document_title: Prime meridian

question_text: the meridian opposite of earth’s prime meridian (0 ° longitude) is called

question_tokens: the meridian opposite of earth 's prime meridian ( 0 ° longitude ) is called

text: Prime meridian

text: History[edit]

text: The notion of longitude was developed by the Greek Eratosthenes (c. 276 BC – c. 195 BC) in Alexandria, and Hipparchus (c. 190 BC – c. 120 BC) in Rhodes, and applied to a large number of cities by the geographer Strabo (64/63 BC – c. 24 AD). But it was Ptolemy (c. AD 90 – c. AD 168) who first used a consistent meridian for a world map in his Geographia.

text: Ptolemy used as his basis the "Fortunate Isles", a group of islands in the Atlantic which are usually associated with the Canary Islands (13° to 18°W), although his maps correspond more closely to the Cape Verde islands (22° to 25° W). The main point is to be comfortably west of the western tip of Africa (17.5° W) as negative numbers were not yet in use. His prime meridian corresponds to 18° 40' west of Winchester (about 20°W) today.[2] At that time the chief method of determining longitude was by using the reported times of lunar eclipses in different countries.

text: Ptolemy's Geographia was first printed with maps at Bologna in 1477, and many early globes in the 16th century followed his lead. But there was still a hope that a "natural" basis for a prime meridian existed. Christopher Columbus reported (1493) that the compass pointed due north somewhere in mid-Atlantic, and this fact was used in the important Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494 which settled the territorial dispute between Spain and Portugal over newly discovered lands. The Tordesillas line was eventually settled at 370 leagues west of Cape Verde. This is shown in Diogo Ribeiro's 1529 map. São Miguel Island (25.5°W) in the Azores was still used for the same reason as late as 1594 by Christopher Saxton, although by then it had been shown that the zero magnetic deviation line did not follow a line of longitude.[3]

text: In 1541, Mercator produced his famous 41 cm terrestrial globe and drew his prime meridian precisely through Fuertaventura (14°1'W) in the Canaries. His later maps used the Azores, following the magnetic hypothesis. But by the time that Ortelius produced the first modern atlas in 1570, other islands such as Cape Verde were coming into use. In his atlas longitudes were counted from 0° to 360°, not 180°W to 180°E as is usual today. This practice was followed by navigators well into the 18th century.[4] In 1634, Cardinal Richelieu used the westernmost island of the Canaries, Ferro, 19° 55' west of Paris, as the choice of meridian. The geographer Delisle decided to round this off to 20°, so that it simply became the meridian of Paris disguised.[5]

text: In the early 18th century the battle was on to improve the determination of longitude at sea, leading to the development of the marine chronometer by John Harrison. But it was the development of accurate star charts, principally by the first British Astronomer Royal, John Flamsteed between 1680 and 1719 and disseminated by his successor Edmund Halley, that enabled navigators to use the lunar method of determining longitude more accurately using the octant developed by Thomas Godfrey and John Hadley.[6] Between 1765 and 1811, Nevil Maskelyne published 49 issues of the Nautical Almanac based on the meridian of the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. "Maskelyne's tables not only made the lunar method practicable, they also made the Greenwich meridian the universal reference point. Even the French translations of the Nautical Almanac retained Maskelyne's calculations from Greenwich—in spite of the fact that every other table in the Connaissance des Temps considered the Paris meridian as the prime." [7]

text: In 1884, at the International Meridian Conference in Washington, D.C., 22 countries voted to adopt the Greenwich[8] meridian as the prime meridian of the world. The French argued for a neutral line, mentioning the Azores and the Bering Strait, but eventually abstained and continued to use the Paris meridian until 1911.

text: List of prime meridians on Earth[edit]

text:
Locality
Modern longitude
Meridian name
Comment

Bering Strait
168°30′ W

Bering Strait offered 1884 as possibility for a "neutral prime meridian" by Pierre Janssen at the International Meridian Conference [9]

Washington, D.C.
77°03′56.07″ W (1897) or 77°04′02.24″ W (NAD 27)[clarification needed] or 77°04′01.16″ W (NAD 83)
New Naval Observatory meridian

Washington, D.C.
77°02′48.0″ W, 77°03′02.3″, 77°03′06.119″ W or 77°03′06.276″ W (both presumably NAD 27). If NAD27, the latter would be 77°03′05.194″ W (NAD 83)
Old Naval Observatory meridian

Washington, D.C.
77°02′11.56299″ W (NAD 83),[10] 77°02′11.55811″ W (NAD 83),[11] 77°02′11.58325″ W (NAD 83)[12] (three different monuments originally intended to be on the White House meridian)
White House meridian

Washington, D.C.
77°00′32.6″ W (NAD 83)
Capitol meridian

Philadelphia
75° 10′ 12″ W

[13][14]

Rio de Janeiro
43° 10′ 19″ W

[15]

Fortunate Isles / Azores
25° 40′ 32″ W

Used until the Middle Ages, proposed as one possible neutral meridian by Pierre Janssen at the International Meridian Conference[16]

El Hierro (Ferro),
Canary Islands
18° 03′ W,
later redefined as
17° 39′ 46″ W
Ferro meridian
[17]

Tenerife
16° 38' 22" W
Tenerife meridian
Rose to prominence with Dutch cartographers and navigators after they abandoned the idea of a magnetic meridian[18]

Cadiz
6° 17' 40" W
San Fernando meridian
[19]

Lisbon
9° 07′ 54.862″ W

[20]

Madrid
3° 41′ 16.58″ W

[20]

Greenwich
0° 00′ 05.3101″ W
Greenwich meridian
Airy Meridian[21]

Greenwich
0° 00′ 05.33″ W
United Kingdom Ordnance Survey Zero Meridian
Bradley Meridian[21]

Greenwich
0° 00′ 00.00″
IERS Reference Meridian

Paris
2° 20′ 14.025″ E
Paris meridian

Brussels
4° 22′ 4.71″ E

[20]

Antwerp
4° 24′ E
Antwerp meridian
[citation needed]

Amsterdam
4° 53′ E

through the Westerkerk in Amsterdam; used to define the legal time in the Netherlands from 1909 to 1937[22]

Bern
7° 26′ 22.5″ E

[citation needed]

Pisa
10° 24′ E

[13]

Oslo (Kristiania)
10° 43′ 22.5″ E

[13][14]

Florence
11°15′ E
Florence meridian
used in the Peters projection, antipode of a line running through the Bering Strait

Rome
12° 27′ 08.4″ E
meridian of Monte Mario
Used in Roma 40 Datum [23]

Copenhagen
12° 34′ 32.25″ E

Rundetårn[24]

Naples
14° 15′ E

[16]

Bratislava
17° 06′ 03″ E
Meridianus Posoniensis
Used by Sámuel Mikoviny

Stockholm
18° 03′ 29.8″ E

at the Stockholm Observatory[20]

Krakow
19° 57′ 21.43″ E
Krakow meridian
at the Old Krakow Observatory at the Śniadecki' College; mentioned also in Nicolaus Copernicus's work On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres.

Warsaw
21° 00′ 42″ E
Warsaw meridian
[20]

Oradea
21° 55′ 16″ E

[25] Between 1464 and 1667, a prime meridian was set in the Fortress of Oradea (Varadinum at the time) by Georg von Peuerbach.[26]

Alexandria
29° 53′ E

[27]

Saint Petersburg
30° 19′ 42.09″ E
Pulkovo meridian

Great Pyramid of Giza
31° 08′ 03.69″ E

1884 [28]

Jerusalem
35° 13′ 47.1″ E

[14]

Mecca
39° 49′ 34″ E

see also Mecca Time [29]

Ujjain
75° 47′ E

Used from 4th century CE Indian astronomy and calendars(see also Time in India).[30]

Kyoto
136° 14′ E

Used in 18th and 19th (officially 1779–1871) century Japanese maps. Exact place unknown, but in "Kairekisyo" in Nishigekkoutyou-town in Kyoto, then the capital.[citation needed]

~ 180

Opposite of Greenwich, proposed 13 October 1884 on the International Meridian Conference by Sandford Fleming [16]

text: International prime meridian[edit]

text: In October 1884 the Greenwich Meridian was selected by delegates (forty-one delegates representing twenty-five nations) to the International Meridian Conference held in Washington, D.C., United States to be the common zero of longitude and standard of time reckoning throughout the world.[31][note 1] The modern prime meridian, the IERS Reference Meridian, is placed very near this meridian and is the prime meridian that currently has the widest use.

text: Prime meridian at Greenwich[edit]

text: The modern prime meridian, based at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, was established by Sir George Airy in 1851.[33]

text: The position of the Greenwich Meridian has been defined by the location of the Airy Transit Circle ever since the first observation was taken with it by Sir George Airy in 1851.[33] Prior to that, it was defined by a succession of earlier transit instruments, the first of which was acquired by the second Astronomer Royal, Edmond Halley in 1721. It was set up in the extreme north-west corner of the Observatory between Flamsteed House and the Western Summer House. This spot, now subsumed into Flamsteed House, is roughly 43 metres to the west of the Airy Transit Circle, a distance equivalent to roughly 0.15 seconds of time.[21] It was Airy's transit circle that was adopted in principle (with French delegates, who pressed for adoption of the Paris meridian abstaining) as the Prime Meridian of the world at the 1884 International Meridian Conference.[34][35]

text: All of these Greenwich meridians were located via an astronomic observation from the surface of the Earth, oriented via a plumb line along the direction of gravity at the surface. This astronomic Greenwich meridian was disseminated around the world, first via the lunar distance method, then by chronometers carried on ships, then via telegraph lines carried by submarine communications cables, then via radio time signals. One remote longitude ultimately based on the Greenwich meridian using these methods was that of the North American Datum 1927 or NAD27, an ellipsoid whose surface best matches mean sea level under the United States.

text: IERS Reference Meridian[edit]

text: Satellites changed the reference from the surface of the Earth to its centre of mass around which all satellites orbit regardless of surface irregularities. The requirement that satellite-based geodetic reference systems be centred on the centre of mass of the earth caused the modern prime meridian to be 5.3" east of the astronomic Greenwich prime meridian through the Airy Transit Circle. At the latitude of Greenwich, this amounts to 102 metres.[36] This was officially accepted by the Bureau International de l'Heure (BIH) in 1984 via its BTS84 (BIH Terrestrial System) that later became WGS84 (World Geodetic System 1984) and the various ITRFs (International Terrestrial Reference Systems).

text: Due to the movement of Earth's tectonic plates, the line of 0° longitude along the surface of the Earth has slowly moved toward the west from this shifted position by a few centimetres; that is, towards the Airy Transit Circle (or the Airy Transit Circle has moved toward the east, depending on your point of view) since 1984 (or the 1960s). With the introduction of satellite technology, it became possible to create a more accurate and detailed global map. With these advances there also arose the necessity to define a reference meridian that, whilst being derived from the Airy Transit Circle, would also take into account the effects of plate movement and variations in the way that the Earth was spinning.[37] As a result, the International Reference Meridian was established and is commonly used to denote Earth's prime meridian (0° longitude) by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service, which defines and maintains the link between longitude and time. Based on observations to satellites and celestial compact radio sources (quasars) from various coordinated stations around the globe, Airy's transit circle drifts northeast about 2.5 centimetres per year relative to this Earth-centred 0° longitude. Circa 1999 the international reference meridian (IRM) passed 5.31 arcseconds east of Airy's meridian or 102.5 metres (336.3 feet) at the latitude of the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, London.[38][39][40][41] It is also the reference meridian of the Global Positioning System operated by the United States Department of Defense, and of WGS84 and its two formal versions, the ideal International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS) and its realization, the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF).[38][39][40] A current convention on the Earth uses the opposite of the IRM as the basis for the International Date Line.

text: List of places[edit]

text:
[show]Map all coordinates using OSM
Map all coordinates using Google

Export all coordinates as KML

Export all coordinates as GPX

Map all microformatted coordinates

Place data as RDF

text: On Earth, starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the IERS Reference Meridian (as of 2016) passes through:

text:
Co-ordinates
(approximate)
Country, territory or sea
Notes

90°0′N 0°0′E / 90.000°N 0.000°E / 90.000; 0.000 (North Pole)
Arctic Ocean

81°39′N 0°0′E / 81.650°N 0.000°E / 81.650; 0.000 (Greenland Sea)
Greenland Sea

72°53′N 0°0′E / 72.883°N 0.000°E / 72.883; 0.000 (Norwegian Sea)
Norwegian Sea

61°0′N 0°0′E / 61.000°N 0.000°E / 61.000; 0.000 (North Sea)
North Sea

53°45′N 0°0′E / 53.750°N 0.000°E / 53.750; 0.000 (United Kingdom)
 United Kingdom
From Tunstall in East Riding to Peacehaven, passing through Greenwich

50°47′N 0°0′E / 50.783°N 0.000°E / 50.783; 0.000 (English Channel)
English Channel

49°19′N 0°0′E / 49.317°N 0.000°E / 49.317; 0.000 (France)
 France
From Villers-sur-Mer to Gavarnie

42°41′N 0°0′E / 42.683°N 0.000°E / 42.683; 0.000 (Spain)
 Spain
From Cilindro de Marboré to Castellón de la Plana

39°56′N 0°0′E / 39.933°N 0.000°E / 39.933; 0.000 (Mediterranean Sea)
Mediterranean Sea
Gulf of Valencia

38°52′N 0°0′E / 38.867°N 0.000°E / 38.867; 0.000 (Spain)
 Spain
From El Verger to Calpe

38°38′N 0°0′E / 38.633°N 0.000°E / 38.633; 0.000 (Mediterranean Sea)
Mediterranean Sea

35°50′N 0°0′E / 35.833°N 0.000°E / 35.833; 0.000 (Algeria)
 Algeria
From Stidia to Algeria-Mali border near Bordj Mokhtar

21°50′N 0°0′E / 21.833°N 0.000°E / 21.833; 0.000 (Mali)
 Mali

14°59′N 0°0′E / 14.983°N 0.000°E / 14.983; 0.000 (Burkina Faso)
 Burkina Faso

11°6′N 0°0′E / 11.100°N 0.000°E / 11.100; 0.000 (Togo)
 Togo
For about 600 m

11°6′N 0°0′E / 11.100°N 0.000°E / 11.100; 0.000 (Ghana)
 Ghana
For about 16 km

10°57′N 0°0′E / 10.950°N 0.000°E / 10.950; 0.000 (Togo)
 Togo
For about 39 km

10°36′N 0°0′E / 10.600°N 0.000°E / 10.600; 0.000 (Ghana)
 Ghana
From the Togo-Ghana border near Bunkpurugu to Tema
Passing through Lake Volta at 7°48′N 0°0′E / 7.800°N 0.000°E / 7.800; 0.000 (Lake Volta)

5°37′N 0°0′E / 5.617°N 0.000°E / 5.617; 0.000 (Atlantic Ocean)
Atlantic Ocean
Passing through the Equator at 0°0′N 0°0′E / 0.000°N 0.000°E / 0.000; 0.000 (Equator) ("Null Island")

60°0′S 0°0′E / 60.000°S 0.000°E / -60.000; 0.000 (Southern Ocean)
Southern Ocean

68°54′S 0°0′E / 68.900°S 0.000°E / -68.900; 0.000 (Antarctica)
Antarctica
Queen Maud Land, claimed by  Norway

text: Prime meridian on other planetary bodies[edit]

text: As on the Earth, prime meridians must be arbitrarily defined. Often a landmark such as a crater is used; other times a prime meridian is defined by reference to another celestial object, or by magnetic fields. The prime meridians of the following planetographic systems have been defined:

text:
Two different heliographic coordinate systems are used on the Sun. The first is the Carrington heliographic coordinate system. In this system, the prime meridian passes through the center of the solar disk as seen from the Earth on 9 November 1853, which is when Richard Christopher Carrington started his observations of sunspots.[42] The second is the Stonyhurst heliographic coordinates system.
The prime meridian of Mercury is defined to be 20° east of the crater Hun Kal.[43]
The prime meridian of Venus passes through the central peak in the crater Ariadne.[44]
The prime meridian of the Moon lies directly in the middle of the face of the moon visible from Earth and passes near the crater Bruce.
The prime meridian of Mars is defined by the crater Airy-0.
Jupiter has several coordinate systems because its cloud tops—the only part of the planet visible from space—rotate at different rates depending on latitude.[45] It is unknown whether Jupiter has any internal solid surface that would enable a more Earth-like coordinate system. System I and System II coordinates are based on atmospheric rotation, and System III coordinates use Jupiter's magnetic field.
Titan, like the Earth's moon, always has the same face towards Saturn, and so the middle of that face is 0 longitude.
Pluto's prime meridian is defined as the center of the face that is always pointed towards Charon, its largest moon, as the two are tidally locked towards each other.


document_title: Adrianna Tate-Duncan

question_text: who does adriana from 90210 end up with

question_tokens: who does adriana from 90210 end up with

root

text: Adrianna Tate-Duncan

text: Storylines[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text: At the opening of the series, Adrianna is an aspiring actress and Naomi Clark's best friend. She suffers from a serious drug addiction and is pressured by her mother, Constance, to support the family financially with her acting career. In order to afford her drug addiction, Adrianna steals money from her affluent best friend, Naomi. She develops a friendly rivalry with Annie due to her equal singing and acting talents, but falls apart when Annie takes over her role in the school play on opening night. When the school undergoes a drug search, Naomi attempts to protect Adrianna by flushing her drugs down the toilet, but is caught and arrested. Even though she promises she will turn herself in to clear Naomi of the charges, Adrianna overdoses before she can. Her Mother checks her into a drug rehabilitation clinic, paid for by classmate Navid Shirazi. As a result, Navid and Adrianna grow closer. During one of his visits to the clinic, Navid helps her reconnect with Naomi by driving to the Homecoming dance, where the two friends reconcile. As a result of his kindness, Adrianna discovers that he has been in love with her since they were children and they begin a relationship.

tag: p

text: After discovering one of her ex-boyfriends, Hank, has relapsed after finding out he was HIV positive, Adrianna takes an HIV-test. While she is negative for HIV, the results do reveal she is pregnant but the paternity is still unknown. Adrianna is unsure of the paternity, as her memories of recent sexual experiences have been clouded by her drug addiction. She does, however, know that the child is not Navid's, as they have not yet had sex. She and Navid break up as she reveals that she is pregnant because he doesn't believe that he can deal with her being pregnant with someone else's child. Eventually it is revealed that the baby's father is not Hank (whom she had slept with a few times when she was on drugs), but Ty Collins, her co-star in the school production of Spring Awakening. Naomi’s opinion is that she should get an abortion, while Kelly Taylor thinks she should raise it or give it up for adoption. She drives all night and ends up at a clinic, where they tell her she's too far along to get an abortion. Naomi convinces Adrianna to tell Ty, and he tells his parents. Ty's parents tell Adrianna that they will pay for the doctor and anything else she needs. They also say that when she starts to show, they will send her to a retreat in New Mexico, so that nobody finds out, to which she readily agrees. Bolstered by the Collins' support, Adrianna becomes more confident in her ability to deal with her situation. Later, Ty gives Adrianna a contract which states that Adrianna must keep the whole pregnancy a secret and she realizes that their support hides the reality that they are ashamed of her and her unborn child. Adrianna is unwilling to tell her mother about her pregnancy, as she thinks that Constance will throw her out. Naomi convinces Adrianna to call Ty, she thinks that the contract is unfair. Adrianna does so, and Ty's mother comes over to Adrianna's house to discuss the baby with Adrianna's mother. Ty's mother and Adrianna sit down to talk and Constance, Adrianna's mother, finds out about the pregnancy. Ty's mother gets kicked out of the house due to her arrogance and Constance talks to Adrianna and apologizes for putting so much pressure on her and they reconcile.

text: Adrianna goes to school and decides to tell everyone her 'secret', so she gets help from Navid to announce through the school's video system that she is pregnant and that there is no father. Abandoning his date at the Valentine's Day dance, Navid shows up at Adrianna's house and asks her to be his Valentine and she accepts. A short while later, Navid proposes and she says yes. After Navid's mother approaches Adrianna and tells her that she thinks she should give the baby up, Adrianna takes prescription drugs to combat the stress. After this, she tells Navid that she knows she has to give the baby away. Later, at the prom, Navid and Ty scuffle when Navid becomes irate about Ty ignoring Adrianna and Adrianna subsequently goes into labor. She has a daughter whom she gives up for adoption and the adoptive parents name her Maisy.

text: Season 2[edit]

text: It is revealed that childhood friends Adrianna and Erin Silver have grown close once again during the summer through their mutual friendships with Naomi. Naomi and Silver have been in summer school due to Annie Wilson busting Naomi's post-Prom party. Navid and Adrianna's relationship has been progressing slowly, and while he is ready to take it to the next level, even going as far as to rent a cabana, she isn't, and still wants to wait. Meanwhile, Adrianna runs into her childhood boyfriend, Teddy Montgomery, causing jealousy in Navid, due to their close relationship and Naomi, who has taken a liking to Teddy. The end of the first episode shows Adrianna and Naomi comforting Silver over her issues with Dixon and beginning their first day back at school, with Naomi proclaiming that this was going to be "their" year. Adrianna and Teddy kiss on his father's yacht. Adrianna felt bad and went back and slept with Navid. They later kiss again. Adrianna tells him that he shouldn't have done that and walks away. Adrianna receives her 6-month chip for sobriety at a meeting, and has also been in contact with Silver's mom. In "Wild Alaskan Salmon" she breaks up with Navid for Teddy and she said to Teddy she liked their relationship but he says he didn't want a relationship and she walks away confused. Then she goes to Navid telling him she wanted to reunite but he says no and he says he knew about her and Teddy and then he says it was not Silver that told him but that it was Teddy who told him. Later in "Unmasked" she begins to avoid Teddy because of what he did to her. In "Women's Intuition" Adrianna fails at winning Navid back, and thus, begins another downward spiral when she witnesses Navid flirting with other girls, and Teddy flirting with Silver. She purchases drugs from Jasper, the boyfriend of her old friend Annie. Navid later sees Adrianna buying drugs from Jasper at school. He confronts her about it but she angrily denies it. Naomi later finds her drugs at her house and leaves angry at her for lying.

text: When Adrianna finds out about the death of Silver's mother and Navid's injury, she decides to make a change for the better. She gets rid of all her drugs and tells Navid that she plans on working on herself, because she realized that even though during the previous year when she was off drugs she had been acting like an addict, as in, extremely dependent on him. Then, at the Winter Wonderland dance, she sees Jasper with Annie. During an intervention for Annie, Adrianna comes clean and tells her that she purchased the drugs from him and that she's willing to come forward if she has too. Navid tells her that she shouldn't because she'll get expelled. Adrianna's strength and selflessness helps her begin to mend friendships with Silver and Naomi. The three also befriend Annie once they learn the truth about Jen. Adrianna also finds companionship in Gia, fellow West Bev Blazer and former addict. They become close, helping each other out during troubled times. Adrianna helps Gia move on from her ex. Gia convinces Ade to audition to be in an all-girl band, and when Gia confesses to Adrianna that she has feelings for her, Adrianna herself begins to question if their friendship could turn into something more. After a heart-to-heart with Gia, Adrianna comes to the realisation that she reciprocates Gia's feelings and the two then embark on a relationship. During the early stages of the relationship, Adrianna is reluctant to be public with their relationship much to Gia's dismay but after Adrianna performs live with 'The Glorious Steinems' she walks up to Gia to kiss her in front of the audience, after realising that it shouldn't matter what others think.

text: Adrianna is then approached by Ivy's mother, Laurel, who hopes to sign her as a solo singer. Put in the awkward situation of having to choose between staying in the band or going solo she talks to Navid and comes to the conclusion that she should go with the latter. Adrianna then has a heated argument with Gia due to the fact that Adrianna chose to speak with Navid about her doubts rather than Gia and causes Gia to walk out. While at a party, Adrianna and Laurel have a talk and Laurel tells Adrianna to follow her heart and leave the party to find Gia. Adrianna takes this advice and arrives at Gia's place only to walk in on Gia with her ex, causing Adrianna to leave.

text: As Adrianna's music career begins to take off, Laurel has her write a song which turns into a duet between her and famous singer Javier. The two feel an instant connection and things heat up fast while Navid realizes that he still has feelings for her and decides that he's going to do what he can to win her back. Adrianna gives up on Navid because she thinks he doesn't like her anymore. Navid leaves a bracelet for Adrianna and a note saying "Meet me on the Roof." After Adrianna performs, she is offered a trip to New York to sing with Javier, before she can see the bracelet. Navid sees them leave and thinks that Adrianna chose Javier. Then Javier pretends the bracelet is from him. However, when shooting a live segment for The Blaze, Navid sees the bracelet and asks to speak with Adrianna alone. They fight about the bracelet and Adrianna realizes that it was from Navid because all her favourite things are on there, including the date they first kissed. Adrianna and Navid reunited but Javier offers Adrianna a chance open for Javier's tour, which is all year long.

text: Season 3[edit]

text: Adrianna and Javier are involved in a car crash, which kills Javier. Before the crash happened, Javier revealed to Adrianna that her music career is over, because Javier is jealous of Adrianna and Navid's relationship. Adrianna receives a bag with her belongings and a book full of original songs by Javier, which she keeps to use as her own material.

text: She sings one of Javier's songs at the memorial, which is attended by Javier's uncle and when he realizes the song was Javier's he threatens to ruin her career. However, they make a deal that if he (Victor) becomes her manager, he won't tell her secret. She agrees and decides to record the rest of Javier's songs. Soon, Adrianna finds herself becoming one of the most famous upcoming starlets in Hollywood and it begins to get to her head. She becomes vapid and vain and oblivious to her friends and starts bossing Victor around. Eventually Victor becomes fed up and reveals Adrianna's secret to the world just as her career really begins to take off, and just as Navid starts to fall in love with Silver, her best friend, unbeknownst to her.

text: While Navid and Silver begin an affair behind her back, Adrianna scrambles to regain her fame and is now in debt. Out of desperation, she agrees to sell a story to a tabloid regarding the baby she gave up for adoption. Navid, upset how Adrianna used the baby to make money, breaks up with her. Adrianna attempts to reunite with Navid, and finds an earring in his bedroom after he rejects her. She leans on Silver for support, believing that the real reason why Navid had broken up with her is because he had been cheating on her. Soon, reality producers begin following her and her friends around while trying to shoot a pilot. Adrianna and Navid get into an argument and he finally admits to having cheated on her. Once again, Adrianna runs to Silver for support, claiming that she wants to find out who the girl he cheated with is so that she can destroy her. Unbeknownst to her, it's Silver, who clearly begins to subtly crack under the pressure of her guilty conscience.

text: While filming more scenes for the show, Adrianna makes a startling discovery. After much investigation, she realizes that it was Silver who Navid had been cheating with. Heartbroken, Adrianna cries to herself, but later masks her hurt with a plot for revenge. Instead of confronting them, she decides to mess with Silver's guilty conscience by acting oblivious. She plays on Silver's conscience by telling her and Naomi that she believes that Lila, Navid's ex-girlfriend, was the girl Navid had been cheating with and that she plans to send a naked picture of Lila to the entire school for her revenge. Knowing that she has to stop Adrianna, Silver decides to come clean and admit that she was the one who Navid had cheated on her with. Adrianna admits that she knew it was her all along and ultimately sends a naked picture of Silver to the entire school. The group takes a trip to Mexico for the spring break, where Adrianna and Silver's feud continues. Upon their return home, Adrianna asks Silver to put it behind them and she eagerly and happily agrees. However, the next scene shows that Adrianna's willingness to make up is insincere as she exchanges Silver's bipolar medication for unknown pills. The effect of this is enormous on Silver who goes through a lengthy manic episode followed by a sudden depressive state. Adrianna's vengeful prank causes Silver to lose any chance of attending her dream school, NYU, and lands Silver in the psychiatric ward at the local hospital. Adrianna visits the hospital, pretending to be a caring friend, and takes Navid home, giving him alcohol and falling asleep next to him on a bed. When she realizes he was drunk and forgot what happened last night, she invents they kissed. Being rejected later, she goes to Silver and tells her Navid kissed her. At a party for Ivy and Raj, Silver's stolen medicine falls out of her purse and all her friends turn their backs on her, which makes her think about committing suicide. She decides not to and resolves to becoming a better person.

text: Season 4[edit]

text: Adrianna comes back from Africa and visits Silver at her apartment to try to reconcile but is rejected. She then shows up at Naomi's party to apologize again, but Silver again rejects her saying she doesn't think she can ever trust Adrianna again. Dixon Wilson then walks over and comforts her. While Dixon is standing on the balcony of his new condo, Ade walks out in just a T-shirt and tells him she came over to see him because she needed someone to talk to, but she ran into Austin, his new roommate and it is hinted that they might have slept together, but Austin later tells Dixon they just made out a little bit and nothing else. Adrianna starts hanging around Dixon's apartment and the boys seem a little annoyed by her presence, especially Austin. After it is decided that Dixon tell her to leave, she tells him that she is going home, and that the only reason why she came to see him and been hanging around is because Dixon has been nice and sweet and is the only one who doesn't see her as pure evil. Dixon then helps her get a job as a waitress at Liam Court's new bar. Adrianna continues to try and regain the trust of her friends, though she soon succeeds her goal in Liam and Dixon, the other members of their group still refuse to trust her. Adrianna then soon suspects that Dixon has a drug problem. She is later proven right when in Vegas she follows the gang there to ensure Dixon does not succumb to his newfound drug addiction or previous gambling addiction. Ade comes across him as he prepares to snort some drugs, and after an emotional confrontation the two kiss and have real sex.

text: When Annie discovers them, she accuses Adrianna of seducing Dixon and bringing the drugs. Fed up with everyone treating her terribly, Adrianna lashes out at Annie, and declares she is there to help Dixon who also comes to her defense. Dixon attempts to start a relationship with Adrianna but she denies him, fearful that he might become dependent on her only so that he can avoid dealing with his own problems. Once Dixon goes through rehab Adrianna decides to give him a chance and they begin a relationship. She becomes worried when he quickly reenters the music industry that he might begin using drugs. Dixon decides to use a song Adrianna sang at a benefit for Raj, their friend Ivy Sullivan's husband, and remix it to include his own lyrics. When he shows her his version of the song and tells her that he's going to submit it to a record company, she becomes outraged, believing that he's using her song to just to get ahead in the music industry. When Dixon decides not to perform the song at an event and instead sings a song about how he is sorry, she forgives him. Adrianna later reveals to Dixon that the song is actually about Maisie, the daughter she gave away in order to pursue a career in the entertainment business as an actress/singer. This sets up the storyline for the latter half of the second season which will begin in 2012 where Adrianna will deal with the repressed repercussions of giving the baby up for adoption as she attempts to reconnect with her child. Adrianna also reveals to Dixon that she wants to collaborate with him musically as they both share a strong passion for music as an art form of expression.

text: Adrianna learns from Navid that Silver is dating the adoptive father of her child Maisie and that they're planning on moving to New York City. Upset at the possibility that Silver might raise her daughter, Adrianna pays a surprise visit to Maisie picking her up from daycare pretending to be Greg's girlfriend. Silver soon finds Adrianna and Maisie and the two have an emotional reunion but Silver's relationship with Greg comes to an end when he learns that Adrianna has met Maisie under the impression that Silver introduced the two of them to each other. Dixon and Adrianna continue to collaborate musically and he asks her to move in with him once they tell each other that they're in love with one another and soon after land a meeting with a major movie producer to discuss music on his next film, but are sabotaged by Vanessa, Liam's girlfriend, who is trying to work behind the scenes to make Liam a movie star. Eventually Adrianna and Dixon land a spot in a musical festival alongside the band Train. Dixon is offered a recording contract by a record executive, but not Adrianna. Adrianna tells Liam about her suspicions that Vanessa may have staged the near-drowning incident which brought him spotlight fame. But Vanessa soon learns about Adrianna's suspicions and she successfully frames Adrianna for assaulting her. However, Dixon believes Adrianna while Liam believes that Vanessa was attacked by Adrianna. To help get over the ordeal with Vanessa, Dixon and Adrianna continue to work on music.

text: Dixon collapses while arguing in the recording studio with Adrianna, and he is taken to the hospital for observation where he and Ade learn that he has a congential heart condition and he only has 5 years left to live. Adrianna decides to quit making music with him as she feels guilty for putting too much pressure on him when in reality Dixon is dealing with his own guilt about lying to Adrianna as he secretly signed a solo recording contract behind her back. Navid arrives back in town for a visit where Dixon confesses to him the truth but admits he did not tell Adrianna because the label didn't want to sign her. Dixon also accepts a gig to go on tour to play backup for Haley Reinhart, but doesn't tell Adrianna, but she later finds out anyway and forces him to choose either her or his career. He chooses his career over her. Soon after Austin returns to Los Angeles and offers to be Adrianna's new manager, suggesting she start singing country music as a change of tune to her career after Dixon leaves town without saying goodbye. Austin enlists his father, Judd Ridge, to help launch Adrianna’s new country-western career as a side act. Adrianna deals with Dixon leaving her by writing songs, two of which she sings live at different events. Eventually Dixon decides returns from touring with his band where he calls Adrianna to give their relationship a second chance. Adrianna agrees, but soon regrets it when Dixon fails to show up at their meeting spot and she thinks he bailed on her again, but in reality he gets into a fatal car accident with his bandmates. During the final moment of the season, Adrianna leaves town with Austin to go on tour as the latest country-western star and him as her manager.

text: Season 5[edit]

text: Adrianna continues her country music tour, unaware that Dixon has gotten into a life-threatening car accident and is in a coma in a hospital back in Los Angeles. 'Ade' then has an unforgettable evening after another show in Las Vegas when she hooks up with a handsome stranger named Taylor. Annie finally manages to contact Ade in Vegas and gets her to return to Los Angeles to be with an unconscious Dixon, and the two girls decide to move into the beach apartment together. Adrianna soon learns that Taylor has become Liam and Navid's business partner and she fails at attempting to avoid him after she becomes confused about her feelings toward him after he kisses her. Dixon, unaware of what has happened between Ade and Taylor, encourages Ade to hire Taylor to create her new music video concept. After Taylor dares Adrianna to show him how sexy she can be, she realizes that she has feeling for him. As Dixon continues to recuperate, Adrianna confides in Annie that she and Dixon are having intimacy issues. After her relationship with Dixon is over, Ade decides to pay much more attention to her friends and mainly with Silver. The two made a show in a truck where they could interview people about their clients. However, when Naomi and Annie's step brother Mark comes in between the two, they promise not to have a date with him and put their friendship over this. After Naomi's party night, Silver hooks up with Mark and later confides it to Ade, leaving Ade confused and worried about their friendship.

text: The series ends with Adrianna and Navid back together. Ready to get a house, a dog and a fireplace.

text: Development[edit]

text: The character of Adrianna was originally scripted as a guest spot in the series' pilot. When Lowndes was cast, she only knew that her character was a singer in the school musical, and as a singer herself, she was excited to sing on television. However, Lowndes was surprised when "they chopped my hair off, and wrote this amazing material for me in which I had a drug addiction and I was dying. I honestly didn't know where it was going." The day after she filmed the drug overdose scene, Lowndes was offered series regular status.[1] Michael Ausiello of Entertainment Weekly reported that the character was upgraded because she created more storyline.[2]

text: When Lowndes realized her character was a drug addict, she did a lot of research and talked to real recovering addicts in Vancouver and over the phone. She did not "want to make light of it since I didn't have those experiences myself". Upon revelation of Adrianna's pregnancy in the series, Lowndes said that the fate of the baby was still undecided. The actress also explained that Ty and Adrianna had been together before that night at the hotel, as shown in episode "Wide Awake and Dreaming".[1] To create Adrianna's "rough" look during her drug addiction, Lowndes had to sit through "an hour of intense white makeup on my face and red and gray under my eyes to create broken capillaries". For her character's pregnancy, Lowndes said she couldn't wait to wear a heavy pregnancy belly. The actress said that "by the end of the day my back and feet are killing, so I feel like a real pregnant lady".[1]

text: Speaking about Adrianna's lesbian relationship with Gia, Lowndes said that it was important that the characters act like any other couple on the series. Lowndes said that "there has been a response from people who have come up to me who have been affected by it. This is truly going on in high school and people are confused and I love that we're showing somebody like my character, who is confused."[3] Lowndes was pleased with the direction of Adrianna's storyline when her character began a music career. Lowndes, who is herself a singer, was able to sing in most the latter episodes of the season. The actress said, "it's so exciting, and all different musical styles, as well. It's awesome that we got a third-season pickup and there's going to be a lot more music in the third season as well. That's what I'm doing when I'm not working on 90210, I'm working on my album. So I love it, it's a dream come true."[4]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Actress Lowndes acknowledged that initial response to her character was "a little negative — people loved to hate me, and my haircut". However, she felt that reception became more positive afterward, and recovering addicts told her that she depicted it in a real way. Lowndes thought that people could relate to what she was going through, and that people are "going to like her even more as we go on". Lowndes defended the character's earlier behavior, saying, "I never know what they're going to write, but I think drugs made her who you saw at the beginning. I think she's a good person who has a good heart."[1]

text: After Adrianna's overdose in the seventh episode, "Hollywood Forever", several critics believed that she had died.[5] Tanya Lane of Poptimal was displeased with the writing of the storyline, citing inconsistencies as the reason. Lane felt that the writers did not address the situation well, and did not like that the storyline picked up with Adrianna "enjoying a luxurious stay at a star-studded rehab", whereas the previous episode had ended with her overdosing. Lane was also critical of Adrianna's relationship with Navid, "apparently Navid has always been in love with her, though I can't recall the two of them having a single conversation in any of the previous episodes [...] Her character is very messy, so I find it rather odd that the writers are tying the loose ends up with a neat little bow."[6]

text: M.L. House of TV.com praised the writers for slowly building the lesbian romance between Adrianna and Gia. House said, "while most shows are clearly going for a ratings stunt any time girls make out, these two are truly falling for each other. It even seems natural, given Adrianna's shady past with men [...] Bravo!"[7]


document_title: Steel Magnolias

question_text: what does shelby die of in steel magnolias

text: Steel Magnolias

text: Plot[edit]

text: Annelle Dupuy (Daryl Hannah), a reserved beauty school graduate, is hired by Truvy Jones (Dolly Parton) to work in her home-based beauty salon in northwestern Louisiana. At the same time, in another part of the neighborhood, M'Lynn Eatenton (Sally Field), and her daughter, Shelby (Julia Roberts), are preparing for Shelby's wedding, which is taking place later that day. They arrive, along with Clairee Belcher (Olympia Dukakis), the cheerful widow of the former mayor, to have their hair done. Suddenly, Shelby, who has type 1 diabetes, falls into a hypoglycemic state, but recovers quickly with the help of her mother's quick thinking. Later that afternoon, short-tempered, grouchy, and sarcastic Louisa "Ouiser" Boudreaux (Shirley MacLaine) arrives in the salon and questions Annelle about where she has moved from, forcing Annelle to reveal that her husband has recently left her while fleeing the police, taking all their money and their car. Moved by Annelle's emotional confession, Shelby invites her to the wedding, where Annelle meets Sammy (Kevin J. O'Connor), who is tending bar.

text: Several months pass and Shelby returns to town to celebrate Christmas. During the festivities, she announces that she and her husband, Jackson Latcherie (Dylan McDermott), are expecting their first child. Shelby's father Drum (Tom Skerritt) is thrilled, but M'Lynn is too worried to share in the joy. Truvy, Annelle, and Clairee had originally thought that Shelby couldn't have children, but on the night of the big announcement, M'Lynn clarifies for them that the doctors said Shelby shouldn't have children because of her health. It becomes clear that Shelby could actually die due to pregnancy complications related to her diabetes. Unable to give her any words of wisdom, Truvy suggests they focus on the joy of the situation: Jackson and Shelby's first child, as well as Drum and M'Lynn's first grandchild, as well as their sons, Jonathan (Jonathan Ward) and Tommy's (Knowl Johnson), first niece or nephew. M'Lynn agrees, saying that nothing pleases Shelby more than proving her wrong.

text: Shelby successfully delivers a baby boy, Jackson Jr., but begins showing signs of kidney failure and starts dialysis around the time Jackson Jr. turns one. M'Lynn successfully donates a kidney and Shelby seemingly resumes a normal life. Clairee and Ouiser offer to make sure that M'Lynn's husband, Drum, Jonathan, and Tommy have enough food to last until M'Lynn returns home after the transplant. Later, on Halloween, Ouiser, Clairee, Truvy, and M'Lynn throw Annelle a surprise wedding shower, as she is now engaged to Sammy. Shelby is unavailable to attend due to a conflicting schedule with her nursing job, and is later found by Jackson unconscious on the porch of her house. Shelby is rushed to the hospital, where it is determined that her body rejected the new kidney, and she is now in a coma. The doctors inform the family that Shelby is likely to remain comatose indefinitely, and they all jointly decide to take her off life support. At the funeral, after the other mourners have left, M'Lynn breaks down in hysterics in front of Ouiser, Clairee, Truvy, and Annelle, but is comforted by them.

text: Later, at the wake, M'Lynn begins to accept her daughter's death and focuses her energy on helping Jackson raise Jackson Jr. Annelle, now married and pregnant, asks M'Lynn if she could name her own baby after Shelby, since Shelby was the reason Annelle and Sammy met. M'Lynn gives her blessings and assures Annelle that Shelby would've loved it. Months later, on Easter morning, Annelle goes into labor during an Easter egg hunt, is rushed to the hospital by Truvy and her husband Spud (Sam Shepard), and another life begins.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Actor
Character
Relationship

Sally Field
Mary Lynn "M'Lynn" Eatenton
Social Worker; Wife to Drum Eatenton; Mother to Shelby, Jonathan and Tommy; Jackson's mother-in-law; Jack Jr.'s maternal grandmother

Dolly Parton
Truvy Jones
Beautician; Wife to Spud Jones; Mother to Louie; town gossip

Shirley MacLaine
Louisa "Ouiser" Boudreaux
Clairee Belcher's best friend and confidant; Eatenton Family's next-door neighbor; town curmudgeon, and Drum Eatenton's nemesis

Daryl Hannah
Annelle Dupuy Desoto
Newcomer to town; Apprentice Beautician hired by Truvy Jones; first married to Bunkie Dupuy; later marries Sammy Desoto

Olympia Dukakis
Clairee Belcher
Former town first lady; sister to Drew Marmillion, sister-in-law to Belle Marmillion; aunt to Marshall and Nancy Beth Marmillion; best friend and confidant of Ouiser Boudreaux; friend of the Eatentons and Joneses

Julia Roberts
Shelby Eatenton Latcherie
Eldest child and only daughter of Drum and M'Lynn Eatenton; sister to Jonathan and Tommy; marries Jackson Latcherie and gives birth to Jackson "Jack" Latcherie, Jr.; suffers from type one diabetes

Tom Skerritt
Thomas Drummond "Drum" Eatenton
Husband of M'Lynn Eatenton, Father to Shelby, Jonathan and Tommy; Jackson Latcherie's father-in-law; Jack Jr.'s maternal grandfather

Sam Shepard
Spud Jones
Sporadically employed laborer; Truvy Jones's husband and Louie's father

Dylan McDermott
Jackson Latcherie
Lawyer; Shelby Eatenton's husband; Jack Jr.'s father; Drum and M'Lynn's son-in-law and Jonathan and Tommy's brother-in-law

Kevin J. O'Connor
Sammy Desoto
Annelle Dupuy's eventual husband, who met her at Shelby and Jackson's wedding reception

Bill McCutcheon
Owen Jenkins
Ouiser Boudreaux's former boyfriend who has returned to town

Ann Wedgeworth
Aunt Fern Thornton
Jackson Latcherie's aunt; notorious for baking animal-shaped cakes

Knowl Johnson
Tommy Eatenton
Drum and M'Lynn Eatenton's first-born son and middle child; Shelby and Jonathan's brother; Jackson's brother-in-law; Jack Jr.'s maternal uncle

Jonathan Ward
Jonathan Eatenton
Drum and M'Lynn Eatenton's second-born son and youngest child; Shelby and Tommy's brother; Jackson's brother-in-law; Jack Jr.'s maternal uncle

Ronald Young
Drew Marmillion
Clairee Belcher's brother; Husband to Belle Marmillion; Father to Marshall and Nancy Beth

Bibi Besch
Belle Marmillion
Drew Marmillion's wife; Mother to Marshall and Nancy Beth; Clairee Belcher's sister-in-law

Janine Turner
Nancy-Beth Marmillion
Drew and Belle Marmillion's daughter; Marshall's sister; Clairee Belcher's niece; town's dethroned "Miss Merry Christmas"

James Wlcek
Marshall Marmillion
Drew and Belle Marmillion's son; Nancy Beth's brother; Clairee Belcher's nephew; announces to his parents he is gay

Tom Hodges
Louie Jones
Truvy and Spud Jones's rebellious son

C. Houser
Jackson Latcherie, Jr. (1 year old)
Jackson and Shelby Latcherie's son; Drum and M'Lynn Eatenton's maternal grandson; Jonathan and Tommy Eatenton's maternal nephew

Daniel Camp
Jackson Latcherie, Jr. (3 years old)
Jackson and Shelby Latcherie's son; Drum and M'Lynn Eatenton's maternal grandson; Jonathan and Tommy Eatenton's maternal nephew

tag: table

text: Background[edit]

text: The original play described the experience of the family and friends of the play's author Harling following the 1985 death of his sister from diabetic complications after the birth of his namesake nephew and failure of a family member's donated kidney. A writer friend continuously encouraged him to write it down in order to come to terms with the experience. He did but originally as a short story for his nephew then later to get an understanding of the deceased mother. It evolved in ten days into the play.[4][5]

text: Production[edit]

text: Released by TriStar Pictures in the United States on November 15, 1989 and grossed more than $83.7 million at the box office. Harling's first produced screenplay, he adapted the original film script which was then heavily rewritten beyond the on-stage one-set scenario (which had taken place entirely in Truvy's beauty salon) of the stage production: the scenes increased and the sequence was more tightly linked with major holidays than the play; the increased characters beyond the original, all-female play cast caused dialogue changes between on-screen characters (among them, Harling playing the preacher and Truvy has one son instead of two). Natchitoches, Louisiana served as both the 1989 film location and scenario location[6] with historian Robert DeBlieux, a former Natchitoches mayor, as the local advisor.[7]

text: Reception[edit]

text: It received generally positive reviews from critics and has a score of 69% on Rotten Tomatoes.[8] An example of a less enthusiastic critic was Hal Hinson of The Washington Post, who said that it felt "more Hollywood than the South."[9] An example of a more enthusiastic critic was Roger Ebert, who said that the film was "willing to sacrifice its over-all impact for individual moments of humor, and while that leaves us without much to take home, you've got to hand it to them: The moments work."[10][11]

text: The movie received a limited release on November 15, 1989: entered the U.S. box office at No. 4 with an opening weekend gross of $5,425,440; by the time of wider release two days later it grossed $15,643,935; stayed in the top 10 for 16 weeks, gross $83,759,091 domestically with a further $12,145,000 with foreign markets giving a worldwide gross of $95,904,091.[12]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was released on VHS on June 19, 1990 and on DVD July 25, 2000, allowing the film to gross a further $40 million.[13][14] The movie's overall gross was $135,904,091. The film was released on Blu-ray through the boutique label Twilight Time, on September 11, 2012–it has since gone out of print.

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Association
Category
Nominated work
Result

1990
Academy Awards
Best Supporting Actress
Julia Roberts
Nominated

1990
American Comedy Awards
Funniest Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture
Olympia Dukakis
Nominated

1990
American Comedy Awards
Funniest Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture
Shirley MacLaine
Nominated

1990
Chicago Film Critics Association Awards
Best Supporting Actress
Shirley MacLaine
Nominated

1990
Golden Globe Awards
Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama
Sally Field
Nominated

1990
Golden Globe Awards
Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture
Julia Roberts
Won

1990
People's Choice Awards
Favorite Dramatic Motion Picture
Steel Magnolias
Won

1991
BAFTA Awards
Best Actress in a Supporting Role
Shirley MacLaine
Nominated

text: Failed TV sequel pilot[edit]

text: CBS broadcast on August 17, 1990, a half-hour television pilot sitcom sans Shelby's character as the story line was post death. The cast included Cindy Williams as M'Lynn, Sally Kirkland as Truvy, Elaine Stritch as Ouiser, Polly Bergen as Clairee and Sheila McCarthy as Annelle.

text: Remake[edit]

text: Lifetime Television Network announced (October 10, 2011) a planned remake under the direction of Kenny Leon, director of the ABC movie A Raisin in the Sun (2008), set in Louisiana[15] featuring lead role black actors: Queen Latifah (M'Lynn), Jill Scott (Truvy), Alfre Woodard (Ouiser), Phylicia Rashād (Clairee), Adepero Oduye (Annelle) and Condola Rashād (Shelby).[16][17] The New York Times had mixed reactions: applauded it on some points and on others as either schmaltz or less attentive than the 1989 film.[18]


document_title: Short ribs

question_text: where is the short rib located on a cow

question_tokens: where is the short rib located on a cow

text: Short ribs

text: Types of short ribs[edit]

text: Meatpacking executive Richard C. Banfield notes that the term "short ribs" comes from the fact that the cut of meat contains only a portion of each long beef rib.[1]

text: Using American butcher's nomenclature, short ribs may be taken from the brisket, chuck, plate, or rib areas of beef cattle.[2][3]

text: The serratus ventralis muscle defines the area in the beef carcass from where short ribs come, and is the preferred muscle tissue for short ribs.[4] This muscle originates near the second rib, and covers most of the rib cage.[4][5] In the chuck area (second through fifth ribs), the muscle is much thicker. Moving toward the rump, the serratus ventralis becomes less dense, and may not cover the entire rib. Outside of the chuck, the serratus ventralis covers the entire rib with a degree of thickness only in the plate area. Over ribs nine through 12, the serratus ventralis is too thin to properly create a true short rib, and meat here is usually turned into a "Royal short rib" or else stripped from the bone and used for ground beef.[4]

text: The latissimus dorsi muscle lies atop the serratus ventralis muscle, and is separated from it by a layer of fat. This muscle is generally found in the chuck area and the upper portion (toward the spine) of the plate. It adds thickness to chuck and rib short ribs, but is less prized by chefs than the serratus ventralis muscle.[4]

text: Chuck short ribs tend to be meatier than the other two types of ribs, but they are also tougher[2] due to the more extensive connective tissues (collagen and reticulin) in them.[6] Plate short ribs tend to be fattier than the other two types.[7]

text: Short ribs cut from the rib area near the spine (the dorsal area) are better known as "back ribs"[4] or "dinosaur ribs".[5] They consist of what remains of the rib in this area after the rib chop is removed.[8] Due to the thinness of the serratus ventralis here, the meat on these ribs is generally intercostal muscle (e.g., the muscle between each rib).[4]

text: Cuts of short ribs[edit]

text: Short ribs, by definition, are not the entire length of rib. When the rib bone is cut into a 3-to-6-inch (7.6 to 15.2 cm) length,[9][8] left as a section of meat (a "plate") containing three or four ribs[10] or cut into individual ribs with meat attached, the short rib is known as an "English cut". They may also be known as barbecue ribs, braising ribs, or fancy cut ribs.[9] A section of short ribs from the plate (ribs six through eight, with their intercostal muscle) is known as a "short plate".[4][7] Rib short ribs are almost always sold as a plate.[3]

text: When the carcass is cut across the bone to create strips of meat with multiple rib bones, the short rib is known as a "flanken cut." These may also be known as crosscut ribs, Eastern European-style ribs, Hawaiian-style ribs, Jewish ribs, Korean-style ribs, or "kosher ribs".[5][9] Flanken-cut short ribs incorporate at least two rib bones, and are often no more than 1 to 2 inches (2.5 to 5.1 cm) thick.[9]

text: Retail meat shops often do not differentiate between short ribs which come from the brisket, chuck, plate, and rib.[5] In the United States, short ribs from the plate are generally the least expensive cut, followed by medium-priced short ribs from the brisket and chuck, and premium-priced short ribs from the rib area.[5]

text: Beef short ribs are the equivalent of spare ribs in pork,[10][11] with beef short ribs usually larger and meatier than pork spare ribs.[10]

text: "Boneless" short ribs are cut from either the chuck or plate, and consist of rib meat separated from the bone.[9] "Boneless country-style short ribs", however, are not true short ribs. They are found primarily in the United States, and are cut from the chuck eye roll (serving as a less expensive alternative to rib steak).[12]

text: Short ribs in world cuisines[edit]

text: Short ribs are particularly popular in Chinese, Jewish, and Korean cooking.[5]

text: Short ribs generally require long periods of cooking in order to break down the connective tissues in the meat and make the meat tender. Methods of preparation include braising, stewing, and sous-vide. Short ribs may also be barbecued, a popular method that subjects the beef to high heat in a relatively short period of time.

text: Pot-au-feu is a classic French method of cooking short ribs. Flanken is a traditional Eastern European Jewish short rib dish, and serves as the origin of flanken cut of short ribs. Flanken-cut short ribs are boiled in broth with onions and other seasonings until the meat is very tender and the broth is rich. The stew is then served with grated horseradish.

text: In Korea, short lengths of rib are often further butchered by butterflying (or using an accordion cut) to unfurl the meat into a long ribbon trailing from the bone, or the meat can be removed from the bone entirely and cut into thin 0.125-to-0.25-inch (0.32 to 0.64 cm) slices. Short ribs marinated in ganjang (a Korean soy sauce) and then rapidly grilled are known as galbi. Short ribs prepared in the galbi style, but slow-cooked or steamed along with spices and vegetables is known as galbijjim.

text: A specific type of short rib dish which originated in Hawaii is known as Maui-style ribs. In this dish, flanken-cut ribs are marinated in soy sauce, brown sugar, and ginger, and then swiftly grilled.

text: The "Royal short rib" is a short rib dish prepared in Europe and the United States which uses ribs nine through 12.[4] The membrane is removed from the inner side of an English-cut plate, and the plate sliced into its component ribs. The bone is then pulled up from the meat, leaving meat attached at only one end of the rib. The meat is then rolled backward and tucked under itself.[13][a]

text: Tabiltas are Mexican-style flanken-cut short ribs that are marinated and then grilled.[14]

text: Short ribs in popular culture[edit]

text: Over the years, short ribs have been mentioned in numerous movies and television shows. Examples include:

text: In a 1948 Three Stooges short titled "Shivering Sherlocks", Larry Fine has an argument with a customer about ordering either chicken soup or short ribs.

tag: ul


document_title: List of office-holders in India

question_text: current office holder of the president of india

text: List of office-holders in India

text: Constitutional Office-Holders

text:
Office

Name

Portrait

Since

President of India
Ram Nath Kovind

25 July 2017[1]

Vice President of India and Chairman of the Rajya Sabha
Venkaiah Naidu

11 August 2017[2]

Prime Minister of India
Narendra Modi

26 May 2014[3]

Chief Justice of India
Dipak Misra

28 August 2017[4]

Speaker of the Lok Sabha
Sumitra Mahajan

6 June 2014[5]

Chief Election Commissioner

Om Prakash Rawat

23 January 2018[6]

Comptroller and Auditor General of India

Rajiv Mehrishi

25 September 2017

Chairman of Union Public Service Commission

Vinay Mittal

22 January 2018

Attorney General of India

K. K. Venugopal

30 June 2017

text: Cabinet Office-Holders

text:
Office

Name

Portrait

Since

Minister of Home Affairs
Rajnath Singh

26 May 2014

Minister of Finance
Arun Jaitley

26 May 2014

Minister of Defence
Nirmala Sitharaman

3 September 2017

Minister of External Affairs
Sushma Swaraj

26 May 2014

Minister of Agriculture
Radha Mohan Singh

26 May 2014

Minister of Human Resource Development
Prakash Javadekar

5 July 2016

Minister of Railways
Piyush Goyal

3 September 2017

Minister of Law and Justice
Ravi Shankar Prasad

5 July 2016

Minister of Information and Broadcast
Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore

14 May 2018

text: Bureaucrats

text:
Office

Name

Portrait

Since

Cabinet Secretary of India

Pradeep Kumar Sinha

13 June 2015

Principal Secretary to Prime Minister

Nripendra Misra

27 May 2014

Additional Principal Secretary to Prime Minister

Pramod Kumar Misra

9 June 2014

Secretary-General of the Lok Sabha
Snehlata Shrivastava

1 December 2017[7]

Secretary-General of the Rajya Sabha
Desh Deepak Verma

1 September 2017[8]

National Security Adviser

Ajit Doval

30 May 2014

Chairman, Railway Board
Ashwani Lohani

23 August 2017

Home Secretary
Rajiv Gauba

31 August 2017

Finance Secretary
Hasmukh Adhia

6 November 2017

Defence Secretary

Sanjay Mitra

Foreign Secretary
Vijay Keshav Gokhale, IFS

28 January 2018

Solicitor General of India
Ranjit Kumar

Principal Scientific Adviser
R. Chidambaram

Chief Economic Adviser
Arvind Subramanian

16 October 2014

text: Permanent Commissions Office-Holders

text:
Office

Name

Portrait

Since

Chairman, National Human Rights Commission of India
H. L. Dattu

Chairman, National Commission for Minorities
Syed Ghayorul Hasan Rizvi

Chairman, National Commission for Scheduled Castes
Ram Shankar Katheria

31 May 2017

Chairman, National Commission for Scheduled Tribes
Nand Kumar Sai

28 Feb 2017

Chairman, National Commission for Backward Classes
V Eshwaraiah

Chairman, National Commission for Women
Rekha Sharma

[9]

Chairman, Central Administrative Tribunal

Justice Permod Kohli

Chairman, Central Vigilance Commission
K. V. Chowdhary

Chairman, Central Information Commission
R. K. Mathur

18 December 2015

Chairman, Atomic Energy Commission of India
Sekhar Basu

23 October 2015

Chairman, Department of Space
K Sivan

14 January 2018

Chairman, University Grants Commission
D. P. Singh

Chairman, Central Water Commission
Narendra Kumar

Director, Space Applications Centre
Tapan Misra

Chairman, National Forest Commission
B. N. Kirpal

Chairman, Competition Commission of India
Devender Kumar Sikri

text: Heads of financial bodies

text:
Office

Name

Since

Chairman, 15th Finance Commission of India
N.K.Singh
27 November 2017

Governor, Reserve Bank of India
Urjit Patel
4 September 2016[10]

Chairman, Securities and Exchange Board of India
Ajay Tyagi, IAS
1 March 2017[11]

Chairman, Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India
Subhash Chandra Khuntia
2 May 2018[12]

Chairman, 7th Pay Commission
Ashok Kumar Mathur
4 February 2014

Chairman, Small Industries Development Bank of India
Muhammad Mustafa
August 2017

Chairman, Company Law Board
Mahesh Kumar Mittal

Chairman and Managing Director, Export-Import Bank of India
Yaduvendra Mathur

CEO and Managing Director, National Housing Bank
Sriram Kalyanaraman

Chairman, National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development
Harsh Kumar Bhanwala

CEO and Managing Director, Industrial Finance Corporation of India
Emandi Sankara Rao
[13]

Chairman, National Stock Exchange
Ashok Chawla
[14]

Chairman, Bombay Stock Exchange
Sethuratnam Ravi
[15]

Chairperson, State Bank of India
Rajnish Kumar (banker)
7 October 2017 [16]

Chairman, Industrial Development Bank of India
Mahesh Kumar Jain
[17]

Chairman, Life Insurance Corporation of India
V. K. Sharma
[18]

President, Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry
Pankaj Patel
[19]

Chairman, Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority
Hemant G. Contractor
[20]

President, Confederation of Indian Industry
Rakesh Bharti Mittal
[21]

President, Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India
Sandeep Jajodia
[22]

Chairman, National Statistical Commission
Radha Binod Barman
[23]

Director General, Archaeological Survey of India
Rakesh Tewari
[24]

Chairman, Telecom Regulatory Authority of India
Ram Sevak Sharma

Director, Enforcement Directorate
Karnal Singh
[25]

CMD, Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
Shashi Shanker
[26]

Chairman & MD, Gas Authority of India Limited
B. C. Tripathi
[27]

Chairman, Indian Oil Corporation Limited
Sanjiv Singh
[28]

Chairman & MD, Oil India Limited
Utpal Bora
[29]

Chairperson, Central Board of Secondary Education
Anita Karwal
[30]

text: Defence and Security

text:
Occupation

Name

Since

Chief of the Army Staff
General Bipin Rawat
31 December 2016

Chief of the Air Staff
Air Chief Marshal Birender Singh Dhanoa
31 December 2016

Chief of the Naval Staff
Admiral Sunil Lanba(also Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee)
31 May 2016

Chief of Integrated Defence Staff
Lieutenant General Satish Dua
31 October 2016[31]

Director General, Military Intelligence
Lieutenant General K. G. Krishna

Director, Intelligence Bureau
Rajiv Jain, IPS
1 January 2017

Secretary, Research and Analysis Wing
Anil Dhasmana, IPS
1 February 2017

Director, Central Bureau of Investigation
Alok Verma, IPS
19 January 2017

Director General, Border Security Force
K. K. Sharma, IPS
29 February 2016

Director General, Central Reserve Police Force
Rajiv Rai Bhatnagar, IPS
27 April 2017

Director General, Central Industrial Security Force
Rajesh Ranjan, IPS

Director General, Indo-Tibetan Border Police
R. K. Pachnanda, IPS

Director General, Sashastra Seema Bal
Rajnikant Mishra, IPS
30 September 2017[32]

Director General, National Security Guard
Sudeep Lakhtakia, IPS
31 January 2018

Director General, National Investigation Agency
Y.C. Modi, IPS

Director General, National Disaster Response Force
Sanjay Kumar, IPS


document_title: List of highest paid American television stars

question_text: who is the highest paid actor in big bang theory

text: Network primetime salaries per episode[edit]

text:
Name
Program
Role
Salary
Inflation Adjusted
Year
Ref.

Peter Dinklage
Game of Thrones
Tyrion Lannister
£2,000,000[a]

2017–18
[2]

Nikolaj Coster-Waldau
Jaime Lannister

Lena Headey
Cersei Lannister

Emilia Clarke
Daenerys Targaryen

Kit Harington
Jon Snow

Charlie Sheen
Two and a Half Men
Charlie Harper
$1.8 million
$1,958,000
2010–11
[3]

Ray Romano
Everybody Loves Raymond
Raymond Barone
$1.7 million
$2,130,000
2003–05
[4]

Kelsey Grammer
Frasier
Frasier Crane
$1.6 million
$2,073,000
2002–04
[5]

Tim Allen
Home Improvement
Tim Taylor
$1.25 million
$1,836,000
1998–99
[3]

James Gandolfini
The Sopranos
Tony Soprano
$1 million
$1,180,000
2006–07
[6]

Jennifer Aniston
Friends
Rachel Green
$1 million
$1,296,000
2002–04
[7]

Courteney Cox
Monica Geller

Lisa Kudrow
Phoebe Buffay

Matt LeBlanc
Joey Tribbiani

David Schwimmer
Ross Geller

Matthew Perry
Chandler Bing

Helen Hunt
Mad About You
Jamie Buchman
$1 million
$1,469,000
1998–99
[8]

Paul Reiser
Paul Buchman

Jerry Seinfeld
Seinfeld
Jerry Seinfeld
$1 million
$1,501,000
1997–98
[9]

Johnny Galecki
The Big Bang Theory
Leonard Hofstadter
$900,000
$900,000
2017–19
[10]

Jim Parsons
Sheldon Cooper

Kunal Nayyar
Raj Koothrapali

Simon Helberg
Howard Wolowitz

Kaley Cuoco
Penny

Ashton Kutcher
Two and a Half Men
Walden Schmidt
$755,000
$770,000
2014
[3]

Drew Carey
The Drew Carey Show
Drew Carey
$750,000
$972,000
2001–04
[3]

Lauren Graham
Gilmore Girls
Lorelai Gilmore
$750,000
$765,000
2016
[11]

Alexis Bledel
Rory Gilmore

David Hyde Pierce
Frasier
Niles Crane
$750,000
$972,000
2014
[12]

Hugh Laurie
House
Dr. Gregory House
$700,000
$746,000
2014

Andrew Lincoln
The Walking Dead
Rick Grimes
$650,000
$650,000
2017–18
[2]

Jon Cryer
Two and a Half Men
Alan Harper
$620,000
$640,000
2013–15
[13]

Julia Louis-Dreyfus
Seinfeld
Elaine Benes
$600,000
$901,000
1997–98
[3]

Jason Alexander
George Costanza

Michael Richards
Cosmo Kramer

Norman Reedus
The Walking Dead
Daryl Dixon
$550,000
$550,000
2017–18
[2]

text: Network primetime salaries per season[edit]

text:
Name
Program
Role
Salary
Year
Ref.

Simon Cowell
The X Factor
Judge
$75 million
2012–13
[14]

Katy Perry
American Idol
$25 million
2017–18
[15]

Jennifer Lopez
$20 million
2011–12
[16]

Mariah Carey
$18 million
2012–13
[17]

Hugh Laurie
House
Gregory House
$15 million
2013
[14]

Ryan Seacrest
American Idol
Host
2013–16
[14]

Britney Spears
The X Factor
Judge
2012
[17]

Miley Cyrus
The Voice
Coach
$13 million
2016–17
[18]

Adam Levine
2016–18
[18]

Blake Shelton
2016–18
[18]

Christina Aguilera
$12.5 million
2013
[19]

Kelly Clarkson
$12 million
2018
[20]

Shakira
2013
[19]

Gwen Stefani
2017
[21]

Nicki Minaj
American Idol
Judge
2012–13
[19]

text: Morning annual salaries[edit]

text:
Name
Program
Role
Salary
Year
Ref.

Judith Sheindlin
Judge Judy
[[Jud
$47 million
2013
[22]

Barbara Walters
The View
Host
$13 million
2007
[23]

Bob Barker
The Price Is Right
Game show host
$10 million
2001
[24]

Ellen DeGeneres
The Ellen DeGeneres Show
Host
$5 million
2007
[25]

Jerry Springer
The Jerry Springer Show
Host
$3–4 million
1999
[26]

Tyra Banks
The Tyra Banks Show
Host
$3.5 million

[27][28]

text: News presenter annual salaries[edit]

text:
Name
Program
Role
Salary
Year
Ref.

Matt Lauer
Today
Anchor
$21 million

[29]

Meredith Vieira
Today
Anchor
$15 million

[30][31]

Katie Couric
CBS Evening News
News anchor
$15 million

[32]

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ The ''Daily Express gives a £2 million figure, though sources differ. This figure possibly includes the percentage the cast makes from reruns and overseas syndications.[1]

tag: ol


document_title: List of National Football League annual rushing touchdowns leaders

question_text: who has the most rushing tds in a season

text: List[edit]

text: The following is the season-by-season listing:[1]

text: Set record*

text:
Year
Player
TDs
Team

1932
Bronko Nagurski
4
Chicago Bears

1933
Glenn Presnell
6
Portsmouth Spartans

1934
Dutch Clark
Beattie Feathers
8
Detroit Lions
Chicago Bears

1935
Ernie Caddel
6
Detroit Lions

1936
Dutch Clark
7
Detroit Lions

1937
Cliff Battles
Dutch Clark
Clarke Hinkle
5
Washington Redskins
Detroit Lions
Green Bay Packers

1938
Andy Farkas
6
Washington Redskins

1939
Johnny Drake
9
Cleveland Rams

1940
Johnny Drake
9
Cleveland Rams

1941
Hugh Gallarneau
8
Chicago Bears

1942
Gary Famiglietti
8
Chicago Bears

1943
Bill Paschal
10
New York Giants

1944
Bill Paschal
9
New York Giants

1945
Steve Van Buren
15
Philadelphia Eagles

1946
Ted Fritsch
9
Green Bay Packers

1947
Steve Van Buren
13
Philadelphia Eagles

1948
Steve Van Buren
10
Philadelphia Eagles

1949
Steve Van Buren
11
Philadelphia Eagles

1950
Johnny Lujack
11
Chicago Bears

1951
Rob Goode
9
Washington Redskins

1952
Dan Towler
10
Los Angeles Rams

1953
Joe Perry
10
San Francisco 49ers

1954
Dan Towler
11
Los Angeles Rams

1955
Alan Ameche
9
Baltimore Colts

1956
Rick Casares
12
Chicago Bears

1957
Jim Brown
9
Cleveland Browns

1958
Jim Brown
17*
Cleveland Browns

1959
Jim Brown
14
Cleveland Browns

1960
Paul Hornung
13
Green Bay Packers

1961
Jim Taylor
15
Green Bay Packers

1962
Jim Taylor
19*
Green Bay Packers

1963
Jim Brown
12
Cleveland Browns

1964
Lenny Moore
16
Baltimore Colts

1965
Jim Brown
17
Cleveland Browns

1966
Leroy Kelly
15
Cleveland Browns

1967
Leroy Kelly
11
Cleveland Browns

1968
Leroy Kelly
16
Cleveland Browns

1969
Tom Matte
11
Baltimore Colts

1970
MacArthur Lane
11
St. Louis Cardinals

1971
Duane Thomas
11
Dallas Cowboys

1972
Mercury Morris
12
Miami Dolphins

1973
Floyd Little
O. J. Simpson
12
Denver Broncos
Buffalo Bills

1974
Tom Sullivan
11
Philadelphia Eagles

1975
Pete Banaszak
O. J. Simpson
16
Oakland Raiders
Buffalo Bills

1976
Franco Harris
14
Pittsburgh Steelers

1977
Walter Payton
14
Chicago Bears

1978
David Sims
14
Seattle Seahawks

1979
Earl Campbell
19*
Houston Oilers

1980
Earl Campbell
Billy Sims
13
Houston Oilers
Detroit Lions

1981
Chuck Muncie
19*
San Diego Chargers

1982
Marcus Allen
11
Oakland Raiders

1983
John Riggins
24*
Washington Redskins

1984
Eric Dickerson
John Riggins
14
Los Angeles Rams
Washington Redskins

1985
Joe Morris
21
New York Giants

1986
George Rogers
18
Washington Redskins

1987
Johnny Hector
Charles White
11
New York Jets
Los Angeles Rams

1988
Greg Bell
16
Los Angeles Rams

1989
Greg Bell
15
Los Angeles Rams

1990
Derrick Fenner
Cleveland Gary
14
Seattle Seahawks
Los Angeles Rams

1991
Barry Sanders
16
Detroit Lions

1992
Emmitt Smith
18
Dallas Cowboys

1993
Marcus Allen
12
Kansas City Chiefs

1994
Emmitt Smith
21
Dallas Cowboys

1995
Emmitt Smith
25*
Dallas Cowboys

1996
Terry Allen
21
Washington Redskins

1997
Karim Abdul-Jabbar
Terrell Davis
15
Miami Dolphins
Denver Broncos

1998
Terrell Davis
21
Denver Broncos

1999
Stephen Davis
17
Washington Redskins

2000
Marshall Faulk
18
St. Louis Rams

2001
Shaun Alexander
14
Seattle Seahawks

2002
Priest Holmes
21
Kansas City Chiefs

2003
Priest Holmes
27*
Kansas City Chiefs

2004
LaDainian Tomlinson
17
San Diego Chargers

2005
Shaun Alexander
27*
Seattle Seahawks

2006
LaDainian Tomlinson
28*
San Diego Chargers

2007
LaDainian Tomlinson
15
San Diego Chargers

2008
DeAngelo Williams
18
Carolina Panthers

2009
Adrian Peterson
18
Minnesota Vikings

2010
Arian Foster
16
Houston Texans

2011
LeSean McCoy
17
Philadelphia Eagles

2012
Arian Foster
15
Houston Texans

2013
Jamaal Charles
Marshawn Lynch
12
Kansas City Chiefs
Seattle Seahawks

2014
Marshawn Lynch
DeMarco Murray
13
Seattle Seahawks
Dallas Cowboys

2015
Devonta Freeman
Jeremy Hill
Adrian Peterson
DeAngelo Williams
11
Atlanta Falcons
Cincinnati Bengals
Minnesota Vikings
Pittsburgh Steelers

2016
LeGarrette Blount
18
New England Patriots

text: Other rushing touchdowns leaders[edit]

text:
Year
League
Player
TDs
Team

1946
AAFC
Len Eshmont
Don Greenwood
John Kimbrough
Spec Sanders
6
San Francisco 49ers
Cleveland Browns
Los Angeles Dons
New York Yankees

1947
AAFC
Spec Sanders
18
New York Yankees

1948
AAFC
Chet Mutryn
Joe Perry
10
Buffalo Bills
San Francisco 49ers

1949
AAFC
Marion Motley
Joe Perry
8
Cleveland Browns
San Francisco 49ers

1960
AFL
Abner Haynes
9
Dallas Texans

1961
AFL
Abner Haynes
Paul Lowe
9
Dallas Texans
San Diego Chargers

1962
AFL
Cookie Gilchrist
Abner Haynes
13
Buffalo Bills
Dallas Texans

1963
AFL
Cookie Gilchrist
12
Buffalo Bills

1964
AFL
Sid Blanks
Cookie Gilchrist
Daryle Lamonica
6
Houston Oilers
Buffalo Bills
Buffalo Bills

1965
AFL
Wray Carlton
Cookie Gilchrist
Paul Lowe
Curtis McClinton
6
Buffalo Bills
Denver Broncos
San Diego Chargers
Kansas City Chiefs

1966
AFL
Jim Nance
11
Boston Patriots

1967
AFL
Emerson Boozer
10
New York Jets

1968
AFL
Paul Robinson
8
Cincinnati Bengals

1969
AFL
Jim Kiick
9
Miami Dolphins


document_title: Quit India speech

question_text: who gave the call for do or die

question_tokens: who gave the call for do or die

text: Quit India speech

text: The Quit India speech is a speech made by Mahatma Gandhi on 8 August 1942, on the eve of the Quit India movement. He called for determined, but passive resistance that signified the certitude that Gandhi foresaw for the movement, best described by his call to Do or Die. His speech was issued at the Gowalia Tank Maidan park in Bombay (now Mumbai), since renamed August Kranti Maidan (August Revolution Ground). However, almost the entire Congress leadership, and not merely at the national level, was put into confinement less than twenty-four hours after Gandhi's speech, and the greater number of the Congress leaders were to spend the rest of the war in jail. Gandhi made this speech to help India gain Independence.

text:
Quit India Speech by Mahatma Gandhi

Before you discuss the resolution, let me place before you one or two things, I want you to understand two things very clearly and to consider them from the same point of view from which I am placing them before you. I ask you to consider it from my point of view, because if you approve of it, you will be enjoined to carry out all I say. It will be a great responsibility. There are people who ask me whether I am the same man that I was in 1920, or whether there has been any change in me. You are right in asking that question.
Let me, however, hasten to assure that I am the same Gandhi as I was in 1920. I have not changed in any fundamental respect. I attach the same importance to non-violence that I did then. If at all, my emphasis on it has grown stronger. There is no real contradiction between the present resolution and my previous writings and utterances.
Occasions like the present do not occur in everybody’s and but rarely in anybody’s life. I want you to know and feel that there is nothing but purest Ahimsa in all that I am saying and doing today. The draft resolution of the Working Committee is based on Ahimsa, the contemplated struggle similarly has its roots in Ahimsa. If, therefore, there is any among you who has lost faith in Ahimsa or is wearied of it, let him not vote for this resolution. Let me explain my position clearly. God has vouchsafed to me a priceless gift in the weapon of Ahimsa. I and my Ahimsa are on our trail today. If in the present crisis, when the earth is being scorched by the flames of Himsa and crying for deliverance, I failed to make use of the God given talent, God will not forgive me and I shall be judged unworthy of the great gift. I must act now. I may not hesitate and merely look on, when Russia and China are threatened.
Ours is not a drive for power, but purely a non-violent fight for India’s independence. In a violent struggle, a successful general has been often known to effect a military coup and to set up a dictatorship. But under the Congress scheme of things, essentially non-violent as it is, there can be no room for dictatorship. A non-violent soldier of freedom will covet nothing for himself, he fights only for the freedom of his country. The Congress is unconcerned as to who will rule, when freedom is attained. The power, when it comes, will belong to the people of India, and it will be for them to decide to whom it placed in the entrusted. May be that the reins will be placed in the hands of the Parsis, for instance-as I would love to see happen-or they may be handed to some others whose names are not heard in the Congress today. It will not be for you then to object saying, “This community is microscopic. That party did not play its due part in the freedom’s struggle; why should it have all the power?” Ever since its inception the Congress has kept itself meticulously free of the communal taint. It has thought always in terms of the whole nation and has acted accordingly. . . I know how imperfect our Ahimsa is and how far away we are still from the ideal, but in Ahimsa there is no final failure or defeat. I have faith, therefore, that if, in spite of our shortcomings, the big thing does happen, it will be because God wanted to help us by crowning with success our silent, unremitting Sadhana for the last twenty-two years.
I believe that in the history of the world, there has not been a more genuinely democratic struggle for freedom than ours. I read Carlyle’s French Revolution while I was in prison, and Pandit Jawaharlal has told me something about the Russian revolution. But it is my conviction that inasmuch as these struggles were fought with the weapon of violence they failed to realize the democratic ideal. In the democracy which I have envisaged, a democracy established by non-violence, there will be equal freedom for all. Everybody will be his own master. It is to join a struggle for such democracy that I invite you today. Once you realize this you will forget the differences between the Hindus and Muslims, and think of yourselves as Indians only, engaged in the common struggle for independence.
Then, there is the question of your attitude towards the British. I have noticed that there is hatred towards the British among the people. The people say they are disgusted with their behaviour. The people make no distinction between British imperialism and the British people. To them, the two are one. This hatred would even make them welcome the Japanese. It is most dangerous. It means that they will exchange one slavery for another. We must get rid of this feeling. Our quarrel is not with the British people, we fight their imperialism. The proposal for the withdrawal of British power did not come out of anger. It came to enable India to play its due part at the present critical juncture It is not a happy position for a big country like India to be merely helping with money and material obtained willy-nilly from her while the United Nations are conducting the war. We cannot evoke the true spirit of sacrifice and valour, so long as we are not free. I know the British Government will not be able to withhold freedom from us, when we have made enough self-sacrifice. We must, therefore, purge ourselves of hatred. Speaking for myself, I can say that I have never felt any hatred. As a matter of fact, I feel myself to be a greater friend of the British now than ever before. One reason is that they are today in distress. My very friendship, therefore, demands that I should try to save them from their mistakes. As I view the situation, they are on the brink of an abyss. It, therefore, becomes my duty to warn them of their danger even though it may, for the time being, anger them to the point of cutting off the friendly hand that is stretched out to help them. People may laugh, nevertheless that is my claim. At a time when I may have to launch the biggest struggle of my life, I may not harbor hatred against anybody.

tag: div