document_title: List of English words containing Q not followed by U

question_text: a word where q is not followed by u

question_tokens: a word where q is not followed by u

text: Words[edit]

text: Unless noted otherwise, all words listed here are assumed to be pluralized by adding -s or -es. References in the "Sources" column relate to the headword in column one; variant spellings are then separately referenced. The sources given are selective, and the absence of a reference to a particular dictionary does not necessarily mean that the word does not appear in that dictionary.

text:
Word
Meaning
Sources
Other forms
Etymology

buqsha

A former Yemeni monetary unit

[L]

Also written bogache

Arabic

burqa

A veiled garment worn by some Muslim women

[ODE][LC][C][AHC][OED]

Also written burka, burkha, or burqua

Urdu and Persian burqa, from Arabic burqu`

cinq

The number five, as signified in dice or cards

[ODE][COD][OED]

French cinq, "five"

cinqfoil

A plant of the genus Potentilla, or an ornamental design thereof

[SOED][OED]

Much more commonly written cinquefoil

Middle English, from Latin quinquefolium, from quinque "five" + folium "leaf"

coq

A trimming of cock feathers on a woman's hat

[WI]

French coq, "cockerel"

faqih

An Islamic jurisprudent

[RHW]

Plural faqihs or fuqaha [RHU]

Arabic فقيه

faqir

A Muslim ascetic

[L]

More commonly written fakir

Arabic فقير, "poverty-stricken"

fiqh

Muslim jurisprudence

[ODE]

Arabic فقه, "understanding"

inqilab

A revolution in India or Pakistan

[C]

Arabic إنقلاب

mbaqanga

A style of South African music

[ODE][C][W]

Zulu umbaqanga, "steamed maize bread"

miqra

The Tanakh, or Hebrew text of the Bible

[WI]

Hebrew מקרא

muqaddam

A Bangladeshi or Punjabi headman

[C]

Arabic مقدم

nastaliq

An Arabic script used in Persian writings

[OED]

Also written nasta'liq [C], nestaliq [OED], nastaleeq, or shortened to just taliq [OED]

Persian نستعليق, from naskh + ta`liq

niqab

A veil for the lower-face worn by some Muslim women

[ODE]

Also written niqaab

From Arabic نِقاب

pontacq

A sweet wine from Pontacq (France)

[OED]

qabab

A dish consisting of pieces of seasoned meat

[OED]

More commonly written kebab, kebap, kebob, kibob, kebhav, kephav, kebabie, or kabob

Persian کباب

qabalah

A form of Jewish mysticism

[C][AHC][WI]

More commonly written Kabbalah, and also written Qabala [AHC], Qabbala [WI], Cabalah etc. Derived words include qabalism, qabalist, and qabalistic.

Hebrew קַבָּלָה

qadarite

A member of the Qadariyah

[RHU]

qadariyah

In Islam, adherents of the doctrine of free will

[RHU]

Also written Qadariya [RHU]

qaddish

In Judaism, a prayer of mourning

[C]

More commonly written Kaddish

Hebrew קדיש

qadi

A Muslim judge

[L][C][W][OED][AOX]

Also written qadhi [OED], qaadi, kadi, kazi qaadee or qazi [OED]

Arabic قاضى

qadiriyah

In Islam, a Sufi order

[RHU]

Also written Qadiriya [RHU]

Arabic القادريه

qaf

Twenty-first letter of the Arabic alphabet

[RHW]

Also written qaph or qap

Arabic ق

qaid

A Muslim tribal chief

[RHW]

Also written caid or kaid

Arabic قائد, "leader", "commander"

qaimaqam

A minor official of the Ottoman Empire

[C][OED]

Also written kaymakam, kaimakam, caimacam, or qaim makam

From Arabic قائم, "standing" + مقام "place", meaning "standing in place"

qalamdan

A Persian writing-case

[C]

Persian قلمدان

qalandar

A member of an order of mendicant dervishes

[RHU]

Also written calender, or capitalised

qanat

A type of water-supply tunnel found in north Africa and the Middle East

[ODE][C][OED][AOX]

Also written kanat, khanat, kunut, kona, konait, ghanat, or ghundat

Persian, from Arabic qanāt, "channel"

qanun

A type of harp

[OED]

Also written qanon or kanun [OED]

Arabic قانون, rule, principle or mode

qasida

An Arabian poem of praise or satire

[C][OED][AOX]

Also written qasidah

Arabic قصيدة

qat

A kind of Arabian shrub used as a narcotic

[L][C][OED]

More commonly written khat, kat or gat

Arabic qāt

qawwal

A person who practises qawwali music

[ODE][C][AOX]

qawwali

Devotional music of the Sufis

[ODE][C][AOX]

Arabic قوٌالی (qawwāli), "loquacious" or "singer"

qepiq

An Azerbaijani unit of currency

[AH]

Azerbaijani qəpik

qere

A marginal reading in the Hebrew Bible

[OED][WI]

Also written qeri [WI] or qre [WI]

Aramaic קְרֵי, "[what is] read"

qhat

An obsolete spelling of what

[OED]

Likely of Scots origin, in which an older spelling convention used "quh-" or "qh-" where English had "wh-".[9]

qheche

An obsolete spelling of which

[OED]

qhom

An obsolete spelling of whom

[OED]

qhythsontyd

An obsolete spelling of Whitsuntide (the day of Pentecost)

[OED]

qi

In Chinese culture, a physical life force

[ODE][C][AHC][OED]

Commonly written chi or ki

simplified Chinese: 气; traditional Chinese: 氣

qiana

A type of nylon

[OED]

Originally a trademark of DuPont, now generic

qibla

The point to which Muslims turn in prayer

[ODE][COD][C][OED][AOX]

Also written qiblah [OED], kiblah, qiblih, kibla or qib'lah [RHU], sometimes capitalised

17th Century Arabic, "the opposite"

qibli

A local Libyan name for the sirocco, a southeasterly Mediterranean wind

[OED]

Also written ghibli

Arabic قبلي, "coming from the qibla

qigong

A Chinese system of medical exercises

[ODE][C][AOX]

Also written chi gong, ki gong, or chi kung

simplified Chinese: 气功; traditional Chinese: 氣功

qin

A classification of Chinese musical instruments

[AOX]

Chinese: 琴

qinah

A Hebrew elegy

[WI]

Also written kinah; plural qinot, qinoth

Hebrew קינה

qindar, qindarkë

An Albanian unit of currency, equal to one one-hundredth of a lek

[ODE][L][C]

Plural qindarka [L] or qindars [C]. Also written qintar [L][C][AOX] or quintal

Albanian

qinghaosu

A drug, artemisinin, used to treat malaria

[C]

Chinese: 青蒿素

qipao

A traditional Chinese dress

[OED]

Also written chi pao

Chinese: 旗袍

qirsh

A monetary unit of Saudi Arabia and, formerly, various other countries

[RHU]

Also written qurush, qursh, gursh, girsh or ghirsh

qiviut

The wool of the musk-ox

[OED]

Inuktitut ᕿᕕᐅᖅ

qiyas

An analogy in Sharia, Islamic law

[RHW]

Arabic قياس

qoph

The nineteenth letter of the Hebrew alphabet

[L][C]

Also written koph

Hebrew קוף

qorma

A type of curry

[Co]

Much more commonly written korma

Persian→Urdu قورمه

qwerty

A standard English keyboard layout

[ODE][COD][LC][C][AOX][OED]

Plural qwertys or qwerties; also rendered QWERTY

Named after the letters on the top row of keys.

rencq

An obsolete spelling of rank

[OED]

sambuq

A type of Dhow, a small Arabian boat

[OED]

Arabic سنبوك

sheqel

A unit of weight originally used in Mesopotamia. The currency of Israel, divided into 100 agorot

[MW]

Plural sheqels or sheqalim; more commonly written shekel

Hebrew שקל,Yiddish ניי-שקל

souq

An Arab marketplace

[ODE][C][OED][AOX]

Also written sooq, soq, suq, souk, esouk, or suk

Arabic سوق (sūq)

talaq

A form of Islamic divorce

[ODE][C][OED]

Arabic talaq, from talaqa, "repudiate"

taluq

An Indian estate

[OED]

Also written taluk or talook

Arabic→Urdu تعلقه, ta'alluqa, "connection", "relationship"

taluqdar

A person who collects the revenues of a taluq

[OED]

Also written talukdar or talookdar

Arabic→Urdu تعلقدار, ta'alluq-dar, "landholder", "possessor of an estate", "lord of a manor"

taluqdari

An Indian landholding tenure

[OED]

taqiya

In Islam, the dissimulation of faith displayed for fear of one's life

[RHW]

Also written taqiyah [RHU], or capitalised

Arabic التقية

taqlid

Acceptance of Muslim orthodoxy

[RHW]

Arabic قْلي

tariqa

A Sufi method of spiritual development, or a Sufi missionary

[E][AOX]

Also written tariqat [E] or tarika

Arabic طريق

tranq

A form of sedative

[OED]

Also written trank [OED]

Apocopation from tranquilizer

tsaddiq

In Judaism, a term bestowed upon the righteous.

[C][OED]

Plural tsaddiqs or tsaddiqim; also written tzaddiq [C], tzadik or tzaddik

Hebrew צדיק

umiaq

An open Inuit boat

[OSPD4]

Also spelled umiak, umialak, umiac, oomiac or oomiak

waqf

A charitable trust in Islamic law

[ODE][C][OED]

Also written wakf; plural waqf [ODE][C][OED] or waqfs [C][OED]

Arabic, literally "stoppage" from waqafa, "come to a standstill"

yaqona

A Fijian intoxicating beverage, kava

[C][OED]

Fijian yaqona, in which q represents [ŋɡ]

text:
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:English_words_containing_Q_not_followed_by_U
Link to a full list of the words

text: Uses in Scrabble[edit]

text: In many word games, notably in Scrabble, a player must build a word using a certain set of letters.  If a player is obliged to use a q but does not have a u, it may be possible to play words from this list. Not all words in this list are acceptable in Scrabble tournament games. Scrabble tournaments around the world use their own sets of words from selected dictionaries which may not contain all the words listed here.

text: Qi is the most commonly played word in Scrabbler tournaments,[10] and was added to the official North American word list in 2006.[11]

text: Other words listed in this article, such as suq, umiaq or qiviut, are also acceptable, but since these contain a u, they are less likely to be useful in the situation described.[12]


document_title: Nishan-e-Haider

question_text: who got nishan e haider in pakistan in urdu

root

text: Nishan-e-Haider

text: History[edit]

text: The Nishan-e-Haider was established by the Government of Pakistan and named after Ali ibn Abi Talib on 16 March 1957,[citation needed] the year that Pakistan became a republic. It was applied retrospectively from the date of Pakistan's independence on 14 August 1947. It is Pakistan's highest award and takes precedence over all military and civil awards. Of the ten Nishan-e-Haider recipients to date, nine have been from the Army and one from the Air Force.

tag: p

text: Although some consider it equivalent to the British Victoria Cross and the United States Medal of Honor, it is unique in that it has so far been awarded only posthumously.

text: Criterion[edit]

text: The Nishan-e-Haider can be awarded to all ranks of the Armed Forces for showing feats of extraordinary courage in confronting the enemy. As a matter of practice and precedent, it has only been awarded where it has been established that the recipient acted despite high risks and was killed in the act.[4][5]

text: Manufacturing[edit]

text: The Nishan-e-Haider is manufactured by Pakistan Mint on order of the Ministry of Defence. It is forged from captured enemy equipment and consists of 88% copper, 10% tin and 2% zinc.

text: Recipients[edit]

text:
Recipients

№

Name of the recipient

Regiment

Rank

Battle

Date of martyrdom

1

Saif Ali Janjua Hilal-e-Kashmir

18 Azad Kashmir Regiment, Pakistan Army

Naik

Indo-Pakistani War of 1947

26th April 1948

2

Raja Muhammad Sarwar

2/1 Punjab Regiment, Pakistan Army

Captain

Indo-Pakistani War of 1947

27 July 1948

3

Tufail Mohammad

16th Punjab Regiment Border Guards East Pakistan Rifles, Pakistan Army

Major

Indo-Pak Border skirmish 1958

7 August 1958

4

Raja Aziz Bhatti

17 Punjab Regiment, Pakistan Army

Major

Indo-Pakistani War of 1965

10 September 1965

5

Rashid Minhas

No. 2 Fighter Conversion Unit, Pakistan Air Force

Pilot Officer

Indo-Pakistani War of 1971

20 August 1971

6

Muhammad Akram

4 Frontier Force Regiment, Pakistan Army

Major

Indo-Pakistani War of 1971

5 December 1971

7

Shabbir Sharif

6 Frontier Force Regiment, Pakistan Army

Major

Indo-Pakistani War of 1971

6 December 1971

8

Muhammad Hussain Janjua

20 Lancers (Armoured Corps), Pakistan Army

Sowar

Indo-Pakistani War of 1971

10 December 1971

9

Muhammad Mahfuz

15 Punjab Regiment, Pakistan Army

Lance naik

Indo-Pakistani War of 1971

17 December 1971

10

Karnal Sher Khan

27 Sindh Regiment/12 Northern Light Infantry, Pakistan Army

Captain

Kargil War

5 July 1999

11

Lalak Jan

12 Northern Light Infantry, Pakistan Army

Havaldar

Kargil War

7 July 1999

tag: table


document_title: List of best-selling girl groups

question_text: who is the most successful girl band of all time

question_tokens: who is the most successful girl band of all time

text: List of best-selling girl groups

text: Best-selling girl groups worldwide[edit]

text: Some of this section's listed sources may not be reliable. Please help this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Groups with claimed total record sales of more than 20 million.

text:
Artist
Nationality
Number of members
Period active
Genre
Studio albums
Claimed sales

Spice Girls
United Kingdom
5 → 4 → 5
1994–2000, 2007–2008 (8 years)
Pop
3
85 million[1][2]

The Andrews Sisters
United States
3
1925–1952, 1954–1967 (38 years)

Traditional pop
Swing music

12
75 million[3]

TLC
United States
3 → 2
1991–present (27 years)

R&B
Hip-hop

5
70 million[4]

Destiny's Child
United States
4 → 3
1997–2006 (9 years)
R&B
5
60 million[5]

Pussycat Dolls
United States
6 → 5
2003–2010 (7 years)

Pop
R&B

2
54 million[6]

AKB48
Japan
Rotational
2005–present (13 years)
J-pop
8
51.3 million[7]

Bananarama
United Kingdom
3 → 2 → 3
1979–present (39 years)
Pop
10
40 million[8][9]

The Pointer Sisters
United States
2 → 3 → 4 → 3 → 4
1969–present (49 years)

R&B
Soul
Pop

16
40 million[10]

Little Mix
United Kingdom
4
2011–present (7 years)

Pop
R&B

4
39 million[11]

t.A.T.u.
Russia
2
2000–2014 (14 years)
Pop
3
25 million[12]

The Supremes
United States
3
1959–1977 (18 years)
Pop
29
20+ million[13][14]

text: Notes:

text: Accurate total sales of the Supremes records are unknown – estimates range from 20 million records up to 100 million records.[15]

tag: ul

text: Best-selling girl group singles[edit]

text: Worldwide[edit]

text: It is extremely difficult to obtain worldwide sales figures for singles due to the lack of verifiable sales reporting in many countries. The best-selling single of all time by a female group is thought to be the 1996 hit "Wannabe" by British group Spice Girls, with estimated sales of 8 million copies worldwide.[16]

text: Other best-selling singles worldwide by girl groups include "The Ketchup Song (Aserejé)" by Las Ketchup (7 million[17]), and "Don't Cha" by the Pussycat Dolls (6 million).[18]

text: Australia[edit]

text: Singles certified platinum or more by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). Only includes certifications since 1989, when ARIA took over compiling the Australian charts. From November 2014 onwards paid-for audio streams were included in the Australian singles chart and counted towards sales and certifications.

text: Certifications based on sales only

text:
Released
Single
Group
Certification

2012
"I Love It"[19]
Icona Pop featuring Charli XCX
5× Platinum

2002
"The Ketchup Song (Aserejé)"[20]
Las Ketchup
3× Platinum

2012
"Wings"[19]
Little Mix

1996
"Wannabe"[21]
Spice Girls
2× Platinum

1997
"Never Ever"[22]
All Saints

2000
"Say My Name"[23]
Destiny's Child

"Poison"[23]
Bardot

"Independent Women"[24]
Destiny's Child

2001
"Whole Again"[24]
Atomic Kitten

2005
"Don't Cha"[25]
The Pussycat Dolls

2013
"Change Your Life"[19]
Little Mix

text: Certifications based on sales + on-demand digital streaming

text:
Released
Single
Group
Certification

2016
"Work from Home"[26]
Fifth Harmony featuring Ty Dolla Sign
6× Platinum

2014
"Ugly Heart"[27]
G.R.L.
4× Platinum

2014
"You Ruin Me"[27]
The Veronicas
3× Platinum

2017
"Shout Out to My Ex"[26]
Little Mix

2015
"Worth It"[28]
Fifth Harmony featuring Kid Ink
2× Platinum

"Black Magic"[28]
Little Mix

2016
"Secret Love Song"[28]
Little Mix featuring Jason Derulo

"Hair"[29]
Little Mix featuring Sean Paul

2017
"Touch"[26]
Little Mix

2014
"If You Love Someone"[30]
The Veronicas
Platinum

2016
"In My Blood"[28]
The Veronicas

text: France[edit]

text: The biggest-selling single in France by a girl group is believed to be "The Ketchup Song (Aserejé)" by Spanish girl group Las Ketchup, with estimated sales of 1,750,000.[31]

text: Singles certified diamond (750,000 sales) based on sales only

text:
Released
Single
Group

1996
"Wannabe"[32]
Spice Girls

2001
"Toutes les femmes de ta vie"[33]
L5

2002
"The Ketchup Song (Aserejé)"[34]
Las Ketchup

text: Singles certified gold (250,000 sales) based on sales only

text:
Released
Single
Group

1996
"Say You'll Be There"[32]
Spice Girls

"2 Become 1"[32]

1997
"I Wanna Be the Only One"[35]
Eternal featuring BeBe Winans

"Who Do You Think You Are"[32]
Spice Girls

"Spice Up Your Life"[32]

"Too Much"[32]

1998
"Stop"[32]

"Viva Forever"[32]

1999
"No Scrubs"[36]
TLC

2000
"Pure Shores"[37]
All Saints

text:
Released
Single
Group
Certification[38]
Sales + streaming
(Based on certifications)

2016
"Work from Home"
Fifth Harmony featuring Ty Dolla Sign
Diamond
250,000

text: Germany[edit]

text: Certifications based on sales only

text:
Released
Single
Group
Certification[39]
Sales
(Based on
certifications)

2002
"The Ketchup Song (Aserejé)"
Las Ketchup
2× Platinum
1,000,000

2001
"Whole Again"
Atomic Kitten
Platinum
500,000

"Daylight in Your Eyes"
No Angels

2006
"Shame"
Monrose
3× Gold
450,000

1996
"Waterfalls"
TLC
Gold
250,000

"Wannabe"
Spice Girls

1997
"Who Do You Think You Are"/"Mama"
Spice Girls

1998
"Viva Forever"

text:
Released
Single
Group
Certification[39]
Sales + streaming
(Based on certifications)

2016
"Work from Home"
Fifth Harmony featuring Ty Dolla Sign
Platinum
400,000

text:
Note: Certification levels in Germany have changed several times over the years – the certification level for a gold single was 250,000 until the end of 2002, 150,000 between 2003 and mid-2014, and 200,000 from mid-2014 onwards. These different levels are reflected in the table above.
From January 2014 onwards, paid-for audio streams were included in the German singles chart and counted towards sales and certifications.[40]

text: Japan[edit]

text: The ten biggest-selling girl group singles in Japan based on total sales:

text:
Released
Single
Group
Detailed Sales
Total Sales

Physical
Downloads
Ringtones

2010
"Heavy Rotation"
AKB48
880,761[41]
1,500,000[42]
750,000[43]
3,130,761

2011
"Flying Get"
AKB48
1,625,849[44]
1,000,000[45]

2,625,849

2011
"Everyday, Katyusha"
AKB48
1,608,299[46]
1,000,000[45]

2,608,299

2009
"Mister"
KARA
144,856[41]
1,250,000[47][48]
1,000,000[49]
2,394,856

2013
"Koi Suru Fortune Cookie"
AKB48
1,533,955[50]
750,000[51]

2,283,955

2012
"Manatsu no Sounds Good"
AKB48
1,822,220[52]
250,000[45]

2,072,220

2013
"Sayonara Crawl"
AKB48
1,955,800[53]
100,000[45]

2,055,800

2010
"Beginner"
AKB48
1,039,352[54]
1,000,000[45]

2,039,352

2011
"Kaze wa Fuiteiru"
AKB48
1,457,113[55]
500,000[45]

1,957,113

2010
"Gee"
Girls' Generation
206,346[56]
1,250,000[45][57]
500,000[42]
1,956,346

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: Singles certified platinum or more by Recorded Music NZ. Since November 2014 certifications for singles have included streaming, and therefore cannot be compared to certifications from before this date.

text: Certifications based on sales only

text:
Released
Single
Group
Certification

2001
"Whole Again"[58]
Atomic Kitten
2× Platinum

2002
"The Ketchup Song (Aserejé)"[59]
Las Ketchup

1995
"Waterfalls"[60]
TLC
Platinum

1996
"Wannabe"[61]
Spice Girls

"Say You'll Be There"[62]

1997
"I Wanna Be the Only One"[63]
Eternal featuring BeBe Winans

"Spice Up Your Life"[64]
Spice Girls

1998
"Viva Forever"[65]

"Rollercoaster"[66]
B*witched

"Goodbye"[66]
Spice Girls

text:
Released
Single
Group
Certification

2016
"Work from Home"[67]
Fifth Harmony featuring Ty Dolla Sign
2× Platinum

2016
"Secret Love Song"[68]
Little Mix featuring Jason Derulo
Platinum

text: South Korea[edit]

text: The ten biggest-selling girl group singles in South Korea based on total sales:

text:
Released
Single
Group
Sales

2011
"Roly-Poly"
T-ara
4,826,000+[69]

2009
"I Don't Care"
2NE1
4,500,000[70]

2011
"Be My Baby"
Wonder Girls
4,168,000+[71]

2011
"So Cool"
SISTAR
4,007,555+[72]

2009
"Because of You"
After School
4,000,000+ [73]

2011
"Don't Say Goodbye"
Davichi
3,928,000[74]

2012
"Lovey-Dovey"
T-ara
3,759,000[75]

2011
"Cry Cry"
T-ara
3,756,000[76]

2011
"I Am the Best"
2NE1
3,700,000[77][78]

2011
"The Boys"
Girls' Generation
3,623,000[79]

text: Sweden[edit]

text: There were few certifications awarded in Sweden before 1996, so singles before this date are not represented in this list. There have been three different certification levels since 1996: from 1996 to June 2003 the gold/platinum levels for singles were 15,000/30,000, from July 2003 to September 2010 the levels were 10,000/20,000, and from October 2010 onwards, when streaming was included in the certification levels, the levels have been 20,000/40,000. The tables below reflect these changes in certification levels.

text: Certifications based on sales only

text:
Released
Single
Group
Certification[80]
Sales
(Based on
certifications)

2002
"The Ketchup Song (Aserejé)"[81]
Las Ketchup
4× Platinum
120,000

1998
"Spice Up Your Life"[82]
Spice Girls
Platinum
30,000

1999
"Unpretty"[83]
TLC

2001
"Need to Know (Eenie Meenie Miny Moe)"[84]
Excellence

2002
"All the Things She Said"[85]
t.A.T.u.

"Never Let It Go"[85]
Afro-dite

2005
"Push the Button"[86]
Sugababes
20,000

text:
Released
Single
Group
Certification[80]
Sales + streaming
(Based on certifications)

2016
"Work from Home"
Fifth Harmony featuring Ty Dolla Sign
4× Platinum
160,000

2015
'Emergency"
Icona Pop
2× Platinum
80,000

2012
"I Love It"
Icona Pop featuring Charli XCX
Platinum
40,000

2014
"Sledgehammer"
Fifth Harmony

2015
"Worth It"
Fifth Harmony featuring Kid Ink

text: Switzerland[edit]

text:
Released
Single
Group
Sales

2002
"All The Things She Said"
t.A.T.u [87]
40,000

1996
"Wannabe"
Spice Girls [88]
25,000

1998
"Viva Forever"
Spice Girls [88]
25,000

2001
"Never Ever"
All Saints [89]
25,000

2001
"Whole Again"
Atomic Kitten [90]
20,000

2004
"Lose My Breath"
Destiny's Child [91]
20,000

2005
"Don't Cha"
Pussycat Dolls [92]
20,000

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: Since July 2014, certifications have included paid-for audio streams so they cannot be compared to sales-only certifications before this date. The ten biggest-selling girl group singles in the United Kingdom:

text: Physical and digital sales only (before July 2014)

text:
Released
Single
Group
Sales

1996
"Wannabe"
Spice Girls
1,385,211[93]

1997
"Never Ever"
All Saints
1,363,504[93]

1996
"2 Become 1"
Spice Girls
1,140,000[94]

2001
"Whole Again"
Atomic Kitten
1,021,465[93]

1996
"Say You'll Be There"
Spice Girls
961,000[95]

1998
"C'est la Vie"
B*Witched
925,000[96]

1998
"Goodbye"
Spice Girls
896,000[97]

1997
"Spice Up Your Life"
850,434[citation needed]

2000
"Pure Shores"
All Saints
815,000[98]

1997
"Mama"/"Who Do You Think You Are"
Spice Girls
732,000[99]

text: Physical and digital sales + on-demand digital streaming (after July 2014)

text:
Released
Single
Group
Units

2016
"Work from Home"
Fifth Harmony featuring Ty Dolla Sign
1,209,902[93]

2015
"Black Magic"
Little Mix
1,114,114[93]

2016
"Shout Out to My Ex"
1,070,835[93]

2012
"Wings"
600,000[100]

2016
"Secret Love Song"
Little Mix featuring Jason Derulo

"Hair"
Little Mix featuring Sean Paul

"Touch"
Little Mix

"Power"
Little Mix featuring Stormzy

text: United States[edit]

text: Sales figures of records in the US were not tracked accurately until May 1991, when Nielsen SoundScan started recording sales of singles and albums electronically at point of sale, rather than relying on figures provided to them by record store staff.[101] As a result there are no reliable sales figures available before this date, and therefore it is not possible to rank the best-selling singles by girl groups in the US in sales order.

text: Since 2013 certifications have included legal on-demand digital streams – separate figures for the pure sales component of singles released after 2013 are not available so they cannot be compared to sales-only certifications before this date.

text: Certifications based on sales only

text: RIAA sales certifications began in the US in 1958 – there are very few records with certifications before this date. Until 1988 a million-seller received a gold certification (and a two million-seller received a platinum certification). From 1989 onwards the levels were revised so that a million-seller received a platinum certification instead, with multi-platinum awards for multiple million sales.[102][103] However, these pre- and post-1989 certification levels are not currently reflected in the RIAA database.

text: The following singles have been certified by RIAA as selling one million copies or more in the US.

text:
Released
Single
Group
Sales (where known)

1961
"Please Mr. Postman"[104]
The Marvelettes

1964
"Dancing in the Street"[105][106]
Martha and the Vandellas

"Baby Love"[107][108]
The Supremes

1965
"Stop! In the Name of Love"[107][108]

"Don't Mess with Bill"[104]
The Marvelettes

1969
"Someday We'll Be Together"[108][109]
Diana Ross and the Supremes

1974
"When Will I See You Again"[110][111]
The Three Degrees
2,000,000[112]

1975
"Lady Marmalade"[113][114]
Labelle

"Fly, Robin, Fly"[115][116]
Silver Convention

1976
"Get Up and Boogie"[115][116]

1977
"Best of My Love"[117][118]
The Emotions
1,800,000[119]

"Angel in Your Arms"[120]
Hot

1979
"You Gonna Make Me Love Somebody Else"[121]
The Jones Girls

"We Are Family"[122][123]
Sister Sledge

"Fire"[124][125]
The Pointer Sisters

1980
"Sukiyaki"[126]
A Taste of Honey

"He's So Shy"[124]
The Pointer Sisters

1981
"Slow Hand"[124][125]

1982
"We Got the Beat"[127]
The Go-Go's

1986
"Walk Like an Egyptian"[128][129]
The Bangles

1987
"Push It"[130][131]
Salt-n-Pepa

1989
"Expression"[130][131]

1990
"Hold On"[118][132]
En Vogue

1992
"Ain't 2 Proud 2 Beg"[133][134]
TLC

"Baby-Baby-Baby"[133][134]

1993
"Weak"[135][136]
SWV

"Just Kickin' It"[137][138]
Xscape

"Whatta Man"[130][131]
Salt-n-Pepa with En Vogue

1994
"Stroke You Up"[139][140]
Changing Faces

1995
"Creep"[133][134]
TLC
1,400,000[141][142]

"Waterfalls"[133][134]
1,200,000[142]

1996
"Wannabe"[143][144]
Spice Girls
2,910,000[145]

1997
"Don't Let Go (Love)"[118][132]
En Vogue
1,300,000[146][147]

"G.H.E.T.T.O.U.T."[139][148]
Changing Faces
1,200,000[147]

1998
"No, No, No"[149][150]
Destiny's Child
1,300,000[151]

"Lately"[152][153]
Divine
1,100,000[151]

2004
"Soldier"[149]
Destiny's Child

2005
"Don't Cha"[154]
The Pussycat Dolls featuring Busta Rhymes

"Stickwitu"[154]
The Pussycat Dolls

2006
"Buttons"[154]
The Pussycat Dolls featuring Snoop Dogg

"Cater 2 U"[149]
Destiny's Child

2008
"Damaged"[155]
Danity Kane

"I Hate This Part"[154]
The Pussycat Dolls

text: In addition, the following singles have been stated as selling one million copies or more in the US – however, they have not been certified by the RIAA.

text:
Released
Single
Group

1954
"Mr. Sandman"[156]
The Chordettes

1958
"Lollipop"[156]

1961
"Will You Love Me Tomorrow"[157]
The Shirelles

1962
"Soldier Boy"[157]

"He's a Rebel"[158]
The Crystals

1963
"He's So Fine"[159]
The Chiffons

"Da Doo Ron Ron"[158]
The Crystals

"My Boyfriend's Back"[160]
The Angels

"Be My Baby"[161]
The Ronettes

1964
"Chapel of Love"[153]
The Dixie Cups

"Where Did Our Love Go"[107]
The Supremes

"Come See About Me"[107]

"Leader of the Pack"[162]
The Shangri-Las

1965
"Back in My Arms Again"[107]
The Supremes

"I Hear a Symphony"[107]

"A Lover's Concerto"[163]
The Toys

1966
"You Can't Hurry Love"[107]
The Supremes

"You Keep Me Hangin' On"[107]

1967
"Love Is Here and Now You're Gone"[107]

"The Happening"[107]

"Reflections"[109]
Diana Ross and the Supremes

1968
"Love Child"[109]

1971
"Stoned Love"[109]
The Supremes

text:
Released
Single
Group
Certification

2012
"I Love It"
Icona Pop featuring Charli XCX
4× Platinum[164]

2014
"Boss"
Fifth Harmony
Platinum[165]

"Sledgehammer"

2015
"Worth It"
Fifth Harmony featuring Kid Ink
3× Platinum[165]

2016
"Work from Home"
Fifth Harmony featuring Ty Dolla Sign
5× Platinum[165]

"All in My Head (Flex)"
Fifth Harmony featuring Fetty Wap
Platinum[165]

text: Best-selling girl group albums[edit]

text: Worldwide[edit]

text: The ten biggest-selling girl group albums worldwide:

text:
Released
Album
Artist
Sales

1996
Spice
Spice Girls
31 million[166][167]

1994
CrazySexyCool
TLC
23 million[168]

1997
Spiceworld
Spice Girls
20 million[169]

1999
The Writing's on the Wall
Destiny's Child
15 million[170]

1999
FanMail
TLC
14 million[168]

2001
Survivor
Destiny's Child
12 million[170]

1990
Wilson Phillips
Wilson Phillips
11 million[171]

2005
PCD
Pussycat Dolls
9 million[172]

1993
Very Necessary
Salt-n-Pepa
7 million [173]

2004
Destiny Fulfilled
Destiny's Child
7 million[citation needed]

text: Australia[edit]

text: Albums certified platinum or more by ARIA.[174] Only includes certifications since 1997.

text:
Released
Album
Group
Certification

1996
Spice
Spice Girls
6× Platinum

1997
Spiceworld

2005
The Secret Life of...
The Veronicas
4× Platinum

1999
The Writing's on the Wall
Destiny's Child
3× Platinum

2005
PCD
The Pussycat Dolls

1998
B*Witched
B*Witched
2× Platinum

All Saints
All Saints

2000
Bardot
Bardot

2006
Young Divas
Young Divas

2007
Hook Me Up
The Veronicas

text: Brazil[edit]

text: Certifications according to ABPD.[175] Some of the certification thresholds have changed depending on the amount of sales sold. Check the ABPD for more certifications.

text:
Released
Album
Group
Certification
Sales
(Based on
certifications)

2002
Rouge
Rouge
2× Platinum
2,000,000

2003
C'est La Vie
Platinum
900,000

1996
Spice
Spice Girls
2× Platinum
500,000

1997
Spiceworld
Platinum
250,000

2004
Blá Blá Blá
Rouge
Gold
135,000

2015
Reflection
Fifth Harmony
3× Platinum
120,000

2016
7/27[176]

2000
Forever
Spice Girls
Gold
100,000

2001
Survivor
Destiny's Child
50,000

2006
Live from London
The Pussycat Dolls
25,000

text: Canada[edit]

text: Certifications according to Music Canada.

text:
Released
Album
Group
Certification

1996
Spice[177]
Spice Girls
Diamond

1997
Spiceworld[177]

1994
CrazySexyCool[178]
TLC
8× Platinum

1990
Wilson Phillips[179]
Wilson Phillips
7× Platinum

1999
The Writing's on the Wall[180]
Destiny's Child
5× Platinum

1983
Break Out[181]
Pointer Sisters
4× Platinum

1993
Very Necessary[182]
Salt-n-Pepa

1999
FanMail[178]
TLC

2001
Survivor[180]
Destiny's Child

1997
All Saints[183]
All Saints
3× Platinum

text: Europe[edit]

text: Albums certified platinum or more for more than one million sales in Europe, according to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry.

text: Note: the IFPI Europe Platinum Award was only created in 1996, therefore there are few albums on this list from before that date. No awards are publicly available after 2014.

text:
Released
Album
Group
Certification
Sales
(Based on
certifications)

1996
Spice[184]
Spice Girls
8× Platinum
8,000,000

1997
Spiceworld[185]
5× Platinum
5,000,000

All Saints[185]
All Saints
2× Platinum
2,000,000

1999
The Writing's on the Wall[186]
Destiny's Child

2001
Survivor[186]

2005
PCD[187]
The Pussycat Dolls

1994
CrazySexyCool[188]
TLC
Platinum
1,000,000

1996
Tic Tac Toe[184]
Tic Tac Toe

1997
Klappe die 2te[184]

Greatest Hits[185]
Eternal

2001
200 Po Vstrechnoy[189]
t.A.T.u.

2002
200 km/h in the Wrong Lane[190]

text: Germany[edit]

text: Certifications according to the IFPI.[191]

text:
Released
Album
Artist
Certification
Sales
(Based on
certifications)

2001
Elle'ments
No Angels
7× Gold
1,050,000

1996
Spice
Spice Girls
3× Gold
750,000

2002
Now ... Us!
No Angels
2× Platinum
600,000

1997
Spiceworld
Spice Girls
Platinum
500,000

2006
Temptation
Monrose
2× Platinum
400,000

2004
Destiny Fulfilled
Destiny's Child
Platinum
200,000

2001
Survivor
Platinum
300,000

1999
The Writing's on the Wall
Gold
250,000

2005
PCD
Pussycat Dolls
Platinum
200,000

2001
Right Now
Atomic Kitten
Gold
150,000

text: Japan[edit]

text: Sales according to Oricon and Platinum certifications according to the RIAJ. The ten biggest-selling girl group albums in Japan:

text:
Released
Album
Group
Sales
Certification

1998
Moment
Speed
2,319,000[192]
Million[193]

2001
Best! Morning Musume 1
Morning Musume
2,260,000[192]
Million[194]

1998
Rise
Speed
2,048,000[192]
Million[193]

2002
200 km/h in the Wrong Lane
t.A.T.u.
2,000,000[195]
Million[193]

1997
Starting Over
Speed
1,926,000[192]
Million[196]

2012
1830m
AKB48
1,051,000[197]
Million[198]

2014
Tsugi no Ashiato
1,001,000[199]
Million[200]

2011
Girls' Generation
Girls' Generation
901,097[201]
Million[198]

2000
3rd: Love Paradise
Morning Musume
863,300[202]
Million[203]

2011
Koko ni Ita Koto
AKB48
829,645[204]
Million[205]

text: Netherlands[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Certifications according to the NVPI.[206]

text:
Released
Album
Group
Certification
Sales
(Based on
certifications)

1996
Spice
Spice Girls
3× Platinum
300,000

1999
The Writing's on the Wall
Destiny's Child
2× Platinum
200,000

2009
MaMaSé!
K3
4× Platinum
200,000

2001
Survivor
Destiny's Child
2× Platinum
160,000

1978
With Luv'
Luv'
Platinum
100,000

1979
Lots Of Luv'

1978
Energy
Pointer Sisters

1997
Spiceworld
Spice Girls

1999
FanMail
TLC

1979
True Luv'
Luv'
Gold
50,000

text: South Korea[edit]

text: Sales according to Gaon Chart and the Recording Industry Association of Korea. The ten biggest-selling girl group albums in South Korea:

text:
Released
Album
Group
Sales

1968
My Dear
The Pearl Sisters
1,000,000+[207]

1999
Love
S.E.S.
760,475[208]

2016
TWICEcoaster: LANE 1
TWICE
684,642[209][210]

1998
Sea & Eugene & Shoo
S.E.S.
651,330[211]

1997
I'm Your Girl
S.E.S.
650,000[212]

2000
A Letter from Greenland
S.E.S.
626,565+[213]

1999
White
Fin.K.L
593,816[214]

2017
TWICEtagram
TWICE
508,033[215][216]

2011
The Boys
Girls' Generation
464,736[217]

2002
Special Album
Baby V.O.X.
440,000[citation needed]

text: Switzerland[edit]

text: Certifications according to the IFPI.[218]

text:
Album
Group
Sales
(Based on
certifications)
Certification
Year

Spice
Spice Girls
100,000
2× Platinum
1996

Spiceworld
1997

Forever
50,000
Platinum
2000

All Saints
All Saints
1997

Elle'ments
No Angels
40,000
2001

Survivor
Destiny's Child

Temptation
Monrose
30,000
2006

The Writing's on the Wall
Destiny's Child
25,000
Gold
1999

FanMail
TLC

Now ... Us!
No Angels
20,000
2002

text: Taiwan[edit]

text:
Released
Album
Group
Sales

2003
Super Star
S.H.E
300,000+[219]

2002
Genesis
S.H.E
300,000+[220]

2003
Together
S.H.E.
280,000[221]

2002
Youth Society
S.H.E.
280,000+[222]

2004
Magical Journey
S.H.E.
280,000[223]

1996
Spice
Spice Girls
225,000+[224]

2004
Encore
S.H.E
180,000[225]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: Albums certified triple platinum or more by the BPI.[100]

text:
Released
Album
Artist
Certification

1996
Spice
Spice Girls
10× Platinum

1997
Spiceworld
5× Platinum

All Saints
All Saints

1993
Always & Forever
Eternal
4× Platinum

2005
PCD
Pussycat Dolls

2006
The Sound of Girls Aloud: The Greatest Hits
Girls Aloud

1997
Greatest Hits
Eternal
3× Platinum

1988
Greatest Hits Collection
Bananarama

1999
The Writing's on the Wall
Destiny's Child

2001
Survivor

2001
Angels With Dirty Faces
Sugababes

2016
Glory Days
Little Mix

text: United States[edit]

text: Albums certified platinum or more by the RIAA. The sales figures shown for the quadruple and triple platinum albums are sales recorded by Nielsen SoundScan plus known sales from BMG's Music Club.[226] These do not represent the total sales of the album in the US as they exclude unknown sales figures from Columbia House and other music clubs.

text:
Released
Album
Group
Certification
Known sales

1994
CrazySexyCool[133]
TLC
11× Platinum
11,200,000[227]

1999
The Writing's on the Wall[149]
Destiny's Child
8× Platinum
8,400,000[227]

1996
Spice[143]
Spice Girls
7× Platinum
7,500,000[228]

1999
FanMail[133]
TLC
6× Platinum
4,700,000[227]

1990
Wilson Phillips[229]
Wilson Phillips
5× Platinum

1993
Very Necessary[230]
Salt-n-Pepa
4,400,000[227]

2001
Survivor[149]
Destiny's Child
4× Platinum
4,739,000[226][231]

2001
Spiceworld[143]
Spice Girls
4,100,000[232]

1992
Ooooooohhh... On the TLC Tip[133]
TLC
2,500,000[233]

1983
Break Out[234]
The Pointer Sisters
3× Platinum


question_text: when was the last time the new york times endorsed a republican for president

text: New York Times presidential endorsements are made every four years by The New York Times to give its readers the name of the candidate that the paper's editors believe is best suited to fit the needs of the nation. The first endorsement was in 1860 for Abraham Lincoln and the most recent one was for Hillary Clinton in 2016.  Its first six endorsements were for Republicans, and it was not until 1884 that it backed its first Democrat, Grover Cleveland.  Since then it has endorsed the Democratic candidate 26 times, the Republican six times (the last being Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1956), and a third-party candidate once (in 1896).[1]

text: Endorsements by the New York Times since 1860[edit]

text:
Republican winner in  RED,
Democratic winner in  BLUE

text:
Year

Endorsed

Opponent(s)

Winner

1860
Abraham Lincoln, Republican
Stephen A. Douglas, Democrat; John C. Breckinridge, Southern Democrat; John Bell, Constitutional Union Party
 Lincoln

1864
Abraham Lincoln, Republican
George B. McClellan, Democrat
 Lincoln

1868
Ulysses S. Grant, Republican
Horatio Seymour, Democrat
 Grant

1872
Ulysses S. Grant, Republican
Horace Greeley, Democrat
 Grant

1876
Rutherford B. Hayes, Republican
Samuel Tilden, Democrat
 Hayes

1880
James Garfield, Republican
Winfield S. Hancock, Democrat
 Garfield

1884
Grover Cleveland, Democrat
James G. Blaine, Republican
 Cleveland

1888
Grover Cleveland, Democrat
Benjamin Harrison, Republican
Harrison

1892
Grover Cleveland, Democrat
Benjamin Harrison, Republican; James Weaver, People's Party
Cleveland

1896
John M. Palmer, National Democratic Party
William Jennings Bryan, Democrat; William McKinley, Republican
McKinley

1900
William McKinley, Republican
William Jennings Bryan, Democrat
McKinley

1904
Alton B. Parker, Democrat
Theodore Roosevelt, Republican
 Roosevelt

1908
William Howard Taft, Republican
William Jennings Bryan, Democrat
 Taft

1912
Woodrow Wilson, Democrat
William Howard Taft, Republican; Theodore Roosevelt, Bull Moose Party
Wilson

1916
Woodrow Wilson, Democrat
Charles Evans Hughes, Republican
Wilson

1920
James M. Cox, Democrat
Warren G. Harding, Republican
 Harding

1924
John W. Davis, Democrat
Calvin Coolidge, Republican; Robert M. La Follette, Sr., Progressive Party
 Coolidge

1928
Alfred E. Smith, Democrat
Herbert Hoover, Republican
 Hoover

1932
Franklin D. Roosevelt, Democrat
Herbert Hoover, Republican
 Roosevelt

1936
Franklin D. Roosevelt, Democrat
Alfred M. Landon, Republican
 Roosevelt

1940
Wendell Willkie, Republican
Franklin D. Roosevelt, Democrat
 Roosevelt

1944
Franklin D. Roosevelt, Democrat
Thomas E. Dewey, Republican
 Roosevelt

1948
Thomas E. Dewey, Republican
Harry S. Truman, Democrat; Strom Thurmond, States Rights' Democratic Party (Dixiecrat); Henry A. Wallace, Progressive/American Labor Party
 Truman

1952
Dwight D. Eisenhower, Republican
Adlai E. Stevenson, Democrat
Eisenhower

1956
Dwight D. Eisenhower, Republican
Adlai E. Stevenson, Democrat
Eisenhower

1960
John F. Kennedy, Democrat
Richard M. Nixon, Republican
 Kennedy

1964
Lyndon B. Johnson, Democrat
Barry Goldwater, Republican
 Johnson

1968
Hubert H. Humphrey, Democrat
Richard M. Nixon, Republican; George Wallace, American Independent Party
 Nixon

1972
George McGovern, Democrat
Richard M. Nixon, Republican
 Nixon

1976
Jimmy Carter, Democrat
Gerald R. Ford, Republican
 Carter

1980
Jimmy Carter, Democrat
Ronald Reagan, Republican; John B. Anderson, independent
 Reagan

1984
Walter Mondale, Democrat
Ronald Reagan, Republican
 Reagan

1988
Michael Dukakis, Democrat
George H.W. Bush, Republican
 Bush

1992
Bill Clinton, Democrat
George H.W. Bush, Republican; Ross Perot, independent
 Clinton

1996
Bill Clinton, Democrat
Bob Dole, Republican; Ross Perot, Reform Party
 Clinton

2000
Al Gore, Democrat
George W. Bush, Republican; Ralph Nader, Green Party
 Bush

2004
John Kerry, Democrat
George W. Bush, Republican
 Bush

2008
Barack Obama, Democrat
John McCain, Republican
 Obama

2012
Barack Obama, Democrat
Mitt Romney, Republican
 Obama

2016
Hillary Clinton, Democrat
Donald Trump, Republican
 Trump


document_title: Red Queen (novel)

question_text: what power does mare have in red queen

question_tokens: what power does mare have in red queen

text: Red Queen (novel)

text: Summary[edit]

text: Mare Barrow is a Red living with her parents and a younger sister, Gisa. Her three older brothers, Bree, Tramy, and Shade, serve in the front line of a war fought between the northern Kingdom the Lakelands and the Barrow's homeland, the Kingdom of Norta. Norta is currently ruled by King Tiberius Calore VI, one of many Silvers with supernatural powers that allow him and the rest of the Silvers, who also have supernatural powers, to rule over the more numerous but powerless Reds. Mare is jealous of her sister because of her beauty, the love of her parents, and because she has a job which means no conscription. When she learns that her best friend, Kilorn Warren, will be conscripted, she plans an escape and meets with a colleague who directs her to Farley, a captain of the Scarlet Guard, insurgents composed of Reds who want to bring equality between their people and the Silvers. Farley demands a sum of money in exchange for Kilorn's escape.

text: A plan to steal from a Silver with Gisa goes horribly wrong when a massacre occurs after the scarlet guard bombed the kingdom and Gisa's hand is broken in the chaos, forcing Gisa to stop supporting her family. During her attempt to steal at a tavern, Mare meets with Cal, a handsome teen who listens to her problems and takes her home while also giving her money. The next day, Mare is taken to the king's local residence and given a job as a servant and realizes that Cal is Tiberias Calore VI's son, Prince Tiberias Calore VII, who wants to protect her from conscription. During the Queenstrial, where Silver nobility compete for Cal's hand, Mare displays electrokinetic powers against Cal's eventual bride, Evangeline Samos. She is captured, but because the king fears of an uprising should a Red be discovered to have supernatural powers, Mare is made a bride of Tiberias' second son, the shy Maven, given the name Mareena Titanos, and a cover story: the daughter of a Silver general who was adopted by the Reds in the war zone. Mare soon develops mutual feelings for Cal, her betrothed's brother and the future Silver king. She becomes increasingly guilty as the book progresses as she finds herself falling in love with Maven.

text: Suddenly having to live as a noble within the king's ranks, Mare slowly acquaints herself with Maven and Cal while also befriending Julian Jacos, Cal's uncle and a librarian who teaches her how to control her powers, and Lucas Samos, Evangeline's cousin and a security guard. Mare is permitted to say goodbye to her family by Cal and learns the return of Bree and Tramy, but not Shade, who was beheaded by the enemies. Furious that her favourite brother was killed, Mare joins the Scarlet Guard followed by Kilorn, who also promises that he will join the Scarlet Guard, which infuriates Mare. Eventually, Mare secretly reunites with Farley at the palace to discuss the next step of the organisation's plan and is surprised when Maven joins in. The plan involves disrupting a royal ball and killing several important Silvers, but ends up killing many innocent Silvers due to an unexpected bomb. Though the rebels are able to be freed thanks to Julian's help, Mare is disturbed when she learns that Farley did not design the bomb.

text: Due to the attack of the Scarlet Guard, the Reds are punished by the Silvers with the lowering of the age of conscription from 18 to 15. Mare herself is ordered to broadcast the new law. Julian confesses that his research concludes that Mare's blood is Red and Silver, and stronger than both; Shade's was too, which was why he was executed by Silver officers. Another meeting with Farley, in a free zone that the Silvers have been keeping out from, leads Mare, through Maven's suggestion, to infiltrate the king's residence in the capital, Archeon. There, the rebels, through the underground-roaming Undertrains, stake an invasion, following Mare and trick Cal. Cal takes notice and attempts to arrest her, but in the palace, it is revealed that Maven has been manipulating Mare all the time, as he is in league with his mother, Queen Elara, who forces Cal to kill his father, thus branding him and Mare traitors while allowing Maven to become king.

text: Lucas is executed for his part in the rebellion. Mare and Cal would have too, if not for the arrival of the Scarlet Guard. Mare and Cal battle their former sparring partners, including Evangeline, and manage to kill a few before they retreat. The two then escape with the Undertrain before Maven gets them. Inside it, Mare meets with Farley, Kilorn, and, to her shock, Shade, who has been faking his death and is also a part of the Scarlet Guard. Mare vows to take revenge against Maven.[6]

text: Characters[edit]

text:
Mare Barrow: The main protagonist, the 17-year-old Mare is a Red who steals for a living, but the discovery that she holds supernatural powers causes many to try to vie for her allegiance. She holds tremendous electrokinetic powers, which she uses to either absorb or release lightning.
Tiberias "Cal" Calore VII: The eldest son and heir of King Tiberias Calore VI through his first wife, Coriane Jacos. Though he is engaged to Evangeline, he is in love with Mare, a fact that she uses to further her goals in the Scarlet Guard. He is a Burner, which means his Silver powers allow him to manipulate fire. He doesn't get along with Mare's best friend Kilorn.
Maven Calore: King Tiberias VI' second son through his second wife, Elara Merandus, and thus Cal's half-brother. He is shy, but Mare's sudden engagement with him makes him open up. Like Cal and his father, Maven has the ability to control flames. However, Maven is revealed to be evil, betraying Mare and his family, turning the Silver against them once he becomes king. Maven is deeply jealous of Cal, partly because he thought his brother had won Mare's heart, the way he had won their father's. In contrast, Mare had preferred Maven over Cal.
Diana Farley: A captain of the Scarlet Guard who leads them in the campaigns against the Silvers. She is strongly dedicated to her cause.
Tiberias Calore VI: The current king of Norta who has married twice, producing two sons: Cal and Maven. He holds the ability to manipulate fire, which he passed to both of his sons.
Elara Merandus: The mysterious and sadistic current queen of Norta and the mother of Maven. Mare dislikes her since the very start of their meeting. She is able to read and manipulate people with the ability known as Whispering.
Julian Jacos: A royal librarian and the brother of Cal's deceased mother, Coriane, making him his uncle. He is the last known person to hold the power of a Singer: being able to control people through his voice.
Evangeline Samos: A haughty girl who is made Cal's fiancée after being declared the best of the aspiring princesses. She holds a grudge against Mare, particularly after the latter humiliates her by expending her electrokinesis and repelling her magnetic manipulation, a trait of the House Samos.
Kilorn Warren: Mare's best friend and an apprentice of fishing. Mare seems content to eventually become his wife, until her engagement with Maven makes them drift apart. The attempt to spare him of conscription is the catalyst of much of the novel's plot. He doesn't get along with Cal.
Lucas Samos: Evangeline's cousin who, like her, holds the power of magnetic manipulation. He is one of the few Silvers whom Mare befriends and trusts with certainty.
Rane Arven: The instructor for the Silver Elites who has the ability to negate the powers of other people, known as Silencing.
Ptolemus Samos: Evangeline's older brother. Like her, he is a Magnetron, able to manipulate metal.
Sara Skonos: A friend of Julian who works as a nurse with her ability to heal people, known as Skin Healing. She seems to know the truth behind the death of Cal's mother, Queen Coriane, and Elara thus punished her by mutilating her tongue, making her mute.
Tristan: Farley's loyal right-hand man in the Scarlet Guard. He is killed by Ptolemus Samos when caught in the attack on the Hall.
Ann Walsh: A member of the Scarlet Guard who is about the same age as Mare. She works as a servant in Mare's room in the Hall and tells Mare the time of the midnight meeting with the Scarlet Guard. On the attack of the Hall, she is captured but escapes with Farley and Kilorn. While making sure the way is clear for Mare and the others to come back to the Whitefire Palace, she is captured and commits suicide with a pill before the queen is able to interrogate her. Her last words were "For Tristan".
Gisa Barrow: Mare's younger sister who works as an apprentice for a seamstress, until her broken hand terminates her from the job.
Mare's other family members consist of a war-weary father, a homemaker mother, and three older brothers: the hunky but unperceptive Bree, the sycophantic Tramy, and the lean but smart Shade. Out of the three, Mare is the closest to Shade, who is only a year older than her.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Red Queen has been generally well received. The Guardian gave the novel four stars.[7] Vilma Gonzalez of USA Today described the novel positively, revealing that "Aveyard’s compelling debut is richly imagined, addictive, chilling and suspenseful. She breathes new life into her own unique Game of Thrones story enlivened by exciting, character-driven plot twists that have me clamoring for more. This scintillating tale of betrayals and blood-spattered crowns is not to be missed." [8]

text: However, Grand Forks Herald's Cassidy Anderson stated "Ultimately, this book was over-hyped. It's still a fun read as long as you are not looking for anything with a lot of depth or meaning to it." [9] The Christian Science Monitor described the book as a dystopian novel.[10]

text: Kirkus Reviews saw "An inventive, character-driven twist breathes new life into tired fantasy trends."[11]

text: Publishers Weekly found "There’s an unmistakable feeling of deja vu to this first installment in the Red Queen trilogy, which shares several plot points and similarities with the Hunger Games series, ... Fortunately, Aveyard’s conclusion leaves the story poised to depart from this derivative setup."[12]

text: Common Sense Media wrote "With its courageous protagonist, action-packed plot, and romantic possibilities, Red Queen is a winning series start for fantasy and dystopia lovers."[13]


document_title: Paper clip

question_text: who invented the paperclip and in what year

text: Paper clip

text: Shape and composition[edit]

text: Paper clips usually have an oblong shape with straight sides, but may also be triangular or circular, or have more elaborate shapes. The most common material is steel or some other metal, but moulded plastic is also used. Some other kinds of paper clip use a two-piece clamping system. Recent innovations include multi-colored plastic-coated paper clips and spring-fastened binder clips.[citation needed]

text: History[edit]

text: According to the Early Office Museum, the first patent for a bent wire paper clip was awarded in the United States to Samuel B. Fay, in 1867. This clip was originally intended primarily for attaching tickets to fabric, although the patent recognized that it could be used to attach papers together.[1] Fay received U.S. patent 64,088 on April 23, 1867. Although functional and practical, Fay's design along with the 50 other designs patented prior to 1899 are not considered reminiscent of the modern paperclip design known today.[2] Another notable paper clip design was also patented in the United States by Erlman J. Wright in 1877. This clip was advertised at that time for use in fastening newspapers.[1]

text: The most common type of wire paper clip still in use, the Gem paper clip, was never patented, but it was most likely in production in Britain in the early 1870s by "The Gem Manufacturing Company", according to the American expert on technological innovations, Professor Henry J. Petroski.[3] He refers to an 1883 article about "Gem Paper-Fasteners", praising them for being "better than ordinary pins" for "binding together papers on the same subject, a bundle of letters, or pages of a manuscript".[4] Since the 1883 article had no illustration of this early "Gem", it may have been different from modern paper clips of that name. The earliest documentation of its existence is an 1894 advertisement for "Gem Paper Clips".[5] In 1904 Cushman & Denison registered a trade mark for the "Gem" name in connection with paper clips. The announcement stated that it had been used since March 1, 1892, which may have been the time of its introduction in the United States.[5] Paper clips are still sometimes called "Gem clips", and in Swedish the word for any paper clip is "gem".

text: Definite proof that the modern type of paper clip was well known in 1899 at the latest, is the patent granted to William Middlebrook of Waterbury, Connecticut on April 27 of that year for a "Machine for making wire paper clips." The drawing clearly shows that the product is a perfect clip of the Gem type.[6][7] The fact that Middlebrook did not mention it by name, suggests that it was already well known at the time. Since then countless variations on the same theme have been patented. Some have pointed instead of rounded ends, some have the end of one loop bent slightly to make it easier to insert sheets of paper, and some have wires with undulations or barbs to get a better grip. In addition, purely aesthetic variants have been patented, clips with triangular, star, or round shapes.[8] But the original Gem type has for more than a hundred years proved to be the most practical, and consequently by far the most popular. Its qualities—ease of use, gripping without tearing, and storing without tangling—have been difficult to improve upon.

text: Unsupported claim[edit]

text: It has been claimed,[9][10][11] though apparently without evidence, that Herbert Spencer, the originator of the term "survival of the fittest", invented the paper clip. Spencer claimed in his autobiography to have invented a "binding-pin" that was distributed by Ackermann & Company, and he shows a drawing of the pin in his Appendix I (following Appendix H). This pin looked more like a modern cotter pin than a modern paper clip, but it was designed to hold sheets of paper together. It is approximately 15 cm unfolded.

text: Norwegian claim[edit]

text: A Norwegian, Johan Vaaler (1866–1910), has erroneously been identified as the inventor of the paper clip. He was granted patents in Germany[12] and in the United States[13] (1901) for a paper clip of similar design, but less functional and practical, because it lacked the last turn of the wire. Vaaler probably did not know that a better product was already on the market, although not yet in Norway. His version was never manufactured and never marketed, because the superior Gem was already available.

text: Long after Vaaler's death his countrymen created a national myth based on the false assumption that the paper clip was invented by an unrecognised Norwegian genius. Norwegian dictionaries since the 1950s have mentioned Vaaler as the inventor of the paper clip,[14] and that myth later found its way into international dictionaries and much of the international literature on paper clips.

text: Vaaler probably succeeded in having his design patented abroad, despite the previous existence of more useful paper clips, because patent authorities at that time were quite liberal and rewarded any marginal modification of existing inventions.[15] Johan Vaaler began working for Alfred J. Bryns Patentkontor in Kristiania in 1892 and was later promoted to office manager, a position he held until his death.[16] As the employee of a patent office, he could easily have obtained a patent in Norway. His reasons for applying abroad are not known; it is possible that he wanted to secure the commercial rights internationally. Also, he may have been aware that a Norwegian manufacturer would find it difficult to introduce a new invention abroad, starting from the small home market.

text: Vaaler's patents expired quietly, while the "Gem" was used worldwide, including his own country. The failure of his design was its impracticality. Without the two full loops of the fully developed paper clip, it was difficult to insert sheets of paper into his clip. One could manipulate the end of the inner wire so that it could receive the sheet, but the outer wire was a dead end because it could not exploit the torsion principle. The clip would instead stand out like a keel, perpendicular to the sheet of paper. The impracticality of Vaaler's design may easily be demonstrated by cutting off the last outer loop and one long side from a regular Gem clip.

text: National symbol[edit]

text: The originator of the Norwegian paper clip myth was an engineer of the Norwegian national patent agency who visited Germany in the 1920s to register Norwegian patents in that country. He came across Vaaler's patent, but failed to detect that it was not the same as the then-common Gem-type clip.[17] In the report of the first fifty years of the patent agency, he wrote an article in which he proclaimed Vaaler to be the inventor of the common paper clip.[18] This piece of information found its way into some Norwegian encyclopedias after World War II.

text: Events of that war contributed greatly to the mythical status of the paper clip. Patriots wore them in their lapels as a symbol of resistance to the German occupiers and local Nazi authorities when other signs of resistance, such as flag pins or pins showing the cipher of the exiled King Haakon VII of Norway were forbidden. Those wearing them did not yet see them as national symbols, as the myth of their Norwegian origin was not commonly known at the time. The clips were meant to denote solidarity and unity ("we are bound together"). The wearing of paper clips was soon prohibited, and people wearing them could risk severe punishment.[19]

text: The leading Norwegian encyclopedia mentioned the role of the paper clip as a symbol of resistance in a supplementary volume in 1952, but did not yet proclaim it a Norwegian invention.[20] That information was added in later editions. According to the 1974 edition, the idea of using the paper clip to denote resistance originated in France. A clip worn on a lapel or front pocket could be seen as "deux gaules" (two posts or poles) and be interpreted as a reference to the leader of the French Resistance, General Charles de Gaulle.[21]

text: The post-war years saw a widespread consolidation of the paper clip as a national symbol. Authors of books and articles on the history of Norwegian technology eagerly seized it to make a thin story more substantial. They chose to overlook the fact that Vaaler's clip was not the same as the fully developed Gem-type clip.[22] In 1989 a giant paper clip, almost 7 m (23 ft) high, was erected on the campus of a commercial college near Oslo in honour of Vaaler, ninety years after his invention was patented. But this monument shows a Gem-type clip, not the one patented by Vaaler. The celebration of the alleged Norwegian origin of the paper clip culminated in 1999, one hundred years after Vaaler submitted his application for a German patent. A commemorative stamp was issued that year, the first in a series to draw attention to Norwegian inventiveness. The background shows a facsimile of the German "Patentschrift". However, the figure in the foreground is not the paper clip depicted on that document, but the much better known "Gem". In 2005, the national biographical encyclopedia of Norway (Norsk biografisk leksikon) published the biography of Johan Vaaler, stating he was the inventor of the paper clip.[23]

text: Other uses[edit]

text: Wire is versatile in its nature. Thus a paper clip is a useful accessory in many kinds of mechanical work including computer work: the metal wire can be unfolded with a little force. Several devices call for a very thin rod to push a recessed button which the user might only rarely need. This is seen on most CD-ROM drives as an "emergency eject" should the power fail; also on early floppy disk drives (including the early Macintosh). Various smartphones require the use of a long thin object such as a paper clip to eject the SIM card and some Palm PDAs advise the use of a paper clip to reset the device. The track ball can be removed from early Logitech pointing devices using a paper clip as the key to the bezel. A paper clip bent into a "U" can be used to start an ATX PSU without connecting it to a motherboard (connect the green to a black on the motherboard header). One or more paper clips can make a loopback device for a RS232 interface (or indeed many interfaces). A paper clip could be installed in a Commodore 1541 disk-drive as a flexible head-stop. A paper clip can be used (unsafely) to temporarily bridge a blown fuse. The steel wire from a paperclip can be used in dentistry to form a dental post.[24]

text: Paper clips can be bent into a crude but sometimes effective lock picking device.[25] Some types of handcuffs can be unfastened using paper clips. There are two approaches. The first one is to unfold the clip in a line and then twist the end in a right angle, trying to imitate a key and using it to lift the lock fixator. The second approach, which is more feasible but needs some practice, is to use the semi-unfolded clip kink for lifting when the clip is inserted through the hole where the handcuffs are closed.[citation needed]

text: A paper clip image is the standard image for an attachment in an email client.[26]

text: Trade[edit]

text: In 1994, the US imposed anti-dumping tariffs against China, on paper clips.[27]

text: Other fastening devices[edit]

text:
Binder clip
Brass fastener
Bulldog clip
Staple
Treasury tag