document_title: Remember the Titans

question_text: who played denzel's wife in remember the titans

question_tokens: who played denzel 's wife in remember the titans

text: Remember the Titans

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1971, at the desegregated T. C. Williams High School, a black head coach, Herman Boone, is hired to lead the school's football team. Boone is assigned to the coaching team under current coach Bill Yoast, nominated for the Virginia High School Hall of Fame. But, in an attempt to placate rising racial tensions and the fact that all other high schools are "white" only, Boone is assigned the head coach job. At first, he refuses as he thinks it is extremely unfair to Yoast, but accepts when he sees what it means to the black community. Yoast is then offered an assistant coach's job by the school board and initially refuses, but reconsiders after the white players pledge to boycott the team if he does not participate. Dismayed at the prospect of the students losing their chances at scholarships, Yoast changes his mind and takes up the position of defensive coordinator under Boone.

text: The black students have a meeting in the gymnasium in auditioning to play for the team until Boone arrives, but the meeting turns into a fiasco when Yoast and white students interrupt. On August 15, 1971, the players gather and journey to Gettysburg College, where their training camp takes place. As their days of training camp progress, black and white football team members frequently clash in racially motivated conflicts, including some between captains Gerry Bertier and Julius Campbell. But after forceful coaching and rigorous athletic training by Boone, which includes an early morning run to the Gettysburg cemetery, and a motivational speech, the team achieves racial harmony and success. After returning from football camp, Boone is told by a member of the school board that if he loses even a single game, he will be dismissed. Subsequently, the Titans go through the season undefeated while battling racial prejudice, before slowly gaining support from the community. Gerry even has his best friend Ray removed from the team because of his racism, following a game where he intentionally missed a block that led to the near-season-ending injury of starting quarterback Jerry "Rev" Harris.

text: Just before the state semi-finals, Yoast is told by the chairman of the school board that he will be inducted into the Hall of Fame after the Titans lose one game, implying he wants Boone to be dismissed over his race. During the game, it becomes apparent that the referees are biased against the Titans. Upon seeing the chairman and other board members in the audience looking on with satisfaction, Yoast realizes they've rigged the game and warns the head official that he will go to the press and expose the scandal unless the game is officiated fairly. The Titans nonetheless win and advance to the state championship, but Yoast is told by the chairman that his actions have resulted in his loss of candidacy for Hall of Fame induction.

text: While celebrating the victory, Bertier is severely injured in an car accident with a truck after driving through an intersection. Although Bertier is unable to play due to being paralyzed from the waist down, the team goes on to win the state championship. Bertier would remain a paraplegic for the rest of his life. Ten years later, Bertier dies in another automobile accident by a drunk driver, after winning the gold medal in shot put. Coaches and other former teammates reunite to attend his funeral.

text: In the epilogue, descriptions show about the players and coaches activities after the events in 1971.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Denzel Washington as Coach Herman Boone
Will Patton as assistant coach Bill Yoast
Wood Harris as DE Julius Campbell
Ryan Hurst as LB Gerry Bertier
Donald Faison as RB/CB Petey Jones
Ethan Suplee as OL Louie Lastik
Kip Pardue as QB Ronnie "Sunshine" Bass
Craig Kirkwood as QB Jerry "Rev" Harris
Nicole Ari Parker as Carol Boone, Herman Boone's wife.
Krysten Leigh Jones as Nicky Boone, Herman Boone's daughter.
Inasia Brown as Karen Boone, Herman Boone's youngest daughter.
Hayden Panettiere as Sheryl Yoast, Bill Yoast's 10-year-old daughter.
Kate Bosworth as Emma Hoyt - Gerry's girlfriend
Earl C. Poitier as OL Darryl "Blue" Stanton
Ryan Gosling as Linebacker Alan Bosley
Gregory Alan Williams as Coach Paul "Doc" Hines, offensive line coach
Brett Rice as Coach Herb Tyrell, special teams coach
Burgess Jenkins as TE Ray Budds
David Jefferson Jr. as "Cook"

text: Production[edit]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming locations for the motion picture included Atlanta, Georgia,[2] including Henry Grady High School and Druid Hills High School which both filled in for T.C. Williams High School.

text: Historical accuracy[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: While this movie is based on a true story, it has strayed from the actual events that had occurred on many occasions to add new elements of teamwork, commitment, and friendship to the film.

text:
Boone may not be the coach that Washington portrays in the movie; in interviews, many former Titans football players said they believed his coaching strategies had no correlation to their success, and were indeed too harsh, causing some players to quit.[3]
The Titans had a solid football team for many years and most of their games were large victories. By the end of the 1971 football season they were ranked second in the nation, and nine out of thirteen games were shutouts.[4]
In the movie, Coach Boone states, "We are not like all the other schools in this conference, they're all white. They don't have to worry about race. We do." This is false as well; all the schools the Titans faced were integrated years before.
While the team is at camp, it shows Coach Boone waking them up at three in the morning to go for a run. This did not occur; neither did his speech at Gettysburg.[4] The team did go on a tour in Gettysburg, although it was not as dramatic as portrayed in the film.
Sunshine (Ronnie) was far from being the only one with long hair at the time. Even Gerry (Ryan Hurst) had long hair. But in interviews Bass said "I'll say for the record my hair was never that long." He also says the kiss with Gerry never happened.
The climax of the movie is the fictionalized 1971 AAA state championship football game between T. C. Williams and George C. Marshall High School. The dramatic license taken in the movie was to convert what was actually a mid-season match-up between T. C. Williams and Marshall into a made-for-Hollywood state championship. In reality, the Marshall game was the toughest game T. C. Williams played all year. As depicted in the movie, the real Titans won the Marshall game on a fourth down come-from-behind play at the very end of the game. The actual state championship (against Andrew Lewis High School of Salem) was a 27–0 blowout. [5]
Bertier's car accident took place AFTER the Championship game, on December 11, 1971. Bertier had been at a banquet honoring the players of the 1971, T.C. Williams Titans football team for their undefeated season. After the banquet, Bertier borrowed his mother's new 1971 Chevrolet Camaro. Bertier lost control of the Camaro and crashed. (The movie shows him getting broadsided). The cause of the accident was determined to be a mechanical failure in the motor mount of the engine. [5]
The film also omits the fact that Sheryl Yoast died in 1996 at the age of 34 and that she was not an only child as she had three sisters. Her oldest sister Bonnie was in college, her second oldest Angela went to a different high school, and her younger sister Deidre was only three years-old in 1971.

text: Music[edit]

text: On September 19, 2000, the soundtrack was released by Walt Disney Records. The film score was orchestrated by musician Trevor Rabin and features music composed by various artists. From the instrumental score, Rabin's track "Titans Spirit", was the only cue (of the 12 composed) added to the soundtrack. It is also the only piece of music on the soundtrack album not to have been previously released.

text: "Titans Spirit" was a seven-minute instrumental. It has been used on numerous sports telecasts, particularly those on NBC, which utilized the score during its closing credits for the Salt Lake 2002, Athens 2004, Torino 2006, Beijing 2008, Vancouver 2010, London 2012, and the Rio 2016 Olympic Games as well as with the final closing credits montage for their 12-year run with the NBA in 2002. The song was also played as veteran New York Mets players crossed home plate during the closing ceremonies at Shea Stadium, and as the New York Yankees were awarded their rings from their 2009 World Series championship. The New Jersey Devils also used this song during the jersey number retirement ceremonies for Scott Stevens, Ken Daneyko, Scott Niedermayer, and Martin Brodeur.

text: It was also used during the 2008 Democratic National Convention to accompany the celebration and fireworks at Invesco Field after future president Barack Obama gave his nomination acceptance speech, and was also used immediately following his victory speech upon winning the 2008 Presidential Election.[6]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Remember the Titans: An Original Walt Disney Motion Picture Soundtrack

Film score by Various Artists

Released
September 19, 2000

Genre
R&B, pop rock

Length
46:21

Label
Walt Disney

text:
Remember the Titans: An Original Walt Disney Motion Picture Soundtrack

No.
Title
Length

1.
"Ain't No Mountain High Enough"
2:29

2.
"Spirit in the Sky"
4:02

3.
"Peace Train"
4:08

4.
"Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye"
4:05

5.
"Long Cool Woman in a Black Dress"
3:17

6.
"I Want to Take You Higher"
2:44

7.
"Up Around the Bend"
2:42

8.
"Spill the Wine"
4:05

9.
"A Hard Rain's a-Gonna Fall"
5:10

10.
"Act Naturally"
2:21

11.
"Express Yourself"
3:53

12.
"Titans Spirit"
7:25

Total length:
46:21

text: Release[edit]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Following its release in theaters, the Region 1 widescreen and Pan and scan edition of the motion picture was released on DVD in the United States on March 20, 2001.[7] A Special Edition widescreen format of the film was released on March 20, 2001, along with a widescreen Director's cut on March 14, 2006.[8]

text: A restored widescreen hi-definition Blu-ray version was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on September 4, 2007. Special features include backstage feature audio commentary with director Boaz Yakin, producer Jerry Bruckheimer and writer Gregory Allen Howard, feature audio commentary with real-life coaches Herman Boone and Bill Yoast, "Remember The Titans: An inspirational journey behind the scenes" hosted by Lynn Swann, "Denzel Becomes Boone," "Beating The Odds"; Deleted scenes; Movie Showcase and seamless menus.[9]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Remember the Titans opened strongly at the U.S. box office, grossing $26,654,715 in its first weekend and staying within the top five for six weeks.[10] It eventually went on to gross an estimated $115,654,751 in the U.S., and $136,706,683 worldwide.[1]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Among mainstream critics in the U.S., Remember the Titans received generally positive reviews.[11] Rotten Tomatoes reported that 73% of 132 sampled critics gave the film a positive review, with an average score of 6.3 out of 10.[12] At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average out of 100 to critics' reviews, the film received a score of 48 based on 32 reviews.[11] CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film a rare "A+" grade.[13]

text: Writing for The New York Times, A. O. Scott said that "aside from a handful of tense showdowns at the line of scrimmage, there's not much else to see — is washed in on the flood tide of a thousand violins."[14] James Berardinelli writing for ReelViews, called the film "relentlessly manipulative and hopelessly predictable" but noted that it was "a notch above the average entry in part because its social message (even if it is soft-peddled) creates a richer fabric than the usual cloth from which this kind of movie is cut."[15] Describing some pitfalls, Robert Wilonsky of the Dallas Observer said that "beneath its rah-rah rhetoric and pigskin proselytizing, it's no more provocative or thoughtful than a Hallmark Hall of Fame film or, for that matter, a Hallmark greeting card. Its heart is in the right place, but it has no soul."[16] Wilonsky however was quick to admit "The film's intentions are noble, but its delivery is ham-fisted and pretentious; you can't deny the message, but you can loathe the messenger without feeling too guilty about it."[16]

text:
'Remember the Titans' has the outer form of a brave statement about the races in America, but the soul of a sports movie in which everything is settled by the obligatory last play in the last seconds of the championship game.
“
”

—Roger Ebert, writing in the Chicago Sun-Times[17]

tag: div

text: Todd McCarthy, writing in Variety, said, "As simplistic and drained of complexity as the picture is, it may well appeal to mainstream audiences as an 'if only it could be like this' fantasy, as well as on the elemental level of a boot camp training film, albeit a PG-rated one with all the cuss words removed."[18] Roger Ebert, in the Chicago Sun-Times, viewed the film as "a parable about racial harmony, yoked to the formula of a sports movie," adding, "Victories over racism and victories over opposing teams alternate so quickly that sometimes we're not sure if we're cheering for tolerance or touchdowns. Real life is never this simple, but then that's what the movies are for".[17]

text: In the San Francisco Chronicle, Mick LaSalle wrote that the film reminds the viewer that "it's possible to make a sentimental drama that isn't sickening —  and a sports movie that transcends cliches."[19] Columnist Bob Grimm of the Sacramento News & Review, somewhat praised the film, writing, "The film is quite lightweight for the subject matter, but Washington and company make it watchable."[20] Some detractors like Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly wrote, "Denzel Washington should have held out for a better script before he signed on to star in Remember the Titans, but you can see why he wanted to do the movie: He gets to play Martin Luther King Jr. and Vince Lombardi rolled into one nostalgically omnipotent tough-love saint."[21] Jeff Vice of the Deseret News admitted that although the film contained dialogue that was "corny, clichéd, and downright cheesy at times," as well as how it relayed its message in one of the "most predictable, heavy-handed manners we've seen in a movie in years", the film "serves as a reminder of how much goodness there is inside people, just waiting for the right person to bring it out." He also viewed the casting as top-notch, saying that it helped to have a "rock-solid foundation in the form of leading-man Denzel Washington" at the helm.[22]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The film was nominated and won several awards in 2000–2001.

text:
Award
Category
Nominee
Result

2001 Angel Awards
Silver Angel
————
Nominated

BET Awards 2001
Best Actor
Denzel Washington
Won

2001 BMI Film & TV Awards
Film Music Award
Trevor Rabin
Won

Black Reel Awards of 2001
Best Actor
Denzel Washington
Won

Best Screenplay
Gregory Allen Howard
Won

Best Film
Jerry Bruckheimer, Chad Oman
Nominated

2001 Blockbuster Entertainment Awards
Favorite Actor - Drama
Denzel Washington
Nominated

Favorite Supporting Actor - Drama
Wood Harris
Nominated

2001 Casting Society of America Awards
Best Casting for Feature Film - Drama
Ronna Kress
Nominated

2001 NAACP Image Awards
Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture
Denzel Washington
Won

Outstanding Motion Picture
————
Won

Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture
Wood Harris
Nominated

Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture
Nicole Ari Parker
Nominated

Outstanding Youth Actor/Actress
Krysten Leigh Jones
Nominated

Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards 2000
Best Male Newcomer
Kip Pardue
Nominated

Youth in Film
Hayden Panettiere
Nominated

2001 Motion Picture Sound Editors Awards
Best Sound Editing - Dialogue & ADR
Robert L. Sephton, Christopher T. Welch, Julie Feiner, Cindy Marty, Gaston Biraben, Suhail Kafity
Nominated

Best Sound Editing - Music
Will Kaplan
Nominated

Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards 2000
Best Performance by a Youth in a Leading or Supporting Role
Hayden Panettiere
Nominated

2001 Political Film Society Awards
Human Rights
————
Won

Exposé
————
Nominated

Golden Satellite Awards 2000
Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture Drama
Denzel Washington
Nominated

2001 Teen Choice Awards
Film - Choice Drama/Action Adventure
————
Nominated

22nd Young Artist Awards
Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actress
Hayden Panettiere
Won

Best Family Feature Film - Drama
————
Nominated

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text: 2006: AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – Nominated[23]


document_title: Nuclear fusion

question_text: what do nuclear reactions on the sun produce

question_tokens: what do nuclear reactions on the sun produce

root

text: Nuclear fusion

text: Process[edit]

text: The release of energy with the fusion of light elements is due to the interplay of two opposing forces: the nuclear force, which combines together protons and neutrons, and the Coulomb force, which causes protons to repel each other. Protons are positively charged and repel each other by the Coulomb force, but they can nonetheless stick together, demonstrating the existence of another, short-range, force referred to as nuclear attraction.[2] Light nuclei (or nuclei smaller than iron and nickel) are sufficiently small and proton-poor allowing the nuclear force to overcome repulsion. This is because the nucleus is sufficiently small that all nucleons feel the short-range attractive force at least as strongly as they feel the infinite-range Coulomb repulsion. Building up nuclei from lighter nuclei by fusion releases the extra energy from the net attraction of particles. For larger nuclei, however, no energy is released, since the nuclear force is short-range and cannot continue to act across longer atomic length scales. Thus, energy is not released with the fusion of such nuclei; instead, energy is required as input for such processes.

tag: p

text: Fusion powers stars and produces virtually all elements in a process called nucleosynthesis. The Sun is a main-sequence star, and, as such, generates its energy by nuclear fusion of hydrogen nuclei into helium. In its core, the Sun fuses 620 million metric tons of hydrogen and makes 606 million metric tons of helium each second. The fusion of lighter elements in stars releases energy and the mass that always accompanies it. For example, in the fusion of two hydrogen nuclei to form helium, 0.7% of the mass is carried away in the form of kinetic energy of an alpha particle or other forms of energy, such as electromagnetic radiation.[3]

text: It takes considerable energy to force nuclei to fuse, even those of the lightest element, hydrogen. When accelerated to high enough speeds, nuclei can overcome this electrostatic repulsion and brought close enough such that the attractive nuclear force is greater than the repulsive Coulomb force. The strong force grows rapidly once the nuclei are close enough, and the fusing nucleons can essentially "fall" into each other and result is fusion and net energy produced. The fusion of lighter nuclei, which creates a heavier nucleus and often a free neutron or proton, generally releases more energy than it takes to force the nuclei together; this is an exothermic process that can produce self-sustaining reactions.

text: Energy released in most nuclear reactions is much larger than in chemical reactions, because the binding energy that holds a nucleus together is greater than the energy that holds electrons to a nucleus. For example, the ionization energy gained by adding an electron to a hydrogen nucleus is 6982217896002232000♠13.6 eV—less than one-millionth of the 6988281983061712000♠17.6 MeV released in the deuterium–tritium (D–T) reaction shown in the adjacent diagram. The complete conversion of one gram of matter would release 9×1013 joules of energy. Fusion reactions have an energy density many times greater than nuclear fission; the reactions produce far greater energy per unit of mass even though individual fission reactions are generally much more energetic than individual fusion ones, which are themselves millions of times more energetic than chemical reactions. Only direct conversion of mass into energy, such as that caused by the annihilatory collision of matter and antimatter, is more energetic per unit of mass than nuclear fusion.

text: Research into using fusion for the production of electricity has been pursued for over 60 years. Successful accomplishment of controlled fusion has been stymied by scientific and technological difficulties; nonetheless, important progress has been made. At present, controlled fusion reactions have been unable to produce break-even (self-sustaining) controlled fusion.[4] The two most advanced approaches for it are magnetic confinement (toroid designs) and inertial confinement (laser designs).

text: Workable designs for a toroidal reactor that theoretically will deliver ten times more fusion energy than the amount needed to heat plasma to the required temperatures are in development (see ITER). The ITER facility is expected to finish its construction phase in 2019. It will start commissioning the reactor that same year and initiate plasma experiments in 2020, but is not expected to begin full deuterium-tritium fusion until 2027.[5]

text: The US National Ignition Facility, which uses laser-driven inertial confinement fusion, was designed with a goal of break-even fusion; the first large-scale laser target experiments were performed in June 2009 and ignition experiments began in early 2011.[6][7]

text: Nuclear fusion in stars[edit]

text: An important fusion process is the stellar nucleosynthesis that powers stars and the Sun. In the 20th century, it was recognized that the energy released from nuclear fusion reactions accounted for the longevity of stellar heat and light. The fusion of nuclei in a star, starting from its initial hydrogen and helium abundance, provides that energy and synthesizes new nuclei as a byproduct of the fusion process. Different reaction chains are involved, depending on the mass of the star (and therefore the pressure and temperature in its core).

text: Around 1920, Arthur Eddington anticipated the discovery and mechanism of nuclear fusion processes in stars, in his paper The Internal Constitution of the Stars.[8][9] At that time, the source of stellar energy was a complete mystery; Eddington correctly speculated that the source was fusion of hydrogen into helium, liberating enormous energy according to Einstein's equation E = mc2. This was a particularly remarkable development since at that time fusion and thermonuclear energy, and even that stars are largely composed of hydrogen (see metallicity), had not yet been discovered. Eddington's paper, based on knowledge at the time, reasoned that:

text:
The leading theory of stellar energy, the contraction hypothesis, should cause stars' rotation to visibly speed up due to conservation of angular momentum. But observations of Cepheid variable stars showed this was not happening.
The only other known plausible source of energy was conversion of matter to energy; Einstein had shown some years earlier that a small amount of matter was equivalent to a large amount of energy.
Francis Aston had also recently shown that the mass of a helium atom was about 0.8% less than the mass of the four hydrogen atoms which would, combined, form a helium atom, suggesting that if such a combination could happen, it would release considerable energy as a byproduct.
If a star contained just 5% of fusible hydrogen, it would suffice to explain how stars got their energy. (We now know that most 'ordinary' stars contain far more than 5% hydrogen)
Further elements might also be fused, and other scientists had speculated that stars were the "crucible" in which light elements combined to create heavy elements, but without more accurate measurements of their atomic masses nothing more could be said at the time.

tag: ol

text: All of these speculations were proven correct in the following decades.

text: The primary source of solar energy, and similar size stars, is the fusion of hydrogen to form helium (the proton-proton chain reaction), which occurs at a solar-core temperature of 14 million kelvin. The net result is the fusion of four protons into one alpha particle, with the release of two positrons and two neutrinos (which changes two of the protons into neutrons), and energy. In heavier stars, the CNO cycle and other processes are more important. As a star uses up a substantial fraction of its hydrogen, it begins to synthesize heavier elements. The heaviest elements are synthesized by fusion that occurs as a more massive star undergoes a violent supernova at the end of its life, a process known as supernova nucleosynthesis.

text: Requirements[edit]

text: A substantial energy barrier of electrostatic forces must be overcome before fusion can occur. At large distances, two naked nuclei repel one another because of the repulsive electrostatic force between their positively charged protons. If two nuclei can be brought close enough together, however, the electrostatic repulsion can be overcome by the quantum effect in which nuclei can tunnel through coulomb forces.

text: When a nucleon such as a proton or neutron is added to a nucleus, the nuclear force attracts it to all the other nucleons of the nucleus (if the atom is small enough), but primarily to its immediate neighbours due to the short range of the force. The nucleons in the interior of a nucleus have more neighboring nucleons than those on the surface. Since smaller nuclei have a larger surface area-to-volume ratio, the binding energy per nucleon due to the nuclear force generally increases with the size of the nucleus but approaches a limiting value corresponding to that of a nucleus with a diameter of about four nucleons. It is important to keep in mind that nucleons are quantum objects. So, for example, since two neutrons in a nucleus are identical to each other, the goal of distinguishing one from the other, such as which one is in the interior and which is on the surface, is in fact meaningless, and the inclusion of quantum mechanics is therefore necessary for proper calculations.

text: The electrostatic force, on the other hand, is an inverse-square force, so a proton added to a nucleus will feel an electrostatic repulsion from all the other protons in the nucleus. The electrostatic energy per nucleon due to the electrostatic force thus increases without limit as nuclei atomic number grows.

text: The net result of the opposing electrostatic and strong nuclear forces is that the binding energy per nucleon generally increases with increasing size, up to the elements iron and nickel, and then decreases for heavier nuclei. Eventually, the binding energy becomes negative and very heavy nuclei (all with more than 208 nucleons, corresponding to a diameter of about 6 nucleons) are not stable. The four most tightly bound nuclei, in decreasing order of binding energy per nucleon, are 62Ni, 58Fe, 56Fe, and 60Ni.[10] Even though the nickel isotope, 62Ni, is more stable, the iron isotope 56Fe is an order of magnitude more common. This is due to the fact that there is no easy way for stars to create 62Ni through the alpha process.

text: An exception to this general trend is the helium-4 nucleus, whose binding energy is higher than that of lithium, the next heaviest element. This is because protons and neutrons are fermions, which according to the Pauli exclusion principle cannot exist in the same nucleus in exactly the same state. Each proton or neutron's energy state in a nucleus can accommodate both a spin up particle and a spin down particle. Helium-4 has an anomalously large binding energy because its nucleus consists of two protons and two neutrons, so all four of its nucleons can be in the ground state. Any additional nucleons would have to go into higher energy states. Indeed, the helium-4 nucleus is so tightly bound that it is commonly treated as a single particle in nuclear physics, namely, the alpha particle.

text: The situation is similar if two nuclei are brought together. As they approach each other, all the protons in one nucleus repel all the protons in the other. Not until the two nuclei actually come close enough for long enough so the strong nuclear force can take over (by way of tunneling) is the repulsive electrostatic force overcome. Consequently, even when the final energy state is lower, there is a large energy barrier that must first be overcome. It is called the Coulomb barrier.

text: The Coulomb barrier is smallest for isotopes of hydrogen, as their nuclei contain only a single positive charge. A diproton is not stable, so neutrons must also be involved, ideally in such a way that a helium nucleus, with its extremely tight binding, is one of the products.

text: Using deuterium-tritium fuel, the resulting energy barrier is about 0.1 MeV. In comparison, the energy needed to remove an electron from hydrogen is 13.6 eV, about 7500 times less energy. The (intermediate) result of the fusion is an unstable 5He nucleus, which immediately ejects a neutron with 14.1 MeV. The recoil energy of the remaining 4He nucleus is 3.5 MeV, so the total energy liberated is 17.6 MeV. This is many times more than what was needed to overcome the energy barrier.

text: The reaction cross section σ is a measure of the probability of a fusion reaction as a function of the relative velocity of the two reactant nuclei. If the reactants have a distribution of velocities, e.g. a thermal distribution, then it is useful to perform an average over the distributions of the product of cross section and velocity. This average is called the 'reactivity', denoted <σv>. The reaction rate (fusions per volume per time) is <σv> times the product of the reactant number densities:

text:
If a species of nuclei is reacting with a nucleus like itself, such as the DD reaction, then the product

n

1

n

2

{\displaystyle n_{1}n_{2}}

 must be replaced by

(
1

/

2
)

n

2

{\displaystyle (1/2)n^{2}}

.

text:
⟨
σ
v
⟩

{\displaystyle \langle \sigma v\rangle }

 increases from virtually zero at room temperatures up to meaningful magnitudes at temperatures of 10–100 keV. At these temperatures, well above typical ionization energies (13.6 eV in the hydrogen case), the fusion reactants exist in a plasma state.

text:
The significance of

⟨
σ
v
⟩

{\displaystyle \langle \sigma v\rangle }

 as a function of temperature in a device with a particular energy confinement time is found by considering the Lawson criterion. This is an extremely challenging barrier to overcome on Earth, which explains why fusion research has taken many years to reach the current advanced technical state.[11]

text: Methods for achieving fusion[edit]

text: Thermonuclear fusion[edit]

text: If matter is sufficiently heated (hence being plasma), fusion reactions may occur due to collisions with extreme thermal kinetic energies of the particles. Thermonuclear weapons produce what amounts to an uncontrolled release of fusion energy. Controlled thermonuclear fusion energy has yet to be achieved.

text: Inertial confinement fusion[edit]

text: Inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is a method aimed at releasing fusion energy by heating and compressing a fuel target, typically a pellet containing deuterium and tritium.

text: Inertial electrostatic confinement[edit]

text: Inertial electrostatic confinement is a set of devices that use an electric field to heat ions to fusion conditions. The most well known is the fusor. Starting in 1999, a number of amateurs have been able to do amateur fusion using these homemade devices.[12][13][14][15] Other IEC devices include: the Polywell, MIX POPS[16] and Marble concepts.[17]

text: Beam-beam or beam-target fusion[edit]

text: If the energy to initiate the reaction comes from accelerating one of the nuclei, the process is called beam-target fusion; if both nuclei are accelerated, it is beam-beam fusion.

text: Accelerator-based light-ion fusion is a technique using particle accelerators to achieve particle kinetic energies sufficient to induce light-ion fusion reactions. Accelerating light ions is relatively easy, and can be done in an efficient manner—requiring only a vacuum tube, a pair of electrodes, and a high-voltage transformer; fusion can be observed with as little as 10 kV between the electrodes. The key problem with accelerator-based fusion (and with cold targets in general) is that fusion cross sections are many orders of magnitude lower than Coulomb interaction cross sections. Therefore, the vast majority of ions expend their energy emitting bremsstrahlung radiation and the ionization of atoms of the target. Devices referred to as sealed-tube neutron generators are particularly relevant to this discussion. These small devices are miniature particle accelerators filled with deuterium and tritium gas in an arrangement that allows ions of those nuclei to be accelerated against hydride targets, also containing deuterium and tritium, where fusion takes place, releasing a flux of neutrons. Hundreds of neutron generators are produced annually for use in the petroleum industry where they are used in measurement equipment for locating and mapping oil reserves.

text: Muon-catalyzed fusion[edit]

text: Muon-catalyzed fusion is a fusion process that occurs at ordinary temperatures. It was studied in detail by Steven Jones in the early 1980s. Net energy production from this reaction has been unsuccessful because of the high energy required to create muons, their short 2.2 µs half-life, and the high chance that a muon will bind to the new alpha particle and thus stop catalyzing fusion.[18]

text: Other principles[edit]

text: Some other confinement principles have been investigated.

text: Antimatter-initialized fusion uses small amounts of antimatter to trigger a tiny fusion explosion. This has been studied primarily in the context of making nuclear pulse propulsion, and pure fusion bombs feasible. This is not near becoming a practical power source, due to the cost of manufacturing antimatter alone.

text: Pyroelectric fusion was reported in April 2005 by a team at UCLA. The scientists used a pyroelectric crystal heated from −34 to 7 °C (−29 to 45 °F), combined with a tungsten needle to produce an electric field of about 25 gigavolts per meter to ionize and accelerate deuterium nuclei into an erbium deuteride target. At the estimated energy levels,[19] the D-D fusion reaction may occur, producing helium-3 and a 2.45 MeV neutron. Although it makes a useful neutron generator, the apparatus is not intended for power generation since it requires far more energy than it produces.[20][21][22][23]

text: Hybrid nuclear fusion-fission (hybrid nuclear power) is a proposed means of generating power by use of a combination of nuclear fusion and fission processes. The concept dates to the 1950s, and was briefly advocated by Hans Bethe during the 1970s, but largely remained unexplored until a revival of interest in 2009, due to the delays in the realization of pure fusion.[24] Project PACER, carried out at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) in the mid-1970s, explored the possibility of a fusion power system that would involve exploding small hydrogen bombs (fusion bombs) inside an underground cavity. As an energy source, the system is the only fusion power system that could be demonstrated to work using existing technology. However it would also require a large, continuous supply of nuclear bombs, making the economics of such a system rather questionable.

text: Important reactions[edit]

text: Astrophysical reaction chains[edit]

text: At the temperatures and densities in stellar cores the rates of fusion reactions are notoriously slow. For example, at solar core temperature (T ≈ 15 MK) and density (160 g/cm3), the energy release rate is only 276 μW/cm3—about a quarter of the volumetric rate at which a resting human body generates heat.[25] Thus, reproduction of stellar core conditions in a lab for nuclear fusion power production is completely impractical. Because nuclear reaction rates depend on density as well as temperature and most fusion schemes operate at relatively low densities, those methods are strongly dependent on higher temperatures. The fusion rate as a function of temperature (exp(−E/kT)), leads to the need to achieve temperatures in terrestrial reactors 10–100 times higher temperatures than in stellar interiors: T ≈ 0.1–1.0×109 K.

text: Criteria and candidates for terrestrial reactions[edit]

text: In artificial fusion, the primary fuel is not constrained to be protons and higher temperatures can be used, so reactions with larger cross-sections are chosen. Another concern is the production of neutrons, which activate the reactor structure radiologically, but also have the advantages of allowing volumetric extraction of the fusion energy and tritium breeding. Reactions that release no neutrons are referred to as aneutronic.

text: To be a useful energy source, a fusion reaction must satisfy several criteria. It must:

text: Few reactions meet these criteria. The following are those with the largest cross sections:[26]

text:
(1)
2
1D
+
3
1T
→
4
2He
(
3.5 MeV
)
+
n0
(
14.1 MeV
)

(2i)
2
1D
+
2
1D
→
3
1T
(
1.01 MeV
)
+
p+
(
3.02 MeV
)

50%

(2ii)

→
3
2He
(
0.82 MeV
)
+
n0
(
2.45 MeV
)

50%

(3)
2
1D
+
3
2He
→
4
2He
(
3.6 MeV
)
+
p+
(
14.7 MeV
)

(4)
3
1T
+
3
1T
→
4
2He

+
2 n0

+
11.3 MeV

(5)
3
2He
+
3
2He
→
4
2He

+
2 p+

+
12.9 MeV

(6i)
3
2He
+
3
1T
→
4
2He

+
p+
+
n0

+
12.1 MeV

57%

(6ii)

→
4
2He
(
4.8 MeV
)
+
2
1D
(
9.5 MeV
)

43%

(7i)
2
1D
+
6
3Li
→
2 4
2He
+
22.4 MeV

(7ii)

→
3
2He
+
4
2He

+
n0

+
2.56 MeV

(7iii)

→
7
3Li
+
p+

+
5.0 MeV

(7iv)

→
7
4Be
+
n0

+
3.4 MeV

(8)
p+
+
6
3Li
→
4
2He
(
1.7 MeV
)
+
3
2He
(
2.3 MeV
)

(9)
3
2He
+
6
3Li
→
2 4
2He
+
p+

+
16.9 MeV

(10)
p+
+
11
5B
→
3 4
2He

+
8.7 MeV

tag: table

text:
Nucleosynthesis

Stellar nucleosynthesis
Big Bang nucleosynthesis
Supernova nucleosynthesis
Cosmic ray spallation

Related topics

Astrophysics
Nuclear fusion

R-process
S-process

Nuclear fission

v
t
e

text: For reactions with two products, the energy is divided between them in inverse proportion to their masses, as shown. In most reactions with three products, the distribution of energy varies. For reactions that can result in more than one set of products, the branching ratios are given.

text:
Some reaction candidates can be eliminated at once. The D-6Li reaction has no advantage compared to p+-11
5B because it is roughly as difficult to burn but produces substantially more neutrons through 2
1D-2
1D side reactions. There is also a p+-7
3Li reaction, but the cross section is far too low, except possibly when Ti > 1 MeV, but at such high temperatures an endothermic, direct neutron-producing reaction also becomes very significant. Finally there is also a p+-9
4Be reaction, which is not only difficult to burn, but 9
4Be can be easily induced to split into two alpha particles and a neutron.

text: In addition to the fusion reactions, the following reactions with neutrons are important in order to "breed" tritium in "dry" fusion bombs and some proposed fusion reactors:

text:
n0
+
6
3Li
→
3
1T
+
4
2He + 4.784 MeV

n0
+
7
3Li
→
3
1T
+
4
2He + n0 – 2.467 MeV

text: The latter of the two equations was unknown when the U.S. conducted the Castle Bravo fusion bomb test in 1954. Being just the second fusion bomb ever tested (and the first to use lithium), the designers of the Castle Bravo "Shrimp" had understood the usefulness of Lithium-6 in tritium production, but had failed to recognize that Lithium-7 fission would greatly increase the yield of the bomb. While Li-7 has a small neutron cross-section for low neutron energies, it has a higher cross section above 5 MeV.[27] The 15 Mt yield was 150% greater than the predicted 6 Mt and caused unexpected exposure to fallout.

text: To evaluate the usefulness of these reactions, in addition to the reactants, the products, and the energy released, one needs to know something about the cross section. Any given fusion device has a maximum plasma pressure it can sustain, and an economical device would always operate near this maximum. Given this pressure, the largest fusion output is obtained when the temperature is chosen so that <σv>/T2 is a maximum. This is also the temperature at which the value of the triple product nTτ required for ignition is a minimum, since that required value is inversely proportional to <σv>/T2 (see Lawson criterion). (A plasma is "ignited" if the fusion reactions produce enough power to maintain the temperature without external heating.) This optimum temperature and the value of <σv>/T2 at that temperature is given for a few of these reactions in the following table.

text:
fuel
T [keV]
<σv>/T2 [m3/s/keV2]

2
1D-3
1T
13.6
1.24×10−24

2
1D-2
1D
15
1.28×10−26

2
1D-3
2He
58
2.24×10−26

p+-6
3Li
66
1.46×10−27

p+-11
5B
123
3.01×10−27

text:
Note that many of the reactions form chains. For instance, a reactor fueled with 3
1T and 3
2He creates some 2
1D, which is then possible to use in the 2
1D-3
2He reaction if the energies are "right". An elegant idea is to combine the reactions (8) and (9). The 3
2He from reaction (8) can react with 6
3Li in reaction (9) before completely thermalizing. This produces an energetic proton, which in turn undergoes reaction (8) before thermalizing. Detailed analysis shows that this idea would not work well,[citation needed] but it is a good example of a case where the usual assumption of a Maxwellian plasma is not appropriate.

text: Neutronicity, confinement requirement, and power density[edit]

text: Any of the reactions above can in principle be the basis of fusion power production. In addition to the temperature and cross section discussed above, we must consider the total energy of the fusion products Efus, the energy of the charged fusion products Ech, and the atomic number Z of the non-hydrogenic reactant.

text:
Specification of the 2
1D-2
1D reaction entails some difficulties, though. To begin with, one must average over the two branches (2i) and (2ii). More difficult is to decide how to treat the 3
1T and 3
2He products. 3
1T burns so well in a deuterium plasma that it is almost impossible to extract from the plasma. The 2
1D-3
2He reaction is optimized at a much higher temperature, so the burnup at the optimum 2
1D-2
1D temperature may be low. Therefore, it seems reasonable to assume the 3
1T but not the 3
2He gets burned up and adds its energy to the net reaction, which means the total reaction would be the sum of (2i), (2ii), and (1):

text:
For calculating the power of a reactor (in which the reaction rate is determined by the D-D step), we count the 2
1D-2
1D fusion energy per D-D reaction as Efus = (4.03 MeV + 17.6 MeV)×50% + (3.27 MeV)×50% = 12.5 MeV and the energy in charged particles as Ech = (4.03 MeV + 3.5 MeV)×50% + (0.82 MeV)×50% = 4.2 MeV. (Note: if the tritium ion reacts with a deuteron while it still has a large kinetic energy, then the kinetic energy of the helium-4 produced may be quite different from 3.5 MeV,[28] so this calculation of energy in charged particles is only an approximation of the average.) The amount of energy per deuteron consumed is 2/5 of this, or 5.0 MeV (a specific energy of about 225 million MJ per kilogram of deuterium).

text:
Another unique aspect of the 2
1D-2
1D reaction is that there is only one reactant, which must be taken into account when calculating the reaction rate.

text: With this choice, we tabulate parameters for four of the most important reactions

text:
fuel
Z
Efus [MeV]
Ech [MeV]
neutronicity

2
1D-3
1T
1
17.6
3.5
0.80

2
1D-2
1D
1
12.5
4.2
0.66

2
1D-3
2He
2
18.3
18.3
≈0.05

p+-11
5B
5
8.7
8.7
≈0.001

text: The last column is the neutronicity of the reaction, the fraction of the fusion energy released as neutrons. This is an important indicator of the magnitude of the problems associated with neutrons like radiation damage, biological shielding, remote handling, and safety. For the first two reactions it is calculated as (Efus-Ech)/Efus. For the last two reactions, where this calculation would give zero, the values quoted are rough estimates based on side reactions that produce neutrons in a plasma in thermal equilibrium.

text:
Of course, the reactants should also be mixed in the optimal proportions. This is the case when each reactant ion plus its associated electrons accounts for half the pressure. Assuming that the total pressure is fixed, this means that particle density of the non-hydrogenic ion is smaller than that of the hydrogenic ion by a factor 2/(Z+1). Therefore, the rate for these reactions is reduced by the same factor, on top of any differences in the values of <σv>/T2. On the other hand, because the 2
1D-2
1D reaction has only one reactant, its rate is twice as high as when the fuel is divided between two different hydrogenic species, thus creating a more efficient reaction.

text:
Thus there is a "penalty" of (2/(Z+1)) for non-hydrogenic fuels arising from the fact that they require more electrons, which take up pressure without participating in the fusion reaction. (It is usually a good assumption that the electron temperature will be nearly equal to the ion temperature. Some authors, however discuss the possibility that the electrons could be maintained substantially colder than the ions. In such a case, known as a "hot ion mode", the "penalty" would not apply.) There is at the same time a "bonus" of a factor 2 for 2
1D-2
1D because each ion can react with any of the other ions, not just a fraction of them.

text: We can now compare these reactions in the following table.

text:
fuel
<σv>/T2
penalty/bonus
inverse reactivity
Lawson criterion
power density (W/m3/kPa2)
inverse ratio of power density

2
1D-3
1T
1.24×10−24
1
1
1
34
1

2
1D-2
1D
1.28×10−26
2
48
30
0.5
68

2
1D-3
2He
2.24×10−26
2/3
83
16
0.43
80

p+-6
3Li
1.46×10−27
1/2
1700

0.005
6800

p+-11
5B
3.01×10−27
1/3
1240
500
0.014
2500

text:
The maximum value of <σv>/T2 is taken from a previous table. The "penalty/bonus" factor is that related to a non-hydrogenic reactant or a single-species reaction. The values in the column "inverse reactivity" are found by dividing 1.24×10−24 by the product of the second and third columns. It indicates the factor by which the other reactions occur more slowly than the 2
1D-3
1T reaction under comparable conditions. The column "Lawson criterion" weights these results with Ech and gives an indication of how much more difficult it is to achieve ignition with these reactions, relative to the difficulty for the 2
1D-3
1T reaction. The next-to-last column is labeled "power density" and weights the practical reactivity by Efus. The final column indicates how much lower the fusion power density of the other reactions is compared to the 2
1D-3
1T reaction and can be considered a measure of the economic potential.

text: Bremsstrahlung losses in quasineutral, isotropic plasmas[edit]

text: The ions undergoing fusion in many systems will essentially never occur alone but will be mixed with electrons that in aggregate neutralize the ions' bulk electrical charge and form a plasma. The electrons will generally have a temperature comparable to or greater than that of the ions, so they will collide with the ions and emit x-ray radiation of 10–30 keV energy, a process known as Bremsstrahlung.

text: The huge size of the Sun and stars means that the x-rays produced in this process will not escape and will deposit their energy back into the plasma. They are said to be opaque to x-rays. But any terrestrial fusion reactor will be optically thin for x-rays of this energy range. X-rays are difficult to reflect but they are effectively absorbed (and converted into heat) in less than mm thickness of stainless steel (which is part of a reactor's shield). This means the bremsstrahlung process is carrying energy out of the plasma, cooling it.

text: The ratio of fusion power produced to x-ray radiation lost to walls is an important figure of merit. This ratio is generally maximized at a much higher temperature than that which maximizes the power density (see the previous subsection). The following table shows estimates of the optimum temperature and the power ratio at that temperature for several reactions:

text:
fuel
Ti (keV)
Pfusion/PBremsstrahlung

2
1D-3
1T
50
140

2
1D-2
1D
500
2.9

2
1D-3
2He
100
5.3

3
2He-3
2He
1000
0.72

p+-6
3Li
800
0.21

p+-11
5B
300
0.57

text: The actual ratios of fusion to Bremsstrahlung power will likely be significantly lower for several reasons. For one, the calculation assumes that the energy of the fusion products is transmitted completely to the fuel ions, which then lose energy to the electrons by collisions, which in turn lose energy by Bremsstrahlung. However, because the fusion products move much faster than the fuel ions, they will give up a significant fraction of their energy directly to the electrons. Secondly, the ions in the plasma are assumed to be purely fuel ions. In practice, there will be a significant proportion of impurity ions, which will then lower the ratio. In particular, the fusion products themselves must remain in the plasma until they have given up their energy, and will remain some time after that in any proposed confinement scheme. Finally, all channels of energy loss other than Bremsstrahlung have been neglected. The last two factors are related. On theoretical and experimental grounds, particle and energy confinement seem to be closely related. In a confinement scheme that does a good job of retaining energy, fusion products will build up. If the fusion products are efficiently ejected, then energy confinement will be poor, too.

text:
The temperatures maximizing the fusion power compared to the Bremsstrahlung are in every case higher than the temperature that maximizes the power density and minimizes the required value of the fusion triple product. This will not change the optimum operating point for 2
1D-3
1T very much because the Bremsstrahlung fraction is low, but it will push the other fuels into regimes where the power density relative to 2
1D-3
1T is even lower and the required confinement even more difficult to achieve. For 2
1D-2
1D and 2
1D-3
2He, Bremsstrahlung losses will be a serious, possibly prohibitive problem. For 3
2He-3
2He, p+-6
3Li and p+-11
5B the Bremsstrahlung losses appear to make a fusion reactor using these fuels with a quasineutral, isotropic plasma impossible. Some ways out of this dilemma are considered—and rejected—in fundamental limitations on plasma fusion systems not in thermodynamic equilibrium.[29][30] This limitation does not apply to non-neutral and anisotropic plasmas; however, these have their own challenges to contend with.

text: Mathematical description[edit]

text: To determine the rate of fusion reactions, the value of most interest is the cross section, which describes the probability that particle with fuse by giving a characteristic area of interaction. In a classical picture, the cross section is the radius of the nuclei (on order of a femtometer) and can only occur when the particles have enough energy to overcome the Coulomb barrier and approach within this radius (Needing energy on the order of a MeV). This greatly overestimates the energy needed for fusion reactions to occur because it doesn't include quantum effects of the smeared radius as the DeBroglie wavelength as well as quantum tunnelling. An estimation of the fusion cross section is often broken into three pieces:

text:
Where

σ

g
e
o
m
e
t
r
y

{\displaystyle \sigma _{geometry}}

 is the geometric cross section, T is the barrier transparency and R is the reaction characteristics of the reaction.

text:
σ

g
e
o
m
e
t
r
y

{\displaystyle \sigma _{geometry}}

 is of the order of the square of the de-Broglie wavelength

σ

g
e
o
m
e
t
r
y

≈

λ

2

=

(

ℏ

2

m

r

v

)

2

∝

1
ϵ

{\displaystyle \sigma _{geometry}\approx \lambda ^{2}={\bigg (}{\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{m_{r}v}}{\bigg )}^{2}\propto {\frac {1}{\epsilon }}}

 where

m

r

{\displaystyle m_{r}}

 is the reduced mass of the system and

ϵ

{\displaystyle \epsilon }

 is the center of mass energy of the system.

text:
T can be approximated by the Gamow transparency, which has the form:

T
≈

e

−

ϵ

G

/

ϵ

{\displaystyle T\approx e^{-{\sqrt {\epsilon _{G}/\epsilon }}}}

 where

ϵ

G

=
(
π
α

Z

1

Z

2

)

2

×
2

m

r

c

2

{\displaystyle \epsilon _{G}=(\pi \alpha Z_{1}Z_{2})^{2}\times 2m_{r}c^{2}}

 is the Gamow factor.

text:
R contains all the nuclear physics of the specific reaction and takes very different values depending on the nature of the interaction. However, for most reactions, the variation of

R
(
ϵ
)

{\displaystyle R(\epsilon )}

 is small compared to the variation from the Gamow factor and so is approximated by a function called the Astrophysical S-factor,

S
(
ϵ
)

{\displaystyle S(\epsilon )}

, which is weakly varying in energy. Putting these dependencies together, one estimation for the fusion cross section as a function of energy takes the form:


document_title: Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)

question_text: when did pirates of the caribbean 2 come out

text: Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)

text: Released films[edit]

text:
Film

U.S. release date

Director(s)

Screenwriter(s)

Story by

Producer(s)

Pirates of the Caribbean:The Curse of the Black Pearl

July 9, 2003 (2003-07-09)

Gore Verbinski

Ted Elliott & Terry Rossio

Ted Elliott, Terry Rossio, Stuart Beattie & Jay Wolpert

Jerry Bruckheimer

Pirates of the Caribbean:Dead Man's Chest

July 7, 2006 (2006-07-07)

Ted Elliott & Terry Rossio

Pirates of the Caribbean:At World's End

May 25, 2007 (2007-05-25)

Pirates of the Caribbean:On Stranger Tides

May 20, 2011 (2011-05-20)

Rob Marshall

Pirates of the Caribbean:Dead Men Tell No Tales

May 26, 2017 (2017-05-26)

Joachim Rønning & Espen Sandberg

Jeff Nathanson

Jeff Nathanson & Terry Rossio

text: The Curse of the Black Pearl  (2003)[edit]

text: Blacksmith Will Turner teams up with eccentric pirate Captain Jack Sparrow to save Turner's love, Elizabeth Swann, from cursed pirates led by Jack's mutinous former first mate, Captain Barbossa. Jack wants revenge against Barbossa, who left him stranded on an island before stealing his ship, the Black Pearl, along with 882 pieces of cursed Aztec Gold.

text: Dead Man's Chest (2006)[edit]

text: Lord Cutler Beckett of the East India Trading Company arrests Will and Elizabeth for aiding Captain Jack Sparrow in the previous film. Beckett offers clemency if Will agrees to search for Jack's compass in a bid to find the Dead Man's Chest—and inside, the heart of villainous Davy Jones—which would give Beckett control of the seas. However, Jack wants the Chest to escape from an unpaid debt with Jones, who made Jack captain of the Black Pearl for 13 years in exchange for 100 years of service aboard Jones' ship, the Flying Dutchman.

text: At World's End (2007)[edit]

text: Lord Beckett gains power over Davy Jones and, with the help of the Flying Dutchman, he is now executing his plans to extinguish piracy forever. To stand against the East India Trading Co., Will, Elizabeth, Barbossa, and the crew of the Black Pearl set out to rescue Captain Jack Sparrow from Davy Jones' Locker. As one of the Nine Pirate Lords, Jack is needed in order to release an ancient goddess with the power to defeat Beckett's forces.

text: On Stranger Tides (2011)[edit]

text: Captain Jack Sparrow is on a quest to find the fabled Fountain of Youth and crosses paths with a former lover, Angelica. She forces Jack aboard the Queen Anne's Revenge, a ship captained by the infamous pirate Blackbeard, Angelica's father. Both are also in search of the Fountain; Angelica to save her father's soul, Blackbeard to escape a prophecy of his demise at the hands of a one-legged man. Joining the hunt is former pirate captain Barbossa, now a privateer in King George II's Navy, who is in a race against the Spanish for the Fountain of Youth.

text: Dead Men Tell No Tales (2017)[edit]

text: Ghost Spanish Royal Navy soldiers led by Jack Sparrow's old nemesis, Captain Armando Salazar, escape from the Devil's Triangle, with the goal of killing every pirate at sea, including him. To survive, Jack seeks out the legendary Trident of Poseidon, a powerful artifact whose owner can control the seas and break curses.[2]

text: Upcoming: Pirates of the Caribbean 6 (TBA)[edit]

text: Shortly before the release of On Stranger Tides, it was reported that Disney was planning to shoot the fifth and the sixth films back-to-back,[3] although it was later revealed that only the fifth film was in development. On March 4, 2017, director Joachim Rønning stated that Dead Men Tell No Tales was only the beginning of the final adventure, implying that it would not be the last film of the franchise and that a sixth film could be released.[4]

text:
In September 2017, producer Jerry Bruckheimer indicated that another Pirates of the Caribbean sequel is still possible if Dead Men Tell No Tales does well in its home release.[5]
In October 2017, Kaya Scodelario said that she was contracted to return for a sixth film.[6] Shortly after, it was announced that Joachim Rønning is being eyed to direct the film.[7]

text: Short film[edit]

text: Tales of the Code: Wedlocked (2011)[edit]

text: Wenches Scarlett (Lauren Maher) and Giselle (Vanessa Branch) fix each other up for their wedding, in which they would each marry their groom. Upon realizing that both their grooms were the same man—Jack Sparrow—the two wenches find themselves in an auction led by the Auctioneer. The short film serves as a prequel to The Curse of the Black Pearl, explaining just why Jack Sparrow's boat, the Jolly Mon, was seen sinking at the beginning of the whole story, and explaining why wenches Scarlett and Giselle were so upset with him, and it also implies how Cotton lost his tongue. The plot took inspiration from the "Auction scene" from the original ride.

text: The short was directed by James Ward Byrkit,[8] and was only included as a special feature in the US 15-disc 3D Blu-ray/2D Blu-ray/DVD + Digital Copy box set that includes films 1–4; and in the similar UK five-disc set.

text: Byrkit conceived the idea for the project while on sets Rick Heinrichs production designed for Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (2006) and Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End (2007). As the pirate cove sets from the feature films—where the short film takes place—were set to be demolished, the short project was prepped in a matter of days and shot over three days. Byrkit based the short film on the Pirate Code Book as it was a device that could tie into other stories later.[9]

text: Production[edit]

text: First film[edit]

text: In the early 1990s[10] screenwriters Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio conceived a supernatural spin on the pirate genre after completing work on Aladdin, but there was no interest from any studio. Undeterred, the writing team refused to give up the dream, waiting for a studio to pick up their take on a pirate tale.[11] Disney had Jay Wolpert write a script based on the Pirates of the Caribbean, which producer Jerry Bruckheimer rejected, feeling it was "a straight pirate movie".[12] Bruckheimer brought Stuart Beattie in to rewrite the script in March 2002, due to his knowledge of piracy,[13] and later that month Elliott and Rossio were brought in.[12] Elliott and Rossio, inspired by the opening narration of the Pirates of the Caribbean ride, decided to give the film a supernatural edge.[14] As the budget rose, Michael Eisner and Robert Iger threatened to cancel the film, though Bruckheimer changed their minds when he showed them concept art and animatics.[15]

text: In June 2002 Gore Verbinski signed on to direct The Curse of the Black Pearl, and Johnny Depp and Geoffrey Rush signed on the following month to star.[13] Verbinski was attracted to the idea of using modern technology to resurrect a genre, one that had disappeared after the Golden Age of Hollywood, and recalled his childhood memories of the ride, feeling the film was an opportunity to pay tribute to the "scary and funny" tone of it. Depp was attracted to the story as he found it quirky: rather than trying to find treasure, the crew of the Black Pearl were trying to return it in order to lift their curse; also, the traditional mutiny had already taken place. Verbinski approached Rush for the role of Barbossa, as he knew he would not play it with attempts at complexity, but with a simple villainy that would suit the story's tone.[16] Orlando Bloom read the script after Rush, with whom he was working on Ned Kelly, suggested it to him.[17] Keira Knightley came as a surprise to Verbinski: he had not seen her performance in Bend It Like Beckham and was impressed by her audition.[16] Tom Wilkinson was negotiated with to play Governor Swann,[13] but the role went to Jonathan Pryce, whom Depp idolized.[16]

text: Shooting for The Curse of the Black Pearl began on October 9, 2002 and wrapped by March 7, 2003.[13] Before its release, many executives and journalists had expected the film to flop, as the pirate genre had not been successful for years, the film was based on a theme-park ride, and Depp rarely made a big film.[18] However, The Curse of the Black Pearl became both a critical and commercial success.

text: Second and third films[edit]

text: After seeing how well the first film was made, the cast and crew signed for two sequels to be shot back-to-back,[19] a practical decision on Disney's part to allow more time with the same cast and crew.[20] Writers Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio knew that with an ensemble cast, they weren't free to invent totally different situations and characters, as with the Indiana Jones and James Bond series, and so had to retroactively turn The Curse of the Black Pearl into the first of a trilogy.[21] They wanted to explore the reality of what would happen after Will Turner and Elizabeth Swann's embrace at the end of the first film, and initially considered the Fountain of Youth as the plot device.[22] They settled on introducing Davy Jones, the Flying Dutchman and the Kraken, a mythology mentioned twice in the first film. They introduced the historical East India Trading Company (also mentioned in the first film), which for them represented a counterpoint to the themes of personal freedom represented by pirates.[23]

text: Filming for the sequels began on February 28, 2005,[24] with Dead Man's Chest finishing on March 1, 2006,[25] and At World's End on January 10, 2007.[26] The second film was also the first Disney theatrical feature film with the computer-generated Walt Disney Pictures logo.[27]

text: Fourth film[edit]

text: Rossio and Elliot discovered the novel On Stranger Tides during production of Dead Man's Chest and At World's End and decided to use it as the basis for a fourth film. As Gore Verbinski was unavailable, Bruckheimer invited Rob Marshall to direct the film.[28] Elliott and Rossio decided to do a stand-alone film,[29] with a story that would support new characters,[30] and incorporate elements from the novel, such as Blackbeard, the Fountain of Youth and mermaids—the latter two having been already alluded to in the previous films.[31] Depp, Rush, Greg Ellis and Kevin McNally returned to their roles,[32] and the cast saw the additions of Ian McShane as Blackbeard and Penélope Cruz as Angelica, Blackbeard's daughter and Jack Sparrow's love interest.[33] A further addition was Richard Griffiths as King George II of Great Britain. After the costly production of two simultaneous films, Disney tried to scale down the fourth installment, giving a lower budget,[34] which led to cheaper locations and fewer scenes with special effects.[35] It was also filmed in 3D, with cameras similar to the ones used in Avatar.[28]

text: Filming for On Stranger Tides began June 14, 2010 and ended on November 19, 2010.[35][36] It was released in the United States on May 20, 2011.[37] With a budget of $378.5 million, On Stranger Tides holds the record for most expensive film ever made.

text: Fifth film[edit]

text: On January 14, 2011, it was confirmed that Terry Rossio would write the screenplay for the fifth installment, without his co-writer Ted Elliott.[38] On January 11, 2013, Jeff Nathanson signed on to write the script for the film. On May 29, 2013, it was announced that Norwegian directors Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg were selected to direct.[39] On August 22, 2013, the two revealed that the title of the fifth film would be Dead Men Tell No Tales, alluding to the line well-known from the Pirates of the Caribbean theme park attractions.[40][41][42] Although, the film was given an alternative title, Salazar's Revenge, in selected European, South American and Asian countries for marketing purposes.[43][44] They also confirmed that they were working on the film, speaking highly of Jeff Nathanson's "funny and touching" script and that they are inspired by the first film, The Curse of the Black Pearl.[45][46] On September 10, 2013, Disney pushed back the film's initial 2015 release,[47] with sources indicating that a Summer 2016 release is likely.[48] Producer Jerry Bruckheimer revealed that script issues were behind the delay, and that Jeff Nathanson was at work on a second attempt based on a well-received outline.[49] While Disney originally announced a release on July 7, 2017,[50][51] Dead Men Tell No Tales was released on May 26, 2017.[52]

text: A spokesman for the Australian Arts Minister confirmed that the fifth installment was set to shoot in Australia after the government agreed to repurpose $20 million of tax incentives originally intended for the remake of 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea.[53] According to Australian film industry sources, pre-production started in late September 2014 with filming expected to commence in February 2015.[54] This was officially confirmed by Disney and Ian Walker the Queensland Arts Minister on October 2, 2014, stating that filming will take place exclusively in Australia, being the largest production to ever shoot in the country. Village Roadshow Studios and Port Douglas were officially confirmed as filming locations.[55] Production began in Australia on February 17, 2015 and wrapped on July 9, 2015.[56]

text: Recurring cast & characters[edit]

text:
This table shows the recurring characters and the actors who have portrayed them throughout the franchise.
A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the film, or that the character's presence in the film has not yet been announced.
A C  indicates a cameo appearance.
A L  indicates an appearance wherein an actor's facial features were digitally imprinted upon another actor's face.
A Y  indicates an appearance as a younger version of a pre-existing character.

tag: ul

text:
Character

Films

The Curse of the Black Pearl

Dead Man's Chest

At World's End

On Stranger Tides

Dead Men Tell No Tales

2003

2006

2007

2011

2017

Jack Sparrow

Johnny Depp[16][19][57]

Johnny Depp[58][59]Anthony De La TorreY[60]

Hector Barbossa

Geoffrey Rush[16][19][61][59]

Joshamee Gibbs

Kevin McNally[19][62][59]

William "Will" Turner, Jr.

Orlando Bloom[63]Dylan SmithY

Orlando Bloom[19]

Orlando BloomC[64]

Elizabeth SwannPirate King

Keira Knightley[16]Lucinda DryzekY[65][66]

Keira Knightley[19]

Keira KnightleyC[67]

Marty

Martin Klebba[68][19]

Martin Klebba

James Norrington

Jack Davenport[68][19]

Weatherby Swann

Jonathan Pryce[68][16][19]

Pintel

Lee Arenberg[68][19]

Ragetti

Mackenzie Crook[68][19]

Cotton

David Bailie[68][19]

Mullroy

Angus Barnett[68]

Angus Barnett[69]

Angus Barnett[70]

Murtogg

Giles New[68]

Giles New[69]

Giles New[70]

Theodore Groves

Greg Ellis[68]

Greg Ellis[69][62]

Gillette

Damian O'Hare[68]

Damian O'Hare[71]

Anamaria

Zoe Saldana[68][72]

Davy Jones

Bill Nighy[73]

Silhouette onlyC[74][75]

William "Bootstrap Bill" Turner, Sr.

Stellan Skarsgård[76]

Cutler Beckett

Tom Hollander[77]

Tia DalmaCalypso

Naomie Harris[78]

Sao Feng

Chow Yun-fat[79]

Edward Teague

Keith Richards[80][81]

Alexander ScheerYCKeith RichardsL[82]

Henry Turner

Dominic Scott Kay

Brenton Thwaites[83][59]Lewis McGowanY[84]

Scrum

Stephen Graham[85][59]

Edward "Blackbeard" Teach

Ian McShane[86]

Angelica

Penélope Cruz[86]

Philip Swift

Sam Claflin[87]

Syrena

Àstrid Bergès-Frisbey[88][89]

Armando Salazar

Javier Bardem[59]

Carina Smyth / Barbossa

Kaya Scodelario[59]

Uncle Jack

Paul McCartneyC[90]

text: Music[edit]

text: Film soundtracks[edit]

text:
Title

U.S. release date

Length

Label

Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (Original Soundtrack)

July 22, 2003 (2003-07-22)

43:50

Walt Disney Records

Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (Soundtrack from the Motion Picture)

July 4, 2006 (2006-07-04)

58:32

Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End (Soundtrack from the Motion Picture)

May 22, 2007 (2007-05-22)

55:50

Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides (Soundtrack from the Motion Picture)

May 17, 2011 (2011-05-17)

77:11

Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales (Soundtrack from the Motion Picture)

May 25, 2017 (2017-05-25)

75:20

text: Additional film crew[edit]

text:
Crew/detail

Film

Pirates of the Caribbean:The Curse of the Black Pearl

Pirates of the Caribbean:Dead Man's Chest

Pirates of the Caribbean:At World's End

Pirates of the Caribbean:On Stranger Tides

Pirates of the Caribbean:Dead Men Tell No Tales

Composer

Klaus Badelt

Hans Zimmer

Geoff Zanelli

Editor

Craig Wood, Stephen Rivkin & Arthur Schmidt

Craig Wood & Stephen Rivkin

Craig Wood

David Brenner & Wyatt Smith

Roger Barton & Leigh Folsom Boyd

Cinematographer

Dariusz Wolski

Paul Cameron

Production companies

Walt Disney PicturesJerry Bruckheimer Films

Distributor

Buena Vista Pictures Distribution

Buena Vista Pictures

Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures

Running time

142 minutes

150 minutes

168 minutes

137 minutes

129 minutes

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office performance[edit]

text:
Film

U.S. release date

Box office gross

All-time Ranking

Budget

Ref(s)

North America

Other territories

Worldwide

North America

Worldwide

The Curse of the Black Pearl

July 9, 2003

$305,413,918

$348,850,097

$654,264,015

64

108

$140 million

[91]

Dead Man's Chest

July 7, 2006

$423,315,812

$642,863,913

$1,066,179,725

17

21

$225 million

[92]

At World's End

May 25, 2007

$309,420,425

$654,000,000

$963,420,425

61

35

$300 million

[93]

On Stranger Tides

May 20, 2011

$241,071,802

$804,642,000

$1,045,713,802

119

23

$378.5 million

[94][95]

Dead Men Tell No Tales

May 26, 2017

$172,558,876

$622,221,339

$794,780,215

254

69

$230 million

[96]

Total

$7009145178083300000♠1,451,780,833

$7009307257734900000♠3,072,577,349

$7009452435818200000♠4,524,358,182

14

10

$1.452 billion

[97]

text: The Pirates of the Caribbean film series was successful at the box office, with each film grossing over $650 million, and all but Dead Men Tell No Tales at some point ranking among the fifty highest-grossing films of all time. It also became the first ever series to have multiple films passing the billion dollar mark in box office revenues with Dead Man's Chest and On Stranger Tides,[98] since followed by other film franchises.

text: The Curse of the Black Pearl was the third-highest-grossing 2003 film in North America (behind The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King and Finding Nemo) and fourth worldwide (behind The Return of the King, Finding Nemo and The Matrix Reloaded).[99] Dead Man's Chest was the most successful film of 2006 worldwide,[100] and At World's End led the worldwide grosses in 2007, though being only fourth in North America (behind Spider-Man 3, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix and Shrek the Third).[101] On Stranger Tides was the third-highest-grossing film of 2011 worldwide (behind Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 and Transformers: Dark of the Moon) and the fifth in North America.[102] The first three sequels broke box office records upon release, of which the most notable are the opening-weekend record in North America (Dead Man's Chest),[103] the Memorial-Day weekend record in North America (At World's End)[104] and the opening-weekend record outside North America (On Stranger Tides).[105]

text: Critical and public response[edit]

text:
Film

Rotten Tomatoes

Metacritic

CinemaScore

The Curse of the Black Pearl

79% (210 reviews)[106]

63 (40 reviews)[107]

A[108]

Dead Man's Chest

54% (220 reviews)[109]

53 (37 reviews)[110]

A−[108]

At World's End

45% (220 reviews)[111]

50 (36 reviews)[112]

A−[108]

On Stranger Tides

32% (262 reviews)[113]

45 (39 reviews)[114]

B+[108]

Dead Men Tell No Tales

30% (230 reviews)[115]

39 (45 reviews)[116]

A−[108]

text: The series is noted for its high quality of acting talent, and is one of the aspects of the films that is always praised.[117][118][119][120][121][122] The visual and practical effects are considered some of the best ever done on film,[121][122][123][124] so much so that audiences believed certain CGI elements of the films were real and done practically.[125][126][127][128] However, the plots of the four sequels have received mixed reviews, with the general consensus that they are too bloated and convoluted to follow.[129][130][131][132][133] Pirates of the Caribbean is noted for reinvigorating the pirate genre of film after decades of either no pirate films or failed pirate films.[134] The success of the series saw Disney and Jerry Bruckheimer try to replicate the franchise's success by launching films such as Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time and The Lone Ranger, the latter of which directed by Gore Verbinski. Both movies failed critically and commercially.[135][136][137][138]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: Academy Awards[edit]

text: Together, all the first three films were nominated for a total of 11 Academy Awards, of which a single award was won.

text:
Award

Film

The Curse of the Black Pearl

Dead Man's Chest

At World's End

On Stranger Tides

Dead Men Tell No Tales

Actor in a Leading Role

Nominated[127][139](Johnny Depp)

Art Direction

Nominated[140]

Makeup

Nominated[127][139]

Nominated[141]

Sound Editing

Nominated[127][139]

Nominated[140]

Sound Mixing

Nominated[127][139]

Nominated[140]

Visual Effects

Nominated[127][139]

Won[140]

Nominated[141]

text: Golden Globe Awards[edit]

text: Together, all the four films were nominated for a total of 2 Golden Globe Awards, of which neither were won.

text:
Award

Film

The Curse of the Black Pearl

Dead Man's Chest

At World's End

On Stranger Tides

Dead Men Tell No Tales

Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Comedy or Musical

Nominated(Johnny Depp)

Nominated(Johnny Depp)

text: Golden Raspberry Awards[edit]

text:
Award

Film

The Curse of the Black Pearl

Dead Man's Chest

At World's End

On Stranger Tides

Dead Men Tell No Tales

Worst Actor

Nominated (Johnny Depp)[note 1]

Worst Supporting Actor

Nominated (Javier Bardem)[note 1] as Captain Armando Salazar

Worst Screen Combo

Nominated (Johnny Depp & his worn-out drunk routine)[note 1]

text: MTV Movie Awards[edit]

text: Together, all the first three films were nominated for a total of 13 MTV Movie Awards, of which 4 were won.

text:
Award

Film

The Curse of the Black Pearl

Dead Man's Chest

At World's End

On Stranger Tides

Dead Men Tell No Tales

Best Movie

Nominated

Won

Nominated

Best Male Performance

Won(Johnny Depp)

Won(Johnny Depp)

Best Female Performance

Nominated(Keira Knightley)

Nominated(Keira Knightley)

Best Breakthrough Female Performance

Nominated(Keira Knightley)

Best On-Screen Team

Nominated(Johnny Depp & Orlando Bloom)

Best Villain

Nominated(Geoffrey Rush)

Nominated(Bill Nighy)

Best Comedic Performance

Nominated(Johnny Depp)

Won(Johnny Depp)

text: Teen Choice Awards[edit]

text: Together, the first four films were nominated for a total of 32 Teen Choice Awards, of which 17 were won.

text:
Award

Film

The Curse of the Black Pearl

Dead Man's Chest

At World's End

On Stranger Tides

Dead Men Tell No Tales

Choice Movie: Chemistry

Won(Orlando Bloom & Keira Knightley)

Choice Movie: Fight/Action Sequence

Won(Johnny Depp vs Geoffrey Rush)

Choice Movie: Liar

Won(Johnny Depp)

Choice Movie: Liplock

Won(Orlando Bloom & Keira Knightley)

Won(Orlando Bloom & Keira Knightley)

Nominated(Orlando Bloom  & Keira Knightley)

Choice Movie: Female Breakout Star

Nominated(Keira Knightley)

Choice Movie Actor

Won(Johnny Depp)

Won(Johnny Depp)

Nominated(Johnny Depp)

Nominated(Johnny Depp)

Nominated(Orlando Bloom)

Nominated(Orlando Bloom)

Nominated(Brenton Thwaites)

Choice Summer Movie

Won

Nominated

Choice Movie: Scream

Won(Keira Knightley)

Choice Movie

Won

Won

Nominated

Choice Movie: Rumble

Won(Orlando Bloom & Jack Davenport)

Won(Orlando Bloom)

Choice Movie: Hissy Fit

Won(Keira Knightley)

Choice Male Hottie

Nominated(Orlando Bloom)

Choice Movie Actress

Nominated(Keira Knightley)

Won(Keira Knightley)

Nominated(Penélope Cruz)

Nominated(Kaya Scodelario)

Choice Movie: Villain

Won(Bill Nighy)

Won(Bill Nighy)

Nominated(Ian McShane)

Nominated(Javier Bardem)

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^ Jump up to: a b c Referred to as Pirates of the Caribbean XIII: Dead Careers Tell No Tales on the official nomination list.


document_title: Saturday Night Live (season 1)

question_text: who was the first saturday night live host

text: Saturday Night Live (season 1)

text: History[edit]

text: In 1974, NBC Tonight Show host Johnny Carson requested that the weekend broadcasts of "Best of Carson" (officially known as The Weekend Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson) come to an end (back then, The Tonight Show was a 90-minute program), so that Carson could take two weeknights off and NBC would thus air those repeats on those nights rather than feed them to affiliates for broadcast on either Saturdays or Sundays. Given Carson's undisputed status as the king of late-night television, NBC heard his request as an ultimatum, fearing he might use the issue as grounds to defect to either ABC or CBS. To fill the gap, the network drew up some ideas and brought in Dick Ebersol – a protégé of legendary ABC Sports president Roone Arledge – to develop a 90-minute late-night variety show. Ebersol's first order of business was hiring a young Canadian producer named Lorne Michaels to be the show-runner.[1]

text: Television production in New York was already in decline in the mid-1970s (The Tonight Show had departed for Los Angeles two years prior), so NBC decided to base the show at their studios in Rockefeller Center to offset the overhead of maintaining those facilities. Michaels was given Studio 8H, a converted radio studio that prior to that point was most famous for having hosted Arturo Toscanini and the NBC Symphony Orchestra from 1937 to 1951, but was being used largely for network election coverage by the mid-1970s.[citation needed]

text: When the first show aired on October 11, 1975 with George Carlin as its host, it was called NBC's Saturday Night because ABC featured a program at the same time titled Saturday Night Live with Howard Cosell. After ABC cancelled the Cosell program in 1976, the NBC program changed its name to Saturday Night Live on March 26, 1977 (and subsequently picked up Bill Murray from Cosell's show in 1977, as well). Every night, Don Pardo introduced the cast, a job he'd hold for 39 years until his death in 2014.

text: The original concept was for a comedy-variety show featuring young comedians, live musical performances, short films by Albert Brooks, and segments by Jim Henson featuring atypically adult and abstract characters from the Muppets world. Rather than have one permanent host, Michaels elected to have a different guest host each week. The first episode featured two musical guests (Billy Preston and Janis Ian), and the second episode, hosted by Paul Simon on October 18, was almost entirely a musical variety show with various acts. The Not Ready For Prime Time Players did not appear in this episode at all, other than as the bees with Simon telling them they were cancelled, and Chevy Chase in the opening and in "Weekend Update". Over the course of Season 1, sketch comedy would begin to dominate the show and SNL would more closely resemble its current format.

text: Andy Kaufman made several appearances that were popular with the audience over the season,[citation needed] while The Muppets' Land of Gorch bits were regarded as a poor fit with the rest of the show.[citation needed]  The "Land Of Gorch" sketches were essentially cancelled after episode 10, although the associated Muppet characters still made sporadic appearances after that. After one final appearance at the start of season two, the Muppet characters were permanently dropped from SNL.

text: During the season, Michaels appeared on-camera twice, on April 24 and May 22, to make an offer to The Beatles to reunite on the show. In the first appearance, he offered a certified check of $3000. In the second appearance, he increased his offer to $3,200 and free hotel accommodations. John Lennon and Paul McCartney later both admitted that they were watching SNL from Lennon's apartment on May 8, the episode after Michaels' first offer, and briefly toyed with actually going down to the studio, but decided to stay in the apartment because they were too tired.[2][3]

text: Cast[edit]

text: Changes and notes[edit]

text: The first cast member hired was Gilda Radner.[4] The rest of the cast included fellow Second City alumni Dan Aykroyd and John Belushi, as well as National Lampoon "Lemmings" alumnus Chevy Chase (whose trademark became his usual falls and opening spiel that cued the show's opening), Jane Curtin, Laraine Newman, and Garrett Morris. The original head writer was Michael O'Donoghue, a writer at National Lampoon who had worked alongside several cast members while directing The National Lampoon Radio Hour. The original theme music was written by future Academy Award–winning composer Howard Shore, who – along with his band (occasionally billed as the "All Nurse Band" or "Band of Angels"[citation needed]) – was the original band leader on the show. Paul Shaffer, who would go on to lead David Letterman's band on Late Night and then The Late Show, was also band leader in the early years. George Coe was hired because NBC wanted to have an older person in the cast.[citation needed]

text: Much of the talent pool involved in the inaugural season was recruited from the National Lampoon Radio Hour, a nationally syndicated comedy series that often satirized current events.

text: This would be the only season for Coe and O'Donoghue as official cast members. While Coe was only billed in the premiere, he was seen in various small roles through the season before leaving the show altogether. O'Donoghue was credited through the Candice Bergen episode and would continue to work for the show as a writer, as well as an occasional featured performer (particularly as "Mr. Mike"), through season five.

text: Cast roster[edit]

text:
Repertory cast members
Dan Aykroyd
John Belushi
Chevy Chase
George Coe (only credited episode: October 11, 1975)
Jane Curtin
Garrett Morris
Laraine Newman
Michael O'Donoghue (final credited episode: November 8, 1975)
Gilda Radner

text: bold denotes Weekend Update anchor

text: Writers[edit]

text: The original writing staff included Anne Beatts, Chevy Chase, Tom Davis, Al Franken, Lorne Michaels, Marilyn Suzanne Miller, Michael O'Donoghue, Herb Sargent, Tom Schiller, Rosie Shuster and Alan Zweibel. The head writers were Lorne Michaels and Michael O'Donoghue.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonHostMusical guest(s)Original air date11George CarlinBilly Preston & Janis IanOctober 11, 1975 (1975-10-11)

The cold open features John Belushi as a foreign man learning English being taught by writer Michael O'Donoghue. Following this sketch, Chevy Chase appeared with a headset on and bellows the first "Live From New York, It's Saturday Night!"
As host, George Carlin performed stand-up, introduced the musical guests, and conducted the goodnight segment.  Carlin performed three monologues, including "Baseball-Football".
Andy Kaufman appeared in a segment consisting of him playing the Mighty Mouse theme on a record player.
Valri Bromfield makes a guest appearance. Jacqueline Carlin appeared as the mother in the "New Dad Insurance" sketch and as the woman with a book in the "Academy of Better Careers" sketch. Wendy Craig appeared as the salesman in the "Academy of Better Careers" sketch.  Richard Belzer (the show's warm-up comedian), writer Tom Davis, and talent coordinator Neil Levy appear as jurors in the "Courtroom" sketch.
Billy Preston performed "Nothing from Nothing"[5] and "Fancy Lady". Janis Ian performed "At Seventeen"[5] and "In the Winter".
Sketches include the Bees; the Albert Brooks film, "The Impossible Truth"; "Trojan Horse Home Security"; "Triple-Trac"; and The Land of Gorch, with Jim Henson, Frank Oz, Jerry Nelson, Rhonda Hansome, and Alice Tweedy.

22Paul SimonRandy Newman, Phoebe Snow, Art Garfunkel & Jessy Dixon SingersOctober 18, 1975 (1975-10-18)

Connie Hawkins and Marv Albert appear on Weekend Update.  Jerry Rubin appeared in the "Up Against the Wallpaper" sketch. Bill Bradley appeared in the goodnights.
Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel perform "The Boxer," "Scarborough Fair," and "My Little Town".[5] Paul Simon also performed "Still Crazy After All These Years," "Marie"[5] "American Tune"[5] solo, "Loves Me Like a Rock" with the Jessy Dixon Singers, and "Gone at Last"[5] with Phoebe Snow and the Jessy Dixon Singers. Art Garfunkel performed "I Only Have Eyes for You".[5]
Randy Newman performed "Sail Away".[5] Phoebe Snow performed "No Regrets".[5]
The episode features an Albert Brooks's film about failed Candid Camera stunts and home movies.

33Rob ReinernoneOctober 25, 1975 (1975-10-25)

Denny Dillon appeared as a special guest with Mark Hampton in a sketch as nuns running a parish talent show.  Jacqueline Carlin appeared as a swimmer in the "Golden Needles" sketch. Tom Schiller appeared as the priest in the "Wrigley's Gum" sketch and as one of the Bees. Penny Marshall appeared in the "Fashion Show," "Hoe-Down," and "the Bees" sketches. The Lockers and comedian Andy Kaufman make guest appearances.
Jim Henson, Frank Oz, Jerry Nelson, Alice Tweedy, and Richard Hunt perform in a "The Land of Gorch" sketch.
In lieu of a musical guest, John Belushi performed "With a Little Help from My Friends"[5] while impersonating Joe Cocker.
The episode features an Albert Brooks film about heart surgery.

44Candice BergenEsther PhillipsNovember 8, 1975 (1975-11-08)

Chevy Chase impersonates President Gerald Ford.
Andrew Duncan and Jacqueline Carlin make cameo appearances.
Sketches include "Landshark" and "The Land of Gorch," featuring Jim Henson, Jerry Nelson, and Frank Oz performing their Muppet characters. This was the first appearance of the Land Shark character.[6]
Andy Kaufman debuts his Foreign Man character on the show.
Esther Phillips performed "What a Diff'rence a Day Made" and "I Can Stand a Little Rain".[5]
The episode features an Albert Brooks film, upcoming season.

55Robert KleinABBA & Loudon Wainwright IIINovember 15, 1975 (1975-11-15)

Laraine Newman debuts her character Sherry.
ABBA makes two appearances, singing "S.O.S." and "Waterloo".[5]
Loudon Wainwright III performed the songs "Bicentennial" and "Unrequited to the Nth Degree".[5]
Host Robert Klein performed the song "I Can't Stop My Leg" with the Saturday Night Live Band, co-written with Howard Shore and Paul Shaffer.
George Coe makes a guest appearance.
Jim Henson, Frank Oz, Jerry Nelson, Richard Hunt, Alice Tweedy, and Fran Brill perform in a "The Land of Gorch" sketch.

66Lily TomlinTomlin with Howard Shore & the All Nurse BandNovember 22, 1975 (1975-11-22)

Tomlin performed the songs "St. James Infirmary Blues,"[5] "Bee Bop," and "I Got You Babe"[5] with Scred and the Muppets.

77Richard PryorGil Scott-HeronDecember 13, 1975 (1975-12-13)

Gil Scott-Heron performed "Johannesburg" and "A Lovely Day".[5]
Thalmus Rasulala appeared as one of the priests in the "Exorcist II" sketch. Annazette Chase appeared as Polly in the "Black & White" sketch. At Pryor's insistence, his ex-wife Shelley Pryor and Kathrine McKee, his then-current girlfriend  make cameo appearances.[7]
Sketches include "Samurai Futaba," "The Land of Gorch," and an Albert Brooks's film, "sick". This was the first appearance of Belushi's Samurai character.[8]
The episode introduces the recurring catchphrase "Generalissimo Francisco Franco is still dead" during Weekend Update.
At Pryor's insistence Paul Mooney was hired as a writer[7] Mooney wrote some of Pryor's routines, including the "Racist Word Association Interview".[citation needed]
The show was broadcast on a seven second delay.[9]

88Candice BergenMartha Reeves & The StylisticsDecember 20, 1975 (1975-12-20)

Martha Reeves performed "(Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher"[5] and "Silver Bells". The Stylistics performed the song "You Make Me Feel Brand New".[5]
Candice Bergen appeared in "The Land of Gorch" sketch where she attends King Ploobis' Christmas party while the guests that he had invited are attending the Killer Bees' Christmas party. Bergen performed the song "Winter Wonderland" with the cast.
Maggie Kuhn makes a cameo appearance.

99Elliott GouldAnne MurrayJanuary 10, 1976 (1976-01-10)

Anne Murray performed the songs "The Call" and "Blue Finger Lou".[5]
The episode features an Albert Brooks film, Audience Test Screenings. Other sketches include "Interior Demolitionists" and a Shimmer commercial parody.
Paula Kahn makes a cameo appearance.  Jim Henson, Alice Tweedy, Jerry Nelson, and Frank Oz perform their characters in "The Land of Gorch".
The episode was submitted for the Emmy Award consideration and won SNL its first Emmy in 1977.[10]
Lorne Michaels appears on camera for the first time in the series during a "Killer Bees" sketch gone wrong.

1010Buck HenryBill Withers & Toni BasilJanuary 17, 1976 (1976-01-17)

The Blues Brothers, in the Bees costumes, perform "I'm a King Bee" with Howard Shore and His All-Bee Band.
The episode features a Saturday Night Live Samurai sketch, "Samurai Delicatessen". Buck Henry premieres his recurring character, Mr. Dantley.
Bill Withers performed "Ain't No Sunshine".[5]
Toni Basil performed "Wham".[5]
Alice Tweedy and Jerry Nelson perform their characters in "The Land of Gorch".

1111Peter Cook & Dudley MooreNeil SedakaJanuary 24, 1976 (1976-01-24)

Scred from "The Land of Gorch" appeared in a bee costume hoping to be in The Bees sketch, only to be told by Gilda Radner that the sketch was canceled. Scred joins Gilda into introducing Neil Sedaka.
Sedaka performed the songs "Breaking Up Is Hard to Do" and "Lonely Night".[5]
The episode features the sketch, "Lifer Follies," auditions in a prison warden's office for an upcoming inmate talent show, which includes Garrett Morris' "Shotgun" song.[11]

1212Dick CavettJimmy CliffJanuary 31, 1976 (1976-01-31)

Humorist Marshall Efron and Al Alen Petersen make cameo appearances.
Jimmy Cliff performed the songs "The Harder They Come," "Many Rivers to Cross" and "Wahjahka Man".[5]

1313Peter BoyleAl JarreauFebruary 14, 1976 (1976-02-14)

The Shapiro Sisters dance and lip-sync to the song "This Will Be". One of the sisters, Jenny, also appeared in a sketch.
Al Jarreau performed the songs "We Got By" and "Pretty as a Picture".[5]
Steven Spielberg makes an appearance in the audience while Peter Boyle sings a love song to his "wife".

1414Desi ArnazDesi Arnaz & Desi Arnaz, Jr.February 21, 1976 (1976-02-21)

Arnaz and his son perform the songs "Cuban Pete" and "Babalu".[5]
Actor Taylor Mead makes a filmed cameo appearance.

1515Jill ClayburghLeon Redbone & The IdlersFebruary 28, 1976 (1976-02-28)

A cappella group The Idlers and comedian Andy Kaufman make cameo appearances. Host Jill Clayburgh appeared with these guests.
Photographer and video artist William Wegman appeared with his dog in Gary Weis' filmed piece.
Leon Redbone performed the songs "Ain't Misbehavin'" and "Big Time Woman".[5]
The first appearance of Mister Bill,[12] in response to the show's request for home movies.

1616Anthony PerkinsBetty CarterMarch 13, 1976 (1976-03-13)

Betty Carter performed the songs "Music Maestro, Please / Swing Brother Swing" and "I Can't Help It".[5]
King Ploobis and Scred from "The Land of Gorch" approach Anthony Perkins for help to get their sketch back on the air.

1717Ron NessenPatti SmithApril 17, 1976 (1976-04-17)

President Gerald Ford appeared in a filmed segment during the cold opening where he opens the show with "Live from New York, it's Saturday Night!" after Chevy Chase's signature pratfall. He also appeared in filmed segments during the monologue (where he introduces the host) and during Weekend Update (where, following Chevy Chase's signature line "I'm Chevy Chase and you're not", he says "I'm Gerald Ford and you're not").
Billy Crystal (billed as Bill Crystal) performed a monologue. Dan Aykroyd impersonates talk show host Tom Snyder.
The episode features a short Gary Weis film on New York garbage men.
Patti Smith Group performed the song "Gloria" and "My Generation".[5]

1818Raquel WelchPhoebe Snow & John SebastianApril 24, 1976 (1976-04-24)

Raquel Welch performed the song "Superstar" with John Belushi as Joe Cocker, as well as "It Ain't Necessarily So".
Phoebe Snow performed the songs "All Over" and "Two-Fisted Love".[5]
John Sebastian performed the song "Welcome Back"[5] with John Belushi as Joe Cocker.
Lorne Michaels appeared on air, offering the Beatles $3,000 to perform three songs.[13]
The characters from "The Land of Gorch" face facts that they aren't welcome on the show anymore.
First appearance of Gilda Radner as Baba Wawa.[14]

1919Madeline KahnCarly SimonMay 8, 1976 (1976-05-08)

Scred and The Mighty Favog cut a deal with Chevy Chase to have Lorne Michaels renew their sketch in exchange that The Mighty Favog gets The Beatles to appear on the show.
Carly Simon performed the songs "Half a Chance / You're So Vain"[5] in a pre-taped segment with Chevy Chase playing cowbell.

2020Dyan CannonLeon and Mary RussellMay 15, 1976 (1976-05-15)

Leon and Mary Russell perform the songs "Satisfy You" and "Daylight,"[5] the latter of which featured John Belushi as Joe Cocker.

2121Buck HenryGordon Lightfoot & Garrett MorrisMay 22, 1976 (1976-05-22)

Lorne Michaels offers the Beatles $3,200 and free hotel accommodations to perform three songs.[13]
Gordon Lightfoot performed the songs "Summertime Dream" and "Spanish Moss".[5] A third song, "Sundown," is interrupted by John Belushi's Samurai.

2222Elliott GouldLeon Redbone, Harlan Collins & Joyce EversonMay 29, 1976 (1976-05-29)

Leon Redbone performed the songs "Shine On, Harvest Moon" and "Walking Stick".[5] Harlan Collins & Joyce Everson perform "Heaven Only Knows".
Akira Yoshimura and Doris Powell appear in "The Last Voyage of the Starship Enterprise," a sketch written by Michael O'Donoghue, parodying the television series Star Trek. In the sketch, the crew of the Enterprise tries to deal with the show's cancellation.

2323Louise LasserPreservation Hall Jazz BandJuly 24, 1976 (1976-07-24)

In her opening monologue, host Louise Lasser, who had been arrested on a drug charge the week before and was very difficult for the cast and writers to work with that week, pretends to have a bout of stage fright and lock herself in her dressing room. She had actually done the same thing in real life just before the beginning of the show; the cast was dividing her parts among themselves. Her self-indulgent behavior led Michaels to keep this episode out of syndication.[15]
Actor Michael Sarrazin makes a filmed cameo appearance.
Preservation Hall Jazz Band performed the song "Panama".[5]

2424Kris KristoffersonRita CoolidgeJuly 31, 1976 (1976-07-31)

Rita Coolidge performed the song "Hula Hoop".[5] Host Kris Kristofferson performed the song "I've Got a Life of My Own".[5] Together, Kristofferson and Coolidge performed "Eddie the Eunuch".[5]