document_title: Pocahontas (1995 film)

question_text: who does the voice of the tree in pocahontas

root

text: Pocahontas (1995 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1607, the Susan Constant sails to the New World from London, carrying English settlers from the Virginia Company. On board are Captain John Smith and the voyage's leader Governor Ratcliffe, who seeks gold to bring him wealth and status. Along the way, the Susan Constant is caught in a North Atlantic storm, and Smith saves a young, inexperienced crewmate named Thomas from drowning. As they approach the New World, the settlers, including Smith, talk of adventure, finding gold, fighting 'Injuns', and perhaps settling in the new land.

tag: p

text: In the Powhatan tribe in Tsenacommacah, North America, Pocahontas, the daughter of Chief Powhatan, fears being possibly wed to Kocoum, a brave warrior whom she sees as too serious for her own free-spirited personality. Powhatan gives Pocahontas her mother's necklace as a present. Pocahontas, along with her friends, the raccoon Meeko and hummingbird Flit, visit Grandmother Willow, a spiritual talking willow tree, and speaks of a dream involving a spinning arrow, and her confusion regarding what her path in life should be. Grandmother Willow then alerts Pocahontas to the arriving English.

text: Ratcliffe has Jamestown built in a wooded clearing and immediately has the crewmen dig for gold. Smith departs to explore the wilderness and encounters Pocahontas. They quickly bond, fascinated by each other's worlds and end up falling in love, despite Powhatan's orders to keep away from the English after Kocoum and other warriors engage them in a fight. Meanwhile, Meeko meets Percy, Ratcliffe's pet pug, and becomes the bane of his existence. Pocahontas introduces Smith to Grandmother Willow and avoids two other crewmen, but Pocahontas's best friend Nakoma discovers her relationship with Smith and warns Kocoum. Ratcliffe also learns of Smith's encounters and angrily warns Smith against sparing any natives he comes across on pain of death.

text: Later, Smith and Pocahontas meet with Grandmother Willow and plan to bring peace between the colonists and the tribe. Smith and Pocahontas share a kiss, while Kocoum and Thomas, sent by Ratcliffe to spy on Smith, witness from afar. Enraged, Kocoum, screaming a battle cry, attacks and attempts to kill Smith, but Thomas intervenes with his musket and kills Kocoum, who destroys Pocahontas' necklace in the process. Smith orders Thomas to leave just before the tribesmen come and capture Smith while Kocoum's body is taken away. Enraged at Kocoum's death, Powhatan declares war on the English, beginning with Smith's execution at sunrise. Pocahontas tries to convince him otherwise, but Powhatan refuses to listen, as he is furious with her for not listening to his orders to remain in the village.

text: Thomas reaches Jamestown safely at night and warns the crewmen of Smith's capture. Ratcliffe then rallies his men to battle using this as an excuse to annihilate the tribe and find their non-existent gold. That same night, Powhatan also orders his men to prepare for battle. A desperate Pocahontas visits Grandmother Willow, where Meeko hands her Smith's compass. Pocahontas realizes Smith's compass was the spinning arrow from her real life encounter, which leads to her destiny. Just then morning comes, and Powhatan and his tribe forcibly bring Smith to a cliff overlooking a clearing for execution. Meanwhile, Ratcliffe leads the armed colonists to the cliff to fight Powhatan's warriors. Just as Powhatan is about to kill Smith, Pocahontas stops him and finally convinces him to end the fighting between the two groups. Everyone accepts gracefully, except Ratcliffe, who tries to shoot Powhatan dead in anger, but inadvertently shoots Smith instead when he shields Powhatan. Ratcliffe is then arrested by his crewmen, who turn on him for hurting their comrade. In the end, Smith is forced to return home to receive medical treatment, while Ratcliffe is also sent back to England to face punishment for his crimes. Smith asks Pocahontas to come with him, but she chooses to stay with her tribe. Meeko and Percy, now friends, give Pocahontas her mother's necklace completely fixed. Smith leaves without Pocahontas but with Powhatan's blessing to return in the future.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Irene Bedard as Pocahontas, the daughter of Chief Powhatan. She is an adventurous woman who violates her father's strict prohibition of meeting white men and falls in love with Captain John Smith. Glen Keane served as the supervising animator for Pocahontas.

tag: ul

text: Judy Kuhn as singing voice of Pocahontas

text:
Mel Gibson as John Smith, the love interest of Pocahontas. He is the only settler in Jamestown willing to befriend the natives due to his love for Pocahontas and acceptance of other cultures.
David Ogden Stiers as Governor Ratcliffe, the greedy and ruthlessly ambitious governor who leads an expedition to Virginia to find gold and other riches (which he wants to keep for himself).
Stiers also provided the voice of Wiggins, Ratcliffe's manservant.
John Kassir as Meeko, Pocahontas' pet raccoon who is friendly to John Smith and loves eating.
Russell Means as Chief Powhatan, Pocahontas' father and chief of the Powhatan tribe.

text: Jim Cummings as singing voice of Chief Powhatan

text:
Christian Bale as Thomas, a loyal friend of John Smith.
Linda Hunt as Grandmother Willow, a speaking willow tree that acts as Pocahontas's guide.
Danny Mann as Percy, Governor Ratcliffe's pet pug.
Billy Connolly and Joe Baker as Ben and Lon, two of the settlers.
Frank Welker as Flit, Pocahontas' pet hummingbird who prefers Kocoum over John Smith but eventually befriends the latter.
Michelle St. John as Nakoma, Pocahontas' friend who secretly adores Kocoum.
James Apaumut Fall as Kocoum, a handsome, strong and brave but stern and aggressive Powhatan warrior who was asked to marry Pocahontas. He attempts to kill John Smith after seeing him and Pocahontas kiss, but is killed by Thomas.
Gordon Tootoosis as Kekata, the shaman of the Powhatan.

text: Jim Cummings as singing voice of Kekata

text: Three actors in the film have been involved in other Pocahontas-related projects. Gordon Tootoosis acted as Chief Powhatan in Pocahontas: The Legend (1995).[3] Christian Bale and Irene Bedard would portray John Rolfe and Pocahontas's mother, respectively, in Terrence Malick's The New World (2005).[4]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Following the release of The Rescuers Down Under (1990), director Mike Gabriel was eager to collaborate with veteran Disney story artist Joe Grant on a follow-up project that was vastly different from the animated adventure film. During Thanksgiving weekend, 1990, Gabriel considered adapting Western legends such as Annie Oakley, Buffalo Bill, and Pecos Bill into animated films before conceiving of Pocahontas.[5] Pitching his idea at the Gong Show meeting, Gabriel wrote the title Walt Disney's Pocahontas on an image of Tiger Lily from Peter Pan (1953), to the back of which he taped a brief pitch that read "an Indian princess who is torn between her father's wishes to destroy the English settlers and her wishes to help them — a girl caught between her father and her people, and her love for the enemy."[6] Coincidentally, Feature Animation president Peter Schneider had been developing an animated version of William Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet, and observed several similarities between his idea and Gabriel's Pocahontas pitch; Schneider recalled, "We were particularly interested in exploring the theme of 'If we don't learn to live with one another, we will destroy ourselves.'"[5][7] Gabriel's pitch was quickly accepted, becoming the quickest story turnaround in Disney studio history.[8]

text: After Beauty and the Beast (1991) was unprecedentedly nominated for an Academy Award for Best Picture at the 64th Academy Awards, then-studio chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg opted to produce another animated romance film in the hopes of achieving a similar feat. While Aladdin (1992) and The Lion King (1994) were considered to be too far into development, Katzenberg deemed Pocahontas a promising candidate, and thus pushed for the heroine to be older, the romance between her and Smith to be more mature, and the animals to be mute.[9] Head of Story Tom Sito went on the record stating he wanted to include "broader" jokes, but the "higher-ups wanted it more winsome, more gentle. Some of the folks were so concerned about political correctness, they didn't want to be cuckoo-wacky about it."[10] Likewise, Eric Goldberg – following his contributions to Aladdin as the supervising animator of the Genie and with all animation units for The Lion King already occupied – was asked to co-direct Pocahontas alongside Gabriel, to which he agreed.[11][12] Goldberg had originally expected the film to be more comedic and cartoonish like Aladdin, but Schneider informed him that the film would be produced in a vein more similar to that of Beauty and the Beast;[13] the then-ongoing 1992 Los Angeles riots further convinced Goldberg to commit to the film due to its racial themes.[14] Executive interference would eventually grow so much that Goldberg himself decided to work for Chuck Jones Productions under the pseudonym "Claude Raynes" during production.[13] Executive paranoia peaked when Joe Grant drew Percy wearing an Indian feather, by which the animators took the concept one step further by placing a Spanish ruff on Meeko. One executive exclaimed, "Animals don't have the intelligence to switch their clothes! They don't even have opposing thumbs." The animators would retain their concept for the film.[15]

text: Under Katzenberg, Frank Wells, and Michael Eisner, the Disney studios began a correlation of hiring Broadway personnel to manage the Disney animation staff on their feature films that brought such producers as Amy Pell to Aladdin and Sarah McArthur and Thomas Schumacher to The Lion King.[16] In June 1992, the filmmakers embarked on a research trip to the Jamestown Settlement where Pentecost first met Shirley "Little Dove" Custalow-McGowan and Debbie "White Dove" Custalow, both descendants of the Powhatan Indians. The trip also included a visit to the Pamunkey Indian Reservation, and conducted interviews with historians at Old Dominion University.[17] Following the research trip, Custalow-McGowan served as a consultant traveling to the Disney studios three times, and while Custalow-McGowan offered her services for free, Disney paid her a $500 daily consulting fee plus expenses.[18] Ultimately, when it came to light that historical accuracy was not being pursued to the extent she had hoped, McGowan has voiced her feelings of shame she felt in conjunction with her work on the film, saying, "[she] wish[ed her] name wasn't on it".[19] Additional Native American consultants were brought in to authenticate the clothing and war dance choreography.[20] That same month, Katzenberg held a meeting with the Feature Animation staff in which he predicted that Pocahontas would be a commercial hit, while deeming The Lion King experimental and less likely to succeed.[21] As a result, most of the animators of Walt Disney Feature Animation decided to work on Pocahontas instead, believing it would be the more prestigious and successful of the two.[22]

text: Writing[edit]

text: In January 1993, Carl Binder joined the project,[23] having previous expertise as a television writer on shows such as Punky Brewster, War of the Worlds, Friday the 13th: The Series, and Top Cops.[24] Four months later, Susannah Grant and Philip LaZebnik joined the writing team. Susannah Grant was selected by Disney as a screenwriter on Pocahontas after winning the Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting awarded by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences the year before while still attending film school.[25] Onboard as a screenwriter, she was only one of the many who was contributing the specific vision the upper management at Disney had in mind, and collaborated with Native American consultants. While working on the movie, Susannah Grant wrote to a specific story outline, and no scene was rewritten less than thirty-five times until she felt it was perfect.[26]

text: Story supervisor Tom Sito, who became the project's unofficial historical consultant, did extensive research into the early colonial era and the story of John Smith and Pocahontas, and was confronted over the historical inaccuracies from historians.[27] Already knowing that in reality Pocahontas married John Rolfe, Gabriel explained it was felt that "the story of Pocahontas and Rolfe was too complicated and violent for a youthful audience" so instead, they would focus on Pocahontas's meeting with John Smith.[28] The filmmakers discovered that Pocahontas was around twelve years old and Smith was "not a very likeable character", and producer James Pentecost confessed that dramatic license was needed to be taken.[29] Likewise, when searching for an appropriate age for Pocahontas to begin her relationship with Smith, Glen Keane explained, "We had the choice of being historically accurate or socially responsible, so we chose the socially responsible side" by increasing Pocahontas's age from a girl into a young woman.[30]

text: One of Gabriel's early ideas was for Pocahontas's mother to be embodied in a certain star in the sky that by the end of the film, she would help Pocahontas find her path to Smith.[31] The Lion King however had concurrently carried a similar idea of the ancestors giving wisdom and guidance to the protagonist so the idea was discarded.[14] Michael Eisner pushed for Pocahontas to have a mother, lamenting that "We're always getting fried for having no mothers." The writers countered that Powhatan was polygamous and formed dynastic alliances among other neighboring tribes by impregnating a local women and giving away the child, so it was believed that Pocahontas herself probably did not see her mother that much.[32] "Well", Eisner conceded, "I guess that means we're toasted."[10] Ultimately, her mother's spirit would become the swirling wind that occurs throughout the film.[31] For the villain, they chose John Ratcliffe, whose portrayal was based on actual English captains, including John Martin, Christopher Newport and Edward Maria Wingfield. In reality, it was Wingfield who despised John Smith, but the filmmakers preferred the sinister sound of "Ratcliffe".[33] The writers would continue to adapt actual events into the film such as Pocahontas warning Smith that the Indians were after him so he could escape in the middle of the night, Powhatan ordering the captured Smith to make bead necklaces to humiliate him, and Pocahontas being captured by Ratcliffe instead of Samuel Argall, though none of them worked with the story.[10]

text: Sito mentioned that Joe Grant contributed heavily towards the film,[34] as he was the creator of Redfeather, Meeko, and Flit.[35] Redfeather was a wise-cracking turkey planning to be voiced by John Candy, and Percy, who was to be voiced by Richard E. Grant, was revised to become mute.[36] Following the death of John Candy in March 1994, co-screenwriter Susannah Grant decided the turkey was inappropriate for the script she co-wrote for Pocahontas,[37] and a more realistic approach would have the animals pantomime instead of talking.[10] Joe Grant stated Redfeather "had comic potential–he thought he was handsome, a lady's man. When we decided he couldn't talk, and, having no hands, he couldn't mime..." Joe Grant would later draw a concept sketch of a hair-braiding raccoon, in which Glen Keane animated and claimed the directors "loved the idea and got rid of the turkey character."[38] Likewise, according to Sito, Meeko was created because they were "naturally enigmatic, because they have little hands and a little mask over their face like a thief."[39] Gabriel described the inspiration for Flit the hummingbird where "I have hummingbirds all over my backyard, [and] I thought, 'That's a great animal to animate.'"[40] According to the directors, Governor Ratcliffe's pampered pet, Percy, was based on history as the royalty of the time often carried small pugs wherever they went.[40]

text: For the spiritual ancestor, a male character named Old Man River was originally envisioned, and Gregory Peck was cast in the role. Peck later realized that the character ought to be a maternal figure and reluctantly turned down the role.[41] Conceived as a tree of life whose seasonal changes would frame the story,[42] Grandmother Willow grew out of a concept sketch of a sawed-off tree with a branch pointing to its right drawn by Joe Grant,[43] which would serve as a narrator that would "remember back to Pocahontas 300 years earlier".[42] Joe Grant would continue to protest to have the tree be more a character within the story, and her character flowered into the idea of a grandmotherly spiritual adviser to Pocahontas.[42] Because of Katzenberg's opposition to having Grandmother Willow in the story, Joe Grant assisted fellow veteran story artist Burny Mattinson with coming up tree puns such as "My bark is worse than my bite", "The roots of all problems", and "They're barking up the wrong tree." Mattinson reluctantly added them to his pitch for the next morning, and during the story meeting, he exclaimed, "Everybody loved it! All of a sudden: 'Oh, I want her in!' 'Let's build her part bigger!'"[44]

text: Casting[edit]

text: In September 1992, Disney began casting actors for Pocahontas telling talent agents that they were particularly interested in Native American actors for the project.[45] For the role of Pocahontas, Broadway actress-singer Judy Kuhn was hired to provide the singing voice for the eponymous character before Irene Bedard was cast. Kuhn explained, "They said, 'You are going to do the dialogue unless we find a Native American actress whose singing voice matched yours.' I was cast before Irene, so it actually went backwards."[46] Bedard herself was filming Lakota Woman: Siege at Wounded Knee (1994) where she was informed by the casting director that they were looking for someone to voice the title role. According to Bedard, she took a train to Buffalo, New York where she was walked in wearing a sundress and a straw hat, and read for the part. Back on the set of Lakota Woman, she learned that she was cast in the role.[47] Michelle St. John had also auditioned for the role of Pocahontas, and was given the role of Nakoma after Bedard was cast.[14]

text: Mel Gibson was cast as English settler John Smith following a desire to make "something for my kids."[48] In a notable contrast to previous voice actors for Disney animated features, Gibson provided the singing voice for his character,[49] which the actor has described as the most difficult part of his role.[48] Christian Bale auditioned for the role of Thomas. As he explained in an interview with Disney Adventures, "the directors played with Thomas being Irish and Scottish and younger than I am, so I had to raise my voice and do different accents. But the more we did it, the more he became like me--older and English."[40] Richard White, the voice of Gaston in Beauty and the Beast, was supposed to voice Ratcliffe, but the crew was worried he might sound too much like Gaston, so he was replaced by his co-star David Ogden Stiers.[50] Russell Means was cast as Chief Powhatan, though he initially expressed displeasure with the script in that Native Americans addressed each other using proper names rather than the traditional "my father" or "my friend".[51] Aboriginal Canadian actor Gordon Tootoosis was also cast as the tribal shaman Nekata.[52] Throughout most of the production, the cast members performed their dialogue in separate recording sessions.[53][54]

text: Design and animation[edit]

text: Renowned for animating female characters such as Ariel, supervising animator Glen Keane was immediately tapped to draw the titular Indian princess.[55] Following the demands of Jeffrey Katzenberg to make the title character "the most idealized and finest woman ever made", Keane first began to sought his inspirations for his depictions for Pocahontas from Shirley 'Little Dove' Custalow-McGowan and Devi White Dove, women he had met during the research trip to Virginia.[56] Keane recalled meeting the women:

text: So I turned around and there's this beautiful Indian woman walking up; a Native American. She said 'Are you Glen Keane? The animator that's going to do Pocahontas?' I said 'Well, yeah.' And then from behind another tree another woman came up and she said, 'Well, my name is Shirley Little Dove, and this is my sister Devi White Dove, and we are descended from Pocahontas.' And as they stood there, I mean I took a picture of both of them, and between their faces was Pocahontas' face in my mind – I could see her.[57]

text: Other inspirations were Filipino model Dyna Taylor,[58] Christy Turlington,[59] Natalie Belcon, Naomi Campbell, Jamie Pillow, supermodel Kate Moss, Charmaine Craig, and Irene Bedard, who provided the character's speaking voice.[60][61] Keane also looked to a 1620 depiction of Pocahontas from a history book, though Keane would state she was "not exactly a candidate for People's 'Most Beautiful' issue [so] I made a few adjustments to add an Asian feeling to her face."[48] Due to the complexity of the color schemes, shapes, and expressions in the animation, a total of 55 animators worked on the design of Pocahontas' character alone,[62] including Mark Henn and Pres Romanillos.[63][64]

text: Following the closure of Sullivan-Bluth Studios in 1993, John Pomeroy, who notoriously resigned alongside Don Bluth during work on The Fox and the Hound (1981) in 1979,[65] worked on the film. Pomeroy noted that initially John Smith was portrayed as well-groomed before the film's animators tried designs where the character was "sloppier", bearded, and carried daggers and knives. Pomeroy was more satisfied with the character's design the more simple it became.[40] Additionally, Pomeroy cited inspiration for John Smith from Errol Flynn and physical attributes of Gibson.[66]

text: Initially assigned as a supervising animator on The Lion King, Nik Ranieri did character designs and test animation for Timon, but moved over to Pocahontas growing frustrated with an indecisive vision from the directors. There, he was assigned to animate Redfeather until Jeffrey Katzenberg ordered for the animals to be mute. Finding feathers difficult for Redfeather to gesture with, he was again assigned to animate Meeko using a Little Golden Books animal book illustrated by Alice and Martin Provensen as reference.[67] Duncan Marjoribanks utilized geometric shapes to create Ratcliffe. In early drafts of the character, he had the body similar to a pear, but to make him appear more arrogant, the animator increased the force of gravity on his chest so that he seemed more pompous and physically threatening.[68] Chris Buck served as the supervising animator for Percy, Wiggins, and Grandmother Willow. For Grandmother Willow, the face was traditionally animated by Buck, while the cowl and the trunk of the tree was digitally animated under the supervision of Steve Goldberg. Assisted with the effect animators, a 3D software program was employed for the bark to be individually manipulated and for the face to match with the computer-generated texture.[5] The following supervising animators included Anthony DeRosa for Nakoma, Michael Cedeno for Kocoum, Ken Duncan for Thomas, T. Daniel Hofstedt for the settlers Lon and Ben, and Dave Pruiksma for Flit.[69] While Mulan (1998) was within its pre-production stages, 18 minutes were animated by 170 animators and artists at the Disney-MGM Studios.[70]

text: For the film's art director, Gabriel selected Michael Giamo who shared his painting style of shape-based and secondary art details.[71] For Giamo, he relied on a color-saturated, elegant designs in a less-than-realistic format inspired by "prehistory Caribbean themes and creatures derived from Mexican and African folk art."[71] Giamo also sought out inspiration for the film's look from the works produced by earlier Disney art designers such as Richard Kelsey's story sketches from his unproduced film Hiawatha,[72] Eyvind Earle, who worked on Sleeping Beauty (1959),[73] and Mary Blair.[74]

text: Music[edit]

text: Howard Ashman and Alan Menken were planning to write songs for this film once they were finished working on Aladdin, but Ashman died in 1991. Following the death of his longtime collaborator, Menken wrote the remaining songs for Aladdin with Tim Rice at his home in London, which the New York-based composer found to be difficult.[75] When work on Aladdin was finished, Menken was planning to write songs for the film with Rice. Kevin Bannerman, the film's director of development, stated Rice "was always gallivanting around the world and it was difficult to get him and Alan together...And so here was Stephen [Schwartz], who had written scores that we all loved and we were huge fans of, and he lived in the New York area." Disney immediately contacted Stephen Schwartz, who, after working on Working, Rags, and Children of Eden, had quit theater and was taking psychology courses at New York University; he was brought on board to write the lyrics.[76][77] This would mark the first time Menken had collaborated without Ashman for a Disney animated film.[78] Menken commented that their work included moments of tension because Schwartz was also capable of writing music and Menken had experience with lyrics.[79]

text: Due to corporate interest in the film surrounding its theme of promoting understanding between different groups, and its inclusion of violence and threats of greater conflict, Schwartz became heavily involved in the storytelling. Bannerman estimated that he spent a week with one of the screenwriters and helped work out the overall themes of tolerance and cooperation.[80] In June 1992, Schwartz researched Jamestown, Virginia where he absorbed the atmosphere and bought tapes of Native American music and English sea shanties, as well as other music from the early seventeenth century that helped inspire numbers in the film.[81] Schwartz modeled his lyrical writing for people of other ethnicities on that of Oscar Hammerstein II and Sheldon Harnick.[82] "Colors of the Wind" was the first song to be written for the film. Gabriel, Goldberg, and Pentecost insisted that the song help define the film's "heart and soul".[14] Schwartz began "Colors" with a few draft ideas for lyrics taking inspiration from Chief Seattle's letter to the United States Congress.[83] Then, Menken wrote the melody with Schwartz listening at the piano and making suggestions. Schwartz would add lyrics before a session together where they were refined.[84] "Just Around the Riverbend", also composed by Menken and Schwartz, was devised by Schwartz's wife Carole, with the idea that Pocahontas would have a recurring dream that suggested something coming her way, paving the way for her "I Want" song.[85] The song almost did not make it into the completed film when Disney executives doubted whether her song would have the kind of impact they wanted at that point. Schwartz however stated he and Menken "believed in it very strongly. Indeed, at one point we wrote a different song for that spot, but Alan and I were never as happy with the second song and ultimately everybody at Disney came to feel that way, too."[86]

text: The filmmakers had planned for a song for when Pocahontas and Smith met in the glade, just before Kocoum attacks his rival and one of the settlers stalking Smith kills Kocoum. There were an estimated three to four songs at this point, including "In the Middle of the River",[87] "First to Dance", which was deemed too silly to as it took place before Kocoum's death, and "Powerful Magic", which was another attempt at a happy song.[88] A love song, titled "If I Never Knew You", had been finished by the animators, but following a test screening where younger audiences were not interested in it and the teenagers felt giddy as it played, Menken suggested that the song be removed from the film. It was, although its melody remained in the orchestral underscoring.[89] The film's soundtrack was successful, reaching number-one on the Billboard 200 charts during the week of July 22, 1995.[90] It received a triple platinum certification.[91]

text: Release[edit]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: To replicate the promotional buzz of The Lion King, the four-minute musical number, "Colors of the Wind", was released in November 1994, accompanying a theatrical re-release of The Lion King.[92] On February 3, 1995, Disney began its promotional marketing campaign starting in San Diego, California launching a nationwide 18-week tour of fashion malls located within twenty-five cities where a mall exhibit named Pocahontas Animation Discovery Adventure was created to help promote the release.[93][94] There, a Disney animator would guide shoppers on a presentation tour, which featured a walk-through maze with interactive lily pads, flying birds, and huge video wall, a studio workshop where visitors can become the voice of their favorite animated character, and an area where visitors can electronically manipulate images. Additionally, they would demonstrate animation techniques and discuss the design and creation of Pocahontas' character.[95] Further promotional tie-ins included Burger King distributing 55 million toy replicas of the film's characters with kids' meals, Payless Shoes selling a line of moccasins, and Mattel peddling a Barbie-like Pocahontas doll.[93]

text: A behind-the-scenes documentary television special titled The Making of Pocahontas: A Legend Comes to Life was aired on June 20, 1995, on the Disney Channel where the animators, voice cast, crew, and studio heads were interviewed on the production of the film. The special was hosted by actress Irene Bedard.[96]

text: The film had the largest premiere in history, on June 10, 1995, in New York's Central Park, followed by a live performance by Vanessa Williams.[97] Disney officials estimated the crowd at 100,000.[97] The premiere's attendees included then-New York Mayor Rudy Giuliani, Caroline Kennedy, Mariah Carey and Michael Eisner.[97]

text: Home media[edit]

text: At first announced to be released on March 6, 1996,[98] Pocahontas was first released on VHS and laserdisc in the United States on February 28, 1996, under the "Masterpiece Collection" lineup. Some prototype copies of the VHS release used the 1989 Walt Disney Classics logo, while copies produced from February 28, 1996, onwards used the standard Masterpiece Collection logo. A deluxe VHS edition included the film and a documentary on the making of the film alongside a special edition of The Art of Pocahontas book and Disney-certified lithograph prints.[99] Released on November 13, 1996, the CAV laserdisc Deluxe Edition contained the film, a historical documentary on Pocahontas, and The Making of Pocahontas, along with added storyboards, character design artwork, concept art, rough animation, publicity and promotional trailers, the deleted "If I Never Knew You" musical sequence, and an audio commentary on a total of four double sided discs. The release was also accompanied with a Special Edition of the Art of Pocahontas book.[100] Disney initially shipped 17 million VHS copies to retail stores,[101] with nine million copies sold within its first weekend exceeding the VHS sales of Cinderella (1950) released in the previous fall but falling short of the retail sales of The Lion King.[102] By the summer of 1998, sales and rentals of the VHS release had accumulated to $200 million.[103]

text: In January 2000, Walt Disney Home Video launched the Gold Classic Collection, with Pocahontas re-issued on VHS and DVD on June 6, 2000.[104] The DVD contained the film in its 1.66:1 aspect ratio enhanced with 5.1 surround sound, and was accompanied with special features including two music videos, a trivia game, the theatrical trailer, and a "Fun with Nature" activity booklet.[105] In 2005, a 10th Anniversary 2-disc Special Edition DVD set was released, which featured a new extended cut of the film (adding two performances of "If I Never Knew You") and numerous bonus features.[106] Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released Pocahontas, alongside its sequel Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World, on Blu-ray Disc as a 2-Movie Collection on August 21, 2012.[107] Pocahontas was re-released yet again in 2016 as a Blu-Ray, DVD and Digital HD combo pack, available exclusively through the Disney Movie Club. It featured brand-new cover art, and, for the first time, a digital copy download of the film alongside the physical release.[108]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Timed with Pocahontas' 400th birthday,[5] Pocahontas had a limited release in North America on June 16, 1995, playing in only six selected theaters.[109] The film grossed nearly $2.7 million during its first weekend, standing at the eighth place in the box office ranking.[110] The wide release followed on June 24, 1995, in 2,596 screens. Studio estimates initially anticipated Pocahontas earning $30.5 million, ranking first and beating out the previous box office champion Batman Forever (1995).[111] The figure was later revised to $28.8 million with Pocahontas falling second behind Batman Forever.[112] The final estimates placed Pocahontas narrowly ranking first grossing $29.5 million in its first weekend with Batman Forever falling into second place taking $29.2 million.[113] By January 1996, the film grossed $141.5 million in the United States,[114] being the fourth-highest-grossing film in North America behind Apollo 13 (1995), Toy Story (1995), and Batman Forever, respectively.[115] Foreign wise, the film was expected to gross $225 million outside the United States,[116] though foreign box office grosses eventually amounted to $204.5 million.[2] Cumulatively, Pocahontas grossed $346.1 million worldwide.[2] Seen as a commercial box office disappointment in comparison to The Lion King,[117] then-Disney CEO Michael Eisner contested in an annual shareholders' meeting in January 1996 that "Pocahontas is well on its way to being one of our most successful films of all time. It equalled Beauty and the Beast's box office numbers domestically, and now it has taken Europe by storm and is playing well in every country in which it is being shown. Sales of Pocahontas merchandise have been phenomenal."[118]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Pocahontas received generally mixed reviews from film critics.[112] Roger Ebert, writing for the Chicago Sun-Times, gave the film 3 out of 4 stars writing the film was "the best-looking of the modern Disney animated features, and one of the more thoughtful" though he was more critical of the story and portrayal of the villain, ultimately summarizing that "on a list including Mermaid, Beauty, Aladdin and Lion King, I'd rank it fifth. It has a lot of good intentions, but a severe scoundrel shortage."[119] On the television program Siskel & Ebert, Ebert repeated the same sentiment, while his partner Gene Siskel was more praising of the film. Both critics gave the film a "Thumbs Up".[120] In his print review for the Chicago Tribune, Siskel awarded the film 3½ stars out of 4 commenting that the film is a "surprisingly serious, thoughtful and beautifully drawn Disney animated feature about the American birthright of exploitation and racism". He praised it for "sending powerful images to children about threats to the natural order", restoring "a certain majesty to the Indian culture", and for having "the courage that leads to the life-goes-on ending."[121]

text: The film's writing and lack of humor received mixed reviews. Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly stated "With dismay, I realize that virtually everything in the movie — every character, every story twist, every song — is as generic as the two hygienic lovers. As a fairy-tale confection, a kind of West Side Story in Jamestown, Pocahontas is pleasant to look at, and it will probably satisfy very small kiddies, but it's the first of the new-era Disney cartoons that feels less than animated."[122] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone bemoaned that there were "no funny, fast-talking animals — Meeko the raccoon and Flit the hummingbird remain silent pals to Pocahontas and make you miss the verbal fun that Nathan Lane's wisecracking meerkat brought to The Lion King."[123] Desson Howe, reviewing for The Washington Post, likewise criticized the writing as recycling "elements from Snow White to The Lion King, with a father-child clash, a heroine's saintly pureness that transforms an entire people, a forbidden love, consultations with an oracle/shaman (in this case a tree spirit, voiced by Linda Hunt) and the usual sideshow of funny, fuzzy animals."[124] While calling the screenplay was the "film's weakest element", Janet Maslin of The New York Times summarized that "Gloriously colorful, cleverly conceived and set in motion with the usual Disney vigor, Pocahontas is one more landmark feat of animation. It does everything a children's film should do except send little viewers home humming its theme song."[125]

text: According to Chief Roy Crazy Horse of the Powhatan Renape Nation, the film "distorts history beyond recognition" and "perpetuates a dishonest and self-serving myth at the expense of the Powhatan Nation". Roy claims that Disney refused the tribe's offers to help create a more culturally and historically accurate film.[126] An editorial by Angela Aleiss in the Los Angeles Times pointed out America's fascination with the Indian princess who was rarely shown as having anything more important in her life than her male relationships.[127] Professor and Director of Indigenous Nations Studies Cornel Pewewardy argues that the film presents damaging stereotypes of the Native American population. Pewewardy feels that the representation of Native characters, like Grandmother Willow, Meeko, and Flit, as animals, has a marginalizing effect.[128] Anthropologist Kiyomi Kutsuzawa also observed that in the film, Kocoum and John Smith fight for Pocahontas's affection. Kutsuzawa viewed Smith's victory over Kocoum in this arena as symbolic of Western Europe's domination of the Americas and the white man's domination over men of color.[129]

text: Conversely, Native American activist Russell Means, who portrays Chief Powhatan in the film, praised the film's racial overtones, saying that "Pocahontas is the first time Eurocentric male society has admitted its historical deceit. It makes the stunning admission that the British came over here to kill Indians and rape and pillage the land."[51] Means also said that the film marked "the first time, other than on Northern Exposure, that a human face has been put on an Indian female," dubbing Pocahontas "the finest feature film on American Indians Hollywood has turned out."[130] Sophie Gilbert of The Atlantic concurred, writing that the film "had a progressive attitude when it came to interpreting history, depicting the English settlers as plunderers searching for non-existent gold who were intent upon murdering the 'savages' they encountered in the process."[130]

text: The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 57% of critics gave the film a positive review based on 53 reviews, with an average score of 6/10. The site's consensus states "Pocahontas means well, and has moments of startling beauty, but it's largely a bland, uninspired effort, with uneven plotting and an unfortunate lack of fun."[131] Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 from top reviews from mainstream critics, calculated a score of 58 based on 23 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews."[132]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Ceremony

Recipient

Category

Result

Ref(s)

Academy Awards

"Colors of the Wind"(Alan Menken, Composer; Stephen Schwartz, Lyricist)

Best Original Song

Won

[133]

Alan Menken (Composer), Stephen Schwartz (Lyricist)

Best Musical or Comedy Score

Won

Annie Awards

Best Animated Feature

Won

[134]

Nik Ranieri (Supervising Animator for "Meeko")

Individual Achievement for Animation

Won

Chris Buck (Supervising Animator for "Grandmother Willow")

Nominated

David Pruiksma (Supervising Animator for "Flit")

Nominated

Alan Menken (Composer)Stephen Schwartz (Lyricist)

Best Individual Achievement for Music in the Field of Animation

Won

Michael Giamo (Art Director)

Best Individual Achievement for Production Design in Animation

Won

Rasoul Azadani (Layout Artistic Supervisor)

Nominated

Artios Awards

Brian Chavanne Ruth Lambert

Outstanding Achievement in Animated Voice-Over Casting

Won

[135]

Environmental Media Awards

Best Feature Film

Won

[136]

Golden Globe Awards

"Colors of the Wind"

Best Original Song

Won

[137]

Alan Menken (Composer)

Best Original Score

Nominated

Golden Reel Awards

Best Sound Editing – Music Animation

Won

[138]

Grammy Awards

"Colors of the Wind"

Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media

Won

[139]

tag: table

text: Historical accuracy[edit]

text: Pocahontas' real name was Matoaka. "Pocahontas" was only a nickname, and it can variously be translated to "little wanton", "playful one", "little brat" or "the naughty one".[140] In the film, Pocahontas is a young adult; in reality, she was around 10 or 11 at the time John Smith arrived with the Virginia Company in 1607.[140]

text: Smith is portrayed as an amiable man; in reality, he was described as having a harsh exterior by his fellow colonists.[140]

text: Historically, there is no evidence of a romantic relationship emerging between Pocahontas and John Smith.[141] Whether or not Pocahontas saved Smith's life is debated.[142] English colonists led by Samuel Argall captured Pocahontas three years after John Smith departed for England; she converted to Christianity in Henricus and later married John Rolfe, who was known for introducing tobacco as a cash crop.[141]

text: Ebert criticized the film's deviations from history, writing "Having led one of the most interesting lives imaginable, Pocahontas serves here more as a simplified symbol".[119] Sophie Gilbert of The Atlantic wrote that "The movie might have fudged some facts", but that this allowed it to tell "a compelling romantic story".[130]

text: Animator Tom Sito defended the film's relationship to history, saying "Contrary to the popular verdict that we ignored history on the film, we tried hard to be historically correct and to accurately portray the culture of the Virginia Algonquins."[130]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Pocahontas became the first Native American Disney Princess and the first woman of color to be the lead character in a Disney film.[130][143]

text: A video game entitled Disney's Pocahontas based on the film was released on the Sega Genesis/Mega Drive on January 1, 1996.[144] Pocahontas was followed by a direct-to-video sequel entitled Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World (1998). Bedard and Kuhn reprised their roles as Pocahontas' speaking and singing voices, respectively, while John Smith was voiced by Donal Gibson.[145] Pocahontas, alongside other Disney Princesses, is set to briefly appear in the film Ralph Breaks the Internet (2018), with Bedard returning to the role.[146]

text: Critics have also discussed the influence of Pocahontas on other films. Sophie Gilbert of The Atlantic argues that the strong and brave title character of Pocahontas influenced the portrayal of subsequent heroines of Disney animated films, specifically Mulan, Rapunzel, Merida, and Elsa.[130] Similarly, The Verge's Tasha Robinson wrote that Moana (2016) "draws on" Pocahontas in its portrayal of a woman buoyed by her culture.[147] According to HuffPost, James Cameron's Avatar (2009) is a "rip-off" of Pocahontas.[148] Avatar's producer Jon Landau has said that Avatar is akin to Pocahontas with the Na'vi aliens taking the place of Native Americans.[149] Cameron has said that he first conceived of Avatar in the 1960s, long before Pocahontas was released but he has also said that Avatar does reference the story of Pocahontas, the historical figure. Kirsten Acuna of Business Insider wrote that, while Avatar may be based on Cameron's own ideas, it nevertheless takes inspiration from animated films like Pocahontas and FernGully: The Last Rainforest (1992).[150]


document_title: Composition of the human body

question_text: the element which is the most abundant in the human body is

text: Composition of the human body

text: Major, minor and trace elements[edit]

text: Almost 99% of the mass of the human body is made up of six elements: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus. Only about 0.85% is composed of another five elements: potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium. All 11 are necessary for life. The remaining elements are trace elements, of which more than a dozen are thought on the basis of good evidence to be necessary for life. All of the mass of the trace elements put together (less than 10 grams for a human body) do not add up to the body mass of magnesium, the least common of the 11 non-trace elements.

text: Other elements and questionable human-required elements[edit]

text: Not all elements which are found in the human body in trace quantities play a role in life. Some of these elements are thought to be simple bystander contaminants without function (examples: caesium, titanium), while many others are thought to be active toxics, depending on amount (cadmium, mercury, radioactives). The possible utility and toxicity of a few elements at levels normally found in the body (aluminium) is debated. Functions have been proposed for trace amounts of cadmium and lead, although these are almost certainly toxic in amounts very much larger than normally found in the body. There is evidence that arsenic, an element normally considered a toxic in higher amounts, is essential in ultratrace quantities, in mammals such as rats, hamsters, and goats.[1]

text: Some elements (silicon, boron, nickel, vanadium) are probably needed by mammals also, but in far smaller doses. Bromine is used abundantly by some (though not all) lower organisms, and opportunistically in eosinophils in humans. One study has found bromine to be necessary to collagen IV synthesis in humans.[2] Fluorine is used by a number of plants to manufacture toxins (see that element) but in humans only functions as a local (topical) hardening agent in tooth enamel, and not in an essential biological role.[citation needed]

text: Elemental composition list[edit]

text: The average 70 kg (150 lb) adult human body contains approximately 7027700000000000000♠7×1027 atoms and contains at least detectable traces of 60 chemical elements.[3] About 29 of these elements are thought to play an active positive role in life and health in humans.[4]

text: The relative amounts of each element vary by individual, mainly due to differences in the proportion of fat, muscle and bone in their body. Persons with more fat will have a higher proportion of carbon and a lower proportion of most other elements (the proportion of hydrogen will be about the same). The numbers in the table are averages of different numbers reported by different references.

text: The adult human body averages ~53% water. This varies substantially by age, sex, and adiposity. In a large sample of adults of all ages and both sexes, the figure for water fraction by weight was found to be 48 ±6% for females and 58 ±8% water for males.[5] Water is ~11% hydrogen by mass but ~67% hydrogen by atomic percent, and these numbers along with the complementary % numbers for oxygen in water, are the largest contributors to overall mass and atomic composition figures. Because of water content, the human body contains more oxygen by mass than any other element, but more hydrogen by atom-fraction than any element.

text: The elements listed below as "Essential in humans" are those listed by the (US) Food and Drug Administration as essential nutrients,[6] as well as six additional elements: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen (the fundamental building blocks of life on Earth), sulfur (essential to all cells) and cobalt (a necessary component of vitamin B12). Elements listed as "Possibly" or "Probably" essential are those cited by the National Research Council (United States) as beneficial to human health and possibly or probably essential.[7]

text:
Atomic number
Element
Fraction of mass[8][9][10][11][12][13]
Mass (kg)[14]
Atomic percent
Essential in humans[15]
Negative effects of excess
Group

8
Oxygen
0.65
43
24
Yes (e.g. water, electron acceptor)[16]
Reactive oxygen species
16

6
Carbon
0.18
16
12
Yes[16] (organic compounds)

14

1
Hydrogen
0.10
7
62
Yes[16] (e.g. water)

1

7
Nitrogen
0.03
1.8
1.1
Yes[16] (e.g. DNA and amino acids)

15

20
Calcium
0.014
1.0
0.22
Yes[16][17][18] (e.g. Calmodulin and Hydroxylapatite in bones)

2

15
Phosphorus
0.011
0.78
0.22
Yes[16][17][18] (e.g. DNA and phosphorylation)
white allotrope highly toxic
15

19
Potassium
6997200000000000000♠2.0×10−3
0.14
0.033
Yes[16][17] (e.g. Na+/K+-ATPase)

1

16
Sulfur
6997250000000000000♠2.5×10−3
0.14
0.038
Yes[16] (e.g. Cysteine, Methionine, Biotin, Thiamine)

16

11
Sodium
6997150000000000000♠1.5×10−3
0.10
0.037
Yes[17] (e.g. Na+/K+-ATPase)

1

17
Chlorine
6997150000000000000♠1.5×10−3
0.095
0.024
Yes[17][18] (e.g. Cl-transporting ATPase)

17

12
Magnesium
6996500000000000000♠500×10−6
0.019
0.0070
Yes[17][18] (e.g. binding to ATP and other nucleotides)

2

26
Iron*
6995600000000000000♠60×10−6
0.0042
0.00067
Yes[17][18] (e.g. Hemoglobin, Cytochromes)

8

9
Fluorine
6995370000000000000♠37×10−6
0.0026
0.0012
Yes (AUS, NZ),[19] No (US, EU),[20][21] Maybe (WHO)[22]
toxic in high amounts
17

30
Zinc
6995320000000000000♠32×10−6
0.0023
0.00031
Yes[17][18] (e.g. Zinc finger proteins)

12

14
Silicon
6995199999999999999♠20×10−6
0.0010
0.0058
Possibly[7]

14

37
Rubidium
6994459999999999999♠4.6×10−6
0.00068
0.000033
No

1

38
Strontium
6994459999999999999♠4.6×10−6
0.00032
0.000033
——

2

35
Bromine
6994290000000000000♠2.9×10−6
0.00026
0.000030
——

17

82
Lead
6994169999999999999♠1.7×10−6
0.00012
0.0000045
No
toxic
14

29
Copper
6994100000000000000♠1×10−6
0.000072
0.0000104
Yes[17][18] (e.g. copper proteins)

11

13
Aluminium
6993870000000000000♠870×10−9
0.000060
0.000015
No

13

48
Cadmium
6993720000000000000♠720×10−9
0.000050
0.0000045
No
toxic
12

58
Cerium
6993570000000000000♠570×10−9
0.000040

No

56
Barium
6993310000000000000♠310×10−9
0.000022
0.0000012
No
toxic in higher amounts
2

50
Tin
6993240000000000000♠240×10−9
0.000020
6993600000000000000♠6.0×10−7
No

14

53
Iodine
6993160000000000000♠160×10−9
0.000020
6993750000000000000♠7.5×10−7
Yes[17][18] (e.g. thyroxine, triiodothyronine)

17

22
Titanium
6993130000000000000♠130×10−9
0.000020

No

4

5
Boron
6993690000000000000♠690×10−9
0.000018
0.0000030
Probably[7][23]

13

34
Selenium
6993190000000000000♠190×10−9
0.000015
6992450000000000000♠4.5×10−8
Yes[17][18]
toxic in higher amounts
16

28
Nickel
6993140000000000000♠140×10−9
0.000015
0.0000015
Probably[7][23]
toxic in higher amounts
10

24
Chromium
6992240000000000000♠24×10−9
0.000014
6992890000000000000♠8.9×10−8
Yes[17][18]

6

25
Manganese
6993170000000000000♠170×10−9
0.000012
0.0000015
Yes[17][18] (e.g. Mn-SOD)

7

33
Arsenic
6993260000000000000♠260×10−9
0.000007
6992890000000000000♠8.9×10−8
Possibly[1][7]
toxic in higher amounts
15

3
Lithium
6992310000000000000♠31×10−9
0.000007
0.0000015
Yes (intercorrelated with the functions of several enzymes, hormones and vitamins)
toxic in higher amounts
1

80
Mercury
6993190000000000000♠190×10−9
0.000006
6992890000000000000♠8.9×10−8
No
toxic
12

55
Caesium
6992210000000000000♠21×10−9
0.000006
6993100000000000000♠1.0×10−7
No

1

42
Molybdenum
6993130000000000000♠130×10−9
0.000005
6992450000000000000♠4.5×10−8
Yes[17][18] (e.g. the molybdenum oxotransferases, Xanthine oxidase and Sulfite oxidase)

6

32
Germanium

6994499999999999999♠5×10−6

No

14

27
Cobalt
6992210000000000000♠21×10−9
0.000003
6993300000000000000♠3.0×10−7
Yes (cobalamin, B12)[24][25]

9

51
Antimony
6993110000000000000♠110×10−9
0.000002

No
toxic
15

47
Silver
6992100000000000000♠10×10−9
0.000002

No

11

41
Niobium
6994160000000000000♠1600×10−9
0.0000015

No

5

40
Zirconium
6994600000000000000♠6×10−6
0.000001
6993300000000000000♠3.0×10−7
No

4

57
Lanthanum
6994137000000000000♠1370×10−9
6993800000000000000♠8×10−7

No

52
Tellurium
6993120000000000000♠120×10−9
6993700000000000000♠7×10−7

No

16

31
Gallium

6993700000000000000♠7×10−7

No

13

39
Yttrium

6993600000000000000♠6×10−7

No

3

83
Bismuth

6993500000000000000♠5×10−7

No

15

81
Thallium

6993500000000000000♠5×10−7

No
highly toxic
13

49
Indium

6993400000000000000♠4×10−7

No

13

79
Gold
6991300000000000000♠3×10−9
6993200000000000000♠2×10−7
6993300000000000000♠3.0×10−7
No
uncoated nanoparticles possibly genotoxic[26][27][28]
11

21
Scandium

6993200000000000000♠2×10−7

No

3

73
Tantalum

6993200000000000000♠2×10−7

No

5

23
Vanadium
6993260000000000000♠260×10−9
6993110000000000000♠1.1×10−7
6992120000000000000♠1.2×10−8
Possibly[7] (suggested osteo-metabolism (bone) growth factor)

5

90
Thorium

6993100000000000000♠1×10−7

No
toxic, radioactive

92
Uranium

6993100000000000000♠1×10−7
6991300000000000000♠3.0×10−9
No
toxic, radioactive

62
Samarium

6992500000000000000♠5.0×10−8

No

74
Tungsten

6992200000000000000♠2.0×10−8

No

6

4
Beryllium

6992360000000000000♠3.6×10−8
6992450000000000000♠4.5×10−8
No
toxic in higher amounts
2

88
Radium

6986300000000000000♠3×10−14
6983100000000000000♠1×10−17
No
toxic, radioactive
2

text: *Iron = ~3 g in men, ~2.3 g in women

text: Most of the elements needed for life are relatively common in the Earth's crust. Aluminium, the third most common element in the Earth's crust (after oxygen and silicon), serves no function in living cells, but is harmful in large amounts.[29] Transferrins can bind aluminium.[30]

text: Other elements[edit]

text: Of the 94 naturally occurring chemical elements, 60 are listed in the table above. Of the remaining 34, it is not known how many occur in the human body.

text: Essential elements on the periodic table[edit]

text: Periodic table highlighting dietary elements

text:
H

He

Li
Be

B
C
N
O
F
Ne

Na
Mg

Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar

K
Ca
Sc

Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Br
Kr

Rb
Sr
Y

Zr
Nb
Mo
Tc
Ru
Rh
Pd
Ag
Cd
In
Sn
Sb
Te
I
Xe

Cs
Ba
La
*
Hf
Ta
W
Re
Os
Ir
Pt
Au
Hg
Tl
Pb
Bi
Po
At
Rn

Fr
Ra
Ac
**
Rf
Db
Sg
Bh
Hs
Mt
Ds
Rg
Cn
Nh
Fl
Mc
Lv
Ts
Og

*
Ce
Pr
Nd
Pm
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu

**
Th
Pa
U
Np
Pu
Am
Cm
Bk
Cf
Es
Fm
Md
No
Lr

text:
The four organic basic elements
Quantity elements
Essential trace elements
Possible structural or functional role in mammals

text: Composition by molecule type[edit]

text: The composition of the human body is expressed in terms of chemicals:

text:
Water
Proteins – including those of hair, connective tissue, etc.
Fats (or lipids)
Hydroxylapatite in bones
Carbohydrates such as glycogen and glucose
DNA
Dissolved inorganic ions such as sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate
Gases such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methanethiol. These may be dissolved or present in the gases in the lungs or intestines. Ethane and pentane are produced by oxygen free radicals.[31]
Many other small molecules, such as amino acids, fatty acids, nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides, vitamins, cofactors.
Free radicals such as superoxide, hydroxyl, and hydroperoxyl.

text: The composition of the human body can be viewed on an atomic and molecular scale as shown in this article.

text: The estimated gross molecular contents of a typical 20-micrometre human cell is as follows:[32]

text:
Molecule
Percent of Mass
Mol.Weight (daltons)
Molecules
Percent of Molecules

Water
65
18
7014174000000000000♠1.74×1014
98.73

Other Inorganics
1.5
N/A
7012131000000000000♠1.31×1012
0.74

Lipids
12
N/A
7011840000000000000♠8.4×1011
0.475

Other Organics
0.4
N/A
7010770000000000000♠7.7×1010
0.044

Protein
20
N/A
7010190000000000000♠1.9×1010
0.011

RNA
1.0
N/A
7007500000000000000♠5×107
6995300000000000000♠3×10−5

DNA
0.1
7011100000000000000♠1×1011
46*
6989300000000000000♠3×10−11

text: Materials and tissues[edit]

text: Body composition can also be expressed in terms of various types of material, such as:

text:
Muscle
Fat
Bone and teeth
Nervous tissue (Brain and nerves)
Hormones
Connective tissue
Body fluids (blood, lymph, Urine)
Contents of digestive tract, including intestinal gas
Air in lungs
Epithelium

text: Composition by cell type[edit]

text: There are many species of bacteria and other microorganisms that live on or inside the healthy human body. In fact, 90% of the cells in (or on) a human body are microbes, by number[33][34] (much less by mass or volume). Some of these symbionts are necessary for our health. Those that neither help nor harm humans are called commensal organisms.


document_title: Category:Financial services companies of Saudi Arabia

question_text: list of financial services companies in saudi arabia

text: Pages in category "Financial services companies of Saudi Arabia"

text: This category contains only the following page. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).

text: K

text: Kingdom Holding Company

text: Companies of Saudi Arabia by industryFinancial services companies by countryFinancial services in Saudi Arabia


document_title: Last Comic Standing

question_text: who won the first season of last comic standing

text: Last Comic Standing

text: Format[edit]

text: The show has varied its format season by season. For seasons 1–2 and 4–7, NBC talent scouts Ross Mark and Bob Read held open casting calls in various locations around the United States. At each casting call, Mark and Read identified comics to participate in callback auditions in front of live audiences. Mark and Read then selected a predetermined number of comics from each callback, who were invited to participate in a semifinal qualifying round.

text: The comics who advanced to the semifinal qualifying round were divided into two groups. In Season Four, 40 comics were divided into two groups of 20; these comics performed and competed against each other at the Alex Theater in Glendale, California. During the semifinal qualifying rounds, a panel of celebrity judges, and the show's producers, selected the finalists who would move forward to the final qualifying round, and live together in a group residence.

text: Once the residence finalists are selected, the comics participate in some type of comedic challenge each television week. Challenges have included performing stand-up at a local laundromat, working as a tour guide in Los Angeles, participating in a roast at the Friars Club of Beverly Hills and performing comedy on a specific subject with little preparation time on a radio show. The winner of each challenge is usually rewarded with immunity from being eliminated from the competition for that week, while the remaining comics are vulnerable to elimination through a "head-to-head" standup challenge.

text: As the conclusion of each television week drew near, each comic selected one other comic whom they believed they could defeat in a head-to-head challenge. The comics were sent off individually to a secluded booth, and named the person selected using the phrase "I know I'm funnier than _____." The comic who received the most nominations participated in that evening's head-to-head competition, and selected their opponent from any of the comics who had challenged them.

text: The head-to-head competition occurs in front of a live studio audience. For the first seven seasons, the studio audience voted electronically for their preferred performer, while in the eighth season the judges always selected the winner. The winning comic remains "in the house", while the losing comic is eliminated from the competition.

text: For the first seven seasons, when only five comics remained, the format changed again. All remaining comics performed for a large theatre audience as before, but now the decision-making power shifted from the studio audience to the television audience. Viewers cast their votes for their favorite comic by phoning a specific number, by voting online at the network's website, or both. Unlike some other "audience-vote reality" programs, the producers imposed a maximum number of eligible votes per originating phone number and email address. The comic who received the lowest number of votes each week was eliminated from the competition, until there was only the "Last Comic Standing".

text: The "in the house" concept was dropped for season 7, and each week consisted of all remaining comics performing in front of a theater audience and being voted on by the television viewers to determine who leaves and who remains. It was essentially identical to the "final five" format used previously.

text: The 3rd season was also unique in that it pitted the contestants of the first two seasons against one another.

text: Seasons[edit]

text: Season 1 (2003)[edit]

text: Season one aired in the summer of 2003 and was hosted by Jay Mohr. The winner of the audience-participation final vote in season one was Dat Phan, with 35% of the vote. Other finalists included Ralphie May (28%), Rich Vos (18%), Cory Kahaney (12%), and Tess (7%). Contestants "in the house" who did not make the final five were Geoff Brown, Tere Joyce, Sean Kent, Dave Mordal, and Rob Cantrell.

text:
Elimination Chart

Comics
Head-to-head
Public Elimination

Ep 4
Ep 5
Ep 6
Ep 7
Ep 8
Ep 10
Ep 11

Dat Phan
IN
IN
SAFE
WIN
WIN
IN
LCS

Ralphie May
IN
IN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
OUT

Rich Vos
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
OUT

Cory Kahaney
IN
WIN
IN
SAFE
IN
OUT

Tess
SAFE
SAFE
IN
IN
IN
OUT

Geoff Brown
IN
IN
IN
IN
OUT

Dave Mordal
WIN
IN
IN
IN
OUT

Rob Cantrell
IN
IN
OUT

Tere Joyce
IN
OUT

Sean Kent
OUT

text: Season 2 (2004)[edit]

text: Season two aired in the summer of 2004, hosted by Jay Mohr. The winner was John Heffron. Alonzo Bodden was the first runner-up, while third place went to Gary Gulman. The other finalists were Ant, Tammy Pescatelli, Bonnie McFarlane, Jay London, Kathleen Madigan, Todd Glass, Chris Voth, and Corey Holcomb.

text: Buck Star, who became infamous for appearing at every LCS audition, first appeared in season two. After being repeatedly rejected by talent scouts Mark and Read, Mark finally acquiesced and allowed Buck to perform in the callback auditions in Tampa (the final audition site of the season). Buck failed to impress the live audience, however, and did not advance further in the competition.

text: After five head-to-head eliminations, a wildcard competition was set up among the five eliminated comics the top voter-getting returning to the competition. Jay London won this competition, but was ultimately eliminated again in the next vote.

text:
Elimination Chart

Comics
Head-to-head
Wild Card
Public Elimination

Ep 5
Ep 6
Ep 7
Ep 8
Ep 9
Ep 11
Ep 13
Ep 15

John Heffron
WIN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
IN
LCS

Alonzo Bodden
IN
IN
SAFE
IN
WIN
IN
IN
OUT

Gary Gulman
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
OUT

Jay London
IN
IN
IN
OUT

WIN
OUT

Kathleen Madigan
IN
IN
IN
SAFE
IN
IN
OUT

Tammy Pescatelli
IN
WIN
IN
IN
SAFE
IN
OUT

Corey Holcomb
SAFE
IN
IN
IN
OUT
OUT

Ant
IN
SAFE
OUT

OUT

Todd Glass
IN
OUT

OUT

Bonnie McFarlane
OUT

OUT

text: Season 3 (2004)[edit]

text: While Last Comic Standing Season Two was airing, NBC agreed to produce a third season, which would air during the fall of 2004. Season three, dubbed the "Battle of the Best", consisted of a competition between the final ten comedians from seasons one and two. The grand prize awarded this season was a flat $250,000 (unlike previous seasons' prizes, which included a talent contract and a television special). Alonzo Bodden, the runner-up from Season 2, was the winner and Dave Mordal, the seventh place man from Season 1, was the runner-up. The third place men were John Heffron, the Season 2 winner and Rich Vos, the third place man from Season 1 and Bonnie McFarlane's husband. Season 2's first-eliminated Bonnie McFarlane chose not to participate in this season for unspecified reasons. She was replaced by a finalists judge competition of four comics who made it to the Hawaii round; the winner of that competition was Jessica Kirson, who was eliminated first from season 2. Celebrities appearing in the season were Jeffrey Ross, Triumph, the Insult Comic Dog, Louie Anderson and Carrot Top. Episodes would be shown as 1 hour and the finale was a half-hour long.

text:
Elimination Chart

Comics
Ep 2
Ep 3
Ep 4
Ep 5
Ep 6
Ep 7
Finale

Alonzo Bodden
WIN

WIN

WIN
LCS

Dave Mordal
IN

IN
IN

OUT

John Heffron
WIN

WIN
WIN

OUT

Rich Vos
IN

IN

IN
OUT

Gary Gulman

WIN
WIN

OUT

Tess
IN

IN

OUT

Todd Glass
WIN

WIN

OUT

Geoff Brown

IN

IN

OUT

Jay London

WIN
WIN

OUT

Ralphie May
IN

IN

OUT

Kathleen Madigan

WIN

WIN
OUT

Dat Phan

IN

IN
OUT

Ant

WIN

OUT

Sean Kent

IN

OUT

Tammy Pescatelli
WIN

OUT

Rob Cantrell

IN
OUT

Corey Holcomb

OUT

Tere Joyce

OUT

Jessica Kirson
OUT

Cory Kahaney
OUT

text: Cancellation[edit]

text: Due to lackluster ratings in the third season (falling as low as 74th in the primetime Nielsen ratings), NBC canceled the show before the last episode aired; it aired on Comedy Central instead.

text: Season 4 (2006)[edit]

text: On May 30, 2006, the show returned to NBC with a two-hour special and a new host, Anthony Clark.

text: Nielsen ratings from Season 4 averaged a 4.4 share (4,848,800 households).

text: Josh Blue, a St. Paul, Minnesota, native who has cerebral palsy, was the Last Comic Standing on the August 9, 2006, conclusion of the contest. Ty Barnett was the runner-up, while third place went to Chris Porter. Other finalists were (in order of placement) Michele Balan, Roz, Kristin Key, Rebecca Corry, Gabriel Iglesias, Joey Gay, Bil Dwyer, April Macie, and Stella Stolper. Additionally, Theo Von won the separate online contest to be the Last Comic Downloaded. Iglesias was disqualified for multiple violations of his contract including using a BlackBerry and became the first in the history of the show to be thrown out of the competition.

text:
Elimination Chart

Comics
Head-to-head
Public elimination

Ep 5
Ep 6
Ep 7
Ep 8
Ep 9
Ep 10
Ep 11

Josh Blue
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
LCS

Ty Barnett
IN
IN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
OUT

Chris Porter
SAFE
WIN
IN
IN
LOW
OUT

Michele Balan
WIN
WIN
IN
LOW
OUT

Roz
SAFE
IN
IN
OUT

Rebecca Corry
IN
SAFE
OUT

Kristin Key
IN
IN
OUT

Gabriel Iglesias
IN
IN
DQ

Joey Gay
IN
OUT

Bil Dwyer
IN
OUT

April Macie
OUT

Stella Stolper
OUT

text: Season 5 (2007)[edit]

text: Last Comic Standing returned for a fifth season in the summer of 2007. Comedian Bill Bellamy hosted the show. The winner got $250,000 along with an NBC Universal contract and a Bravo special. Unlike previous versions, this season featured comics from around the world competing alongside Americans. Auditions were held in London, Montreal, Sydney, Los Angeles, New York, Minneapolis, San Antonio and Tempe.[5] The fifth season began June 13.[6] This series premiered on British music channel TMF on July 4, 2007.

text: The final ten comics were Lavell Crawford, Jon Reep, Gerry Dee, Amy Schumer, Ralph Harris, Doug Benson, Matt Kirshen, Debra DiGiovanni, Dante, and Gina Yashere.

text: The season finale aired on September 19, 2007 in which Jon Reep was revealed as the winner. Lavell Crawford was the season 5 runner-up.

text:
Elimination Chart

Comics
Head-to-head
Public elimination

Ep 7
Ep 8
Ep 9
Ep 10
Ep 11
Ep 12
Ep 13

Jon Reep
IN
SAFE
IN
IN
IN
IN
LCS

Lavell Crawford
SAFE
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
OUT

Gerry Dee
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
OUT

Amy Schumer
IN
IN
SAFE
IN
OUT

Ralph Harris
WIN
IN
WIN
OUT

Doug Benson
IN
IN
OUT

Matt Kirshen
IN
WIN
OUT

Debra DiGiovanni
IN
OUT

Dante
OUT

Gina Yashere
OUT

text: Season 6 (2008)[edit]

text: Bill Bellamy once again hosted. British television host Fearne Cotton joined him as co-host.

text: Season 6 semi-final rounds were held and filmed in Las Vegas at the Paris Hotel & Casino. The season finale also aired from Las Vegas. The season premiered on May 22, 2008, and was being shown in Britain on Paramount Comedy.

text: The season finale aired on August 7, 2008 during which Iliza Shlesinger was revealed as the winner, the first and only female to win the title. Marcus was the season 6 runner-up.

text:
Elimination Chart

Comics
Head-to-head
Public Elimination

Ep 8
Ep 9
Ep 10
Ep 11
Ep 12

Iliza Shlesinger
WIN
WIN
IN
IN
LCS

Marcus
IN
IN
SAFE
IN
OUT

Jeff Dye
IN
SAFE
IN
IN
OUT

Jim Tavare
SAFE
IN
IN
IN
OUT

Louis Ramey
IN
IN
IN
IN
OUT

Sean Cullen
IN
IN
IN
OUT

Ron G.
IN
IN
IN
OUT

Adam Hunter
IN
IN
IN
OUT

Papa CJ
IN
OUT

Paul Foot
IN
OUT

Esther Ku
OUT

God's Pottery
OUT

text: Season 7 (2010)[edit]

text: The seventh season premiered on June 7, 2010, hosted by Craig Robinson. The show was again reworked following a format similar to the one used for Season 3, without a House or Challenges, with voting beginning right after the Semi-Finals. The judges for season 7 were Greg Giraldo, Natasha Leggero, and Andy Kindler. Comedians that have appeared this season include James Adomian, Paula Bel, Claudia Cogan, Alycia Cooper, Ed Bedard, Jim David, Jimmy Dore, Felipe Esparza, Rachel Feinstein, David Feldman, Kirk Fox, Nikki Glaser, Kyle Grooms, Tiffany Haddish, Ryan Hamilton, Michael J. Herbert, Adrienne Iapalucci, Jesse Joyce, Myq Kaplan, Cathy Ladman, Jamie Lee, Jared Logan, Shane Mauss, Amanda Melson, Kurt Metzger, Brian McKim, Christina Pazsitzky, Chip Pope, Jeff Ragsdale, Jerry Rocha, Rajiv Satyal, Jonathan Thymius, Guy Torry, Jason Weems, and Taylor Williamson. The winner was Felipe Esparza.

text:
Elimination Chart

Comics
Public Elimination

Ep 6
Ep 7
Ep 8
Ep 9
Ep 10

Felipe Esparza
IN
IN
IN
IN
LCS

Tommy Johnagin
IN
IN
IN
IN
OUT

Roy Wood, Jr.
IN
IN
IN
IN
OUT

Mike DeStefano
IN
IN
IN
IN
OUT

Myq Kaplan
IN
IN
IN
IN
OUT

Jonathan Thymius
IN
IN
IN
OUT

Rachel Feinstein
IN
IN
OUT

Maronzio Vance
IN
OUT

Laurie Kilmartin
IN
OUT

James Adomian
IN
OUT

text: Season 8 (2014)[edit]

text: Season 8 premiered on May 22, 2014, and consisted of 13 episodes.[1] Roseanne Barr, Keenen Ivory Wayans, and Russell Peters served as the judges with JB Smoove as the host. The winner received $250,000 and an NBC comedy development deal.[1] Eliminated contestants faced off in an online head-to-head competition called the "Comic Comeback", with fans voting via Twitter to bring back a comic to perform on the season finale.

text: Rather than holding open "live" auditions as in previous seasons, the eighth season started with 100 comedians who were invited by an NBC panel, based on reviews of emailed audition submissions.[7] The first four nights of the season were called "Invitationals" featuring 25 comics, with the winning comics from these rounds advancing to the semifinals.

text: Night one and night two both aired in a two-hour block on May 22, 2014. The following comics advanced to the semi-finals on night one: Tracey Ashley, Mark Normand, Dave Landau, Aida Rodriguez, Joe Machi, and Rod Man. On night two, comics advancing to the semi-final round included: Dana Eagle, Nick Guerra, Erin Jackson, Mike Vecchione, Jasper Redd, Lachlan Patterson, Tyree Elaine, and Jimmy Shubert. Night three aired on May 29, during which the following comics advanced to the next round of the competition: Chloe Hilliard, Alingon Mitra, Gerald Kelly, Zainab Johnson, DC Benny, Emily Galati, and Rocky LaPorte. Airing on June 5, the fourth night saw the advancement of Karlous Miller, DeAnne Smith, Nikki Carr, Tommy Ryman, Yamaneika Saunders, Mike Gaffney, and Monroe Martin. In all, 28 of the initial 100 comics advanced to the semi-finals.

text: The semi-finals consisted of two shows of 14 contestants each, with five comics from each episode advancing to the Top Ten. In these rounds, Amy Schumer and executive producer Wanda Sykes appeared in segments where they gave advice to the contestants. Comics advancing through the semi-finals into the Challenge Rounds are shown in the table below.

text: In the Challenge Rounds, the comics attempted to gain immunity from the head-to-head showdown that closed each episode. They participated in challenges that tested their skills in various comic situations. In the sketch comedy challenge (Episode 7), teams of five received advice from comic actress Cheryl Hines, with one entire team being granted immunity. Jay Leno provided advice for the talk show guest challenge (Episode 8), while Ellen DeGeneres hosted the challenge on the set of her show to determine the one comic granted immunity. For the improvisation challenge (Episode 9), Howie Mandel provided advice and one comic was granted immunity. Jeff Ross helped the comics prepare for a roast of Gilbert Gottfried (Episode 10), which determined immunity from the final head-to-head showdown.

text: After the Challenge Rounds, the five finalists competed in the Title Rounds. Here, they would perform a set for the judges, who would then eliminate whoever they felt had the weakest performance. They narrowed down the contestants over three episodes (11, 12 and 13) until they decided on the winner. The finale also included performances by judges Roseanne Barr, Russell Peters, and the winner of the online Comic Comeback poll, Alingon Mitra.

text: Starting with this season, the public did not vote for the Last Comic Standing at any time. The judges decided every elimination, and the final winner. This was done because Sykes decided that the judges would make a better decision than the potential voting public.[8]

text: The eighth season winner was Rod Man. He beat out Nikki Carr and Lachlan Patterson in what turned out to be a double-elimination final set. The judges were supposed to narrow the field down to two contestants following the first sets of the two-hour finale, but could not agree on a weakest performance. Therefore, all three finalists performed another set to determine the winner.

text:
Elimination Chart

Comics
Challenge Rounds
Title Rounds

Ep 7
Ep 8
Ep 9
Ep 10
Ep 11
Ep 12
Ep 13
Ep 13

Rod Man
SAFE
WIN
IN
IN
IN
IN
LOW
LCS

Nikki Carr
WIN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
OUT

Lachlan Patterson
WIN
SAFE
WIN
IN
LOW
LOW
IN
OUT

Joe Machi
WIN
IN
SAFE
SAFE
IN
OUT

Rocky LaPorte
IN
IN
IN
IN
OUT

Karlous Miller
WIN
IN
IN
OUT

Monroe Martin
WIN
IN
SD

DC Benny
IN
OUT

Aida Rodriguez
OUT

Jimmy Shubert
OUT

text: Following the semi-finals, viewers were asked to vote for the "Comic Comeback", in which a dismissed comic can earn the chance to return and perform a set in the final episode of Season 8. Alingon Mitra beat out the 5 other dismissed contestants to become the Comic Comeback winner. He performed a set in the season finale on August 14.

text: Season 9 (2015)[edit]

text: NBC renewed Last Comic Standing for a ninth season, which premiered on July 22, 2015.[2] Season 9 was hosted by Anthony Jeselnik; the judges were Keenen Ivory Wayans and Roseanne Barr, returning from the previous season, as well as new judge Norm Macdonald.[9] The top prize, as in the previous season, was $250,000 and an NBC development deal. Season 9 was shorter than any previous season, with only 8 episodes. It eliminated much of the structure of previous seasons, including contestants competing against one another in a variety of challenges, and unstructured interactions between contestants, in favor of a simple series of stand-up performances.

text: As in the previous season, 100 comics were selected by an NBC panel to compete in the Invitationals. There were five rounds of Invitationals, with 20 comics starting each round. Invitationals Part 1 aired in a two-hour block on July 22, and consisted of the first two rounds. The following comics from Round 1 moved on to the semifinals: Taylor Tomlinson, Ian Bagg, Ryan Conner, Ms. Pat, Mehran Khaghani, Moses Storm, DC Ervin and K-Von. Moving on from Round 2 were: Ambrose Jones III, Esther Povitsky, Crystian Ramirez, Bryan Kellen, Kevin Bozeman and Amy Miller. Invitationals Part 2 (Round 3) aired on July 29 and saw the following comics make it to the semifinals: Andy Erikson, Greg Warren, Dominique, Tony Baker, Francisco Ramos, Cyrus McQueen, KT Tatara, Alycia Cooper and Sammy Obeid. Advancing from Invitationals Part 3 (Round 4) that aired August 5 were: Sheng Wang, Joe List, Mike Siegel, Drew Thomas, Andi Smith, Amir Gollan, Brad Loekle and Shakir Standley. The final round of invitationals (Part 4) aired on August 12 and sent the following to the semifinals: Clayton English, Noah Gardenschwarz, Ricarlo Flanagan, Melanie Barchow, Amir K, Lavar Walker, Angelo Tsarukas, Harrison Greenbaum, Mia Jackson and Michael Palascak.

text: Part 1 of the two-part semifinals aired August 19 and saw Taylor Tomlinson, Andy Erikson, Francisco Ramos, Sheng Wang and Clayton English advance the Top 10 finals. In Part 2 of the semifinals, aired on August 26, Ian Bagg, Ryan Conner, Dominique, Joe List and Michael Palascak moved on to the Top 10 finals.

text: On September 2, 2015, the Top 10 comics were paired in head-to-head duels, as follows, and trimmed to five finalists (winners in bold):

text:
Michael Palascak vs. Taylor Tomlinson
Francisco Ramos vs. Ian Bagg
Andy Erikson vs. Ryan Conner
Sheng Wang vs. Dominique
Clayton English vs. Joe List

text: The finale aired on September 9, 2015. All five remaining finalists performed one set, after which Clayton English was declared the Season 9 winner.

text:
Elimination Chart

Comics
Ep 7
Ep 8

Clayton English
WIN
LCS

Andy Erikson
WIN
OUT

Dominique
WIN
OUT

Ian Bagg
WIN
OUT

Michael Palascak
WIN
OUT

Joe List
OUT

Sheng Wang
OUT

Ryan Conner
OUT

Francisco Ramos
OUT

Taylor Tomlinson
OUT

text: Controversy[edit]

text: During season two, a panel of four celebrity judges was used to shrink the field of 40 semifinalists to ten finalists. The celebrity judges rated each of the semifinalists as they performed, and cast votes for the 10 top comedians. When the ten finalists were announced they did not seem to correspond with the judges' votes, which the judges noticed. Two celebrity judges, comedians Drew Carey and Brett Butler, left the judges' table visibly angry after the finalists were announced. The two were shown backstage arguing with producers. Carey and Butler did not understand how the finalists who were announced could have advanced, given the way the judges had voted. It was revealed that a panel of four producers were also casting votes in the process, assuring that unless all four celebrity judges cast exactly the same ten votes, their voting power could be usurped by the four unanimously agreeing producers. If for some reason all four celebrity judges did cast exactly the same votes, the worst the producers would be faced with was a tie.[citation needed]

text: Upon learning of this, Carey became angry that the producers made it seem he had a deciding vote in the outcome of the show, calling the situation "crooked and dishonest."[10] It was also revealed that some of the finalists who advanced were clients or employees of the producers or directors of the show.[11]

text: According to a March 2004 Pittsburgh Post-Gazette article by Gene Collier, some of the competitors in opening rounds were plants hired by the producers to give bad performances on purpose, in order to liven up the auditions on television.[12]

text: Top local agents are usually given a number of specific call times for their clients. The first round of auditions were for a producer early in the morning, and those that were chosen came back for the celebrity judges in the afternoon. Breslin[who?] also confirmed that, while only two were shown advancing in the final broadcast, four comics had been initially chosen to advance to the finals.[13] Brian Lazanik, one of the two finalists who did not end up at the Vegas finals, has said that he was also chosen as a finalist in season 5's Toronto auditions, but was similarly cut. Producers for the show called his agent, urging him to try out again for season 6.[14][15]

text: Appearances by comics[edit]

text:
Angry Bob ("Sirius Radio" and "Opie and Anthony")
Arj Barker (Marijuana Logues, Comedy Central Presents, Flight of the Conchords)
Bil Dwyer (Battlebots, I've Got a Secret and Comedy Central Presents)
Chad Shapiro (MTV's "Yo Momma", LOGO's "Sketch Show")
Claire Hooper (Good News Week)
Dan Cummins (Comedy Central Presents)
Dan Levy (The Reality Show and Your Face or Mine?)
Dave Mordal (Wreckreation Nation with Dave Mordal)
Doug Benson (Marijuana Logues, Best Week Ever, Comedy Central Presents, Super High Me)
Fiona O'Loughlin
Gabriel Iglesias (All That and Comedy Central Presents)
Gary Gulman (Comedy Central Presents and Tourgasm)
Gerry Dee (Trailer Park Boys: The Movie)
Gilbert Gottfried
Gina Yashere
Harland Williams (RocketMan, Half Baked, Premium Blend, Comedy Central Presents)
James Cunningham (Comedy Central Presents)
Jim Norton (Tough Crowd with Colin Quinn, Opie and Anthony, Lucky Louie and Tourgasm)
Jimmy Pardo (Conan)
Joe DeVito (Comedy Central's Live at Gotham, Fox News Channel's Red Eye)
Joel McHale (The Soup, Community)
John Heffron (season two's winner)
Jon Reep (Premium Blend, Comedy Central Presents, Bandits vs. Smokies, Dodge Ram Hemi commercials, Rodney)
Josh Blue (Mind of Mencia, Comedy Central Presents)
Josh Thomas (Talkin' 'bout your Generation, GNW)
Kathleen Madigan (Comedy Central Presents)
Larry Reeb (Bob & Tom Show)
Lavell Crawford (Breaking Bad, Comedy Central Presents)
Marc Price (Family Ties)
Nikki Payne (Muchmusic's Video On Trial, CTV's Comedy INC, The Comedy Network's Buzz)
Pablo Francisco (Comedy Central Presents, MadTV)
Ralph Harris (On Our Own, Bob & Tom Show)
Rich Vos (Tough Crowd with Colin Quinn, Comedy Central Presents, Opie and Anthony)
Rob Little (The Best Damn Sports Show Period, Last Call with Carson Daly, Strictly Sex with Dr. Drew, and won $25,000 on CBS's Fire Me...Please)
Seán Cullen (CBC's The Seán Cullen Show, The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Comedy Central Presents, Ellen's Really Big Show)
Stephen Kramer Glickman (Big Time Rush)
Thea Vidale (Thea)
Theo Von (Road Rules)
Ryan Belleville (Comedy Central Presents)
Ryan Hamilton (Comedy Central Live at Gotham)
Taylor Williamson
Tom Cotter (Comedy Central Presents)


document_title: List of Lagos State local government areas by population

question_text: how many local government are there in lagos state nigeria

text: This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2015)

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Rank
LGA
Population

1
Alimosho
1,277,714

2
Ajeromi-Ifelodun
745,634

3
Kosofe
665,998

4
Mushin
633,543

5
Oshodi-Isolo
621,789

6
Ojo
598,332

7
Ikorodu
535,811

8
Surulere
504,408

9
Agege
461,123

10
Ifako-Ijaiye
428,812

11
Shomolu
402,992

12
Amuwo-Odofin
318,576

13
Lagos Mainland
317,980

14
Ikeja
313,333

15
Eti-Osa
287,958

16
Badagry
241,437

17
Apapa
217,661

18
Lagos Island
209,665

19
Epe
181,715

20
Ibeju-Lekki
117,542

Lagos State
9,013,534

text: Local Government Areas in Lagos StateNigeria geography-related listsLists by population

text: Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2015All Wikipedia articles in need of updatingArticles lacking sources from June 2015All articles lacking sources