document_title: List of countries by external debt

question_text: who has the most debt in the world

question_tokens: who has the most debt in the world

text: List of countries by external debt

text: This is a list of countries by external debt, which is the total public and private debt owed to nonresidents repayable in internationally accepted currencies, goods or services, where the public debt is the money or credit owed by any level of government, from central to local, and the private debt the money or credit owed by private households or private corporations based in the country under consideration.

text: For informational purposes, several non-sovereign entities are also included in this list.

text: Note that while a country may have a relatively large external debt (either in absolute or per capita terms) it could actually be a "net international creditor" if its external debt is less than the total of the external debt of other countries held by it.

text:
List of countries by external debt

Rank
Country/Region
External debt
US dollars
Date
Per capita
US dollars
% of GDP

7000100000000000000♠1
 United States
7013186240000000000♠18,624,000,000,000
30 June 2017[1]
7004573000000000000♠57,300
7001980000000000000♠98

7000200000000000000♠2
 United Kingdom
7012785246000000000♠7,852,460,000,000
30 June 2017[2]
7005119000000000000♠119,000
7002283000000000000♠283

7000300000000000000♠3
 France
7012536912500000000♠5,369,125,000,000
30 June 2017[3]
7004826000000000000♠82,600
7002213000000000000♠213

7000400000000000000♠4
 Germany
7012514140000000000♠5,141,400,000,000
30 June 2017[4]
7004626000000000000♠62,600
7002148000000000000♠148

7000500000000000000♠5
 Netherlands
7012430619000000000♠4,306,190,000,000
30 June 2017[5]
7005234000000000000♠234,000
7002533000000000000♠533

7000600000000000000♠6
 Luxembourg
7012390066500000000♠3,900,665,000,000
31 March 2017[6]
7006673300000000000♠6,733,000
7003673100000000000♠6,731

7000700000000000000♠7
 Japan
7012351620000000000♠3,516,200,000,000
30 June 2017[7]
7004276000000000000♠27,600
7001740000000000000♠74

7000800000000000000♠8
 Italy
7012232442000000000♠2,324,420,000,000
30 June 2017[8]
7004392000000000000♠39,200
7002126000000000000♠126

7000900000000000000♠9
 Ireland
7012223643000000000♠2,236,430,000,000
30 June 2017[9]
7005471000000000000♠471,000
7002780000000000000♠780

7001100000000000000♠10
 Spain
7012203656000000000♠2,036,560,000,000
31 March 2017[10]
7004441000000000000♠44,100
7002167000000000000♠167

7001110000000000000♠11
 Canada
7012177592000000000♠1,775,920,000,000
30 June 2017[11]
7004485000000000000♠48,500
7002116000000000000♠116

7001120000000000000♠12
  Switzerland
7012173837000000000♠1,738,370,000,000
30 June 2017[12]
7005205000000000000♠205,000
7002265000000000000♠265

7001130000000000000♠13
 China
7012156280000000000♠1,562,800,000,000
30 June 2017[13]
7003110000000000000♠1,100
7001130000000000000♠13

—
 Hong Kong
7012149888000000000♠1,498,880,000,000
30 June 2017[14]
7005203000000000000♠203,000
7002414000000000000♠414

7001140000000000000♠14
 Australia
7012148772000000000♠1,487,720,000,000
30 June 2017[15]
7004608000000000000♠60,800
7002126000000000000♠126

7001150000000000000♠15
 Singapore
7012132056700000000♠1,320,567,000,000
30 June 2017[16]
7005231000000000000♠231,000
7002453000000000000♠453

7001160000000000000♠16
 Belgium
7012127846500000000♠1,278,465,000,000
30 June 2017[17]
7005112000000000000♠112,000
7002265000000000000♠265

7001170000000000000♠17
 Sweden
7011938692000000000♠938,692,000,000
30 June 2017[18]
7004945000000000000♠94,500
7002177000000000000♠177

7001180000000000000♠18
 Austria
7011638340000000000♠638,340,000,000
30 June 2017[19]
7004731000000000000♠73,100
7002167000000000000♠167

7001190000000000000♠19
 Norway
7011623223000000000♠623,223,000,000
30 June 2017[20]
7005117000000000000♠117,000
7002169000000000000♠169

7001200000000000000♠20
 Brazil
7011538693000000000♠538,693,000,000
30 June 2017[21]
7003320000000000000♠3,200
7001300000000000000♠30

7001210000000000000♠21
 Russia
7011532846000000000♠532,846,000,000
30 June 2017 [22]
7003370000000000000♠3,700
7001400000000000000♠40

7001220000000000000♠22
 Denmark
7011491617000000000♠491,617,000,000
30 June 2017[23]
7004857000000000000♠85,700
7002163000000000000♠163

7001230000000000000♠23
 Finland
7011483369000000000♠483,369,000,000
30 June 2017[24]
7004875000000000000♠87,500
7002196000000000000♠196

7001240000000000000♠24
 India
7011471852000000000♠471,852,000,000
31 March 2017[25]
7002340000000000000♠340
7001200000000000000♠20

7001250000000000000♠25
 Greece
7011471763000000000♠471,763,000,000
30 June 2017[26]
7004423000000000000♠42,300
7002245000000000000♠245

7001260000000000000♠26
 Portugal
7011447022000000000♠447,022,000,000
30 June 2017[27]
7004433000000000000♠43,300
7002216000000000000♠216

7001270000000000000♠27
 Turkey
7011432352000000000♠432,352,000,000
30 June 2017[28]
7003530000000000000♠5,300
7001520000000000000♠52

7001280000000000000♠28
 Mexico
7011431344000000000♠431,344,000,000
31 March 2017[29]
7003320000000000000♠3,200
7001380000000000000♠38

7001290000000000000♠29
 South Korea
7011407341000000000♠407,341,000,000
30 June 2017[30]
7003750000000000000♠7,500
7001270000000000000♠27

7001300000000000000♠30
 Poland
7011363658000000000♠363,658,000,000
30 June 2017[31]
7003950000000000000♠9,500
7001700000000000000♠70

7001310000000000000♠31
 Indonesia
7011335289000000000♠335,289,000,000
30 June 2017[32]
7003130000000000000♠1,300
7001340000000000000♠34

7001320000000000000♠32
 United Arab Emirates
7011220400000000000♠220,400,000,000
31 December 2016 est.[33]
7004235000000000000♠23,500
7001590000000000000♠59

7001330000000000000♠33
 Malaysia
7011202572000000000♠202,572,000,000
30 June 2017[34]
7003680000000000000♠6,800
7001750000000000000♠75

7001340000000000000♠34
 Saudi Arabia
7011200900000000000♠200,900,000,000
31 December 2016 est.[35]
7003610000000000000♠6,100
7001310000000000000♠31

7001350000000000000♠35
 Argentina
7011192462000000000♠192,462,000,000
31 December 2016[36]
7003440000000000000♠4,400
7001360000000000000♠36

7001360000000000000♠36
 Mauritius
7011189220000000000♠189,220,000,000
30 June 2017 [37]
7005148000000000000♠148,000
7003153600000000000♠1,536

7001370000000000000♠37
 New Zealand
7011186216000000000♠186,216,000,000
31 March 2017[38]
7004403000000000000♠40,300
7002100000000000000♠100

7001380000000000000♠38
 Chile
7011170293000000000♠170,293,000,000
31 July 2017[39]
7003900000000000000♠9,000
7001660000000000000♠66

—
 Taiwan
7011170138000000000♠170,138,000,000
30 June 2017 [40]
7003740000000000000♠7,400
7001330000000000000♠33

—
 Puerto Rico
7011167400000000000♠167,400,000,000
31 January 2015 est.
7004478000000000000♠47,800
7002164000000000000♠164

7001390000000000000♠39
 Kazakhstan
7011165501000000000♠165,501,000,000
31 March 2017[41]
7003910000000000000♠9,100
7002117000000000000♠117

7001400000000000000♠40
 Qatar
7011159200000000000♠159,200,000,000
31 December 2016 est.[42]
7004681000000000000♠68,100
7002102000000000000♠102

7001410000000000000♠41
 Hungary
7011148024000000000♠148,024,000,000
30 June 2017[43]
7004150000000000000♠15,000
7002121000000000000♠121

7001420000000000000♠42
 South Africa
7011142833000000000♠142,833,000,000
31 December 2016[44]
7003260000000000000♠2,600
7001480000000000000♠48

7001430000000000000♠43
 Thailand
7011140510000000000♠140,510,000,000
30 June 2017[45]
7003200000000000000♠2,000
7001330000000000000♠33

7001440000000000000♠44
 Czech Republic
7011137606000000000♠137,606,000,000
31 December 2016[46]
7004130000000000000♠13,000
7001700000000000000♠70

7001450000000000000♠45
 Colombia
7011121097200000000♠121,097,200,000
31 January 2017[47]
7003250000000000000♠2,500
7001430000000000000♠43

7001460000000000000♠46
 Cyprus
7011119672000000000♠119,672,000,000
30 June 2017[48]
7004972000000000000♠97,200
7002597000000000000♠597

7001470000000000000♠47
 Ukraine
7011114836000000000♠114,836,000,000
30 June 2017[49]
7003260000000000000♠2,600
7002122000000000000♠122

7001480000000000000♠48
 Venezuela
7011110878000000000♠110,878,000,000
30 September 2015[50]
7003350000000000000♠3,500
7001230000000000000♠23

7001490000000000000♠49
 Romania
7011108880000000000♠108,880,000,000
31 July 2017[51]
7003510000000000000♠5,100
7001550000000000000♠55

7001500000000000000♠50
 Malta
7010962513000000000♠96,251,300,000
30 June 2017[52]
7005223000000000000♠223,000
7002879000000000000♠879

7001510000000000000♠51
 Israel
7010894384000000000♠89,438,400,000
31 December 2016[53]
7004107000000000000♠10,700
7001280000000000000♠28

7001520000000000000♠52
 Slovakia
7010866300000000000♠86,630,000,000
30 June 2017[54]
7004159000000000000♠15,900
7001910000000000000♠91

7001530000000000000♠53
 Pakistan
7010829807000000000♠82,980,700,000
30 June 2017[55]
7002380000000000000♠380
7001260000000000000♠26

7001540000000000000♠54
 Peru
7010746512000000000♠74,651,200,000
31 December 2016[56]
7003230000000000000♠2,300
7001380000000000000♠38

7001550000000000000♠55
 Philippines
7010724930000000000♠72,493,000,000
30 June 2017[57]
7002720000000000000♠720
7001250000000000000♠25

7001560000000000000♠56
 Iraq
7010680100000000000♠68,010,000,000
31 December 2016 est.[58]
7003180000000000000♠1,800
7001440000000000000♠44

7001570000000000000♠57
 Egypt
7010673226000000000♠67,322,600,000
31 December 2016[59]
7002700000000000000♠700
7001410000000000000♠41

7001580000000000000♠58
 Vietnam
7010509377000000000♠50,937,700,000
31 December 2015[60]
7002500000000000000♠500
7001260000000000000♠26

7001590000000000000♠59
 Slovenia
7010499500000000000♠49,950,000,000
30 June 2017[61]
7004240000000000000♠24,000
7002109000000000000♠109

7001600000000000000♠60
 Morocco
7010488303000000000♠48,830,300,000
30 June 2017[62]
7003140000000000000♠1,400
7001440000000000000♠44

7001610000000000000♠61
 Kuwait
7010478900000000000♠47,890,000,000
31 December 2016 est.[63]
7004117000000000000♠11,700
7001430000000000000♠43

7001620000000000000♠62
 Sri Lanka
7010465857000000000♠46,585,700,000
31 December 2016[64]
7003220000000000000♠2,200
7001590000000000000♠59

7001630000000000000♠63
 Croatia
7010460847000000000♠46,084,700,000
30 June 2017[65]
7004107000000000000♠10,700
7001870000000000000♠87

7001640000000000000♠64
 Sudan
7010450000000000000♠45,000,000,000
31 December 2015[66]
7003110000000000000♠1,100
7001470000000000000♠47

7001650000000000000♠65
 Latvia
7010411470000000000♠41,147,000,000
30 June 2017[67]
7004212000000000000♠21,200
7002147000000000000♠147

7001660000000000000♠66
 Belarus
7010389750000000000♠38,975,000,000
30 June 2017[68]
7003400000000000000♠4,000
7001220000000000000♠22

7001670000000000000♠67
 Bulgaria
7010381730000000000♠38,173,000,000
31 July 2017[69]
7003490000000000000♠4,900
7001700000000000000♠70

7001680000000000000♠68
 Angola
7010377000000000000♠37,700,000,000
31 December 2016 est.[70]
7003140000000000000♠1,400
7001410000000000000♠41

7001690000000000000♠69
 Ecuador
7010366210000000000♠36,621,000,000
31 July 2017[71]
7003210000000000000♠2,100
7001350000000000000♠35

7001700000000000000♠70
 Lithuania
7010364277000000000♠36,427,700,000
30 June 2017[72]
7004127000000000000♠12,700
7001860000000000000♠86

7001710000000000000♠71
 Serbia
7010279540000000000♠27,954,000,000
30 June 2017[73]
7003320000000000000♠3,200
7001780000000000000♠78

7001720000000000000♠72
 Lebanon
7010277960000000000♠27,796,000,000
31 December 2016[74]
7003460000000000000♠4,600
7001540000000000000♠54

7001730000000000000♠73
 Jordan
7010277564000000000♠27,756,400,000
30 June 2017[75]
7003340000000000000♠3,400
7001300000000000000♠30

7001740000000000000♠74
 Cuba
7010263200000000000♠26,320,000,000
31 December 2016 est.[76]
7003230000000000000♠2,300
7001340000000000000♠34

7001750000000000000♠75
 Uruguay
7010261492000000000♠26,149,200,000
31 December 2016[77]
7003760000000000000♠7,600
7001500000000000000♠50

7001760000000000000♠76
 Dominican Republic
7010260500000000000♠26,050,000,000
31 December 2016 est.[78]
7003240000000000000♠2,400
7001360000000000000♠36

7001770000000000000♠77
 Bangladesh
7010259630000000000♠25,963,000,000
30 June 2016[79]
7002160000000000000♠160
7001120000000000000♠12

7001780000000000000♠78
 Mongolia
7010252150000000000♠25,215,000,000
30 June 2017[80]
7003780000000000000♠7,800
7002186000000000000♠186

7001790000000000000♠79
 Tunisia
7010251247000000000♠25,124,700,000
31 December 2012[81]
7003220000000000000♠2,200
7001560000000000000♠56

7001800000000000000♠80
 Costa Rica
7010249100000000000♠24,910,000,000
31 December 2016 est.[82]
7003510000000000000♠5,100
7001430000000000000♠43

7001810000000000000♠81
 Iceland
7010243906000000000♠24,390,600,000
30 June 2017[83]
7004727000000000000♠72,700
7002118000000000000♠118

7001820000000000000♠82
 Ethiopia
7010224900000000000♠22,490,000,000
31 December 2016 est.[84]
7002220000000000000♠220
7001320000000000000♠32

7001830000000000000♠83
 Kenya
7010221719000000000♠22,171,900,000
30 June 2017[85]
7002370000000000000♠370
7001260000000000000♠26

7001840000000000000♠84
 Papua New Guinea
7010220400000000000♠22,040,000,000
31 December 2016 est.[86]
7003280000000000000♠2,800
7002111000000000000♠111

7001850000000000000♠85
 Trinidad & Tobago
7010215321000000000♠21,532,100,000
31 December 2016 [87]
7004157000000000000♠15,700
7001760000000000000♠76

7001860000000000000♠86
 Ghana
7010211700000000000♠21,170,000,000
31 December 2016 est.[88]
7002700000000000000♠700
7001500000000000000♠50

7001870000000000000♠87
 Bahrain
7010211600000000000♠21,160,000,000
31 December 2016 est.[89]
7004149000000000000♠14,900
7001660000000000000♠66

7001880000000000000♠88
 Oman
7010208500000000000♠20,850,000,000
31 December 2016 est.[90]
7003440000000000000♠4,400
7001350000000000000♠35

7001890000000000000♠89
 Estonia
7010205251000000000♠20,525,100,000
31 December 2016[91]
7004157000000000000♠15,700
7001910000000000000♠91

7001900000000000000♠90
 Guatemala
7010190900000000000♠19,090,000,000
31 December 2016 est.[92]
7003110000000000000♠1,100
7001280000000000000♠28

7001910000000000000♠91
 Palau
7010183800000000000♠18,380,000,000
31 December 2014 est.[93]
7005846000000000000♠846,000
7003620900000000000♠6,209

7001920000000000000♠92
 Bahamas
7010175600000000000♠17,560,000,000
31 December 2013 est.[94]
7004442000000000000♠44,200
7002194000000000000♠194

7001930000000000000♠93
 Panama
7010171082000000000♠17,108,200,000
31 March 2017[95]
7003420000000000000♠4,200
7001310000000000000♠31

7001940000000000000♠94
 Jamaica
7010167600000000000♠16,760,000,000
31 December 2016 est.[96]
7003600000000000000♠6,000
7002122000000000000♠122

7001950000000000000♠95
 Monaco
7010165000000000000♠16,500,000,000
30 June 2010 est.
7005434000000000000♠434,000
7002240000000000000♠240

7001960000000000000♠96
 Georgia
7010164165000000000♠16,416,500,000
30 June 2017[97]
7003390000000000000♠3,900
7002108000000000000♠108

7001970000000000000♠97
 Paraguay
7010161224000000000♠16,122,400,000
31 December 2016[98]
7003240000000000000♠2,400
7001580000000000000♠58

7001980000000000000♠98
 Tanzania
7010158900000000000♠15,890,000,000
31 December 2016 est.[99]
7002280000000000000♠280
7001340000000000000♠34

7001990000000000000♠99
 Uzbekistan
7010157500000000000♠15,750,000,000
31 December 2016 est.[100]
7002500000000000000♠500
7001240000000000000♠24

7002100000000000000♠100
 Nigeria
7010150470000000000♠15,047,000,000
30 June 2017[101]
7001600000000000000♠60
7000300000000000000♠3

7002101000000000000♠101
 El Salvador
7010149000000000000♠14,900,000,000
31 December 2016 est.[102]
7003240000000000000♠2,400
7001560000000000000♠56

7002102000000000000♠102
 Laos
7010119800000000000♠11,980,000,000
31 December 2016 est.[103]
7003170000000000000♠1,700
7001870000000000000♠87

7002103000000000000♠103
 Nicaragua
7010111000000000000♠11,100,000,000
31 December 2016 est.[104]
7003180000000000000♠1,800
7001830000000000000♠83

7002104000000000000♠104
 Zimbabwe
7010109000000000000♠10,900,000,000
31 December 2016 est.[105]
7002670000000000000♠670
7001770000000000000♠77

7002105000000000000♠105
 Armenia
7010100440000000000♠10,044,000,000
30 June 2017[106]
7003330000000000000♠3,300
7001560000000000000♠56

7002106000000000000♠106
 Ivory Coast
7010100281000000000♠10,028,100,000
31 December 2015[107]
7002420000000000000♠420
7001280000000000000♠28

7002107000000000000♠107
 Cambodia
7009982440000000000♠9,824,400,000
31 December 2016[108]
7002600000000000000♠600
7001490000000000000♠49

7002108000000000000♠108
 Mozambique
7009955400000000000♠9,554,000,000
31 December 2016 est.[109]
7002320000000000000♠320
7001790000000000000♠79

7002109000000000000♠109
 Zambia
7009927000000000000♠9,270,000,000
31 December 2016 est.[110]
7002540000000000000♠540
7001450000000000000♠45

7002110000000000000♠110
 Albania
7009863150000000000♠8,631,500,000
30 June 2017[111]
7003290000000000000♠2,900
7001730000000000000♠73

7002111000000000000♠111
 Honduras
7009804200000000000♠8,042,000,000
31 December 2016 est.[112]
7003100000000000000♠1,000
7001380000000000000♠38

7002112000000000000♠112
 Kyrgyzstan
7009786680000000000♠7,866,800,000
31 December 2016[113]
7003130000000000000♠1,300
7002120000000000000♠120

7002113000000000000♠113
 Macedonia
7009764550000000000♠7,645,500,000
31 December 2016[114]
7003370000000000000♠3,700
7001740000000000000♠74

7002114000000000000♠114
 Cameroon
7009737500000000000♠7,375,000,000
31 December 2016 est.[115]
7002300000000000000♠300
7001240000000000000♠24

7002115000000000000♠115
 Yemen
7009719150000000000♠7,191,500,000
31 January 2015[116]
7002260000000000000♠260
7001210000000000000♠21

7002116000000000000♠116
 Iran
7009711600000000000♠7,116,000,000
31 December 2016 est.[117]
7001900000000000000♠90
7000200000000000000♠2

7002117000000000000♠117
 Azerbaijan
7009691320000000000♠6,913,200,000
31 December 2016[118]
7003130000000000000♠1,300
7001200000000000000♠20

7002118000000000000♠118
 Moldova
7009659470000000000♠6,594,700,000
31 December 2016[119]
7003160000000000000♠1,600
7001980000000000000♠98

7002119000000000000♠119
 Namibia
7009651500000000000♠6,515,000,000
31 December 2016 est.[120]
7003250000000000000♠2,500
7001640000000000000♠64

7002120000000000000♠120
 Myanmar
7009640120000000000♠6,401,200,000
31 December 2015[121]
7002120000000000000♠120
7001170000000000000♠17

7002121000000000000♠121
 Bolivia
7009634080000000000♠6,340,800,000
31 December 2015[122]
7002600000000000000♠600
7001190000000000000♠19

7002122000000000000♠122
 Uganda
7009624100000000000♠6,241,000,000
31 December 2016 est.[123]
7002150000000000000♠150
7001240000000000000♠24

7002123000000000000♠123
 Senegal
7009618600000000000♠6,186,000,000
31 December 2016 est.[124]
7002390000000000000♠390
7001420000000000000♠42

7002124000000000000♠124
 Syria
7009591800000000000♠5,918,000,000
31 December 2016 est.[125]
7002300000000000000♠300
7001240000000000000♠24

7002125000000000000♠125
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
7009533100000000000♠5,331,000,000
31 December 2016 est.[126]
7001700000000000000♠70
7001130000000000000♠13

7002126000000000000♠126
 Gabon
7009515800000000000♠5,158,000,000
31 December 2016 est.[127]
7003290000000000000♠2,900
7001350000000000000♠35

7002127000000000000♠127
 North Korea
7009500000000000000♠5,000,000,000
2013 est.[128]
7002200000000000000♠200
7001180000000000000♠18

7002128000000000000♠128
 Republic of the Congo
7009481700000000000♠4,817,000,000
31 December 2016 est.[129]
7003100000000000000♠1,000
7001550000000000000♠55

7002129000000000000♠129
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
7009471660000000000♠4,716,600,000
30 June 2017[130]
7003130000000000000♠1,300
7001310000000000000♠31

7002130000000000000♠130
 Barbados
7009449000000000000♠4,490,000,000
2010 est.[131]
7004157000000000000♠15,700
7002100000000000000♠100

7002131000000000000♠131
 Madagascar
7009400700000000000♠4,007,000,000
31 December 2016 est.[132]
7002160000000000000♠160
7001410000000000000♠41

7002132000000000000♠132
 Mali
7009362600000000000♠3,626,000,000
31 December 2016 est.[133]
7002200000000000000♠200
7001260000000000000♠26

7002133000000000000♠133
 Mauritania
7009358500000000000♠3,585,000,000
31 December 2016 est.[134]
7002840000000000000♠840
7001760000000000000♠76

7002134000000000000♠134
 Libya
7009353100000000000♠3,531,000,000
31 December 2016 est.[135]
7002550000000000000♠550
7000900000000000000♠9

7002135000000000000♠135
   Nepal
7009345020000000000♠3,450,200,000
31 July 2015[136]
7002120000000000000♠120
7001160000000000000♠16

7002136000000000000♠136
 Algeria
7009313900000000000♠3,139,000,000
30 June 2016[137]
7001800000000000000♠80
7000200000000000000♠2

7002137000000000000♠137
 Burkina Faso
7009309200000000000♠3,092,000,000
31 December 2016 est.[138]
7002160000000000000♠160
7001260000000000000♠26

7002138000000000000♠138
 Somalia
7009305400000000000♠3,054,000,000
31 December 2013 est.[139]
7002270000000000000♠270
7001520000000000000♠52

7002139000000000000♠139
 Niger
7009272900000000000♠2,729,000,000
31 December 2016 est.[140]
7002130000000000000♠130
7001360000000000000♠36

7002140000000000000♠140
 Montenegro
7009266540000000000♠2,665,400,000
31 December 2015[141]
7003430000000000000♠4,300
7001660000000000000♠66

7002141000000000000♠141
 Seychelles
7009255200000000000♠2,552,000,000
31 December 2016 est.[142]
7004262000000000000♠26,200
7002180000000000000♠180

7002142000000000000♠142
 Rwanda
7009244200000000000♠2,442,000,000
31 December 2016 est.[143]
7002200000000000000♠200
7001290000000000000♠29

—
 Bermuda
7009243500000000000♠2,435,000,000
2015 est.[144]
7004397000000000000♠39,700
7001470000000000000♠47

—
 Kosovo
7009238970000000000♠2,389,700,000
30 June 2017[145]
7003120000000000000♠1,200
7001340000000000000♠34

7002143000000000000♠143
 Benin
7009234000000000000♠2,340,000,000
31 December 2016 est.[146]
7002200000000000000♠200
7001260000000000000♠26

7002144000000000000♠144
 Tajikistan
7009227410000000000♠2,274,100,000
31 December 2016[147]
7002260000000000000♠260
7001350000000000000♠35

7002145000000000000♠145
 Bhutan
7009226100000000000♠2,261,000,000
31 December 2016 est.[148]
7003290000000000000♠2,900
7002108000000000000♠108

7002146000000000000♠146
 Haiti
7009202200000000000♠2,022,000,000
31 December 2016 est.[149]
7002180000000000000♠180
7001240000000000000♠24

7002147000000000000♠147
 Malawi
7009192100000000000♠1,921,000,000
31 December 2016 est.[150]
7002100000000000000♠100
7001350000000000000♠35

7002148000000000000♠148
 Chad
7009187500000000000♠1,875,000,000
31 December 2016 est.[151]
7002130000000000000♠130
7001180000000000000♠18

7002149000000000000♠149
 Botswana
7009168540000000000♠1,685,400,000
31 March 2017[152]
7002720000000000000♠720
7001100000000000000♠10

—
 Palestine
7009166200000000000♠1,662,000,000
31 March 2016 est.[153]
7002340000000000000♠340
7001170000000000000♠17

7002150000000000000♠150
 Cape Verde
7009166000000000000♠1,660,000,000
31 December 2016 est.[154]
7003310000000000000♠3,100
7001990000000000000♠99

7002151000000000000♠151
 Sierra Leone
7009156100000000000♠1,561,000,000
31 December 2016 est.[155]
7002230000000000000♠230
7001360000000000000♠36

7002152000000000000♠152
 Equatorial Guinea
7009136400000000000♠1,364,000,000
31 December 2016 est.[156]
7003150000000000000♠1,500
7001120000000000000♠12

7002153000000000000♠153
 Djibouti
7009133900000000000♠1,339,000,000
31 December 2016 est.[157]
7003150000000000000♠1,500
7001710000000000000♠71

7002154000000000000♠154
 Guinea
7009133200000000000♠1,332,000,000
31 December 2016 est.[158]
7002100000000000000♠100
7001200000000000000♠20

7002155000000000000♠155
 Belize
7009132700000000000♠1,327,000,000
31 December 2016 est.[159]
7003350000000000000♠3,500
7001750000000000000♠75

7002156000000000000♠156
 Afghanistan
7009128000000000000♠1,280,000,000
FY-2010/11[160]
7001400000000000000♠40
7000700000000000000♠7

7002157000000000000♠157
 Suriname
7009123500000000000♠1,235,000,000
31 December 2016 est.[161]
7003220000000000000♠2,200
7001300000000000000♠30

7002158000000000000♠158
 Togo
7009117300000000000♠1,173,000,000
31 December 2016 est.[162]
7002150000000000000♠150
7001260000000000000♠26

7002159000000000000♠159
 Guyana
7009114300000000000♠1,143,000,000
31 December 2015 [163]
7003150000000000000♠1,500
7001360000000000000♠36

7002160000000000000♠160
 Liberia
7009111100000000000♠1,111,000,000
31 December 2016 est.[164]
7002230000000000000♠230
7001510000000000000♠51

7002161000000000000♠161
 Guinea-Bissau
7009109500000000000♠1,095,000,000
31 December 2010 est.[165]
7002570000000000000♠570
7001940000000000000♠94

7002162000000000000♠162
 Lesotho
7008948800000000000♠948,800,000
31 December 2016 est.[166]
7002430000000000000♠430
7001530000000000000♠53

—
 Faroe Islands
7008888800000000000♠888,800,000
2010[167]
7004184000000000000♠18,400
7001380000000000000♠38

7002163000000000000♠163
 Fiji
7008833400000000000♠833,400,000
31 December 2016 est.[168]
7002900000000000000♠900
7001180000000000000♠18

7002164000000000000♠164
 Eritrea
7008820200000000000♠820,200,000
31 December 2016 est.[169]
7002150000000000000♠150
7001150000000000000♠15

7002165000000000000♠165
 Maldives
7008741600000000000♠741,600,000
2014 est.[170]
7003200000000000000♠2,000
7001230000000000000♠23

7002166000000000000♠166
 Burundi
7008705200000000000♠705,200,000
31 December 2016 est.[171]
7001600000000000000♠60
7001260000000000000♠26

—
 Aruba
7008693200000000000♠693,200,000
31 December 2014 est.[172]
7003660000000000000♠6,600
7001280000000000000♠28

7002167000000000000♠167
 Central African Republic
7008686900000000000♠686,900,000
31 December 2016 est.[173]
7002130000000000000♠130
7001390000000000000♠39

7002168000000000000♠168
 Grenada
7008679000000000000♠679,000,000
2013 est.[174]
7003630000000000000♠6,300
7001660000000000000♠66

7002169000000000000♠169
 The Gambia
7008541800000000000♠541,800,000
31 December 2016 est.[175]
7002260000000000000♠260
7001610000000000000♠61

7002170000000000000♠170
 Saint Lucia
7008513200000000000♠513,200,000
31 December 2016 est.[176]
7003270000000000000♠2,700
7001360000000000000♠36

7002171000000000000♠171
 Turkmenistan
7008502800000000000♠502,800,000
31 December 2016 est.[177]
7001900000000000000♠90
7000100000000000000♠1

7002172000000000000♠172
 Solomon Islands
7008491500000000000♠491,500,000
31 December 2013 est.[178]
7002800000000000000♠800
7001400000000000000♠40

7002173000000000000♠173
 Swaziland
7008470500000000000♠470,500,000
31 December 2016 est.[179]
7002360000000000000♠360
7001140000000000000♠14

7002174000000000000♠174
 Samoa
7008447200000000000♠447,200,000
31 December 2013 est.[180]
7003230000000000000♠2,300
7001510000000000000♠51

7002175000000000000♠175
 Antigua and Barbuda
7008441200000000000♠441,200,000
31 December 2012[181]
7003470000000000000♠4,700
7001340000000000000♠34

7002176000000000000♠176
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
7008321100000000000♠321,100,000
31 December 2016 est.[182]
7003290000000000000♠2,900
7001420000000000000♠42

7002177000000000000♠177
 Timor-Leste
7008311500000000000♠311,500,000
31 December 2014 est.[183]
7002250000000000000♠250
7001120000000000000♠12

7002178000000000000♠178
 Dominica
7008288600000000000♠288,600,000
31 December 2016 est.[184]
7003390000000000000♠3,900
7001550000000000000♠55

—
 Cook Islands
7008281200000000000♠281,200,000
31 December 2011 [185]
7004134000000000000♠13,400
7001230000000000000♠23

7002179000000000000♠179
 Sao Tome and Principe
7008236500000000000♠236,500,000
31 December 2016 est.[186]
7003120000000000000♠1,200
7001670000000000000♠67

7002180000000000000♠180
 Tonga
7008233100000000000♠233,100,000
31 December 2016 est.[187]
7003220000000000000♠2,200
7001540000000000000♠54

7002181000000000000♠181
 Vanuatu
7008208100000000000♠208,100,000
31 December 2016 est.[188]
7002750000000000000♠750
7001270000000000000♠27

7002182000000000000♠182
 Saint Kitts and Nevis
7008187500000000000♠187,500,000
31 December 2016 est.[189]
7003330000000000000♠3,300
7001200000000000000♠20

7002183000000000000♠183
 Comoros
7008133300000000000♠133,300,000
31 December 2016 est.[190]
7002160000000000000♠160
7001210000000000000♠21

—
 New Caledonia
7008112000000000000♠112,000,000
31 December 2013 est.[191]
7002420000000000000♠420
7000100000000000000♠1

7002184000000000000♠184
 Marshall Islands
7007979600000000000♠97,960,000
2013 est.[192]
7003180000000000000♠1,800
7001520000000000000♠52

7002185000000000000♠185
 Federated States of Micronesia
7007936000000000000♠93,600,000
2013 est.[193]
7002900000000000000♠900
7001290000000000000♠29

—
 Cayman Islands
7007790000000000000♠79,000,000
1998 est.
7003210000000000000♠2,100
7000700000000000000♠7

—
 Greenland
7007364000000000000♠36,400,000
2010[194]
7002650000000000000♠650
7000200000000000000♠2

7002186000000000000♠186
 Nauru
7007333000000000000♠33,300,000
2004 est.[195]
7003320000000000000♠3,200
7001220000000000000♠22

—
 British Virgin Islands
7007176700000000000♠17,670,000
31 December 2016 [196]
7002570000000000000♠570
7000200000000000000♠2

7002187000000000000♠187
 Kiribati
7007136000000000000♠13,600,000
2013 est.[197]
7002120000000000000♠120
7000800000000000000♠8

—
 Anguilla
7006880000000000000♠8,800,000
1998[198]
7002590000000000000♠590
7000500000000000000♠5

—
 Wallis and Futuna
7006367000000000000♠3,670,000
2004[199]
7002280000000000000♠280
7000600000000000000♠6

—
 Montserrat
7006104000000000000♠1,040,000
31 December 2011 [200]
7002200000000000000♠200
7000200000000000000♠2

7002188000000000000♠188
 Brunei
0
2014[201]
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0

7002188000000000000♠188
 Liechtenstein
0
2001[202]
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0

—
 Macau
0
31 December 2013[203]
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0

—
 Niue
0
27 October 2016[204]
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0

7002190000000000000♠190
 Andorra

N/A

7002190000000000000♠190
 San Marino

N/A

7002190000000000000♠190
 South Sudan

N/A

7002190000000000000♠190
 Tuvalu

N/A


question_text: universal declaration on the rights of persons with disabilities

root

text: History[edit]

text: 1981 to 1992 was the UN "Decade of Disabled Persons". In 1987, a global meeting of experts to review progress recommended that the UN General Assembly should draft an international convention on the elimination of discrimination against persons with disabilities. Draft convention outlines were proposed by Italy and subsequently Sweden, but no consensus was reached. Many government representatives argued that existing human rights documents were sufficient. Instead, non-compulsory "Standard Rules on the Equalisation of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities" were adopted by the General Assembly in 1993. In 2000, leaders of five international disability NGOs issued a declaration, calling on all governments to support a Convention. In 2001, the General Assembly, following a proposal by Mexico, established an Ad Hoc Committee to consider proposals for a comprehensive and integral convention to promote and protect the rights and dignity of persons with disabilities, based on a holistic approach.[6] Disability rights organisations, including the International Disability Alliance as coordinator of an ad hoc International Disability Caucus, participated actively in the drafting process, in particular seeking a role for disabled people and their organisations in the implementation and monitoring of what became the Convention.[7]

tag: p

text: Mexico initiated negotiations, with active support from GRULAC (the Latin American regional group). When support for a Convention was foundering in 2002 due to WEOG opposition, New Zealand played a pivotal role in achieving cross-regional momentum. Acting as facilitator from 2002–03, New Zealand eventually assumed the formal role of Chair of Ad Hoc Committee and led negotiations to a consensus agreement in August 2006, working closely with other Bureau members Jordan, Costa Rica, the Czech Republic, and South Africa, as well as Korea and Mexico. The Convention became one of the most quickly supported human rights instruments in history, with strong support from all regional groups. 160 States have signed the Convention upon its opening in 2007 and 126 States ratified the Convention within its first five years. In recognition of its role in creating the Convention, as well as the quality of New Zealand's landmark national Disability Strategy, Governor-General of New Zealand Anand Satyanand received the 2008 World Disability Award on behalf of the nation.

text: As of 2015, for the first time in its history, the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities opened an investigation into a signatory state for breaching their convention obligations. The investigation was triggered by article 6 of the optional protocol, which provides that an investigation will be carried out once the Committee receives “reliable information indicating grave and systematic violation” of the human rights of persons with disabilities. The government of the United Kingdom is being investigated, with the final report currently due to be released in 2017.[8]

text: Summary[edit]

text: The Convention follows the civil law tradition, with a preamble, in which the principle that "all human rights are universal, indivisible, interdependent and interrelated " of Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action is cited, followed by 50 articles. Unlike many UN covenants and conventions, it is not formally divided into parts.

text: Article 1 defines the purpose of the Convention:

text: Articles 2 and 3 provide definitions and general principles including communication, reasonable accommodation and universal design.

text: Articles 4–32 define the rights of persons with disabilities and the obligations of states parties towards them. Many of these mirror rights affirmed in other UN conventions such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights or the Convention Against Torture, but with specific obligations ensuring that they can be fully realised by persons with disabilities.

text: Rights specific to this convention include the rights to accessibility including the information technology, the rights to live independently and be included in the community (Article 19), to personal mobility (article 20), habilitation and rehabilitation (Article 26), and to participation in political and public life, and cultural life, recreation and sport (Articles 29 and 30).

text: In addition, parties to the Convention must raise awareness of the human rights of persons with disabilities (Article 8), and ensure access to roads, buildings, and information (Article 9).

text: Articles 33–39 govern reporting and monitoring of the convention by national human rights institutions (Article 33) and Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (Article 34).

text: Articles 40–50 govern ratification, entry into force, and amendment of the Convention. Article 49 also requires that the Convention be available in accessible formats.

text: Core provisions[edit]

text: Guiding principles of the Convention[edit]

text: There are eight guiding principles that underlie the Convention:

text:
Respect for inherent dignity, individual autonomy including the freedom to make one's own choices, and independence of persons
Non-discrimination
Full and effective participation and inclusion in society
Respect for difference and acceptance of persons with disabilities as part of human diversity and humanity
Equality of opportunity
Accessibility
Equality between men and women
Respect for the evolving capacities of children with disabilities and respect for the right of children with disabilities to preserve their identities

tag: ol

text: Definition of disability[edit]

text: Article 2 (Definitions) does not include a definition of disability. The Convention adopts a social model of disability, but does not offer a specific definition. The Convention's preamble (e) explains that the Convention recognises:

text: "...that disability is an evolving concept and that disability results from the interaction between persons with impairments and attitudinal and environmental barriers that hinders their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others"

text: Article one (Purpose) further offers that:

text: "Persons with disabilities include those who have long-term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments which in interaction with various barriers may hinder their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others." However, the use of the term "include" should not be interpreted as excluding those who have short term or fluctuating conditions.

text: Principle of "reasonable accommodation"[edit]

text: The Convention defines "reasonable accommodation" to be "necessary and appropriate modification and adjustments not imposing a disproportionate or undue burden, where needed in a particular case, to ensure to persons with disabilities the enjoyment or exercise on an equal basis with others of all human rights and fundamental freedoms" at the Article 2 and demands this all aspects of life including inclusive education.

text: Prevention of discrimination[edit]

text: The Article 8 of Convention stresses the awareness raising to foster respect for the rights and dignity against discrimination:

text:
To raise awareness throughout society, including at the family level, regarding persons with disabilities, and to foster respect for the rights and dignity of persons with disabilities.
To combat stereotypes, prejudices and harmful practices relating to persons with disabilities, including those based on sex and age, in all areas of life.
To promote awareness of the capacities and contributions of persons with disabilities.
Initiating and maintaining effective public awareness campaigns designed: (i) to nurture receptiveness to the rights of persons with disabilities. (ii) to promote positive perceptions and greater social awareness towards persons with disabilities. (iii) to promote recognition of the skills, merits and abilities of persons with disabilities, and of their contributions to workplace and the labour market.
Encouraging all organs of the mass media to portray persons with disabilities in a manner consistent with the purpose of the present Convention.
Promoting awareness-training programmes regarding persons with disabilities and the rights of persons with disabilities.

text: Accessibility[edit]

text: The Convention stresses that persons with disabilities should be able to live independently and participate fully in all aspects of life. To this end, States Parties should take appropriate measures to ensure that persons with disabilities have access, to the physical environment, to transportation, to information and communications technology, and to other facilities and services open or provided to the public. Accessibility can be grouped into three main groups. 1. physical accessibility 2. service accessibility 3. accessibility to communication and information

text: Situations of risk and humanitarian emergency[edit]

text: Article 11 of the Convention affirms that States Parties shall take, in accordance with their obligations under international law, including international humanitarian law and international human rights law, all necessary measures to ensure the protection and safety of persons with disabilities in situations of armed conflict, humanitarian emergencies and the occurrence of natural disaster.

text: Recognition before the law and legal capacity[edit]

text: Article 12 of the Convention affirms the equal recognition before the law and legal capacity of the persons with disabilities.

text: States Parties should:

text:
reaffirm that persons with disabilities have the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law.
recognize that persons with disabilities enjoy legal capacity on an equal basis with others in all aspects of life.
take appropriate measures to provide access by persons with disabilities to the support they may require in exercising their legal capacity.
ensure that all measures that relate to the exercise of legal capacity provide for appropriate and effective safeguards to prevent abuse in accordance with international human rights law. Such safeguards shall ensure that measures relating to the exercise of legal capacity respect the rights, will and preferences of the person, are free of conflict of interest and undue influence, are proportional and tailored to the person's circumstance, apply for the shortest time possible and are subject to regular review by a competent, independent and impartial authority or judicial body. The safeguards shall be proportional to the degree to which such measures affect the person's rights and interests.

text: Access to justice[edit]

text: Article 13 of the Convention affirms the effective access to justice for persons with disabilities, stating that:

text:
States parties shall ensure effective access to justice for persons with disabilities on an equal basis with others, including through the provision of procedural and age-appropriate accommodations, in order to facilitate their effective role as a direct and indirect participants, including as witnesses, in all legal proceeding, including at investigative and other preliminary stages.
In order to help to ensure effective access to justice for persons with disabilities, states Parties shall promote appropriate training for those working in the field of administration of justice, including police and prison staff. This Article together with the Article 12 are cited by the "Handbook on prisoners with special needs"[9] by United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.

text: Right to education[edit]

text: The Convention states that persons with disabilities should be guaranteed the right to inclusive education at all levels, regardless of age, without discrimination and on the basis of equal opportunity.

text: States Parties should ensure that:

text:
children with disabilities are not excluded from free and compulsory primary education, or from secondary education;
adults with disabilities have access to general tertiary education, vocational training, adult education and lifelong learning;
persons with disabilities receive the necessary support, within the general education system, to facilitate their effective education; and
effective individualized support measures are put in place to maximize academic and social development.

text: States Parties should take appropriate measures, such as:

text:
endorsing the learning of Braille, alternative script, augmentative and alternative modes, means and formats of communication and orientation and mobility skills, and facilitating peer support and mentoring;
supporting the learning of sign language and promoting the linguistic identity of the deaf community;
advocating that education of persons, particularly children, who are blind and/or deaf, is delivered in the most appropriate languages and means of communication for the individual; and
employing teachers, including teachers with disabilities, who are qualified in sign language and/or Braille, and to train education professionals and staff about disability awareness, use of augmentative and alternative modes and formats of communication, and educational techniques and materials to support persons with disabilities.

text: Right to health[edit]

text: Article 25 specifies that "persons with disabilities have the right to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health without discrimination on the basis of disability."[10]

text: Protecting the integrity of the person[edit]

text: Article 17 of the Convention states that every person with disabilities has a right to respect for his or her physical and mental integrity on an equal basis with others.

text: Respect for the family[edit]

text: Article 23 of the Convention prohibits compulsory sterilization of disabled persons[11] and guarantees their right to adopt children.

text: Habilitation and rehabilitation[edit]

text: Article 26 of the Convention affirms that "States Parties shall take effective and appropriate measures, including through peer support, to enable persons with disabilities to attain and maintain maximum independence, full physical, mental, social and vocational ability, and full inclusion and participation in all aspects of life. To that end, States Parties shall organize, strengthen and extend comprehensive habilitation and rehabilitation services and programmes, particularly in the areas of health, employment, education and social services, in such a way that these services and programmes:

text:
Begin at the earliest possible stage, and are based on the multidisciplinary assessment of individual needs and strengths;
Support participation and inclusion in the community and all aspects of society, are voluntary, and are available to persons with disabilities as close as possible to their own communities, including in rural areas.
States Parties shall promote the development of initial and continuing training for professionals and staff working in habilitation and rehabilitation service.
States Parties shall promote the availability, knowledge and use of assistive devices and technologies, designed for persons with disabilities, as they relate to habilitation and rehabilitation.

text: Participation rights[edit]

text: The Convention on the Right of Persons with Disabilities recognised that "that disability results from the interaction between persons with impairments and attitudinal and environmental barriers that hinders their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others" and that "persons with disabilities continue to face barriers in their participation as equal members of society."

text: The Convention makes participation of the disabled one of its principles, stating "The principles of the present Convention shall be:...Full and effective participation and inclusion in society", subsequently enshrining the right of disabled to participate fully and equally in the community, education, all aspect of life (in the context of habilitation and rehabilitation), political and public life, cultural life, leisure and sports.[12]

text: States Parties should take appropriate measure such as:

text:
To enables persons with disabilities to have the opportunity to develop and utilize their creative, artistic and intellectual potential, not only for their own benefit, but also for the enrichment of society.
In accordance with international law, to ensure that law protecting intellectual property rights do not constitute an unreasonable or discriminatory barrier to access by persons with disabilities to cultural materials.
So that persons with disabilities should be entitled, on an equal basis with others, to recognition and support of their specific cultural and linguistic identity, including sign languages and deaf culture.

text: Work and employment[edit]

text: Article 27 requires that States Parties recognize the right of persons with disabilities to work, on an equal basis of others; this includes the right to the opportunity to gain a living by work freely chosen or accepted in a labour market and work environment that is open, inclusive and accessible to persons with disabilities. And that States Parties shall safeguard and promote the realization of the right to work, including for those who acquire a disability during the course of employment, by taking appropriate steps, including through legislation, to inter alia:

text:
Prohibit discrimination on the basis of disability with regard to all matters concerning all forms of employment, continuance of employment, career advancement and safe and healthy working conditions;
Protect the rights of persons with disabilities, on an equal basis with others, to just and favourable conditions of work, including equal opportunities and equal remuneration for work of equal value, safe and healthy working conditions, including protection from harassment, and the redress of grievances;
Ensure that persons with disabilities are able to exercise their labour and trade union rights on an equal basis with others;
Enable persons with disabilities to have effective access to general technical and vocational guidance programmes, placement services and vocational and continuing training;
Promote employment opportunities and career advancement for persons with disabilities in the labour market, as well as assistance in finding, obtaining, maintaining and returning to employment;
Promote opportunities for self-employment, entrepreneurship, the development of cooperative and starting one's own business.
Ensure that reasonable accommodation is provided to persons with disabilities in the workplace.
Promote the acquisition by persons with disabilities of work experience in the open labour market.
Promote vocational and professional rehabilitation, job retention and return-to-work programmes for persons with disabilities.

text: States Parties shall ensure that persons with disabilities are not held in slavery or in servitude, and are protected, on an equal basis with others, from forces or compulsory labour.

text: Adequate standard of living and social protection[edit]

text: Article 28 requires that States Parties recognize the right of persons with disabilities to an adequate standard of living for themselves and their families, including adequate food, clothing and housing, and to the continuous improvement of living conditions, and shall take appropriate steps to safeguard and promote the realization of this rights without discrimination on the basis of disability.

text: States Parties recognize the right of persons with disabilities to social protection and to the enjoyment of that rights without discrimination on the basis of disability, and shall take appropriate steps to safeguard and promote the realization of the rights, including measures;

text:
To ensure equal access by persons with disabilities to clean water service, and to ensure access to appropriate and affordable service, device and other assistance for disability-related needs.
To ensure access by persons with disabilities, in particular women and girls with disabilities and older persons with disabilities, to social protection programmes and poverty reduction programmes.
To ensure access by persons with disabilities and their families living in situations of poverty to assistance from the State with disability-related expenses, including adequate training, counselling, financial assistance and respite care.
To ensure access by persons with disabilities to public housing programmes.
To ensure equal access by persons with disabilities to retirement benefits and programmes.

text: Right to vote[edit]

text: Article 29 requires that all Contracting States protect "the right of persons with disabilities to vote by secret ballot in elections and public referendums".[13] According to this provision, each Contracting State should provide for voting equipment which would enable disabled voters to vote independently and secretly. Some democracies, e.g., the US, Japan, Netherlands, Slovenia, Albania or India allow disabled voters to use electronic voting machines or electronic aides which help disabled voters to fill the paper ballot. In others, among them Azerbaijan, Kosovo, Canada, Ghana, United Kingdom, and most of African and Asian countries, visually impaired voters can use ballots in Braille or paper ballot templates. Many of these and also some other democracies, Chile for example, use adjustable desks so that voters on wheelchairs can approach them. Some democracies only allow another person to cast a ballot for the blind or disabled voter. Such arrangement, however, does not assure secrecy of the ballot.

text: Article 29 also requires that Contracting States ensure "that voting procedures, facilities and materials are appropriate, accessible and easy to understand and use." In some democracies, i.e. Sweden and the US, all the polling places already are fully accessible for disabled voters.

text: Reservations[edit]

text: A number of parties have made reservations and interpretative declarations to their application of the Convention.[14]

text: Australia does not consider itself bound to stop forcibly medicating those labeled mentally ill when it is considered a last resort.[14]

text: El Salvador accepts the Convention to the extent that it is compatible with its constitution.[14]

text: Japan declares that paragraph 4 of Article 23 of the Convention is interpreted not to apply to a case where a child is separated from his or her parents as a result of deportation in accordance with its immigration law.

text: Malta interprets the right to health in Article 25 of the Convention as not implying any right to abortion. It also reserves the right to continue to apply its own election laws around accessibility and assistance.[14]

text: Mauritius does not consider itself bound by the Article 11 obligation to take all necessary measures to protect people with disabilities during natural disasters, armed conflict or humanitarian emergencies, unless permitted by domestic legislation.[14]

text: The Netherlands interprets the right to life in Article 10 within the framework of its domestic laws. It also interprets Article 25(f), which bars the discriminatory denial of health care, as permitting a person to refuse medical treatment, including food or fluids.[14]

text: Poland interprets Articles 23 and 25 as not conferring any right to abortion.[14]

text: The United Kingdom has reservations relating to the right to education, immigration, service in the armed forces and an aspect of social security law.[14]

text: Optional protocol[edit]

text: The Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is a side-agreement to the Convention which allows its parties to recognise the competence of the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities to consider complaints from individuals.[15] The text is based heavily on the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.

text: The Optional Protocol entered into force with the Convention on 3 May 2008.[3] As of October 2017, it has 92 signatories and 92 parties.[16]

text: Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities[edit]

text: The Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is a body of human rights experts tasked with monitoring the implementation of the Convention. It initially consisted of 12 independent human rights experts, with half elected for a two-year term and half elected for four-years.[17] Thereafter members will be elected for four-year terms, with half the members elected every two years. As the Convention has achieved 80 ratifications, the Committee will be expanded to 18 members.[17]


document_title: Internet in South Africa

question_text: when did internet access for private use begin in south africa

text: Internet in South Africa

text: History of the Internet in South Africa[edit]

text: The first South African IP address was granted to Rhodes University in 1988.[3] On 12 November 1991, the first IP connection was made between Rhodes' computing centre and the home of Randy Bush in Portland, Oregon.[4] By November 1991, South African universities were connected through UNINET to the Internet. Commercial Internet access for businesses and private use began in June 1992[5] with the registration of the first .co.za subdomain. The African National Congress, launched its website, anc.org.za, in 1997, making it one of the first African political organizations to establish an Internet presence[6] around the time that the Freedom Front Plus (Vryheidsfront Plus)[7] registered vryheidsfront.co.za.[8]

text: Statistics[edit]

text:
Internet users by region

2005
2010
2016a

Africa
      2%
      10%
      25%

Americas
36%
49%
65%

Arab States
8%
26%
42%

Asia and Pacific
9%
23%
42%

Commonwealth of
Independent States

10%

34%

67%

Europe
46%
67%
79%

a Estimate.
Source: International Telecommunication Union.[9]

tag: table

text: The Internet user base in South Africa increased from 2.4 million in 2000, to 5 million in 2008,[10] and to 12.3 million in 2012. This represents 34% of the South African population in 2012.[11] This is the highest penetration for all African countries except for Morocco (55%) and Egypt (44%),[12] is well above the figure of 16% for Africa as a whole, and is comparable with the figure of 31% for developing countries worldwide.[13]

text: The total number of wireless broadband subscribers overtook that of fixed line broadband subscribers in South Africa during 2007. In 2012 there were 1.1 million fixed line broadband subscribers[14] and 12.7 million wireless broadband subscribers.[15]

text: South Africa's total international bandwidth reached the 10 Gbit/s mark during 2008, and its continued increase is being driven primarily by the uptake of broadband and lowering of tariffs. Three new submarine cable projects have brought more capacity to South Africa from 2009—the SEACOM cable entered service in June 2009, the EASSy cable in July 2010, and the WACS cable in May 2012. Additional international cable systems have been proposed or are under construction. For details see the "Active and proposed cable systems" section below.

text: Broadband in South Africa[edit]

text: Fixed broadband[edit]

text: The first ADSL package, a 512/256 kbit/s offering, was introduced in August 2002 by national telecoms monopoly Telkom. Later, in response to growing demand for cheaper ADSL options, two more products were introduced: a mid-range 384/128 kbit/s offering, and an entry-level 192/64 kbit/s one. On 1 September 2005 Telkom released its 1 Mbit/s offering. In late 2006, Telkom commenced with trials for 4 Mbit/s ADSL. They also began phasing out their 192 kbit/s offering, upgrading subscribers to 384 kbit/s at no extra charge. In May 2008, Neotel launched consumer services, their broadband using CDMA technology.[citation needed]

text: In late 2009, Telkom began trialling 8 and 12 Mbit/s ADSL offerings.[16] In August 2010, Telkom officially introduced ADSL at 10 Mbit/s. More than 20,000 4Mbit/s subscribers were upgraded free of charge. As of November 2013, Fixed line DSL speeds on offer range between 2 Mbit/s to 40 Mbit/s.[17]

text: Fibre To The Home (FTTH)[edit]

text: Currently Openserve (Telkom), Vumatel, Frogfoot Networks and Octel are rolling out FTTH networks across the major cities and towns.

text: Map: https://www.axxess.co.za/fibre/home-uncapped

text: There are also about a dozen other small provider rolling out mostly to gated estates and neighborhoods. These networks are open access wholesale last mile networks meaning that you have to purchase a package from an isp such as Vox, Webafrica, Axxess, Telkom. Openserve (The wholesale division of Telkom SA) which is 51.4% government owned currently having the largest footprint footprint covering areas in many smaller Cities and Town Including Bloemfontein, Port Elizabeth Knysna. The rollout has been quite rapid as at the beginning of 2016 very few areas had access to FTTH and now at the beginning of 2018 most middle and upper class areas in Johannesburg, Cape Town, Durban and Pretoria have FTTH. Speeds Range from 4/1 Mbps to 1000/1000Mbps. A 100/50Mbps plan will cost from 1000R to 1399R ($80 to $115) depending on providers available in area and size of data package. An unlimited 1Gbps/1Gbps plan will cost around 1700 R (140$) so prices are still somewhat expensive when compared to other countries with FTTH but prices have been continually falling through out the roleout. With google fibre costing $70 for unlimited 1000/400Mbps in USA.

text: Vumatel are currently rolling out FTTH to Townships (lower income areas/shanty towns). They are starting with a trial in Alexandra Johannesburg and then if the trial there is successful they plan to roleout to other areas including Diepsloot and Soweto. Vumatel have stated that they will be providing a 100/100Mbps plan for 89R ($7.40) in these areas. They hope to undercut mobile operators as may people rely on mobile data only in these areas.

text: The technology that is being deployed with the FTTH roleouts has mostly been Gpon (Openserve, Frogfoot networks, Octel) With Vumatel choosing to go with active fibre instead. There is no central authority that is coordinating the roleouts by each provider so there is a significant amount of over building in higher income areas with some areas having 3 physical network providers and others having only 1. Although a good step that was take was when Openserve and Vumatel signed an agreement agreeing not to over build any more areas and so far this had helped deal with excessive overbuilding.

text: Wireless broadband[edit]

text: There is a differentiation between wireless broadband and mobile broadband, the local GSM operators (and their surrogates) provide GSM (up to LTE) broadband.

text: A number of companies offer broadband alternatives. Iburst offer their namesake, while cellular network company Cell C offer GPRS and EDGE and more recently a 21.1Mbit/s service. MTN and Vodacom also offer 3G with up to 21.1Mbit/s HSDPA+.[18][19] Telkom offers a 7.2 / 2.4 Mbit/s HSDPA / HSUPA service in Gauteng.[20] Most of these offerings are more expensive than ADSL for mid-to-high usage, but can be cost effective if low usage is required. MTN triggered a mini-price war in late February 2007, offering 2GB for each 1GB bought,[21] with Iburst giving a small "data bonus" to their contract customers and Sentech also reducing their prices. Vodacom responded with dramatic price cuts of their own on 1 April 2007 after which Cell C reduced prices on their larger offerings to undercut both MTN and Vodacom.

text: Internet hotspots are ubiquitous in hotels, coffee shops, and the like. This enables users—often tourists or people on the move—to easily go online without having to enter into a fixed contract with an ISP. Many hotspots offer usage free of charge, though frequently only after registration and/or for a limited amount of time or data.

text: Voice over Internet protocol (VOIP)[edit]

text: Until 1 February 2005, the usage of VOIP outside of company networks was illegal under South African communications law, ostensibly to protect jobs. The deregulation of VOIP was announced by Minister of Communications Ivy Matsepe-Casaburri in September 2004.

text: Pricing[edit]

text: In South Africa ADSL is very expensive with prices well above world average.[22] Charges consist of three parts: the ADSL line rental (Costs are R165 for a 2Mbit/s "Fast" line, R299 for a 4Mbit/s "Faster", and R425 for the 10Mbit/s "Fastest" line[23]), the regular analogue phone line rental (R157, as of August 2013,[23] which includes a land line number) and an ISP account. The price of an ISP account can vary greatly, ranging from R23 (US$3) for 1 GB to R159 ($21) for uncapped 384kbit/s and R496 (US$61) for uncapped 4 Mbit/s. Products with caps of 3 GB, 5 GB, 10 GB, 20 GB and 30 GB are also available through various ISPs.[citation needed]

text: ADSL prices in South Africa have been decreasing steadily since the service was introduced, mainly as result of competition from mobile network operators, but also due to the landing of the SEACOM cable. Previously the sole undersea cable to land in South Africa was the Telkom-operated SAT-3. Telkom's own ADSL subscriber base climbed from 50,000 in February 2005 to around 927 000 in July 2009.[24][25][26] ADSL Broadband prices began to drop significantly when Afrihost entered the market at R29 per GB in August 2009, forcing other ISPs to lower their prices.[27] Since then, thanks to more ISPs entering the market, the price for data has decreased - in February 2014 Web Africa started offering ADSL from R1.50 per GB.[28] However, relative to developed markets, ADSL prices in South Africa still remain among the highest in the world which has prompted consumer groups such as Hellkom and MyADSL to charge that Telkom's ADSL prices are excessive. In terms of speed, a report by, Akamai: The State of the Internet for 2010, showed that South Africa was one of 86 countries which had an average connection speed below 1 Mbit/s, which is below the global average broadband threshold of 2 Mbit/s.[29]

text: Dial up Internet[edit]

text: Dial-up subscribers are migrating to broadband, and then escalating to higher-bandwidth packages as they become available. However, Broadband technologies are not universally available and many customers still connect to the Internet using a dial-up modem or an ISDN T/A connection.[citation needed]

text: Legislation and licensing[edit]

text: The South African government passed the Electronic Communications Act in 2006 and is dramatically restructuring the sector towards a converged framework, converting vertically integrated licenses previously granted to PSTN, mobile, USAL, PTN and VANS operators into new Electronic Communications Network Services (ECNS), Electronic Communications Services (ECS), or broadcasting licenses. In January 2009, the Independent Communications Authority of South Africa (ICASA) granted ECS and ECNS licenses to over 500 VANS operators.

text: The South African market is in the process of being dramatically restructured, moving away from old-style, vertically integrated segments under the 1996 Telecommunications Act and 2001 Telecommunications Amendment Act towards horizontal service layers, and the new-style licensing regime is being converted to accommodate this. This process involves the conversion of pre-existing licenses into new Individual or Class Electronic Communications Network Services (ECNS), Electronic Communications Services (ECS), or broadcasting licenses. Licenses are also required for radio frequency spectrum, except for very low power devices.

text: ICASA granted ECNS licenses during December 2007 to seven new under-serviced area licenses (USAL) operators. The new licensees include PlatiTel, Ilembe Communications, Metsweding Telex, Dinaka Telecoms, Mitjodi Telecoms, and Nyakatho Telecoms.

text: The South African market is split into two main tiers: top-tier Internet access providers; and downstream retail ISPs. ISPs are licensed as value-added network service (VANS) providers, although under the Electronic Communications Act of 2006, these licenses were converted in January 2009 to individual or class electronic communication service (ECS) licenses. All domestic ISPs gain international connectivity through one of the Internet access providers: SAIX (Telkom), Neotel, Verizon Business, Internet Solutions (IS), MTN Network Solutions, DataPro, and Posix Systems.

text: Following the deregulation of the VANS industry in South Africa, a number of leading operators have diversified from being a top-tier ISP to becoming a converged communications service provider offering a range of voice and data services, particularly VoIP, through the conversion of VANS licenses into ECS licenses.

text: With delays to local loop unbundling (LLU), which would give ISPs access to exchanges, operators are deploying a range of broadband wireless networks. While the mobile operators are deploying HSDPA, W-CDMA and EDGE networks and entering the broadband space, operators are also deploying WiMAX, iBurst, and CDMA systems. Telkom, Sentech, Neotel, WBS and the under-serviced areas licensees (USALs) have currently been given commercial WiMAX licenses. Telkom launched full commercial WiMAX services in June 2007, first at 14 sites in Pretoria, Cape Town and Durban, and a further 57 sites rolled out over 2007/8. Another 10 operators, including M-Web and Vodacom, were granted temporary test licenses and are awaiting spectrum to be allocated by ICASA. In May 2008, WBS partnered with Vodacom and Intel Corporation to roll out an 802.16e WiMAX network.

text: Active and proposed cable systems[edit]

text: As of 2013, South Africa is served by five submarine communication cables, SAT-2, SAT-3 / WASC / SAFE, SEACOM, EASSy, and WACS. Another five cables, Main One, SAex, ACE, BRICS, and WASACE, have been proposed or are under construction, but are not yet operational in South Africa.

text: Active cable systems[edit]

text:
South Atlantic 2 (SAT-2): SAT-2 was the first submarine cable to be constructed to enable commercial and private use of the Internet. It replaced the original SAT-1 cable, operates at 560 Mbit/s, and has been operational since 1993.[31]
South Atlantic 3 / West Africa Submarine Cable / South Africa Far East (SAT-3 / WASC / SAFE): SAT-3/WASC, a 14,350 km-long 340 Gbit/s cable system, became operational in 2001, providing the first links to Europe for West African and South African Internet users, taking up service from SAT-2 which was reaching maximum capacity. The SAFE cable system, a 13,500 km-long 440 Gbit/s system, was commissioned in 2002 and links South Africa to the Asian continent, with landing points at India and Malaysia.[32]
SEACOM: The SEACOM submarine cable landing at Mombasa, entered commercial service in June 2009.[33] The cable runs from South Africa to Egypt via Mozambique, Madagascar, Tanzania, Kenya, Djibouti and Saudi Arabia, connecting eastwards through to India and westwards through the Mediterranean. It initially operated at 640 Gbit/s in 2009, was upgraded to 2.6 Tbit/s in 2012, with further upgrades during 2013.[34][35][36]
East African Submarine Cable System (EASSy): The EASSy cable system entered service during July 2010.[37] The 4.72 Tbit/s system runs from South Africa (Mtunzini) to Egypt via Mombasa (Kenya) and other African Great Lakes countries. The cable runs as far north as Djibouti and Port Sudan in Northeast Africa, with onward connectivity to Europe provided by the Europe India Gateway (EIG) cable. In March 2007, a 23-member consortium behind EASSy signed a supply contract with Alcatel-Lucent which led to the construction of the cable.[38]
West African Cable System (WACS): The WACS is a 14,000 km-long cable that provides 5.12 Tbit/s of bandwidth between South Africa, 11 other West African countries, Portugal, and the United Kingdom. In April 2009, the WACS consortium signed a construction and maintenance agreement in April 2009 and the cable became operational in May 2012.[39]

tag: ul

text: Proposed cable systems[edit]

text: The following systems have been proposed or are under construction, but are not yet operational in South Africa:

text:
Main One: The Main One cable system, a 14,000 km-long system with a capacity of 1.92 Tbit/s, is being delivered in two phases. The first phase linked Ghana and Nigeria to Portugal and became operational in July 2010.[40][41] Phase two of the project will provide additional Internet capacity to South Africa and other countries on the west African coast.[when?]
ACE (Africa Coast to Europe): The ACE cable system is a 17,000 km-long submarine cable capable of supporting an overall potential capacity of 5.12Tbit/s using wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technology. When complete it will connect 23 countries either directly for coastal countries or indirectly through terrestrial links for landlocked countries, such as Mali and Niger. The first phase of the system was put into service on 15 December 2012.[42] ACE is expected to reach South Africa in 2013.[needs update]
SAex (South Atlantic Express): The SAex cable is a proposed submarine communications cable which would link South Africa and Angola to Brazil with onward connectivity to the United States that will connect to the existing GlobeNet cable system. The project was announced in 2011 following a BRICS summit and a memorandum of understanding signed by its members. The project, if realized, will enable the shortest route possible to the Americas reducing latency and bandwidth costs. Currently, America bound South Africa Internet traffic routes through Europe, incurring the said latency and bandwidth costs. If constructed, the cable will have the largest design capacity (12.8 Tbit/s) of any other cable servicing the African continent.[43][44]
BRICS Cable: A proposed 34,000 km-long, 12.8 Tbit/s capacity, fibre optic cable system that would link Russia, China, India, South Africa, Brazil (the BRICS economies), and the United States as well as interconnecting regional and other continental cable systems in Asia, Africa, and South America for improved global coverage. Target date for completion is mid to late 2015.[45][46]
WASACE: WASACE Cable is a proposed 29,000 km-long, 40 to 60 Tbit/s capacity, fibre optic cable system. When complete it would link four continents (South Africa to Nigeria via Angola, Nigeria to Brazil, Brazil to the United States, and the United States to Spain) and be interconnected to the SEACOM cable system. Network development with be staged with the Africa and Americas portions of the system targeted to be available in the first quarter of 2014 and with the Europe portion to follow.[47][48]

text: SANReN (South African National Research and Education Network)[edit]

text: The SANReN provides dedicated bandwidth capacity to more than a 100 university campuses, research institutes, museums and scientific organisations in South Africa. This is the foundation for collaborative research with academics and scientists on the African continent and across continents. The SANReN enables the participation of South African scientists and postgraduate students in global research, such as the high energy physics project, the ATLAS experiment, hosted at CERN in Geneva.

text: Internet censorship[edit]

text: Internet filtering in South Africa is not individually classified by the OpenNet Initiative, but South Africa is included in ONI's regional overview for sub-Saharan Africa.[49]

text: Digital media freedom is generally respected in South Africa. Political content is not censored, and neither bloggers nor content creators are targeted for their online activities. In 2013 Freedom House rated South Africa's "Internet Freedom Status" as "Free".[50]

text: In September 2012, the Constitutional Court upheld a ruling that prescreening publications (including Internet content) as required by the 2009 amendments to the Films and Publications Act of 1996 was an unconstitutional limitation on freedom of expression.[50]

text: In 2006, the government of South Africa began prohibiting sites hosted in the country from displaying X18 (explicitly sexual) and XXX content (including child pornography and depictions of violent sexual acts); site owners who refuse to comply are punishable under the Film and Publications Act 1996.

text: Under the Electronic Communications and Transactions Act of 2002 (ECTA), ISPs are required to respond to and implement take-down notices regarding illegal content such as child pornography, defamatory material, and copyright violations. Members of the Internet Service Providers Association are not liable for third-party content they do not create or select, however, they can lose this protection from liability if they do not respond to take-down requests. ISPs often err on the side of caution by taking down content to avoid litigation since there is no incentive for providers to defend the rights of the original content creator, even if they believe the take-down notice was requested in bad faith. There is no existing appeal mechanism for content creators or providers.[50]

text: South Africa participates in regional efforts to combat cybercrime. The East African Community (consisting of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda) and the South African Development Community (consisting of Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe) have both enacted plans to standardize cybercrime laws throughout their regions.[49]


document_title: Walk This Way

question_text: run dmc aerosmith walk this way release date

text: Walk This Way

text: Production[edit]

text: Music[edit]

text: The song starts out with a two measure drum beat intro by Joey Kramer, followed by the well known guitar riff by Joe Perry. The song proceeds with the main riff made famous by Perry and Brad Whitford on guitar with Tom Hamilton on bass. The song continues with rapid fire lyrics by Steven Tyler.

text: Lyrics[edit]

text: In December 1974, Aerosmith opened for The Guess Who in Honolulu. During the sound check, guitarist Joe Perry was "fooling around with riffs and thinking about The Meters," a group guitarist Jeff Beck had turned him on to. Loving "their riffy New Orleans funk, especially 'Cissy Strut' and 'People Say'", he asked the drummer "to lay down something flat with a groove on the drums." The guitar riff to what would become "Walk This Way" just "came off [his] hands."[3] Needing a bridge, he

text: played another riff and went there. But I didn't want the song to have a typical, boring 1, 4, 5 chord progression. After playing the first riff in the key of C, I shifted to E before returning to C for the verse and chorus. By the end of the sound check, I had the basics of a song.

text: When bandmate Steven Tyler heard Perry playing that riff he "ran out and sat behind the drums and [they] jammed." Tyler scatted "nonsensical words initially to feel where the lyrics should go before adding them later."

text: When the group was halfway through recording Toys in the Attic in early 1975 at Record Plant in New York City, they found themselves stuck for material. They had written three or four songs for the album, having "to write the rest in the studio." They decided to give the song Perry had come up with in Hawaii a try, but it did not have lyrics or a title yet. Deciding to take a break from recording, band members and producer Jack [Douglas] went down to Times Square to see Mel Brooks' Young Frankenstein. Returning to the studio, they were laughing about Marty Feldman telling Gene Wilder to follow him in the film, saying "walk this way" and limping. Douglas suggested this as a title for their song.[3][4] But they still needed lyrics.

text: At the hotel that night Tyler wrote lyrics for the song, but left them in the cab on the way to the studio next morning. He says: "I must have been stoned. All the blood drained out of my face, but no one believed me. They thought I never got around to writing them." Upset, he took a cassette tape with the instrumental track we had recorded and a portable tape player with headphones and "disappeared into the stairwell." He "grabbed a few No. 2 pencils" but forgot to take paper. He wrote the lyrics on the wall at "the Record Plant's top floor and then down a few stairs of the back stairway." After "two or three hours" he "ran downstairs for a legal pad and ran back up and copied them down."[3]

text: Perry thought the "lyrics were so great," noting Tyler, being a drummer, "likes to use words as a percussion element." He says:

text: The words have to tell a story, but for Steven they also have to have a bouncy feel for flow. Then he searches for words that have a double entendre, which comes out of the blues tradition.

text: Perry always liked to wait until Tyler recorded his vocal so he "could weave around his vocal attack," but Tyler wanted Perry to record first for the same reason. After a "tug-of-war", Tyler's vocal was recorded first with Perry's guitar track overdubbed.[3]

text: The lyrics, which tell the story of a high school boy losing his virginity, are sung quite fast by Tyler, with heavy emphasis being placed on the rhyming lyrics (e.g., "so I took a big chance at the high school dance").

text: Between the elaborately detailed verses, the chorus primarily consists of a repetition of "Walk this way, talk this way".

text: Live in concert, Tyler often has the audience, combined with members of the band, sing "talk this way". There is also a lengthy guitar solo at the end of the song, and in concert, Tyler will often harmonize his voice to mimic the sounds of the guitar.

text: Chart performance[edit]

text:
Chart (1977)
Peak
position

Canadian RPM Top Singles[5]
7

US Billboard Hot 100[6]
10

text: Year-end charts[edit]

text:
Chart (1977)
Position

US Billboard Hot 100[7]
90

text: Legacy[edit]

text: "Walk This Way" was one of two hit singles by the band to hit the Top 10 of the Billboard Hot 100 in the 1970s, the other one being a re-release of "Dream On". "Walk This Way", though, helped Toys in the Attic to be the bestselling Aerosmith album, and one of the most critically acclaimed. Aerosmith's version of "Walk This Way" often competes with "Sweet Emotion" and "Dream On" for the title of Aerosmith's signature song, being one of the band's most important, influential, and recognizable songs. The band rarely omits it from their concert setlist, still performing their classic version of the song to this day. The song has also long been a staple of rock radio, garnering regular airplay on mainstream rock, classic rock, and album-oriented rock radio stations. In 2009, it was named the eighth greatest hard rock song of all time by VH1.[8]

text: Fee Waybill, Steve Lukather, Tim Bogert and Tommy Aldridge covered the song for the Aerosmith tribute album Not the Same Old Song and Dance (Eagle Records, 1999).

text: Aerosmith reference lyrics from the song in "Legendary Child". The line "I took a chance at the high school dance never knowing wrong from right" references lyrics from the songs "Walk This Way" and "Adam's Apple" respectively. Both songs first appeared on the album "Toys in the Attic".

text: Run–D.M.C. version[edit]

text:
"Walk This Way"

Single by Run–D.M.C.

from the album Raising Hell

Released
July 4, 1986

Format
Record

Recorded
1985

Genre
Rap rock,[9] hard rock[10]

Length
5:17 (album version)
3:38 (single version)

Label

Profile
Geffen

Producer(s)

Russell Simmons
Rick Rubin

Run-D.M.C. singles chronology

"My Adidas"
(1986) My Adidas1986
"Walk This Way"
(1986) Walk This Way1986
"You Be Illin'"
(1986) You Be Illin'1986

Music video

"Walk This Way" on YouTube

text:
"Walk This Way"

Run–D.M.C.'s "Walk This Way" from Raising Hell

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: In 1986, the hip hop group Run–D.M.C. performed a cover of "Walk This Way" with Steven Tyler and Joe Perry guesting on vocals and guitars. While working on Raising Hell, Rick Rubin pulled out Toys in the Attic (an album they freestyled over) and explained who Aerosmith were. They had performed with this song before, but only using first few seconds of the song on a loop, not knowing what the full song sounded like, or even hearing the lyrics. While Joseph Simmons and Darryl McDaniels had no idea who Aerosmith were at that time, Rubin suggested remaking the song. Neither Simmons nor McDaniels liked the idea, though Jam Master Jay was open to it. They didn't want the record to be released as a single even after recording with Aerosmith and were shocked when it was played all over the radio, on the hip hop and rock stations.[11] Later, however, Run–D.M.C. covered the song. D.M.C. called it "a beautiful thing" in a trailer for Guitar Hero.

text: The 1986 version of the song is often credited as helping break hip hop music into mainstream pop music as it was the first hip hop song to hit the top 5 on the Billboard Hot 100, and the remake demonstrated how elements of hip hop music can be part of rock and pop songs, harking back to the DJing of Afrika Bambaataa, who would mix in tracks by the likes of the Beatles, the Rolling Stones and Grand Funk Railroad among the more usual funk breaks. It also briefly samples the opening drum intro of the original in a middle section of the song. This version of "Walk This Way" charted higher on the Billboard Hot 100 than the original version, peaking at number 4. It was also one of the first big hip hop singles in the UK, reaching a peak of number 8 there.

text: The landmark collaboration catapulted Run–D.M.C. into mainstream stardom and would influence hip hop music for years to come. The song paved the way for other pop acts to introduce elements of hip hop into their music. It pioneered the trend of rhymed/sung collaborations that is so present on American Radio from the late 1990s and 2000s to the present. The collaboration also introduced a fusion of rock and hip hop, later known as rap rock, to a wide audience for the first time.

text: The song also marked a major comeback for Aerosmith, as they had been largely out of mainstream pop culture for several years while members were battling drug and alcohol addiction along with key members having left the band. Their 1985 comeback album, Done with Mirrors, had also flopped. Aerosmith followed up "Walk This Way" with a string of multi-platinum albums and Top 40 hits, starting with the album Permanent Vacation and single "Dude (Looks Like a Lady)" in 1987. In 2008, "Walk This Way" was ranked number 4 on VH1's "100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop". This version of the song is currently ranked as the 110th greatest song of all time, as well as the second best song of 1986, by Acclaimed Music.[12]

text: The chorus of Run–D.M.C.'s cover contains a pitch alternation that Aerosmith themselves adapted in most future live performances. In collaborations, the other singer often says "talk this way" every alternate line of the chorus. This rap-style delivery may explain why the song worked so well as a hip hop song when it was covered eleven years later.[13]

text: In the Run–D.M.C. cover, a turntable and drum machine are added in to reflect the additional hip hop influence on the record. Both the original Aerosmith version and the Run–D.M.C. cover (featuring Tyler and Perry) appear on various Aerosmith compilations as well as Run-D.M.C. albums.

text: The song is featured on the video game series Just Dance 2015.

text: Music video[edit]

text: The 1986 music video for "Walk This Way" symbolically placed a rock band and Run–D.M.C. in a musical duel in neighboring studios before Steven Tyler literally breaks through the wall that separates them. The video then segues to the bands' joint performance on stage. The highly popular video was the first hip hop hybrid video ever played in heavy rotation on MTV and is regarded as a classic of the medium. The video was directed by Jon Small and filmed at the Park Theater in Union City, New Jersey. The theater has remained largely unchanged since the video was filmed. Visitors may notice two holes in the ceiling toward the front of the stage where a light fixture was meant to be installed for the shoot.[citation needed]

text: Aside from Tyler and Perry, none of the other rock musicians in the video are the Aerosmith members; instead, they were played by Roger Lane, J. D. Malo, and Matt Stelutto—respectively rhythm guitarist, bassist, and drummer of the largely unknown hair metal outfit Smashed Gladys. According to VH1's Pop Up Video, Run–D.M.C. could not afford to use the entire Aerosmith band, just Tyler and Perry. As only Tyler and Perry had traveled to record the cover with Run–D.M.C., they were the only real Aerosmith members to appear in the video.[14]

text: The guitar that Perry is playing is a Guild X-100 Bladerunner. The Guild X100 Bladerunner was originally developed and patented by David Newell and Andrew Desrosiers of David Andrew Guitars. The patent was licensed to Guild Guitars for 17 years and reverted to public domain in 2006. During initial manufacture, Newell and Desrosiers worked directly with Guild craftsman to develop the final product. The guitar used in this video was one of these early issues.

text: Chart performance[edit]

text: Weekly charts[edit]

text:
Chart (1986)
Peak
position

Australia (Kent Music Report)[15]
9

Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[16]
26

Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[17]
6

Canadian RPM Top Singles[18]
6

France (SNEP)[19]
61

Germany (Official German Charts)[20]
13

Irish Singles Chart[21]
12

Italy (FIMI)[22]
12

Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[23]
2

Netherlands (Single Top 100)[24]
2

New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[25]
1

Norway (VG-lista)[26]
6

Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[27]
9

UK (Official Charts Company)[28]
8

US Billboard Hot 100[29]
4

Us Billboard Hot Dance Club Play[29]
6

US Billboard Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales[29]
13

US Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles[29]
8

text: Year-end charts[edit]

text:
Chart (1986)
Position

US Billboard Hot 100[30]
89

text: Later collaborations[edit]

text: In 1989, Tyler and Perry joined Bon Jovi at a concert at Milton Keynes Bowl in the United Kingdom for an encore performance and extended jam of the song.

text: On September 9, 1999, Kid Rock joined Run–D.M.C. and Aerosmith for an updated rendition of "Walk This Way" at the 1999 MTV Video Music Awards. In 2002, Kid Rock and Run–D.M.C. (as separate acts) opened for Aerosmith on the first leg of the Girls of Summer Tour. Each night, at the end of Aerosmith's set, Kid Rock and Run–D.M.C. would join Aerosmith for an encore collaborative performance of "Walk This Way".

text: At the Super Bowl XXXV halftime show in January 2001, performers *NSYNC, Britney Spears, Mary J. Blige, and Nelly joined Aerosmith onstage for an encore performance of "Walk This Way" with Spears and members of *NSYNC singing different parts of the second verse, Blige adding background harmony, and Nelly performing a rap towards the end of the song.

text: At the Hyde Park Calling festival in London on June 24, 2007 (a date on Aerosmith's 2007 world tour), D.M.C. joined Aerosmith on stage for their encore performance of "Walk This Way".

text: Also, Fergie joined Aerosmith once on television to duet with Tyler to sing "Walk This Way".

text: Both the Run–D.M.C. version and the original version of the song are featured in Guitar Hero: Aerosmith.

text: The Run-DMC version appeared in dance video games Dance Dance Revolution Ultramix 3 and Just Dance 2015.

text: Tyler has also performed the song with Carrie Underwood on two occasions.

text: On their 2015 Wheels Up Tour, country pop trio Lady Antebellum and their special guests Hunter Hayes and Sam Hunt performed the song.

text: Awards and accolades[edit]

text: Song[edit]

text:
The song won both groups a Soul Train Music Award for Best Rap - Single in 1987.
The song "Walk This Way" is part of The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll list.[31]
Rolling Stone ranked the original version of "Walk This Way" at number 346 on their list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. The version by Run–D.M.C. is ranked at number 293.
In 2000, "VH1: 100 Greatest Rock Songs" included "Walk This Way" at number 35.
In March 2005, Q magazine placed it at number 23 in its list of the 100 Greatest Guitar Tracks.
In 2008, Rolling Stone ranked the original version of "Walk This Way" at number 34 on their list of the 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time.
In 2009, VH1's "100 Greatest Hard Rock Songs" included "Walk This Way" at number 8.[32]
VH1 ranked the version by Run–D.M.C. at number 4 on VH1 100 Greatest Hip Hop Songs.

text: Music video[edit]

text:
In 1993, "Rolling Stone: The Top 100 Music Videos" included "Walk This Way" (with Run–D.M.C.) at number 11.
In 1999, "MTV: 100 Greatest Videos Ever Made" included "Walk This Way" (with Run–D.M.C.) at number 5.
In 2001, "VH1: 100 Greatest Videos" included "Walk This Way" (with Run–D.M.C.) at number 11.
In 2007, "Fuse: 25 Greatest Music Videos" included "Walk This Way (with Run–D.M.C.) at number 24.

text:
Preceded by
"Slice of Heaven" by Dave Dobbyn feat. Herbs
New Zealand Singles Chart (Run–D.M.C. version)
November 26, 1986
Succeeded by
"Ain't Nothin' Goin' on But the Rent" by Gwen Guthrie

text: The String Cheese Incident version[edit]

text:
"Walk This Way"

Single by The String Cheese Incident

from the album A String Cheese Incident

Released
May 31, 1997

Format
CD

Recorded
1997

Length
4:46

Label
SCI Fidelity

Producer(s)
The String Cheese Incident

The String Cheese Incident singles chronology

"Lonesome Fiddle Blues"
(1997)
"Walk This Way"
(1997)
"How Mountain Girl Can Love"
(1997)

"Lonesome Fiddle Blues"
(1997)
"Walk This Way"
(1997)
"How Mountain Girl Can Love"
(1997)

text: In 1997, The String Cheese Incident covered the song on their live album A String Cheese Incident. Although faithful to the intro and main riff, this version is heavily bluegrass-influenced. After the release it was released in a compilation album. This cover is a crossover between bluegrass and rock.

text: Track listing[edit]

text: CD Single

text:
Walk This Way – 4:46
Little Hands – 8:16
Rhythm of the Road – 6:08
San Jose – 8:53

text: Sugababes vs. Girls Aloud version[edit]

text:
"Walk This Way"

Single by Sugababes vs. Girls Aloud

Released
12 March 2007

Format

CD single
digital download

Recorded
December 2006

Genre
Dance-rock

Length
2:53

Label

Fascination
Island

Producer(s)
Dallas Austin

Sugababes singles chronology

"Easy"
(2006) Easy2006
"Walk This Way"
(2007) Walk This Way2007
"About You Now"
(2007) About You Now2007

Girls Aloud singles chronology

"I Think We're Alone Now"
(2006) I Think We're Alone Now2006
"Walk This Way"
(2007) Walk This Way2007
"Sexy! No No No..."
(2007) Sexy! No No No...2007

Music video

"Walk This Way" on YouTube

text: In 2007, British girl groups Girls Aloud and Sugababes recorded a cover of "Walk This Way" as the official Comic Relief charity single. Their version was produced by American producer Dallas Austin, making it Girls Aloud's first single not to be produced by Xenomania. The track charted at number one on the UK Singles Chart, giving Girls Aloud their third number 1 and Sugababes their fifth.

text: The music video was a comic re-enactment of the Run–D.M.C. video. "Walk This Way" was promoted through numerous live appearances and has been included on tours by both Girls Aloud and Sugababes. Contemporary music critics criticised the cover version, but supported the single due to its fundraising nature.

text: While the Run–D.M.C. cover is nearly identical to the original version, the Girls Aloud/Sugababes version has a few changes tweaked into the song; the additional line "Walk this way, you wanna talk this way" is added, the vocoder is added, the rap breakdown, the lyrics are moved around, and the beat is slightly sped up and realized on a drum machine to add a further dance-pop feel to the song.

text: Background and release[edit]

text: The idea of a Girls Aloud and Sugababes collaboration came from Comic Relief co-founder and trustee Richard Curtis.[33] Several songs were possibilities, including Blur's "Girls & Boys" and Candi Staton's "You Got the Love", which was Girls Aloud member Nicola Roberts' idea and favourite choice.[33] "Walk This Way" is notably the first Girls Aloud single to date not to feature production from Brian Higgins and Xenomania, who have also worked with Sugababes.[33] Girls Aloud and Sugababes launched the charity appeal on January 31.[34] Kimberley Walsh of Girls Aloud said, "It's a fantastic song and hopefully will raise tons of money for people living in really difficult situations here and in Africa."[35] It was also available as a digital download.

text: Chart performance[edit]

text: "Walk This Way" entered the UK Singles Chart at number 1 on March 18, 2007 ― for the week ending date March 24, 2007.[36][37] The following week, the single dropped to number 2; it was dethroned by another Comic Relief single, "I'm Gonna Roll (500 Miles)" by The Proclaimers with Peter Kay and Matt Lucas.[38] In its third week on the chart, "Walk This Way" dropped twelve places out of the top ten, placing itself at number 14.[39]

text: The song also charted at number 8 on the Billboard European Hot 100 Singles chart.[40]

text: Music video[edit]

text: The music video premiered on The Box on February 2, 2007, and was shown on Channel 4's Popworld the following day. The video was filmed over three days in January 2007 – Sugababes on the first, Cheryl Cole, Nicola Roberts, and Kimberley Walsh on the second, and Nadine Coyle and Sarah Harding on the third and final day.[33] The premise of the video was a comic re-enactment of the Run-D.M.C. video, with Girls Aloud as the rockers and Sugababes as Run–D.M.C. At the end of the video Davina McCall, Lily Cole, Ewen MacIntosh, Jocelyn Jee Esien, Ruby Wax, Graham Norton, Stephen Mangan, Oliver Chris, and Natalie Cassidy also appear, with red noses being thrown at the two groups at the end.

text: Live performances[edit]

text: "Walk This Way" was performed by Girls Aloud and Sugababes for the first time on Comic Relief Does Fame Academy on March 10, 2007. They performed the song on Comic Relief's Red Nose Day 2007 telethon on March 16. Girls Aloud performed "Walk This Way" without Sugababes on 2007's The Sound of Girls Aloud: The Greatest Hits Tour. The following year, they performed the song in a medley with "Wake Me Up" on the Tangled Up Tour. Sugababes performed "Walk This Way" without Girls Aloud on 2007's Overloaded: The Singles Tour.

text: Track listing and formats[edit]

text: These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of "Walk This Way".

text:
"Walk This Way" – 2:52
"Walk This Way" [Yoad Mix] – 3:01
"Walk This Way" [video] – 3:07
Behind the Scenes Footage [video] – 3:15

text: Credits and personnel[edit]

text:
Engineer: Rick Shepherd, Graham Archer (assistant recording)
Keyboards: Brian Higgins, Tim Powell
Mixing: Jeremy Wheatley, Richard Edgeler (assistant)
Production: Dallas Austin
Vocals: Girls Aloud, Sugababes

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2007)
Peak
position

European Hot 100 Singles[40]
8

Ireland (IRMA)[41]
14

UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[42]
1