version of the movie.[6][7]
Christopher Jackson as Tui's singing voice
Jemaine Clement as Tamatoa, a giant treasure-hoarding coconut crab from Lalotai, the Realm of Monsters
Clement reprised his role in the Māori-language version of the movie.[6][7]
Nicole Scherzinger as Sina, Moana's mother and Tui's wife
Scherzinger also reprised her role in the Hawaiian-language version of the movie.[8]
Alan Tudyk as Heihei, Moana's pet rooster
Tudyk also voices Villager No. 3, who suggests cooking Heihei
Oscar Kightley as a fisherman
Troy Polamalu as Villager No. 1
Puanani Cravalho (Auliʻi's mother) as Villager No. 2

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: After directing The Princess and the Frog (2009), Clements and Musker started working on an adaptation of Terry Pratchett's Mort,[9] but problems with acquiring the necessary film rights prevented them from continuing with that project. To avoid a recurrence of that issue, they pitched three original ideas.[10] The genesis of one of those ideas (the one that was ultimately green-lighted) occurred in 2011, when Musker began reading up on Polynesian mythology, and learned of the heroic exploits of the demigod Māui. Intrigued with the rich culture of Polynesia, he felt it would be a suitable subject for an animated film. Shortly thereafter, Musker and Clements wrote a treatment and pitched it to John Lasseter, who recommended that both of them should go on research trips.[11][12] Accordingly, in 2012, Clements and Musker went on research trips to Fiji, Samoa, and Tahiti to meet the people of the South Pacific Ocean and learn about their culture.[13] At first, they had planned to make the film entirely about Maui, but their initial research trips inspired Clements to pitch a new idea focused on the young daughter of a chief.[14]

text: Clements and Musker were fascinated to learn during their research that the people of Polynesia abruptly stopped making long-distance voyages about three thousand years ago. Their navigational traditions predated those of European explorers, beginning around 300 CE.[15] Native people of the Pacific possessed knowledge of the world and their place in it prior to the incursion of foreigners. For example, Kānaka Maoli (Native Hawaiians) were well aware of the existence of far away islands, had names for these places, and were interested in exploring them to benefit their societies.[15] This voyaging heritage was made possible by a geographical knowledge system based on individual perspective rather than the European cardinal direction system.[15] The reasons for the halt of this voyaging tradition remain unknown, but scholars have offered climate change and resulting shifts in ocean currents and wind patterns as one possible explanation.[15] Native peoples of the Pacific resumed voyaging again a thousand years later. Clements and Musker set the film at the end of that era, about two thousand years ago, on a fictional island in the central Pacific Ocean, which drew inspiration from elements of the real-life island nations of Fiji, Samoa, and Tonga.[16]

text: Over the five years it took to develop and produce the film, Clements and Musker recruited experts from across the South Pacific to form an Oceanic Story Trust, who consulted on the film's cultural accuracy and sensitivity as the story evolved through nine versions.[17] The Trust responded negatively, for example, to a depiction of Maui as bald, and to a proposed scene in which Moana threw a tantrum by throwing coconuts. In response, Maui was reworked with long hair and the coconut scene was scrapped.[14]

text: Te Kā was referred to in early drafts of the film as Te Pō,[18] a reference to the Māori goddess Hine-nui-te-pō, who was originally the life-giving goddess Hine-tītama, but became the goddess of death upon discovering that her husband the god Tāne was also her father.[19] Māui set out to defeat her in order to bring immortality to humans, but failed and was himself killed.[20]

text: During the 2015 D23 Expo's panel for Disney's slate of upcoming animated films, Moana's last name was given as "Waialiki", but that name was not retained in the final film.[21]

text: Writing[edit]

text: Taika Waititi wrote the initial screenplay.[22] The first draft focused on Moana as the sole daughter in a family with "five or six brothers",[23] in which gender played into the story. However, the brothers and gender-based theme were deleted from the story, as the directors thought Moana's journey should be about finding herself.[12] A subsequent draft presented Moana's father as the one who wanted to resume navigation, but it was rewritten to have him oppose navigation so he would not overshadow Moana.[12] Instead, Pamela Ribon came up with the idea of a grandmother character for the film,[24] who would serve as a mentor linking Moana to ancient traditions.[23] Another version focused on Moana rescuing her father, who had been lost at sea.[25] The film's story changed drastically during the development phase (which happens with most Disney films), and that idea ultimately survived only as a subtle element of the father's backstory.[25] Aaron and Jordan Kandell joined the project during a critical period to help deepen the emotional story architecture of the film. They are credited with developing the core relationship between Moana and Maui, the prologue, the Cave of the Wayfinders, the Kakamora, and the collector crab Tamatoa (played by Jemaine Clement).[26] Jared Bush received sole credit as the writer of the final version of the screenplay.

text: Like most Disney and Pixar animated films, several major story problems were identified in 2015 only after the film had already transitioned from development into production, but computer-generated films tend to have much shorter production schedules and much larger animation teams (in this case, about 90 animators) than traditionally animated films.[25] Since Clements and Musker were already working 12-hour days (and Saturdays) directing such a large team of animators, Don Hall and Chris Williams (who had just finished directing Big Hero 6) came on board as co-directors to help fix the film's story issues.[25] The scene in which Maui and Moana encounter the Kakamora is an intentional homage to Mad Max: Fury Road.[25]

text: Casting[edit]

text: After the filmmakers sat through auditions of hundreds of candidates from across the Pacific,[13] 14-year-old high school freshman Auliʻi Cravalho was cast as the lead character Moana.[27][28] At that point in time, the design of Moana's face and personality was already complete, and Cravalho's obvious physical resemblance to her character was simply a coincidence.[29] During animation production, Disney animators were able to integrate some of Cravalho's mannerisms into Moana's behavior as depicted onscreen.[29]

text: The majority of the film's cast members are of Polynesian descent: Auliʻi Cravalho (Moana) and Nicole Scherzinger (Sina, Moana's mother) were born in Hawaii and are of Native Hawaiian heritage; Dwayne Johnson (Maui), Oscar Kightley (Fisherman), and Troy Polamalu (Villager No. 1) are of Samoan heritage; and New Zealand–born Rachel House (Tala, Moana's grandmother), Temuera Morrison (Tui, Moana's father), and Jemaine Clement (Tamatoa) are of Māori heritage.

text: Animation[edit]

text: Moana is Clements and Musker's first fully computer-animated film.[13][30] One of the reasons for using computer animation was that the environment, including the ocean, benefited much more from the use of CGI as opposed to traditional animation.[31] The filmmakers have also suggested that three-dimensional computer animation is well-suited to the "beautiful sculpturing" of the faces of the people of the South Pacific.[32] Eric Goldberg worked on the hand-drawn animation used to depict Maui's sentient tattoos.[33][34] During early development, the filmmakers considered the possibility of making the film with hand-drawn traditional animation, but only a few early animation tests were made in that style. In the final cut, only Maui's tattoos are hand-drawn.[35]

text: Moana was produced in makeshift quarters in a giant warehouse in North Hollywood (together with Zootopia), while Disney Animation's headquarters building in Burbank was being renovated. Musker observed that Moana was similar in that respect to The Little Mermaid, which was produced in a warehouse in Glendale. Production wrapped on October 20, 2016.[36]

text: Music and soundtrack[edit]

text: The film's soundtrack was released by Walt Disney Records on November 18, 2016. The songs were written by Opetaia Foa'i, Mark Mancina, and Lin-Manuel Miranda, while the score was written by Mancina.[37][38] The lyrics are in English, Samoan, and the Tokelauan language.[39] The soundtrack peaked at number two on the Billboard 200.[40]

text: Localization[edit]

text: In many European countries, the name of the titular character, Moana, was changed to Vaiana due to a trademark conflict. The film was released in those countries to bear the alternative name in the title.[41] In Italy, the film was released with the title Oceania.[42] Media outlets speculated that the name change was to avoid confusion with Italian pornographic actress Moana Pozzi,[43][44] and Disney Italy's head of theatrical marketing, Davide Romani, acknowledged they were "thinking about the issue" at a meeting of Italian exhibitors in 2015.[44]

text:
Following the success brought by international productions of Disney's Frozen, which led to the release of a complete set album which included all the official versions of "Let It Go" released at the time,[45] Disney decided to produce a special Tahitian dubbing for the movie. On October 25, 2016, at a press conference in Papeete, it was announced that the film will be the first motion picture to be fully dubbed in the Tahitian language.[46] This marks the third time Disney has released a special dubbing dedicated to the culture which inspired the film: the first case was The Lion King (1994), for which the directors travelled to South Africa to cast voice actors for a Zulu-dubbed version;[47] and the second case was Mulan (1998), which was the first Disney film to have a Mandarin Chinese dubbing made in China, separate from and independent of the version released in Taiwan.[48]
In June 2017, a Māori-language dubbing of the movie was announced,[49] premiering in Auckland on September 11, with 30 theatres screening it for free as part of Māori Language Week.[50] Rachel House, Jemaine Clement, Temuera Morrison, and Oscar Kightley reprised their respective roles in this version, directed by Rachel House herself.[51][52]
In November 2017, a Hawaiian-language dubbing was announced to be under way, with Auli'i Cravalho reprising her role as Moana.[5] The movie premiered on June 10, 2018.[53]

text:
show"Moana" worldwide

Language

Title

Translation

Arabic

موانا (Moana)

Bengali

মোয়ানা (Moana)

Brazilian Portuguese

Moana: Um mar de aventuras

Moana: A seaful of adventures

Bulgarian

Смелата Ваяна (Smelata Vayana)

Brave Vaiana

Canadian French

Moana

Cantonese Chinese

魔海奇缘

Romance of the demon of the ocean

Castilian Spanish

Vaiana

Catalan

Vaiana

Croatian

Vaiana: Potraga za mitskim otokom

Vaiana: Quest for an island of myth

Czech

Odvážná Vaiana: Legenda o konci světa

Brave Vaiana: The legend of the end of the world

Danish

Vaiana

Dutch

Vaiana

Estonian

Vaiana

European French

Vaiana, la Légende du bout du monde

Vaiana, the legend from the end of the Earth

European Portuguese

Vaiana

Finnish

Vaiana

Flemish

Vaiana

German

Vaiana – Das Paradies hat einen Haken

Vaiana – Paradise has a hook

Greek

Βαϊάνα (Vaiana)

Hawaiian

Moana

Hebrew

מואנה (Moana)

Hindi

मोआना (Moana)

Hungarian

Vaiana

Icelandic

Vaiana

Italian

Oceania

Japanese

モアナと伝説の海 (Moana to densetsu no umi)

Moana and the sea of legend

Kazakh

Моана (Moana)

Korean

모아나 (Moana)

Latin American Spanish

Moana: Un mar de aventuras

Moana: A seaful of adventures

Latvian

Vaiana

Lithuanian

Vaiana

Mandarin Chinese (China)

海洋奇缘 (Hǎiyáng qí yuán)

The romance of the ocean

Mandarin Chinese (Taiwan)

海洋奇缘 (Hǎiyáng qí yuán)

The romance of the ocean

Māori

Moana

Norwegian

Vaiana

Polish

Vaiana: Skarb oceanu

Vaiana: Treasure of the ocean

Romanian

Vaiana

Russian

Моана (Moana)

Serbian

Вајана (Vaiana)

Slovak

Vaiana

Slovene

Vaiana

Swedish

Vaiana

Tamil

மோனா (Moana)

Tahitian

Moana

Thai

ผจญภัยตำนานหมู่เกาะทะเลใต้ (P̄hcỵ p̣hạy tảnān h̄mū̀ keāa thale tı̂)

Adventure on the islands of the legendary southern sea

Turkish

Moana

Ukrainian

Ваяна (Vayana)

Vietnamese

Hành trình của Moana

Moana’s journey

text: Release[edit]

text: On October 20, 2014, Walt Disney Pictures announced that it would be releasing the film in late 2016,[54] and hinted that it might be the November 23, 2016 release window previously announced by the studio in March 2014 for a then-untitled film.[55] In November 2014, Disney confirmed that it would be releasing the film on November 23, 2016.[56] The film is accompanied by the short film, Inner Workings.[57] The film's world premiere was held at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles on November 14, 2016.[58]

text: On January 27, 2017, a sing-along version of Moana was released in more than 2,000 theaters in the United States, featuring on-screen lyrics.[59]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: On October 15, 2016, Hawaiian Airlines unveiled their Moana-themed livery for three of their Airbus A330-200 fleet.[60]

text: There are currently meet-and-greets with Moana at Disneyland, Walt Disney World, Disneyland Paris, and at Aulani, a Disney Resort and Spa. At Hong Kong Disneyland, there will be a stage show called Moana's Village Festival, which is scheduled to open in 2018.

text: Home media[edit]

text: Moana was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on Blu-ray (2D and 3D) and DVD in the United States on March 7, 2017, with a digital release on February 21, 2017. The releases include the short film, Inner Workings. The Blu-ray release also introduces a short film featuring Maui and Moana, titled Gone Fishing.[61] The film is also available for streaming on Netflix.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Moana grossed $248.7 million in the U.S. and Canada, and $394.5 million in other countries, for a worldwide total of $643.3 million.[3] On January 22 and March 16, 2017, respectively, the film reached the $500 million and $600 million marks, becoming the fourth consecutive Walt Disney Animation Studios film to reach both milestones after Frozen (2013), Big Hero 6 (2014), and Zootopia (2016).[62][63] Although Disney has not disclosed the film's production budget, most of its animated films cost around $150 million.[64][65] Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $121.3 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film, making it the 12th-most profitable release of 2016.[1]

text: North America[edit]

text: In the United States, Moana was released during the Thanksgiving weekend. The film played in 3,875 theaters of which a majority of them (80%) screened it in 3D. It also played in 50 premium large-format screens and more than 400 D-Box screens. It was projected to take in around $50 million in three days, with $75–85 million in five days (some estimates going as high as $90 million).[66][67][68] Deadline.com said the numbers were good for the original Disney film and marked a great rebound for the company in the wake of Pixar's The Good Dinosaur the previous year, which had made $55 million over five days off a production budget of $175–200 million.[69]

text: Moana made $2.6 million from Tuesday paid previews which began at 7 pm, the highest ever for a Walt Disney Animation Studios film and for a non-Pixar Disney animated film.[70] On its opening day, it made $15.5 million, a new record for a Walt Disney Animation Studios film opening on Wednesday (breaking Frozen's record) and the biggest opening day ever for a film released on pre-Thanksgiving Day.[71] On Thanksgiving Day, it earned $9.9 million, a decrease of 36% from its previous day. On Black Friday—the highest-grossing day of the Thanksgiving stretch—it made $21.8 million, a 127% increase from the day before.[72] Through Sunday, the film posted a three-day opening weekend worth $56.6 million over its Friday-to-Sunday debut and $82.1 million from Wednesday to Sunday, the third biggest three-day Thanksgiving opening[73] (behind Frozen and Toy Story 2) and the second-biggest five-day Thanksgiving opening[74] (behind Frozen), dethroning Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them off the top spot. Among all films that did not necessarily open in this weekend but may have played, Moana ranks sixth among three-day[75] weekends and fifth among five-day weekends.[76]

text: The film's opening was considered to be another animated success for the studio after Zootopia and Pixar's Finding Dory posted huge openings, respectively, the same year in March and June.[77]

text: In its second weekend, the film dropped by about 50% for a total of $28.3 million, a smaller drop than Toy Story 2, Frozen, Tangled, and The Good Dinosaur.[78][79] The film managed to top the box office for its third weekend, despite competition from newcomers and holdovers, earning $18.5 million while falling by 34%. It became the sixth film of 2016 to top the box office three times, following Deadpool, Zootopia, The Jungle Book, Finding Dory, and Suicide Squad.[80] The film was overtaken by Disney's own Rogue One: A Star Wars Story in its fourth weekend, despite only a marginal decline.[81]

text: It fell to number six in its fifth weekend, due to competition from four new releases—Sing, Passengers, Why Him?, and Assassin's Creed—despite a small drop again; it grossed $2.9 million on Christmas Day.[82] On the holiday week of December 23–29, the film finished at number four with a gross of $26 million, which was 14% up from the previous week, despite losing over 300 theaters.[83] It finished at number four in its sixth weekend, going up 42% and 97%, respectively, during the three-day[84] and four-day weekends;[85] it grossed $3.6 million on New Year's Day.

text: It fell outside the top ten in its eighth weekend (which included Martin Luther King Jr. Day), dropping 33% and 4%, respectively, during the three-day[86] and four-day weekends.[87]

text: Outside North America[edit]

text: Internationally, the film earned $17.2 million in its first weekend from 12 markets, the bulk of which came from China. In its second weekend, the film expanded to a total of 30 markets, adding an additional $33.7 million.[88]

text: In China, the film had a November 25 opening day[89] with $1.9 million from 38,000 screenings. However, it enjoyed a big weekend bump on Saturday—even though its screens dipped—and Sunday.[90] In total, it scored an opening weekend of $17.2 million, the second best for a Disney animated title, behind only Zootopia. It was No. 2 behind Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them. Strong social media numbers showed among the highest the studio has seen there, similar to how Zootopia started off slow and later became a blockbuster phenomenon.[91] The film slipped 55% in its second weekend, earning $5.8 million, and $21.8 in total in China.[92] It would eventually earn a total of $32.7 million in China.[89]

text: It had similar successful number-one debuts in France, Russia, Mexico and Spain. The film also saw success in Belgium, the Netherlands and French-speaking Switzerland.[88] In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the film faced competition from Fantastic Beasts—which was playing in its third weekend—and as a result, it posted a low opening of only £2.2 million ($2.8 million).[93]

text: The biggest earning markets to date have been Japan ($45.9 million), followed by France ($35.5 million), China ($32.8 million), the UK ($25.3 million), Brazil ($22.9 million), Australia ($19 million), Germany ($17 million), Italy ($15.9 million), and South Korea ($15.5 million).[94]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, Moana holds an approval rating of 96% based on 246 reviews, and an average rating of 7.9/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "With a title character as three-dimensional as its lush animation and a story that adds fresh depth to Disney's time-tested formula, Moana is truly a family-friendly adventure for the ages."[95] Subsequently, the film is also listed as number 11 on the website's "50 Best Computer Animated Movies" list.[96] On Metacritic, the film holds a weighted average score of 81 out of 100, based on 44 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[97] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on a scale ranging from A+ to F, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave an 89% overall positive score and a 71% "definite recommend".[70]

text: Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal proclaimed that "Moana is beautiful in more ways than I can tell, thanks to the brilliance of more animators than I could count."[98] Animator Eric Goldberg received praise from critics and audiences for his hand-drawn animation of Maui's tattoos, which they claimed "stole the show" from the actual CGI-animated motion picture.[99][100][101] Wai Chee Dimock, writing in the Los Angeles Review of Books, compared the ocean in Moana to the one in "The Water Baby", a short story by Jack London, saying that both are animated: one, by the tension between digital and analog animation, and the other, by the tension between an encroaching future and a past in retreat still capable of pushing back.[102]

text: Christy Lemire of RogerEbert.com gave the film three-and-a-half out of four stars, stating that "'Moana' would have been enormously entertaining regardless of when it came out, but its arrival at this particular moment in history gives it an added sense of significance—as well as inspiration."[103] Peter Debruge of Variety praised the film, calling it "a return to the heights of the Disney Renaissance".[104]

text: Criticism[edit]

text: Disney has been accused of appropriating Polynesian mythology and culture. Through the film, the corporation has been claimed to perpetuate settler colonialist practices of exploitation and erasure by utilizing the knowledge and narratives of native peoples to spur a profitable capitalist enterprise of music, celebrities and merchandise.[105] A Maui "skin suit" costume made to tie in with the film was pulled by Disney from its online store following complaints about it being culturally insensitive[106] and for appearing to promote brownface.[107]

text: The film takes specific cultural elements from a variety of native Pacific groups and incorporates them into one generalized portrayal of Polynesian culture. This conglomeration of cultures has been regarded as degrading to the diversity of the Pacific, falsely reducing all of Polynesia to a single cultural entity.[105]

text: The film has also been criticized as a tourism advertisement for the Pacific. It has been accused of fetishizing Polynesian island nations as exotic vacation spots, the people and culture of which exist only to entertain foreign audiences.[105] Disney initiating a partnership with Hawaiian Airlines[108] to promote the film has been perceived as having this particular motive, as well as Auliʻi Cravalho speaking with The New York Times in an interview sharing travel tips for visitors to Hawaii.[109] Critiques of these promotional tactics focus on how adverse effects of tourism have devastated native communities in the Pacific, resulting in environmental degradation and poverty.[110]

text: Colin Philp, an educator on Polynesian history, noted that the sailing canoe used by the film's protagonists is believed to be a Fijian camakau, and that the film's concept artists based it on one of the canoes they saw when they visited the Korova settlement in Laucala. Philp said that using that design without permission of the Korova community could be viewed as a violation of the intellectual property rights of their elders.[111]

text: Brigham Young University–Hawaii sociocultural anthropologist Tēvita 'Ō. Ka'ili stated that "despite its important girl-power message, the film had a major flaw. It lacked symmetry by its omission of a heroic goddess. Disney resorted to reducing the mighty god Maui to a one-dimensional, selfish, borderline abusive, buffoon to foreground the strength of the movie's protagonist Moana." He went on to explain that, "the omission of a goddess-heroine is significant because Polynesia is a culture with a vast pantheon of powerful heroic goddesses. Hina, a companion goddess to the god Maui, was nowhere to be found in Disney's imagineering of Moana."[112]

text: Accolades[edit]


document_title: Solo: A Star Wars Story

question_text: who plays han solo in new star wars movie

root

text: Solo: A Star Wars Story

text: Premise[edit]

text: Described as a space western,[9] the film is centered on a young Han Solo and his adventures with his Wookiee partner Chewbacca, including their encounter with Lando Calrissian.[6][1]

tag: p

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Alden Ehrenreich as Han Solo, a cynical smuggler.[10][11] When asked how Solo differs from the Solo of latter Star Wars films, Ehrenreich stated "I think the main thing that's different is that the Han we meet in this film is more of an idealist. He has certain dreams that he follows, and we watch how it affects him as those dreams meet new realities – realities that are harder and more challenging than he'd expected."[12] The original Han Solo actor, Harrison Ford, met with him giving him some insight, and words of advice.[13]
Woody Harrelson as Tobias Beckett, a criminal and Han's mentor.[14][15][16]
Emilia Clarke as Qi'ra.[17][18] Describing her character, Clarke said "She has a couple of guises, but essentially she is just fighting to stay alive. If you've got a really glamorous lady in a really sordid environment, you kind of know the glamor is hiding a few rough roads."[12] With regard to her character's relationship with Solo, Clarke offered that "They grew up as comrades, essentially. They grew up as pals, as partners in crime. There is obviously the romantic side of things. But they grew up together. So they were kids together."[19]
Donald Glover as Lando Calrissian, a smuggler on the rise in the galaxy's underworld.[20]
Thandie Newton as Val[6][16]
Phoebe Waller-Bridge as L3-37, Lando's droid companion.[21][16]
Joonas Suotamo as Chewbacca, Han's Wookiee sidekick and first mate.[6]
Paul Bettany as Dryden Vos, a crime lord.[16] Michael K. Williams had originally been cast,[22] but he was removed from the final film after being unable to return to set during the film's reshoots.[23] Bettany was cast in his place, with the character being reworked from a motion-capture alien (described by Williams as half-mountain lion, half-human)[24] to a human.[25]

tag: ul

text: Screenwriter Jonathan Kasdan and first assistant director Toby Hefferman portray Tag Greenley and Bink Otauna, respectively, two characters that first appeared in the Star Wars comics published by Dark Horse Comics.[26] Jon Favreau will provide the voice for Rio Durant, "a very cool and important alien character."[27][28] Ian Kenny,[29] Warwick Davis[30] and Clint Howard are also cast in undisclosed roles.[31]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Before selling Lucasfilm to Disney, George Lucas started development on a film about a young Han Solo. Lucas hired Star Wars original trilogy veteran script writer Lawrence Kasdan to write the script. However when Kasdan left to help finish the script for Star Wars: The Force Awakens, he left his son Jonathan Kasdan who had been unofficially helping him, in charge of finishing the script for Solo until his return.[32] In February 2013, Disney CEO Bob Iger confirmed the development of two Star Wars standalone films, each individually written by Lawrence Kasdan and Simon Kinberg.[33] Shortly after, it was reported that Disney was working on two films featuring Han Solo and Boba Fett.[34] Disney CFO Jay Rasulo described the standalone films as origin stories.[35] Kathleen Kennedy explained that the standalone films would not crossover with the films of the sequel trilogy, stating, "George [Lucas] was so clear as to how that works. The canon that he created was the Star Wars saga. Right now, Episode VII falls within that canon. The spin-off movies, or we may come up with some other way to call those films, they exist within that vast universe that he created. There is no attempt being made to carry characters (from the standalone films) in and out of the saga episodes. Consequently, from the creative standpoint, it's a roadmap that George made pretty clear."[36] In April 2015, Lucasfilm and Kennedy announced that the standalone films would be referred to as the Star Wars Anthology series.[37][38]

text: In July 2015, Lucasfilm announced that an Anthology film, focusing "on how [a] young Han Solo became the smuggler, thief, and scoundrel whom Luke Skywalker and Obi-Wan Kenobi first encountered in the cantina at Mos Eisley",[39] would be released on May 25, 2018. The project would be directed by Phil Lord and Christopher Miller from a script by Lawrence Kasdan and Jonathan Kasdan. Kennedy would serve as a producer on the film, with Lawrence Kasdan and Jason McGatlin executive producers;[1] Allison Shearmur and Simon Emanuel also produce.[6] The Han Solo project was separate from a film that was originally being developed by Josh Trank, which was pushed back to an unconfirmed date.[40] Solo's friend, the Wookiee, Chewbacca, would also appear in the film.[41][42] In May 2016, Lawrence Kasdan stated that filming would start in January 2017.[43]

text: Casting[edit]

text: In January 2016, a shortlist of actors was revealed for the role of young Han Solo, including Miles Teller, Ansel Elgort, Dave Franco, Jack Reynor, Scott Eastwood, Logan Lerman, Emory Cohen and Blake Jenner.[44] In March 2016, it was reported that Alden Ehrenreich, Reynor and Taron Egerton were on a shortlist of actors considered for the young Han Solo role.[45] In May 2016, Ehrenreich was reported to have been cast as the young Han Solo,[10] and was revealed in the role at Star Wars Celebration: Celebration Europe III two months later.[11] Miller called casting the role one of "the hardest casting challenges of all time" adding they "saw over 3,000 people for the part".[46]

text: By the following October, Tessa Thompson, Naomi Scott, Zoë Kravitz, Emilia Clarke, Kiersey Clemons, Jessica Henwick and Adria Arjona were being considered for the female lead,[47][48] while Donald Glover was being considered to play a young Lando Calrissian.[47] Glover was confirmed for Calrissian shortly after,[20] with Clarke cast as the female lead the following month.[49][48]

text: In early January 2017, Woody Harrelson was revealed to be in negotiations to portray Han Solo's mentor,[50] and was confirmed to be appearing in the film shortly after.[14] Christian Bale had previously been in discussions for the role.[51] A subsequent interview with Harrelson bolstered speculation that he may be specifically playing Star Wars Legends character Garris Shrike,[52][53] but Harrelson revealed the character's name as Beckett in March 2017.[15] In February 2017, Phoebe Waller-Bridge joined the cast in an undisclosed role, said to be "a CGI-driven performance" similar to Alan Tudyk in Rogue One as the droid K-2SO.[21] Additionally, it was reported that Thandie Newton was in negotiations to star in the film.[54] Waller-Bridge and Newton were confirmed as being cast by the end of February, alongside the announcement that Joonas Suotamo would appear as Chewbacca, reprising the role from Star Wars: The Force Awakens and Star Wars: The Last Jedi that he shared with original Chewbacca actor Peter Mayhew.[6] Michael K. Williams entered talks to join the film in early March 2017,[55] and was confirmed shortly after,[22] portraying a half-human, half-animal creature.[23] By the end of the month, Ian Kenny had joined the cast.[29] Warwick Davis was confirmed as part of the cast by the end of July 2017.[30]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming began on January 30, 2017,[56] at Pinewood Studios,[46] under the working title Star Wars: Red Cup.[56] Lucasfilm announced that principal photography started on February 20, 2017.[6] Bradford Young serves as the cinematographer for the film.[57] In May 2017, filming moved to the Canary Islands, and Lucasfilm replaced editor Chris Dickens with Pietro Scalia. Lucasfilm also hired an acting coach for Ehrenreich, as they were unhappy with his performance up to that point.[7]

text: On June 20, 2017, citing "creative differences", Lucasfilm and Lord and Miller jointly announced their intent to part ways, with a new director "to be announced soon".[2][58] It was reported that the directors were fired after Kennedy and Kasdan disagreed with their shooting style;[3][59] Lord and Miller believed they were hired to make a comedy film, while Lucasfilm was looking for the duo to add "a comedic touch" to the space fantasy. Lucasfilm also felt that the directors were encouraging too much improvisation from the actors, which was believed to be "shifting the story off-course" from the Kasdans' script.[60] To appease Kasdan, who was unhappy with scenes not being filmed "word for word... Lord and Miller would do several takes exactly as written and then shoot additional takes."[7] Lord and Miller refused to compromise on the way to approach certain scenes, such as filming a scene from fewer angles than what Lucasfilm was expecting reducing the options available in editing, leading to a strained relationship with Lucasfilm.[60][7] The duo were also unhappy when Kasdan was brought to the London set, feeling he became a "shadow director".[7] The decision to remove Lord and Miller from the project was made after a short hiatus in filming taken to review the footage. Additional weeks of filming had been planned.[3]

text: It was reported that Star Wars creator George Lucas's close friend Ron Howard, who previously had turned down an offer from Lucas himself to direct Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace,[61] was a frontrunner to step in as director. Joe Johnston and Kasdan were also being considered, though Directors Guild of America rules state that a replacement for a director may not be someone already involved in the production.[59][62] Two days later, it was announced that Howard would take over directing duties for the remaining three-and-a-half weeks of scheduled principal photography as well as the scheduled five weeks of reshoots.[4][63] On being hired, Howard wrote, "I'm beyond grateful to add my voice to the Star Wars Universe... I hope to honor the great work already done & help deliver on the promise of a Han Solo film."[64] Howard was expected to arrive in London on June 26 to complete filming.[7] During the film's reshoots, actor Michael K. Williams was unable to return to the production, due to a schedule conflict with filming The Red Sea Diving Resort, resulting in his part being cut. Williams stated the reshoots for his character were "to match the new direction which the producers wanted Ron to carry the film in", and that he would not have been available again until November 2017, and the production did not want to wait for his availability in order to still be able to release in May 2018.[23]

text: Lucas, a friend and mentor of Howard due to previous collaborations, made a surprise visit to the set to encourage his friend on his first day shooting. While originally meant as a short meeting, Lucas ended up spending the whole day with the crew. While Lucas did not mean to interfere, at some point he forgot and asked "Why doesn't Han just do this?". Upon hearing Lucas' suggestion, Howard decided to film it and include it in the film.[65] On October 17, 2017, Howard announced that principal photography had been completed; he also revealed the official title of the film as Solo: A Star Wars Story.[66]

text: In March 2018, it was announced that the original directors Lord and Miller will receive executive producer credits on the film.[5]

text: Music[edit]

text: In July 2017, John Powell was announced as the main composer of the film's score.[67] Longtime Star Wars composer John Williams will contribute the Han Solo theme for the film.[68]

text: Release[edit]

text: Solo: A Star Wars Story will have its world premiere on May 15, 2018 at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival.[69] The film is scheduled to be released in the United States on May 25, 2018, the 41st anniversary of Star Wars: Episode IV – A New Hope in which Harrison Ford first appeared as Han Solo. Despite the firing of Phil Lord and Christopher Miller, Lucasfilm has maintained that the film is on schedule for its intended release date.[1][2]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: A "sneak peek" TV spot was released during Super Bowl LII on February 4, 2018.[70] It became the most popular Super Bowl trailer on YouTube with 8 million views. It also had 5.9 million views on Facebook.[71]

text: The first official teaser trailer was released on February 5, 2018. Graeme McMillan of The Hollywood Reporter criticized the trailer as "dull", and compared it negatively to the look of Rogue One, opining that the visuals "should be the hive of scum and villainy of the Cantina of the very first movie, filled with colorful aliens and things happening all over the place. That busyness, the sense of danger and hustle, feels appropriate for Solo in a way that what's on show in this first trailer simply doesn't." He also noted that several plot elements presented in the trailer were reminiscent of The Han Solo Trilogy, a series of novels published in 1997 and 1998.[72]

text: In early March 2018, French artist Hachim Bahous asserted that Disney had plagiarized a series of album covers he designed for Sony Music's label Legacy Recordings in France with character posters for the film. Disney stated they were investigating the alleged plagiarism and that the Solo posters had been produced by an outside vendor.[73]

text: In the weeks leading up to the film, EA Capital Games announced that new characters based on the film will eventually be collectible and playable in the mobile game Star Wars: Galaxy of Heroes, including a younger Han Solo and Chewbacca as they appeared in the film.[74]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Phil Lord and Christopher Miller, the film's original directors,[1] were fired from the film in June 2017 after over four-and-a-half months of shooting, about three-quarters through principal photography.[2][3][4] Howard took over directing duties for the remaining three-and-a-half weeks of scheduled principal photography and five weeks of reshoots.[4] The duo opted to receive credit as executive producers on the film.[5]
Jump up ^ Chris Dickens, the film's original editor,[6] was replaced by Scalia in May 2017 during principal photography.[7]

tag: ol


document_title: Government of Australia

question_text: which branch of government makes laws in australia

text: Government of Australia

text: Structure[edit]

text: Section 1 of the Australian Constitution creates a democratic legislature, the bicameral Parliament of Australia which consists of the Queen of Australia, and two houses of parliament, the Senate and the House of Representatives. Section 51 of the Constitution provides for the Commonwealth Government's legislative powers and allocates certain powers and responsibilities (known as "heads of power") to the Commonwealth government. All remaining responsibilities are retained by the six States (previously separate colonies). Further, each State has its own constitution, so that Australia has seven sovereign Parliaments, none of which can encroach on the functions of any other. The High Court of Australia arbitrates on any disputes which arise between the Commonwealth and the States, or among the States, concerning their respective functions.

text: The Commonwealth Parliament can propose changes to the Constitution. To become effective, the proposals must be put to a referendum of all Australians of voting age, and must receive a "double majority": a majority of all votes, and a majority of votes in a majority of States.

text: The Commonwealth Constitution also provides that the States can agree to refer any of their powers to the Commonwealth. This may be achieved by way of an amendment to the Constitution via referendum (a vote on whether the proposed transfer of power from the States to the Commonwealth, or vice versa, should be implemented). More commonly powers may be transferred by passing other acts of legislation which authorise the transfer and such acts require the legislative agreement of all the state governments involved. This "transfer" legislation may have a "sunset clause", a legislative provision that nullifies the transfer of power after a specified period, at which point the original division of power is restored.

text: In addition, Australia has several "territories", two of which are self-governing:  the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) and the Northern Territory (NT).  These territories' legislatures, their Assemblies, exercise powers devolved to them by the Commonwealth;  the Commonwealth Parliament remains able to override their legislation and to alter their powers.  Australian citizens in these territories are represented by members of both houses of the Commonwealth Parliament.  The territory of Norfolk Island was self-governing from 1979 until 2016, although it was never  represented as such in the Commonwealth Parliament.  The other territories that are regularly inhabited—Jervis Bay, Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands—have never been self-governing.

text: The federal nature of the Commonwealth and the structure of the Parliament of Australia were the subject of protracted negotiations among the colonies during the drafting of the Constitution. The House of Representatives is elected on a basis that reflects the differing populations of the States. Thus New South Wales has 48 members while Tasmania has only five.  But the Senate is elected on a basis of equality among the States: all States elect 12 Senators, regardless of population. This was intended to allow the Senators of the smaller States to form a majority and thus be able to amend or reject bills originating in the House of Representatives. The ACT and the NT each elect two Senators.

text: The third level of government after Commonwealth and State/Territory is Local government, in the form of shires, towns and cities. The Councils of these areas are composed of elected representatives (known as either councillor or alderman, depending on the State), usually serving part-time.  Their powers are devolved to them by the State or Territory in which they are located.

text: Government at the Commonwealth level and the State/Territory level is undertaken by three inter-connected arms of government:

text:
Legislature: The Commonwealth Parliament
Executive: The Sovereign of Australia, whose executive power is exercisable by the Governor-General, the Prime Minister, Ministers and their Departments
Judiciary: The High Court of Australia and subsidiary Federal courts.

text: The Separation of powers is the principle whereby the three arms of government undertake their activities largely separately from each other:

text:
the Legislature proposes laws in the form of Bills, and provides a legislative framework for the operations of the other two arms;  the sovereign is formally a part of the Parliament, but takes no active role in these matters, except that (representing the sovereign) Governors-General, State Governors and Territory Administrators sign enactments into law through providing Royal Assent
the Executive administers the laws and carries out the tasks assigned to it by legislation
the Judiciary hears cases arising from the administration of the law, applying both statute law and the common law;  the Australian courts cannot give an advisory opinion on the constitutionality of a law, but the High Court of Australia can determine whether an existing law is constitutional
the Judiciary is appointed by the sovereign's representatives, on the advice of the Commonwealth  or State/Territory government;  but the Legislature and the Executive should  not try to influence its decisions.

text: Until the passage of the Australia Act 1986, and associated legislation in the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, some Australian cases could be referred to the British Judicial Committee of the Privy Council for final appeal. With this act, Australian law was made unequivocally sovereign, and the High Court of Australia was confirmed as the highest court of appeal. The theoretical possibility of the British Parliament enacting laws to override the Australian Constitution was also removed.[7]

text: Legislature[edit]

text: The Legislature makes the laws, and supervises the activities of the other two arms with a view to changing the laws when appropriate. The Australian Parliament is bicameral, consisting of the Queen of Australia, a 76-member Senate and a 150-member House of Representatives.

text: Twelve Senators from each state are elected for six-year terms, using proportional representation and the single transferable vote (known in Australia as "quota-preferential voting": see Australian electoral system), with half elected every three years. In addition to the state Senators, two senators are elected by voters from the Northern Territory (which for this purpose includes the Indian Ocean Territories, Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands), while another two senators are elected by the voters of the Australian Capital Territory (which for this purpose includes the Jervis Bay Territory). Senators from the territories are also elected using preferential voting, but their term of office is not fixed;  it starts on the day of a general election for the House of Representatives and ends on the day before the next such election.

text: The members of the House of Representatives are elected by majority-preferential[8] voting using the non-proportional Instant-runoff voting system[9] from single-member constituencies allocated among the states and territories.  In ordinary legislation, the two chambers have co-ordinate powers, but all proposals for appropriating revenue or imposing taxes must be introduced in the House of Representatives. Under the prevailing Westminster system, the leader of the political party or coalition of parties that holds the support of a majority of the members in the House of Representatives is invited to form a government and is named Prime Minister.

text: The Prime Minister and the Cabinet are responsible to the Parliament, of which they must, in most circumstances, be members. General elections are held at least once every three years. The Prime Minister has a discretion to advise the Governor-General to call an election for the House of Representatives at any time, but Senate elections can only be held within certain periods prescribed in the Constitution. The most recent general election was on 2 July 2016.

text: The Commonwealth Parliament and all the state and territory legislatures operate within the conventions of the Westminster system, with a recognised Leader of the Opposition, usually the leader of the largest party outside the government, and a Shadow Cabinet of Opposition members who "shadow" each member of the Ministry, asking questions on matters within the Minister's portfolio. Although the Government, by virtue of commanding a majority of members in the lower house of the legislature, can usually pass its legislation and control the workings of the house, the Opposition can considerably delay the passage of legislation and obstruct government business if it chooses.

text: The day-to-day business of the House of Representatives is usually negotiated between the Leader of the House, appointed by the Prime Minister, and the Manager of Opposition Business in the House, appointed by the Leader of the Opposition in the Commonwealth parliament, currently Bill Shorten.

text: Executive[edit]

text: Head of state[edit]

text: The Australian Constitution dates from 1901, when the Dominions of the British Empire were not sovereign states, and does not use the term "head of state". As Australia is a constitutional monarchy, government and academic sources describe the Queen as head of state.[10] In practice, the role of head of state of Australia is divided between two people, the Queen of Australia and the Governor-General of Australia, who is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister of Australia. Though in many respects the Governor-General is the Queen's representative, and exercises various constitutional powers in her name, they independently exercise many important powers in their own right. The governor-general represents Australia internationally, making and receiving state visits.[11]

text: The Sovereign of Australia, currently Queen Elizabeth II, is also the Sovereign of fifteen other Commonwealth realms including the United Kingdom. Like the other Dominions, Australia gained legislative independence from the Parliament of the United Kingdom by virtue of the Statute of Westminster 1931, which was adopted in Australia in 1942 with retrospective effect from 3 September 1939. By the Royal Style and Titles Act 1953, the Australian Parliament gave the Queen the title Queen of Australia, and in 1973 titles with any reference to her status as Queen of the United Kingdom and Defender of the Faith as well were removed, making her Queen of Australia.

text: Section 61 of the Constitution provides that 'The executive power of the Commonwealth is vested in the Queen and is exercisable by the Governor‑General as the Queen's representative, and extends to the execution and maintenance of this Constitution, and of the laws of the Commonwealth'. Section 2 of the Australian Constitution provides that a Governor-General shall represent the Queen in Australia. In practice, the Governor-General carries out all the functions usually performed by a head of state, without reference to the Queen.

text: Under the conventions of the Westminster system the Governor-General's powers are almost always exercised on the advice of the Prime Minister or other ministers. The Governor-General retains reserve powers similar to those possessed by the Queen in the United Kingdom. These are rarely exercised, but during the Australian constitutional crisis of 1975 Governor-General Sir John Kerr used them independently of the Queen and the Prime Minister.

text: Australia has periodically experienced movements seeking to end the monarchy. In a 1999 referendum, the Australian people voted on a proposal to change the Constitution. The proposal would have removed references to the Queen from the Constitution and replaced the Governor-General with a President nominated by the Prime Minister, but subject to the approval of a two-thirds majority of both Houses of the Parliament. The proposal was defeated. The Australian Republican Movement continues to campaign for an end to the monarchy in Australia, opposed by Australians for Constitutional Monarchy and Australian Monarchist League.

text: Executive Council[edit]

text: The Federal Executive Council is a formal body which exists and meets to give legal effect to decisions made by the Cabinet, and to carry out various other functions. All Ministers are members of the Executive Council and are entitled to be styled "The Honourable", a title which they retain for life. The Governor-General usually presides at Council meetings, but in his or her absence another Minister nominated as the Vice-President of the Executive Council presides at the meeting of the Council. Since 20 December 2017, the Vice-President of the Federal Executive Council has been Senator Mathias Cormann.

text: There are times when the government acts in a "caretaker" capacity, principally in the period prior to and immediately following a general election.

text: Cabinet[edit]

text: The Cabinet of Australia is the council of senior Ministers of the Crown, responsible to the Federal Parliament. The ministers are appointed by the Governor-General, on the advice of the Prime Minister, who serve at the former's pleasure. Cabinet meetings are strictly private and occur once a week where vital issues are discussed and policy formulated. Outside the cabinet there is an outer ministry and also a number of junior ministers, called Parliamentary secretaries, responsible for a specific policy area and reporting directly to a senior Cabinet minister.

text: The Constitution of Australia does not recognise the Cabinet as a legal entity; it exists solely by convention. Its decisions do not in and of themselves have legal force. However, it serves as the practical expression of the Federal Executive Council, which is Australia's highest formal governmental body. In practice, the Federal Executive Council meets solely to endorse and give legal force to decisions already made by the Cabinet. All members of the Cabinet are members of the Executive Council. While the Governor-General is nominal presiding officer, he almost never attends Executive Council meetings. A senior member of the Cabinet holds the office of Vice-President of the Executive Council and acts as presiding officer of the Executive Council in the absence of the Governor-General.

text: Until 1956 all members of the ministry were members of the Cabinet. The growth of the ministry in the 1940s and 1950s made this increasingly impractical, and in 1956 Robert Menzies created a two-tier ministry, with only senior ministers holding Cabinet rank, also known within parliament as the front bench. This practice has been continued by all governments except the Whitlam Government.

text: When the non-Labor parties are in power, the Prime Minister makes all Cabinet and ministerial appointments at their own discretion, although in practice they consult with senior colleagues in making appointments. When the Liberal Party and its predecessors (the Nationalist Party and the United Australia Party) have been in coalition with the National Party or its predecessor the Country Party, the leader of the junior Coalition party has had the right to nominate their party's members of the Coalition ministry, and to be consulted by the Prime Minister on the allocation of their portfolios.

text: When the Labor first held office under Chris Watson, Watson assumed the right to choose members of his Cabinet. In 1907, however, the party decided that future Labor Cabinets would be elected by the members of the Parliamentary Labor Party, the Caucus, and the Prime Minister would retain the right to allocate portfolios. This practice was followed until 2007. Between 1907 and 2007, Labor Prime Ministers exercised a predominant influence over who was elected to Labor ministries, although the leaders of the party factions also exercised considerable influence. Prior to the 2007 general election, the then Leader of the Opposition, Kevin Rudd, said that he and he alone would choose the ministry should he become Prime Minister. His party won the election and he chose the ministry, as he said he would.[12]

text: The cabinet meets not only in Canberra but also in state capitals, most frequently Sydney and Melbourne. Kevin Rudd was in favour of the Cabinet meeting in other places, such as major regional cities.[13] There are Commonwealth Parliament Offices in each State Capital, with those in Sydney located in Phillip Street.

text: Departments[edit]

text: There are 18 departments of the Australian Government.[14][15][16]

text:
Attorney-General's Department
Department of Agriculture and Water Resources
Department of Communications and the Arts
Department of Defence
Department of Education and Training
Department of Employment
Department of the Environment and Energy
Department of Finance
Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade
Department of Health
Department of Home Affairs
Department of Human Services
Department of Industry, Innovation and Science
Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development
Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet
Department of Social Services
Department of the Treasury
Department of Veterans' Affairs

text: Judiciary[edit]

text: As a federation, in Australia judicial power is exercised by both federal and state courts.

text: Federal judicial power is vested in the High Court of Australia and such other federal courts created by the Federal Parliament, including the Federal Court of Australia, the Family Court of Australia, and the Federal Circuit Court of Australia. Additionally, unlike in the United States, the federal legislature has the power to enact laws which vest federal jurisdiction in State courts.[17] Since the Australian Constitution requires a separation of powers at the federal level, only courts may exercise federal judicial power; and conversely, non-judicial functions cannot be vested in courts.[18]

text: State judicial power is exercised by each State's Supreme Court, and such other courts and tribunals created by the State Parliaments.

text: The High Court is the final court of appeal in Australia and has the jurisdiction to hear appeals on matters of both federal and state law. It has both original and appellate jurisdiction, the power of judicial review over laws passed by federal and State parliaments, and has jurisdiction to interpret the Constitution of Australia. Unlike in the United States, there is only one common law of Australia, rather than separate common laws for each State.[19]

text: Publicly owned entities[edit]

text: Corporations prescribed by acts of parliament[edit]

text: The following corporations are prescribed by Acts of Parliament:

text:
Australian Broadcasting Corporation (Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983[20])
Special Broadcasting Service (Special Broadcasting Service Act 1991[21])

text: Government Business Enterprises[edit]

text: The following corporate Commonwealth entities are prescribed as Government Business Enterprises (GBEs) by section 5(1) of the Public Governance, Performance and Accountability (PGPA) Rule:

text:
Australian Postal Corporation ("Australia Post")
Defence Housing Australia

text: The following Commonwealth companies are prescribed as GBEs by section 5(2) of the PGPA Rule:

text:
ASC Pty Ltd
Australian Rail Track Corporation Limited
Moorebank Intermodal Company Limited (ACN 161 635 105)
NBN Co Limited (ACN 136 533 741)[22]

text: Other public non-financial corporations[edit]

text:
Airservices Australia
Snowy Hydro Limited[22]