document_title: The Flash (season 4)

question_text: when does flash episode 10 season 4 come out

text: The Flash (season 4)

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

70
1
"The Flash Reborn"
Glen Winter
Story by : Andrew Kreisberg
Teleplay by : Todd Helbing & Eric Wallace
October 10, 2017 (2017-10-10)
T27.13401
2.84[2]

Iris has been aiding Team Flash in Central City for six months, but refuses to grieve Barry. A flying samurai with superpowers appears in Central City, threatening to destroy the city if the real Flash does not face him. Cisco reveals he has formulated a way to bring back Barry without destabilizing the Speed Force and tracks down Caitlin for help, but is forbidden by Iris to bring Barry back. Against Iris' orders, Team Flash successfully returns Barry, who rambles random statements and continually writes symbols on the walls. Wally engages the samurai, but is defeated. Cisco deciphers Barry's writings and finds an apparently meaningless sentence. In an attempt to recover Barry's memories, Iris gives herself up to the samurai. The plan works and Barry speeds away, rescuing Iris and defeating the samurai, who is revealed to be an android. Caitlin rejoins Team Flash, but is revealed to have been working for a mobster called Amunet, while also continuing to prevent the Killer Frost personality from emerging. The "Samuroid" is revealed to have been controlled by the Thinker, whose plan was to draw out the Flash for his next schemes.

71
2
"Mixed Signals"
Alexandra La Roche
Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza
October 17, 2017 (2017-10-17)
T27.13402
2.54[3]

When Barry, Joe, and Cisco report to a crime scene, they discover remnants of a mysterious code. Cisco presents Barry with a technologically advanced suit, intended to facilitate his activities. He tests it out, trying to save someone from a haywire car controlled by metahuman Ramsey Deacon. Gypsy arrives on Earth-1 for a date with Cisco, who is forced to cancel it so as to focus on Deacon. Acting on a suggestion from Caitlin, Iris signs her and Barry up for couples therapy to sort out their relationship. Deacon kidnaps a witness, a former member of a tech team that stole his idea for profit. Barry and Wally go to save him, but Deacon uses his abilities to send Barry's suit haywire. On Iris' instruction, Barry throws lightning at himself, shorting out his suit. He then incapacitates Deacon, who is locked up in the meta wing of Iron Heights, revealed to be part of the Thinker's plan. Cisco finally goes out with Gypsy. Wondering how Deacon gained his powers being absent during the particle accelerator incident, Barry and Joe learn from Deacon that there are "others."

72
3
"Luck Be a Lady"
Armen V. Kevorkian
Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira
October 24, 2017 (2017-10-24)
T27.13403
2.62[4]

In flashbacks, the Thinker observes Becky Sharpe, a woman with seemingly unending bad luck, and determines that she will be easily manipulated. In the present, Becky robs a bank, and gets away when Barry slips on marbles. Harry arrives from Earth-2, and tells Wally that Jesse has decided to break up in order to focus on her vigilantism. Cisco deduces that Becky is a metahuman with the power of favorable luck while inducing misfortune to others. Barry realizes that the portal he used to escape the Speed Force exposed an entire busload of people, including Becky and Deacon, to transformative dark matter. Harry informs Cisco that Jesse has expelled him from her crime-fighting team due to his attitude. Becky's powers expand out of control, reactivating the particle accelerator, which Harry deliberately allows, nullifying Becky's powers and leading to her incarceration. Cisco and Harry identify twelve new metahumans created on the bus, and the latter suspects that an unknown party has manipulated events surrounding Barry's return. Wally decides to leave on a journey to find himself. The Thinker is revealed to be spying on S.T.A.R. Labs through the "Samuroid" helmet. Joe learns Cecile is pregnant.

73
4
"Elongated Journey Into Night"
Tom Cavanagh
Sterling Gates & Thomas Pound
October 31, 2017 (2017-10-31)
T27.13404
1.99[5]

Gypsy's father, Breacher, attacks Cisco, vowing to hunt and kill him in 24 hours, allowing the romance should he survive. Team Flash learns that the bus driver was murdered and tracks down another passenger, Ralph Dibny, former corrupt CCPD detective exposed by Barry and currently an infamous private investigator. As two thugs attack Dibny, he is revealed to have the power to stretch. Caitlin stabilizes his powers with a serum. The team learns that Ralph has been blackmailing Mayor Bellows for adultery, with the latter revealed to have hired the thugs. Barry confronts Ralph for his actions while the latter scolds him, claiming to have been a "good cop". He later stops blackmailing Bellows, who still attempts to kill him while Breacher mistakes the former for a Plastoid, the species that invaded Earth-19 previously, and attacks him. Cisco intervenes and saves Ralph, whom Barry, having revealed his alter-ego, convinces to help arrest an escaping Bellows. Admiring Cisco's gallantry, Breacher allows the relationship. Barry recruits Ralph for Team Flash and learns that someone named DeVoe instructed Ralph to watch Bellows. Barry remembers that Abra Kadabra and Savitar both mentioned DeVoe. Meanwhile, Caitlin finds a message on her apartment door.

74
5
"Girls Night Out"
Laura Belsey
Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim
November 7, 2017 (2017-11-07)
T27.13405
2.38[6]

While failing to track DeVoe, Team Flash is visited by Felicity, who joins Iris's bachelorette party. Mocking Cisco's plans for Barry's bachelor party, Ralph takes the men to a strip club, where they learn that Cecile's daughter, Joanie, is working. Joe confronts her, who states she is only doing feminist research. Ralph incites a brawl, leading to the men's arrest until Harry posts bail. Meanwhile, Amunet's enforcer, Norvock, demands Caitlin's return and attacks the women when she refuses. Killer Frost emerges and repels him, later telling Iris that Caitlin accepted Amunet's employment in exchange for the means to control Frost. Learning that Amunet is holding a metahuman she calls "the Weeper", whose tears are a strong narcotic, prisoner and intends to sell him, Iris's party decides to stop her. Though Caitlin refuses to join, she attacks Amunet when seeing her friends in danger. Using a strong magnet, the team robs Amunet's metal shards, leaving her powerless. Iris dissuades Frost from killing Amunet, who promises revenge. Both parties refuse to tell each other about their adventures. Iris asks Caitlin to be her maid of honor while Joe convinces Joanie to tell Cecile about her research. DeVoe captures the Weeper.

75
6
"When Harry Met Harry..."
Brent Crowell
Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza
November 14, 2017 (2017-11-14)
T27.13406
2.46[7]

Barry trains Ralph to use his abilities, with Cisco making a stretchable suit for him. Another bus metahuman, a Lakota Sioux Native named Mina Chayton, who can animate statues, starts attacking Central City & stealing pieces of a Black Bison necklace, which she claims belongs to her tribe. When Barry and Ralph catch up to her, she attacks Barry with a caveman statue and attempts a getaway. Ralph chooses to stop her, but a little girl is injured in the process. Ralph regrets his actions, but is comforted by Barry. Chayton escapes CCPD, going after the last necklace piece held at the museum. When Barry and Ralph confront her, she brings a dinosaur skeleton to life. Barry arrests Chayton while Ralph saves a security guard from the skeleton. Later, Ralph reveals he mailed the necklace back to Chayton's tribe, before visiting the little girl in the hospital, using his abilities to entertain her. Meanwhile, Harry, trying to make friends, works with his doppelgangers of alternate Earths, The Council of Wells. They figure out that DeVoe is a man named Clifford DeVoe. Barry and Joe head to DeVoe's house, to find out that he is a middle-aged man in a wheelchair.

76
7
"Therefore I Am"
David McWhirter
Eric Wallace & Thomas Pound
November 21, 2017 (2017-11-21)
T27.13407
2.20[8]

Barry and Joe interrogate DeVoe and his wife to try and get more information. In flashbacks, DeVoe and his wife build a thinking cap to improve his brain capacity, powering it through the particle accelerator explosion. DeVoe's increased brain power accelerates his amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, forcing his wife to build him a special chair to keep him alive. Barry discovers the camera in the Samuroid head and goes to DeVoe's house, narrowly avoiding being caught by DeVoe's wife. Barry later confronts DeVoe, who reveals his true identity, leading to Cisco dubbing him "The Thinker". Wally returns to Team Flash from Blue Valley.

77
8
"Crisis on Earth-X, Part 3"
Dermott Downs
Story by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim
Teleplay by : Todd Helbing
November 28, 2017 (2017-11-28)
T27.13408
2.82[9]

Barry, Oliver, Sara, Alex, Martin and Jax wake up in a Nazi concentration camp on Earth-X wearing power dampeners. The arriving SS Sturmbannführer is revealed to be the Earth-X doppelgänger of Quentin Lance, who plans to execute them, but they are saved by Citizen Cold (the Earth-X doppelgänger of Leonard Snart) and Ray Terrill. Snart and Terrill take them to the headquarters of the Freedom Fighters, where the team meets the resistance movement's leader, General Schott (Winn Schott's Earth-X doppelgänger). They learn that the only way back to Earth-1 is through a temporal gateway in a research facility, which Schott plans to blow up to strand Dark Arrow (Oliver's Earth-X doppelgänger) on Earth-1. Oliver disguises himself as Dark Arrow to infiltrate the facility and discovers the Nazi doomsday device against parallel Earths is a militarized timeship called Wellenreiter. Barry and Ray battle the Freedom Fighters' Red Tornado to stop it from destroying the gateway while the rest of the team enters the facility to reactivate its portal, during which Stein is shot and gravely wounded. On Earth-1, Thawne prepares to perform surgery on Kara to save Overgirl. Felicity and Iris try to stop him, but are captured.

This episode continues a crossover event that begins on Supergirl season 3 episode 8 and Arrow season 6 episode 8, and concludes on Legends of Tomorrow season 3 episode 8.

78
9
"Don't Run"
Stefan Pleszczynski
Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira
December 5, 2017 (2017-12-05)
T27.13409
2.22[10]

While out Christmas shopping, Barry is ambushed and kidnapped by DeVoe while Caitlin is kidnapped from Jitters by Amunet. Iris claims they have to look for both of them, despite Harry's claim that they have insufficient time and resources and that they can only afford to search for one. Barry is held in DeVoe's lair. Caitlin is forced by Amunet to perform surgery on a metahuman named Dominic Lanse, who can read minds. They try to escape, but Amunet blocks their exit. Caitlin manages to briefly incapacitate Amunet, and she and Dominic flee the building they are being held in. Once outside, they are rescued by Cisco and Ralph, as Iris has chosen to focus on finding Caitlin. Barry manages to escape from DeVoe. Team Flash celebrates Christmas at the West house and Dominic joins them. Barry gets a security alert from his apartment. When he arrives, he receives a phone call from Dominic, who reveals that Amunet re-kidnapped Dominic and DeVoe has transferred his consciousness into Dominic's body. Barry discovers DeVoe's original body dead on his apartment floor and he realizes DeVoe has framed him for his "murder"; the police arrive, and Barry lets himself get arrested, not wanting to leave Iris again.

79
10
"The Trial of The Flash"
Philip Chipera
Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim
January 16, 2018 (2018-01-16)
T27.13410
2.51[11]

Barry stands trial for the murder of Clifford DeVoe, with Cecile representing him. Cisco and Joe have to leave during the trial for a meta investigation, in which a meta caused people to collapse. Singh reveals to Joe he is appearing as a witness for the prosecution against Barry. The meta is eventually discovered as Neil Borman, who is a meta who produces radiation, which is causing the illness and collapsing. Barry takes him on, but is ill equipped to deal with the situation. Cisco and Killer Frost travel to the scene where Caitlin tries to freeze Borman, who quickly defrosts and incapacitates Caitlin. Barry creates a vacuum seal around Borman to contain the radiation, with Cisco transporting the radiation to the dead Earth-15, draining the meta and defeating him. Barry is eventually found guilty by the jury and is sentenced to life in prison.

80
11
"The Elongated Knight Rises"
Alexandra La Roche
Sterling Gates & Thomas Pound
January 23, 2018 (2018-01-23)
T27.13411
2.12[12]

Barry uses his speed to secretly help the guards contain the other inmates during a prison riot. He also befriends Dave Ratchet, his father's former cellmate. The next day, Barry meets Axel Walker who was later broken out of prison by his mother Zoey Clark, his father's one-time partner Prank. Axel challenges Ralph by threatening to cause chaos in the city. Ralph attempts to stop him but is wounded by Axel and is evacuated by Cisco. Ralph sneaks into the prison to talk to Barry about how scared he is. Barry reassures him that being a hero isn't about not being scared, but about having the ability to rise above your fear. Cisco and Caitlin go to rescue the hostages, but get captured by Axel and Zoey, who intend to kill them. Ralph arrives, and attempts to shield the two from an acid shower, until Wells manages to hack into the shower system to neutralize its acidity. Iris visits Barry in prison, where they reaffirm their love for each other. Ralph and Cisco go to get coffee, where they meet the excitable girl from the wedding. The girl writes in her journal, where she appears to be writing in the language Barry was using when he came out of the Speed Force.

81
12
"Honey, I Shrunk Team Flash"
Chris Peppe
Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira
January 30, 2018 (2018-01-30)
T27.13412
2.60[13]

Cecile develops telepathic abilities as a result of her pregnancy, combined with dormant dark matter in her cells, which Caitlin assures her should be temporary. In prison, Barry learns that Ratchet is innocent of a robbery-homicide that was actually committed by Sylbert Rundine fifteen years prior. Barry asks the team to look into the case. Rundine turns out to be a bus meta with the ability to shrink and enlarge objects, and he shrinks Cisco and Ralph while escaping. Harry's attempted cure backfires, and Caitlin determines that if they are not re-enlarged within a certain period of time, their bodies will explode. The team confronts Rundine at a warehouse, where Harry tricks him into re-enlarging Ralph and Cisco. Rundine is arrested, but refuses to confess to the earlier crime. Barry gathers that even if Ratchet went free, he would be as unhappy in the city as he is in prison; he wishes to live in a secluded Chinese village called Jiaju, but fears he will never get there. After Joe assures him that he will always do his best, Barry uses his speed to take Ratchet to Jiaju, where he can live out his dream. After discovering Barry is the Flash, the prison's warden, Gregory Wolfe, locks Barry in his private metahuman wing, intending to sell him to Amunet.

82
13
"True Colors"
Tara Nicole Weyr
Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza
February 6, 2018 (2018-02-06)
T27.13413
2.28[14]

Wolfe plans to sell Barry and the imprisoned bus metas (Ramsey Deacon, Becky Sharpe, Mina Chaytan, and Sylbert Rundine) to Amunet, so they plan to escape. Cecile discovers Wolfe's plans after reading his mind. Ralph encounters a former colleague and his negative interaction with him prompts the discovery that he can shapeshift. His lack of mastery of the new ability prevents his attempt to foil Amunet's deal with Wolfe. Barry helps the metas escape the power dampeners, but they are cornered by Wolfe and Amunet. DeVoe arrives and again uses his chair to extract the metas' abilities, before transferring his mind into Sharpe's body. He then crushes Wolfe's skull as Marlize looks on in horror; Amunet flees. Ralph uses his shapeshifting ability to appear as the original DeVoe at Barry's appeal, claiming that he was unconscious at Barry's loft but not dead, which clears Barry's name. Team Flash realizes that DeVoe is only stealing powers from metahumans who were on the bus when the dark matter wave was unleashed, which means he will likely target Ralph as well. Back at the DeVoes' house, their marriage continues to deteriorate, and DeVoe drugs his wife with the Weeper's tears to maintain her devotion towards him.

83
14
"Subject 9"
Ralph Hemecker
Mike Alber & Gabe Snyder
February 27, 2018 (2018-02-27)
T27.13414
2.12[15]

Barry is put on indefinite leave at the CCPD due to his connection with the DeVoe case. The team encounter another bus metahuman named Izzy with sound wave abilities, amplified by her violin. She manages to use her abilities when DeVoe (inside Sharpe's body) comes to claim her. Barry and Ralph help to train Izzy to refine her abilities, which proves difficult when she gets hurt. Eventually DeVoe shows up once again, using Dominic's and Becky's abilities to make Barry experience a brain aneurysm, while using his original abilities to incapacitate Ralph. DeVoe then once again uses the chair to transfer his mind into Izzy's body and escapes. Both Ralph and Barry comfort each other over their respective losses: Barry being let go from the police force and Ralph losing Izzy to DeVoe. These losses enforce both Barry's and Ralph's determination to bring Devoe down and save the three remaining metas.

84
15
"Enter Flashtime"
Gregory Smith
Todd Helbing & Sterling Gates
March 6, 2018 (2018-03-06)
T27.13415
2.04[16]

Jesse comes to Earth-1 to have a talk with her dad. Eco-terrorist Veronica Dale sets off a nuclear bomb, which Barry tries to stop, entering a form of superspeed known as Flashtime, where everything is frozen. However, the bomb has already detonated, and he and Jesse cannot stop it or save everyone with superspeed. Jay Garrick comes from Earth-3 to help, but they are still unable to stop it. Barry remains in Flashtime for hours, bringing each of his friends into it, in an attempt to find a solution; they discuss options such as freezing it or sending it to another Earth, but none of those solutions prove to be viable. Eventually, Iris gives him the idea to retrieve the Quark Sphere from the Speed Force to send a blast lightning through the bomb, enough to disable it. Barry does so, and throws the Sphere back into the Speed Force, saving Central City. Jay admits he is retiring and going to train a new "female" speedster. Jesse and Jay return to their Earths, and Caitlin and Wells go for a coffee, where they encounter the mysterious girl.

85
16
"Run, Iris, Run"
Harry Jierjian
Eric Wallace
March 13, 2018 (2018-03-13)
T27.13416
2.09[17]

A metahuman with fire powers tries to rob Central City bank. Another bus meta named Matthew Kim touches the metahuman, which causes his powers to transfer to another individual. When Joe, Iris and Barry turn up to ask Kim a few questions, Barry and Iris come into contact with Kim, causing Barry to lose his speed and Iris to gain superspeed. Inspired by Thawne, Harry plans to build his own thinking cap to outwit DeVoe. With their roles reversed, Iris becomes Central City's hero speedster, while Barry must learn to act as team leader. The new metahuman demands money and terrorizes the city with his fire powers. Using Wells' thinking cap, the Team comes up with the idea for Iris to create a tidal wave, negating the flames and defeating the meta. Back at S.T.A.R. Labs, Kim touches Iris and Barry again, restoring the Flash's speed. At home, Iris admits that while she did enjoy having superspeed, Central City needs the light that Barry was, and she is happy being team leader. Wells uses his thinking cap once more, determining the final two bus metas are Janet Petty and Edwin Gauss.

86
17
"Null and Annoyed"[18]
Kevin Smith
Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim
April 10, 2018 (2018-04-10)
TBA
TBD

87
18
TBA
Hanelle Culpepper[19]
Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza[19]
April 17, 2018 (2018-04-17)[20]
TBA
TBD

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Grant Gustin as Barry Allen / Flash[21]
Candice Patton as Iris West[21]
Danielle Panabaker as Caitlin Snow / Killer Frost[22]
Carlos Valdes as Cisco Ramon / Vibe[21]
Keiynan Lonsdale as Wally West / Kid Flash[21]
Neil Sandilands as Clifford DeVoe / Thinker[23]
Tom Cavanagh as Harrison "Harry" Wells[21]
Jesse L. Martin as Joe West[21]

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Danielle Nicolet as Cecile Horton[24]
Kim Engelbrecht as Marlize DeVoe / Mechanic[23]
Jessica Camacho as Cynthia / Gypsy[25][26]
Patrick Sabongui as David Singh[27]
Richard Brooks as Gregory Wolfe[28]
Hartley Sawyer as Ralph Dibny / Elongated Man[29]
Katee Sackhoff as Amunet Black / Blacksmith[30]
Sugar Lyn Beard as Rebecca Sharpe / Hazard[31] and Clifford DeVoe / Thinker
Kendrick Sampson as Dominic Lanse / Brainstorm[32] and Clifford DeVoe / Thinker

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Britne Oldford as Shawna Baez / Peek-a-Boo[33]
Mark Sweatman as Norvok[34]
Dominic Burgess as Ramsey Deacon / Kilg%re[35]
Donna Pescow as Sharon Finkle
Chelsea Kurtz as Mina Chayton / Black Bison[36]
Violett Beane as Jesse Chambers Wells / Jesse Quick[37]
Danny Trejo as Josh / Breacher[23][26]
Vito D'Ambrosio as Anthony Bellows
Emily Bett Rickards as Felicity Smoak[30]
Riley Jade Berglund as Joanie[38]
Matt Afonso as Weeper[39]
Stephen Amell as Oliver Queen / Green Arrow and Dark Arrow[40]
Victor Garber as Martin Stein / Firestorm[40]
Caity Lotz as Sara Lance / White Canary[40]
Chyler Leigh as Alex Danvers[40]
Franz Drameh as Jefferson Jackson / Firestorm[40]
Paul Blackthorne as Quentin Lance / Sturmbannführer
Jeremy Jordan as General Schott[40]
Juliana Harkavy as Dinah Drake / Black Canary
Melissa Benoist as Kara Zor-El / Kara Danvers / Supergirl and Overgirl[40]
Wentworth Miller as Leonard Snart / Citizen Cold[41]
Russell Tovey as Ray Terrill / The Ray[40]
Frederick Schmidt voices Metallo-X
Mark Valley as Anton Slater[42]
Devon Graye as Axel Walker / Trickster[43]
Corinne Bohrer as Zoey Clark / Prank[43]
Bill Goldberg as Dave Ratchet / Big Sir[43]
Derek Mears as Sylbert Rundine / Dwarfstar[44]
Miranda MacDougall as Izzy Bowin / Fiddler[45] and Clifford DeVoe / Thinker
John Wesley Shipp as Jay Garrick[46]
Leonardo Nam as Matthew Kim / Melting Point[47]
Max Adler as Jaco Birch / Pyro[48]
Anne Dudek as Tracy Brand[49]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: The series was renewed for a fourth season on January 8, 2017,[50] earlier than usual for the series. Executive producer Andrew Kreisberg said on this, "The great thing about our dear friends at The CW and Mark Pedowitz picking the shows up as early as they did has allowed us to start building the schedules for next season."[51] In May 2017, it was announced that Aaron Helbing would not return as an executive producer for season four, with only Greg Berlanti, Andrew Kreisberg, Sarah Schechter, and Todd Helbing returning from previous seasons.[52] Todd Helbing and Kreisberg were slated to serve as the season's showrunners.[53][54] In November 2017, Kreisberg was suspended from his role as executive producer and showrunner on The Flash over allegations of sexual harassment.[55][56] By the end of the month, he had been fired, with his name eventually being removed from the credits from all shows he worked on. In addition, Berlanti would take additional responsibilities working with Helbing to co-showrun the season.[57]

tag: p

text: Writing[edit]

text:
The way I see it is, time is non-linear and everything is happening at once in the Speed Force. In some ways he's had an awakening and he's had a rebirth. Our first episode is called 'Reborn,' and it is a rebirth for Barry, but he's kind of scrambled, too, because he's experienced so much so quick over the course of six months, even though for him it was an eternity. He's not Barry when we see him for the first time.

—Grant Gustin on the rebirth of Barry in season four.[58]

tag: div

text: In March 2017, Kreisberg confirmed that the main villain for the fourth season would not be a speedster, like the previous three seasons.[59] Executive producers Aaron and Todd Helbing also mentioned that there would be less time travel in the season, with Aaron saying, "We like playing with the timelines and the different time periods and future and past. For now, I think we're going to focus on the present."[60] In June 2017, Clifford DeVoe / Thinker was reported to be the main antagonist of the season. He was first hinted in the third season episode "Abra Kadabra" when the titular villain mentions him among the Flash's greatest enemies, and again in the season finale "Finish Line" when Savitar mentions facing DeVoe but states that the Flash has not dealt with him yet.[61] At the series' San Diego Comic-Con panel, the speculation was confirmed, with Todd Helbing saying, "With three Speedsters in a row, this year it's the fastest man alive against the fastest mind alive."[24] He added that the writers were "making a conscious effort this year to get the fun quotient back up".[62]

text: Regarding the possibility of Wally West taking on the mantle of the Flash in Barry's absence, Keiynan Lonsdale said that "It's not something that's on my radar. I feel as though there is so much story to tell and Wally has so much growing to do... We need to see how these character realistically get to where they are headed for."[63] With the action picking up six months after season three, Kid Flash and Vibe are left to protect Central City, with Carlos Valdes saying "the team is sort of clutching at straws to keep the city together,... there is a unanimous feeling amongst the remaining members that it's just not the same without Barry... So in light of that, Cisco does whatever it takes to get his friends back."[64] Valdes also confirmed the return of Cisco's more lighthearted joking manner.[64] Candice Patton explained Iris West's larger role within Team Flash as "a way of distracting herself,"[64] adding that "[Iris] is forced to deal with that anger and resentment and abandonment by kind of focusing on protecting Central City... We're seeing a very different Iris, almost a very hardened Iris."[65] Kreisberg also hinted at some major growth for Iris this season, and noted that "the season premiere is all about Iris and Cisco, not Barry".[66]

text: In July 2017, Sterling Gates, DC Comics comic book writer, joined as a member of the fourth season's writing staff.[67] At the Television Critics Association press tour in August 2017, Pedowitz stated that the fourth season of The Flash is "going to try to find the lightness... of the Barry Allen of the first two seasons,"[68] and said that the show was likely "done with Speedster villains".[69] Later in the month, Kreisberg confirmed the return of Harry Wells from Earth-2, saying that "season 4 for Harry is really realizing what he's missing in his life and what it is he needs to become a better, more complete person, and so he's going to be going on a fairly epic emotional journey this season that is tied to the Thinker's plan," in addition to confirming the introduction of a new version of the Wells character.[70]

text: In September 2017, Helbing noted "There's a lot of love in the air this season," and compared Barry and Iris' reunion to "somebody going off to war for six months and coming back. There's a lot that Iris experienced that Barry didn't when he was gone, and it's really [about] the fun and the emotional component of making up that time when they weren't together." Helbing also explained that the Speed Force "let [Barry] deal with all of the baggage [from the past three seasons]. When he comes out, he's sort of left that all behind."[71] That month, Kreisberg also confirmed that Barry and Iris will be getting married this season,[72] while also revealing that the pair will be going to couples therapy since "[they] keep comically clashing inadvertently because [both are] used to being in charge, and so they wind up going... to work through it." He added, "The two of them with the therapist is some of the funniest stuff we have ever done on this show, but it also leads to a deepening of their relationship."[73]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Main cast members Grant Gustin, Candice Patton, Danielle Panabaker, Carlos Valdes, Keiynan Lonsdale, Tom Cavanagh, and Jesse L. Martin return from previous seasons as Barry Allen / The Flash, Iris West, Caitlin Snow / Killer Frost, Cisco Ramon / Vibe, Wally West / Kid Flash, Harrison Wells, and Joe West, respectively.[21] Cavanagh will portray Harry Wells from Earth-2 at the start of the season, without ruling out the possibility of introducing another incarnation of the Wells character later on.[64] Teasing the arrival of a new Harrison Wells, Cavanagh said, "We're going to start with Harry and then find a way, I think, to try and get a different version of Wells in there, be it some version of Harry or whatnot as the season's gaps present themselves."[74] Also returning from earlier in the series are Jessica Camacho as Gypsy,[25] and Anne Dudek as Tracy Brand.[49] It was revealed that Tom Felton, who joined the cast as Julian Albert in the third season, would not be a series regular in the fourth season, and that there were no plans for him to appear.[75] Julian's absence will be addressed "pretty quickly — there's a reason why he's no longer with the team," said Helbing.[76] In the season premiere, it is revealed that Julian has returned to London.[77] Kreisberg also confirmed that he had put on hold the planned return of Violett Beane as Jesse Quick due to the high number of speedsters on the show, but did not rule out a possible return in the future.[78] Beane eventually appeared as Jesse on the episode "Luck Be a Lady".[37] Britne Oldford, who previously appeared as Shawna Baez / Peek-a-Boo in the first season and the web series The Chronicles of Cisco, reprised her role in the season premiere.[33]

text: In July 2017, Neil Sandilands was announced to be cast as Clifford DeVoe, a metahuman genius who embarks on a seasonlong battle with the Flash in order to fix all that he deems wrong with humanity; while Kim Engelbrecht was announced as The Mechanic, Devoe's right hand and a highly intelligent engineer who designs devices for him; and Danny Trejo as Breacher, a bounty hunter from Earth-19 and the father of Gypsy.[23] Also in June, the series was looking to cast a role that "should put the visual effects department to the test",[79] with the role later revealed to be Ralph Dibny / Elongated Man, a metahuman with the ability to stretch his body to superhuman lengths and sizes.[80] Hartley Sawyer was cast in the recurring role that July as the fast-talking private investigator who after discovering his abilities will help Team Flash solve one of Central City's greatest mysteries.[29] The character was previously mentioned in the first season, as one of the fourteen people who seemingly died as a result of the particle accelerator explosion.[81] The next month, Katee Sackhoff was announced in the recurring role of Amunet Black / Blacksmith, who operates an underground black market of metahuman supervillains.[30]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming for the season began on July 4, 2017,[82] in Vancouver, British Columbia, and is set to conclude on April 21, 2018.[83] Kevin Smith will return to direct an episode in January 2018.[84]

text: Music[edit]

text: In August 2017, series composer Blake Neely and Nathaniel Blume began to compose the music for the fourth season.[85]

text: Arrowverse tie-ins[edit]

text: In May 2017, The CW president Mark Pedowitz officially announced plans for a four-show Arrowverse crossover event, crossing over episodes of the television series Supergirl, The Flash, Legends of Tomorrow, and Arrow.[86] The crossover will begin with Supergirl and a special airing of Arrow on November 27, 2017, and conclude on The Flash and Legends of Tomorrow on November 28.[87] In August 2017, Berlanti noted that it would be "a big life event for a few different people" that would bring them all together for the crossover, adding "There are many life events that happen."[88] Arrow actress Emily Bett Rickards appears as Felicity Smoak in the fifth episode of the season.[30]

text: Release[edit]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The season began airing on October 10, 2017, on The CW in the United States,[89] and on CTV in Canada.[90]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: In July 2017, cast from the series appeared at San Diego Comic-Con International to promote the season, where exclusive footage was shown.[91] During the panel, a trailer for the season was shown, with James Whitbrook at io9 feeling that despite the "grim" tone, there was "some fun signs of the team coming together to protect the city without [Barry],... Sprinkle in a few wacky things, like, say a goddamn Samuroid ripped straight from the comics, and ladies and gents, you've got a good season of The Flash lined up."[92] Ben Pearson with /Film felt seeing Iris West deal with the absence of Barry was "a nice change of pace for that character", but anticipated that "Barry [would] be back two or three episodes in at the latest."[93] Collider.com's Allison Keene also noted Iris "getting an actual storyline" with Barry gone, and similarly presumed that he "[would] be back in the fold by the end of the first episode" alike to Flashpoint in the third season. She added, "There are some new foes, lots of action, plenty of tech — it's great!"[94]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"The Flash Reborn"
October 10, 2017
1.1/4
2.84[2]
0.7
1.92
1.8
4.77[95]

2
"Mixed Signals"
October 17, 2017
0.9/4
2.54[3]
0.8
1.82
1.7
4.36[96]

3
"Luck Be a Lady"
October 24, 2017
1.0/4
2.62[4]
0.8
1.84
1.8
4.46[97]

4
"Elongated Journey Into Night"
October 31, 2017
0.7/3
1.99[5]
0.7
1.79
1.4
3.79[98]

5
"Girls Night Out"
November 7, 2017
0.9/4
2.38[6]
0.8
1.84
1.7
4.22[99]

6
"When Harry Met Harry..."
November 14, 2017
1.0/4
2.46[7]
0.7
1.83
1.7
4.29[100]

7
"Therefore I Am"
November 21, 2017
0.8/3
2.20[8]
0.8
2.08
1.6
4.28[101]

8
"Crisis on Earth-X, Part 3"
November 28, 2017
1.0/4
2.82[9]
0.7
1.83
1.7
4.64[102]

9
"Don't Run"
December 5, 2017
0.8/3
2.22[10]
0.6
1.45
1.4
3.67[103]

10
"The Trial of The Flash"
January 16, 2018
0.8/3
2.51[11]
0.7
1.55
1.5
4.06[104]

11
"The Elongated Knight Rises"
January 23, 2018
0.7/3
2.12[12]
0.7
1.69
1.4
3.81[105]

12
"Honey, I Shrunk Team Flash"
January 30, 2018
0.9/3
2.60[13]
0.8
1.84
1.7
4.43[106]

13
"True Colors"
February 6, 2018
0.8/3
2.28[14]
0.9
2.00
1.7
4.28[107]

14
"Subject 9"
February 27, 2018
0.7/3
2.12[15]
0.8
1.86
1.5
3.98[108]

15
"Enter Flashtime"
March 6, 2018
0.7/3
2.04[16]
0.8
1.83
1.5
3.87[109]

16
"Run Iris, Run"
March 13, 2018
0.7/3
2.09[17]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100% approval rating with an average rating of 7.36/10 based on 14 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "After an unsteady turn in season three, The Flash returns to its roots with a fourth season packed with humor, spectacle, and a whole lot of heart."[110]

text: Reviewing the first two episodes of the season, Allison Keene writing for Collider.com, felt the premiere "wipes the slate clean, fixing a lot of the issues that plagued the end of the last season, and setting up a much more toned-down storyline. Most importantly, it's brought back some fun." She added that with a "streamlined team," the core characters now have time to interact and have meaningful plot lines. On the second episode, Keene described it as "truly a delight" with the show taking "the time to focus on character relationships, and not just romantic relationships" and each character "feeling like a refreshed version of themselves, with new narrative purpose". She also highlighted the setup of the Thinker "as an Alchemy-like villain who manipulates evil metas into the Flash's path as part of some kind of masterplan", saying "The Flash is a series that truly works best as a procedural, with the team finding creative ways to bring down Villains of the Week."[111]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

2018
Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite TV Actor
Grant Gustin
Nominated
[112]

Favorite TV Show
The Flash
Nominated

Saturn Awards
Best Guest-Starring Performance on Television
Hartley Sawyer
Pending
[113]

Best Superhero Television Series
The Flash
Pending

Best Supporting Actress on a Television Series
Candice Patton
Pending


document_title: Clan Duncan

question_text: where does the last name duncan come from

root

text: Clan Duncan

text: Origins[edit]

text: (Dunchad) Duncan, originally a forename[2] is one of the earliest names in Scotland – and originates from the Dalriadan Celtic Celtic Scotii (Scots) from Ireland who colonised the south west of Scotland from about the 4th century AD. Dúnchad (Duncan mac Conaing) co-ruled Dalriada with Conall II (c.650 - 654).[3]

text: Other early accounts of the name include the 9 feet (2.7 m) inscribed ‘4th century AD Turpillian Stone’ located at Crickhowell, Wales. A particularly early mention of the name Duncan. Inscribed in Ogham (an early form of Celtic writing) on the stone also carried the Latin translation "TURPILLI IC IACIT PUUERI TRILUNI DUNOCATI" which roughly translates as 'The Fort Warrior'.[4] Mention is also made of Dunchad (Duncan) the 11th Abbot of Iona, 707 – 717AD (later St. Dunchadh) and Dunchad (Duncan) the 39th Abbot in 989AD.[5]

text: Records from this time are scant and it is not until after the unification by Kenneth MacAlpin around 843 AD of the Celtic Scots of Dál Riata (Dalriada) and the aboriginal Picts of northern Britain do we start to see the name significantly being used in other parts of Scotland. One of the earliest references to Dunchad/Donchad, is found in the margins of the 11th century 'Book of Deer the oldest writings in Scots Gaelic known in Scotland today, These manuscript were written by the early Christian Monks of the Abbey of Deer in Aberdeenshire.[6]

text: When Duncan I took the Scottish throne, Unlike the "King Duncan" of Shakespeare's Macbeth, the historical Duncan appears to have been a young man. He followed his grandfather Malcolm II as king after the latter's death on 25 Nov. 1034, without apparent opposition. He may have been Malcolm's acknowledged successor or tánaise as the succession appears to have been uneventful. Duncan would have been wise to pacify his remaining family, especially his senior cousin Thorfinn the Mighty, Earl of Orkney; his uncle, MacBeth; and the person closest to his throne, Queen Gruoch, MacBeth’s wife. By 1040, however, Duncan had been murdered and the crown was in the hands MacBeth.

text: Fifty-four years later, despite being the son of Malcolm Canmore, Duncan II was also dead at the hands of his relatives. Although Duncan had left a son, the throne was seized by his younger half-brother, one of the children of English Queen Margaret.

text: Ewyn (Ewan) fitz Duncan was one of the signatories on ‘The Ragman Rolls’, the deed of homage draughted by Edward I of England to bind the King and nobles of Scotland.[7]

text: John Duncan was the owner of property in Berwick in 1367. The mayor of this Border port is recorded as John Duncanson, in all likelihood the formers son.

text: According to one account, a Clan Donachie/Donnachadh[8][9][10] had emerged in the early 14th century from the Earls of Athole. The clan name is said to come from Donnachadh Reamhar -‘Stout Duncan’. Legend has it that this chief led the clan into Battle at Bannockburn in 1314. Both the Duncans and the Robertsons descend from the 4th Donachie/Donnachadh Chief.[8][9]

text: The predominant Duncans of the East of Scotland were the Duncans of Lundie in Forfarshire. Their extensive property included not only the Barony of Lundie but also the estate of Gourdie. In 1764, George III’s physician, Sir William Duncan was created a Baronet. The 1st and last Baronet.[11] By 1795, Adam Duncan of Lundie had become Commander of the Fleet in the North Sea and Admiral of the Blue. With a glorious career of victories he was created 1st Viscount Duncan of Camperdown in 1797 and his son was made the 2nd Earl of Camperdown in 1831.[12] The title became extinct in 1933 with the death of George Alexander Philips Haldane Haldane-Duncan, 4th Earl of Camperdown (1845–1933) in Boston, Massachusetts.[13] The Duncan name in Scotland is most prominent in Aberdeenshire, Dundee & Angus, and Fife.[14][15]

text: Castles[edit]

text:
Lundie Castle, once stood seven miles south-east of Coupar Angus, but there are no remains.[16] The lands were held by the Duncans and many of them are buried in nearby Lundie kirkyard.[16] The castle was demolished and replaced by a house in the seventeenth century, which itself was demolished to make way for the present mansion.[16]
Camperdown House was built by the Duncans in the nineteenth century in four hundred acres of park land.[16] The grounds are now a country park.[16] As of 2008 there were plans to have a museum at Camperdown House about Adam Duncan, 1st Viscount Duncan and his victory at the Battle of Camperdown.[16]

tag: ul

text: Branches[edit]

text: 'Duncan Territorial Houses, Lairds and Barons'[17][18]

text:
Duncan of Seaside & Lundie (Camperdown)[17]
Duncan of Jordanstone[17]
Duncan of Ardownie[17]
Duncan of Sketraw[17][19]
Duncan of Mott[17]
Duncan of Parkhill[17]
Beveridge-Duncan of Damside[17]
Gomme-Duncan of Dunbarney[17]

text: Clan Position[edit]

text: Clan Duncan[8][9][10] is an Armigerous clan but with no present Chief of the name Duncan. For the present, the Clan is being led by the armigerous Territorial House of Duncan of Sketraw.[20] Both Armorial Bearings and Territorial Designation are recorded in the Public Register of All Arms and Bearings in Scotland.[19] It is the aim of the Clan Duncan Society[21] to have a Chief of the name Duncan or one of the various spelling variants officially recognised by the Lord Lyon King of Arms either by a proven genealogical link to the last Chief around 1434 or more likely by the Derbfine process laid down by The Lord Lyon to gain official recognition of a Clan Duncan Chief.[22][23]

text: Clan Tartans[edit]

text: Tartans associated with Clan Duncan

text: The ancient kilt - not displayed [24]

text: [24] Duncan or Leslie of Wardis[25][26][27] Clan/Family Tartan which is the oldest and dates from around 1880. Little is known why the tartan is co named Leslie of Wardis an Aberdeenshire Family however, it has always been associated and known as the Clan Duncan Tartan.[25][27][28]

text: Thread Count:

text: K/8 G42 W6 G42 B42 R/8

text: (Half Sett with Full Count at the Pivots.)

text: The Duncan of Sketraw[29][30][31] Clan/Family Tartan, designed in 2005 by Brian Wilton of Scottish Tartans Authority.[31][32][33]

text: Thread Count:

text: R/4 K12 G4 K4 G28 K2 Y4 K2 B10 R2 B10 K2 W4 K2 G28 K2 B/4


document_title: Who Do You Think You Are? (U.S. TV series)

question_text: when does new season of who do you think you are start

text: Production[edit]

text: In early 2009, it was announced that NBC had ordered an American adaptation of the British series Who Do You Think You Are?. It was reported that Lisa Kudrow was set to executive produce the series as well as participate in one of the first season episodes.[1] The show premiered on NBC on March 5, 2010, as one of the replacement shows of The Jay Leno Show at the ten o'clock hour.[2]

text: NBC renewed the series for two subsequent seasons before cancelling it in 2012.[3] After the cancellation the series was then picked up by TLC,[4] where it has aired for six additional seasons.[5][6] On August 25, 2017, TLC renewed the series for a tenth season.[7]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired
Network

1
7
March 5, 2010 (2010-03-05)
April 30, 2010 (2010-04-30)
NBC

2
8
February 4, 2011 (2011-02-04)
April 8, 2011 (2011-04-08)

3
12
February 3, 2012 (2012-02-03)
May 18, 2012 (2012-05-18)

4
8
July 23, 2013 (2013-07-23)
September 10, 2013 (2013-09-10)
TLC

5
6
July 23, 2014 (2014-07-23)
August 27, 2014 (2014-08-27)

6
8
March 8, 2015 (2015-03-08)
April 26, 2015 (2015-04-26)

7
5
July 26, 2015 (2015-07-26)
August 30, 2015 (2015 -08-30)

8
6
April 3, 2016 (2016-04-03)
May 1, 2016 (2016-05-01)

9
8
March 5, 2017 (2017-03-05)
April 24, 2017 (2017-04-24)

Specials
1
August 16, 2015 (2015-08-16)

tag: table

text: Season 1 (2010)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Featured celebrity
Locations visited
Original release date

1
1
"Sarah Jessica Parker"
Cincinnati, Ohio; El Dorado County, California; Boston, Massachusetts; Danvers, Massachusetts
March 5, 2010 (2010-03-05)

2
2
"Emmitt Smith"
Pensacola, Florida; Burnt Corn, Alabama; Claiborne, Alabama; Boydton, Virginia; Ouidah, Benin
March 12, 2010 (2010-03-12)

3
3
"Lisa Kudrow"
Minsk, Belarus, Ilya, Belarus; Gdynia, Poland
March 19, 2010 (2010-03-19)

4
4
"Matthew Broderick"
Jersey City, New Jersey; New York City, New York; Forest of Argonne, France; Hartford, Connecticut; Atlanta, Georgia; Marietta National Cemetery, Cobb County, Georgia
March 26, 2010 (2010-03-26)

5
5
"Brooke Shields"
Newark, New Jersey; New York City, New York; Rome, Italy; Augerolles, France; Paris, France
April 2, 2010 (2010-04-02)

6
6
"Susan Sarandon"
Virginia; New York City, New York; Florence; Coreglia Antelminelli; Rockland County, New York
April 23, 2010 (2010-04-23)

7
7
"Spike Lee"
Atlanta, Georgia; Twiggs County, Georgia; Arlington, Texas
April 30, 2010 (2010-04-30)

text: Season 2 (2011)[edit]

text: NBC ordered a second season for the reality series on April 5, 2010.[8] The second season of the series began on February 4, 2011, and consisted of eight episodes. The first episode featured Vanessa Williams. Following episodes featured Tim McGraw, Rosie O'Donnell, Kim Cattrall, Lionel Richie, Steve Buscemi, Gwyneth Paltrow and Ashley Judd.[9][10] Cattrall's episode is an edited version of the original one that she made for the British series in 2009.

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Featured celebrity
Locations visited
Original release date

8
1
"Vanessa L. Williams"
Chappaqua, New York; Oyster Bay, Long Island, New York; Washington, D.C.; Johns Island, South Carolina; Baltimore, Maryland; Memphis, Tennessee; Nashville, Tennessee
February 4, 2011 (2011-02-04)

9
2
"Tim McGraw"
Kansas City, Missouri; Big Stone Gap, Virginia; Rye Cove, Virginia; Richmond, Virginia; Shenandoah Valley; Washington, D.C.; New York City, New York; Franklin, Tennessee
February 11, 2011 (2011-02-11)

10
3
"Rosie O'Donnell"
Nyack, New York; Jersey City, New Jersey; New York City, New York (Manhattan and Brooklyn); Secaucus, New Jersey; Montreal, Quebec; Dublin, Ireland; County Wicklow, Ireland; Newbridge, County Kildare, Ireland; Birr, County Offaly, Ireland
February 18, 2011 (2011-02-18)

11
4
"Kim Cattrall"
Liverpool, England; Derbyshire, England; Durham, County Durham, England; Tudhoe, County Durham, England; Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
February 25, 2011 (2011-02-25)

12
5
"Lionel Richie"
Los Angeles, California; Tuskegee, Alabama; Nashville, Tennessee; Chattanooga, Tennessee
March 4, 2011 (2011-03-04)

13
6
"Steve Buscemi"
Brooklyn, New York; Harrisburg, Pennsylvania; Fredericksburg, Virginia; Camden, New Jersey
March 25, 2011 (2011-03-25)

14
7
"Gwyneth Paltrow"
Manhattan, New York City, New York; Bridgetown, Barbados
April 1, 2011 (2011-04-01)

15
8
"Ashley Judd"
Louisville, Kentucky; Frankfort, Kentucky; Saltville, Virginia; Boston, Massachusetts; York, England; Boston, Lincolnshire, England; Cambridge, England; Plymouth, Devon, England
April 8, 2011 (2011-04-08)

text: Season 3 (2012)[edit]

text: The show was renewed for a third season by NBC on February 22, 2011, and aired during the 2011–2012 television season.[11] The 12 celebrities included in season 3 were Marisa Tomei, Rob Lowe, Paula Deen, Rashida Jones, Jerome Bettis, Reba McEntire, Helen Hunt, Edie Falco, Rita Wilson, Jason Sudeikis, Martin Sheen and Blair Underwood. The show returned on February 3, 2012.[12]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Featured celebrity
Locations visited
Original release date

16
1
"Martin Sheen"
Malibu, California; Dublin, Ireland; Madrid, Spain; Pamplona, Navarre, Spain; Tui, Galicia, Spain; La Coruña, Galicia, Spain; Parderrubias, Galicia, Spain
February 3, 2012 (2012-02-03)

17
2
"Marisa Tomei"
Manhattan, New York City, New York; Livorno, Tuscany, Italy (Cecina, Rio nell'Elba, Portoferraio and Castiglioncello); Lucca, Tuscany, Italy
February 10, 2012 (2012-02-10)

18
3
"Blair Underwood"
Los Angeles, California; Petersburg, Virginia; Richmond, Virginia; Lynchburg, Virginia; Babungo, Northwest Region, Cameroon
February 24, 2012 (2012-02-24)

19
4
"Reba McEntire"
Stringtown, Oklahoma; Aberdeen, Mississippi; Raleigh, North Carolina; Oxford, North Carolina; Tappahannock, Virginia; Cheshire, England
March 2, 2012 (2012-03-02)

20
5
"Jerome Bettis"
Detroit, Michigan; Paducah, Kentucky; Calloway County, Kentucky
March 9, 2012 (2012-03-09)

21
6
"Helen Hunt"
Los Angeles, California; Pasadena, California; San Francisco, California; Portland, Maine
March 23, 2012 (2012-03-23)

22
7
"Rita Wilson"
Los Angeles, California; Oraio, Greece; Smolyan, Bulgaria; Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Sofia, Bulgaria
March 30, 2012 (2012-03-30)

23
8
"Edie Falco"
Long Island, New York; Milwaukee, Wisconsin; England (Fulham; Penzance)
April 6, 2012 (2012-04-06)

24
9
"Rob Lowe"
Santa Barbara, California; Washington, D.C.; Trenton, New Jersey; Newtown, Pennsylvania; Germany (Marburg; Hessisch Lichtenau)
April 27, 2012 (2012-04-27)

25
10
"Rashida Jones"
Los Angeles, California; New York City, New York; Dublin, Ireland; Latvia (Riga; Aizpute; Rumbula)
May 4, 2012 (2012-05-04)

26
11
"Jason Sudeikis"
New York City, New York; Overland Park, Kansas; Chicago, Illinois; Bridgeport, Connecticut; Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
May 11, 2012 (2012-05-11)

27
12
"Paula Deen"
Savannah, Georgia; Albany, Georgia; Morrow, Georgia; Athens, Georgia; Atlanta, Georgia; Leesburg, Georgia
May 18, 2012 (2012-05-18)

text: Season 4 (2013)[edit]

text: After being cancelled by NBC, TLC picked up the series and the new season began on July 23, 2013. Celebrities taking part in the fourth season were Christina Applegate, Cindy Crawford, Zooey Deschanel, Chelsea Handler, Kelly Clarkson, Trisha Yearwood, Jim Parsons and Chris O'Donnell.[13]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Featured celebrity
Locations visited
Original release date

28
1
"Kelly Clarkson"
Columbus, Ohio; Decatur, Georgia; Andersonville, Georgia; Marietta, Ohio; Coal Run, Ohio
July 23, 2013 (2013-07-23)

29
2
"Christina Applegate"
Trenton, New Jersey
July 30, 2013 (2013-07-30)

30
3
"Chelsea Handler"
Bochum, Germany; Herne, Germany; Berlin, Germany; Saint-Raphaël, France; Algona, Iowa
August 6, 2013 (2013-08-06)

31
4
"Zooey Deschanel"
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Swarthmore, Pennsylvania; Lancaster, Pennsylvania; Christiana, Pennsylvania
August 13, 2013 (2013-08-13)

32
5
"Chris O'Donnell"
St. Louis, Missouri; Washington, D.C.; Annapolis, Maryland; Baltimore, Maryland
August 20, 2013 (2013-08-20)

33
6
"Cindy Crawford"
Boston, Massachusetts; Hartford, Connecticut; Taunton, England; London, England; Aachen, Germany
August 27, 2013 (2013-08-27)

34
7
"Trisha Yearwood"
Nashville, Tennessee; Hampshire, England; Kew, England; Atlanta, Georgia
September 3, 2013 (2013-09-03)

35
8
"Jim Parsons"
New Orleans, Louisiana; Paris, France; Versailles, France
September 10, 2013 (2013-09-10)

text: Season 5 (2014)[edit]

text: TLC renewed the show on September 10, 2013. The season premiered on July 23, 2014 and featured Cynthia Nixon, Jesse Tyler Ferguson, Rachel McAdams, Valerie Bertinelli, and Kelsey Grammer. Initially, an episode featuring Lauren Graham was planned but cancelled. Just like Kim Cattrall's episode, the network chose to air an edited version of an episode that Minnie Driver had made for the original BBC series in 2013.[14][15]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Featured celebrity
Locations visited
Original release date

36
1
"Cynthia Nixon"
Manhattan, New York City, New York; Washington, D.C; Jefferson City, Missouri; Leasburg, Missouri
July 23, 2014 (2014-07-23)

37
2
"Jesse Tyler Ferguson"
Albuquerque, New Mexico; Annapolis, Maryland; Evanston, Illinois; Wrangell, Alaska
July 30, 2014 (2014-07-30)

38
3
"Rachel McAdams[a]"
Plymouth, Devon, England; Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; St-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec, Canada; Toronto, Ontario, Canada
August 6, 2014 (2014-08-06)

39
4
"Valerie Bertinelli"
Scranton, Pennsylvania; Lanzo, Torino, Italy; London, United Kingdom
August 13, 2014 (2014-08-13)

40
5
"Kelsey Grammer"
Beverly Hills, California; San Francisco, California; Oakland, California; Portland, Oregon; Baker City, Oregon; Salem, Oregon; Benton County, Oregon
August 20, 2014 (2014-08-20)

41
6
"Minnie Driver"
United Kingdom
August 27, 2014 (2014-08-27)

text: Jump up ^ The episode also featured McAdams' sister Kayleen McAdams, a Hollywood make-up artist.

tag: ol

text: Season 6 (2015)[edit]

text: Season 6 premiered on March 8, 2015.

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Featured celebrity
Locations visited
Original release date

42
1
"Julie Chen"
Los Angeles, California; Singapore; Penglai, Shandong, China
March 8, 2015 (2015-03-08)

43
2
"Josh Groban"
Los Angeles, California; Stuttgart, Germany
March 15, 2015 (2015-03-15)

44
3
"Angie Harmon"
Charlotte, North Carolina; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Valley Forge, Pennsylvania; Harrisburg, Pennsylvania; Harrodsburg, Kentucky
March 22, 2015 (2015-03-22)

45
4
"Sean Hayes"
Los Angeles, California; Chicago, Illinois; Dublin, Ireland; Tarbert, Ireland
March 29, 2015 (2015-03-29)

46
5
"Tony Goldwyn"
Los Angeles, California; Albany, New York; Nunda, New York; Portland, Oregon; The Dalles, Oregon; Salem, Oregon; Hood River, Oregon
April 5, 2015 (2015-04-05)

47
6
"America Ferrera"
New York City, New York; La Esperanza, Intibucá, Honduras; Tegucigalpa, Honduras; San Jerónimo, Copán, Honduras
April 12, 2015 (2015-04-12)

48
7
"Bill Paxton"
Los Angeles, California; Washington, D.C.; Blacksburg, South Carolina; Richmond, Virginia; Warren County, Missouri
April 19, 2015 (2015-04-19)

49
8
"Melissa Etheridge"
Los Angeles, California; Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; Chester, Illinois; Kaskaskia, Illinois; Ste. Genevieve, Missouri
April 26, 2015 (2015-04-26)

text: Season 7 (2015)[edit]

text: Season 7 premiered on July 26, 2015. This season featured Ginnifer Goodwin, J. K. Rowling, Alfre Woodard, Bryan Cranston, and Tom Bergeron.[16] Rowling's episode was an edited version of her appearance on the original BBC series in 2011.

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Featured celebrity
Locations visited
Original release date

50
1
"Ginnifer Goodwin"
Los Angeles, California; Batesville, Arkansas; Little Rock, Arkansas; Shreveport, Louisiana
July 26, 2015 (2015-07-26)

51
2
"J. K. Rowling"
Edinburgh, Scotland; Paris, France; Brumath, Alsace, France
August 2, 2015 (2015-08-02)

52
3
"Alfre Woodard"
Los Angeles, California; Perry, Georgia; Baton Rouge, Louisiana; Jackson Parish, Louisiana
August 9, 2015 (2015-08-09)

53
4
"Bryan Cranston"
Los Angeles, California; Chicago, Illinois; Springfield, Illinois; Montreal, Quebec; Dayton, Ohio
August 23, 2015 (2015-08-23)

54
5
"Tom Bergeron"
Portsmouth, New Hampshire; La Rochelle, France; Quebec City, Quebec
August 30, 2015 (2015-08-30)

text: Season 8 (2016)[edit]

text: Season 8 premiered on April 3, 2016. The list of celebrity participants included Aisha Tyler, Scott Foley, Lea Michele, Chris Noth, Katey Sagal, and Molly Ringwald.[17]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Featured celebrity
Locations visited
Original release date

55
1
"Aisha Tyler"
Oberlin, Ohio; Cleveland, Ohio; Austin, Texas
April 3, 2016 (2016-04-03)

56
2
"Scott Foley"
Washington, D.C.; Boston, Massachusetts; Salem, Massachusetts
April 10, 2016 (2016-04-10)

57
3
"Katey Sagal"
New York, New York; Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
April 17, 2016 (2016-04-17)

58
4
"Molly Ringwald"
Brooklyn, New York; Lund, Sweden; Höganäs, Sweden; Washington County, Nebraska; Arlington, Nebraska
April 24, 2016 (2016-04-24)

59
5
"Chris Noth"
Chicago, Illinois; London, England; Elvas, Portugal; County Cavan, Ireland
May 1, 2016 (2016-05-01)

60
6
"Lea Michele"
Bronx, New York; Ellis Island
May 1, 2016 (2016-05-01)

text: Season 9 (2017)[edit]

text: On June 9, 2016, the series was renewed for a ninth season to consist of 8 episodes which premiered on March 5, 2017.[6] The list of celebrities that participated includes Jessica Biel, Julie Bowen, Courteney Cox, Jennifer Grey, Smokey Robinson, John Stamos, Liv Tyler and Noah Wyle.

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Featured celebrity
Locations visited
Original release date

61
1
"Courteney Cox"
Los Angeles, California; Gloucestershire, England; London, England
March 5, 2017 (2017-03-05)

62
2
"Julie Bowen"
Chicago, Illinois; Washington, Pennsylvania
March 12, 2017 (2017-03-12)

63
3
"Jennifer Grey"
Brooklyn, New York
March 19, 2017 (2017-03-19)

64
4
"Noah Wyle"
Baton Rouge, Louisiana; Jackson, Mississippi; Beauvoir (Biloxi, Mississippi)
March 26, 2017 (2017-03-26)

65
5
"Jessica Biel"
Los Angeles, California; Chicago, Illinois; St Louis, Missouri; Miller County, Missouri; Washington, D.C.; Alton, Illinois
April 2, 2017 (2017-04-02)

66
6
"Smokey Robinson"
Los Angeles, California; Memphis, Tennessee; Washington, D.C.; Fayette County, Tennessee
April 9, 2017 (2017-04-09)

67
7
"John Stamos"
Athens, Greece; Levidi, Greece; Nafplio, Greece; Kakouri, Greece
April 16, 2017 (2017-04-16)

68
8
"Liv Tyler"
Plattsburg, New York; Washington D.C.; Gettysburg, Pennsylvania; Schuylerville, New York
April 23, 2017 (2017-04-23)

text: Season 10 (2018)[edit]

text: The series has been renewed for its tenth season, airing in spring 2018.[18][7]

text: Specials[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date

1
1
"Into the Archives"
August 16, 2015 (2015-08-16)

Some of the biggest emotional and shocking highlights from past seasons.

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Season 1: 2010[edit]

text:
No.
Episode
Rating
Share
Rating/share
(18-49)
Viewers
(millions)
Rank
(timeslot)
Rank
(night)

1
"Sarah Jessica Parker"
4.6[19]
8
1.6/6[20]
6.85
2
5

2
"Emmitt Smith"
4.5[21]
8
1.8/6[22]
7.15
2
4

3
"Lisa Kudrow"
4.7
9
1.7/7
7.14
2
3

4
"Matthew Broderick"
4.1
8
1.5/5
6.21
3
9

5
"Brooke Shields"
4.0
8
1.4/6
5.90
1
5

6
"Susan Sarandon"
4.2
8[23]
1.3/5
6.35
1
2[24]

7
"Spike Lee"
3.5
7[25]
1.2/5
5.21
2
7[26]

text: Season 2: 2011[edit]

text:
No.
Episode
Rating
Share
Rating/share
(18-49)
Viewers
(millions)
Rank
(timeslot)
Rank
(night)
Note

1
"Vanessa Williams"
4.5
8
1.3/4
7.31
3
6
[27]

2
"Tim McGraw"
4.2
7
1.4/5
6.59
2
4
[28]

3
"Rosie O'Donnell"
3.8
7
1.3/5
5.88
3
8
[29]

4
"Kim Cattrall"
4.1
7
1.2/4
6.18
3
9
[30]

5
"Lionel Richie"
3.9
7
1.2/4
6.11
2
5
[31]

6
"Steve Buscemi"
4.2
8
1.3/5
6.55
1
4
[32]

7
"Gwyneth Paltrow"
4.1
7
1.3/5
6.01
2
4
[33]

8
"Ashley Judd"
3.7
7
1.3/4
5.76
1
4
[34][35]

text: Season 7: 2015[edit]

text:
No.
Episode
Rating
(18-49)
Viewers
(millions)

1
"Ginnifer Goodwin"
0.34[36]
1.428[36]

2
"J.K. Rowling"
0.32[37]
1.527[37]

3
"Alfre Woodard"

4
"Into the Archives"

text: DVD releases[edit]

text:
Complete season
Release dates
DVD extras
and bonus features
Number
of discs

Region 1
Region 2
Region 4

Season 1
March 15, 2011[38]
February 1, 2011[39]
August 12, 2010[40]
None
2

Season 2
May 1, 2012[41]
February 20, 2012[42]
TBA
TBA
2

text: International distribution[edit]

text:
In Australia, season 1 began airing on the Nine Network on April 28, 2010.[43] Season 2 and reruns of season 1 will now air on sister channel, GEM. For a reason unexplained by Nine, the episodes featuring Spike Lee and Emmitt Smith were not aired in the initial Australian screenings.
In the Republic of Ireland, the first season of the US version began airing on RTÉ One on Thursday, May 27, 2010, at 22:25.[44] The second series premiered on RTÉ One on Monday, July 4, 2011, at 22:40.[45]
In the United Kingdom, the first season of the US version began airing on BBC One on Sunday, June 13, 2010, at 21:15, the show received the same voice-over as the UK original series.[46] The second series, premiered on Wednesday, November 16, 2011, at 22:45. The first episode shown was that following Steve Buscemi. The fourth series premiered on BBC1 at midnight on Tuesday, January 14, 2014. The order of celebrity is changed in the opening credits to Applegate, Clarkson, O'Donnell, Deschanel, Crawford and Parsons. Handler and Yearwood are not featured as they have little profile in the UK.
In Sweden, the first season of the US version began airing with Swedish subtitles on SVT on Tuesday, September 14, 2010, at 13:20.
In Greece, the first season of the US version began airing with Greek subtitles on Fox Life on Thursday, October 14, 2010, at 21:55.
In Finland, the first season of the US version began airing with Finnish subtitles on MTV3 on Thursday December 30, 2010, at 20:00, called Sukujuuria etsimässä, "Looking for family roots".
In Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary and Former Yugoslav republics, the US version airs on Universal Channel, the British version airs on Viasat History.
In The Netherlands, the US versions of season 1 & 2 aired on August 8, 2013.
In Italy, the show began airing on Studio Universal on February 4, 2013. Reruns of season 2 and season 1 began airing on LaEFFE since May, 2013.
In Germany, it began airing on RTL Living on November 25, 2011. The network also aired the British version of the series on January 6, 2012.

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Presenter
Award
Result

2012
64th Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Reality Program
Nominated

2014
66th Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Structured Reality Program
Nominated

2017
69th Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Structured Reality Program
Nominated

2018
8th Critics' Choice Television Awards
Best Structured Reality Series
Nominated


document_title: Point system (driving)

question_text: how many points on new york drivers license

question_tokens: how many points on new york drivers license

text: Point system (driving)

text: Description[edit]

text: In jurisdictions which use a point system, the police or licensing authorities (as specified by law) maintain, for each driver, a driving score—typically an integer number specified in points. Traffic offenses, such as speeding or disobeying traffic signals, are each assigned a certain number of points, and when a driver is determined to be guilty of a particular offense (by whatever means appropriate in the region's legal system), the corresponding number of points are added to the driver's total. When the driver's total exceeds a certain threshold, the driver may face additional penalties, be required to attend safety classes or driver training, be subject to re-examination, or lose his/her driving privileges.

text: The threshold(s) to determine additional penalties may vary based on the driver's experience level, prior driving record, age, educational level attained, and other factors. In particular, it is common to set a lower threshold for young, inexperienced motorists.

text: In some jurisdictions, points can also be added if the driver is found to be significantly at fault in a traffic accident. Points can be removed from a driver's score by the simple passage of time, by a period of time with no violations or accidents, or by the driver's completion of additional drivers' training or traffic safety training.

text: Major traffic offenses, such as hit and run or drunk driving may or may not be handled within the point system. Such offenses often carry a mandatory suspension of driving privileges, and may incur penalties such as imprisonment.

text: Requirements of point systems[edit]

text:
A close relation of points and accident risk (validity)
Comprehensibility for a good acceptance
A high level of transparency for concerned persons
Regulated reduction of points by effective psychological help
Higher caution by the drivers.

text: Jurisdictions that use a point system[edit]

text: Australia[edit]

text: Traffic laws are the responsibility of the State and Territory Governments. Demerit points are used in all states and territories, and road authorities share information about interstate offenses.

text: In all states, drivers holding a full, unrestricted license will be disqualified from driving after accumulating 12 demerit points or more within a three-year period, except in New South Wales, where drivers are allowed 13 points in a three-year period. Those who can prove they are professional drivers are allowed an additional point. The minimum suspension period is three months, plus one further month for every extra four demerit points beyond the license's limit, with a cap in most states of five months (for 8 points or more over the suspension trigger; e.g. 20 points or more on a full license). An alternative to initially accepting the suspension, a driver can apply for a "good behavior" period of 12 months. In most states, drivers under a good behavior period who accumulate one or two further points (except Victoria does not allow any further offenses) have their license suspended for double the original period.

text: Most states also provide for immediate suspension of a license, instead of or in addition to demerit points, in certain extreme circumstances. These generally include offenses for driving under the influence of alcohol or other drugs, or for greatly excessive speed.

text: New South Wales[edit]

text: Provisional licence holders are allowed different numbers of demerit points over the lifetime of their licence, depending on their licence class, before being suspended from driving for three months. Holders of a P1 licence, which lasts 12–18 months (but can be renewed), are suspended after accumulating 4 points, while P2 licence holders are suspended after 7 points in a 24- to 30-month period (but can be renewed). Speeding offences for provisional licence holders are set to a minimum of four points, meaning that P1 holders will be suspended after one speeding offence of any speed.

text: During holiday periods, double demerit points apply for speeding, seatbelt and helmet-related offences. Offences in school zones attract more demerit points than in other areas. Automatic suspensions apply for all drink- and drug-driving offences, as well as speeding by more than 30 km/h.

text: Victoria[edit]

text: Victoria introduced a demerit points suspension scheme in 1970. Learner and probationary drivers are sent a combined option-suspension notice for accumulating 5 points or more over any 12-month period. An option notice allows for either a 12-month bond or a three-month minimum suspension. If a driver breaches the bond by incurring one demerit point in the 12-month period, their licence is suspended for a minimum of six months. A limit of 12 points in any three-year period with the same option applies for full licence holders. The list of traffic offences and their respective points is in schedule 3 of the Road Safety (Drivers) Regulations 2009.

text: In Victoria, drunk-driving offences only result in immediate licence cancellation for unrestricted drivers with a blood alcohol concentration of 0.05 or higher. Readings lower than this have the option of a 10-point penalty being imposed of being taken immediately to court; this option still results in a minimum four-month suspension for novice drivers. Automatic suspensions apply for higher level charges, and re-licensing may require an order to install an interlocking device onto the vehicle. Automatic suspension periods of at least 1 month also apply for speeding by greater than 25 km/h over the speed limit, or any speed greater than 130 km/h.[1]

text: South Australia[edit]

text: In South Australia, if a traffic offence is committed against the Road Traffic Act 1961 or the Australian Road Rules 1999, demerit points may be incurred against a driver’s licence. The number of points incurred depends on the offence and how likely it is to cause a crash. If 12 or more demerit points are accumulated in any three-year period, a driver will be disqualified from holding or obtaining a driver’s licence or permit. Each three-year period is calculated based on the dates the offences were committed.

text: If a driver accumulates:

text:
12 to 15 points, a driver loses his permission to drive for three months.
16 to 20 points, a driver loses his permission to drive for four months.
20 points or more, a driver loses his permission to drive for five months.

text: Demerit points are incurred whether the offence is committed in South Australia or interstate. [2]

text: Northern Territory[edit]

text: A demerit points scheme was introduced into the Northern Territory on 1 September 2007. Offences that accrue points include speeding, failing to obey a red traffic light or level crossing signal, failing to wear a seatbelt, drink driving, using a mobile phone, failure to display L or P plates, street racing, burnouts and causing damage.[3]

text: Learner and provisional drivers are subject to suspension for accumulating 5 points or more over a 12-month period. The three-year limit of 12 points still applies.

text: Queensland[edit]

text: In Queensland provisional or learner drivers are entitled to accumulate 4 demerit points, and open licence holders 12 demerit points, without it affecting their licence. A driver who exceeds their demerit point threshold may elect to lose their licence for a period of 3 months or elect a good driving behaviour period which allows them to incur only one demerit point offences without it affecting their licence. If whilst on the good driving behaviour period a driver incurs more than one demerit point then they will lose their licence for a minimum of 6 months unless a Magistrates Court grants a special hardship licence [4]

text: Europe[edit]

text: Bulgaria[edit]

text: Bulgaria has implemented a penalty point system with a total of 34 points, introduced in 1999.[5]

text: Denmark[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Denmark has a penalty point system that penalizes drivers with a klip ("cut/stamp")[6] for certain traffic violations. The term klip refers to a klippekort ("punch card ticket").[7] If a driver with a non-probationary license accumulates three penalty points, then police conditionally suspend the driver's license. To get a new license, suspended drivers must pass both written and practical drivers examinations. Drivers who have been suspended and first-time drivers must avoid collecting two penalty points for a three-year probationary period; if the driver has not accumulated any penalty points, then the driver is allowed an extra penalty point so they can have three maximum. Penalty points are deleted from the police database three years after they were assessed. Police can also unconditionally ban people from driving.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: England and Wales[edit]

text: In England and Wales, penalty points are given by courts for some of the traffic offences listed in Schedule 2 of the Road Traffic Offenders Act 1988. Where points are given, the minimum is 2 points for some lesser offences and the maximum 11 points for the most serious offences; some incidents can result in points being given for multiple offences or for multiple occurrences of the same offence (typically for having more than one defective tyre); the majority of applicable offences attract 3 or more penalty points. The giving of penalty points is obligatory for most applicable offences, but the number of points, and the giving of points for some of several offences, can be discretionary . Points remain on the driver's record, and an endorsement is made upon the driver's licence, for four years from conviction (eleven years for drink- and drug-related convictions). Twelve points on the licence within three years make the driver liable to disqualification; however this is not automatic, but must be decided by a law court.[8]

text: Since the introduction of the Road Traffic (New Drivers) Act 1995, if a person in the two years after passing their first practical test accumulates six penalty points, their licence is revoked by the DVLA, and the driver has to reapply and pay for the provisional licence, drive as a learner, and pay for and take the theory and practical tests before receiving a full licence again. In the case of egregious offences, the court may order the driver to pass an extended driving test before the licence is returned, even beyond the two-year probation period.[9]

text: Since 11 October 2004 there has been mutual recognition of driver disqualification arising from the penalty points given in England and Wales (and/or Scotland) with Northern Ireland; before that date disqualification in England and Wales would only have extended to Scotland by virtue of the driver registration system covering only Great Britain.[clarification needed]

text: Northern Ireland[edit]

text: The driver registration system is separate from that of Great Britain with different laws covering penalty points and the offences to which they apply. In other respects the application of the system is similar to that in England and Wales. Offences to which penalty points apply are indicated in Schedule 1 of the Road Traffic Offenders (Northern Ireland) Order 1996.

text: Scotland[edit]

text: Road traffic laws are mostly shared with, or similar to those of, England and Wales, although Scotland is a separate jurisdiction. The driver registration system currently covers all of Great Britain and the Road Traffic Offenders Act 1988 currently governs the penalty points system in Scotland. The main differences in the penalty points provisions of the 1988 Act are the theft and homicide offences attracting penalty points indicated in Schedule 2 Part II ("Other Offences") which are not common between Scots Law and English Law.

text: Germany[edit]

text: The Federal Motor Transport Authority (Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt) located in Flensburg, operates an 8-point system for committed traffic offences. This system was introduced in May 2014, replacing the previous 18-points system that dates back to 1974. Points expire after 2.5 to 10 years depending on the type and severity of each committed offence. Under certain circumstances points can be reduced by attending formal training events. Obtaining eight or more points will result in a revocation of the driving licence; once revoked the licences will only reinstated after a psychological assessment following the ban. Information about own points can be obtained any time free of charge[citation needed].

text: Ireland[edit]

text: In the Republic of Ireland, twelve points accrued results in six months' disqualification.[10] 38 regulatory offences notified by post incur 1-2 point penalties on payment of a fine.[11] 10 more serious offences require a mandatory court appearance and incur 3-5 point penalties.[11] The most serious offences are outside the penalty point system and incur automatic driving bans, and in some cases imprisonment.[12]

text: Italy[edit]

text: In Italy the driver has 20 points by default, and receives a bonus of 2 points for every 2 years of correct behavior, with a maximum of 30 points.

text: Each traffic violation incurs a specific point penalty (for example, ignoring a traffic light involves a penalty of 6 points). If the driver loses all points, the driving license is revoked.

text: In case of the second alcohol abuse in 2 years, the driving license will be revoked.

text: A suspension is effective from when the driver is personally served with the suspension notice and they must surrender their driving license to the person giving them the notice.

text: Netherlands[edit]

text: Since March 30, 2002, The Netherlands has a point system for starting drivers (5 years starting from the moment you first passed a driving test or 7 years if you passed before reaching the age of 18). A driver reaching 2 points in 5 years will lose the driving licence and has to pass a driving test again in order to be regain the licence. On October 1, 2014 this limit was lowered from 3 to 2 points. Drivers can get a point for:

text:
Dangerous behaviour in traffic,
Causing an accident resulting in death or injury
Tailgating
Exceeding the speedlimit with more than 40 km/h (motorways), or 30 km/h (all other roads)
Any violation of the law which resulted in injury or damage

text: Some of these violations could also directly result in loss of the licence, however when a driver has 2 points the licence is automatically revoked and a driving test has to be passed again, whereas normally the violation would only result in the licence being suspended for several months. However, in Dutch media the effectiveness as been doubted, it was said that points were being given but not always correctly registered.

text: Norway[edit]

text: The system is called "prikkbelastning" with prikk(er) meaning point(s). Points are assessed to a driver's license for traffic violations which do not by themselves result in immediate revocation of the license.

text: After July 1, 2011, the normal penalty for most traffic violations, such as failing to yield or failing to stop at red lights, is three dots in addition to the fine. Speeding violations of between 10 and 15 km/h (where the speed limit is 60 km/h or less), or between 15 and 20 km/h (where the speed limit is 70 km/h or more) result in two dots, for speeding violations below this no dots are assessed. Young drivers between 18-20 are penalized with twice the number of dots.[13]

text: A driver reaching 8 dots in three years loses his or her driving license for 6 months. Each dot is deleted when three years have passed since the violation took place. When the driving privileges are restored after the six-month ban, the dots which caused the suspension are deleted.[14]

text: North America[edit]

text: Canada[edit]

text: Alberta[edit]

text: When a driver accumulates 15 or more points within a two-year period, their licence is automatically suspended for one month.[15]

text: Ontario[edit]

text: Ontario uses a 15-point system where points are "added" to a driver's record following a conviction, though Ontario's point system is unrelated to safe driving behaviour (a lone driver using a high-occupancy vehicle lane in Ontario will earn three demerit points).[16]

text: Ontario drivers guilty of driving offences in other Canadian provinces, as well as the States of New York and Michigan, will see demerit points added to their driving record just as if the offence happened in Ontario.[17]

text: United States[edit]

text: The point system is applied in different ways, or not at all, in different states. If a red light running traffic violation is captured by red light camera, no points are assessed.[18] Aspects of a motorist's driving record (including points) may be reported to insurance companies, who may use them in determining what rate to charge the motorist, and whether to renew or cancel an insurance policy.

text: Arizona[edit]

text: Arizona uses a point system where your license will be suspended if 8 points are accumulated in one year. Offenses that lead to this are the following:

text:
DUI (blood alcohol concentration (BAC of 0.08% or higher): 8 points
Extreme DUI: 8 points
Reckless driving: 8 points
Aggressive driving: 8 points
Leaving the scene of an accident: 6 points
Running a stop sign or traffic signal or failing to yield, accident causing death: 6 points
Running a stop sign or traffic signal or failing to yield, accident causing serious injury: 4 points
Speeding: 3 points
Driving or parking over area where one or more lanes diverge to go in different directions (gore area): 3 points
All other driving violations: 2 points

text: There are other offenses that can count toward this (e.g. HOV lane misuse is a 3-point offense)

text: California[edit]

text: Drivers who accumulate tickets for moving violations may be considered negligent operators and can lose their right to drive. Major offenses, such as hit and run, reckless driving, and driving under the influence, earn 2 points and remain on record for 13 years. Less serious offenses earn 1 point which remain for 39 months (3 years, 3 months).[20]

text: A driver is considered negligent if they accumulate:

text: Suspension or Revocation by Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV)

text: Negligent drivers can be put on probation for one year (including a six-month suspension) or lose their privilege to drive. At the end of the suspension or revocation period, drivers need to re-apply for a license to drive.

text: DMV will revoke a license after conviction for hit-and-run or reckless driving.

text: Suspension by Judge

text: A judge may suspend license following conviction for:

text: When a driver is cited for a traffic violation, the judge may offer the driver the opportunity to attend a Traffic Violator School, this would include any online traffic school if the court allows. Drivers may participate once in any 18-month period to have a citation dismissed from their driving record this way. Upon dismissal of the citation, all record of the citation is removed and no points are accumulated.

text: Regardless of the number of points accumulated, many serious offenses involving a vehicle are punishable by heavy fines or imprisonment.

text: Colorado[edit]

text: Colorado uses an accumulating point system according to the Colorado Division of Motor Vehicles Point Schedule.[21] Suspension of driving privileges can result from as few as 6 points in 12 months by a driver under 18 years old. Points remain on the driver's motor vehicle record for 7 years. Some motor vehicle offenses carry 12 points per incident, which could result in immediate suspension of the drivers license. Multiple traffic violation convictions can also result in a suspension of the drivers license if a sufficient number of points are accumulated during a 12- or 24-month period.[22]

text: Florida[edit]

text: Florida uses a point system similar to that of Colorado. The Florida Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles is the department responsible for the issuance of Driver's Licenses in the state and will also track points issued to drivers who are licensed within the state. The following are point values assigned for the following infractions.

text: Speeding

text:
14 mph or less over the speed limit = 3 points
15 mph or more over the speed limit = 4 points
Speeding which results in a crash = 6 points (enacted to curtail street drag racing)

text: Speeding Fines are doubled when the infraction occurs within an active school zone or a construction zone.

text: Moving Violations

text:
Moving violation (includes driving during restricted hours and parking on a highway outside the limits of a municipality) = 3 points
Moving violation resulting in a crash = 4 points
Failing to stop at a traffic signal = 4 points
Passing a stopped school bus = 4 points
Reckless driving = 4 points
Leaving the scene of a crash resulting in property damage of more than US$50 = 6 points
Improper lane change = 3 points
Violation of a traffic control sign/device = 4 points
Open container as an operator = 3 points
Child restraint violation = 3 points
Littering = 3 points
Violation of curfew = 3 points (a licensed driver who is under the age of 17 may not operate a motor vehicle between 11:00 p.m. and 6:00 a.m., unless accompanied by a driver who is 21 years of age or older and holds a valid driver license, or the operator is driving to or from work. A licensed driver who is 17 years of age may not operate a motor vehicle between 1:00 a.m. and 5:00 a.m., unless accompanied by a driver who is 21 years of age or older and holds a valid driver license, or the operator is driving to and from work.)

text: Any person who collects a certain number of points within a given time frame will have their license automatically revoked by the state for the length of time listed.

text:
12 points earned within 12 months results in a 30-day suspension.
18 points earned within 18 months results in a 3-month suspension.
24 points earned within 36 months results in a 12-month suspension.

text: Any driver under the age of 18 who accumulates six or more points within a 12-month period is automatically restricted for one year to driving for business purposes only. If additional points are accumulated the restriction is extended for 90 days for every additional point received.

text: If a driver license was suspended in the state of Florida for points or as a habitual (but not DUI) traffic offender, or by court order, the holder must complete an advanced driver improvement course before driving privileges are reinstated.

text: Points issued against a driver's license in Florida remain on the license for at least 10 years.

text: The state of Florida issues its citizens points against their driver's license for infractions occurring anywhere in the United States.

text: Massachusetts[edit]

text: In Massachusetts point system is known as Safe Driver Insurance Plan (SDIP).[23] This encourages safe driving with lower premiums for drivers who do not cause accidents or commit traffic violations, and by ensuring that high-risk drivers pay a greater share of insurance costs. The points are accumulated over a six-year period, and reduced for sustained periods of safe driving.

text: New Jersey[edit]

text: The Motor Vehicle Commission of New Jersey has a point system. If the motorist receives 6 points or more within a period 3 years or more, he/she will be forced to pay a surcharge annually for three years, which does include court fees and other penalties. If 12 points or more are accumulated on the motorist's license, then his/her license will be suspended. Other offenses that lead to automatic suspension of the motorist's license are the following:

text:
Driving while intoxicated (DWI)
Operating a vehicle without a license
Driving a vehicle without insurance
Failure to pay child support
Failure to make a court-ordered appearance
Drug-related charges.
Drinking alcohol if under the age of 21

text: The points range from 2 to 8 points, depending on the severity of the offense. Red light camera violations are not worth any points. The motorists can deduct points from their driving records. 3 points may be deducted one year after either the motorist's last moving violation and no violations for at least one year before. The motorist must also complete an approved driver improvement program. 2 points may be deducted if the motorist completes a defensive driving course. However, the motorist may receive point reductions every five years for every course he/she takes.

text: New York[edit]

text: New York Statutes has a point system; after 11 points or 3 speeding tickets in 18 months, a driver's privileges are subject to suspension, with the possibility of requesting a review hearing. Points are counted from the date of the incident (usually the date of the ticket) rather than the date of conviction. For out-of-state offenses, New York State Department of Motor Vehicles does not record point violations, with the exception of violations from Quebec and Ontario.[24]

text: North Carolina[edit]

text: North Carolina operates two parallel point systems: one for DMV license suspension purposes and one for insurance purposes.

text: The DMV point system assigns 2 to 4 points upon conviction or an admission of guilt for most moving violations; non-moving violations carry no points. A driver's license is suspended for 60 days on the first suspension if twelve points are assessed against the license within a three-year period. Serious offenses, such as DWI and excessive speeding (more than 15 mph over the limit at a travelled speed of greater than 55 mph), result in an immediate suspension on conviction. Points are not assessed for up to two granted Prayers for Judgment Continued (PJC) within a five-year period, though some serious offenses (such as DUI, passing a stopped school bus, and speeding in excess of 25 mph over the posted speed limit) are ineligible for a PJC.

text: The insurance point system assigns points differently, assigning points to incidences of at-fault accidents and moving violations. Rather than using the points for a license suspension, the points lead to insurance surcharges of approximately 25-35% per point assessed. Notably, points are assessed for insurance purposes even if the license is suspended. Only points within the three years preceding the policy purchase date are considered, and a single PJC per household within the three-year period does not result in points assigned.

text: Incidents from out-of-state are treated as though they occurred in North Carolina for point assessment purposes.

text: Pennsylvania[edit]

text: The Department of Traffic of Pennsylvania has a point system that follows:

text: If the motorist accumulates six or more points on his/her license, the motorist is in danger of losing his/her license. If the motorist is under 18 years of age and has 6 points or more on his/her license or receives a ticket for speeding 26 miles over the posted speed limit, then the license will be suspended. Every first suspension period lasts 90 days. All subsequent suspensions will last 120 days.

text: The points range from 2 to 5 points, depending on the severity of the offense. The Pennsylvania DOT has the right to immediately suspend the motorist's license if any one of the following occurs:

text:
DUI (One-year suspension)
Speeding 31 miles over the posted speed limit (15-day suspension)
Accumulating 11 points or more on the license

text: The suspension/point system is as follows in the state of Pennsylvania:

text:
First suspension: 5 days per 1 point
Second suspension: 10 days per 1 point
Third suspension: 15 days per 1 point
All subsequent suspensions: 1 year

text: South Carolina[edit]

text: In South Carolina, if a motorist has six or more points on his/her driving record, a warning letter will be sent to the motorist's home address. If the motorist accumulates 12 or more points, then the license will be suspended. Motorists may reduce their points by taking a Defensive Driving Course. This course cannot be taken online and the course must be taken in the state of South Carolina. In addition, the course must be taken after the motorist has been assessed points on his/her license. However, point reductions may be made within a three-year period. If by any chance the motorist's license is in danger of being suspended, the course must be taken prior to the suspension start time. The points range from 2 to 6 points, depending on the severity of the offense. If a motorist receives a ticket for a DUI, then the license is automatically suspended.

text: Texas[edit]

text:
In Texas most moving violations are worth two points, but three points are assessed in the case that an accident was caused. A license cannot be suspended as a result of point accumulation, however; instead, after six points have been accumulated, the driver must pay a "Driver Responsibility Surcharge" of $100 plus $25 per additional point each year that the license has six or more points recorded. Other convictions carry penalties that remain on the license for three years after conviction, such as a DWI conviction ($1000–$2000), driving without a license ($100), or driving without insurance ($250). The license is suspended if the surcharges are not paid.
Points clear from the license after three years, but the actual convictions clear from the record after five years, except for DWI convictions, which never expire.

text: South America[edit]

text: Brazil[edit]

text: In Brazil, all traffic violations incur a certain number of demerit points, depending on their severity, according to the 1997 Brazilian Traffic Code. If a driver accumulates more than 20 points (5 points for provisional drivers), the driving license is suspended and the driver has to take a traffic education course in order to regain the right (privilege) to drive. However, some infractions incur in immediate license suspension regardless of current point tally, such as drunk driving, engaging in street racing and others. It is also notable that many offenses that only apply to pedestrians also incur in demerit points.

text:
Infraction
Points
Examples

Light
3 points
Driving while using a mobile phone

Medium
4 points
Parking where is not allowed, Stop on a crosswalk or intersection

Severe
5 points
Not wearing a seatbelt, Failure to signal before turning or changing lanes, Speeding

Very Severe
7 points
Disrespecting traffic lights, Driving a vehicle without the appropriate license, Excessive Speeding

text: Demerit points expire a year after the date of the violation.

text: Other jurisdictions[edit]

text: The following jurisdictions also apply point systems:[citation needed]

text:
People's Republic of China - see also Road Traffic Safety Law of the People's Republic of China
Republic of China (Taiwan)
France
Hong Kong[25]
Malaysia - see also KEJARA System
Morocco
New Zealand
Serbia
Singapore
Slovenia