document_title: Home Run Derby

question_text: when did the home run derby format change

question_tokens: when did the home run derby format change

text: Home Run Derby

text: History[edit]

text: The event has grown significantly from its roots in the 1980s, when it was not televised. Prior to 1991, the Home Run Derby was structured as a two-inning event with each player receiving five outs per inning, allowing for the possibility of ties. It is now one of the most-watched events broadcast on ESPN.[1][2][3]

text: In 2000, a "match play"-style format was instituted for the second round. The player with the most home runs in the first round faced the player with the least among the four qualifying players, as did the players with the second- and third-most totals. The contestant who won each matchup advanced to the finals. This format was discontinued after the 2003 competition.

text: The field of players selected currently consists of four American League players and four National League players. The first Derby in 1985 featured five from each league, and the 1986 and 1987 events featured three and two players from each league, respectively. In 1996, the field was again expanded to ten players, five from each league (though in 1997, the AL had six contestants to the NL's four).

text: In 2000, the field reverted to the current four-player-per-league format. The only exception was 2005, when Major League Baseball changed the selection criteria with eight players representing their home countries rather than their respective leagues. The change was believed to be in promotion of the inaugural World Baseball Classic, played in March 2006.[citation needed] In 2006, the selection of four players from each league resumed. In 2011, the format was revised so that team captains selected the individual sides.[citation needed]

text: Some notable performances in the Derby include Bobby Abreu in 2005, who won the Derby with a then-record 41 homers, including a then-record 24 in the first round. The first-round record was broken in 2008 by Josh Hamilton, who hit 28 home runs. Though Hamilton's performance was notable for the length of his home runs,[citation needed] he ultimately lost to Justin Morneau in a brief final round. The overall record was broken in 2016 by Giancarlo Stanton, who finished with a total of 61 home runs, defeating Todd Frazier in the final round. Only two participants, Yoenis Céspedes and Giancarlo Stanton, have won the Home Run Derby without being selected to the All-Star game itself.[4]

text: Overview[edit]

text: Format[edit]

text: The format has varied since the Home Run Derby started in 1985.

text: In the early years of the Home Run Derby, 4-10 players from both the AL and NL were selected to participate. Each player was given 2 "innings" to hit as many home runs as possible before reaching 5 outs. For the derby, an out is defined as any swing that is not a home run. The winner of the contest was the player with the most total home runs in the two innings.

text: Beginning in 1991, the format changed to a 3-round contest. From 1991–2006, 8-10 players were selected and hit as many home runs as possible before reaching 10 outs in each round. The tally reset for each round, with the top four advancing to the second round, and the top two advancing to the final.

text: In honor of the World Baseball Classic, the 2005 contest featured eight players from different countries. The format remained the same.

text: The format changed slightly in 2006. Instead of the tally resetting for each round, it was only reset before the final round. Therefore, the players with the four highest totals after Round 1 advanced to Round 2, and the players with the two highest sum of Round 1 and 2 advanced to the finals.

text: The Home Run Derby format was changed significantly in 2014, as MLB sought to speed-up the contest and increase the drama. In the new bracket format, five players from each league faced the other players in their league in Round 1, with each players having seven "outs." The player in each league with the highest Round 1 total received a second-round bye, and the players with the second- and third-highest Round 1 totals from each league faced off. The Round 2 winner from each league faced the Round 1 winner, and the Round 3 winner crowned the league winner. The final featured the winner of each league. Each round stands alone, with the score reset for each round.[5] Ties in any round are broken by a 3-swing swing-off. If the players remain tied, the players engage in a sudden-death swing-off until one player homers.[6]

text: Since 2015[edit]

text: The format was changed once again in 2015. The most significant change was the elimination of "outs", which was replaced by a time limit. Eight players are seeded based on their season home run totals and are given five minutes to hit as many home runs as possible. The winner of each head-to-head matchup advances, until a final winner is determined. If a tie occurs in any match-up, three sets of tiebreakers are employed: first, a 90-second swing-off decides the winner; second, best-of-3-swing swing-off; thereafter, sudden-death swingoffs until a winner is determined. Further, a player can get "bonus time" in the last minute of each round. During that time, the clock stops for each home run, and doesn't restart until a swing does not result in a home run. Additional bonus time could be earned for distance. Players who hit at least two home runs measuring at least 420 feet (128.0 m) are given an extra minute of bonus time. An additional 30 seconds of bonus time is granted if at least one home run measures over 475 feet (144.8 m).[7]

text: Weather concerns in 2015 lead to a reduction in time from five minutes per round to four minutes. The clock was not stopped in the final minute, and bonus time was only granted for hitting two home runs of over 425 feet (129.5 m).[8]

text: The format was tweaked slightly in 2016. The four-minute round length returned, while the minute of bonus time was changed to 30 seconds and required two home runs of 440 feet (134.1 m) or longer. The additional time was removed, while the swing-off (which was not required) was reduced to one minute.[9] Each batter is allowed one time-out during each round, and two in the finals.

text: By 2017 the first tie-breaker was restored back to 90 seconds.

text: Gold balls[edit]

text: From 2005–2013, a gold ball has been used once a player reaches nine outs (in 2014 when the T-Mobile Ball came into play, six; since 2015, during the final minute). If a batter hit a home run using the golden ball, Century 21 Real Estate and Major League Baseball would donate $21,000 (a reference to the "21" in "Century 21") per home run to charity (MLB donated to the Boys and Girls Clubs of America, and Century 21 donated to Easter Seals). In both 2005 and 2006, $294,000 was raised for the charities, equaling fourteen golden ball home runs per year. State Farm continued this in 2007 as they designated $17,000 per home run (one dollar for each of State Farm's agencies), to the Boys and Girls Clubs of America. In the 2007 event, fifteen golden balls were hit for a donation of $255,000, and ten ($170,000) were hit in the 2008 event. For 2009, State Farm added $5,000 for all non-Gold Ball homers, and $517,000 was collected. For 2010, the non-Gold Ball homer was reduced to $3,000 per home run and a total of $453,000 was collected. Since 2014 any homer hit off a T-Mobile Ball resulted in a $10,000 donation to charity by T-Mobile and MLB, to Team Rubicon.

text: Television and radio coverage[edit]

text: On July 11, 1988, the day before the Major League Baseball All-Star Game from Cincinnati, TBS televised the annual All-Star Gala[10] from the Cincinnati Zoo. Larry King hosted the broadcast with Craig Sager and Pete Van Wieren handling interviews. The broadcast's big draw would've been the Home Run Derby, which TBS intended on taping during the afternoon, and later airing it in prime time during the Gala coverage. Unfortunately, the derby and a skills competition were canceled due to rain.

text: The derby was first nationally televised by ESPN in 1993 on a same-day delayed basis,[11] with the first live telecast in 1998. Although two hours are scheduled in programming listings for the telecast, it has rarely ever been contained to the timeslot and consistently runs three to four hours. Chris Berman has gained notoriety for his annual hosting duties on ESPN, including his catchphrase, "Back back back…Gone!". Berman starts this phrase when the ball is hit, and does not say "Gone!" until the ball lands.

text: The 2008 Derby was the year's most highly rated basic cable program.[12]

text: Because of the game's TV popularity, invited players have felt pressure to participate. Notably, Ken Griffey Jr. initially quietly declined to take part in 1998, partly due to ESPN scheduling the Mariners in their late Sunday game the night before. After a discussion with ESPN's Joe Morgan and another with Hall of Famer Frank Robinson, Griffey changed his mind, and then won the Derby at Coors Field.[13]

text: In Spanish, the event is televised on Spanish language network ESPN Deportes.[14]

text: ESPN Radio also carries the event annually.[15]

text: Most watched Home Run Derbys[edit]

text:
Rank
Year
Winner
Ballpark
Viewers (millions)[16]

1

2008

Justin Morneau

Yankee Stadium

9.1

2

2017

Aaron Judge

Marlins Park

8.6

3

2009

Prince Fielder

Busch Stadium

8.3

4

2004

Miguel Tejada

Minute Maid Park

7.7

5

2002

Jason Giambi

Miller Park

7.7

6

2015

Todd Frazier

Great American Ball Park

7.1

7

2012

Prince Fielder

Kauffman Stadium

6.9

8

2007

Vladimir Guerrero

AT&T Park

6.8

9

2006

Ryan Howard

PNC Park

6.8

10

2013

Yoenis Céspedes

Citi Field

6.7

tag: table

text: Winners[edit]

text:
Key

^

Indicates multiple winners in the same year

Member of the Baseball Hall of Fame

text:
Year

Winner

Team

League

Stadium

1985

Dave Parker

Cincinnati Reds
NL

Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome (MIN)

1986^

Wally Joyner

California Angels
AL

Astrodome (HOU)

Darryl Strawberry

New York Mets
NL

1987

Andre Dawson

Chicago Cubs
NL

Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum (OAK)

1988

Cancelled due to rain

1989

Eric Davis

Cincinnati Reds
NL

Anaheim Stadium (CAL)

1990

Ryne Sandberg

Chicago Cubs
NL

Wrigley Field (CHC)

1991

Cal Ripken Jr.

Baltimore Orioles
AL

SkyDome (TOR)

1992

Mark McGwire

Oakland Athletics
AL

Jack Murphy Stadium (SD)

1993

Juan González

Texas Rangers
AL

Oriole Park at Camden Yards (BAL)

1994

Ken Griffey Jr. (1)

Seattle Mariners
AL

Three Rivers Stadium (PIT)

1995

Frank Thomas

Chicago White Sox
AL

The Ballpark in Arlington (TEX)

1996

Barry Bonds

San Francisco Giants
NL

Veterans Stadium (PHI)

1997

Tino Martinez

New York Yankees
AL

Jacobs Field (CLE)

1998

Ken Griffey Jr. (2)

Seattle Mariners
AL

Coors Field (COL)

1999

Ken Griffey Jr. (3)

Seattle Mariners
AL

Fenway Park (BOS)

2000

Sammy Sosa

Chicago Cubs
NL

Turner Field (ATL)

2001

Luis Gonzalez

Arizona Diamondbacks
NL

Safeco Field (SEA)

2002

Jason Giambi

New York Yankees
AL

Miller Park (MIL)

2003

Garret Anderson

Anaheim Angels
AL

U.S. Cellular Field (CHW)

2004

Miguel Tejada

Baltimore Orioles
AL

Minute Maid Park (HOU)

2005

Bobby Abreu

Philadelphia Phillies
NL

Comerica Park (DET)

2006

Ryan Howard

Philadelphia Phillies
NL

PNC Park (PIT)

2007

Vladimir Guerrero

Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
AL

AT&T Park (SF)

2008

Justin Morneau

Minnesota Twins
AL

Yankee Stadium (NYY)

2009

Prince Fielder (1)

Milwaukee Brewers
NL

Busch Stadium (STL)

2010

David Ortiz

Boston Red Sox
AL

Angel Stadium of Anaheim (LAA)

2011

Robinson Canó

New York Yankees
AL

Chase Field (ARI)

2012

Prince Fielder (2)

Detroit Tigers
AL

Kauffman Stadium (KC)

2013

Yoenis Céspedes (1)

Oakland Athletics
AL

Citi Field (NYM)

2014

Yoenis Céspedes (2)

Oakland Athletics
AL

Target Field (MIN)

2015

Todd Frazier

Cincinnati Reds
NL

Great American Ball Park (CIN)

2016

Giancarlo Stanton

Miami Marlins
NL

Petco Park (SD)

2017

Aaron Judge

 New York Yankees
 AL

Marlins Park (MIA)

2018

Bryce Harper

Washington Nationals
NL

Nationals Park (WAS)

text: Records[edit]

text: Most home runs in a single round[edit]

text:
Josh Hamilton (2008 First Round) – 28
Bobby Abreu (2005 First Round), Giancarlo Stanton (2016 First Round) – 24
Aaron Judge (2017 First Round) – 23
Justin Bour (2017 First Round) – 22
Kyle Schwarber (2018 Second Round) – 21

text: Most single-derby home runs[edit]

text: Note: these numbers exclude swingoffs.

text:
Giancarlo Stanton (2016) – 61
Kyle Schwarber (2018) – 55
Aaron Judge (2017) – 47
Bryce Harper (2018) – 45
Todd Frazier (2016) – 42
Bobby Abreu (2005) – 41
Joc Pederson (2015), Todd Frazier (2015) – 39
Rhys Hoskins (2018) – 37
Josh Hamilton (2008) – 35
David Ortiz (2010), Robinson Canó (2011), Yoenis Céspedes (2013), Miguel Sanó (2017) – 32

text: Most all-time home runs[edit]

text: Note: these numbers exclude swingoffs.

text:
Todd Frazier – 91
Giancarlo Stanton – 83
Prince Fielder – 81
David Ortiz – 77
Albert Pujols – 71
Ken Griffey Jr. – 70
Bryce Harper – 69
Jason Giambi – 67
Sammy Sosa – 65
Yoenis Céspedes – 60

text: Wins by team[edit]

text:
Rank

Team

Wins

Years

1

New York Yankees

4

1997, 2002, 2011, 2017

2

Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim

3

1986*, 2003, 2007

Oakland Athletics

3

1992, 2013, 2014

Chicago Cubs

3

1987, 1990, 2000

Seattle Mariners

3

1994, 1998, 1999

Cincinnati Reds

3

1985, 1989, 2015

3

Baltimore Orioles

2

1991, 2004

Philadelphia Phillies

2

2005, 2006

4

New York Mets

1

1986*

Texas Rangers

1

1993

Chicago White Sox

1

1995

San Francisco Giants

1

1996

Arizona Diamondbacks

1

2001

Minnesota Twins

1

2008

Milwaukee Brewers

1

2009

Boston Red Sox

1

2010

Detroit Tigers

1

2012

Miami Marlins

1

2016

Washington Nationals

1

2018

5

Atlanta Braves

0

Cleveland Indians

0

Colorado Rockies

0

Houston Astros

0

Kansas City Royals

0

Los Angeles Dodgers

0

Pittsburgh Pirates

0

St. Louis Cardinals

0

San Diego Padres

0

Tampa Bay Rays

0

Toronto Blue Jays

0

text: Complete scoreboard[edit]

text:
Key

Member of the Baseball Hall of Fame

text:
The Metrodome, Minneapolis—A.L. 17, N.L. 16

Player
Team
Home runs

American League

Jim Rice
Boston
4

Eddie Murray
Baltimore
4

Carlton Fisk
Chicago
4

Tom Brunansky
Minnesota
4

Cal Ripken Jr.
Baltimore
1

National League

Dave Parker
Cincinnati
6

Dale Murphy
Atlanta
4

Steve Garvey
San Diego
2

Ryne Sandberg
Chicago
2

Jack Clark
St. Louis
2

text:
Astrodome, Houston—N.L. 8, A.L. 7

Player
Team
Home runs

American League

Wally Joyner
California
4

Jesse Barfield
Toronto
2

Jose Canseco
Oakland
1

National League

Darryl Strawberry
New York
4

Dave Parker
Cincinnati
3

Hubie Brooks
Montreal
1

text:
Oakland Coliseum, Oakland—N.L. 6, A.L. 2

Player
Team
Home runs

American League

George Bell
Toronto
1

Mark McGwire
Oakland
1

National League

Andre Dawson
Chicago
4

Ozzie Virgil Jr.
Atlanta
2

text: Home Run Derby canceled due to rain.

text:
Anaheim Stadium, Anaheim—N.L. 9, A.L. 5

Player
Team
Home runs

American League

Rubén Sierra
Texas
3

Mickey Tettleton
Baltimore
1

Bo Jackson
Kansas City
1

Gary Gaetti
Minnesota
0

National League

Eric Davis
Cincinnati
3

Glenn Davis
Houston
2

Howard Johnson
New York
2

Kevin Mitchell
San Francisco
2

text:
Wrigley Field, Chicago—N.L. 4, A.L. 1

Player
Team
Home runs

American League

Mark McGwire
Oakland
1

Ken Griffey Jr.
Seattle
0

Jose Canseco
Oakland
0

Cecil Fielder
Detroit
0

National League

Ryne Sandberg
Chicago
3

Matt Williams
San Francisco
1

Bobby Bonilla
Pittsburgh
0

Darryl Strawberry
New York
0

text:
SkyDome, Toronto—A.L. 20, N.L. 7

Player
Team
Home runs

American League

Cal Ripken Jr.
Baltimore
12

Cecil Fielder
Detroit
4

Joe Carter
Toronto
2

Danny Tartabull
Kansas City
2

National League

Paul O'Neill
Cincinnati
5

George Bell
Chicago
2

Chris Sabo
Cincinnati
0

Howard Johnson
New York
0

text:
Jack Murphy Stadium, San Diego—A.L. 27, N.L. 13

Player
Team
Home runs

American League

Mark McGwire
Oakland
12

Ken Griffey Jr.
Seattle
7

Joe Carter
Toronto
4

Cal Ripken Jr.
Baltimore
4

National League

Larry Walker
Montreal
4

Gary Sheffield
San Diego
4

Fred McGriff
San Diego
3

Barry Bonds
Pittsburgh
2

text:
Camden Yards, Baltimore—A.L. 20, N.L. 12

Player
Team
Home runs

American League

Juan González
Texas
7

Ken Griffey Jr.
Seattle
7 *

Cecil Fielder
Detroit
4

Albert Belle
Cleveland
3

National League

Barry Bonds
San Francisco
5

Bobby Bonilla
New York
5

David Justice
Atlanta
2

Mike Piazza
Los Angeles
0

text: * Lost in playoff to Gonzalez

text:
Three Rivers Stadium, Pittsburgh—A.L. 17, N.L. 11

Player
Team
Home runs

American League

Ken Griffey Jr.
Seattle
7

Rubén Sierra
Oakland
4

Frank Thomas
Chicago
4

Albert Belle
Cleveland
2

National League

Fred McGriff
Atlanta
5

Jeff Bagwell
Houston
3

Dante Bichette
Colorado
3

Mike Piazza
Los Angeles
0

text:
The Ballpark in Arlington, Arlington—A.L. 40, N.L. 12

Player
Team
Home runs

American League

Frank Thomas
Chicago
15  *

Albert Belle
Cleveland
16

Mo Vaughn
Boston
6

Manny Ramirez
Cleveland
3

National League

Ron Gant
Cincinnati
3

Sammy Sosa
Chicago
2

Reggie Sanders
Cincinnati
2

Raúl Mondesí
Los Angeles
2

text: * Beat Belle in finals

text:
Veterans Stadium, Philadelphia—A.L. 36, N.L. 23

Player
Team
Home runs

American League

Mark McGwire
Oakland
15

Brady Anderson
Baltimore
11

Jay Buhner
Seattle
8

Joe Carter
Toronto
2

Greg Vaughn
Milwaukee
0

National League

Barry Bonds
San Francisco
17

Henry Rodríguez
Montreal
3

Jeff Bagwell
Houston
2

Ellis Burks
Colorado
1

Gary Sheffield
Florida
0

text:
Jacobs Field, Cleveland—A.L. 32, N.L. 29

Player
Team
Home runs

American League

Tino Martinez
New York
16 *

Mark McGwire
Oakland
7

Brady Anderson
Baltimore
4

Ken Griffey Jr.
Seattle
3

Nomar Garciaparra
Boston
0

Jim Thome
Cleveland
0

National League

Larry Walker
Colorado
19

Jeff Bagwell
Houston
5

Chipper Jones
Atlanta
3

Ray Lankford
St. Louis
2

text: * Beat Walker in finals

text:
Coors Field, Denver—A.L. 53, N.L. 29

Player
Team
Home runs

American League

Ken Griffey Jr.
Seattle
19

Rafael Palmeiro
Baltimore
10

Jim Thome
Cleveland
17

Alex Rodriguez
Seattle
5

Damion Easley
Detroit
2

National League

Vinny Castilla
Colorado
12

Moisés Alou
Houston
7

Javy López
Atlanta
5

Mark McGwire
St. Louis
4

Chipper Jones
Atlanta
1

text:
Fenway Park, Boston—N.L. 39, A.L. 23

Player
Team
Home runs

American League

Ken Griffey Jr.
Seattle
16

Nomar Garciaparra
Boston
2

B. J. Surhoff
Baltimore
2

Shawn Green
Toronto
2

John Jaha
Oakland
1

National League

Jeromy Burnitz
Milwaukee
14

Mark McGwire
St. Louis
16 *

Jeff Bagwell
Houston
6

Larry Walker
Colorado
2

Sammy Sosa
Chicago
1

text: * Lost to Burnitz in round 2

text:
Turner Field, Atlanta—N.L. 41, A.L. 21

Player
Team
Round 1
Semis
Finals
Total

Sammy Sosa
Cubs
6
11
9
26

Ken Griffey Jr.
Reds
6
3
2
11

Carl Everett
Red Sox
6
6
–
12

Carlos Delgado
Blue Jays
5
1
–
6

Edgar Martínez
Mariners
2
–
–
2

Chipper Jones
Braves
2
–
–
2

Vladimir Guerrero
Expos
2
–
–
2

Iván Rodríguez
Rangers
1
–
–
1

text:
Semifinals
Finals
      1
Ken Griffey Jr.
3
4
Carlos Delgado
1
1
Ken Griffey Jr.
2

3
Sammy Sosa
9
2
Carl Everett
6
3
Sammy Sosa
11

text:
Safeco Field, Seattle—N.L. 41, A.L. 25

Player
Team
Round 1
Semis
Finals
Totals

Luis Gonzalez
Diamondbacks
5
5
6
16

Sammy Sosa
Cubs
3
8
2
13

Jason Giambi
Athletics
14
6
–
20

Barry Bonds
Giants
7
3
–
10

Bret Boone
Mariners
3
–
–
3

Todd Helton
Rockies
2
–
–
2

Alex Rodriguez
Rangers
2
–
–
2

Troy Glaus
Angels
0
–
–
0

text:
Semifinals
Finals
      1
Jason Giambi
6
4
Sammy Sosa
8
4
Sammy Sosa
2

3
Luis Gonzalez
6
2
Barry Bonds
3
3
Luis Gonzalez
5

text:
Miller Park, Milwaukee—A.L. 42, N.L. 31

Player
Team
Round 1
Semis
Finals
Totals

Jason Giambi
Yankees
11
6
7
24

Sammy Sosa
Cubs
12
5
1
18

Paul Konerko
White Sox
6
6
–
12

Richie Sexson
Brewers
6
4
–
10

Torii Hunter
Twins
3
–
–
3

Barry Bonds
Giants
2
–
–
2

Alex Rodriguez
Rangers
2
–
–
2

Lance Berkman
Astros
1
–
–
1

text:
Semifinals
Finals
      1
Sammy Sosa
5
4
Richie Sexson
4
1
Jason Giambi
7

2
Sammy Sosa
1
2
Jason Giambi
7
3
Paul Konerko
6

text: * Giambi defeated Konerko in a swing off

text:
U.S. Cellular Field, Chicago—A.L. 47, N.L. 39

Player
Team
Round 1
Semis
Finals
Total

Garret Anderson
Angels
7
6
9
22

Albert Pujols
Cardinals
4
14
8
26

Jason Giambi
Yankees
12
11
–
23

Jim Edmonds
Cardinals
4
4
–
8

Gary Sheffield
Braves
4
–
–
4

Carlos Delgado
Blue Jays
2
–
–
3

Richie Sexson
Brewers
1
–
–
1

Bret Boone
Mariners
0
–
–
0

text:
Semifinals
Finals
      1
Jason Giambi
11
4
Albert Pujols
14
4
Albert Pujols
8

2
Garret Anderson
9
2
Garret Anderson
6
3
Jim Edmonds
4

text:
Minute Maid Park, Houston—A.L. 47, N.L. 41

Player
Team
Round 1
Semis
Finals
Total

Miguel Tejada
Orioles
7
15
5
27

Lance Berkman
Astros
7
10
4
21

Rafael Palmeiro
Orioles
9
5
–
14

Barry Bonds
Giants
8
3
–
11

Sammy Sosa
Cubs
5
–
–
5

Jim Thome
Phillies
4
–
–
4

Hank Blalock
Rangers
3
–
–
3

David Ortiz
Red Sox
3
–
–
3

text:
Comerica Park, Detroit—N.L. 66, A.L. 42

Player
Home Country
Team
Round 1
Semis
Finals
Totals

Bobby Abreu
Venezuela
Phillies
24
6
11
41*

Iván Rodríguez
Puerto Rico
Tigers
7
8
5
20

David Ortiz
Dominican Republic
Red Sox
17
3
–
20

Carlos Lee
Panama
Brewers
11
4
–
15

Hee-seop Choi
South Korea
Dodgers
5
–
–
5

Andruw Jones
Netherlands
Braves
5
–
–
5

Mark Teixeira
USA
Rangers
2
–
–
2

Jason Bay
Canada
Pirates
0
–
–
0

text: * Total rounds record.

text:
PNC Park, Pittsburgh—N.L. 62, A.L. 24

Player
Team
Round 1
Round 2
Subtotal
Finals
Total

Ryan Howard
Phillies
8
10
18
5
23

David Wright
Mets
16
2
18
4
22

Miguel Cabrera
Marlins
9
6
15
–
15

David Ortiz
Red Sox
10
3
13
–
13

Jermaine Dye
White Sox
7
–
7
–
7

Lance Berkman
Astros
3
–
3
–
3

Miguel Tejada
Orioles
3
–
3
–
3

Troy Glaus
Blue Jays
1
–
1
–
1

text:
AT&T Park, San Francisco—A.L. 42, N.L. 32

Player
Team
Round 1
Round 2
Subtotal
Finals
Total

Vladimir Guerrero
Angels
5
9
14
3a
17

Alex Ríos
Blue Jays
5
12
17
2
19

Matt Holliday
Rockies
5
8
13
–
13

Albert Pujols
Cardinals
4 (2)
9
13
–
13

Justin Morneau
Twins
4 (1)
–
4
–
4

Prince Fielder
Brewers
3
–
3
–
3

Ryan Howard
Phillies
3
–
3
–
3

Magglio Ordóñez
Tigers
2
–
2
–
2

text:
Notes:
^a Recorded only seven of ten outs before hitting winning home run.
Italicized numbers denote swing-offs.

text:
Yankee Stadium, New York—A.L. 66, N.L. 39

Player
Team
Round 1
Round 2
Subtotal
Finals
Total

Justin Morneau
Twins
8
9
17
5
22

Josh Hamilton
Rangers
28a
4b
32
3
35

Lance Berkman
Astros
8
6
14
–
14

Ryan Braun
Brewers
7
7
14
–
14

Dan Uggla
Marlins
6
–
6
–
6

Grady Sizemore
Indians
6
–
6
–
6

Chase Utley
Phillies
5
–
5
–
5

Evan Longoria
Rays
3
–
3
–
3

text:
Notes:
^a New single round record.
^b Voluntarily ended round with four outs.

text:
Busch Stadium, St. Louis—N.L. 51, A.L. 31

Player
Team
Round 1
Round 2
Subtotal
Finals
Total

Prince Fielder
Brewers
11
6
17
6
23

Nelson Cruz
Rangers
11
5
16
5
21

Ryan Howard
Phillies
7
8
15
–
15

Albert Pujols
Cardinals
5 (2)
6
11
–
11

Carlos Peña
Rays
5 (1)
–
5
–
5

Joe Mauer
Twins
5 (0)
–
5
–
5

Adrian Gonzalez
Padres
2
–
2
–
2

Brandon Inge
Tigers
0
–
0
–
0

text:
Notes:
Italicized numbers denote swing-offs.

text:
Angel Stadium of Anaheim, Anaheim—A.L. 50, N.L. 45

Player
Team
Round 1
Round 2
Subtotal
Finals
Total

David Ortiz
Red Sox
8
13
21
11
32

Hanley Ramírez
Marlins
9
12
21
5
26

Corey Hart
Brewers
13
0
13
–
13

Miguel Cabrera
Tigers
7
5
12
–
12

Matt Holliday
Cardinals
5
–
5
–
5

Nick Swisher
Yankees
4
–
4
–
4

Vernon Wells
Blue Jays
2
–
2
–
2

Chris Young
Diamondbacks
1
–
1
–
1

text:
Chase Field, Phoenix—A.L. 76, N.L. 19

Player
Team
Round 1
Round 2
Subtotal
Finals
Total

Robinson Canó
Yankees
8
12
20
12
32

Adrian Gonzalez
Red Sox
9
11
20
11
31

Prince Fielder
Brewers
5 (5)
4
9
–
9

David Ortiz
Red Sox
5 (4)
4
9
–
9

Matt Holliday
Cardinals
5 (2)
–
5
–
5

José Bautista
Blue Jays
4
–
4
–
4

Rickie Weeks Jr.
Brewers
3
–
3
–
3

Matt Kemp
Dodgers
2
–
2
–
2

text:
Kauffman Stadium, Kansas City—A.L. 61, N.L. 21

Player
Team
Round 1
Round 2
Subtotal
Finals
Total

Prince Fielder
Tigers
5
11
16
12
28

José Bautista
Blue Jays
11
2
13 (2)
7
20

Mark Trumbo
Angels
7
6
13 (1)
—
13

Carlos Beltrán
Cardinals
7
5
12
—
12

Carlos González
Rockies
4
—
4
—
4

Andrew McCutchen
Pirates
4
—
4
—
4

Matt Kemp
Dodgers
1
—
1
—
1

Robinson Canó
Yankees
0
—
0
—
0

text:
Citi Field, New York—A.L. 53, N.L. 50

Player
Team
Round 1
Round 2
Subtotal
Finals
Total

Yoenis Céspedes
Athletics
17
6
23
9a
32

Bryce Harper
Nationals
8
8
16
8
24

Michael Cuddyer
Rockies
7
8
15
—
15

Chris Davis
Orioles
8
4
12
—
12

Pedro Álvarez
Pirates
6
—
6
—
6

Prince Fielder
Tigers
5
—
5
—
5

David Wright
Mets
5
—
5
—
5

Robinson Canó
Yankees
4
—
4
—
4

text:
Note:
^a Recorded only five of ten outs before hitting winning home run.

text:
Target Field, Minneapolis — A.L. 54, N.L. 24

American League

Player
Team
Round 1
Round 2
Round 3
Finals
Total

Yoenis Céspedes
Athletics
3 (2)
9
7
9
28

José Bautista
Blue Jays
10
*
4
−
14

Adam Jones
Orioles
4
3
−
−
7

Josh Donaldson
Athletics
3 (1)
−
−
−
3

Brian Dozier
Twins
2
−
−
−
2

National League

Player
Team
Round 1
Round 2
Round 3
Finals
Total

Todd Frazier
Reds
2 (1)
6
1
1
10

Giancarlo Stanton
Marlins
6
*
0
−
6

Troy Tulowitzki
Rockies
4
2
−
−
6

Justin Morneau
Rockies
2 (0)
−
−
−
2

Yasiel Puig
Dodgers
0
−
−
−
0

text:
* designates bye round.
(designates swing off home runs).

text:
Round 2

Round 3 (Semifinals)

Finals

American League

1

José Bautista

4

2

Adam Jones

3

3

Yoenis Céspedes

7

3

Yoenis Céspedes

9

3

Yoenis Céspedes

9

3

Todd Frazier

1

National League

1

Giancarlo Stanton

0

2

Troy Tulowitzki

2

3

Todd Frazier

1

3

Todd Frazier

6

text: 2015 Great American Ball Park (Cincinnati)[edit]

text:
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Finals
         1
Albert Pujols (LAA)
10
8
Kris Bryant (CHC)
9
1
Albert Pujols
11

4
Joc Pederson
12
4
Joc Pederson (LAD)
13
5
Manny Machado (BAL)
12
4
Joc Pederson
14

2
Todd Frazier
15
3
Josh Donaldson (TOR)
9
6
Anthony Rizzo (CHC)
8
3
Josh Donaldson
9

2
Todd Frazier
10
2
Todd Frazier (CIN)
14
7
Prince Fielder (TEX)
13

text: 2016 Petco Park (San Diego)[edit]

text:
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Finals
         1
Mark Trumbo (BAL)
16
8
Corey Seager (LAD)
15
1
Mark Trumbo
14

5
Giancarlo Stanton
17
4
Robinson Canó (SEA)
7
5
Giancarlo Stanton (MIA)
24
5
Giancarlo Stanton
20

2
Todd Frazier
13
3
Adam Duvall (CIN)
11
6
Wil Myers (SD)
10
3
Adam Duvall
15

2
Todd Frazier
16
2
Todd Frazier (CWS)
13
7
Carlos González (COL)
12

text: 2017 Marlins Park (Miami)[edit]

text:
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Finals
         1
Giancarlo Stanton (MIA)
16
8
Gary Sánchez (NYY)
17
8
Gary Sánchez
10

5
Miguel Sanó
11
4
Mike Moustakas (KC)
10
5
Miguel Sanó (MIN)
11
5
Miguel Sanó
10

2
Aaron Judge
11
3
Cody Bellinger (LAD)
15
6
Charlie Blackmon (COL)
14
3
Cody Bellinger
12

2
Aaron Judge
13
2
Aaron Judge (NYY)
23
7
Justin Bour (MIA)
22

text: 2018 Nationals Park (Washington)[edit]

text:
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Finals
         1
Jesús Aguilar (MIL)
12
8
Rhys Hoskins (PHI)
17
8
Rhys Hoskins
20

5
Kyle Schwarber
21
4
Alex Bregman (HOU)
15
5
Kyle Schwarber (CHC)
16
5
Kyle Schwarber
18

2
Bryce Harper
19
3
Max Muncy (LAD)
17
6
Javier Báez (CHC)
16
3
Max Muncy
12

2
Bryce Harper
13
2
Bryce Harper (WAS)
13
7
Freddie Freeman (ATL)
12


document_title: List of solar eclipses visible from the United States

question_text: when was the last time the usa had a solar eclipse

root

text:
June 28, 1908

Annular
June 8, 1918

Total
November 22, 1919

Annular
September 10, 1923

Total

January 24, 1925

Total
June 29, 1927

Total
April 28, 1930

Hybrid
August 31, 1932

Total

April 19, 1939

Annular
April 7, 1940

Annular
February 4, 1943

Total
July 9, 1945

Total

May 9, 1948

Annular

text:
September 1, 1951

Annular
June 30, 1954

Total
October 2, 1959

Total
July 20, 1963

Total

March 7, 1970

Total
July 10, 1972

Total
February 26, 1979

Total
May 30, 1984

Annular

July 22, 1990

Total
July 11, 1991

Total
January 4, 1992

Annular
May 10, 1994

Annular

text:
May 20, 2012[1]

Annular
August 21, 2017[2]

Total
October 14, 2023[3]

Annular
April 8, 2024[4]

Total

March 30, 2033[5]

Total
June 21, 2039[6]

Annular
August 23, 2044[7]

Total
August 12, 2045[8]

Total

February 5, 2046[9]

Annular
June 11, 2048[10]

Annular

text:
[show]

v
t
e

Solar eclipses

Lists of eclipses

By century

Antiquity
20th BC
19th BC
18th BC
17th BC
16th BC
15th BC
14th BC
13th BC
12th BC
11th BC
10th BC
9th BC
8th BC
7th BC
6th BC
5th BC
4th BC
3rd BC
2nd BC
1st BC
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th
21st
22nd
23rd
24th
25th
26th
27th
28th
29th
30th

Saros series

110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162

Visibility

Australia
China
Philippines
Russia
Ukraine
United Kingdom
United States

Historical

Mursili's eclipse (1312 BC)
Assyrian eclipse (763 BC)
Eclipse of Thales (585 BC)

Total/hybrid eclipses

→ symbol denotes
next total/hybrid eclipse

1560 Aug 21
1598 Mar 7
1652 Apr 8
1654 Aug 12
1673 Aug 12
1699 Sep 23
1715 May 3
1724 May 22
1766 Feb 9
1778 Jun 24
1780 Oct 27
1806 Jun 16
1816 Nov 19
1824 Jun 26
1842 Jul 8
1851 Jul 28
1853 Nov 30
1857 Mar 25
1858 Sep 7
1860 Jul 18
1865 Apr 25
1867 Aug 29
1868 Aug 18
1869 Aug 7
1870 Dec 22
1871 Dec 12
1874 Apr 16
1875 Apr 6
1878 Jul 29
1882 May 17
1883 May 6
1885 Sep 8
1886 Aug 29
1887 Aug 19
1889 Jan 1
1889 Dec 22
1893 Apr 16
1896 Aug 9
1898 Jan 22
1900 May 28
1901 May 18
1903 Sep 21
1904 Sep 9
1905 Aug 30
1907 Jan 14
1908 Jan 3
1908 Dec 23
1909 Jun 17
1910 May 9
1911 Apr 28
1912 Apr 17
1912 Oct 10
1914 Aug 21
1916 Feb 3
1918 Jun 8
1919 May 29
1921 Oct 1
1922 Sep 21
1923 Sep 10
1925 Jan 24
1926 Jan 14
1927 Jun 29
1928 May 19
1929 May 9
1930 Apr 28
1930 Oct 21
1932 Aug 31
1934 Feb 14
1936 Jun 19
1937 Jun 8
1938 May 29
1939 Oct 12
1940 Oct 1
1941 Sep 21
1943 Feb 4
1944 Jan 25
1944 Jul 20
1945 Jul 9
1947 May 20
1948 Nov 1
1950 Sep 12
1952 Feb 25
1954 Jun 30
1955 Jun 20
1956 Jun 8
1957 Oct 23
1958 Oct 12
1959 Oct 2
1961 Feb 15
1962 Feb 5
1963 Jul 20
1965 May 30
1966 Nov 12
1967 Nov 2
1968 Sep 22
1970 Mar 7
1972 Jul 10
1973 Jun 30
1974 Jun 20
1976 Oct 23
1977 Oct 12
1979 Feb 26
1980 Feb 16
1981 Jul 31
1983 Jun 11
1984 Nov 22
1985 Nov 12
1986 Oct 3
1987 Mar 29
1988 Mar 18
1990 Jul 22
1991 Jul 11
1992 Jun 30
1994 Nov 3
1995 Oct 24
1997 Mar 9
1998 Feb 26
1999 Aug 11
2001 Jun 21
2002 Dec 4
2003 Nov 23
2005 Apr 8
2006 Mar 29
2008 Aug 1
2009 Jul 22
2010 Jul 11
2012 Nov 13
2013 Nov 3
2015 Mar 20
2016 Mar 9
2017 Aug 21
→ 2019 Jul 2
2020 Dec 14
2021 Dec 4
2023 Apr 20
2024 Apr 8
2026 Aug 12
2027 Aug 2
2028 Jul 22
2030 Nov 25
2031 Nov 14
2033 Mar 30
2034 Mar 20
2035 Sep 2
2037 Jul 13
2038 Dec 26
2039 Dec 15
2041 Apr 30
2042 Apr 20
2043 Apr 9
2044 Aug 23
2045 Aug 12
2046 Aug 2
2048 Dec 5
2049 Nov 25
2050 May 20
2052 Mar 30
2053 Sep 12
2055 Jul 24
2057 Jan 5
2057 Dec 26
2059 May 11
2060 Apr 30
2061 Apr 20
2063 Aug 24
2064 Aug 12
2066 Dec 17
2067 Dec 6
2068 May 31
2070 Apr 11
2071 Sep 23
2072 Sep 12
2073 Aug 3
2075 Jan 16
2076 Jan 6
2077 May 22
2078 May 11
2079 May 1
2081 Sep 3
2082 Aug 24
2084 Dec 27
2086 Jun 11
2088 Apr 21
2089 Oct 4
2090 Sep 23
2091 Aug 15
2093 Jan 27
2094 Jan 16
2095 Jun 2
2096 May 22
2097 May 11
2099 Sep 14
2100 Sep 4
2114 Jun 3
2132 Jun 13
2150 Jun 25
2168 Jul 5
2186 Jul 16

Annular eclipses

→ symbol denotes
next annular eclipse

1820 Sep 7
1854 May 26
1879 Jan 22
1889 Jun 28
1901 Nov 11
1903 Mar 29
1904 Mar 17
1905 Mar 6
1907 Jul 10
1908 Jun 28
1911 Oct 22
1914 Feb 25
1915 Feb 14
1915 Aug 10
1916 Jul 30
1917 Dec 14
1918 Dec 3
1919 Nov 22
1921 Apr 8
1922 Mar 28
1923 Mar 17
1925 Jul 20
1926 Jul 9
1927 Jan 3
1929 Nov 1
1932 Mar 7
1933 Feb 24
1933 Aug 21
1934 Aug 10
1935 Dec 25
1936 Dec 13
1937 Dec 2
1939 Apr 19
1940 Apr 7
1941 Mar 27
1943 Aug 1
1945 Jan 14
1947 Nov 12
1948 May 9
1950 Mar 18
1951 Mar 7
1951 Sep 1
1952 Aug 20
1954 Jan 5
1954 Dec 25
1955 Dec 14
1957 Apr 30
1958 Apr 19
1959 Apr 8
1961 Aug 11
1962 Jul 31
1963 Jan 25
1965 Nov 23
1966 May 20
1969 Mar 18
1969 Sep 11
1970 Aug 31
1972 Jan 16
1973 Jan 4
1973 Dec 24
1976 Apr 29
1977 Apr 18
1979 Aug 22
1980 Aug 10
1981 Feb 4
1983 Dec 4
1984 May 30
1987 Sep 23
1988 Sep 11
1990 Jan 26
1991 Jan 15
1992 Jan 4
1994 May 10
1995 Apr 29
1998 Aug 22
1999 Feb 16
2001 Dec 14
2002 Jun 10
2003 May 31
2005 Oct 3
2006 Sep 22
2008 Feb 7
2009 Jan 26
2010 Jan 15
2012 May 20
2013 May 10
2014 Apr 29
2016 Sep 1
2017 Feb 26
→ 2019 Dec 26
2020 Jun 21
2021 Jun 10
2023 Oct 14
2024 Oct 2
2026 Feb 17
2027 Feb 6
2028 Jan 26
2030 Jun 1
2031 May 21
2032 May 9
2034 Sep 12
2035 Mar 9
2038 Jan 5
2038 Jul 2
2039 Jun 21
2041 Oct 25
2042 Oct 14
2043 Oct 3
2044 Feb 28
2045 Feb 16
2046 Feb 5
2048 Jun 11
2049 May 31
2052 Sep 22
2053 Mar 20
2056 Jan 16
2056 Jul 12
2057 Jul 1
2059 Nov 5
2060 Oct 24
2061 Oct 13
2063 Feb 28
2064 Feb 17
2066 Jun 22
2067 Jun 11
2070 Oct 4
2071 Mar 31
2074 Jan 27
2074 Jul 24
2075 Jul 13
2077 Nov 15
2078 Nov 4
2079 Oct 24
2081 Mar 10
2082 Feb 27
2084 Jul 3
2085 Jun 22
2085 Dec 16
2088 Oct 14
2089 Apr 10
2092 Feb 7
2092 Aug 3
2093 Jul 23
2095 Nov 27
2096 Nov 15
2097 Nov 4
2099 Mar 21
2100 Mar 10

Partial eclipses

→ symbol denotes
next partial eclipse

1902 Apr 8
1902 May 7
1902 Oct 31
1906 Feb 23
1906 Jul 21
1906 Aug 20
1909 Dec 12
1910 Nov 2
1913 Apr 6
1913 Aug 31
1913 Sep 30
1916 Dec 24
1917 Jan 23
1917 Jun 19
1917 Jul 19
1920 May 18
1920 Nov 10
1924 Mar 5
1924 Jul 31
1924 Aug 30
1927 Dec 24
1928 Jun 17
1928 Nov 12
1931 Apr 18
1931 Sep 12
1931 Oct 11
1935 Jan 5
1935 Feb 3
1935 Jun 30
1935 Jul 30
1938 Nov 21
1942 Mar 16
1942 Aug 12
1942 Sep 10
1946 Jan 3
1946 May 30
1946 Jun 29
1946 Nov 23
1949 Apr 28
1949 Oct 21
1953 Feb 14
1953 Jul 11
1953 Aug 9
1956 Dec 2
1960 Mar 27
1960 Sep 20
1964 Jan 14
1964 Jun 10
1964 Jul 9
1964 Dec 4
1967 May 9
1968 Mar 28
1971 Feb 25
1971 Jul 22
1971 Aug 20
1974 Dec 13
1975 May 11
1975 Nov 3
1978 Apr 7
1978 Oct 2
1982 Jan 25
1982 Jun 21
1982 Jul 20
1982 Dec 15
1985 May 19
1986 Apr 9
1989 Mar 7
1989 Aug 31
1992 Dec 24
1993 May 21
1993 Nov 13
1996 Apr 17
1996 Oct 12
1997 Sep 2
2000 Feb 5
2000 Jul 1
2000 Jul 31
2000 Dec 25
2004 Apr 19
2004 Oct 14
2007 Mar 19
2011 Jan 4
2011 Jun 1
2011 Jul 1
2011 Nov 25
2014 Oct 23
2015 Sep 13
→ 2018 Feb 15
2018 Jul 13
2018 Aug 11
2019 Jan 6
2022 Apr 30
2022 Oct 25
2025 Mar 29
2025 Sep 21
2029 Jan 14
2029 Jun 12
2029 Jul 11
2032 Nov 3
2033 Sep 23
2036 Feb 27
2036 Jul 23
2036 Aug 21
2037 Jan 16
2040 May 11
2040 Nov 4
2047 Jan 26
2047 Jun 23
2047 Jul 22
2047 Dec 16
2050 Nov 14
2051 Apr 11
2051 Oct 4
2054 Mar 9
2054 Aug 3
2054 Sep 2
2055 Jan 27
2058 May 22
2058 Jun 21
2058 Nov 16
2062 Mar 11
2062 Sep 3
2065 Feb 5
2065 Jul 3
2065 Aug 2
2065 Dec 27
2068 Nov 24
2069 Apr 21
2069 May 20
2069 Oct 15
2072 Mar 19
2073 Feb 7
2076 Jun 1
2076 Jul 1
2076 Nov 26
2083 Feb 16
2083 Jul 15
2083 Aug 13
2084 Jan 7
2086 Dec 6
2087 May 2
2087 Jun 1
2087 Oct 26
2090 Mar 31
2091 Feb 18
2094 Jun 13
2094 Jul 12
2094 Dec 7
2098 Apr 1
2098 Sep 25
2098 Oct 24

Other bodies

Mars
Moon
Jupiter
Neptune
Pluto
Saturn
Uranus

Related topics

Eclipse chasing

Solar viewer

Solar eclipses in fiction

 Book
 Category
 Commons
 Portal
 WikiProject


document_title: Bengal Tiger (2015 film)

question_text: what is the name of heroine in bengal tiger

text: Bengal Tiger (2015 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Akash Narayan (Ravi Teja)is an unemployed simpleton living in Athreyapuram, East Godavari district who spends his time hanging out with friends. He is rejected by a girl (Aksha Pardasany) who aspires to marry a famous person. This hurts Akash and in an attempt to become famous, he hits the agricultural minister Samba (Sayaji Shinde) with a stone. Initially angry, Samba is impressed with Akash's wit and employs him to escort home minister Nagappa's (Rao Ramesh ) daughter Shraddha (Raashi Khanna) safely from the airport as her life is in danger. Upon Shraddha's suggestion, Nagappa appoints Akash as his OSD. Shraddha gets engaged to Karan, the son of politician Subba Rayudu. She, however, falls in love with Akash after a series of incidents.

tag: p

text: Shraddha rejects Karan and convinces  Nagappa for the same. She adds that she would prefer to a self-made man like Akash to already financially settled person, as she finds the potential of making it big in Akash. On Shraddha's birthday, Nagappa hosts a big part and announces Akash as Shraddha's potential lover in the presence of many politicians, including the chief minister Ashok Gajapathi (Boman Irani). Akash however rejects Nagappa's presence and says that he loves Meera (Tamannaah), the daughter of Gajapathi, much to everyone's shock.

text: When Shraddha confronts Akash, he says that their relationship is that of an employer and an employee and lies that he loved Meera who rejected his love. Meera meets him shortly and proposes to him after being impressed with his eccentricity and spontaneity. When Gajapathi and Shraddha object, Meera defends her decision by saying that his logical thinking made her prefer Akash to others. Gajapathi then comes to know that Akash is his rival Jayanarayan's (Nagineedu) son and predicts that he is seeking revenge. Akash and Gajapathi have a formal meet where they have a deal; if Gajapathi fails to kill Akash within 24 hours using any means, he has to give his consent for Akash's marriage with Meera.

text: Akash manages to survive in those 24 hours and meets Gajapathi again after the completion of the duration. When Gajapathi offers ₹5 billion to forego Meera, Akash accepts it happily and shifts the entire money to his house in Athreyapuram. When Meera and Shraddha probe into this, they find out that Akash's father Jayanarayan (Nagineedu) was befriended by Gajapathi, a struggling politician then, and poisoned the priceless medicines supplied by Jayanarayan with the help of a pharmaceutical company. The blame falls on Jayanarayan who was killed by Gajapathi for political gain. Akash came to know this when he met the paternal uncle of the girl who rejected him initially and decides to seek revenge.

text: Akash plans to use the money he received for development programmes in Athreyapuram on his father's death anniversary. Gajapathi is dethroned from the ministry and his political career comes to an end after Akash provides the proofs for Gajapathi's illegal activities to the political party's executive committee, which he acquired from Gajapathi's secretary after bribing him. Gajapathi tries to kill Akash in Athreyapuram, only to be attacked fatally by the local people who are aware of his betrayal towards Jayanarayan. The film ends with Akash's marriage with Meera and the pandit (Posani Krishna Murali) saying that bride will have only two children but groom would have four this confuses everyone. Then Meera shows Shraddha also dressed as bride. Pandit asks if you both are friends will you share everything ? Shraddha tells that he played with us before marriage now we will play with him after marriage.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Ravi Teja as Akash Narayan
Tamannaah as Meera
Raashi Khanna as Shraddha
Boman Irani as C.M. Ashok Gajapathi

tag: ul

text:
Nassar as Party President
Nagineedu as Jaya Narayan
Rao Ramesh as Home Minister Nagappa
Sayaji Shinde as Agriculture Minister Samba
Brahmanandam as "Amalapuram" Paul / Amala Paul
Tanikella Bharani as RMP Doctor
Posani Krishna Murali as 'Celebrity' Shastri
Prudhviraj as 'Future Star' Siddappa
Brahmaji as Samba's assistant
Prabhakar as Banda
Sravan as Gani Reddy
Sameer as Akash's elder brother
Satyam Rajesh as Rajesh
Shakalaka Shankar as Shankar
Prabhu as Subramanyam
Fish Venkat
Subbaraya Sharma as Priest
Lab Sarath as D.G.P
Duvvasi Mohan
Rama Prabha as Akash's grandmother
Prabha as Akash's mother
Pragathi as Gajapathi's wife
Pavitra Lokesh as Nagappa's wife
Priya as Siddappa's wife
Surekha Vani as Akash's elder sister-in-law
Shyamala as Akash's younger sister-in-law
Uma as Prostitute
Master Nikhil as Siddappa's son
Harshvardhan Rane as Karan (cameo appearance)
Aksha Pardasany as the girl who rejects Akash (cameo)
Hamsa Nandini (Special appearance in the song "Bengal Tiger")

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Sampath Nandi was supposed to direct Pawan Kalyan in the sequel of Gabbar Singh (2012). The film was delayed for years and later Sampath chose to direct Ravi Teja after walking out of that project.[3] Ravi Teja confirmed the news and said that he would start working on this film after completing Kick 2 (2015).[4] Previously, Nandi wrote the script keeping Ravi Teja in mind as the lead but had wanted to prove his abilities before working together.[5] He chose to narrate the story of a man from Athreyapuram in Godavari district who comes on a mission to Hyderabad and his conflict with an intelligent chief minister. In an interview with The Hindu, Nandi specified it as a screenplay based film with a notable flashback episode.[6]

text: For this film, he adapted two fight sequences from the script written for the sequel of Gabbar Singh.[7] The film was titled as Bengal Tiger and K. K. Radha Mohan announced that he would bankroll the film under his banner Sri Satya Sai Arts.[8] At the same time, Sampath Nandi confirmed that the script work is in its final stages.[9] Nandi's protégé Bheems Cecireleo was selected as the music director after Ravi Teja's approval.[10] Soundararajan was selected as the cinematographer who stated that the film is a mass action film.[11] The film was officially launched on 30 January 2015 at Ramanaidu Studios.[12]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Ravi Teja played the role of Akash Narayan, an aimless youth with a master's degree in computers, whose reckless life changes after facing an insult.[14] Tamannaah, the female lead of Nandi's Racha (2012), was signed as one of the two female leads[15] as Ravi Teja was keen on working with her.[5] Impressed with her performance in Jil, Nandi approached Rashi Khanna to play the role of the other female lead.[16] Khanna stated that she and Tamannaah have roles of equal importance in the film.[13] Regarding her role, Khanna said that she would play an "intelligent girl" and shed weight for the same. She added that her subplot in the film, which explores the relationship she shares with her father (played by Rao Ramesh), has its "own importance in the overall scheme of things".[17] Boman Irani was cast for a crucial supporting role.[18]

text: Posani Krishna Murali and Sayaji Shinde were cast for key supporting roles.[19] Nassar was signed in on for a key supporting role as well.[5] Brahmanandam was chosen to play an important role.[20] Ramaprabha, Tanikella Bharani, Nagineedu and Prabhu joined the film's cast in its first schedule.[21] Harshvardhan Rane made a cameo appearance in the film as Khanna's lover and stated that there is a love triangle between him, Ravi Teja and Khanna.[22] Aksha Pardasany too made a cameo appearance in the film and all her scenes in the film were with Ravi Teja.[23]

text: Brahmaji's inclusion in the film's cast was confirmed in late June 2015.[24] Prabhakar and Prudhviraj confirmed their inclusion in the film's cast in early August 2015.[25][26] Hamsa Nandini was signed in mid August 2015 to make a special appearance in a song.[27] Nandini said in an interview that she would sport three looks in the song which she called a "high-fashion with a desi twist" and added that the song is a mix of massy dance beats and EDM grooves.[28]

text: Filming[edit]

text: The principal photography began on 4 March 2015 at Ramoji Film City where scenes focusing Irani, Khanna, Shinde and others were shot until 14 March 2015.[29] On its completion, the next schedule began from 10 April 2015 and Ravi Teja joined the film's sets along with Tamannaah and other supporting cast. The schedule was announced to be shot in Ramoji Film City, Chilkur and other areas around Hyderabad until 6 May 2015.[30] Harshvardhan Rane joined the film's sets on 13 April 2015.[22] Filming continued in Shamshabad from 22 April 2015,[31] after which scenes on Ravi Teja, Tamannaah and Khanna were shot in a railway station backdrop at Ramoji Film City.[32] The third schedule began on 13 May 2015 at Ramoji Film City where Brahmanandam and Ravi Teja joined the film's sets.[33] Along with few scenes featuring both of them, a couple of songs were planned to be shot in the schedule.[34]

text: Filming of a song featuring Ravi Teja, Tamannaah and Khanna commenced on 23 May 2015.[35] On its completion, 40% of the principal photography was wrapped up. The next schedule was planned from 6 June 2015 in Hyderabad to film action sequences before shifting to Pollachi for more filming.[36] From 19 June 2015, few action sequences choreographed by Ram-Lakshman were shot on Ravi Teja and others at Ramoji Film City using Phantom Cam. Irani joined the film's sets on the next day.[37] By then, 60% of the film's shoot was completed.[7] Within a month, 80% of the film's shoot was wrapped up and few action sequences were being shot in and around Hyderabad.[38] The hero introduction song choreographed by A. Harsha was shot on Ravi Teja, Hamsa Nandini and 120 dancers at Hyderabad in mid August 2015.[39] The final schedule commenced at Europe from 8 September 2015 where the film's unit planned to complete the shoot of a few songs.[40]

text: Two songs—one on Ravi Teja and Tamannaah and another on Ravi Teja and Khanna—were shot in the schedule. Upon their completion, the principal photography was almost wrapped up and post-production works were progressing in tandem.[41] Few scenes were filmed in Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh. Initially planned to be completed in 110 working days, the filming of Bengal Tiger was wrapped up in around 100 days and the runtime stood at around 145 minutes.[42]

text: Music[edit]

text:
Bengal TigerSoundtrack album to Bengal Tiger by Bheems CecireleoReleased
18 October 2015 (2015-10-18)Recorded
2015Genre
Feature film soundtrackLength
20:38Language
TeluguLabel
Junglee MusicProducer
Bheems CecireleoBheems Cecireleo chronology

Ala Ela(2014)

Bengal Tiger(2015)

text: The official soundtrack of Bengal Tiger consisting of five songs was composed by Bheems Cecireleo, the lyrics of which were written by Ramajogayya Sastry, Sri Mani, Bhaskarabhatla and Suddala Ashok Teja along with Nandi.[43] P. Nutana, one of the finalists of the 2011 season of Padutha Theeyaga, was selected to provide vocals for the song "Aasia" whose lyrics were penned by Nandi.[44] Junglee Music acquired the soundtrack's marketing rights.[45] The soundtrack was released on 18 October 2015 at Shilpakala Vedika, Hyderabad with the film's cast and crew in attendance.[46] The soundtrack cover features a still of Ravi Teja from the song Bengal Tiger.

text: The soundtrack opened to positive reception.[43] The Times of India rated the soundtrack 3.5 out of 5 stars and called it a "winner considering it keeps in line with Ravi Teja's vibrant on screen persona".[47] Behindwoods rated the soundtrack 2.5 out of 5 stars and called it a "powerful masala album which stays true to the Ravi Teja's formulaic entertainers!". The reviewer chose Chupulatho and Banchan as the picks of the soundtrack.[48]

text: Track list[49]No.TitleLyricsArtist(s)Length1."Bengal Tiger"Ramajogayya SastryShankar Mahadevan, Bhargavi Pillai (Rap)4:002."Aasia"Sampath NandiNakash Aziz, P. Nutana, Bhargavi Pillai (Rap)4:203."Chupulato"Sri ManiVijay Prakash3:554."Banchan"Bhaskarabhatla, Dev Pawar (Rap)Adnan Sami, Bheems Cecireleo (Rap)3:555."Raye Raye"Suddala Ashok TejaMamta Sharma, Uma Neha, Simha4:27Total length:20:38

text: Release[edit]

text: Initially planned for a global release on 18 September 2015 (coinciding with Ganesh Chaturthi),[50] the film's release date was announced as 5 November 2015 by Ravi Teja, making it one of the Diwali releases of the year,[51] after plans to release during the Navratri festive season were called off to avoid clash with Bruce Lee - The Fighter and Akhil.[52] The film's release was postponed twice—once on mutual consent with the makers of Akhil from 5 to 27 November 2015,[53][54][55] and again to 10 December 2015 to avoid clash with Size Zero and Shankaraabharanam after holding discussions with Prasad V Potluri and Kona Venkat.[56]

text: Global Cinemas acquired the film's theatrical distribution rights for the Nizam region.[57] Tata DoCoMo entered into a co-branding partnership with this film in late October 2015 and announced itself as the "exclusive telecom partner" of the film.[58] In India, Bengal Tiger was released in 750 screens, out of which 600 screens were from Andhra Pradesh and Nizam region.[1] The global screen count stood at approximately 1000 screens.[59]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The Hindi dubbing rights were sold for ₹26 million to a Mumbai-based distributor which is the highest ever amount for a Ravi Teja's film. A limited release was planned in Maharashtra and the distributors made an agreement with a leading Hindi film channel to screen it on the national network after 60 days of the release of the original Telugu version.[60] The global satellite rights of the film were sold for ₹78 million.[61]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Bengal Tiger received mixed reviews from the critics.[62] Y. Sunita Chowdary of The Hindu stated that Nandi "shines as a dialogue writer" and called the film "almost an epic" compared to Kick 2. Chowdary added, "Those seeking variety can stay away but those who go expecting their share of fun will not be disappointed".[63] Sify gave 3 out of 5 stars and called Bengal Tiger a "regular mass entertainer with severe stress on comedy and glamour", adding, "Compared to recent Ravi Teja's movie, Bengal Tiger is more entertaining. The first half of the movie, Ravi Teja's antics, and Prudhvi are its strength" and pointed out that the second half "should have been better".[64] The Hans India too gave the film 3 out of 5 stars and stated that Nandi "has come out with a full treat to mass audience", adding that the twist in the interval scene "takes the film to a new level".[65] Suresh Kavirayani of Deccan Chronicle too gave the film 3 out of 5 stars and called the film a "regular paisa vasool film with the right dose of masala and glamour", adding that it is "far more entertaining" compared to Kick 2 and a "good comeback" for Ravi Teja.[66] Pravallika Anjuri of Oneindia gave the film 3 out of 5 stars as well and stated, "Though Bengal Tiger is a formulaic film, it is surely a complete 'Paisa Vasool' for masses, which makes it a perfect Mass Maharaj Ravi Teja's trademark film", adding that the cinematography and production values make Bengal Tiger a "technically good film too".[67] IndiaGlitz also gave the film 3 out of 5 stars and called Bengal Tiger a "Ravi Teja-style power-packed performance, complete with comedy doses from Prithvi Raj and Posani, not to speak of punch lines of a different shade".[68]

text: Pranita Jonnalagedda of The Times of India gave the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and stated, "Sampath Nandi fails on many counts — he failed to shape the characters on screen, underused performers with amazing potential — Ravi Teja especially; and there is absolutely nothing to take home".[69] S. S. Kamal of Bangalore Mirror too gave the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and stated, "Ravi Teja's charisma eventually prevents the film from being a complete disaster, making the first half in particular quite entertaining. If only Sampath Nandi had maintained the momentum right till the end, the result could have been so much better".[70] Behindwoods gave 2.25 out of 5 stars and called the film a "worn-out no-brainer", adding that it is another "erratically fun outing" from Ravi Teja for whom there is "hardly a replacement" for "such weird, carefree yet lovable action hero roles".[71] Karthik Keramalu of CNN-IBN gave the film 2 out of 5 stars and stated, "I found a giggling amount of comedy in ‘Bengal Tiger. Focus on the funny bits. It won’t matter if you doze off for the rest of the film though", adding that the film is a "mixture of good comedy and dull narration".[72] Suhas Yellapantula of The New Indian Express gave the film 1.5 out of 5 stars and stated, "The film irritates you with its banality and angers you with its loudness. It seems as if every dialogue in the film is amplified ten-fold. The humour is colourless and makes you cringe".[73]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Bengal Tiger which is regarded as a "hattrick hit" for director Sampath Nandi in the industry debuted with an average occupancy of 85% across Andhra Pradesh and Telangana and grossed around ₹70 million with a distributor share of ₹53.6 million. The global gross figure stood at approximately ₹100 million. It became the second best opening figures for a Ravi Teja's film after Kick 2.[59] It collected US33,850 from 74 locations at the United States box office from the premiere shows.[74] By the end of its four-day first weekend, Bengal Tiger grossed ₹196 million at the AP/Nizam box office with a distributor share of ₹136.5 million, breaking the records set by Ravi Teja's previous films Kick 2 and Power (2014). It grossed ₹255.5 million in four days at the global box office with a distributor share of ₹166 million.[75] The four-day United States box office total stood at US$290,000 (₹194 million).[76] The film grossed nearly ₹40.5 million globally and also became the 8th highest grossing Telugu film of the year.[2]


document_title: Pataliputra

question_text: who made patliputra the first capital of magadh

text: Pataliputra

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The etymology of Pataliputra is unclear. "Putra" means son, and "pāţali" is a species of rice or the plant Bignonia suaveolens.[6] One traditional etymology[7] holds that the city was named after the plant.[8] Another tradition says that Pāṭaliputra means the son of Pāṭali, who was the daughter of Raja Sudarshan.[9] As it was known as Pāṭali-grāma ("Pāṭali village") originally, some scholars believe that Pāṭaliputra is a transformation of Pāṭalipura, "Pāṭali town".[10]

text: History[edit]

text: There is no mention of Pataliputra in written sources prior to the early Jain and Buddhist texts (the Pali Canon and Āgamas), where it appears as the village of Pataligrama and is omitted from a list of major cities in the region.[11] Early Buddhist sources report a city being built in the vicinity of the village towards the end of the Buddha's life; this generally agrees with archaeological evidence showing urban development occurring in the area no earlier than the 3rd or 4th Century BCE.[11] In 303 BCE, Greek historian and ambassador Megasthenes mentioned Pataliputra as a city in his work Indika.[12]

text: The city of Pataliputra was formed by fortification of a village by Haryanka ruler Ajatashatru, son of Bimbisara.[13]

text: Its central location in north eastern India led rulers of successive dynasties to base their administrative capital here, from the Nandas, Mauryans, Shungas and the Guptas down to the Palas.[14][page needed] Situated at the confluence of the Ganges, Gandhaka and Son rivers, Pataliputra formed a "water fort, or jaldurga".[15] Its position helped it dominate the riverine trade of the Indo-Gangetic plains during Magadha's early imperial period. It was a great centre of trade and commerce and attracted merchants and intellectuals, such as the famed Chanakya, from all over India.

text: Two important early Buddhist councils are recorded in early Buddhist texts as being held here, the First Buddhist council immediately following the death of the Buddha and the Second Buddhist council in the reign of Ashoka. Jain and Brahmanical sources identify Udayabhadra, son of Ajatashatru, as the king who first established Pataliputra as the capital of Magadha.[11]

text: Capital of the Maurya Empire[edit]

text: During the reign of Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE, it was one of the world's largest cities, with a population of 150,000–400,000.[16] The city is estimated to have had a surface of 25.5 square kilometers, and a circumference of 33.8 kilometers, and was in the shape of a parallelogram and had 64 gates (that is, approximately one gate every 500 meters).[17] Pataliputra reached the pinnacle of prosperity when it was the capital of the great Mauryan Emperors, Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka. The city prospered under the Mauryas and a Greek ambassador, Megasthenes, resided there and left a detailed account of its splendour, referring to it as "Palibothra":

text: "Megasthenes says that on one side where it is longest this city extends ten miles in length, and that its breadth is one and threequarters miles; that the city has been surrounded with a ditch in breadth 600 feet, and in depth 45 feet; and that its wall has 570 towers and 64 gates."  Arrian, "The Indica"[18]

text: Strabo in his Geographia adds that the city walls were made of wood. These are thought to be the wooden palisades identified during the excavation of Patna.[19]

text: "At the confluence of the Ganges and of another river is situated Palibothra, in length 80, and in breadth 15 stadia. It is in the shape of a parallelogram, surrounded by a wooden wall pierced with openings through which arrows may be discharged. In front is a ditch, which serves the purpose of defence and of a sewer for the city." Strabo, "Geographia"[20]

text: Aelian, although not expressly quoting Megasthenes nor mentionning Pataliputra, described Indian palaces as superior in splendor to Persia's Susa or Ectabana:

text: "In the royal residences in India where the greatest of the kings of that country live, there are so many objects for admiration that neither Memnon's city of Susa with all its extravagance, nor the magnificence of Ectabana is to be compared with them. (...) In the parks, tame peacocks and pheasants are kept." Aelian, "Characteristics of animals"[21]

text: Under Ashoka, most of wooden structure of Pataliputra palace may have been gradually replaced by stone.[22] Ashoka was known to be a great builder, who may have even imported craftsmen from abroad to build royal monuments.[23] Pataliputra palace shows decorative influences of the Achaemenid palaces and Persepolis and may have used the help of foreign craftmen.[24] Which may be the result of the formative influence of craftsmen employed from Persia following the disintegration of the Achaemenid Empire after the conquests of Alexander the Great.[25][26]

text: Capital of later dynasties[edit]

text: The city also became a flourishing Buddhist centre boasting a number of important monasteries. It remained the capital of the Gupta dynasty (3rd–6th centuries) and the Pala Dynasty (8th-12th centuries). The city was largely in ruins when visited by Xuanzang, and suffered further damage at the hands of Muslim raiders in the 12th century.[27] Afterwards, Sher Shah Suri made Pataliputra his capital and changed the name to modern Patna.

text: Structure[edit]

text: Though parts of the ancient city have been excavated, much of it still lies buried beneath modern Patna. Various locations have been excavated, including Kumhrar, and Bulandi Bagh.

text: During the Mauryan period, the city was described as being shaped as parallelogram, approximately 1.5 miles wide and 9 miles long. Its wooden walls were pierced by 64 gates. Archaeological research has found remaining portions of the wooden palisade over several kilometers, but stone fortifications have not been found.[28]

text: Excavated sites of Pataliputra[edit]

text:
Kumhrar
Bulandi Bagh
Agam Kuan

text: Main recovered artifacts[edit]

text:
The Masarh lion, 3rd century BCE.

Lohanipur torso.

Portion of pillar, found in Pataliputra.

Pataliputra griffin statuette.

Winged griffin.

Pataliputra Yakshas, with Mauryan inscriptions.

Kumrahar coping stone with vines.

Pataliputra lotus motifs.

Polished pillar from Pataliputra.

Mason marks at the base of a pillar.[29]

Charriot wheel, Bulandi Bagh, Mauryan period.

Bulandi Bagh female statuette, Sunga period.

Buddhist railing, Sunga period.


document_title: British rule in Burma

question_text: why did great britain want to colonize singapore and burma

text: British rule in Burma

text: Divisions of British Burma[edit]

text: The province of Burma, after 1885 was administered as follows:

text:
Ministerial Burma (Burma proper)

Tenasserim Division (Toungoo, Thaton, Amherst, Salween, Tavoy, and Mergui Districts)
Arakan Division (Akyab, Northern Arakan or Arakan Hill Tracts, Kyaukpyu and Sandoway Districts)
Pegu Division (Rangoon City, Hanthawaddy, Pegu, Tharrawaddy and Prome Districts)
Irrawaddy Division (Bassein, Henzada, Thayetmyo, Maubin, Myaungmya and Pyapon Districts)

Scheduled Areas (Frontier Areas)

Shan States
Chin Hills
Kachin tracts

tag: ol

text: The "Frontier Areas", also known as the "Excluded Areas" or the "Scheduled Areas", compose the majority of states within Burma today. They were administered separately by the British with a Burma Frontier Service, and later united with Burma proper to form Myanmar's geographic composition today. The Frontier Areas were inhabited by ethnic minorities such as the Chin, the Shan, the Kachin and the Karenni.

text: By 1931 Burma had 8 divisions, split into a number of districts.[2]

text:
Arakan Division (Akyab, Arakan Hill, Kyaukpyu and Sandoway Districts)
Magwe Division (Chin Hills, Magway, Minbu, Pakokku and Thayetmyo Districts)
Mandalay Division (Kyaukse, Mandalay, Meiktila and Myingyan Districts)
Tenasserim Division (Toungoo, Thaton, Amherst, Salween, Tavoy, and Mergui Districts)
Pegu Division (Rangoon City, Hanthawaddy, Pegu, Tharrawaddy and Prome Districts)
Irrawaddy Division (Bassein, Henzada, Maubin, Myaungmya and Pyapon Districts)
Sagaing Division (Bhamo, Lower Chindwin, Upper Chindwin, Katha, Myitkyina, Sagaing Districts, the Hukawng Valley and The Triangle Native areas)
Federated Shan States (Northern, Eastern, Central, Myelat, Karenni, Kengtung and Yawnghwe)

text: Background[edit]

text: The First Anglo-Burmese War arose from friction between Arakan in western Burma and British-held Chittagong to the north. After Burma's defeat of the Kingdom of Arakan in 1784–1785, in 1823, Burmese forces again crossed the frontier and the British responded with a large seaborne expedition that took Rangoon without a fight in 1824. In Danuphyu, south of Ava, the Burmese general Maha Bandula was killed and his armies routed. The 1826 Treaty of Yandabo formally ended the First Anglo-Burmese War, the longest and the most expensive war in British India history. Fifteen thousand European and Indian soldiers died, together with an unknown number of Burmese army and civilian casualties.[3] The campaign cost the British five million pounds sterling to 13 million pounds sterling (roughly 18.5 billion to 48 billion in 2006 US dollars)[4] that led to a severe economic crisis in British India in 1833.[5]

text: After 25 years of peace, the British and Burmese fighting started afresh, and lasted until the British occupied all of Lower Burma.

text: King Mindon tried to readjust to the thrust of imperialism. He enacted administrative reforms and made Burma more receptive to foreign interests. But the British effected the Third Anglo-Burmese War, which lasted less than two weeks during November 1885.

text: British troops entered Mandalay on 28 November 1885 and Burma was attached to the British Empire on 1 January 1886.

text: Burmese armed resistance continued sporadically for several years, and the British commander had to coerce the High Court of Justice to continue to function. The British decided to annexe all of Upper Burma as a colony, and to make the whole country a province of the British India, within the Indian Empire. The new colony of Upper Burma was attached to the Burma Province on 26 February 1886. Rangoon, having been the capital of British Lower Burma, became the capital of the province.

text: Burma before the British conquest[edit]

text: Because of its location, with trade routes between China and India passing straight through the country, Burma was kept wealthy through constant trade, although self-sufficient agriculture was still the basis of the economy. With the Indian merchants travelling along the coasts and along rivers (especially the Irrawaddy River) through the country, where the majority of Burmese lived, Indian cultural influences filtered into the country and still exist there today. It was also one of the first Southeast Asian countries to receive Buddhism, which went on to become the officially patronised religion.

text: Before the British conquest and colonisation, the ruling Konbaung Dynasty practised a tightly centralised form of government. The king was the chief executive, with the final say on all matters, but he could not make new laws and could only issue administrative edicts. The country had two codes of law, the Rajathat and Dammathat, and the Hluttaw, the centre of government, was divided into three branches—fiscal, executive, and judicial. In theory the king was in charge of all of the Hluttaw but none of his orders got put into place until the Hluttaw approved them, thus checking his power. Further dividing the country, provinces were ruled by governors who were all appointed by the Hluttaw, and villages were ruled by hereditary headmen who were approved by the king.[6] Burma was in a colony in over 50 years.

text: Arrival of the British in Burma[edit]

text: Conflict began between Myanmar and the British when the Konbaung Dynasty decided to expand into Arakan in the state of Assam, close to the British possessions in India. This close contact led to the first Anglo-Burmese War (1824–26), which the British won with the aid of the Siamese. Myanmar was forced to cede Assam and other northern provinces.[7] In 1852, the Second Anglo-Burmese War was provoked by the British who sought the teak forests in Lower Burma as well as a port between Calcutta and Singapore. The British were victorious in this war, and as a result desired access to the teak, oil and rubies of northern Myanmar. This prompted the Third Anglo-Burmese War in 1885. The British government justified their actions by claiming that the last independent king of Myanmar, Thibaw Min, was a tyrant and that he was conspiring to give France more influence in the country. Thus, in 1885, after three wars gaining various parts of the country, the British finally occupied all the area of present-day Myanmar, making the territory a Province of British India.[6]

text: Early British rule[edit]

text:
Colonial India

Imperial entities of India

Dutch India
1605–1825

Danish India
1620–1869

French India
1668–1954

Portuguese India
(1505–1961)

Casa da Índia
1434–1833

Portuguese East India Company
1628–1633

British India
(1612–1947)

East India Company
1612–1757

Company rule in India
1757–1858

British Raj
1858–1947

British rule in Burma
1824–1948

Princely states
1721–1949

Partition of India

1947

v
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text: Burma was declared a province of India in November 1885 on the orders of the Secretary of State for India, Lord Randolph Churchill,[8] with its capital at Rangoon, a move that ushered in a new period of economic growth. Traditional Burmese society was drastically altered by the demise of the monarchy and the separation of religion and state. Though war officially ended after only a couple of weeks, resistance continued in northern Burma until 1890, with the British finally resorting to a systematic destruction of villages and appointment of new officials to finally halt all guerrilla activity.

text: Intermarriage between Europeans and Burmese gave birth to an indigenous Eurasian community known as the Anglo-Burmese who would come to dominate the colonial society, hovering above the Burmese but below the British. The economic nature of society also changed dramatically. After the opening of the Suez Canal, the demand for Burmese rice grew and vast tracts of land were opened up for cultivation. However, to prepare the new land for cultivation, farmers borrowed money from Indian moneylenders called chettiars at high interest rates and were often foreclosed on and evicted losing land and livestock.

text: Most of the jobs also went to indentured Indian labourers, and whole villages became outlawed as they resorted to 'dacoity' (armed robbery). While the Burmese economy grew, most of the power and wealth remained in the hands of several British firms and migrants from India. The civil service was largely staffed by Anglo-Burmese and Indians, and the ethnic Burmese were excluded almost entirely from military service, which was staffed primarily with Indians, Anglo-Burmese, Karens and other Burmese minority groups. A British General Hospital Burmah was set up in Rangoon, under the direction in early 1887 of Surg. Patrick O'Sullivan. Though the country prospered, the Burmese people largely failed to reap the rewards. (See George Orwell's novel Burmese Days for a fictional account of the British in Burma.)

text: After Britain took over Burma, they maintained the sending of tribute to China, putting themselves in a lower status than in their previous relations.[9] It was agreed in the Burmah convention in 1886, that China would recognise Britain's occupation of Upper Burmah while Britain continued the Burmese payment of tribute every ten years to Beijing.[10]

text: Administration[edit]

text: The British controlled their new province through direct rule, making many changes to the previous governmental structure. The monarchy was abolished, King Thibaw sent into exile, and church and state separated. This was particularly harmful because the Buddhist monks were so dependent on the sponsorship of the monarchy. At the same time, the monarchy was given legitimacy by the Buddhist organisation, and the "church" gave the public the opportunity to understand national politics to a greater degree.[6]

text: Another way in which the British controlled their new colony directly was through their implementation of a secular education system. The colonial Government of India, which was given control of the new colony, founded secular schools teaching in both English and Burmese, while also encouraging Christian missionaries to visit and found schools. In both of these types of schools, Buddhism and traditional Burmese culture were frowned upon in an attempt to rid the Burmese people of a cultural unity separate from the British.[6]

text: To control the country on the village level, the British implemented a "strategic hamlet" strategy in which they burned villages and uprooted families who had supplied villages with their headmen, sending them to lower Burma. Once these troublesome or unloyal Burmese were forced out, the British replaced them with strangers they approved of. If the British considered any Burmese to be criminals, they would act as both judge and jury, giving the Burmese no chance to a fair trial.[6]

text: Colonial economy[edit]

text: The traditional Burmese economy was one of redistribution with the prices of the most important commodities set by the state. Trade itself was not as important as self-sufficient agriculture, but the country's position on major trade routes from India to China, meant that it did gain a fair amount of money from foreign trade passing through. With the arrival of the British, the Burmese economy became tied to global market forces and was forced to become a part of the colonial export economy.[6]

text: The British immediately began exploiting the rich soil of the land around the Irrawaddy delta and cleared away the dense mangrove forests. Rice, which was in high demand in Europe, especially after the building of the Suez Canal in 1869, was the main crop grown in and exported out of Myanmar. To increase the production of rice, many Burmese migrated from the northern heartland to the delta, shifting the population concentration, and changing the basis of wealth and power.[6]

text: To prepare land for cultivation, farmers had to borrow capital from Indian moneylenders at high interest rates as the British banks wouldn't grant mortgages. Instead, the Indian moneylenders gave the mortgage loans out, but foreclosed them quickly as the rice prices and land costs soared. At the same time, thousands of Indian labourers migrated to Burma and, because of their willingness to work for less money, quickly displaced the Burmese farmers, who instead began to take part in crime, giving themselves a bad reputation.[6]

text: With this quickly growing economy, came industrialisation to a certain degree, with a railway being built throughout the valley of the Irrawaddy, and hundreds of steamboats travelling along it. All of these mechanisms of transportation were owned by the British, however, and this meant that the Burmese had to pay higher rates to transport their goods to market(source?). Thus, although the balance of trade was supposed to be in favour of Burma, the society was changed so fundamentally that many people did not gain from the rapidly growing economy.[6]

text: When the British began their imperial occupation of Burma, the colony was immediately thrown into a world of exportation in which they had not ever been exposed to before colonisation by the British. This massive move towards foreign trade hurt the Burmese economy initially because suddenly a large amount of their resources was being exported for Britain's benefit, thereby taking with it a lot of the resources needed by the Burmese natives to continue living their lives as they had before colonisation. An account by a British official describing the conditions of the Burmese people's livelihoods in 1941 describes the Burmese hardships as they must quickly adapt to foreign trade:

text: “Foreign landlordism and the operations of foreign moneylenders had led to an increasing exportation of a considerable proportion of the country’s resources and to the progressive impoverishment of the agriculturist and of the country as a whole…. The peasant had grown factually poorer and unemployment had increased….The collapse of the Burmese social system led to a decay of the social conscience which, in the circumstances of poverty and unemployment caused a great increase in crime.”[11]

text: Nationalist movement[edit]

text: By the turn of the century, a nationalist movement began to take shape in the form of Young Men's Buddhist Associations (YMBA), modelled after the YMCA, as religious associations were allowed by the colonial authorities. They were later superseded by the General Council of Burmese Associations (GCBA) which was linked with Wunthanu athin or National Associations that sprang up in villages throughout Burma Proper.[12] Between 1900 and 1911 the "Irish Buddhist" U Dhammaloka publicly challenged Christianity and imperial power, leading to two trials for sedition.

text: A new generation of Burmese leaders arose in the early twentieth century from amongst the educated classes that were permitted to go to London to study law. They came away from this experience with the belief that the Burmese situation could be improved through reform. Progressive constitutional reform in the early 1920s led to a legislature with limited powers, a university and more autonomy for Burma within the administration of India. Efforts were also undertaken to increase the representation of Burmese in the civil service. Some people began to feel that the rate of change was not fast enough and the reforms not expansive enough.

text: In 1920 the first university students' strike in history[citation needed] broke out in protest against the new University Act which the students believed would only benefit the elite and perpetuate colonial rule. 'National Schools' sprang up across the country in protest against the colonial education system, and the strike came to be commemorated as 'National Day'.[12] There were further strikes and anti-tax protests in the later 1920s led by the Wunthanu athins. Prominent among the political activists were Buddhist monks (hpongyi), such as U Ottama and U Seinda in the Arakan who subsequently led an armed rebellion against the British and later the nationalist government after independence, and U Wisara, the first martyr of the movement to die after a protracted hunger strike in prison.[12]

text: In December 1930, a local tax protest by Saya San in Tharrawaddy quickly grew into first a regional and then a national insurrection against the government. Lasting for two years, the Galon rebellion, named after the mythical bird Garuda – enemy of the Nagas i.e. the British – emblazoned on the pennants the rebels carried, required thousands of British troops to suppress along with promises of further political reform. The eventual trial of Saya San, who was executed, allowed several future national leaders, including Dr Ba Maw and U Saw, who participated in his defence, to rise to prominence.[12]

text: May 1930 saw the founding of the Dobama Asiayone (We Burmans Association) whose members called themselves Thakin (an ironic name as thakin means "master" in the Burmese language – rather like the Indian 'sahib' – proclaiming that they were the true masters of the country entitled to the term usurped by the colonial masters).[12] The second university students strike in 1936 was triggered by the expulsion of Aung San and Ko Nu, leaders of the Rangoon University Students Union (RUSU), for refusing to reveal the name of the author who had written an article in their university magazine, making a scathing attack on one of the senior university officials. It spread to Mandalay leading to the formation of the All Burma Students Union (ABSU). Aung San and Nu subsequently joined the Thakin movement progressing from student to national politics.[12]

text: Burma separated from India[edit]

text: The British separated Burma Province from British India in 1937[13] and granted the colony a new constitution calling for a fully elected assembly, with many powers given to the Burmese, but this proved to be a divisive issue as some Burmese felt that this was a ploy to exclude them from any further Indian reforms. Ba Maw served as the first prime minister of Burma, but he was forced out by U Saw in 1939, who served as prime minister from 1940 until he was arrested on 19 January 1942 by the British for communicating with the Japanese.

text: A wave of strikes and protests that started from the oilfields of central Burma in 1938 became a general strike with far-reaching consequences. In Rangoon student protesters, after successfully picketing the Secretariat, the seat of the colonial government, were charged by the British mounted police wielding batons and killing a Rangoon University student called Aung Kyaw. In Mandalay, the police shot into a crowd of protesters led by Buddhist monks killing 17 people. The movement became known as Htaung thoun ya byei ayeidawbon (the '1300 Revolution' named after the Burmese calendar year),[12] and 20 December, the day the first martyr Aung Kyaw fell, commemorated by students as 'Bo Aung Kyaw Day'.[14]

text: World War II[edit]

text: The Empire of Japan invaded Burma in 1942; this continued through 1943, when the State of Burma was proclaimed in Rangoon. Japan never succeeded in fully conquering all of the colony, however, and insurgent activity was pervasive, though not as much of an issue as it was in other former colonies. By 1945, British-led troops, mainly from the British Indian Army, had regained control over most of the colony.

text: From the Japanese surrender to Aung San's assassination[edit]

text: The surrender of the Japanese brought a military administration to Burma. British administration sought to try Aung San and other members of BIA for treason and collaboration with the Japanese.[15] Lord Mountbatten realised that a trial was an impossibility considering Aung San's popular appeal.[12] After the war ended, the British Governor, Colonel Sir Reginald Dorman-Smith, returned. The restored government established a political programme that focused on physical reconstruction of the country and delayed discussion of independence. The AFPFL opposed the government leading to political instability in the country. A rift had also developed in the AFPFL between the Communists and Aung San together with the Socialists over strategy, which led to Than Tun being forced to resign as general secretary in July 1946 and the expulsion of the CPB from the AFPFL the following October.[12]

text: Dorman-Smith was replaced by Major-General Sir Hubert Rance as the new Governor, and almost immediately after his appointment the Rangoon Police went on strike. The strike, starting in September 1946, then spread from the police to government employees and came close to becoming a general strike. Rance calmed the situation by meeting with Aung San and convincing him to join the Governor's Executive Council along with other members of the AFPFL.[12] The new executive council, which now had increased credibility in the country, began negotiations for Burmese independence, which were concluded successfully in London as the Aung San-Attlee Agreement on 27 January 1947.[12]

text: The agreement left parts of the communist and conservative branches of the AFPFL dissatisfied, sending the Red Flag Communists led by Thakin Soe underground and the conservatives into opposition. Aung San also succeeded in concluding an agreement with ethnic minorities for a unified Burma at the Panglong Conference on 12 February, celebrated since as 'Union Day'.[12][16] Shortly after, rebellion broke out in the Arakan led by the veteran monk U Seinda, and it began to spread to other districts.[12] The popularity of the AFPFL, now dominated by Aung San and the Socialists, was eventually confirmed when it won an overwhelming victory in the April 1947 constituent assembly elections.[12]

text: Then a momentous event stunned the nation on 19 July 1947. U Saw, a conservative pre-war Prime Minister of Burma, engineered the assassination of Aung San and several members of his cabinet including his eldest brother Ba Win, the father of today's National League for Democracy exile-government leader Dr Sein Win, while meeting in the Secretariat.[12][17] Since then 19 July has been commemorated since as Martyrs' Day in Burma. Thakin Nu, the Socialist leader, was now asked to form a new cabinet, and he presided over Burmese independence on 4 January 1948. Anti-British popular sentiment was so strong at the time that Burma opted not to join the Commonwealth of Nations, unlike India.[12]