document_title: San Fernando Valley

question_text: when did the san fernando valley try to secede from los angeles

question_tokens: when did the san fernando valley try to secede from los angeles

text: San Fernando Valley

text: Geography[edit]

text: The San Fernando Valley is about 260 square miles (670 km2)[1] bound by the Santa Susana Mountains to the northwest, the Simi Hills to the west, the Santa Monica Mountains and Chalk Hills to the south, the Verdugo Mountains to the east, and the San Gabriel Mountains to the northeast. The northern Sierra Pelona Mountains, northwestern Topatopa Mountains, southern Santa Ana Mountains, and Downtown Los Angeles skyscrapers can be seen from higher neighborhoods, passes, and parks in the San Fernando Valley.

text: The Los Angeles River begins at the confluence of Calabasas Creek (Arroyo Calabasas) and Bell Creek (Escorpión Creek), between Canoga Park High School and Owensmouth Ave. (just north of Vanowen Street) in Canoga Park. These creeks' headwaters are in the Santa Monica Calabasas foothills, the Simi Hills' Hidden Hills, Santa Susana Field Laboratory, and Santa Susana Pass Park lands. The river flows eastward along the southern regions of the Valley. One of the river's two unpaved sections can be found at the Sepulveda Basin. A seasonal river, the Tujunga Wash, drains much of the western facing San Gabriel Mountains and passes into and then through the Hansen Dam Recreation Center in Lake View Terrace. It flows south along the Verdugo Mountains through the eastern communities of the valley to join the Los Angeles River in Studio City. Other notable tributaries of the river include Dayton Creek, Caballero Creek, Bull Creek, Pacoima Wash, and Verdugo Wash. The elevation of the floor of the valley varies from about 600 ft (180 m) to 1,200 ft (370 m) above sea level.

text: Most of the San Fernando Valley is within the jurisdiction of the city of Los Angeles, although a few other incorporated cities are located within the valley as well: Burbank and Glendale are in the southeast corner of the valley, Hidden Hills and Calabasas are in the southwest corner, and San Fernando, which is completely surrounded by Los Angeles, is in the northeast valley. Universal City, an enclave in the southern part of the valley, is unincorporated land housing the Universal Studios filming lot and theme park. Mulholland Drive, which runs along the ridgeline of the Santa Monica Mountains, marks the boundary between the valley and the communities of Hollywood and the Los Angeles Westside.

text: Habitat[edit]

text: The valley's natural habitat is a "temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome" of grassland, oak savanna, and chaparral shrub forest types of plant community habitats, along with lush riparian plants along the river, creeks, and springs. In this Mediterranean climate, post-1790s European agriculture for the mission's support consisted of grapes, figs, olives, and general garden crops.[2]

text: Government and political representation[edit]

text: The San Fernando Valley contains five incorporated cities—Glendale, Burbank, San Fernando, Hidden Hills and Calabasas—and part of a sixth, Los Angeles, which governs a majority of the valley. The unincorporated communities (Census-designated places) are governed by the County of Los Angeles.

text: Representation[edit]

text: The Los Angeles city section of the valley is divided into seven city council districts: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 12. Of the 95 neighborhood councils in the city, 34 are in the valley. The valley is represented in the California State Legislature by seven members of the State Assembly and five members of the State Senate. The valley is divided into five congressional districts. It is represented in Congress by senior figures from both parties, including Representative Brad Sherman (D), Representative Ted Lieu (D), Representative Tony Cardenas (D), Representative Adam Schiff (D), and Representative Steve Knight (R). In the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors, it is represented by two supervisorial districts, with the western portion represented by Sheila Kuehl and the eastern portion by Michael D. Antonovich, who lives in Glendale.

text: Politics[edit]

text: The San Fernando Valley, for the most part, tends to support Democrats in state and national elections. This is especially true in the southern areas which include Sherman Oaks and the city of Burbank.[citation needed]

text: Services[edit]

text:
The Los Angeles satellite administrative center for the valley, The Civic Center Van Nuys, is in Van Nuys. The area in and around the Van Nuys branch of Los Angeles City Hall is home to a police station, municipal and superior courts and Los Angeles city and county administrative offices. Northridge is home to California State University, Northridge (originally named San Fernando Valley State College).
Many branches of the Los Angeles Public Library are located in the valley.
For independent libraries see "Incorporated Cities (independent)" in the "Municipalities and districts" list below.
Los Angeles Police Department, Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department, and independent valley city departments.
Los Angeles Fire Department, Los Angeles County Fire Department, Burbank Police Department, and independent valley city departments.
City of Los Angeles Neighborhood Councils

text: History[edit]

text: Pre-California statehood[edit]

text: The Tongva, later known as the Gabrieleño Mission Indians after colonization, and the Tataviam to the north and Chumash to the west, had lived and thrived in the valley and its arroyos for over 8,000 years.[3] They had numerous settlements, and trading and hunting camps, before the Spanish arrived in 1769 to settle in the Valley.[4]

text: The first Spanish land grant in the San Fernando Valley (or El Valle de Santa Catalina de Bononia de los Encinos[5]) was called "Rancho Encino" (present-day Mission Hills on the Camino Viejo before Newhall Pass), in the northern part of the San Fernando Valley. Juan Francisco Reyes built an adobe dwelling beside a Tongva village or rancheria at natural springs, but the land was soon taken from him so a mission could be built there.[6] Mission San Fernando Rey de España was established in 1797 as the 17th of the 21 missions.[7] The land trade granted Juan Francisco Reyes the similarly named Rancho Los Encinos, also beside springs (Los Encinos State Historic Park in present-day Encino). Later the Mexican land grants of Rancho El Escorpión (West Hills), Rancho Providencia and Rancho Cahuenga (Burbank), and Rancho Ex-Mission San Fernando (rest of valley) covered the San Fernando Valley.[citation needed]

text: The Treaty of Cahuenga, ending the Mexican–American War fighting in Alta California, was signed in 1847 by Californios and Americans at Campo de Cahuenga, the Verdugo Family adobe at the entrance to the Cahuenga Pass in the southeast San Fernando Valley (North Hollywood). The 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the entire war.

text: California statehood and beyond[edit]

text: In 1874, dry wheat farming was introduced by J. B. Lankershim and Isaac Van Nuys, which became very productive for their San Fernando Homestead Association that owned the southern half of the valley. In 1876 they sent the very first wheat shipment from both San Pedro Harbor and from the United States to Europe.[8]

text: 20th century[edit]

text: Through the late 19th century court decision Los Angeles v. Pomeroy, Los Angeles had won the rights to all surface flow water atop an aquifer beneath the valley, without it being within the city limits.[9] San Fernando Valley farmers offered to buy the surplus aqueduct water, but the federal legislation that enabled the construction of the aqueduct prohibited Los Angeles from selling the water outside of the city limits.[10] This induced several independent towns surrounding Los Angeles to vote on and approve annexation to the city so they could connect to the municipal water system. These rural areas became part of Los Angeles in 1915.[11] The Los Angeles Suburban Homes Company, a syndicate led by Harry Chandler, Hobart Johnstone Whitley, president of the company,[11] Henry E. Huntington, extended his Pacific Electric Railway (Red Cars) through the Valley to Owensmouth (now Canoga Park) and laid out plans for roads and the towns of Lankershim (now North Hollywood) and Van Nuys.[citation needed] The rural areas were annexed by Los Angeles in 1915.[12] The growing towns voted for annexation – for example: Owensmouth (Canoga Park) in 1915,[13] Laurel Canyon and Lankershim in 1923,[14]:45 Sunland in 1926,[14]:29 La Tuna Canyon in 1926, and the incorporated city of Tujunga in an eight-year process lasting from 1927 to 1935.[15] These annexations more than doubled the area of the city.

text: The aqueduct water shifted farming in the area from dry crop, such as wheat, to irrigated crops, such as corn, beans, squash, and cotton; orchards of apricots, persimmons, and walnuts; and major citrus groves of oranges and lemons.[12] They continued until the next increment of development converted land use, with post-war suburbanization leaving only a few enclaves, such as the "open-air museum" groves at the Orcutt Ranch Park and CSUN campus.

text: Six valley cities incorporated independently from Los Angeles: Glendale in 1906, Burbank and San Fernando in 1911, Hidden Hills in 1961, and Calabasas in 1991. Universal City remains an unincorporated enclave that is home to Universal Studios theme park and Universal CityWalk later in the century. Other unincorporated areas in the valley are Bell Canyon.

text: The advent of three new industries in the early 20th century — motion pictures, automobiles, and aircraft — also spurred urbanization and population growth. World War II production and the subsequent postwar boom accelerated this growth so that between 1945 and 1960, the valley's population had quintupled.[16] Los Angeles continued to consolidate its territories in the San Fernando Valley by annexing the former Rancho El Escorpión for Canoga Park-West Hills in 1959, and the huge historic "Porter Ranch" at the foot of the Santa Susana Mountains for the new planned developments in Porter Ranch in 1965.[citation needed] The additions expanded the Los Angeles portion of San Fernando Valley from the original 169 square miles (438 km2) to 224 square miles (580 km2) today.

text: The 1994 Northridge earthquake struck on January 17 and measured 6.7 on the Moment magnitude scale. It produced the largest ground motions ever recorded in an urban environment and was the first earthquake that had its hypocenter located directly under a U.S. city since the Long Beach earthquake of 1933.[17] It caused the greatest damage in the United States since the 1906 San Francisco earthquake.[18] Although given the name "Northridge", the epicenter was located in the community of Reseda, between Arminta and Ingomar streets, just west of Reseda Boulevard.[19] The death toll was 57 and more than 1,500 people were seriously injured. A few days after the earthquake, 9,000 homes and businesses were still without electricity; 20,000 were without gas; and more than 48,500 had little or no water. About 12,500 structures were moderately to severely damaged, which left thousands of people temporarily homeless. Of the 66,546 buildings inspected, 6% were severely damaged (red tagged) and 17% were moderately damaged (yellow tagged). In addition, damage to several major freeways serving Los Angeles choked the traffic system in the days following the earthquake. Major freeway damage occurred as far away as 25 miles (40 km) from the epicenter. Collapses and other severe damage forced closure of portions of 11 major roads to downtown Los Angeles.[20]

text: This was the second time in 23 years that the San Fernando Valley had been affected by a strong earthquake. On February 9, 1971, a magnitude 6.5 event struck about 20 miles (32 km) northeast of the epicenter of the 1994 event. The 1971 earthquake caused 58 fatalities and about 2,000 injuries. At the time, the 1971 San Fernando earthquake was the most destructive event to affect greater Los Angeles since the magnitude 6.3 Long Beach earthquake of 1933.[21]

text: 21st century[edit]

text: By the late 1990s the San Fernando Valley had become more urban and more ethnically diverse with rising poverty and crime. In 2002, the valley tried to secede from the city of Los Angeles and become its own incorporated city to escape Los Angeles' perceived poverty, crime, gang activity, urban decay, and poorly maintained infrastructure. Since that unsuccessful secession attempt, a new Van Nuys municipal building was built in 2003; the Metro Orange Line opened in October 2005; 35 new public schools had opened up by 2012, and the valley's ethnic majority is now Hispanic, edging out Whites by 0.8%.

text: By 2017, numerous urban development projects began in the valley, mainly in the LA City neighborhoods of North Hollywood, Panorama City, and Woodland Hills. These projects started with the first few in Woodland Hills and the NoHo West project in North Hollywood began groundbreaking and construction on April 6, 2017.

text: Parks and recreation[edit]

text: The San Fernando Valley is home to numerous neighborhood city parks, recreation areas and large Regional Open Space preserves. Many preserves are maintained as public parkland by the National Park Service's Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area, the California State Parks, and local county and municipal parks districts.

text: Small garden parks and missions[edit]

text:
The Japanese Garden
The gardens at Adobes
The Orcutt Ranch Horticulture Center
The Leonis Adobe
The Andrés Pico adobe
Los Encinos State Historic Park
Mission San Fernando

text: Recreation areas[edit]

text:
Griffith Park, located at the southeastern end of the valley in the Hollywood Hills
Sepulveda Dam recreation area
Hansen Dam recreation area
Los Angeles River, with parks of various sizes along the part of the river located in the valley

text: Mountain open-space parks[edit]

text:
Backbone Trail System
Bell Canyon Park
Brand Park
Chatsworth Park South
Deukmejian Wilderness Park
El Escorpión Park
Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail
La Tuna Park
Laurel Canyon Park
Marvin Braude Mulholland Gateway Park
O'Melveny Park above Granada Hills
Rocky Peak Park
Sage Ranch Park (located in Simi Valley)
Santa Susana Pass State Historic Park
Topanga State Park
Upper Las Virgenes Canyon Open Space Preserve
Verdugo Mountains Open Space Preserve
Wilacre Park

text: Municipalities and neighborhoods[edit]

text: Incorporated cities (independent)[edit]

text:
Los Angeles
Burbank
Calabasas
Glendale
Hidden Hills
San Fernando

text: Unincorporated communities[edit]

text:
Bell Canyon
Calabasas Highlands
Kagel Canyon
Universal City
West Chatsworth

text: City of Los Angeles neighborhoods of the San Fernando Valley[edit]

text:
Arleta
Cahuenga Pass
Canoga Park
Chatsworth
Encino
Granada Hills
La Tuna Canyon
Lake Balboa
Lake View Terrace
Mission Hills
NoHo Arts District
North Hills
North Hollywood
Northridge
Pacoima
Panorama City
Porter Ranch
Reseda
Shadow Hills+
Sherman Oaks
Studio City
Sun Valley
Sunland-Tujunga+
Sylmar
Tarzana
Toluca Lake
Valley Glen
Valley Village
Van Nuys
Warner Center
West Hills
Winnetka
Woodland Hills

text: + These communities are also included in the Crescenta Valley.

text: Economy[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The Valley is home to numerous companies, the most well-known of which work in motion pictures, music recording, and television production. The former movie ranches were branches of original studios now consisting of CBS Studio Center, NBCUniversal, The Walt Disney Company (and its ABC television network), and Warner Bros.

text: The valley was previously known for advances in aerospace technology and nuclear research by companies such as Lockheed, Rocketdyne and its Santa Susana Field Laboratory, Atomics International, Litton Industries, Marquardt, and TRW's predecessor Thompson Ramo Wooldridge.

text: Adult entertainment[edit]

text: The valley became the pioneering region for producing adult films in the 1970s and grew to become home to a multibillion-dollar pornography industry, earning the monikers "Porn Valley",[23][24] "Silicone Valley" (in contrast to Silicon Valley, nickname for the Santa Clara Valley)[25][26][27][28][29][30] and "San Pornando Valley".[31][32] The leading trade paper for the industry, AVN magazine, is based in the Northwest Valley, as were a majority of U.S. adult video and magazine distributors. The Paul Thomas Anderson film, Boogie Nights explores these aspects of the valley. According to the HBO series Pornucopia, at one time, nearly 90% of all legally distributed pornographic films made in the United States are either filmed in or produced by studios based in the San Fernando Valley. The pornography industry began to decline by the mid-2000s, due, for the most part, to the growing amount of free content on the Internet which undercut consumers' willingness to pay. In 2007, industry insiders estimated that revenue for most adult production and distribution companies had declined 30% to 50% and the number of new films made had fallen sharply.[33]

text: Utilities and infrastructure[edit]

text: Most of the utilities in the valley are served by public municipal governments, primarily the cities of Los Angeles, Burbank, and Glendale, while there are only two private-owned utilities for gas and electricity in the valley as well. Southern California Edison has their overhead power lines going through the city of Burbank and through the Los Angeles city neighborhoods of Sylmar, Mission Hills, Arleta, North Hollywood, Studio City, Woodland Hills, Granada Hills, Porter Ranch, and Chatsworth as well.

text: The valley is served by the following utility companies.

text: Electricity

text:
Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (serves the entire Los Angeles city section of the valley which is two thirds of the land area)
Burbank Water and Power
Southern California Edison (serves the cities of San Fernando and Hidden Hills)[34]
Glendale Water and Power

text: Natural gas

text: Southern California Gas Company

text: Water

text:
Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (serves the entire Los Angeles city section of the valley which is two thirds of the land area)
Burbank Water and Power
City of San Fernando
Metropolitan Water District
Glendale Water and Power

text: Phone service

text:
AT&T
Frontier Communications

text: Cable television

text: Charter Communications(Spectrum)

text: Sanitation

text:
City of Los Angeles
City of San Fernando (Republic Services, Inc.)
City of Burbank
City of Glendale

text: Transportation[edit]

text: Automobiles[edit]

text: The automobile still remains the dominant form of transportation in the valley. Major freeways cross the Valley, including Interstate 405 – San Diego Freeway; U.S. Route 101 – Ventura Freeway / Hollywood Freeway; State Route 118 – Reagan Freeway; State Route 170 – Hollywood Freeway; Interstate 210 – Foothill Freeway; and Interstate 5 – Golden State Freeway. Most of the major thoroughfares run on a cartographic grid: notable streets include Sepulveda Boulevard, Ventura Boulevard, Laurel Canyon Boulevard, San Fernando Road, Victory Boulevard, Reseda Boulevard, Riverside Drive, Mulholland Drive, and State Route 27 – Topanga Canyon Boulevard.

text: Rapid transit[edit]

text: Subway, dedicated transitway, and express and local buses, provided by many agencies, serve the San Fernando Valley. Some of the former rights-of-way of the Pacific Electric Railway, which first accelerated population growth in the Valley,[35] have been repurposed for busways and light rail lines.

text: The Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority operates two Metro Red Line subway stations in the Valley, which are located at Universal City and North Hollywood, which connect it directly to Hollywood and Downtown Los Angeles. With transfers, they connect the Valley to the entire Metro regional light rail and subway network. Connections are available to Mid-Wilshire, San Gabriel Valley, LAX adjacent, and Long Beach termini. The Red Line's two Valley subway stations provide access to national travel through Bob Hope Airport and Amtrak and regional travel through Metrolink, Metro Rapid, Metro Local, and the Metro Orange Line.

text: The Orange Line busway uses a dedicated transitway route running the east-west length of the Valley connecting the North Hollywood Red Line Station to the Warner Center Transit Hub in Woodland Hills and then heads north through Canoga Park to the Chatsworth Metrolink train station.[36]

text: Rail and air[edit]

text: Metrolink commuter rail has two Valley lines, the Antelope Valley Line and Ventura County Line, which connect the Valley and beyond to downtown Los Angeles and south, becoming one line at the Burbank station.

text: Amtrak's Pacific Surfliner long-distance rail line has stops at Burbank Airport station, Van Nuys, and Chatsworth Station, before proceeding on to Ventura County, Santa Barbara, and Northern California or Union Station and San Diego.

text: The California High-Speed Rail Authority is planning two stations in the Valley, one in downtown Burbank and the other in Sylmar, with an initial section of the railroad possibly opening in 2029.

text: The Valley's two major airports are Bob Hope Airport and the Van Nuys Airport. The Van Nuys – Airport FlyAway Terminal provides non-stop scheduled shuttle service to LAX and back to the Valley, with parking.

text: Education[edit]

text: Public schools in the San Fernando Valley are served by three unified school districts; Los Angeles Unified School District, the Glendale Unified School District and the Burbank Unified School District. There are four community colleges in the valley; Los Angeles Valley College in Valley Glen, Los Angeles Mission College in Sylmar, Los Angeles Pierce College in Woodland Hills and Glendale Community College in the College Hills neighborhood of Glendale. All except Glendale College are served by the Los Angeles Community College District. The only state university in the San Fernando Valley is; California State University Northridge in Northridge.

text: In 1994 there were 180,000 PK-12 students attending Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD) campuses in the Valley. During the same year, about 45,000 PK-12 students, or one in five of all such students, attended the over 200 private schools in the Valley.[37]

text: Culture[edit]

text: The San Fernando Valley is home to a number of noteworthy culture assets, including:

text: The Great Wall of Los Angeles – A 2,754 ft long mural designed by Judy Baca and painted on the sides of the Tujunga Wash, depicting the history of California.

text: Museums[edit]

text: The San Fernando Valley only has two museums in the valley. One in Sylmar, Los Angeles and one in Glendale.

text:
The Museum of Neon Art (MONA) – Glendale museum dedicated to signs and fine art pieces that incorporate neon lighting into their designs.
The Nethercutt Collection – Museum in Sylmar best known for its collection of classic automobiles, also has collections of mechanical musical instruments and antique furniture.

text: Convention center[edit]

text: The San Fernando Valley has a convention center located in the city of Burbank, east of the Burbank Airport.

text: Performing arts venues[edit]

text: The San Fernando Valley has three performing arts venues. One in the Northridge neighborhood of Los Angeles, one in Glendale, and one in Burbank.

text:
The Alex Theatre – Originally constructed in 1925 and later redesigned, the center of arts and culture for the city of Glendale.
The Starlight Bowl – A 5,000 capacity amphitheater built in 1950, located in Burbank.
The Valley Performing Arts Center – Located on the CSUN campus, features a 1,700-seat concert hall.

text: Amusement parks[edit]

text: The San Fernando Valley once had an amusement park in the Van Nuys neighborhood of Los Angeles which was Busch Gardens which was located near the widely known Budweiser factory in the middle of the valley, but torn down in the late 1970s and early 1980s due to declining business and opposition from nearby residents. As of now, The only amusement park in the San Fernando Valley is Universal Studios Hollywood in unincorporated Universal City.

text: Healthcare[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: There are two Kaiser Permanente hospitals in the San Fernando Valley, one in Panorama City and one in Woodland Hills serving the valley. Also, there are two Providence hospitals in Burbank and Mission Hills. Besides Kaiser Permanente and Providence hospitals, most of the valley is served by non-profit hospitals such as; Valley Presbyterian Hospital in Van Nuys, Northridge Hospital Medical Center in Northridge, Olive View – UCLA Medical Center in Sylmar, Encino Hospital Medical Center in Encino, and Sherman Oaks Hospital in Sherman Oaks.

text: Valley independence and secession[edit]

text: Independence movements[edit]

text: The Valley attempted to secede in the 1970s, but the state passed a law barring city formation without the approval of the City Council. In 1997, Assemblymen Bob Hertzberg and Tom McClintock helped pass a bill that would make it easier for the Valley to secede by removing the City Council veto. AB 62 was signed into law by Governor Pete Wilson. Meanwhile, a grassroots movement to split the Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD) and create new San Fernando Valley-based school districts became the focal point of the desire to leave the city. Though the state rejected the idea of Valley-based districts, it remained an important rallying point for Hertzberg's mayoral campaign, which proved unsuccessful.[38]

text: In 2002, the San Fernando Valley portion of Los Angeles again seriously campaigned to secede from the rest of the city and become its own new independent and incorporated city. The movement gained some momentum, as many San Fernando Valley residents within city limits felt they were not receiving Los Angeles city services on par with the rest of the city and their tax contributions.

text: Before secession could come out for a vote, the Local Agency Formation Commission (LAFCO) studied the fiscal viability of the new city and decided that the new city must mitigate any fiscal loss incurred by the rest of Los Angeles. LAFCO concluded that a new San Fernando Valley city would be financially viable, but would need to mitigate the $60.8 million that the remaining portion of Los Angeles would lose in revenues. Secessionists took this figure as evidence that the Valley gave more money to Los Angeles than it received back in services. This triggered a petition drive led by Valley VOTE[39] to put secession on the ballot. Measures F (the proposed new SFV city) and H (the proposed new Hollywood City, which was on the same ballot) not only decided whether the valley became a city, but voters also got to pick a new name for it. The proposed names on the ballot were San Fernando Valley, Rancho San Fernando, Mission Valley, Valley City, and Camelot. (There was already a separate City of San Fernando in the San Fernando Valley, so that option was not available.) Along with Measures F and H, elections were held for fourteen council members and a mayor. "Valley City" was the chosen name for the proposed SFV city.

text: Valley politicians such as State Senator Richard Alarcón and City Council President Alex Padilla opposed the initiatives. The leader of the LAUSD breakup and former congresswoman and busing opponent Bobbi Fiedler also campaigned against secession. Supporters pointed out that the Valley suffered from many of the same problems of poverty, crime, drug and gang activity as the rest of the city.

text: Measure F did not receive the necessary votes to pass for the Valley to secede. The proposal passed with a slight majority in the Valley, but was defeated by the rest of Los Angeles due to a heavily funded campaign against it led by then-Los Angeles mayor James Hahn. Republican Assemblyman Keith Richman of Northridge was voted in as mayor of the stillborn city, which according to vote returns would have been named San Fernando Valley. Richman and other activists behind the secession movement attempted to redirect their civic energies toward influencing Los Angeles city politics, but their efforts largely fizzled. Hertzberg's 2005 mayoral campaign, which received heavy support in the Valley, nonetheless finished in third place (only a few percentage points behind incumbent Mayor Hahn), and no secession supporters were elected to positions on the Los Angeles City Council.

text: Had the measure passed, the southern portion of the city would have remained as the city of Los Angeles, with about 2.1 million people. The northern Valley portion would have created a new municipality of 211 square miles (546 km2) with about 1.3 million residents. If secession had passed, the new City of San Fernando Valley would have been the seventh most populous city in the United States, after New York City, Chicago, Los Angeles, Houston, Philadelphia, and Phoenix. Also, it would've been a new "twin cities" metropolitan area just like the twin cities metropolitan area of, Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minnesota.

text: District renamings[edit]

text: The NoHo Arts District was established and the name chosen as a reference for its location in North Hollywood and as a play off New York City's arts-centered SoHo District. According to the San Fernando Guide, the change helped develop a "primarily lower to middle-class suburb into . . . a collection of art and a home for the artists who ply their trade in the galleries, theaters and dance studios in this small annex."[40]

text: According to the Lake Balboa Neighborhood Council, from 2002 through November 2007 there was a debate about the official recognition of Lake Balboa as a community by the City of Los Angeles. New community names were not sanctioned by the city until January 2006, when the city adopted a formal community-naming process (City of Los Angeles Council File Number 02 -0196). On November 2, 2007, the City Council of Los Angeles approved a motion renaming a larger portion of Van Nuys to Lake Balboa.[41]

text: Demographics[edit]

text: The residents of the San Fernando Valley are predominantly Latino and White. As of 2012 the population of the San Fernando Valley was 1.77 million. Of the population 41.0% were non-Hispanic white, 41.8% were Hispanic or Latino, 4.6% were African Americans and 12.7% were Asian.[42] According to the 2010 United States Census, The largest city located entirely in the valley is Glendale. The most populous districts of Los Angeles in the Valley are North Hollywood and Van Nuys. Burbank and the two districts named each have more than 100,000 residents. Glendale has more than 196,000 residents. Despite the San Fernando Valley's reputation for sprawling, low-density development, the valley communities of Panorama City, North Hollywood, Van Nuys, Reseda, Canoga Park, and Northridge, all in Los Angeles, have numerous apartment complexes and contain some of the densest census tracts in Los Angeles.

text: Asian Americans make up 10% of the population and live throughout the valley, but are most numerous in the Los Angeles communities of Chatsworth, Panorama City, North Hollywood, Reseda, Canoga Park, Northridge, Porter Ranch and Granada Hills. Unlike the San Gabriel Valley, whose Asian American population is predominantly Chinese, the San Fernando Valley's Asian American population is mostly Filipino and Korean with smaller concentrations of Thai, Vietnamese, and Indian. In contrast to the San Gabriel Valley, the population of Asian Americans is much smaller in the San Fernando Valley. Another large ethnic element of the populace is the Iranian community, with 200,000 people living mainly in west San Fernando Valley communities such as Tarzana, Calabasas, Woodland Hills, Encino, and Sherman Oaks. The valley is also home to a large Jewish community, with a large part of its population in the North Hollywood and Valley Village areas. African Americans compose 3.8% of the Valley's population, living mainly in the Los Angeles sections of Lake View Terrace, Pacoima, Reseda, North Hollywood, Van Nuys, and Northridge.

text: The San Fernando Valley has a significant population below the poverty level. About 30 percent of Valley households in 2009 earned less than $35,000 a year, including 10 percent who made less than $15,000 a year.[43] The Pacoima district, once considered the hub of suburban blight and of having the highest poverty rate, is no longer such. Other San Fernando Valley neighborhoods such as North Hollywood, Panorama City, and Arleta now have poverty rates which are higher.[44]

text: In general, the areas with lower poverty rates have become fewer and more scattered, while many of the now affluent communities have become compartmented, having their own private, planned and gated communities. Many of these tend to be on or near the borders of the Valley in the foothill regions.[45]

text: Property values[edit]

text: In August 2005, the median price of an average one-family home in the San Fernando Valley reached $600,000. In 1997, it was only $155,000. In the summer of 2003, it reached $400,000 and by July 2005, it had reached $578,500. From July to August (one month) 2005, it rose by $100,000. A cooling off was noted in 2006, when between November 2005 and November 2006, median prices rose by the smallest amount of any 12-month period since mid-1997. Indeed, November prices were lower than October prices, and sales for November had fallen 19.1% compared to a year earlier.[46] The United States housing market correction affected the San Fernando Valley in 2007–2009, making housing significantly more affordable in the area: the median sales price fell from $660,000 at the peak in May 2007, to $500,000 by March 2008,[47] stabilizing in 2009 at around $330,000 – $340,000.[48] The San Fernando Valley is home to one of the most expensive housing markets in the country. The median home value as of July 2014 is $536,000, the highest in the region in 8 years. [49]


document_title: Camelia Somers

question_text: who plays charlotte on bold and the beautiful

root

text: Camelia Somers

text:
Camelia Somers

Born
Camelia Marie Somers
(1995-10-02) October 2, 1995 (age 22)
Los Angeles, CA, U.S.

Height
5 ft 5 in (165 cm)

Parent(s)

Bruce Somers Jr. (father)
Caroline Arminio Somers (mother)

Relatives
Suzanne Somers (grandmother)

tag: table

text: Camelia Somers (born Camelia Marie Somers; October 2, 1995) is an American actress who is Suzanne Somers' granddaughter. She is known for her television role as Charlotte on Bradley Bell's daytime soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful on CBS.

tag: p

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Somers was born in Los Angeles, California. Her father, Bruce Somers' Jr. is the owner and chief storyteller of Sincbox Media[1] and her mother, Caroline Somers is a writer and a producer.[2] Somers has done commercials in the past at a young age. She attended Harvard Westlake in Studio City, California where she played a leading role in the school's remake of the musical "Hairspray".[3] She was also involved in choir and cheer/dance. Somers now attends the University of Southern California where she will graduate in 2018.[citation needed]

text: Career[edit]

text: Somers began her acting career in The Bold and the Beautiful as an intern. She is now a recurring actress on the show playing the role of Charlotte.[4][5]


document_title: Women's suffrage in Australia

question_text: who was the first woman to be elected to parliament in australia

text: Women's suffrage in Australia

text: History[edit]

text: Pre-19th century experiences[edit]

text: Traditional Aboriginal society had been governed by councils of elders and a corporate decision making process.

text: The female descendants of the Bounty mutineers who lived on Pitcairn Islands could vote from 1838, and this right transferred with their resettlement to Norfolk Island (now an Australian external territory) in 1856.[1]

text: Male suffrage[edit]

text: The first European-style governments established after 1788 were autocratic and run by appointed governors – although English law was transplanted into the Australian colonies by virtue of the doctrine of reception, thus notions of the rights and processes established by the Magna Carta and the Bill of Rights 1689 were brought from Britain by the colonists. Agitation for representative government began soon after the settlement of the colonies.[2]

text: The oldest legislative body in Australia, the New South Wales Legislative Council, was created in 1825 as an appointed body to advise the Governor of New South Wales. In 1840 the Adelaide City Council and the Sydney City Council were established with limited male suffrage. Australia's first parliamentary elections were conducted for the New South Wales Legislative Council in 1843, again with voting rights (for males only) tied to property ownership or financial capacity. Voter rights were extended further in New South Wales in 1850 and elections for legislative councils were held in the colonies of Victoria, South Australia, and Tasmania.[3]

text: By the mid-19th century, there was a strong desire for representative and responsible government in the colonies of Australia, fed by the democratic spirit of the goldfields evident at the Eureka Stockade and the ideas of the great reform movements sweeping Europe, the United States and the British Empire, such as Chartism. The Australian Colonies Government Act, passed in 1850, was a landmark development that granted representative constitutions to New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania and the colonies enthusiastically set about writing constitutions which produced democratically progressive parliaments – though the constitutions generally maintained the role of the colonial upper houses as representative of social and economic "interests" and all established Constitutional Monarchies with the British monarch as the symbolic head of state.[4] 1855 also saw the granting of the right to vote to all male British subjects 21 years or over in South Australia. This right was extended to Victoria in 1857 and New South Wales the following year. The other colonies followed until, in 1896, Tasmania became the last colony to grant universal male suffrage.[3]

text: Women's suffrage movement[edit]

text: A movement for women's suffrage gathered pace during the 19th century. The experience and organisations involved in the suffrage movement varied across the colonies.

text: Propertied women in the colony of South Australia were granted the vote in local elections (but not parliamentary elections) in 1861. The Parliament of South Australia endorsed the right to vote and stand for parliament in 1894 and the law received royal assent in 1895.[5] The law applied equally in the Northern Territory, which was then a part of South Australia. In 1897, Catherine Helen Spence became the first female political candidate for political office, unsuccessfully standing for election in South Australia as a delegate to Federal Convention on Australian Federation, which was held in Adelaide.[6]

text: Western Australia granted voting rights to women in 1899.[7]

text: In Victoria, the Electoral Act 1863 enfranchised all ratepayers listed on local municipal rolls. Some women ratepayers in Victoria were able to vote at the 1864 colony election. However, the all-male legislature regarded this as a legislative mistake and promptly modified the Act in 1865, in time for the 1866 election, to apply the vote only to male ratepayers. Henrietta Dugdale, who publicly advocated women's suffrage since 1868, and Annie Lowe formed the Victorian Women's Suffrage Society in 1884, the first Australian women's suffrage society.[8] The Society called for votes for women on the same basis as men.[9] It took 19 private members' bills from 1889 before Victorian women gained the vote in 1908, and were able to exercise the vote for the first time at the 1911 state election, the last state to do so.[10] The Victorian Society disbanded in 1908,[9] after women in the state gained the vote.

text: In 1889, Rose Scott and Mary Windeyer helped to found the Women's Literary Society in Sydney, which grew into the Womanhood Suffrage League in 1891.

text: In Queensland, the Women's Equal Franchise Association was formed in 1894, which collected two petitions in 1894 for women's suffrage.[11] The first petition received 7,781 signatures by women and the second received 3,575 signatures by men. The petitions called for one vote and one vote only, as at that time men with property had plural votes.[12]

text: A third petition was organized by the Women's Christian Temperance Movement of Queensland in 1897 and attracted 3,869 signatures by men and women, and called for votes for women on the same basis as men.[13] The Franchise Association disbanded in 1905 after women in the state gained the vote.

text: A unified body, the Australian Women's Suffrage Society was formed in 1889, with the aim of educating women and men about a woman's right to vote and stand for parliament. Key figures in the Australian suffrage movement included: from South Australia Mary Lee and Catherine Helen Spence; in Western Australia Edith Cowan; from New South Wales Maybanke Anderson, Louisa Lawson, Dora Montefiore and Rose Scott; from Tasmania Alicia O'Shea Petersen and Jessie Rooke; from Queensland Emma Miller; and from Victoria Annette Bear-Crawford, Henrietta Dugdale, Vida Goldstein, Alice Henry and Annie Lowe.

text: The various suffrage societies collected signatures for monster suffrage petitions to be tabled in Parliament. The results varied. Recently some of these petitions have been transcribed and can be searched digitally.

text: Towards voting rights[edit]

text: The first election for the Parliament of the newly formed Commonwealth of Australia in 1901 was based on the electoral laws of the six federating colonies, so that women who had the vote and the right to stand for Parliament at a colony (now state) level (i.e., in South Australia including the Northern Territory and Western Australia) had the same rights for the 1901 Australian federal election. In 1902, the Commonwealth Parliament passed the uniform Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902, which enabled women 21 years of age and older to vote at elections for the federal Parliament. The States soon gave women over 21 the vote: New South Wales in 1902, Tasmania in 1903, Queensland in 1905, and Victoria in 1908.

text: However, this franchise did not apply to Indigenous women, who did not get the vote for federal elections until 1962, as did all Indigenous men, and in all States until 1967. (See Voting rights of Indigenous Australians.)

text: Summary[edit]

text:
Female suffrage

Right to vote

Right to stand for Parliament

Commonwealth

1902

1902

State

South Australia

1895

1895

Western Australia

1899

1920

New South Wales[14]

1902

1918

Tasmania

1903

1921

Queensland

1905

1915

Victoria

1908

1923

text: Women in political office[edit]

text: In 1897, in South Australia, Catherine Helen Spence was the first woman to stand as a political candidate,[15] after standing (unsuccessfully) for the Federal Convention held in Adelaide.

text: The Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902, which enabled women to vote at federal elections, also permitted women to stand for election for the Australian Parliament. Four women stood for election at the 1903 federal election.[7] They were Mary Moore-Bentley and Nellie Martel from New South Wales, and Vida Goldstein from Victoria, all of whom stood for the Senate, and Selina Anderson who contested the Sydney House of Representatives seat of Dalley. All failed to get major party endorsement and stood as independents, and all were unsuccessful. Goldstein stood for the Senate again in 1910, 1913, 1914 and 1917, all without success. Eva Seery contested Labor Party preselection for the Senate in 1916 but was unsuccessful. She and Henrietta Greville were endorsed Labor candidates at the 1917 federal election, though for safe conservative seats. Though unsuccessful they were the first women to stand for the Australian Parliament with major party endorsement.

text: The first woman elected to any Australian Parliament was Edith Cowan, elected to the Western Australian Legislative Assembly in 1921. Dame Enid Lyons, in the Australian House of Representatives and Senator Dorothy Tangney, became the first women in the federal Parliament in 1943. Lyons was in 1949 appointed Vice-President of the Executive Council by Robert Menzies. She was described as Minister without Portfolio, with no departmental duties, but the appointment gave her a seat in Cabinet. She held the position between 19 December 1949 and 7 March 1951, and is the only woman to have occupied the position.

text: Rosemary Follett of the Australian Labor Party was elected Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory in 1989, becoming the first woman elected to lead a state or territory. The state parliamentary Labor Parties of Western Australia and Victoria selected women to replace their incumbent leaders in 1990: Carmen Lawrence was Premier of Western Australia between 12 February 1990 and 16 February 1993; and Joan Kirner was Premier of Victoria between 10 August 1990 and 6 October 1992. Both leaders suffered defeat at the subsequent state elections. Clare Martin became Labor Opposition Leader in the Northern Territory in 1999, and won a victory at the 2001 territory election, becoming the first ALP and first female Chief Minister of the Northern Territory.  At the 2005 NT election, she led Territory Labor to the second-largest majority government in the history of the Territory, before resigning as Chief Minister on 26 November 2007. Anna Bligh became the leader of the Queensland Labor Party and Premier of Queensland on 12 September 2007 and then led the party to victory in  the 2009 Queensland State Election.[16] After Bligh's loss at the 2012 Queensland State Election, Annastacia Palaszczuk succeeded her as party leader, and led the ALP to victory at the 2015 Queensland State Election, to become the second Labor Premier of Queensland on 14 February 2015, leading the party to victory from Opposition. Palaszczuk's ministry has a female majority of 8 of 14, a first in Australia.[17] Kristina Keneally was the Labor Premier of New South Wales between 4 December 2009 and 28 March 2011. Julia Gillard was the Labor Prime Minister of Australia between 24 June 2010 and 27 June 2013. Lara Giddings was Labor Premier of Tasmania from 24 January 2011 to 31 March 2014. Gladys Berejiklian became Liberal Premier of New South Wales on 23 January 2017.

text: Marie Bashir was appointed Governor of New South Wales by Labor Premier Bob Carr from 1 March 2001 and continued in the office until 1 October 2014. Quentin Bryce was appointed Governor of Queensland by the Labor Premier Peter Beattie from 29 July 2003 and continued to 29 July 2008; and was appointed Governor-General of Australia by Labor Prime Minister Kevin Rudd from 5 September 2008 and continued to 28 March 2014. Kerry Sanderson was appointed Governor of Western Australia by the Liberal Premier Colin Barnett from 20 October 2014. Kate Warner was appointed Governor of Tasmania by Liberal Premier Will Hodgman from 10 December 2014. Linda Dessau was appointed Governor of Victoria by Labor Premier Daniel Andrews from 1 July 2015.

text: The Coalition Abbott Ministry formed in September 2013 contained only one woman in cabinet — Julie Bishop, the Liberal Party deputy leader — to widespread criticism,[18] and Abbott added a second woman to his cabinet in Sussan Ley following a reshuffle in December 2014.[19][20][21][22] The First Turnbull Ministry, announced on 20 September 2015, increased the number of female ministers to five, out of 21 Cabinet Ministers, including for the first time a female Assistant Treasurer in Kelly O'Dwyer and a Minister of Defence in Senator Marise Payne.[23] In a reshuffle on 13 February 2016, the number of women in cabinet became six, with the election by the National Party of Fiona Nash to the position of deputy leader, the first woman to hold the position, who was also brought into the cabinet. Sussan Ley resigned from the Ministry on 13 January 2017. On 27 October 2017, the High Court ruled that Fiona Nash had been ineligible to have been elected to Parliament.[24] She was replaced by Bridget McKenzie as deputy leader of the Nationals.

text: On 3 March 2018, Australia passed another milestone when, at the 2018 Tasmanian election, Tasmanians elected a majority of women to the Tasmanian House of Assembly, with 13 women and 12 men.[25] Seven of the ten Labor members are women, four of the 13 Liberals and both of the Greens.

text: In 2010 Sydney, Australia's oldest city, had female leaders occupying every major political office, with Clover Moore as Lord Mayor, Kristina Keneally as Premier of New South Wales, Marie Bashir as Governor of New South Wales, Julia Gillard as Prime Minister, Quentin Bryce as Governor-General of Australia, and Elizabeth II as Queen of Australia.

text: Other milestones[edit]

text: Since 1983, a married woman's application for an Australian passport does not need to be authorised by her husband.[26]


document_title: What Remains of Edith Finch

question_text: where does what remains of edith finch take place

text: What Remains of Edith Finch

text: Development[edit]

text: What Remains of Edith Finch is the second game developed by the team at Giant Sparrow, led by creative director Ian Dallas, with their debut effort being the BAFTA-award-winning The Unfinished Swan. The game was first announced with an on-stage trailer at the 2014 PlayStation Experience event as a title to be published by SCE Santa Monica Studio,[6] with a subsequent trailer released prior to E3 2015.[7] What Remains of Edith Finch resurfaced again with a new on-stage trailer at the 2016 PlayStation Experience event with a new publisher, Annapurna Interactive.[8][9]

text: Composer Jeff Russo, whose previous works include the soundtracks to the Fargo TV series, The Night Of, and Power, composed the soundtrack for What Remains of Edith Finch.[10]

text: Story[edit]

text: The Finches are an American family living on the coast of Washington state. Dubbed "America's most unfortunate family," the Finches believe they are being pursued by a curse; every member of the family, going back at least five generations, has died an untimely death, and only one child from each generation has survived to have children of their own.

text: Odin Finch (1880 – December 1937), the earliest known member of the family, sets sail for the United States in 1937 in hopes of escaping the curse, after it claims his wife and newborn child. Traveling with his daughter Edith "Edie" Finch (8 April 1917 – 5 December 2010), his son-in-law Sven (17 June 1915 – 26 August 1964), and his granddaughter Molly (11 December 1937 – 13 December 1947), and tethering their entire house to the boat, the family eventually crosses the Pacific Ocean and arrives on the coast of Washington. However, high tidal waves sink the house at sea, and Odin drowns with it.

text: Edie and Sven begin construction on a new Finch house overlooking the ocean (though Edie insists on building a family graveyard first), incorporating some recovered materials from the sunken house. The house is filled with elaborate crawlspaces and secret tunnels leading from one room to another, but these are apparently kept secret from Molly, and from all children who would live there in future. The Finches exist in relative normalcy for some time, until Molly dies at ten years of age. Though her final diary entry alleges that she possessed a carnivorous sea monster and led it to her bedroom, it can be inferred that she dies after a hallucination episode and intestinal problems from eating toxic holly berries placed over Christmas. Edie and Sven's next daughter, Barbara (31 October 1944 – 31 October 1960), dies in an apparent home invasion, though the specifics of her death are uncertain; the only accessible account of her death is a highly fictionalized horror comic, similar in style to Tales from the Crypt. It is also implied that Barbara may have been murdered by her boyfriend (who also disappeared that night), as this is what the police were said to believe. Edie and Sven's youngest son Walter (26 August 1952 – 21 March 2005) is traumatized by her death, and spends the rest of his life in a secret bunker beneath the Finch house.

text: Calvin (25 April 1950 – 23 September 1961), one of Edie and Sven's three remaining children, dies after falling off of a rope swing into the ocean; his twin brother Sam (25 April 1950 – 16 June 1983) remains in their partitioned bedroom for the rest of his childhood. Sven dies in 1964 while adding a dragon-themed slide to the house; Edie, when asked, tells people he was killed by a dragon.

text: After each Finch's death, Edie converts their former bedroom into a memorial, incorporating a portrait of the family member as painted by Edie herself, as well as a eulogy or other such document recounting their death. She also creates extravagant additions to the house to make more space, as the bedrooms are never passed down to other family members.

text: Sam, the sole Finch of his generation who lives until adulthood, marries a woman named Kay, and has three children with her: Dawn (1968–2016), Gus (20 June 1969 – 8 November 1982), and Gregory (12 January 1976 – 19 December 1977). They move into a third story which is built on top of the existing house. Gregory drowns in a flooded bathtub due to neglect on Kay's part (in the bathroom adjacent to Edie's bedroom on the second floor), and Sam and Kay finalize a divorce soon after, for apparently unrelated reasons. Sam marries another woman, and Gus is killed in a storm during their wedding. Sam himself is killed during a hunting trip with his only surviving child Dawn in 1983, where a deer knocks him off a cliff.

text: At some point during her adulthood, Dawn travels to India for work, and marries a man named Sanjay, with whom she also has three children: Lewis (27 December 1988 – 21 November 2010), Milton (19 May 1992) and Edith Jr. (14 February 1999 – 18 January 2017). After Sanjay's death, Dawn and her children move back into the Finch house.

text: Milton eventually disappears in 2003; the game's creative director Ian Dallas confirmed in a Reddit interview that Milton travelled into the world of one of his paintings and eventually became the King in The Unfinished Swan. He graffitied his name in many secret passages, so it is implied he died while investigating the house (journeying through a black door is used as a metaphor in his flipbook). Milton's disappearance drives his mother Dawn paranoid, who seals every memorial room shut from the outside. Edie, who firmly believes her great-grandchildren deserve to know their family's stories, drills peepholes into these rooms. An adult Walter, deciding to finally move on, emerges from his bunker through an adjacent rail tunnel, only to be killed by a passing train.

text: Dawn distributes leaflets with Milton's likeness on them, hoping that he is still alive. After the suicide of her eldest son Lewis in 2010, following a hallucinatory episode caused by derealization, Dawn gives up hope, and makes plans to move out with her daughter, leaving Edie and the Finch house behind. Edie is not informed of these plans until the day before they leave.

text: During the family's final dinner together, Edie rushes Edith out of the dining room during an argument with Dawn, and sends her to the house library, where she has written an account of the day of Edith's birth in 1999. On that night, according to Edie, an earthquake in the Pacific Ocean brought the tide low enough that she could walk to the old house, which sank with Odin in 1937. Before Edith can learn what Edie found there, however, Dawn rips Edie's book and leaves the Finch home with Edith without packing. Dawn makes plans for Edie to be sent to a nursing home; when personnel come to collect Edie the next morning, however, she is gone, unclear whether she passed or disappeared.

text: Dawn is sickly for the rest of her life, and finally dies of an unspecified illness in 2016. In her will, she leaves Edith a key, but does not inform her of its significance. Edith, who is 22 weeks pregnant, ventures to the Finch house some time in late 2016, in hopes of finding a use for the key. She breaks into the abandoned house through the pet door and finds a hidden lock in what used to be Walter's room (his memorial was erected at his spot of death, and his childhood room was left untouched), which opens a passageway to Molly's memorialized bedroom. From here, Edith explores the Finch house, learning about the lives and deaths of everyone in her family, and writes a memoir of her experience, which she plans to pass down to her unborn child. The text of this memoir serves as the voice narration during the game.

text: Edith dies in January 2017, and it is implied that she died of complications from childbirth. At some point in the future, her unnamed son, the sole surviving Finch, reads her memoir, and travels to the Finch family graveyard to leave flowers at her headstone.

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: As Edith Finch, Jr., the youngest child of Dawn Finch and the last remaining member of the Finch family, players explore the Finch house and surrounding wilderness through a linear series of rooms, footpaths and secret crawlspaces. Players are guided through the house by expository voice narration from Edith herself, and encounter a series of memorials and shrines dedicated to deceased relatives. Players make progress by interacting with these shrines and experiencing the death of these family members (or embellished or fictionalized accounts thereof) in various forms, including flip books, cutscenes, and first-person minigames.

text: Reception[edit]

text: ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic(PC) 89/100[2](PS4) 88/100[3](XONE) 92/100[11]Review scoresPublicationScoreDestructoid9/10[12]EGM7/10[13]Game Informer8.75/10[14]Game Revolution[15]GameSpot9/10[16]IGN8.8/10[17]PC Gamer (US)91/100[18]Polygon9/10[19]VideoGamer.com9/10[20]

text: What Remains of Edith Finch received "generally positive" reviews, according to video game review aggregator Metacritic.[2][3][11]

text: Destructoid's Brett Makedonski scored the game a 9/10 with the consensus "A hallmark of excellence. There may be flaws, but they are negligible and won't cause massive damage."[12]

text: Marty Sliva's 8.8/10 score on IGN stated that "What Remains of Edith Finch is a gorgeous experience and one of the finest magical-realism stories in all of games."[17]

text: Andy Chalk's gave a score of 91 out of 100 on PC Gamer and said it was "Touching, sad, and brilliant; a story worth forgiving the limited interactivity to experience."[18]

text: Josh Harmon of EGMNow awarded it 7/10, stating that "Edith Finch is "a brilliant accomplishment. It’s also a game that repeatedly fails to live up to its potential in serious, heartbreaking ways. Until now, I’d never realized it was possible to be both at the same time."[13]

text: Griffin Vacheron from Game Revolution gave the game a score of 3.5 stars out of 5, saying that "If you're more like me, though, and deviate from the assessment of tragic events as an inherently higher form, then you may find the Finch’s tale doesn’t activate your almonds as much as it probably should. Still, as a spooky, logical evolution of the Gone Homes and Firewatches of the world, with an impressive short-story style to boot, What Remains of Edith Finch is ultimately worth your time if its premise grabs you."[15]

text: "In What Remains of Edith Finch, death is a certainty and life is the surprise. Its stories are enchanting, despite their unhappy ends. I was sad I never had the chance to know the Finches while they were alive, but thankful for the opportunity, however brief, to learn a bit about them. The final farewell left me crying, but What Remains of Edith Finch is, without doubt, love," was Susan Arendt's conclusion on Polygon with a score of 9/10.[19]

text: Colm Ahern's score of 9/10 on VideoGamer.com said that "First-person, narrative-driven games generally follow a pattern. What Remains of Edith Finch plays with those established conventions to create a beautiful story that breaks your heart, while making you smile just as much. A triumph in the genre."[20]

text: Eurogamer ranked the game second on their list of the "Top 50 Games of 2017",[21] while GamesRadar+ ranked it fifth on their list of the 25 Best Games of 2017.[22] In Game Informer's Reader's Choice Best of 2017 Awards, the game came at fourth place for "Best Adventure Game" with just 10% of the votes, about 4% behind Life Is Strange: Before the Storm.[23] The same website also gave it the award of "Best Adventure Game" in their Best of 2017 Awards, and of "Best Narrative" and "Adventure Game of the Year" in their 2017 Adventure Game of the Year Awards.[24][25] EGMNow ranked the game at #25 in their list of the 25 Best Games of 2017,[26] while Polygon ranked it 13th on their list of the 50 best games of 2017.[27]

text: The game won the award for "Best Story" in PC Gamer's 2017 Game of the Year Awards,[28] and was nominated for "Game of the Year".[29] It was also nominated for "Best Xbox One Game" in Destructoid's Game of the Year Awards 2017;[30] for "Best Adventure Game" and "Best Story" in IGN's Best of 2017 Awards;[31][32] and for "Best Moment or Sequence" (Cannery Sequence) in Giant Bomb's 2017 Game of the Year Awards.[33]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Result
Ref.

2017

35th Annual Golden Joystick Awards

Best Storytelling

Nominated

[34]

Best Indie Game

Nominated

Breakthrough Award (Giant Sparrow)

Nominated

The Game Awards 2017

Best Narrative

Won

[5]

Games for Impact

Nominated

Best Independent Game

Nominated

2018

New York Game Awards 2018

Big Apple Award for Best Game of the Year

Nominated

[35]

Off-Broadway Award for Best Indie Game

Nominated

Herman Melville Award for Best Writing

Nominated

Statue of Liberty Award for Best World

Nominated

Great White Way Award for Best Acting in a Game (Valerie Rose Lohman)

Nominated

21st Annual D.I.C.E. Awards

Outstanding Achievement in Story

Nominated

[36]

Outstanding Achievement in Game Direction

Nominated

National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards

Camera Direction in a Game Engine

Nominated

[37][38]

Game Design, New IP

Nominated

Game, Original Adventure

Won

Lighting/Texturing

Won

Original Light Mix Score, New IP

Nominated

SXSW Gaming Awards

Excellence in Narrative

Won

[39][40]

Matthew Crump Cultural Innovation Award

Nominated

Game Developers Choice Awards

Innovation Award

Nominated

[41][42]

Best Narrative

Won

14th British Academy Games Awards

Best Game

Won

[43][44]

Game Design

Nominated

Game Innovation

Nominated

Music

Nominated

Narrative

Nominated

Original Property

Nominated

Performer (Valerie Rose Lohman)

Nominated

2018 Webby Awards

Best Art Direction

Nominated

[45]

Best Game Design

Nominated

2018 Games for Change Awards

Best Gameplay

Won

[46]


document_title: Chemoreceptor

question_text: where is the primary chemoreceptor for co2 located

text: Chemoreceptor

text: Plant chemoreceptors[edit]

text: Plants have various mechanisms to perceive danger in their environment. Plants are able to detect pathogens and microbes through surface level receptor kinases (PRK). Additionally, receptor-like proteins (RLPs) containing ligand binding receptor domains capture pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPS) which consequently initiates the plant's innate immunity for a defense response.[5]

text: Plant receptor kinases are also used for growth and hormone induction among other important biochemical processes. These reactions are triggered by a series of signaling pathways which are initiated by plant chemically sensitive receptors.[6] Plant hormone receptors can either be integrated in plant cells or situate outside the cell, in order to facilitate chemical structure and composition. There are 5 major categories of hormones that are unique to plants which once bound to the receptor, will trigger a response in target cells. These include auxin, abscisic acid, gibberellin, cytokinin, and ethylene. Once bound, hormones can induce, inhibit, or maintain function of the target response.[7]

text: Classes[edit]

text: There are two main classes of chemoreceptor: direct and distance.[citation needed]

text:
Examples of distance chemoreceptors are:

olfactory receptor neurons in the olfactory system: Olfaction involves the ability to detect chemicals in the gaseous state. In vertebrates, the olfactory system detects odors and pheromones in the nasal cavity. Within the olfactory system there are two anatomically distinct organs: the main olfactory epithelium (MOE) and the vomeronasal organ(VNO). It was initially thought that the MOE is responsible for the detection of odorants, while the VNO detects pheromones. The current view, however, is that both systems can detect odorants and pheromones.[8] Olfaction in invertebrates differs from olfaction in vertebrates. For example, in insects, olfactory sensilla are present on their antennae.[9]

Examples of direct chemoreceptors include:

Taste receptors in the gustatory system: The primary use of gustation as a type of chemoreception is for the detection of tasteants. Aqueous chemical compounds come into contact with chemoreceptors in the mouth, such as taste buds on the tongue, and trigger responses. These chemical compounds can either trigger an appetitive response for nutrients, or a defensive response against toxins depending on which receptors fire. Fish and crustaceans, who are constantly in an aqueous environment, use their gustatory system to identify certain chemicals in the mixture for the purpose of localization and ingestion of food.
Insects use contact chemoreception to recognize certain chemicals such as cuticular hydrocarbons and chemicals specific to host plants. Contact chemoreception is more commonly seen in insects but is also involved in the mating behavior of some vertebrates. The contact chemoreceptor is specific to one type of chemical.[9]

tag: ul

text: Sensory organs[edit]

text:
Olfaction: In vertebrates, olfaction occurs in the Nose. Volatile chemical stimuli enter the nose and eventually reach the olfactory epithelium which houses the chemoreceptor cells known as olfactory sensory neurons often referred to as OSNs. Embedded in the olfactory epithelium are three types of cells: supporting cells, basal cells, and OSNs. While all three types of cells are integral to normal function of the epithelium, only OSN serve as receptor cells, i.e. responding to the chemicals and generating an action potential that travels down the olfactory nerve to reach the brain.[1] In insects, antennae act as distance chemoreceptors. For example, antennae on moths are made up of long feathery hairs that increase sensory surface area. Each long hair from the main antenna also has smaller sensilla that are used for volatile olfaction.[10] Since moths are mainly nocturnal animals, the development of greater olfaction aids them in navigating the night.
Gustation: In many vertebrates, the tongue serves as the primary gustatory sensory organ. As a muscle located in the mouth, it acts to manipulate and discern the composition of food in the initial stages of digestion. The tongue is rich in vasculature, allowing the chemoreceptors located on the top surface of the organ to transmit sensory information to the brain. Salivary glands in the mouth allow for molecules to reach chemoreceptors in an aqueous solution. The chemoreceptors of the tongue fall into two distinct superfamilies of G protein-coupled receptors. GPCR’s are intramembrane proteins than bind to an extracellular ligand- in this case chemicals from food- and begin a diverse array of signaling cascades that can result in an action potential registering as input in an organism’s brain. Large quantities of chemoreceptors with discrete ligand-binding domains provide for the five basic tastes: sour, salty, bitter, sweet, and savory. The salty and sour tastes work directly through the ion channels, the sweet and bitter taste work through G protein-coupled receptors, and the savory sensation is activated by glutamate.[citation needed]
Contact Chemoreception: Contact chemoreception is dependent on the physical contact of the receptor with the stimulus. The receptors are short hairs or cones that have a single pore at, or close to the tip of the projection. They are known as uniporous receptors. Some receptors are flexible, while others are rigid and do not bend with contact. They are mostly found in the mouthparts, but can also occur on the antennae or legs of some insects. There is a collection of dendrites located near the pores of the receptors, yet the distribution of these dendrites changes depending on the organism being examined. The method of transduction of the signal from the dendrites differs depending on the organism and the chemical it is responding to.
Cellular antennae: Within the biological and medical disciplines, recent discoveries have noted that primary cilia in many types of cells within eukaryotes serve as cellular antennae. These cilia play important roles in chemosensation. The current scientific understanding of primary cilia organelles views them as "sensory cellular antennae that coordinate a large number of cellular signaling pathways, sometimes coupling the signaling to ciliary motility or alternatively to cell division and differentiation."[11]

text: When inputs from the environment are significant to the survival of the organism, the input must be detected. As all life processes are ultimately based on chemistry it is natural that detection and passing on of the external input will involve chemical events. The chemistry of the environment is, of course, relevant to survival, and detection of chemical input from the outside may well articulate directly with cell chemicals.[citation needed]

text: Chemoreception is important for the detection of food, habitat, conspecifics including mates, and predators. For example, the emissions of a predator's food source, such as odors or pheromones, may be in the air or on a surface where the food source has been. Cells in the head, usually the air passages or mouth, have chemical receptors on their surface that change when in contact with the emissions. It passes in either chemical or electrochemical form to the central processor, the brain or spinal cord. The resulting output from the CNS (central nervous system) makes body actions that will engage the food and enhance survival.[citation needed]

text: Physiology[edit]

text:
Carotid bodies and aortic bodies detect changes primarily in oxygen. They also sense increases in CO2 partial pressure and decreases in arterial pH, but to a lesser degree than for O2.
The chemoreceptor trigger zone is an area of the medulla in the brain that receives inputs from blood-borne drugs or hormones, and communicates with the vomiting center to induce vomiting.[citation needed]

text: Control of breathing[edit]

text: Particular chemoreceptors, called ASICs, detect the levels of carbon dioxide in the blood. To do this, they monitor the concentration of hydrogen ions in the blood, which decrease the pH of the blood. This can be a direct consequence of an increase in carbon dioxide concentration, because aqueous carbon dioxide in the presence of carbonic anhydrase reacts to form a proton and a bicarbonate ion.[citation needed]

text: The response is that the respiratory centre (in the medulla), sends nervous impulses to the external intercostal muscles and the diaphragm, via the intercostal nerve and the phrenic nerve, respectively, to increase breathing rate and the volume of the lungs during inhalation.

text: Chemoreceptors that regulate the depth and rhythm of breathing are broken down into two categories.[citation needed]

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central chemoreceptors are located on the ventrolateral surface of medulla oblongata and detect changes in pH of cerebrospinal fluid. They have also been shown experimentally to respond to hypercapnic hypoxia (elevated CO2, decreased O2), and eventually desensitize[citation needed] . These are sensitive to pH and CO2.[citation needed]
peripheral chemoreceptors: consists of aortic and carotid bodies. Aortic body detects changes in blood oxygen and carbon dioxide, but not pH, while carotid body detects all three. They do not desensitize. Their effect on breathing rate is less than that of the central chemoreceptors.[citation needed]

text: Heart rate[edit]

text: The response to stimulation of chemoreceptors on the heart rate is complicated. Chemoreceptors in the heart or nearby large arteries as well as chemoreceptors in the lungs can affect heart rate. Activation of these peripheral chemoreceptors from sensing decreased O2, increased CO2 and a decreased pH is relayed to cardiac centers by the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves to the medulla of the brainstem. This increases the sympathetic nervous stimulation on the heart and a corresponding increase in heart rate and contractility in most cases.[12] These factors include activation of stretch receptors due to increased ventilation and the release of circulating catecholamines.

text: However, if respiratory activity is arrested (e.g. in a patient with a high cervical spinal cord injury), then the primary cardiac reflex to transient hypercapnia and hypoxia is a profound bradycardia and coronary vasodilation through vagal stimulation and systemic vasoconstriction by sympathetic stimulation.[13] In normal cases, if there is reflexive increase in respiratory activity in response to chemoreceptor activation, the increased sympathetic activity on the cardiovascular system would act to increase heart rate and contractility.