document_title: Independence Day (United States)

question_text: when did we start celebrating the 4th of july

text: Independence Day (United States)

text: Background

text: During the American Revolution, the legal separation of the Thirteen Colonies from Great Britain in 1776 actually occurred on July 2, when the Second Continental Congress voted to approve a resolution of independence that had been proposed in June by Richard Henry Lee of Virginia declaring the United States independent from Great Britain rule.[5][6] After voting for independence, Congress turned its attention to the Declaration of Independence, a statement explaining this decision, which had been prepared by a Committee of Five, with Thomas Jefferson as its principal author. Congress debated and revised the wording of the Declaration, finally approving it two days later on July 4. A day earlier, John Adams had written to his wife Abigail:

text: The second day of July, 1776, will be the most memorable epoch in the history of America. I am apt to believe that it will be celebrated by succeeding generations as the great anniversary festival. It ought to be commemorated as the day of deliverance, by solemn acts of devotion to God Almighty. It ought to be solemnized with pomp and parade, with shows, games, sports, guns, bells, bonfires, and illuminations, from one end of this continent to the other, from this time forward forever more.[7]

text: Adams's prediction was off by two days. From the outset, Americans celebrated independence on July 4, the date shown on the much-publicized Declaration of Independence, rather than on July 2, the date the resolution of independence was approved in a closed session of Congress.[8]

text: Historians have long disputed whether members of Congress signed the Declaration of Independence on July 4, even though Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and Benjamin Franklin all later wrote that they had signed it on that day. Most historians have concluded that the Declaration was signed nearly a month after its adoption, on August 2, 1776, and not on July 4 as is commonly believed.[9][10][11][12][13]

text: Coincidentally, both John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, the only signers of the Declaration of Independence later to serve as Presidents of the United States, died on the same day: July 4, 1826, which was the 50th anniversary of the Declaration. Although not a signer of the Declaration of Independence, James Monroe, another Founding Father who was elected as President, also died on July 4, 1831. He was the third President who died on the anniversary of independence. Calvin Coolidge, the 30th President, was born on July 4, 1872; so far he is the only U.S. President to have been born on Independence Day.

text: Observance

text:
In 1777, thirteen gunshots were fired in salute, once at morning and once again as evening fell, on July 4 in Bristol, Rhode Island. Philadelphia celebrated the first anniversary in a manner a modern American would find familiar: an official dinner for the Continental Congress, toasts, 13-gun salutes, speeches, prayers, music, parades, troop reviews, and fireworks. Ships in port were decked with red, white, and blue bunting.[14]
In 1778, from his headquarters at Ross Hall, near New Brunswick, New Jersey, General George Washington marked July 4 with a double ration of rum for his soldiers and an artillery salute (feu de joie). Across the Atlantic Ocean, ambassadors John Adams and Benjamin Franklin held a dinner for their fellow Americans in Paris, France.[15]

text:
In 1779, July 4 fell on a Sunday. The holiday was celebrated on Monday, July 5.[15]
In 1781, the Massachusetts General Court became the first state legislature to recognize July 4 as a state celebration.[15]
In 1783, Moravians in Salem, North Carolina, held a celebration of July 4 with a challenging music program assembled by Johann Friedrich Peter. This work was titled The Psalm of Joy. This is recognized as the first recorded celebration[clarification needed] and is still celebrated there today.[16]
In 1870, the U.S. Congress made Independence Day an unpaid holiday for federal employees.[17]
In 1938, Congress changed Independence Day to a paid federal holiday.[18]

text: Customs

text: Independence Day is a national holiday marked by patriotic displays. Similar to other summer-themed events, Independence Day celebrations often take place outdoors. Independence Day is a federal holiday, so all non-essential federal institutions (such as the postal service and federal courts) are closed on that day. Many politicians make it a point on this day to appear at a public event to praise the nation's heritage, laws, history, society, and people.

text: Families often celebrate Independence Day by hosting or attending a picnic or barbecue; many take advantage of the day off and, in some years, a long weekend to gather with relatives or friends. Decorations (e.g., streamers, balloons, and clothing) are generally colored red, white, and blue, the colors of the American flag. Parades are often held in the morning, before family get-togethers, while fireworks displays occur in the evening after dark at such places as parks, fairgrounds, or town squares.

text: The night before the Fourth was once the focal point of celebrations, marked by raucous gatherings often incorporating bonfires as their centerpiece. In New England, towns competed to build towering pyramids, assembled from barrels and casks. They were lit at nightfall to usher in the celebration. The highest were in Salem, Massachusetts, with pyramids composed of as many as forty tiers of barrels. These made the tallest bonfires ever recorded. The custom flourished in the 19th and 20th centuries and is still practiced in some New England towns.[19]

text: Independence Day fireworks are often accompanied by patriotic songs such as the national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner"; "God Bless America"; "America the Beautiful"; "My Country, 'Tis of Thee"; "This Land Is Your Land"; "Stars and Stripes Forever"; and, regionally, "Yankee Doodle" in northeastern states and "Dixie" in southern states. Some of the lyrics recall images of the Revolutionary War or the War of 1812.

text: Firework shows are held in many states, and many fireworks are sold for personal use or as an alternative to a public show. Safety concerns have led some states to ban fireworks or limit the sizes and types allowed. In addition, local and regional weather conditions may dictate whether the sale or use of fireworks in an area will be allowed. Some local or regional firework sales are limited or prohibited because of dry weather or other specific concerns. On these occasions the public may be prohibited from purchasing or discharging fireworks, but professional displays (such as those at sports events) may still take place, if certain safety precautions have been taken.

text: A salute of one gun for each state in the United States, called a "salute to the union," is fired on Independence Day at noon by any capable military base.[20]

text: In 2009, New York City had the largest fireworks display in the country, with more than 22 tons of pyrotechnics exploded.[21] It generally holds displays in the East River. Other major displays are in Chicago on Lake Michigan; in San Diego over Mission Bay; in Boston on the Charles River; in St. Louis on the Mississippi River; in San Francisco over the San Francisco Bay; and on the National Mall in Washington, D.C.

text: During the annual Windsor-Detroit International Freedom Festival, Detroit, Michigan hosts one of the world's largest fireworks displays, over the Detroit River, to celebrate Independence Day in conjunction with Windsor, Ontario's celebration of Canada Day.

text: The first week of July is typically one of the busiest United States travel periods of the year, as many people use what is often a three-day holiday weekend for extended vacation trips.[22]

text: Celebration gallery

text:
In addition to a fireworks show, Miami, Florida, lights one of its tallest buildings with the patriotic red, white and blue color scheme on Independence Day.

New York City's fireworks display, shown above over the East Village, is sponsored by Macy's and is the largest[21] in the country.

Play media

Patriotic trailer shown in theaters celebrating July 4, 1940

A festively decorated Independence Day cake

Lakes are a popular destination for Fourth of July celebrations in the Midwest.

text: Notable celebrations

text:
Held since 1785, the Bristol Fourth of July Parade in Bristol, Rhode Island, is the oldest continuous Independence Day celebration in the United States.
Since 1868, Seward, Nebraska, has held a celebration on the same town square. In 1979 Seward was designated "America's Official Fourth of July City-Small Town USA" by resolution of Congress. Seward has also been proclaimed "Nebraska's Official Fourth of July City" by Governor James Exon in proclamation. Seward is a town of 6,000 but swells to 40,000+ during the July 4 celebrations.[23]
Since 1912, the Rebild Society, a Danish-American friendship organization, has held a July 4 weekend festival that serves as a homecoming for Danish-Americans in the Rebild Hills of Denmark.[24]
Since 1959, the International Freedom Festival is jointly held in Detroit, Michigan and Windsor, Ontario during the last week of June each year as a mutual celebration of Independence Day and Canada Day (July 1). It culminates in a large fireworks display over the Detroit River.
The famous Macy's fireworks display usually held over the East River in New York City has been televised nationwide on NBC since 1976. In 2009, the fireworks display was returned to the Hudson River for the first time since 2000 to commemorate the 400th anniversary of Henry Hudson's exploration of that river.[25]
The Boston Pops Orchestra has hosted a music and fireworks show over the Charles River Esplanade called the "Boston Pops Fireworks Spectacular" annually since 1973.[26] The event was broadcast nationally from 1991 until 2002 on A&E, and since 2002 by CBS and its Boston station WBZ-TV. WBZ/1030 and WBZ-TV broadcast the entire event locally, and from 2002 through 2012, CBS broadcast the final hour of the concert nationally in primetime. The national broadcast was put on hiatus beginning in 2013, which Pops executive producer David G. Mugar believed was the result of decreasing viewership caused by NBC's encore presentation of the Macy's fireworks.[27][28] The national broadcast will be revived for 2016, and expanded to two hours.[29]
On the Capitol lawn in Washington, D.C., A Capitol Fourth, a free concert broadcast live by PBS, NPR and the American Forces Network, precedes the fireworks and attracts over half a million people annually.

text: Other countries

text: The Philippines celebrates July 4 as its Republic Day to commemorate that day in 1946 when it ceased to be a U.S. territory and the United States officially recognized Philippine Independence.[30] July 4 was intentionally chosen by the United States because it corresponds to its Independence Day, and this day was observed in the Philippines as Independence Day until 1962. In 1964, the name of the July 4 holiday was changed to Republic Day. In Rwanda, July 4 is an official holiday known as Liberation Day, commemorating the end of the 1994 Rwandan Genocide in which the U.S. government also played a role. Rebild National Park in Denmark is said to hold the largest July 4 celebrations outside of the United States.[31]


document_title: Arch

question_text: where did the romans get the arch from

question_tokens: where did the romans get the arch from

root

text: Arch

text: Basic concepts[edit]

text: An arch is a pure compression form. It can span a large area by resolving forces into compressive stresses and, in turn eliminating tensile stresses. This is sometimes referred to as arch action.[4] As the forces in the arch are carried to the ground, the arch will push outward at the base, called thrust. As the rise, or height of the arch decreases, the outward thrust increases.[5] In order to maintain arch action and prevent the arch from collapsing, the thrust needs to be restrained, either with internal ties or external bracing, such as abutments.[6]

tag: p

text: Fixed vs hinged arch[edit]

text: The most common true arch configurations are the fixed arch, the two-hinged arch, and the three-hinged arch.[7]

text: The fixed arch is most often used in reinforced concrete bridge and tunnel construction, where the spans are short. Because it is subject to additional internal stress caused by thermal expansion and contraction, this type of arch is considered to be statically indeterminate.[6]

text: The two-hinged arch is most often used to bridge long spans.[6] This type of arch has pinned connections at the base. Unlike the fixed arch, the pinned base is able to rotate,[8] allowing the structure to move freely and compensate for the thermal expansion and contraction caused by changes in outdoor temperature. However, this can result in additional stresses, so the two-hinged arch is also statically indeterminate, although not to the degree of the fixed arch.[6]

text: The three-hinged arch is not only hinged at its base, like the two-hinged arch, but at the mid-span as well. The additional connection at the mid-span allows the three-hinged arch to move in two opposite directions and compensate for any expansion and contraction. This type of arch is thus not subject to additional stress caused by thermal change. The three-hinged arch is therefore said to be statically determinate.[7] It is most often used for medium-span structures, such as large building roofs.

text: Another advantage of the three-hinged arch is that the pinned bases are more easily developed than fixed ones, allowing for shallow, bearing-type foundations in medium-span structures. In the three-hinged arch, "thermal expansion and contraction of the arch will cause vertical movements at the peak pin joint but will have no appreciable effect on the bases," further simplifying the foundation design.[6]

text: Types of arches[edit]

text: Arches have many forms, but all fall into three basic categories: circular, pointed, and parabolic. Arches can also be configured to produce vaults and arcades.[6]

text: Arches with a circular form, also referred to as rounded arches, were commonly employed by the builders of ancient, heavy masonry arches.[9] Ancient Roman builders relied heavily on the rounded arch to span large, open areas. Several rounded arches placed in-line, end-to-end, form an arcade, such as the Roman aqueduct.[10]

text: Pointed arches were most often used by builders of Gothic-style architecture.[11] The advantage to using a pointed arch, rather than a circular one, is that the arch action produces less thrust at the base. This innovation allowed for taller and more closely spaced openings, typical of Gothic architecture.[12][13]

text: Vaults are essentially "adjacent arches [that] are assembled side by side." If vaults intersect, complex forms are produced with the intersections. The forms, along with the "strongly expressed ribs at the vault intersections, were dominant architectural features of Gothic cathedrals."[9]

text: The parabolic arch employs the principle that when weight is uniformly applied to an arch, the internal compression resulting from that weight will follow a parabolic profile. Of all arch types, the parabolic arch produces the most thrust at the base, but can span the largest areas. It is commonly used in bridge design, where long spans are needed.[9]

text: The catenary arch has a shape different from the parabolic curve. The shape of the curve traced by a loose span of chain or rope, the catenary is the structurally ideal shape for a freestanding arch of constant thickness.

text: Types of arches displayed chronologically, roughly in the order in which they were developed:

text:
Triangular arch

Round arch, or semi-circular arch

Segmental arch is less than a semicircle

Unequal round arch, or rampant round arch

Lancet arch

Equilateral pointed arch

Shouldered flat arch (see also: jack arch)

Trefoil arch, or three-foiled cusped arch

Horseshoe arch

Three-centered arch

Elliptical arch

Inflexed arch

Ogee arch

Reverse ogee arch

Tudor arch

Parabolic arch

tag: ul

text: History[edit]

text: True arches, as opposed to corbel arches, were known by a number of civilizations in the ancient Near East and the Levant, but their use was infrequent and mostly confined to underground structures, such as drains where the problem of lateral thrust is greatly diminished.[14] A rare exception is the Bronze Age arched city gate of Ashkelon (modern-day Israel), dating to c. 1850 B.C.[15] An early example of a voussoir arch appears in the Greek Rhodes Footbridge.[16] Corbel arches were found in other parts of ancient Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas. In 2010, a robot discovered a long arch-roofed passageway underneath the Pyramid of Quetzalcoatl, which stands in the ancient city of Teotihuacan north of Mexico City, dated to around 200 AD.[17] In ancient Persia, the Achaemenid Empire built small barrel vaults (essentially a series of arches built together to form a hall) known as iwan, which became massive, monumental structures during the later Parthian Empire.[18][19][20] This architectural tradition was continued by the Sasanian Empire, which built the Taq Kasra at Ctesiphon in the 6th century, the largest free-standing vault until modern times.[21]

text: The ancient Romans learned the arch from the Etruscans, refined it and were the first builders to tap its full potential for above ground buildings:

text: The Romans were the first builders in Europe, perhaps the first in the world, fully to appreciate the advantages of the arch, the vault and the dome.[22]

text: Throughout the Roman empire, their engineers erected arch structures such as bridges, aqueducts, and gates. They also introduced the triumphal arch as a military monument. Vaults began to be used for roofing large interior spaces such as halls and temples, a function that was also assumed by domed structures from the 1st century BC onwards.

text: The segmental arch was first built by the Romans who realized that an arch in a bridge did not have to be a semicircle,[23][24] such as in Alconétar Bridge or Ponte San Lorenzo. They were also routinely used in house construction, as in Ostia Antica (see picture).

text: In ancient China, most architecture was wooden, including the few known arch bridges from literature and one artistic depiction in stone-carved relief.[25][26][27] Therefore, the only surviving examples of architecture from the Han Dynasty (202 BC - 220 AD) are rammed earth defensive walls and towers, ceramic roof tiles from no longer existent wooden buildings,[28][29][30] stone gate towers,[31][32] and underground brick tombs that, although featuring vaults, domes, and archways, were built with the support of the earth and weren't free-standing.[33][34] China's oldest surviving stone arch bridge is the Anji Bridge, built between 595-605 during the Sui Dynasty, and is the oldest open-spandrel segmental arch bridge in stone.[35][36] However, the ancient Romans had virtually all of these components beforehand, such as Trajan's Bridge that had open-spandrels built in wood on stone pillars.[37]

text: The first example of an early Gothic arch in Europe is in Sicily in the Greek fortifications of Gela. The semicircular arch was followed in Europe by the pointed Gothic arch or ogive, whose centreline more closely follows the forces of compression and which is therefore stronger. The semicircular arch can be flattened to make an elliptical arch, as in the Ponte Santa Trinita. Both the parabolic and catenary arches are now known to be the theoretically strongest forms. Parabolic arches were introduced in construction by the Spanish architect Antoni Gaudí, who admired the structural system of the Gothic style, but for the buttresses, which he termed "architectural crutches". The catenary and parabolic arches carry all horizontal thrust to the foundation and so do not need additional elements. The first examples of the pointed arch in the European architecture are in Sicily and date back to the Arab-Norman period.

text: The horseshoe arch is based on the semicircular arch, but its lower ends are extended further round the circle until they start to converge. The first known built horseshoe arches are from Aksum (modern-day Ethiopia and Eritrea) from around the 3rd–4th century, around the same time as the earliest contemporary examples in Roman Syria, suggesting either an Aksumite or Syrian origin for the type.[38][page needed]

text: Construction[edit]

text: Since it is a pure compression form, the arch is useful because many building materials, including stone and unreinforced concrete can resist compression, but are weak when tensile stress is applied to them.[39]

text: An arch is held in place by the weight of all of its members, making construction problematic. One answer is to build a frame (historically, of wood) which exactly follows the form of the underside of the arch. This is known as a centre or centring. Voussoirs are laid on it until the arch is complete and self-supporting. For an arch higher than head height, scaffolding would be required, so it could be combined with the arch support. Occasionally, arches would fall down when the frame was removed if construction or planning had been incorrect. (The A85 bridge at Dalmally, Scotland suffered this fate on its first attempt, in the 1940s[citation needed]). The interior and lower line or curve of an arch is known as the intrados.

text: Old arches sometimes need reinforcement due to decay of the keystones, forming what is known as bald arch.

text: In reinforced concrete construction, the principle of the arch is used so as to benefit from the concrete's strength in resisting compressive stress. Where any other form of stress is raised, such as tensile or torsional stress, it has to be resisted by carefully placed reinforcement rods or fibres.[40]

text: Other types[edit]

text:
The Delicate Arch, a natural arch in Arches National Park near Moab, Utah

A rock balance sculpture in the form of an arch

tag: table

text: A blind arch is an arch infilled with solid construction so it cannot function as a window, door, or passageway.

text: A special form of the arch is the triumphal arch, usually built to celebrate a victory in war. A famous example is the Arc de Triomphe in Paris, France.

text: Rock formations may form natural arches through erosion, rather than being carved or constructed. Structures such as this can be found in Arches National Park.

text: Some rock balance sculptures are in the form of an arch.

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Reconstructed Ishtar Gate of Babylon in the Pergamon Museum, Berlin (2014)

Taq Kasra (Archway of Ctesiphon), Salman Pak, Iraq (1864)

Arch of Augustus, Rimini, Emilia-Romagna, Italy (2015)

Arch of Gallienus, Rome (2006)

Arch of Hadrian, Athens, Greece (2013)

Arch of Constantine, Rome, commemorating a victory by Constantine I in 312 AD (2007)

The Arc de Triomphe, Paris; a 19th-century triumphal arch modelled on the classical Roman design (1998)

Washington Square Arch, Greenwich Village, Manhattan, New York City (2010)

Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch in the Grand Army Plaza, Brooklyn, New York City (2007)

Gateway Arch in St. Louis, Missouri; a sculpture based on a catenary arch (2011)

The dry stone bridge, so called Porta Rosa (4th century BC), in Elea, Province of Salerno, Campania, Italy (2005)

Pont Flavien over the River Touloubre in Saint-Chamas, Bouches-du-Rhône, France (2008)

Anji Bridge over the Xiaohe River, Hebei Province, China (2007)

Pont du Gard, a Roman aqueduct in Vers-Pont-du-Gard, Gard, France (2014)

Bridge in Český Krumlov, Czech Republic (2004)

Rialto Bridge over the Grand Canal in Venice, Italy (2011)

Pont de Bercy over the River Seine, Paris, carrying the Paris Métro on its upper deck and a boulevard extension on its lower deck (2006)

Grosvenor Bridge over the River Dee in Chester, Cheshire, England, UK (2007)

Union Arch Bridge carrying the Washington Aqueduct and MacArthur Boulevard (formerly named Conduit Road) in Cabin John, Montgomery County, Maryland (2008)

Arlington Memorial Bridge over the Potomac River in Washington, D.C. (2007)

Francis Scott Key Bridge over the Potomac River in Washington, D.C. (2006)

Woodrow Wilson Memorial Bridge carrying Interstate 95 (I-95) and the Capital Beltway over the Potomac River between Alexandria, Virginia and Oxon Hill, Maryland (2007)

Rainbow Bridge over the Niagara River connecting Niagara Falls, New York and Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada (2012)

Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge over the Trinity River in Dallas, Texas (2012)

Gateshead Millennium Bridge over the River Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, UK (2005)

Tyne Bridge over the River Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, UK (2004)

Hell Gate Bridge over the East River, New York City,

Sydney Harbour Bridge, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (2010)

Ludendorff Bridge over the Rhine River, Remagen, Germany, showing damage before collapse during the Battle of Remagen in World War II (1945)

Eiffel Tower, Paris (2009)

Arch supporting the Eiffel Tower, Paris (2015)

The second Wembley Stadium in London, built in 2007 (2007)

The first San Mamés Stadium, in Bilbao, arch built in 1953, demolished 2013 (2013)

St Pancras railway station, London (2011)

Train shed in St Pancras railway station, London (2010)

Train shed in Victoria Station, London (2006)

Lucerne railway station, Switzerland (2010)

Train shed in Lucerne railway station, Switzerland (2016)

Central railway station, Frankfurt, Germany (2008)

Train shed in Central railway station, Frankfurt, Germany (2005)

Grand Central Terminal, Manhattan, New York City (2008)

Arches in Main Concourse, Grand Central Terminal, Manhattan, New York City (2014)

Washington Union Station, Washington, D.C (2015)

Interior arches in Washington Union Station, Washington, D.C (2006)

Chicago Union Station, Chicago, Illinois (1974)

Arches in Great Hall, Chicago Union Station, Chicago, Illinois (2010)

Haus der Kulturen der Welt, Berlin, Germany (2011)

The Colosseum in Rome (2013)

Arches inside the Colosseum in Rome (2005)

Amir Chakhmaq Complex, Yazd, Iran (2014)

Stonework arches seen in a ruined stonework building – Burg Lippspringe, Germany (2005)

Several arches at the Casa Simón Bolívar in Havana, Cuba (2006)

Kings College, University of Cambridge in Cambridge, England (2007)

Arches in dining hall at Kings College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England (2007)

Memorial Hall, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts (circa 1897-1924 photochrom post card)

Arches inside transept, Memorial Hall, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts (2016)

Arches inside Annenberg Hall, Memorial Hall, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts (2016)

Healy Hall, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. (2009)

Arches inside Healy Hall, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. (2010)

Central Tower, Erasmus Hall High School, Brooklyn, New York City (2013)

Neuschwanstein Castle, Bavaria, Germany (2006)

Bridge of Seonamsa Temple, Suncheon, South Korea (1979)

Arches in throne room of Neuschwanstein Castle, Bavaria, Germany (1886 photochrom print)

Arches in the nave of the church in monastery of Alcobaça, Portugal (2008)

North facade of Chartres Cathedral, Chartres, France (2008)

Arches in choir of Chartres Cathedral, Chartres, France (2013)

Western facade, Westminster Abbey, City of Westminster, London (2013)

Arches in nave of Westminster Abbey, City of Westminster, London (2006)

Washington National Cathedral in Washington, D.C. (Between 1990 and 2006)

Arches inside the Washington National Cathedral, Washington, D.C. (2005)

Main facade of St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City, Rome (2015)

Interior arches in St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City (2009)

Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, Turkey (2013)

Arches inside the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, Turkey (1983)

Arches inside the western upper gallery, Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey (2007)

Interior arches in Masjid al-Haram, Mecca, Saudi Arabia (2008)

Roof of Masjid al-Haram, Mecca, Saudi Arabia (2008)

Dome of the Rock, Old City of Jerusalem (2010)

Arches inside Dome of the Rock, Old City of Jerusalem (2014)

Taj Mahal in Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India (2009)

Entrance to grounds of Taj Mahal, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India (2004)

East side of United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. (2005)

Arches in corridor of United States Capitol, Washington, D.C. (2006)

Thomas Jefferson Building, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (2008)

Arches in Main Reading Room, Thomas Jefferson Building, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (2009)

Arches in Great Hall, Thomas Jefferson Building, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (2007)

Art Deco arches on Chrysler Building, Manhattan, New York City (2005)

New York Public Library Main Branch, Manhattan, New York City (2016)

Arches inside entrance of New York Public Library Main Branch, Manhattan, New York City (2012)

Metropolitan Museum of Art, Manhattan, New York City (2012)

Arches in Great Hall, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Manhattan, New York City (2012)

Arches in Sculpture Gallery, West Building, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. (2007)

Winter Palace, Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia (2016)

Arches near the Jordan Staircase, Winter Palace, Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia (2015)

Arches in Pavilion Hall, Small Hermitage, Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia (2015)

Cour Carrée, Louvre Palace, Paris (2010)

Arches in Salle du Manège, Louvre Palace, Paris (2007)

Palace of Versailles, Versailles, Yvelines, France (2012)

Arches in Galerie des Batailles, Palace of Versailles, Versailles, Yvelines, France (2013)

Arches in Hall of Mirrors, Palace of Versailles, Versailles, Yvelines, France (2011)

Palace of Westminster, City of Westminster, London (2010)

Arches in Westminster Hall, Palace of Westminster, City of Westminster, London (2011)

Arches in St. Stevens Hall, Palace of Westminster, City of Westminster, London (2007)

Aljafería Palace in Zaragoza, Spain (2005)

Horseshoe arch inside Aljafería Palace, Zaragoza, Spain (2004)

Multifoil arches inside Aljafería Palace, Zaragoza, Spain (2004)

Catenary arches inside Casa Milà in Barcelona, Spain by Antoni Gaudí (2010}

Rajasthani style arches inside the 16th-century City Palace, Udaipur, India (2013)

Main façade of the Itamaraty Palace in Brasília, Brazil, decorated with many arches (2005)

Smithsonian Institution Building ("The Castle"), Washington, D.C. (2007)

Arches inside the Smithsonian Institution Building ("The Castle"), Washington, D.C. (2012)

National Building Museum (formerly Pension Building), Washington, D.C. (2005)

Arches inside the National Building Museum (formerly Pension Building), Washington, D.C. (2007)

Main facade of the Old Post Office Pavilion (now the Trump International Hotel) in Washington, D.C. (2012)

Front entrance of the Old Post Office Pavilion in Washington, D.C. (2006)

Arches inside Old Post Office Pavilion in Washington, D.C. (2009)

Arches in Merzouga, Morocco (2011)

Crypt of the Popes in the Catacomb of Callixtus, Rome (2007)

Chinese Eastern Han Dynasty (25–220 AD) tomb chamber, Luoyang (2008)

Entrance to Washington family tomb at Mount Vernon, Fairfax County, Virginia (2014)

Natural Bridge in Rockbridge County, Virginia (2014)

Landscape Arch, Arches National Park, Utah (2009)

Double O Arch, Arches National Park, Utah (2007)

Rainbow Bridge, Rainbow Bridge National Monument, Utah (2012)

Aloba Arch, Ennedi-Est Region, Chad (2015)


document_title: Gaylord Texan Resort Hotel & Convention Center

question_text: how many rooms are in the gaylord texan

question_tokens: how many rooms are in the gaylord texan

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Gaylord Texan Resort & Convention Center

Gaylord Texan Resort & Convention Center hotel main entrance

Location within Texas

General information

Location
Grapevine, Texas

Coordinates
32°57′14″N 97°03′53″W / 32.9539°N 97.0646°W / 32.9539; -97.0646Coordinates: 32°57′14″N 97°03′53″W / 32.9539°N 97.0646°W / 32.9539; -97.0646

Opening
April 4, 2004

Owner
Ryman Hospitality Properties, Inc.

Management
Marriott International

Technical details

Floor count
9

Floor area
(atrium: 4.5 acres, covered)

Design and construction

Architect
Hnedak Bobo Group, Inc.

Main contractor
Balfour Beatty Construction (formerly Centex Construction)

Other information

Number of rooms
1,814

Number of suites
127

Number of restaurants
4

Website

Gaylord Texan

[1][2]

text: Gaylord Texan Resort & Convention Center is a hotel and convention center, opened in Grapevine, Texas minutes from Dallas - Fort Worth, on April 4, 2004. It has 486,000 sq ft (45,200 m2) of meeting space and 1,814 guest rooms.

text: Gaylord Texan is owned by Ryman Hospitality Properties (formerly known as Gaylord Entertainment Company), and operated by Marriott International. It is a sister hotel to the Gaylord Opryland Resort & Convention Center, Gaylord National Resort & Convention Center, and Gaylord Palms Resort & Convention Center.

text: In 2004, 2005, 2009 and 2017 it was the location of QuakeCon, a major gaming convention based in Texas.[3]

text: The resort hosted the National Conference of the Technology Student Association from June 28, 2015 through July 2, 2015.[4]

text: The resort is the official hotel of the Dallas Cowboys NFL team.[5]

text: The hotel was expanded with a new vineyard tower in 2018. The tower has 303 luxury guest rooms, an outdoor terrace offering spectacular views of Lake Grapevine and 86,000 square feet of carpeted meeting space including a 30,000-square-foot ballroom, 30,000 square feet of breakout space and 26,000 square feet of pre-function space.

text: Annual Event[edit]

text: The resort features an annual event with different themes each year. The event is called ICE! and Lone Star Christmas and is sponsored by different corporations every year. Each annual exhibit is a different holiday theme such as Charlie Brown, Nutcracker, Shrek, and Frosty the Snowman.


document_title: U.S. state temperature extremes

question_text: what is the coldest temperature ever recorded in the continental united states

text: U.S. state temperature extremes

text: The following table lists the highest and lowest temperatures recorded in each state in the United States, in both Fahrenheit and Celsius during the past two centuries. [1]

text:
State
Record high
temperature
Date
Place(s)
Record low
temperature
Date
Place(s)

Alabama
110 °F / 44 °C
000000001925-09-05-0000September 5, 1925
Centreville
−27 °F / −33 °C
000000001966-01-30-0000January 30, 1966
New Market

Alaska
100 °F / 38 °C
000000001915-06-27-0000June 27, 1915
Fort Yukon
−80 °F / −62 °C
000000001971-01-23-0000January 23, 1971
Prospect Creek

Arizona
128 °F / 53 °C
000000001994-06-29-0000June 29, 1994
Lake Havasu City
−40 °F / −40 °C
000000001971-01-07-0000January 7, 1971
McNary

Arkansas
120 °F / 49 °C
000000001936-08-10-0000August 10, 1936
Ozark
−29 °F / −34 °C
000000001905-02-13-0000February 13, 1905
Gravette

California
134 °F / 57 °C
000000001913-07-10-0000July 10, 1913
Furnace Creek
−45 °F / −43 °C
000000001937-01-20-0000January 20, 1937
Boca

Colorado
114 °F / 46 °C
000000001954-07-11-0000July 11, 1954
Sedgwick
−61 °F / −52 °C
000000001985-02-01-0000February 1, 1985
Maybell

Connecticut
106 °F / 41 °C
000000001995-07-15-0000July 15, 1995
Danbury
−37 °F / −38 °C
000000001943-02-16-0000February 16, 1943
Norfolk[2]

Delaware
110 °F / 43 °C
000000001930-07-21-0000July 21, 1930
Millsboro
−17 °F / −27 °C
000000001893-01-17-0000January 17, 1893
Millsboro

District of Columbia
106 °F / 41 °C
000000001930-07-20-0000July 20, 1930
Washington
−15 °F / −26 °C
000000001899-02-11-0000February 11, 1899
Washington

Florida
109 °F / 43 °C
000000001931-06-29-0000June 29, 1931
Monticello
−2 °F / −19 °C
000000001899-02-13-0000February 13, 1899
Tallahassee

Georgia
112 °F / 44 °C
000000001983-08-20-0000August 20, 1983*
Greenville
−17 °F / −27 °C
000000001940-01-27-0000January 27, 1940
Chatsworth

Hawaii
98 °F / 37 °C
000000001957-07-14-0000July 14, 1957
Puunene*[3]
15 °F / -9 °C
000000001975-01-05-0000January 5, 1975
Mauna Kea Observatories[3]

Idaho
118 °F / 48 °C
000000001934-07-28-0000July 28, 1934
Orofino
−60 °F / −51 °C
000000001943-01-18-0000January 18, 1943
Island Park

Illinois
117 °F / 47 °C
000000001954-07-14-0000July 14, 1954
East Saint Louis
−36 °F / −38 °C
000000001999-01-05-0000January 5, 1999
Congerville

Indiana
116 °F / 47 °C
000000001936-07-14-0000July 14, 1936
Collegeville
−36 °F / −38 °C
000000001994-01-19-0000January 19, 1994
New Whiteland

Iowa
118 °F / 48 °C
000000001934-07-20-0000July 20, 1934
Keokuk
−47 °F / −44 °C
000000001996-02-03-0000February 3, 1996*
Elkader

Kansas
121 °F / 49 °C
000000001936-07-24-0000July 24, 1936*
Alton
−40 °F / −40 °C
000000001905-02-13-0000February 13, 1905
Lebanon

Kentucky
114 °F / 46 °C
000000001930-07-28-0000July 28, 1930
Greensburg
−37 °F / −38 °C
000000001994-01-19-0000January 19, 1994
Shelbyville

Louisiana
114 °F / 46 °C
000000001936-08-10-0000August 10, 1936
Plain Dealing
−16 °F / −27 °C
000000001899-02-13-0000February 13, 1899
Minden

Maine
105 °F / 41 °C
000000001911-07-10-0000July 10, 1911*
North Bridgton
−50 °F / −46 °C
000000002009-01-16-0000January 16, 2009
Clayton Lake

Maryland
109 °F / 43 °C
000000001936-07-10-0000July 10, 1936*
Cumberland
−40 °F / −40 °C
000000001912-01-13-0000January 13, 1912
Oakland

Massachusetts
107 °F / 42 °C
000000001975-08-02-0000August 2, 1975
New Bedford
−40 °F / −40 °C
000000001984-01-22-0000January 22, 1984
Chester[2]

Michigan
112 °F / 44 °C
000000001936-07-13-0000July 13, 1936
Mio
−51 °F / −46 °C
000000001934-02-09-0000February 9, 1934
Vanderbilt

Minnesota
115 °F / 46 °C
000000001917-07-29-0000July 29, 1917
Beardsley
−60 °F / −51 °C
000000001996-02-02-0000February 2, 1996
Tower

Mississippi
115 °F / 46 °C
000000001930-07-29-0000July 29, 1930
Holly Springs
−19 °F / −28 °C
000000001966-01-30-0000January 30, 1966
Corinth

Missouri
118 °F / 48 °C
000000001954-07-14-0000July 14, 1954*
Warsaw
−40 °F / −40 °C
000000001905-02-13-0000February 13, 1905
Warsaw

Montana
117 °F / 47 °C
000000001937-07-05-0000July 5, 1937
Medicine Lake
−70 °F / −57 °C
000000001954-01-20-0000January 20, 1954
Lincoln (Rogers Pass)

Nebraska
118 °F / 48 °C
000000001936-07-24-0000July 24, 1936*
Minden
−47 °F / −44 °C
000000001989-12-22-0000December 22, 1989*
Oshkosh

Nevada
125 °F / 52 °C
000000001994-06-29-0000June 29, 1994
Laughlin
−50 °F / −46 °C
000000001937-01-08-0000January 8, 1937
San Jacinto

New Hampshire
106 °F / 41 °C
000000001911-07-04-0000July 4, 1911
Nashua
−47 °F / −44 °C
000000001885-01-22-0000January 22, 1885
Randolph

New Jersey
110 °F / 43 °C
000000001936-07-10-0000July 10, 1936
Runyon
−34 °F / −37 °C
000000001904-01-05-0000January 5, 1904
River Vale

New Mexico
122 °F / 50 °C
000000001994-06-27-0000June 27, 1994
Waste Isolation Pilot Plant
−50 °F / −46 °C
000000001951-02-01-0000February 1, 1951
Gavilan

New York
109 °F / 43 °C
000000001926-07-22-0000July 22, 1926
Troy
−52 °F / −47 °C
000000001979-02-18-0000February 18, 1979*
Old Forge

North Carolina
110 °F / 43 °C
000000001983-08-21-0000August 21, 1983
Fayetteville
−34 °F / −37 °C
000000001985-01-21-0000January 21, 1985
Burnsville

North Dakota
121 °F / 49 °C
000000001936-07-06-0000July 6, 1936
Steele
−60 °F / −51 °C
000000001936-02-15-0000February 15, 1936
Parshall

Ohio
113 °F / 45 °C
000000001934-07-21-0000July 21, 1934
Gallipolis
−39 °F / −39 °C
000000001899-02-10-0000February 10, 1899
Milligan

Oklahoma
120 °F / 49 °C
000000001936-08-12-0000August 12, 1936*
Altus
−31 °F / −35 °C
000000002011-02-10-0000February 10, 2011
Nowata

Oregon
117 °F / 47 °C
000000001939-07-27-0000July 27, 1939
Umatilla[2]
−54 °F / −48 °C
000000001933-02-10-0000February 10, 1933*
Seneca

Pennsylvania
111 °F / 44 °C
000000001936-07-10-0000July 10, 1936*
Phoenixville
−42 °F / −41 °C
000000001904-01-05-0000January 5, 1904
Smethport

Rhode Island
104 °F / 40 °C
000000001975-08-02-0000August 2, 1975
Providence
−28 °F / −33 °C
000000001942-01-17-0000January 17, 1942
Richmond

South Carolina
113 °F / 45 °C
000000002012-06-30-0000June 30, 2012*
Camden
−22 °F / −30 °C
000000001985-01-21-0000January 21, 1985
Landrum[2]

South Dakota
120 °F / 49 °C
000000002006-07-15-0000July 15, 2006*
Fort Pierre*
−58 °F / −50 °C
000000001936-02-17-0000February 17, 1936
McIntosh

Tennessee
113 °F / 45 °C
000000001933-08-09-0000August 9, 1933*
Perryville
−32 °F / −36 °C
000000001917-12-30-0000December 30, 1917
Mountain City

Texas
120 °F / 49 °C
000000001994-06-28-0000June 28, 1994*
Monahans
−23 °F / −31 °C
000000001933-02-08-0000February 8, 1933*
Seminole

Utah
117 °F / 47 °C
000000001985-07-05-0000July 5, 1985
Saint George
−69 °F / −56 °C
000000001985-02-01-0000February 1, 1985
Peter Sinks[4]

Vermont
105 °F / 41 °C
000000001911-07-04-0000July 4, 1911
Vernon[2]
−50 °F / −46 °C
000000001933-12-30-0000December 30, 1933
Bloomfield

Virginia
110 °F / 43 °C
000000001954-07-15-0000July 15, 1954
Balcony Falls
−30 °F / −34 °C
000000001985-01-22-0000January 22, 1985
Pembroke

Washington
118 °F / 48 °C
000000001961-08-05-0000August 5, 1961*
Burbank
−48 °F / −44 °C
000000001968-12-30-0000December 30, 1968
Mazama

West Virginia
112 °F / 44 °C
000000001936-07-10-0000July 10, 1936*
Martinsburg
−37 °F / −38 °C
000000001917-12-30-0000December 30, 1917
Lewisburg

Wisconsin
114 °F / 46 °C
000000001936-07-13-0000July 13, 1936
Wisconsin Dells
−55 °F / −48 °C
000000001996-02-04-0000February 4, 1996
Couderay

Wyoming
115 °F / 46 °C
000000001983-08-08-0000August 8, 1983
Basin
−63 °F / −53 °C
000000001933-02-09-0000February 9, 1933
Moran[2]

text: *Also on earlier date or dates in that state

text: See Also[edit]

text: Canadian provincial and territorial temperature extremes


document_title: Need for Speed

question_text: what is the last need for speed game

question_tokens: what is the last need for speed game

text: Need for Speed

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: Almost all of the games in the NFS series employ the same fundamental rules and similar mechanics: the player controls a race car in a variety of races, the goal being to win the race. In the tournament/career mode, the player must win a series of races in order to unlock vehicles and tracks. Before each race, the player chooses a vehicle, and has the option of selecting either an automatic or manual transmission. All games in the series have some form of multiplayer mode allowing players to race one another via a split screen, a LAN or the Internet.

text: Although the games share the same name, their tone and focus can vary significantly. For example, in some games the cars can suffer mechanical and visual damage, while in other games the cars cannot be damaged at all; in some games the software simulates real-car behavior (physics), while in others there are more forgiving physics.

text: With the release of Need for Speed: Underground, the series shifted from racing sports cars on scenic point-to-point tracks to an import/tuner subculture involving street racing in an urban setting. To date, this theme has remained prevalent in most of the following games.

text: Need for Speed: Shift and its sequel took a simulator approach to racing, featuring closed-circuit racing on real tracks like the Nürburgring and the Laguna Seca, and fictional street circuits in cities like London and Chicago. The car lists include a combination of exotics, sports cars, and tuners in addition to special race cars.

text: Most of the games in the franchise include police pursuits in some form or other. In some of the games featuring police pursuit, the player can play as either the felon or the cop.[6] The concepts of drifting and dragging were introduced in Need for Speed: Underground. These new mechanics are included in the tournament/career mode aside from the regular street races. In drift races, the player must defeat other racers by totaling the most points, earned by the length and timing of the drift made by the player's vehicle.[7] In drag races, the player must finish first to win the race, though if the player crashes into an obstacle, the race ends.[7]

text: The concept of car tuning evolved with each new game, from focusing mainly on the mechanics of the car to including how the car looks. Each game has car tuning which can set options for items like ABS, traction control, or downforce, or for upgrading parts like the engine or gearbox. Visual tuning of the player's car becomes important in tournament/career mode after the release of Need for Speed: Underground 2, when the appearance is rated from zero to ten points. When a car attains a high enough visual rating, the vehicle is eligible to be on the cover of a fictional magazine.[8]

text: Like all racing games, the Need for Speed series features a list of cars, modeled and named after actual cars. Cars in the franchise are divided into four categories: exotic cars, muscle cars, tuners, and special vehicles.[9] Exotic cars feature high performance, expensive cars like the Lamborghini Murciélago, Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren, Chevrolet Corvette and the Ford GT; muscle cars refer to the Ford Mustang, Dodge Challenger and the Chevrolet Camaro; while tuner cars are cars like the Nissan Skyline and the Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution. The special vehicles are civilian and police cars that are available for use in some games, such as the Ford Crown Victoria in Need for Speed: Hot Pursuit and garbage trucks, fire engines and taxis in Need for Speed: Carbon.[9]

text: Originally the series took place in international settings, such as race tracks in Australia, Europe, and Africa.[10] Beginning with Underground, the series has taken place in fictional metropolitan cities.[11] The first game featured traffic on "head to head" mode, while later games traffic can be toggled on and off, and starting with Underground, traffic is a fixed obstacle.[11] Most of the recent Need for Speed games are set in fictional locations of our world, in a number of different time periods. These include, but are not limited to, Bayview, Rockport, Seacrest County, Fairhaven City and Ventura Bay.

text: Development[edit]

text:
Timeline of release years

1994
The Need for Speed

1995

1996

1997
Need for Speed II

1998
Need for Speed III: Hot Pursuit

1999
Need for Speed: High Stakes

2000
Need for Speed: Porsche Unleashed

2001

2002
Need for Speed: Hot Pursuit 2

2003
Need for Speed: Underground

2004
Need for Speed: Underground 2

2005
Need for Speed: Most Wanted

2006
Need for Speed: Carbon

2007
Need for Speed: ProStreet

2008
Need for Speed: Undercover

2009
Need for Speed: Shift

Need for Speed: Nitro

2010
Need for Speed: World

Need for Speed: Hot Pursuit

2011
Shift 2: Unleashed

Need for Speed: The Run

2012
Need for Speed: Most Wanted

2013
Need for Speed Rivals

2014

2015
Need for Speed: No Limits

Need for Speed (2015)

2016

2017
Need for Speed Payback

TBA
Need for Speed: Edge

text: The Need for Speed series was originally developed by Distinctive Software, a video game studio based in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Prior to Electronic Arts' purchase of the company in 1991, it had created popular racing games such as Stunts and Test Drive II: The Duel. After the purchase, the company was renamed Electronic Arts (EA) Canada. The company capitalized on its experience in the domain by developing the Need for Speed series in late 1992.[12] EA Canada continued to develop and expand the Need for Speed franchise up to 2002, when another Vancouver-based gaming company, named Black Box Games, was contracted to continue the series with Need for Speed: Hot Pursuit 2.[13] EA Black Box has been the primary series developer on a yearly cycle from 2002-08. In 2009, EA brought in Slightly Mad Studios, due to sagging sales, and they released Need for Speed: Shift, and EA's own UK-based company Criterion Games came with Hot Pursuit in 2010. In 2011, Slightly Mad Studios released a sequel to Shift, Shift 2: Unleashed and EA Black Box released Need for Speed: The Run.

text: In 2010, EA introduced a social platform, titled Autolog, for Need for Speed: Hot Pursuit and future games in the series. Autolog provides social features for Need for Speed games via a mobile app and website; it allows players to track game progress, view leaderboards, share screenshots with friends, and more.[14]

text: At E3 2012, Criterion Games vice president Alex Ward announced that random developers would no longer be developing NFS titles. Ward wouldn't confirm that all Need for Speed games in the future would be developed entirely by Criterion, but he did say the studio would have "strong involvement" in them, and would have control over which NFS titles would be released in the future.[3][15]

text: During August 2013, it was announced that Criterion would be restructured and downsized, while Ghost Games would spearhead all future development of the series.[3]

text: Series overview[edit]

text: There have been 23 games released in the Need for Speed series.

text:
All games of the Need for Speed-series by system

Title
Year
PC
Consoles
Handheld
Developer
Notes

The Need for Speed
1994
DOS
3DO, Saturn, PS1
N/A
Pioneer Studios
EA Canada
3DO version was the first version to be released

Need for Speed II
1997
Windows
PS1
N/A
EA (Canada/Seattle)
Prototypes and showcars available.

NFS III: Hot Pursuit
1998
Windows
PS1
N/A
EA (Canada/Seattle)

NFS: High Stakes
1999
Windows
PS1
N/A
EA (Canada/Seattle)
Road Challenge (Europe, Brazil)

NFS: Porsche Unleashed
2000
Windows
PS1
GBA
Eden Games/EA Canada
Pocketeers
Porsche 2000 (Europe), Porsche (Germany, Latin America)

NFS: Hot Pursuit 2
2002
Windows
GC, PS2, Xbox
N/A
EA (Black Box/Seattle)

NFS: Underground
2003
Windows
GC, PS2, Xbox
GBA
EA Black Box

NFS: Underground 2
2004
Windows
GC, PS2, Xbox
GBA, Mobile, DS, PSP1
EA Black Box

NFS: Most Wanted
2005
Windows
GC, PS2, Xbox, Xbox 360
GBA, Mobile, DS, PSP
EA Black Box

NFS: Carbon
2006
Windows, Mac OS X
GC, PS2, Xbox, PS3, Wii, Xbox 360
GBA, Mobile, DS, PSP
EA (Canada/Black Box)

NFS: ProStreet
2007
Windows
PS2, PS3, Wii, Xbox 360
Mobile, DS, PSP
EA Black Box

NFS: Undercover
2008
Windows
PS2, PS3, Wii, Xbox 360
Mobile, DS, PSP, Windows Mobile, iOS
EA Vancouver
Exient Entertainment
Firebrand Games
Piranha Games

NFS: Shift
2009
Windows
PS3, Xbox 360
PSP, Mobile, Windows Mobile, Android, iOS
Slightly Mad Studios
EA Bright Light

NFS: Nitro
N/A
Wii
DS
Firebrand Games
EA Montreal
The DSiWare version was called Need for Speed: Nitro-X.

NFS: World
2010
Windows
N/A
N/A
EA Black Box
Free-to-play MMO racing game. Closed in 2015.

NFS: Hot Pursuit
Windows
PS3, Wii, Xbox 360
Windows Phone, Android, iOS
Criterion Games
Wii version by Exient Entertainment

Shift 2: Unleashed
2011
Windows
PS3, Xbox 360
iOS
Slightly Mad Studios
Also known as Need for Speed: Shift 2 Unleashed.

NFS: The Run
Windows
PS3, Wii, Xbox 360
3DS
EA Black Box
Wii/3DS versions by Firebrand Games.

NFS: Most Wanted
2012
Windows
PS3, Wii U, Xbox 360
PS Vita, Android, iOS
Criterion Games
Wii U version (released 2013) was titled Need for Speed: Most Wanted U.

NFS: Rivals
2013
Windows
PS3, PS4, Xbox 360, Xbox One
N/A
Ghost Games
Criterion Games
Need for Speed Rivals Complete Edition was released October 21, 2014 (including all DLC packs & pre-order bonuses).

NFS: No Limits
2015
N/A
N/A
Android, iOS
Firemonkeys Studios

Need for Speed
Windows
PS4, Xbox One
N/A
Ghost Games
Series reboot. Requires consistent internet connectivity.

NFS: Payback
2017
Windows
PS4, Xbox One
N/A
Ghost Games
The game is currently under development and will be available in November 2017.

NFS: Edge
In development
Windows
Unknown
N/A
EA Spearhead
Free-to-play MMO racing game. Published by Nexon (South Korea) and Tencent Interactive Entertainment (Title: Need for Speed Online) (China).

text:
^1 The PSP version was called Need for Speed: Underground Rivals, it was released in 2005.
^2 This game was not released on the PS3, but the PS2 version is available as a digital download on PlayStation Network as of 2012.
^3 The iOS version was canceled due to low sales of The Run.

text: Main installments[edit]

text: The Need for Speed (1994)[edit]

text: The original Need for Speed was released for 3DO in 1994 with versions released for the PC (DOS) (1995), PlayStation and Saturn (1996) following shortly afterwards. The Need for Speed and its Special Edition were the only games in the series to support DOS, with subsequent releases for the PC run only within Windows.

text: The first installment of The Need for Speed was the only serious attempt by the series to provide a realistic simulation of car handling elements through the direct collaboration of Staff members from Road & Track. Electronic Arts left the handling dynamics tuning with the automotive magazine's seasoned drivers to match vehicle behavior including realistic over and understeer that remains impressive decades later, as well as sounds made by the vehicles' gear control levers and other functions. The game contained vehicle data with spoken commentary, several "magazine style" images of each car, and short video-clips highlighting the vehicles set to music.

text: Most cars and tracks are available at the beginning of the game, and the objective is to unlock the remaining locked content by winning tournaments. This version featured chases by police cars, a popular theme throughout the series.

text: Another version, called The Need for Speed: Special Edition, was released only for the PC in 1996. It featured support for DirectX 2 and TCP/IP networking, two new tracks, but dropped the ever-popular flip and go in favor of the more generic scene reset after an accident, a portents of the arcade style gaming that would dominate the series ever after.

text: Need for Speed II (1997)[edit]

text: Need for Speed II (NFS II) featured some rare and exotic vehicles, including the Ford Indigo concept vehicle, and featured country-themed tracks from North America, Europe, Asia and Australia. The PlayStation port of NFS II was the first PlayStation game to take advantage of the NeGcon controller, and the Dual Analog and DualShock controllers as well. A new racing mode was also introduced, dubbed "Knockout", where the last racers to finish laps will be eliminated. In addition, track design was more open-ended; players could now "drive" off the asphalt, and cut across fields to take advantage of shortcuts. Need for Speed II: Special Edition includes one extra track, extra cars, and support for Glide.

text: Need for Speed III: Hot Pursuit (1998)[edit]

text: Need for Speed III: Hot Pursuit added Hot Pursuit mode, where the player either attempted to outrun the police or be the cop, arresting speeders.

text: NFS III took advantage of the multimedia capabilities by featuring audio commentary, picture slideshows and music videos. This game was the first in the series to allow the downloading of additional cars from the official website. As a result, modding communities sprang up to create vehicles. The PC version was also the first game in the series to support Direct 3D hardware.

text: Need for Speed: High Stakes/Road Challenge (1999)[edit]

text: High Stakes (North American and Australian title), also known as Road Challenge (European and Brazilian title), Conduite en état de liberté (French title) and Brennender Asphalt (German title), was released in the summer of 1999.

text: High Stakes introduced several new types of gameplay: High Stakes, Getaway, Time Trap, and Career. High Stakes was a racing mode; Getaway required the player to outrun numerous pursuing police vehicles; Time Trap was a time lap trial; and Career was a tournament mode which incorporated a monetary reward system. Another innovation was the introduction of damage models, where after a race the player is given the option to purchase repairs. The mode also allows players, for the first time, to upgrade cars.

text: The PlayStation version of the game, released some months before the PC version, featured improved gameplay. The AI in the game was more advanced: the five AIs known as Nemesis, Bullit, Frost, Ranger, and Chump featured different driving characteristics. In the PlayStation version, the McLaren F1 GTR was based on the 1997 Long Tail, while the PC version was based on the original 95/96 version.

text: Need for Speed: Porsche Unleashed/Porsche 2000 (2000)[edit]

text: Porsche Unleashed (North America and Latin America title), Porsche 2000 (European title) or simply Porsche (in Germany) is different from the previous versions, because it featured only Porsches.

text: The vehicle handling in the PC version was said to be the most realistic in any NFS game, but like the PS1 version had very simplified arcade handling that fell woefully short of the Hallmark handling offered in the first game. The player had to win races to unlock cars in chronological order from 1950 to 2000. Porsche Unleashed also featured a Factory Driver mode, where the player had to test Porsches to move forward in the game, and did not feature a split screen mode.

text: Need for Speed: Hot Pursuit 2 (2002)[edit]

text: Need for Speed: Hot Pursuit 2 was the debut NFS title from EA Black Box, and the first NFS for the sixth generation consoles. Different versions of the game were produced for each game platform; the Xbox, GameCube and PC versions were developed in EA Seattle, while the PS2 version was developed by Black Box Games in Vancouver.

text: Hot Pursuit 2 draws primarily from the gameplay and style of NFS III; its emphasis on evading the police and over-the-top tracks. Although the game allowed players to play as the police, the pursuit mode was less realistic than preceding versions of NFS; players merely needed to "tap" a speeder to arrest them, as opposed to using simulated police tactics to immobilize a speeding vehicle.

text: This was the first version since the start of the series not to feature an "in the driving seat" camera view, transitioning EA from realistic racing to arcade street racing. It was the last game in the series for the PC version to feature the split-screen two player mode introduced in Need for Speed II. For the multiplayer mode of the PC version, GameSpy's internet matchmaking system was used in place of Local Area Network (LAN) play. Hot Pursuit 2 was also the first NFS game to use songs sung by licensed artists under the EA Trax label.

text: Need for Speed: Underground (2003)[edit]

text: Need for Speed: Underground was developed by EA Black Box and released on November 17, 2003. This was the first NFS game to require Hardware Transform and Lighting in Graphics Cards. Most of the new elements in Underground became defining marks of later installments in the Need for Speed series.

text: Underground shifted from semi-professional racing and isolated circuits to the street racing style of other arcade racing series: all circuits became part of a single map, Olympic City, except for drifts. Underground introduced two new play modes (Drag and Drift) and more tuning options than in the earlier High Stakes. Underground was also the first game in the series to feature a story, told via pre-rendered videos.

text: Underground features tuner cars and has a wide variety of tuning options such as widebody kits, bumpers, spoilers, etc., as well as performance upgrades such as engines and nitrous. City street racing is the primary focus of the game.

text: There were no police in Underground and Underground 2, which drew criticism as police had been an important part of previous titles.

text: Need for Speed: Underground 2 (2004)[edit]

text: Need for Speed: Underground 2, was developed by EA Black Box and released on November 15, 2004. A demo of the game was placed as a bonus in copies of the EA/Criterion collaboration Burnout 3: Takedown.

text: In Underground 2, the story mode continued, but there were new racing modes such as Underground Racing League and Street X, more tuning options, and a new method of selecting races. Also included was an "outrun" mode where a player can challenge random opponents on the road (similar to Tokyo Xtreme Racer). Underground 2 also introduced several SUVs, used to race against other SUVs. The most significant change vs. the original Underground was the introduction of its Open World (free roam) environments,[16] setting the tone for numerous NFS games to come. This was also the publisher's most marketed feature at launch. In addition, the game featured actresses/models Brooke Burke and Kelly Brook as in-game characters to help guide the player through the campaign.[17]

text: The customization features were significantly expanded on modifications which did not affect vehicle performance. Players were required to customize their car to a certain numerical value in order to be offered DVD and magazine covers, the only way to advance to higher game levels. The game featured more extensive product placement for companies with no connection to auto racing. This game also had extensive customization options in the form of suspension upgrades, nitrous systems and engine mods.

text: Need for Speed: Underground Rivals was the first Need for Speed game released on the PlayStation Portable. Different from Need for Speed: Underground 2 as it had no free roam and the cars were very limited, it was released on February 24, 2005 in Japan, March 14, 2005 in North America, and September 1, 2005 in Europe. The title went Platinum in Europe on June 30, 2006.

text: Need for Speed: Most Wanted (2005)[edit]

text: Need for Speed: Most Wanted was developed by EA Black Box, released on November 16, 2005, and was one of the first games released for the Xbox 360. It was released on the Nintendo GameCube, Xbox 360, PlayStation 2, Xbox, Game Boy Advance, Microsoft Windows and Nintendo DS. The PlayStation Portable port of Most Wanted is called Need for Speed: Most Wanted 5-1-0.

text: Police chases represent a significant body of the gameplay, and include the free-roaming aspect of Underground 2, but with less extensive vehicle customization features. The story mode is a different style from Underground, with CGI effects mixed with live action. The game featured the Blacklist, a crew consisting of 15 racers that the player must beat one-by-one to unlock parts, cars, tracks, and to complete career mode. The player had to meet certain requirements before they could take on the next Blacklist rival, such as races completed, milestones achieved, bounty earned, etc.

text: A special Black Edition of Most Wanted was also released, featuring additional races, challenges, and a few bonus cars; it also included a behind-the-scenes DVD. Both versions were available for the PlayStation 2, Xbox, Nintendo DS, and Windows-based PCs, while only the standard edition was available for GameCube and Xbox 360.

text: Most Wanted had extremely positive reviews and received universal acclaim from reviewers in many gaming websites and magazines, praising the graphics, sound effects and general gameplay. With 16 million copies sold worldwide, it's the best-selling game in the franchise.[18] A game, also named Need for Speed: Most Wanted, was released in 2012 with British developer Criterion Games responsible for the development.

text: Need for Speed: Carbon (2006)[edit]

text: Need for Speed: Carbon was developed by EA Black Box and released on October 31, 2006. It was the first NFS game for the PlayStation 3 and the Wii and the last NFS game for the Nintendo GameCube, the Game Boy Advance, and the Xbox. Carbon's handheld port is known as Need for Speed: Carbon – Own the City. The Wii port lacked online, but made full use of the Wii Remote and Nunchuk.

text: NFS: Carbon continued the story from Most Wanted, however, the game has far less emphasis on the police. Carbon saw the return of nighttime-only racing, with a selection of cars similar to that of Most Wanted. Carbon introduced a new feature wherein the player is allowed to form a "crew" that aids the player in races. Drift events returned to the series in Carbon.

text: Drag racing was removed from the series, but a new type of race called "Canyon Duel" was added, where the closer the player is to the leader, the more points they accrue. If the player overtakes the leader and remains in front for 10 seconds, they win automatically. Another new feature is "Autosculpt", which allows players to custom-fabricate their own auto parts.

text: The Collector's Edition Featuring three new cars, ten specially tuned cars, six new races, and a bonus DVD with behind-the-scenes footage on the making of the game.

text: Need for Speed: ProStreet (2007)[edit]

text: Need for Speed: ProStreet, developed by EA Black Box, was released in 2007. Key features of the game included realistic damage, a return to realistic racing, modeling, and burnouts.[19][20] The game lacked the free roam mode found in earlier releases, instead, all of the races were on closed race tracks that took place on organized race days. The game consisted of drag races, speed challenges (essentially sprint races and speed traps), grip races (circuit racing), and drift races.[citation needed]

text: Need for Speed: Undercover (2008)[edit]

text: Need for Speed: Undercover, developed by EA Black Box, was released on November 18, 2008. The game had a significantly longer development cycle than previous games, taking 16 months to develop.[21] EA Games president Frank Gibeau stated that since sales of ProStreet didn't live up to EA's projections, the franchise would go back to its "roots". The game received lower scores on aggregate than Pro Street.

text: The game focused on tuning and police chases, featured over 50 cars, and took place in a fictional city called Tri City Bay. The player's role was as an undercover cop, trying to stop street racers. Containing live-action cutscenes which feature the actress Maggie Q, the game also featured a damage system where parts could break off after a crash.

text: The Collector's Edition for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 added another 5 new cars, twelve new circuits, and sprint and checkpoint track configurations. Also included were specially tuned versions of ten existing cars, plus 35 exclusive vinyls for adding a unique visual style.

text: EA ported Undercover to various mobile devices. It was the last Need for Speed game for PlayStation 2.

text: Need for Speed: Shift (2009)[edit]

text: Need for Speed: Shift, developed by Slightly Mad Studios, was released on September 15, 2009. It features over 60 cars and 19 tracks, some of which are actual licensed tracks while others are fictional. Improved driving simulation was accompanied by an adaptive difficulty, while it reintroduced a cockpit view. NFS: Shift focused on racing simulation rather than the arcade racing of previous titles.

text: NFS: Shift received better reviews than the prior 3 games in the series. The Special Edition contained a special tuned BMW M3 GT2, and an Elite Series track. Two items of downloadable content were released for the game.

text: Need for Speed: Nitro (2009)[edit]

text: Need for Speed: Nitro is the first NFS game made exclusively for Nintendo DS and Wii, featuring arcade-style gameplay and targeting a casual audience. Nitro was released on November 3, 2009 in North America and in Europe on November 6, 2009. Need for Speed: Nitro was also available as a social multiplayer game on Facebook.[22]

text: Need for Speed: Nitro-X (2010) was a newer installment for use with the DSi/XL and the 3DS system. Essentially the original release, it was updated with several updates: 18 licensed vehicles; new police units; custom tags; 16 updated tracks; a revised career mode; local multiplayer matches for up to 4 players; and new rewards and unlockables. The game was released as a digital download only, released on November 15, 2010 in North America and November 26, 2010 in Europe.[citation needed]

text: Need for Speed: World (2010)[edit]

text: Need for Speed: World was a free-to-play MMO racing game for Windows-based PCs.

text: It took on the gameplay style of Most Wanted and Carbon, focusing on illegal street racing, tuning and police chases, and adding classic MMO elements to the mix. World incorporated almost exact replicas of the cities of Rockport and Palmont, the cities of Most Wanted and Carbon respectively, into its map design. World was originally scheduled for an Asian release in the summer of 2009, however the game was not released at that time and it was released worldwide on July 27, 2010.[23][24] In October 2009, the game was in public beta-testing limited to residents of Taiwan.

text: The beta was launched on June 2, 2010. The game was released to players who had the starter pack on July 20, 2010 and to others on July 27, 2010. Previously, the players who did not purchase the Starter Pack were not able to progress further from level 10; the level cap for those players has since been removed on September 8, 2010, allowing all players' progression and availability. Players were limited to 60 levels only. It has a garage of 150+ cars.[25]

text: On April 15, 2015, it was announced that Need for Speed World would be closing its servers on July 14, 2015. They soon after removed the ability to create new accounts for the game and began winding down their support for it. Since the announcement, there have been several "end of the world" promotions and in game events but many of the players have since moved on.[26]

text: Need for Speed: Hot Pursuit (2010)[edit]

text: Need for Speed: Hot Pursuit was developed by British games developer Criterion Games and published by Electronic Arts on November 16, 2010.[27] It focuses on racing and police chases rather than car customization. The game won many awards at the E3 2010, including "Best Racing Game", becoming the first game in the NFS series since the original Hot Pursuit to win an E3 award.

text: There were over 60 cars, most available to both racers and cops, but a few were exclusive to either side.[28] Unlike previous NFS titles, there was no customization, and the game takes place in a fictional rural area called Seacrest County, which the "free roam" feature lets you explore. Hot Pursuit allows play as either police or racer.

text: The game also features many weapons, with some exclusive to the cops or racers. The biggest feature introduced was the Need for Speed Autolog, which tracked player progressions and recommended events to play. In addition to its statistical system, Autolog also features Facebook-like speedwalls where players can post their comments and photos while in the game. Hot Pursuit has received some of the best reviews of the series.

text: The Limited Edition gives players exclusive access to the Alfa Romeo 8C Competizione and Ford Shelby GT500. Various downloadable content was released for the game.

text: Shift 2: Unleashed (2011)[edit]

text: The sequel to Need for Speed: Shift, Shift 2: Unleashed was developed by Slightly Mad Studios, and released on March 29, 2011. Shift 2 includes the Autolog feature introduced in Hot Pursuit.[29] It also includes features such as night racing, an in-helmet camera, and a more in-depth career mode. Shift 2 features more than 140 vehicles available for racing and tuning, a smaller number compared with other racing games such as Forza Motorsport 3 and Gran Turismo 5. There are also 40 real-world locations including Bathurst, Spa-Francorchamps and Suzuka as well as fictional circuits.[citation needed]

text: The Limited Edition features 3 unlocked cars, and an additional 37 career race events.[30] Two downloadable contents were released for Shift 2.

text: Need for Speed: The Run (2011)[edit]

text: Need for Speed: The Run was developed by EA Black Box, and released on November 15, 2011. The game continued the street-racing gameplay of Black Box's previous titles, with a story based on a race across the United States from San Francisco to New York.

text: The game featured quick time events with the player, for the first time in NFS history, exiting their car and traveling on foot. The Run was powered by DICE's Frostbite 2 engine, making the game the first non-shooter and one of the first console titles to use the engine. Additionally, the NFS Autolog was also used in the game.

text: The Run employs a large range of real-world vehicles, which can be altered with visual upgrades. An XP (Experience points) system is used for unlocking cars and events. The Limited Edition features three exclusive cars and five exclusive challenges with bonus rewards and achievements.

text: Need for Speed: Most Wanted (2012)[edit]

text: Need for Speed: Most Wanted was developed by British games developer Criterion Games, and released on October 30, 2012. The game picked up on the Most Wanted IP, as opposed to the Hot Pursuit extension.[31] This was the first game made subsequent to Criterion Games taking over the NFS series from Black Box.

text: It features open world racing, and most of the cars in the game are available from the start, hidden in different locations.[32] It also features a blacklist of 10 instead of 15, and there is no story or visual customization for the game. It is powered by Autolog 2.0. Performance upgrades are available for all the cars in the game, such as chassis, tires, nitrous, and bodywork.[33] Milestones and achievements are unlocked through a variety of ways, e.g. completion of races and breaking through billboards.

text: Need for Speed Rivals (2013)[edit]

text: Need for Speed: Rivals was developed by Ghost Games (formerly EA Gothenburg) in association with Criterion Games, and was released on November 15, 2013 for the PlayStation 4,[34] on November 19, 2013 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360[34] and on November 22, 2013 for the Xbox One.[34] It runs on DICE's Frostbite 3 Engine. It has the same basic concept as Need for Speed: Hot Pursuit, but with new features like the AllDrive system, and several pursuit techs.

text: Need for Speed (2015)[edit]

text: On May 21, 2015, EA and Ghost Games revealed Need for Speed, a full reboot of the franchise. The game was released on November 3, 2015 for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, with a release for Microsoft Windows (via Origin) in 2016. More information on the game was revealed during the EA press conference at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2015 on June 15, 2015. A new trailer was released and a short gameplay demo was shown.[35] Beta released on PS4 and Xbox One. PC version was released on 15 March 2016 via Origin in two different editions. The Standard Edition is the base edition, whereas the Deluxe Edition has the styling pack, performance pack, tricked-out starter car, exclusive wraps, unique identifying stickers, VIP icons and lifetime discount on all items using the in-game currency.[36]

text: Need for Speed: No Limits (2015)[edit]

text: Need for Speed: No Limits was released in 2015 for iOS and Android, and a mobile installment in the Need for Speed video game series, developed by Firemonkeys Studios and published by Electronic Arts. It is the franchise's first original title made exclusively for mobile devices, unlike past mobile games in the series that were simply adaptations of various Need for Speed games.

text: Need for Speed Payback (2017)[edit]

text: EA and Ghost Games announced Need for Speed Payback in June 2017, and is scheduled for release on November 10, 2017 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One.[37] The game will be playable offline unlike previous title. Revealed at EA press conference at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2017 from June 10–12, 2017.[38]

text: Need for Speed: Edge (TBA)[edit]

text: Need for Speed: Edge is an upcoming free-to-play MMO racing game which is currently in development by EA Spearhead (formerly EA Korea) and published by Nexon from South Korea and Tencent Interactive Entertainment (known as Need for Speed Online) from China. It is the third free-to-play game in the franchise overall, also the only free-to-play racing game that runs on Frostbite 3 game engine. It is based on the 2013 title, Need for Speed Rivals.[39]

text: Other games[edit]

text: There are three games which are associated with, but not part of, the Need for Speed series.

text: Need for Speed: V-Rally (1997)[edit]

text: When V-Rally was released in 1997, it was developed by Eden Studios, and had no connection with the Need for Speed games. Electronic Arts acquired the rights to publish the PlayStation version of the game in the United States in order to help sales of the game, due to the fact that rally racing held little support in the U.S.[citation needed] The game was not originally intended to be part of the Need for Speed series; neither the game's development was done by Electronic Arts Canada (which at the time was the primary developer of the Need for Speed series), nor was it developed in as association with Electronic Arts in any way. Later versions of the game were solely published by Infogrames and were released under their original names.

text: Need for Speed: V-Rally 2 (1999)[edit]

text: Much like with the original V-Rally, EA purchased the rights to publish the PlayStation version of V-Rally 2. Infogrames published the Dreamcast version of the game in America as Test Drive: V-Rally.

text: Motor City Online (2001)[edit]

text: Originally conceived as part of the Need for Speed series under the title Need for Speed: Motor City,[40] all single player elements were discarded in favor of an online-only model. The result, Motor City Online was a racing MMO game released by EA on October 29, 2001. The point of the game was to buy classic cars, tune them, and race them against other players. The game went offline less than two years later to enable EA to focus on The Sims Online. Later, EA, would develop a new online racing game, called Need for Speed: World.[41]

text: Reception[edit]

text:
Aggregate review scores
As of June 3, 2016.

Game
GameRankings
Metacritic

The Need for Speed
(SAT) 95.00%[42]
(DOS) 83.00%[43]
(PS) 68.50%[44]

Need for Speed II
(PS1) 71.39%[45]
(PC) 68.25%[46]
(PS1) 71/100[47]

Need for Speed III: Hot Pursuit
(PS1) 85.63%[48]
(PC) 84.82%[49]
(PS1) 88/100[50]

Need for Speed: High Stakes
(PS1) 84.38%[51]
(PC) 83.08%[52]
(PS1) 86/100[53]

Need for Speed: Porsche Unleashed
(PC) 84.36%[54]
(PS1) 74.50%[55]
(GBA) 59.25%[56]
(PS1) 78/100[57]
(GBA) 62/100[58]

Need for Speed: Hot Pursuit 2
(PS2) 88.01%[59]
(Xbox) 80.04%[60]
(PC) 72.77%[61]
(GC) 72.05%[62]
(PS2) 89/100[63]
(Xbox) 75/100[64]
(PC) 73/100[65]
(GC) 68/100[66]

Need for Speed: Underground
(PS2) 84.29%[67]
(GC) 83.73%[68]
(PC) 82.29%[69]
(Xbox) 81.76%[70]
(GBA) 77.33%[71]
(PS2) 85/100[72]
(GC) 83/100[73]
(Xbox) 83/100[74]
(PC) 82/100[75]
(GBA) 77/100[76]

Need for Speed: Underground 2
(PC) 83.50%[77]
(Xbox) 82.61%[78]
(PS2) 80.77%[79]
(GC) 79.98%[80]
(GBA) 69.45%[81]
(NDS) 65.44%[82]
(PC) 82/100[83]
(PS2) 82/100[84]
(Xbox) 77/100[85]
(GBA) 72/100[86]
(NDS) 65/100.[87]

Need for Speed: Most Wanted (2005)
(X360) 83.05%[88]
(Xbox) 82.59%[89]
(PS2) 81.56%[90]
(PC) 81.50%[91]
(GC) 79.36%[92]
(GBA) 67.33%[93]
(NDS) 46.89%[94]
(X360) 83/100[95]
(Xbox) 83/100[96]
(PS2) 82/100[97]
(PC) 82/100[98]
(GC) 80/100[99]
(NDS) 45/100[100]

Need for Speed: Carbon
(PC) 78.47%[101]
(X360) 77.51%[102]
(PS3) 76.26%[103]
(PS2) 75.04%[104]
(GC) 74.25%[105]
(Xbox) 73.28%[106]
(PSP) 71.00%[107]
(GBA) 69.33%[108]
(NDS) 66.50%[109]
(Wii) 65.39%[110]
(PC) 78/100[111]
(X360) 77/100[112]
(PS3) 75/100[113]
(GC) 75/100[114]
(PS2) 74/100[115]
(Xbox) 74/100[116]
(PSP) 73/100[117]
(NDS) 70/100[118]
(Wii) 67/100[119]

Need for Speed: ProStreet
(NDS) 74.83%[120]
(PS3) 72.87%[121]
(X360) 72.17%[122]
(PC) 69.12%[123]
(Wii) 63.94%[124]
(PS2) 60.64%[125]
(PSP) 60.38%[126]
(NDS) 74/100[127]
(PS3) 73/100[128]
(X360) 72/100[129]
(PC) 70/100[130]
(PS2) 62/100[131]
(Wii) 61/100[132]
(PSP) 57/100[133]

Need for Speed: Undercover
(X360) 64.58%[134]
(PS3) 62.66%[135]
(PC) 61.70%[136]
(NDS) 58.20%[137]
(PS2) 58.00%[138]
(Wii) 53.92%[139]
(PSP) 50.50%[140]
(PC) 65/100[141]
(X360) 64/100[142]
(PS3) 59/100[143]
(NDS) 59/100[144]
(Wii) 54/100[145]
(PSP) 52/100[146]

Need for Speed: Shift
(PS3) 83.59%[147]
(X360) 82.84%[148]
(PC) 82.36%[149]
(PSP) 69.60%[150]
(PS3) 84/100[151]
(X360) 83/100[152]
(PC) 83/100[153]
(PSP) 69/100[154]

Need for Speed: Nitro
(Wii) 73.31%[155]
(NDS) 71.71%[156]
(NDS) 70/100[157]
(Wii) 69/100[158]

Need for Speed: World
(PC) 63.83%[159]
(PC) 62/100[160]

Need for Speed: Hot Pursuit (2010)
(PS3) 88.86%[161]
(X360) 87.21%[162]
(PC) 86.19%[163]
(Wii) 45.83%[164]
(PS3) 89/100[165]
(X360) 88/100[166]
(PC) 86/100[167]
(Wii) 50/100[168]

Shift 2: Unleashed
(PC) 83.08%[169]
(X360) 81.91%[170]
(PS3) 80.40%[171]
(PC) 84/100[172]
(X360) 82/100[173]
(PS3) 81/100[174]

Need for Speed: The Run
(Wii) 70.00%[175]
(X360) 69.92%[176]
(3DS) 68.20%[177]
(PS3) 64.04%[178]
(PC) 60.14%[179]
(PC) 69/100[180]
(X360) 68/100[181]
(3DS) 65/100[182]
(Wii) 64/100[183]
(PS3) 64/100[184]

Need for Speed: Most Wanted (2012)
(WIIU) 86.46%[185]
(PS3) 85.09%[186]
(Vita) 83.44%[187]
(X360) 83.05%[188]
(PC) 81.50%[189]
(WiiU) 86/100[190]
(PS3) 84/100[191]
(X360) 84/100[192]
(Vita) 79/100[193]
(PC) 78/100[194]

Need for Speed Rivals
(PS3) 85.00%[195]
(PS4) 81.62%[196]
(XOne) 79.33%[197]
(PC) 78.67%[198]
(X360) 77.50%[199]
(PS3) 82/100[200]
(PS4) 80/100[201]
(XOne) 75/100[202]
(PC) 78/100[203]
(X360) 76/100[204]

Need for Speed
(PC) 61.00%[205]
(PS4) 66.44%[206]
(XONE) 66.12%[207]
(PC) 68/100[208]
(PS4) 66/100[209]
(XONE) 65/100[210]

text: Film adaptation[edit]

text: EA worked with DreamWorks Studios to create a film version of Need for Speed starring Aaron Paul as Tobey Marshall, a mechanic and street racer who was framed by a wealthy business associate.[211][212] The movie released on March 14, 2014, and despite receiving negative reviews ended up grossing over $200 million at the worldwide box office. In April 2015, it was reported that a sequel would be produced by China Movie Channel, Jiaflix, and 1905.com in association with EA Games.[213][214]


document_title: Susan Barlow

question_text: when was susan barlow killed in coronation street

text: Susan Barlow

text: Storylines[edit]

text: Susan was the daughter of Ken and Valerie Barlow and twin sister of Peter Barlow. She was born on 5 April 1965 after Len Fairclough drove Valerie to the hospital in his van. Most of Susan's early storylines were alongside her twin brother, Peter.

text: Valerie's life changed completely as her time was spent looking after the twins and Ken. The Barlows had many friends and could easily find babysitters, allowing Valerie to attend evening classes in Sociology. In November 1965, Ken was looking after the twins but when he visited The Rovers Return briefly, a piece of coal fell from the fire and filled the house with smoke. Valerie came home before Ken put the fire out but was outraged that he had left the babies alone while he went to buy cigarettes. Valerie told Ken she would leave him if he ever smoked again.

text: In 1966, Ken had a fling with reporter, Jackie Marsh. Valerie left him briefly and took the twins to Glasgow but returned when he convinced her that he would be a more devoted husband and father from then on.

text: In 1968, the Mission of Glad Tidings and Elliston's Raincoat Factory across the Street were torn down to make way for a block of maisonettes. As they were being demolished, Ken and Valerie realised the twins were missing. They were found in the factory just before the wrecking ball hit.

text: In 1969, Susan's maternal grandmother, Edith, stayed with the Barlows. When Edith took the twins to the fair, she lost them but they were found by an elderly woman who had taken them in and not contacted the family.

text: In January 1971, Ken was offered a teaching position in Jamaica and Valerie agreed to emigrate with the twins. However, Valerie died when she was electrocuted by a faulty hairdryer. Later in the year, Peter and Susan were sent to live in Scotland with their maternal grandparents after Ken struggled to make suitable childcare arrangements and continue to work as a teacher. Susan came back to Weatherfield to visit her father in 1973 and 1974.

text: Susan returned to Coronation Street again for New Year's Eve 1979, and stayed with her father and his girlfriend Deirdre Langton into the New Year. Susan then went travelling and visited Ken again in April 1980, along with her boyfriend Craig Brennan, who Ken did not approve of. Susan visited again for Ken and Deirdre's wedding in July 1981. Susan went back to Scotland, and decided to attend university.

text: In 1985, Susan returned again now working as a market researcher. She began an affair with her father's sworn enemy Mike Baldwin and they got engaged but Ken refused to attend as he hated Mike and could not come to terms with the fact he was marrying his little girl. But after a lot of thinking and talking to Susan, Peter and Deirdre he walked Susan down the aisle on 6 May 1986. The marriage failed, because Susan's career ambitions did not fit in with Mike's plans for the future. When she got pregnant, Mike wanted her to abandon her business; Susan decided to have an abortion. Mike branded her a killer and a murdering bitch and she left him and moved to Newcastle after just a year of marriage in November 1987.

text: By December 2000, Peter was living with Ken and Deirdre. While arguing with Ken, Peter let slip that Susan had a son. Ken insisted Peter explain, which he did, telling Ken that Susan had lied about the abortion and gave birth to her son, Adam in May 1988. Susan had only told Peter this. Ken went to Scotland the following month to visit Susan and she made him swear not to tell Mike. Ken told Deirdre and she told her ex-lover Dev Alahan. He told Mike who called Susan and demanded access. Susan, who was visiting her father and brother, refused. Mike threatened her with legal action. Susan tried to flee again with Adam to Ireland, but while driving on the M6, her car crashed into a tree. Susan was killed instantly but Adam suffered only minor injuries. Susan's body was taken back to Weatherfield for her funeral, and she was buried next to her mother, Valerie.

text: Casting[edit]

text: Katie Heannau played Susan as a baby and young child from 1965 until 1970 when Heannau and her family moved away from the Manchester area.[1] Child actress Wendy Jane Walker took over the role later in 1970. Although Susan was written out in 1971, Walker made recurring appearances in 1973 and 1974. Suzy Patterson played Susan from 1979 to 1981 but only made a small number of appearances. Walker took back the role in 1985 and Susan became a main character again before departing in 1987. Patterson had played the role with a strong Scots accent, whereas Walker did not. After a thirteen-year absence, Susan returned for a final time in early 2001, now played by Joanna Foster, which saw the character get killed off after introducing her secret son Adam.

text: Development[edit]

text: In January 2001, the character returned to Coronation Street with actress Joanna Foster taking over the role.[2] Susan comes back to Weatherfield to introduce her son, Adam (Iain de Caestecker) to his grandfather, Ken (William Roache).[3] Rick Fulton of the Daily Record said Ken is "amazed, but also devastated" that Susan kept his grandson a secret for so long.[3] Adam's father is Mike Baldwin (Johnny Briggs), who Susan married in 1986.[3] Susan told Mike she had an abortion and he threw her out the following year. Fulton explained "But that will be exposed as a lie. It seems Susan, who had grown to hate her husband, didn't think Mike would be a fit father for her child. She decided she wanted to bring up the baby on her own without any of his influence."[3] The news rocks Ken and Mike, when they learn they are linked by Adam.[3] On 22 January 2001, Brian Roberts of the Daily Mirror reported Susan would be killed off in a car accident.[2] Her death would then kick-start a custody battle for her son, Adam, between her father and her ex-husband.[2] Roberts said Susan is "adamant" that she does not want Mike having anything to do with Adam and she decides to take him to Ireland. However, while they are on their way Susan crashes the car and dies.[2]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Johnny Briggs disapproved of the storyline that saw his character (Mike Baldwin) marry Susan as he thought it would tie his character down.[4] He also did not get on with Walker and was pleased when the relationship broke up.[4] The Daily Mirror's Charlie Catchpole described Susan as the "hapless" wife and daughter of Mike and Ken.[5] He commented on her 2001 recast saying "I don't know why either of them believed a word she said, since Susan had been blonde and blue-eyed, and this impostor had black hair and brown eyes."[5] Catchpole added that Susan's off screen death was one of the soap world's cruelest exits.[5]


document_title: Australian fifty-dollar note

question_text: when did the $50 note come out in australia

question_tokens: when did the $ 50 note come out in australia

text: Australian fifty-dollar note

text: There was no fifty dollar note released as part of the initial rollout of decimal currency in 1966, but inflation necessitated its introduction seven years later in 1973. [2]

text: The original paper fifty dollar note, designed by Gordon Andrews, has a scientific theme.[2] On the front of the note is a portrait of Australian pathologist Howard Walter Florey, Baron Florey and scenes of laboratory research. On the back is a portrait of Sir Ian Clunies Ross, veterinary scientist and first chairman of the CSIRO, along with scenes from the Australian environment.[2]

text:
The paper fifty dollar note, circulated between 1973 and 1995.

The front of the note

The back of the note

text: On 4 October 1995 a polymer banknote was released.[3] It was immediately nicknamed "pineapple".[by whom?][citation needed]

text: The new fifty dollar note was designed by Brian Sadgrove,[3]

text: A portrait of Indigenous Australian author and inventor David Unaipon appears on the front, along with drawings from one of his inventions, and an extract from the original manuscript of his Legendary Tales of the Australian Aborigines.[4] There is also a depiction of the Raukkan Church, a historical landmark in Raukkan, where Unaipon grew up.[5] The couple standing in front of the church are Polly and Milerum. Milerum was the last initiated member of the local native tribe. He was highly respected and played a huge role in the recording of history of the native people of the Coorong. (See Australian produced series "Who do you think they are?" on Michael O'Laughlin.)

text: On the back is a portrait of Edith Cowan, first female member of any Australian parliament, along with a picture of Western Australia's original Parliament House, and an illustration of a foster mother and children.[3][6]

text: In June 2016 there were 643 million $50 banknotes were in circulation, 45% of the total banknotes in circulation. Worth $32,145 million, this was 46% of the total value for all denominations.[7]

text: Design features[edit]

text: The handwritten statement on the obverse of the note reads "As a full-blooded member of my race I think I may claim to be the first—but I hope, not the last—to produce an enduring record of our customs, beliefs and imaginings". The word "Imaginings" is spelt incorrectly and has been corrected.

text: Security features[edit]

text: With reference to the current polymer items, there is a clear window on the banknote with the Southern Cross star formation printed upon it, and the number "50" is also embossed in the clear window. There is also raised printing on the note.[3]

text: A patch with the number "50" on the back of the banknote can be seen when held up to a UV light. There are two serial numbers on the banknote, one in black and blue, different fonts are used on each one, and the serial numbers glow under UV light.[3]

text: There is also micro printing, in terms of "fifty dollars", and a shadow image of the Australian coat of arms when light is shown through it.[8]

text: Future of Bank Notes[edit]

text: A new $5 note was released 1 September 2016,[9] and a new $10 note is planned for release in September 2017.[10] The planned release for the new $50 has not been announced.[11] More information can be found on the RBA website.[12]