document_title: List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films

question_text: what marvel movie is after iron man 3

question_tokens: what marvel movie is after iron man 3

text: List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films

text: Phase One[edit]

text:
Film[4][5]
U.S. release date
Director
Screenwriter(s)
Producer(s)

Iron Man
May 2, 2008 (2008-05-02)
Jon Favreau[6]
Mark Fergus & Hawk Ostby and Art Marcum & Matt Holloway[6][7]
Avi Arad and Kevin Feige

The Incredible Hulk
June 13, 2008 (2008-06-13)
Louis Leterrier[8]
Zak Penn[9]
Avi Arad, Gale Anne Hurd and Kevin Feige

Iron Man 2
May 7, 2010 (2010-05-07)
Jon Favreau[10]
Justin Theroux[11]
Kevin Feige

Thor
May 6, 2011 (2011-05-06)
Kenneth Branagh[12]
Ashley Edward Miller & Zack Stentz and Don Payne[13]

Captain America: The First Avenger
July 22, 2011 (2011-07-22)
Joe Johnston[14]
Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely[15]

The Avengers
May 4, 2012 (2012-05-04)
Joss Whedon[16]

text: Iron Man (2008)[edit]

text: Billionaire industrialist Tony Stark builds himself a suit of armor after he is taken captive by a terrorist organization. Free from his captors, he decides to upgrade and don his armor in order to hunt down weapons that were sold under the table.[18]

text: In April 2006, Marvel hired Jon Favreau to direct Iron Man,[6] with the writing teams of Art Marcum and Matt Holloway and Mark Fergus and Hawk Ostby writing competing scripts.[6][19] Favreau consolidated both into one script, which was then polished by John August.[7] Robert Downey, Jr. was cast in the title role in September 2006, after growing out a goatee and working out to convince the filmmakers he was right for the part.[20] Principal photography began on March 12, 2007,[21] with the first few weeks spent on Stark's captivity in Afghanistan,[22] which was filmed in Inyo County, California.[23] Production also occurred on the former Hughes Company soundstages in Playa Vista, Los Angeles, California,[24] with additional filming at Edwards Air Force Base[25] and Caesars Palace in Las Vegas, Nevada.[26] Iron Man premiered at the Greater Union theater in George Street, Sydney, on April 14, 2008,[27] and was released internationally on April 30, and in North America on May 2.[28][29]

text: The film ends with a post-credits scene featuring Samuel L. Jackson as Nick Fury, who approaches Stark regarding the "Avenger Initiative". Favreau said that he included the scene as "a little tip of the hat for the fans...a way to sort of tee up The Avengers." Jackson was only on set for a day, with a skeletal crew to avoid the news of his cameo leaking.[30] Captain America's shield is also visible in the background of a scene; it was added by an ILM artist as a joke, and Favreau decided to leave it in the film.[31]

text: The Incredible Hulk (2008)[edit]

text: After being exposed to gamma radiation that causes him to transform into the monstrous Hulk, scientist Bruce Banner goes on the run and isolates himself from his love, Betty Ross. Hunted by the military, Banner seeks to cure himself and prevent his condition from being weaponized.[32]

text: In January 2006,[33] Marvel reclaimed the film rights for the Hulk character from Universal Pictures after Universal failed to meet a deadline to develop a sequel to director Ang Lee's 2003 film Hulk.[34] Universal retained distribution rights for future Hulk films.[34] Instead of moving forward with a sequel, Marvel hired Louis Leterrier to direct The Incredible Hulk, a reboot.[8] Leterrier initially turned down the job out of respect for Lee, but later reconsidered and signed on.[8] The script was written by Zak Penn, who drafted a treatment for the 2003 film.[35] In April 2006, Edward Norton entered negotiations to portray Bruce Banner and rewrite Penn's script,[36] although Penn received sole credit for the screenplay.[9] Production began on July 9, 2007 and filming primarily took place in Toronto,[37] with additional filming in New York City and Rio de Janeiro.[38] The film premiered at the Gibson Amphitheatre on June 8, 2008, and was released on June 13.[39][40]

text: The film takes place simultaneously with the events of Iron Man 2 and Thor,[41] the former of which is set six months after the events of Iron Man.[42] Downey briefly reprised his role from Iron Man as Tony Stark in a cameo appearance at the end of the film. Downey said that the filmmakers "were just cross-pollinating our superheroes. It happens to be a scene where I basically approach [actor William Hurt's character General Ross], and we may be considering going into some sort of limited partnership together. The great thing is he—and I don't want to give too much away—but he's in disrepair at the time I find him. It was really fun seeing him play this really powerful character who's half in the bag."[43] In addition, Captain America is briefly seen frozen in ice in an alternate opening of the film, included in the DVD release.[44]

text: Iron Man 2 (2010)[edit]

text: After Tony Stark reveals himself to be Iron Man, the U.S. government demands he hand over his technology. Meanwhile, a rival industrialist and a Russian scientist conspire to use his own technology against him.[45]

text: Immediately following the successful release of Iron Man in May 2008, Marvel Studios announced it was developing a sequel, Iron Man 2.[46] Favreau returned as director[10] and Justin Theroux was hired to write the screenplay, which would be based on an original story by Favreau and Downey.[11] In October 2008, Downey signed a new four-picture deal, that retroactively included the first film, to reprise his role and Don Cheadle was hired to replace Terrence Howard as James Rhodes.[47][48] Jackson signed on to reprise his role as Nick Fury from the Iron Man post-credits sequence in up to nine films,[49] and Scarlett Johansson was cast as the Black Widow, as part of a multi-film commitment.[50] Principal photography began April 6, 2009,[51] at the Pasadena Masonic Temple in Pasadena, California.[52] The majority of filming took place at Raleigh Studios in Manhattan Beach, California.[53] Other locations included Edwards Air Force Base,[54] Monaco,[55] and the Sepulveda Dam.[53] Iron Man 2 premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles, California on April 26, 2010,[56] and was released internationally between April 28 and May 7 before releasing in North America on May 7.[57]

text: The film is set six months after the events of Iron Man,[42] and takes place simultaneously with the events of The Incredible Hulk and Thor.[41] The filmmakers continued to refer to other Marvel films by again including Captain America's shield. Favreau explained, "We introduced Captain America's shield briefly in one shot in the last film. So now it really was in his room, so we had to figure out how to deal with the reality that the shield was in his workshop."[31] A scene toward the end of Iron Man 2 in a S.H.I.E.L.D. safe house contains several Easter eggs, ranging from footage from The Incredible Hulk displayed on a monitor to pointers on a map indicating several locales related to other Marvel films, including one pointing toward a region of Africa in reference to the Black Panther.[58] A young Peter Parker appears as the child wearing an Iron Man mask whom Stark saves from a drone; the appearance was confirmed in June 2017 by Spider-Man actor Tom Holland, Kevin Feige and Spider-Man: Homecoming director Jon Watts.[59][60] The film's post-credits scene showed the discovery of Thor's hammer in a crater.[61]

text: Thor (2011)[edit]

text: Thor, crown prince of Asgard, is banished to Earth and stripped of his powers after he reignites a dormant war. As his brother, Loki, plots to take the throne for himself, Thor must prove himself worthy and reclaim his hammer Mjölnir.[62]

text: Mark Protosevich was hired to develop a script for Thor in April 2006, after the rights were acquired from Sony Pictures.[6] In August 2007 Marvel hired Matthew Vaughn to direct the film,[63] however he exited the project in May 2008.[64] In September 2008, Kenneth Branagh entered into negotiations to replace Vaughn.[12] In May 2009, Chris Hemsworth was in negotiations to portray the titular character,[65] and Tom Hiddleston was set to play his brother, Loki.[66] Both actors were contracted to star in several films.[67] Marvel hired the writing team of Ashley Edward Miller and Zack Stentz to write a new script for the film, which was then rewritten by Don Payne.[13] Production began on January 11, 2010 in Los Angeles, California,[68] before moving to Galisteo, New Mexico in March.[69] Thor had its world premiere on April 17, 2011 at the Event Cinemas theatre in George Street, Sydney[70] and a U.S. premiere on May 2 at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles, California.[71] The film was released internationally from April 21 to 30, and on May 6 in North America.[72]

text: The film takes place simultaneously with the events of The Incredible Hulk and Iron Man 2,[41] the latter of which is set six months after the events of Iron Man.[42] Clark Gregg, who appeared in Iron Man and Iron Man 2 as S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Phil Coulson, reprised the role in Thor. About his role in Thor he stated, "Agent Coulson was one of the guys who wasn't really in the comic books, and he [had] a very kind of small role in Iron Man. And I was just very lucky that they chose to expand that character and [chose] to put him more into the universe of it."[73] After signing on to appear as Clint Barton / Hawkeye in The Avengers, Jeremy Renner made a cameo appearance as the character during a scene in Thor.[74] Branagh said that they "were always going to have a guy in a basket above the action where Thor breaks in the S.H.I.E.L.D. camp", and that he was thrilled when the producers told him they wanted to use Renner's Hawkeye for that role.[75] The film ends with a post-credits scene featuring Loki, watching as Erik Selvig and Nick Fury discuss the Tesseract.[76] The scene was directed by Joss Whedon, who directed The Avengers.[77] Stellan Skarsgård, who played Selvig, said the scene was not included when he first read the screenplay for Thor, and that he was sent pages for the scene after agreeing to appear in The Avengers.[78]

text: Captain America: The First Avenger (2011)[edit]

text: In 1942, Steve Rogers is deemed physically unfit to enlist in the U.S. Army and fight the Nazis in World War II. Recruited for a secret military operation, he is physically transformed into a super-soldier dubbed Captain America and must battle the Red Skull, head of a Nazi science division known as Hydra.[79]

text: In April 2006, Marvel hired David Self to write the script for a Captain America film.[6] Joe Johnston signed on to direct in November 2008,[14] and Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely were hired to rewrite the script.[15] In March 2010, Chris Evans was cast as Captain America and Hugo Weaving was cast as the Red Skull.[80] Production began on June 28, 2010 in the United Kingdom,[81] with locations in London,[82] Caerwent,[83] Manchester and Liverpool.[84] The film premiered on July 19, 2011, at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles, California,[85] and was released in North America on July 22, and in international markets starting July 27.[86]

text: The Tesseract from the Thor post-credits scene appears as a MacGuffin in Captain America: The First Avenger.[87] In the film, Dominic Cooper portrays a young Howard Stark, the father of Tony Stark,[88] who hosts an early version of the Stark Expo, the fair Tony hosts in Iron Man 2.[89] The final scene of the film includes a brief appearance by Jackson's Nick Fury followed by a teaser trailer for Marvel's The Avengers after the credits.[90]

text: Marvel's The Avengers (2012)[edit]

text: Nick Fury, the director of S.H.I.E.L.D., gathers the superheroes Iron Man, Thor, Captain America, the Hulk, Black Widow and Hawkeye to fight Thor's brother Loki, who plots to subjugate the Earth.[91]

text: Zak Penn, who wrote The Incredible Hulk, was hired to write a script for The Avengers in June 2007.[92] In April 2010, Joss Whedon closed a deal to direct the film, and to rework Penn's script.[16] Marvel announced that Edward Norton would not be reprising the role of Bruce Banner / Hulk,[93] and in July 2010, Mark Ruffalo was cast in his place.[94] Downey, Evans, Hemsworth, Johansson, Renner, Hiddleston and Jackson reprised their respective roles from previous films.[95] Principal photography began in April 2011 in Albuquerque, New Mexico,[91] before moving to Cleveland, Ohio in August,[96] and New York City in September.[97] The premiere was held on April 11, 2012 at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles, California,[98] and the film was released in North America on May 4.[99]

text: Gwyneth Paltrow, who portrayed Pepper Potts in Iron Man and Iron Man 2, was included in the film at Downey's insistence. Prior to this, Whedon had not intended the film to include supporting characters from the heroes' individual films, commenting, "You need to separate the characters from their support systems in order to create the isolation you need for a team."[100] Avi Arad said that Sony Pictures and Disney discussed incorporating the OsCorp Tower from The Amazing Spider-Man into the climax of The Avengers,[101] but Feige said that "the deal was never close to happening."[102] The supervillain Thanos appears in a mid-credits scene, portrayed by Damion Poitier.[103]

text: Phase Two[edit]

text:
Film[4][5][104]
U.S. release date
Director(s)
Screenwriter(s)
Producer

Iron Man 3
May 3, 2013 (2013-05-03)
Shane Black[105]
Drew Pearce and Shane Black[105][106]
Kevin Feige

Thor: The Dark World
November 8, 2013 (2013-11-08)
Alan Taylor[107]
Christopher Yost and Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely[108]

Captain America: The Winter Soldier
April 4, 2014 (2014-04-04)
Anthony and Joe Russo[109]
Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely[110]

Guardians of the Galaxy
August 1, 2014 (2014-08-01)
James Gunn[111]
James Gunn and Nicole Perlman[112]

Avengers: Age of Ultron
May 1, 2015 (2015-05-01)
Joss Whedon[113]

Ant-Man
July 17, 2015
Peyton Reed[114]
Edgar Wright & Joe Cornish and Adam McKay & Paul Rudd[115]

text: Iron Man 3 (2013)[edit]

text: Tony Stark faces a powerful enemy, the Mandarin, who attacks and destroys his mansion. Left to his own devices and battling posttraumatic stress disorder, Stark struggles to get to the bottom of a series of mysterious explosions.[116]

text: In late 2010, Marvel and Disney announced that they were developing a third Iron Man film.[117] In February 2011, Marvel hired Shane Black to direct Iron Man 3.[118] Black co-wrote the film's script with Drew Pearce.[105][106] Downey, Paltrow, and Cheadle reprised their roles from Iron Man 2, while Guy Pearce and Ben Kingsley joined the cast as Aldrich Killian and Trevor Slattery, respectively.[119] Filming began in May 2012, in North Carolina.[120] Additional filming took place in southern Florida,[121] China,[122] and Los Angeles.[123] Iron Man 3 premiered at Le Grand Rex in Paris, France on April 14, 2013 and at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles, California on April 24.[124][125] The film was released internationally on April 25,[126] and in the United States on May 3.[117]

text: The film is set in December 2013,[127][128] after the events of The Avengers.[129] In the film Tony Stark experiences PTSD-like symptoms following the Battle of New York in The Avengers. Black explained, "that's an anxiety response to feeling inferior to The Avengers, but also to being humbled by sights he cannot possibly begin to understand or reconcile with the realities he's used to... There's a line in the movie about 'ever since that big guy with the hammer fell out of the sky, the rules have changed'. That's what we're dealing with here."[130] Bruce Banner appears in a post-credits scene, with Ruffalo reprising the role. About the scene, Ruffalo said "They were about to wrap the movie and I saw Robert [Downey, Jr.] at the Academy Awards... and he said, 'What do you think about coming and doing a day?' I said, 'Are you kidding me? Bang, let's do it!' We sort of spitballed that scene, then I came in and we shot for a couple of hours and laughed."[131]

text: Thor: The Dark World (2013)[edit]

text: Thor reunites with astrophysicist Jane Foster as a series of portals, linking worlds at random, begin to appear. He discovers that Malekith and his army of Dark Elves have returned after thousands of years, and they seek a powerful weapon known as the Aether. Thor must join forces with his now-imprisoned brother Loki to stop them.[108]

text: A sequel to Thor was first announced in June 2011, with Hemsworth reprising his role as Thor.[132] Hiddleston confirmed he would return as Loki in September,[133] and Alan Taylor signed on to direct the film in December.[107] The film's title was announced as Thor: The Dark World in July 2012 at the San Diego Comic-Con International,[134] and Christopher Eccleston was cast as Malekith a month later.[135] Production started in September 2012 in Bourne Wood, Surrey,[136] with additional filming taking place in Iceland and London.[137][138] The film premiered at the Odeon Leicester Square in London on October 22, 2013.[139] It was internationally released on October 30, 2013 and on November 8, 2013 in North America.[140]

text: The film is set one year after the events of The Avengers.[141] Evans briefly makes a cameo appearance in the film as Captain America when Loki shapeshifts into him while mocking Thor.[142] Hiddleston wore the Captain America costume while standing in for Evans, before Evans came to shoot the scene. Hiddleston said, "I did an impression of Loki in the Captain America costume, and then they showed Chris [Evans] my performance on tape. It's him doing an impression of me doing an impression of him. And it's brilliant."[142] James Gunn, the director of Guardians of the Galaxy, directed the mid-credits scene which featured the Collector, played by Benicio del Toro. Asked about shooting the scene, Gunn said, "I got the script that morning, and I did it in two hours at the end of a day of second unit shooting [for Guardians of the Galaxy]."[143]

text: Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014)[edit]

text: Steve Rogers, now working with S.H.I.E.L.D., teams up with Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow and Sam Wilson / Falcon to expose a deep conspiracy which involves a mysterious assassin known only as the Winter Soldier.[144]

text: A sequel to 2011's Captain America: The First Avenger was announced in April 2012.[145] Anthony and Joe Russo were hired to direct in June,[109] and in July it was officially titled Captain America: The Winter Soldier.[134] Evans and Jackson were set to reprise their respective roles as Captain America and Nick Fury,[109] and Johansson would again play the Black Widow.[146] Sebastian Stan, who portrayed Bucky Barnes in Captain America: The First Avenger, returned as the Winter Soldier.[147] Production started in April 2013 in Manhattan Beach, California, and filming also took place in Washington, D.C. and Cleveland, Ohio.[148][149] The film premiered in Los Angeles on March 13, 2014.[150] Captain America: The Winter Soldier was released internationally on March 26[151] and in North America on April 4.[145]

text: The film is set two years after the events of The Avengers.[129] Stephen Strange, the alter-ego of the Marvel superhero Doctor Strange, is mentioned by name in the film by the character Jasper Sitwell.[152] A remodeled Stark Tower from The Avengers, now known as Avengers Tower, also makes an appearance in the film.[153] Whedon directed a post-credits scene featuring Baron Wolfgang von Strucker (Thomas Kretschmann), List (Henry Goodman), Quicksilver (Aaron Taylor-Johnson), and the Scarlet Witch (Elizabeth Olsen), who appear in Avengers: Age of Ultron.[154][155] The revelation in the film that S.H.I.E.L.D. had been infiltrated by Hydra informed the final six episodes of the first season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., a television series set in the MCU.[156][157]

text: Guardians of the Galaxy (2014)[edit]

text: Peter Quill / Star-Lord and a group of misfits, including Gamora, Rocket, Drax the Destroyer and Groot, fight to keep a powerful orb from the clutches of the villainous Ronan.[158][159][160]

text: Nicole Perlman began writing a screenplay in 2009.[161] Marvel Studios announced it was developing a Guardians of the Galaxy film in July 2012.[134] The film is directed by James Gunn, based on his and Perlman's screenplay.[111] In February 2013, Chris Pratt was cast in the lead role, as Peter Quill / Star-Lord.[162] The film was shot at Shepperton Studios and in London from July to October 2013,[163] and post-production work was completed on July 7, 2014.[164] The film premiered on July 21, 2014 in Hollywood.[165] Guardians of the Galaxy was released in the United Kingdom on July 31, 2014,[166] and in North America on August 1.[134]

text: The film is set in 2014.[167] Josh Brolin provides the voice and performance capture for Thanos,[168] the supervillain who appeared in The Avengers mid-credits scene. Gunn noted that the film would be connected to Avengers: Infinity War.[169] Several other objects of significance appear in the Collector's museum, including a Chitauri from The Avengers and a Dark Elf from Thor: The Dark World, among other characters. About their appearances Gunn said, "There's a lot of stuff in the Collector's Museum. And for me, it was mostly just really fun. As a Marvel fan, giving the actual fans something that they can freeze frame on their Blu-Ray at home and just kind of pick out everything that's in there. So there are, I mean, seriously all those boxes have something interesting in them, so it's pretty fun."[170] Ronan's race, the Kree, were first introduced in the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episode "T.A.H.I.T.I.".[171][172]

text: Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015)[edit]

text: Captain America, Iron Man, Thor, the Hulk, Black Widow, and Hawkeye must work together as the Avengers to defeat Ultron, a technological enemy bent on human extinction, while encountering the powerful twins Pietro and Wanda Maximoff, as well as the new entity Vision.[173][174]

text: A sequel to The Avengers was announced by Disney in May 2012, shortly after the first film's release.[175] In August 2012, Joss Whedon was signed to return as writer and director.[113] In June 2013, Downey signed a deal to reprise the role of Iron Man for the second and third Avengers films.[176] On July 20, 2013, at San Diego Comic-Con International, Whedon announced that the subtitle of the film would be Age of Ultron.[177] In August 2013, James Spader was announced to portray Ultron.[178] Second unit filming began on February 11, 2014 in Johannesburg, South Africa.[179][180] Principal photography began in March 2014 at Shepperton Studios in Surrey, England,[176][181] with additional footage filmed at Fort Bard and various other locations in the Aosta Valley region of Italy,[182] and Seoul, South Korea.[183] Filming was completed on August 6, 2014.[184] Avengers: Age of Ultron had its world premiere in Los Angeles on April 13, 2015,[185] and was released internationally beginning April 22,[186] and on May 1 in North America.[187]

text: The film confirms that the gem in Loki's scepter is an Infinity Stone, specifically the Mind Stone, and Brolin reappears as Thanos in the mid-credit scene wielding an Infinity Gauntlet.[188] It also features references to Vibranium and Wakanda, both connections to Black Panther, introducing both to the universe ahead of Black Panther's solo film. Additionally, Andy Serkis portrays Ulysses Klaue in the film, traditionally a Black Panther antagonist.[189]

text: Ant-Man (2015)[edit]

text: Thief Scott Lang must aid his mentor Dr. Hank Pym in safeguarding the mystery of the Ant-Man technology, which allows its user to decrease in size but increase in strength, from various menaces and plot a heist to defend the Earth.[114]

text: Ant-Man is directed by Peyton Reed with a screenplay written by Edgar Wright & Joe Cornish and Adam McKay & Paul Rudd, from a story by Wright & Cornish, that includes both Scott Lang and Hank Pym.[114][115] Edgar Wright was initially slated to direct and write the film, but left the project in May 2014 due to creative differences.[190][191] In January 2013, Feige stated that Ant-Man would be the first film in Phase Three of the Marvel Cinematic Universe.[192] However, in October 2014, it was revealed that the film would be the last film of Phase Two.[104] Pre-production started in October 2013,[193] and principal photography took place from August to December 2014,[194] in San Francisco,[195] Fayette County, Georgia at Pinewood Atlanta,[196] and Downtown Atlanta.[197] In December 2013, Rudd was cast as Ant-Man,[198] followed in January 2014 with the casting of Michael Douglas as Pym and the confirmation of Rudd as Lang.[199] Ant-Man had its world premiere in Los Angeles on June 29, 2015,[200] and was released in France on July 14,[201] and in North America on July 17.[202]

text: The film is set several months after the events of Avengers: Age of Ultron.[203] Scott Lang attempts to infiltrate the new Avengers headquarters in Upstate New York featured in Age of Ultron, and confronts Sam Wilson / Falcon, played by Anthony Mackie. McKay and Rudd decided to add Falcon to Ant-Man after watching Captain America: The Winter Soldier.[204] The Russo brothers filmed the post-credit scene, which was footage from Captain America: Civil War,[205][206] and features Mackie as Falcon, Chris Evans as Steve Rogers / Captain America, and Sebastian Stan as Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier.[207]

text: Phase Three[edit]

text:
Film[104][208][209]
U.S. release date
Director(s)
Screenwriter(s)
Producer(s)

Captain America: Civil War
May 6, 2016 (2016-05-06)
Anthony and Joe Russo[210]
Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely[210]
Kevin Feige

Doctor Strange
November 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)
Scott Derrickson[211]
Jon Spaihts and Scott Derrickson & C. Robert Cargill[212]

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2
May 5, 2017 (2017-05-05)
James Gunn[112]

Spider-Man: Homecoming
July 7, 2017 (2017-07-07)
Jon Watts[213]
Jonathan Goldstein & John Francis Daley and
Jon Watts & Christopher Ford and
Chris McKenna & Erik Sommers[214]
Kevin Feige and Amy Pascal

Thor: Ragnarok
November 3, 2017 (2017-11-03)
Taika Waititi[215]
Eric Pearson and Craig Kyle & Christopher Yost[216][217]
Kevin Feige

Black Panther
February 16, 2018 (2018-02-16)
Ryan Coogler[218]
Ryan Coogler & Joe Robert Cole[219][220]

Avengers: Infinity War
April 27, 2018 (2018-04-27)
Anthony and Joe Russo[221]
Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely[222]

text: Captain America: Civil War (2016)[edit]

text: The Avengers become fractured into two opposing teams, one led by Captain America and another by Iron Man, after extensive collateral damage prompts politicians to pass an act regulating superhuman activity with government oversight and accountability for the Avengers while also facing against a new enemy, Helmut Zemo, who seeks revenge upon the Avengers.[223][224]

text: By January 2014, Anthony and Joe Russo had signed on to return to direct a third Captain America installment, which they confirmed in March 2014, with Chris Evans returning as Captain America, Feige returning to produce, and Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely writing the screenplay.[225][210] In October 2014, the title was officially announced as Captain America: Civil War along with the reveal that Downey would appear in the film as Tony Stark / Iron Man.[226][227] The film is an adaptation from the "Civil War" storyline in the comics.[228] It is also the first film of Phase Three.[104][208][229] Filming began in April 2015 at Pinewood Atlanta,[230][231] and concluded in August 2015.[232] Captain America: Civil War had its premiere in Hollywood on April 12, 2016,[233] was released internationally beginning April 27,[234] and was released on May 6 in North America.[235]

text: The film is set one year after the events of Avengers: Age of Ultron.[236] Captain America: Civil War introduces Tom Holland as Peter Parker / Spider-Man and Chadwick Boseman as T'Challa / Black Panther to the MCU, who appear in solo films in 2017 and 2018, respectively.[237][238] William Hurt reprises his role as Thunderbolt Ross from The Incredible Hulk, and is now the US Secretary of State.[239] For the mid-credits scene, in which Black Panther offers Captain America and Bucky Barnes asylum in Wakanda, Joe and Anthony Russo received input from Black Panther director Ryan Coogler on the look and design of Wakanda.[240]

text: Doctor Strange (2016)[edit]

text: After Stephen Strange, the world's top neurosurgeon, is involved in a car accident that ruins his career, he sets out on a journey of healing, where he encounters the Ancient One, who teaches Strange the use of Mystic Arts and to defend the Earth from mystical threats.[241][242]

text: In June 2010, Thomas Dean Donnelly and Joshua Oppenheimer were hired to write the screenplay for a film starring the character Doctor Strange.[243] In January 2013, Kevin Feige confirmed that Doctor Strange would be a part of their Phase Three slate of films.[244] In June 2014, Scott Derrickson was hired to direct.[211] In December 2014, Benedict Cumberbatch was cast in the eponymous role, and Jon Spaihts was confirmed to rewrite the script.[245][246] In December 2015, C. Robert Cargill revealed he was a co-writer on the film,[247] and the following April, revealed that Derrickson also wrote the script.[248] Pre-production began in June 2014,[249] with filming beginning in November 2015 in Nepal, before moving to Longcross Studios in the UK later in the month.[250][251] Filming concluded in New York City in April 2016.[252][253] Doctor Strange had its premiere in Hong Kong on October 13, 2016,[254] and was released in the United Kingdom on October 25, 2016,[255] and on November 4 in the United States.[227]

text: Derrickson stated that the events of the film take "roughly" a year, ending "up to date with the rest of the MCU". Doctor Strange introduces the Eye of Agamotto, a mystical relic that can manipulate time and is revealed to be an Infinity Stone at the end of the film,[256] specifically the Time Stone.[257] The film's mid-credits scene features a cameo appearance by Hemsworth as Thor, meeting with Strange, which was footage from Thor: Ragnarok. The scene was directed by Ragnarok director Taika Waititi.[257]

text: Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017)[edit]

text: The Guardians of the Galaxy travel throughout the cosmos and struggle to keep their newfound family together while helping Peter Quill learn more about his true parentage and facing against new enemies.[258]

text: In July 2014, Guardians of the Galaxy co-writer Nicole Perlman confirmed that Gunn would return to write and direct the sequel.[112][259] Chris Pratt returns for the sequel as Peter Quill / Star-Lord,[260][261] along with the other Guardians from the first film as well as additional cast members.[261] They are joined by Pom Klementieff as Mantis,[262][261] and Kurt Russell as Ego.[261][263] In June 2015, the film's title was revealed as Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2.[264] Filming began in February 2016 at Pinewood Atlanta,[265][266] and concluded in June 2016.[267] Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 premiered in Tokyo on April 10, 2017,[268] and was released on May 5, 2017.[227]

text: The film is set two-to-three months after the events of Guardians of the Galaxy,[269][270] in 2014.[167] One of the film's post-credit sequences hints at the introduction of Adam Warlock,[271] after Gunn originally intended for Warlock to make a full appearance in Vol. 2. He noted that Warlock could appear in future Guardians films, and is considered "a pretty important part" of the cosmic side of the Marvel Cinematic Universe.[272] The Grandmaster, played by Jeff Goldblum, is seen dancing in the end credits, before his appearance in Thor: Ragnarok.[273]

text: Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017)[edit]

text: Peter Parker tries to balance being the hero Spider-Man with his high school life under guidance of Tony Stark as he deals with the threat of the Vulture.[274][275]

text: On February 9, 2015, Sony Pictures and Marvel announced that Sony would be releasing a Spider-Man film co-produced by Marvel Studios president Feige and Amy Pascal, with Sony Pictures continuing to own, finance, distribute, and have final creative control of the Spider-Man films.[3] In April 2015, Feige confirmed the character would be Peter Parker and added that Marvel had been working to add Spider-Man to the MCU since at least October 2014, when they announced their full slate of Phase Three films, saying, "Marvel doesn't announce anything officially until it's set in stone. So we went forward with that Plan A in October, with the Plan B being, if [the deal] were to happen with Sony, how it would all shift. We've been thinking about [the Spider-Man film] as long as we've been thinking about Phase Three."[276] In June 2015, Tom Holland was cast in the role of Spider-Man and Jon Watts was hired to direct the film,[213] and the next month, John Francis Daley & Jonathan Goldstein were hired to write the screenplay.[277] Additional screenwriters include Watts & Christopher Ford and Chris McKenna & Erik Sommers.[214] In April 2016, the title was revealed to be Spider-Man: Homecoming.[278] Production began in June 2016 at Pinewood Atlanta,[279][280] and concluded in October 2016.[281] Spider-Man: Homecoming premiered on June 28, 2017 in Hollywood,[282] and was released in the United Kingdom on July 5,[283] and the United States on July 7, 2017.[284]

text: The film is set several months after the events of Captain America: Civil War,[285] which is eight years after the events of The Avengers.[286] In April 2016, Feige confirmed that characters from previous MCU films would appear in the film,[287] with Robert Downey Jr. confirmed to reprise his role as Tony Stark / Iron Man shortly thereafter.[288] Favreau, Paltrow, and Evans also reprise their roles as Happy Hogan,[289] Pepper Potts,[290] and Steve Rogers / Captain America, respectively.[291] The clean-up crew Damage Control appear in the film (after previously being referenced in Iron Man and Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.) ahead of an intended television series about them.[292][293][294] Various weaponry and artifacts from previous films are referenced throughout the film that Toomes and his crew repurpose for their weapons. In Parker's high school, one of his classes has a lesson about the Sokovia Accords,[295] and portraits of Bruce Banner, Howard Stark and Abraham Erskine are seen within the school.[296]

text: Thor: Ragnarok (2017)[edit]

text: Thor, trapped on another world without Mjölnir, must survive a gladiatorial duel against the Hulk and return to Asgard in time to stop the villainous Hela and the impending Ragnarök.[297]

text: In January 2014, Marvel announced that a third Thor film was in development, with Craig Kyle and Christopher Yost writing the screenplay,[298] and was officially announced as Thor: Ragnarok in October 2014.[227] By October 2015, Taika Waititi entered in negotiations to direct Thor: Ragnarok.[299][215] In December 2015, Stephany Folsom was hired to rewrite the script.[300] A year later, in January 2017, it was revealed that Eric Pearson wrote the screenplay, with Kyle, Yost and Folsom receiving story credit.[297] Pearson, Kyle and Yost would ultimately receive screenwriting credit for the film.[216][217] Hemsworth, Hiddleston, Idris Elba and Anthony Hopkins reprise their roles as Thor, Loki, Heimdall and Odin, respectively, and are joined by Cate Blanchett as Hela.[301] Production began in July 2016 in Australia at Village Roadshow Studios,[302][303] and wrapped in late October 2016.[304] Thor: Ragnarok premiered in Los Angeles on October 10, 2017,[305] began its international release on October 24, 2017 in the United Kingdom,[306] and was released on November 3, 2017 in the United States.[307]

text: The film is set four years after the events of Thor: The Dark World, two years after the events of Avengers: Age of Ultron,[308][309] and around the same time period as Captain America: Civil War and Spider-Man: Homecoming. Producer Brad Winderbaum noted that "Things happen on top of each other now in Phase Three. They're not as interlocked as they were in Phase One."[310] Mark Ruffalo and Benedict Cumberbatch appear in the film as Bruce Banner / Hulk and Doctor Stephen Strange, respectively.[301][257] The film reveals that the Infinity Gauntlet first seen in Odin's vault in Thor was a fake,[311] while also introducing Thanos' ship Sanctuary II in a post-credits scene.[312]

text: Black Panther (2018)[edit]

text: T'Challa returns home as sovereign of the nation of Wakanda only to find his dual role of king and protector challenged by a long-time adversary in a conflict that has global consequences.[313]

text: Documentary filmmaker Mark Bailey was hired to write a script for Black Panther in January 2011.[314] In October 2014, the film was announced and Chadwick Boseman was revealed to be portraying T'Challa / Black Panther.[227][238] In January 2016, Ryan Coogler was announced as director,[218] and the following month, Joe Robert Cole was confirmed as the film's screenwriter.[219] In April 2016, Feige confirmed that Coogler was a co-screenwriter.[220] Filming began in January 2017 at EUE/Screen Gems Studios in Atlanta,[315][316] and concluded in April 2017.[317] Black Panther premiered in Los Angeles on January 29, 2018,[318] and began its international release on February 13, 2018,[319] and was released on February 16, 2018 in the United States.[209] The film also had a "cross-nation release" in Africa, a first for a Disney film.[320][321]

text: The film is set one week after the events of Captain America: Civil War.[313] Florence Kasumba,[322] Serkis, Martin Freeman, and John Kani reprise their roles as Ayo, Ulysses Klaue, Everett K. Ross and T'Chaka respectively from previous MCU films.[313] The film's post-credits scene features a cameo appearance by Sebastian Stan, reprising his role as Bucky Barnes.[323]

text: Avengers: Infinity War (2018)[edit]

text: The Avengers join forces with the Guardians of the Galaxy to battle Thanos, who is trying to amass the Infinity Stones.[324]

text: The film was announced in October 2014 as Avengers: Infinity War – Part 1.[227] In April 2015, Marvel announced that Anthony and Joe Russo would direct the film and in May, that Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely would write the screenplay.[221][222] In July 2016, Marvel revealed the title would be shortened to simply Avengers: Infinity War.[325] Brolin reprises his role as Thanos,[326][327] and is part of an ensemble cast featuring many actors who have appeared in other MCU films. Filming for Infinity War began in January 2017 in Atlanta,[315][328] and lasted until July 2017.[329] Additional filming also took place in Scotland.[330] Avengers: Infinity War premiered in Los Angeles on April 23, 2018.[331] It was released worldwide on April 27, 2018, with a few debuts beginning as early as April 25 in a handful of countries.[332]

text: The film is set two years after the events of Captain America: Civil War.[333] Marvel had been planting the seeds for Infinity War since their early films, by introducing the Infinity Stones as MacGuffins: the Tesseract / Space Stone in Captain America: The First Avenger, Loki's Scepter / Mind Stone in The Avengers, the Aether / Reality Stone in Thor: The Dark World, the Orb / Power Stone in Guardians of the Galaxy, and the Eye of Agamotto / Time Stone in Doctor Strange.[257] Additionally, Thanos is shown holding an empty Infinity Gauntlet in Avengers: Age of Ultron.[188] The Red Skull from Captain America: The First Avenger appears in the film, played by Ross Marquand instead of Hugo Weaving, and is the keeper of the final Infinity Stone, the Soul Stone.[334] The post-credits scene features Nick Fury transmitting a distress signal on a device, which has the insignia of Captain Marvel.[335]

text: Recurring cast and characters[edit]

text: List indicator(s)

text:
This table only includes characters which have appeared in multiple film franchises within the Marvel Cinematic Universe, and have appeared in the billing block for at least two films. (see FAQ)
A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the franchise, or that the character's presence in a film of the franchise has not yet been announced.
A V indicates a voice-only role

tag: ul

text:
Character
Ant-Man films
Avengers films
Black Panther
Captain America films
Captain Marvel
Doctor Strange
Guardians of the Galaxy films
The Incredible Hulk
Iron Man films
Spider-Man films
Thor films

Bruce Banner
Hulk

Mark Ruffalo[94]

Edward Norton[36]

Lou FerrignoV[336]
Mark Ruffalo[131]

Mark Ruffalo[337]

James "Bucky" Barnes
Winter Soldier
Sebastian Stan[207][338][323][339]

Clint Barton
Hawkeye

Jeremy Renner[95]

Jeremy Renner[340]

Jeremy Renner[74]

Peggy Carter
Hayley Atwell[341][342]

Hayley Atwell[339]

Phil Coulson

Clark Gregg[95]

Clark Gregg[343]

Clark Gregg[73]

Clark Gregg[73]

Drax the Destroyer

Dave Bautista[344]

Dave Bautista[261]

Nick Fury

Samuel L. Jackson[345]

Samuel L. Jackson[345][346]

Samuel L. Jackson[30]

Samuel L. Jackson[345]

Gamora

Zoe Saldana[347]

Zoe Saldana[261]

Groot

Vin DieselV[348]

Vin DieselV[261]

Heimdall

Idris Elba[349]

Idris Elba[350]

Maria Hill

Cobie Smulders[351]

Cobie Smulders[352]

Harold "Happy" Hogan

Jon Favreau[353]

Jon Favreau[354][289]

Korath

Djimon Hounsou[343]

Djimon Hounsou[111]

Scott Lang
Ant-Man
Paul Rudd[355][356]

Paul Rudd[223]

Loki

Tom Hiddleston[357]

Tom Hiddleston[66]

Mantis

Pom Klementieff[358]

Pom Klementieff[359]

Wanda Maximoff
Scarlet Witch

Elizabeth Olsen[360]

Elizabeth Olsen[155]

Nebula

Karen Gillan[361]

Karen Gillan[261]

Okoye

Danai Gurira[362][363]

Peter Parker
Spider-Man

Tom Holland[364]

Tom Holland[237]

Max Favreau[a]
Tom Holland[213]

Virginia "Pepper" Potts

Gwyneth Paltrow[100]

Gwyneth Paltrow[365][290]

Peter Quill
Star-Lord

Chris Pratt[366]

Chris Pratt[162]

James "Rhodey" Rhodes
War Machine / Iron Patriot

Don Cheadle[367]

Don Cheadle[223]

Terrence Howard[365]
Don Cheadle[368]

Rocket

Bradley CooperV[369]

Bradley CooperV[261]

Steve Rogers
Captain America
Chris Evans[207][80]

Chris Evans[80]

Chris Evans[291][142]

Natasha Romanoff
Black Widow

Scarlett Johansson[50]

Scarlett Johansson[146]

Scarlett Johansson[50]

Ronan the Accuser

Lee Pace[343]

Lee Pace[111]

Thaddeus "Thunderbolt" Ross

William Hurt[370]

William Hurt[223]

William Hurt[336]

Erik Selvig

Stellan Skarsgård[78]

Stellan Skarsgård[78]

Shuri

Letitia Wright[371][372]

Tony Stark
Iron Man

Robert Downey, Jr.[47]

Robert Downey, Jr.[226]

Robert Downey, Jr.[226][43][20][288]

Stephen Strange

Benedict Cumberbatch[373]

Benedict Cumberbatch[245]

Benedict Cumberbatch[257]

T'Challa
Black Panther

Chadwick Boseman[238][374]

Thor

Chris Hemsworth[95]

Chris Hemsworth[257]

Chris Hemsworth[65]

Taneleer Tivan
The Collector

Benicio del Toro[375]

Benicio del Toro[111]

Benicio del Toro[143]

Hope van Dyne
Wasp
Evangeline Lilly[376][377]

Vision

Paul Bettany[378]

Paul Bettany[223]

Sam Wilson
Falcon
Anthony Mackie[379][380]

Anthony Mackie[381]

Wong

Benedict Wong[382]

Benedict Wong[383]

text: Jump up ^ In June 2017 several interviews with Holland, Watts, and Feige revealed that the child whom Tony Stark saves from a drone in Iron Man 2 is Peter Parker.[60]

tag: ol

text: Home media[edit]

text: In June 2012, Marvel announced a 10-disc box set titled "Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase One – Avengers Assembled", for release on September 25, 2012. The box set includes all six of the Phase One films—Iron Man, The Incredible Hulk, Iron Man 2, Thor, Captain America: The First Avenger, and Marvel's The Avengers—on Blu-ray and Blu-ray 3D, in a replica of Nick Fury's briefcase from The Avengers.[384] In August 2012, luggage company Rimowa GmbH, who developed the briefcase for The Avengers, filed suit against Marvel Studios and Buena Vista Home Entertainment in U.S. federal court, complaining that "Marvel did not obtain any license or authorization from Rimowa to make replica copies of the cases for any purpose."[385] The set was delayed to early 2013 for the packaging to be redesigned.[386] The box set, with a redesigned case, was released on April 2, 2013. In addition, the box set included a featurette on the then-upcoming Phase Two films, showing footage and concept art, as well as previously unreleased deleted scenes from all of the Phase One films.[387]

text: In July 2015, Marvel announced a 13-disc box set titled "Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Two Collection", for release on December 8, 2015, exclusive to Amazon.com. The box set includes all six of the Phase Two films—Iron Man 3, Thor: The Dark World, Captain America: The Winter Soldier, Guardians of the Galaxy, Avengers: Age of Ultron, and Ant-Man—on Blu-ray, Blu-ray 3D and a digital copy, in a replica of the Orb from Guardians of the Galaxy, plus a bonus disc and exclusive memorabilia. Material on the bonus disc includes all of the Marvel One-Shots with commentary, deleted scenes and pre-production creative features for each of the films, featurettes on the making of the post-credit scenes for the films, and first looks at Captain America: Civil War, Doctor Strange, and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2.[388][389]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office performance[edit]

text:
Film
U.S. release date
Box office gross
All-time Ranking
Budget
Ref(s)

U.S. and Canada
Other territories
Worldwide
U.S. and Canada
Worldwide

Iron Man
May 2, 2008
$318,412,101
$266,762,121
$585,174,222
61
147
$140 million
[390]

Incredible Hulk !The Incredible Hulk
June 13, 2008
$134,806,913
$128,620,638
$263,427,551
412
516
$150 million
[391]

Iron Man 2
May 7, 2010
$312,433,331
$311,500,000
$623,933,331
66
129
$200 million
[392]

Thor
May 6, 2011
$181,030,624
$268,295,994
$449,326,618
232
225
$150 million
[393]

Captain America: The First Avenger
July 22, 2011
$176,654,505
$193,915,269
$370,569,774
249
302
$140 million
[394]

Marvel's The Avengers
May 4, 2012
$623,357,910
$895,455,078
$1,518,812,988
7
6
$220 million
[395]

Iron Man 3
May 3, 2013
$409,013,994
$805,797,258
$1,214,811,252
24
15
$178.4 million
[396]
[397]

Thor: The Dark World
November 8, 2013
$206,362,140
$438,209,262
$644,571,402
182
120
$152.7 million
[398]
[397]

Captain America: The Winter Soldier
April 4, 2014
$259,766,572
$454,497,695
$714,264,267
104
97
$177 million
[399]
[400]

Guardians of the Galaxy
August 1, 2014
$333,176,600
$440,152,029
$773,328,629
54
82
$195.9 million
[401]
[402]

Avengers: Age of Ultron
May 1, 2015
$459,005,868
$946,397,826
$1,405,403,694
15
8
$365.5 million
[403]
[404]

Ant-Man
July 17, 2015
$180,202,163
$339,109,802
$519,311,965
234
182
$109.3 million
[405]
[404]

Captain America: Civil War
May 6, 2016
$408,084,349
$745,220,146
$1,153,304,495
25
17
$250 million
[406]

Doctor Strange
November 4, 2016
$232,641,920
$445,076,475
$677,718,395
139
109
$165 million
[407]

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2
May 5, 2017
$389,813,101
$473,942,950
$863,756,051
32
61
$200 million
[408]

Spider-Man: Homecoming
July 7, 2017
$334,201,140
$545,965,784
$880,166,924
52
53
$175 million
[409]

Thor: Ragnarok
November 3, 2017
$315,058,289
$538,918,837
$853,977,126
65
63
$180 million
[410]

Black Panther
February 16, 2018
$698,745,233
$646,221,327
$1,344,966,560
3
9
$205 million
[411]

Avengers: Infinity War
April 27, 2018
$627,649,180
$1,286,889,282
$1,914,538,462
6
4
$358 million
[412]

Total
$7009660041593300000♠6,600,415,933
$7010101709477730000♠10,170,947,773
$7010167713637060000♠16,771,363,706
1
1
$3.712 billion
[413]
[414]

text: Critical response[edit]

text:
Film
Rotten Tomatoes
Metacritic

Iron Man
94% (268 reviews)[415]
79 (38 reviews)[416]

Incredible Hulk !The Incredible Hulk
67% (225 reviews)[417]
61 (38 reviews)[418]

Iron Man 2
73% (280 reviews)[419]
57 (40 reviews)[420]

Thor
77% (272 reviews)[421]
57 (40 reviews)[422]

Captain America: The First Avenger
79% (253 reviews)[423]
66 (43 reviews)[424]

Marvel's The Avengers
92% (330 reviews)[425]
69 (43 reviews)[426]

Iron Man 3
80% (300 reviews)[427]
62 (44 reviews)[428]

Thor: The Dark World
66% (256 reviews)[429]
54 (44 reviews)[430]

Captain America: The Winter Soldier
89% (275 reviews)[431]
70 (47 reviews)[432]

Guardians of the Galaxy
91% (299 reviews)[433]
76 (52 reviews)[434]

Avengers: Age of Ultron
75% (328 reviews)[435]
66 (49 reviews)[436]

Ant-Man
82% (288 reviews)[437]
64 (43 reviews)[438]

Captain America: Civil War
91% (363 reviews)[439]
75 (52 reviews)[440]

Doctor Strange
89% (313 reviews)[441]
72 (49 reviews)[442]

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2
83% (341 reviews)[443]
67 (47 reviews)[444]

Spider-Man: Homecoming
92% (317 reviews)[445]
73 (51 reviews)[446]

Thor: Ragnarok
92% (333 reviews)[447]
74 (51 reviews)[448]

Black Panther
97% (375 reviews)[449]
88 (55 reviews)[450]

Avengers: Infinity War
83% (332 reviews)[451]
68 (53 reviews)[452]

Average
84%
68

text: Future[edit]

text:
Film
U.S. release date
Director(s)
Screenwriter(s)
Producer(s)
Status

Phase Three[104][208][209]

Ant-Man and the Wasp
July 6, 2018 (2018-07-06)[209]
Peyton Reed[453]
Chris McKenna & Erik Sommers and
Paul Rudd & Andrew Barrer & Gabriel Ferrari[454]
Kevin Feige
Post-production

Captain Marvel
March 8, 2019 (2019-03-08)[209]
Anna Boden and Ryan Fleck[455]
Meg LeFauve and Nicole Perlman and
Geneva Robertson-Dworet and
Liz Flahive & Carly Mensch and
Anna Boden & Ryan Fleck[456]
Filming

Untitled Avengers film
May 3, 2019 (2019-05-03)[227]
Anthony and Joe Russo[221]
Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely[222]
Post-production

Post-Phase Three

Untitled Spider-Man: Homecoming sequel
July 5, 2019 (2019-07-05)[457]
Jon Watts[458]
Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers[459]
Kevin Feige and Amy Pascal
Pre-production[460]

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3
2020 (2020)[461]
James Gunn[462]
Kevin Feige
In development

text: Ant-Man and the Wasp (2018)[edit]

text: Scott Lang tries to balance his home life with his responsibilities as Ant-Man, when Hope van Dyne and Hank Pym present him with a new mission, requiring him to team up with Van Dyne as the Wasp.[454]

text: Ant-Man and the Wasp was announced in October 2015.[209] Peyton Reed confirmed that he would return to direct in November 2015, and that Paul Rudd and Evangeline Lilly would reprise their roles as Scott Lang / Ant-Man and Hope van Dyne / Wasp, respectively.[453] In December 2015, Andrew Barrer, Gabriel Ferrari, and Rudd were confirmed to write the screenplay,[463] with Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers revealed to have also contributed to the script in August 2017.[454] In February 2017, Michael Douglas confirmed he would reprise his role as Hank Pym in the film.[464] Filming began in August 2017 in Atlanta with additional filming in San Francisco,[454] and ended in November 2017.[465] Ant-Man and the Wasp is scheduled to be released on July 6, 2018.[209]

text: The film is set between the events of Captain America: Civil War and Avengers: Infinity War.[466]

text: Captain Marvel (2019)[edit]

text: Carol Danvers becomes Captain Marvel, one of the galaxy's strongest heroes, after the Earth is caught in the center of an intergalactic conflict between two alien worlds.[456]

text: In May 2013, The Hollywood Reporter reported that Marvel had a working script for Ms. Marvel.[467] In October 2014, Marvel announced the film would be titled Captain Marvel and feature Carol Danvers.[227] In April 2015, Nicole Perlman and Meg LeFauve were announced as screenwriters.[468] At the 2016 San Diego Comic-Con, Brie Larson was confirmed to play the role of Carol Danvers.[469] In April 2017, Anna Boden and Ryan Fleck were hired to direct.[455] That August, Geneva Robertson-Dworet was revealed to be taking over as the film's screenwriter, replacing Perlman and LeFauve.[470] Liz Flahive, Carly Mensch, Boden and Ryan Fleck are also credited as screenwriters on the film.[456] Location filming occurred in January 2018,[471][472] while principal photography began in March 2018 in Los Angeles,[473] and is scheduled to last until May 2018.[474] The film is scheduled to be released on March 8, 2019.[209]

text: The film is set in the 1990s.[475] Jackson, Djimon Hounsou, Lee Pace, and Clark Gregg reprise their roles as Nick Fury, Korath, Ronan the Accuser, and Phil Coulson, respectively,[346][343] while the Skrull species are introduced to the MCU.[475]

text: Untitled Avengers film (2019)[edit]

text: The film was announced in October 2014 as Avengers: Infinity War – Part 2.[227] In April 2015, it was revealed that Anthony and Joe Russo would direct the film and in May, that Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely would write the screenplay.[221][222] In July 2016, Marvel revealed the title would be changed, being known simply at that time as the Untitled Avengers film.[325] Brolin reprises his role as Thanos,[326][327] and is part of an ensemble cast featuring many actors who have appeared in other MCU films. Filming began in August 2017 in Atlanta,[476] and ended in January 2018.[477] The film is scheduled to be released on May 3, 2019.[227]

text: Untitled Spider-Man: Homecoming sequel (2019)[edit]

text: In December 2016, Sony Pictures scheduled a sequel to Spider-Man: Homecoming for release on July 5, 2019.[457] A year later, Watts was confirmed to be returning to direct the film.[458] Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers, two of the writers of the first film, return to write the script.[459] Filming is scheduled to begin in early July 2018, in London.[478]

text: The film is set after the untitled Avengers film.[479]

text: Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 (2020)[edit]

text: In April 2016, Kevin Feige stated that "Guardians 3 is [one film that's] up there" being considered for release beyond 2019.[480] In March 2017, Gunn stated that a third Guardians film would happen "for sure",[481] and the following month confirmed he would return to write and direct Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3.[462] The film is scheduled to be released in 2020.[461]

text: The film is set after Avengers: Infinity War and its untitled sequel.[462]

text: Other potential projects[edit]

text: Disney has scheduled multiple release dates for untitled Marvel Studios films. These include: May 1, July 31, and November 6, 2020;[209][482][483][484] May 7, July 30, and November 5, 2021; and February 18, May 6, and July 29, 2022.[484] In October 2016, Feige said it was a combination of knowing what films would occupy the 2020 dates and allowing some flexibility, saying, "We know what [films] we'd like them to be for 2020. Over the years, where we're aiming we've been lucky enough that it's usually been the same thing but we always leave ourselves the opportunity to bob and weave and adapt if we have to. But we know where we're headed for 2020 and we have ideas and we're beginning to solidify the years beyond that."[485] Feige and Marvel have additional storylines planned through 2028,[486] resulting in 20 films "on the docket that are completely different from anything that's come before—intentionally."[487]

text: In October 2014, in terms of Phase Four films, Feige said, for the time being, "We're not going to talk specifically about the story of any of those films, the plot of any of those films, what happens to any of the characters in any of those films. In fact, even to talk about any of those characters – who will be involved in those movies – will be a bit of a spoiler as to what may or may not happen to them in earlier movies."[104] In April 2016, Feige added, "We're only working on what's been announced through the end of 2019. And it is still a big chess board for 2020 and beyond."[480] A year later, Feige noted, "We have an idea [of what the MCU looks like post-Infinity War], and it's gonna be very, very different", but cautioned that Marvel would not be "actively discussing anything past untitled Avengers" besides dating the sequel to Spider-Man: Homecoming and that James Gunn would be working on Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3. He also was not sure if Marvel would continue to group the films in phases once Phase Three concluded, that "it might be a new thing".[483] Feige noted Marvel hoped to reveal additional films after the release of the untitled Avengers film.[488] A second sequel to Homecoming is also planned.[489]

text: In February 2014, Feige stated that after exploring Black Widow's past in Age of Ultron, he would like to see it explored further in a solo film.[490] Marvel has done some development work for the potential film, including a "pretty in depth" treatment by Nicole Perlman,[490][491] and by May 2016, Feige stated that Marvel was "creatively and emotionally" committed to creating the solo film.[492] By January 2018, Jac Schaeffer was hired to write the script for the potential film.[493] By the end of April, Marvel had met with directors Deniz Gamze Ergüven, Chloé Zhao, and Amma Asante for the project.[494]

text: By April 2018, Marvel had met with multiple screenwriters, to craft a film based on the Eternals, with a focus on the character Sersi. Feige stated that a film based on the group was "one of many many many things that we are actively beginning to have creative discussions about to see if we believe in them enough to put them on a slate."[495] A month later, Matthew and Ryan Firpo were hired to write the script for the project.[496]

text: In May 2013, The Hollywood Reporter reported that Marvel had a working script for Blade.[467] In July 2015, Wesley Snipes, who played Blade in three films before the character's rights reverted to Marvel, stated that he had discussions with Marvel to reprise the role.[497]

text: Repurposed projects[edit]

text: A film based on the Runaways went through a number of iterations. Brian K. Vaughan was originally hired to write a screenplay based on the property in May 2008.[498] In April 2010, Marvel hired Peter Sollett to direct the film,[499] and Drew Pearce was hired to write a script in May.[500] The following October, development on the film was put on hold,[501] with Pearce revealing in September 2013 that the Runaways film had been shelved in favor of The Avengers, with the earliest it could release being Phase Three.[502] In October 2014, after announcing all of Marvel's Phase Three films without Runaways, Feige stated the project was "still an awesome script that exists in our script vault", adding, "We'd love to do something with Runaways some day. In our television and future film discussions, it's always one that we talk about, because we have a solid draft there. But again, we can't make them all."[104] In August 2016, Marvel Television announced Marvel's Runaways from the streaming service Hulu,[503] with the series receiving a full season order in May 2017.[504] It premiered in November 2017.[505]

text: In April 2013, Feige mentioned the Inhumans as a property out of which he was "confident" a film would be made.[506] Inhumans as a concept would first be introduced to the MCU in 2014 through the second season of the television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.[507] By August 2014, the studio was ready to move forward in development with the film, with a screenplay written by Joe Robert Cole.[508] In October 2014, the film was announced for Phase Three[227] and scheduled for release July 2019.[307] By October 2015, Cole was no longer involved with the film and any potential drafts that he may have written would not be used.[509] In April 2016, Inhumans was removed from the release schedule,[510] and would no longer be a part of Phase Three.[511] In July 2016, Feige said Inhumans would "certainly" be a part of the discussion regarding the film ideas for 2020 and 2021,[512] adding the following November that he was still optimistic the film could be released in Phase Four.[513] In November 2016, Marvel Television announced the series Marvel's Inhumans, which premiered on ABC in September 2017, after the first two episodes were screened in IMAX.[514] The series was not intended to be a reworking of the film.[515] ABC canceled Inhumans after one season in May 2018.[516]


document_title: Makin' Whoopee

question_text: where did the term makin whoopee come from

root

text: Makin' Whoopee

text:
"Makin' Whoopee"

Song

Published
1928

Released
1928 (1928)

Genre
Jazz, blues

Songwriter(s)
Gus Kahn

Composer(s)
Walter Donaldson

tag: table

text: "Makin' Whoopee!" is a jazz/blues song, first popularized by Eddie Cantor in the 1928 musical Whoopee!. Gus Kahn wrote the lyrics and Walter Donaldson composed the music for the song as well as for the entire musical.

tag: p

text: The title is a euphemism for sexual intimacy,[1] and the song has been called a "dire warning", largely to men, about the "trap" of marriage.[2] "Makin' Whoopee" begins with the celebration of a wedding, honeymoon and marital bliss, but moves on to babies and responsibilities, and ultimately on to affairs and possible divorce, ending with a judge's advice.

text: Other versions[edit]

text: This article contains embedded lists that may be poorly defined, unverified or indiscriminate. Please help to clean it up to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Where appropriate, incorporate items into the main body of the article. (July 2016)

text:
George Olsen and His Music. Released by Victor on November 12, 1928 as catalog number 21816-A. Vocal refrain by Fran Frey.
The King Cole Trio recorded the song August 7, 1947 in Los Angeles (2139-3 (Capitol 10101, 1669)).[3][4]
Bing Crosby recorded the song on December 22, 1928 with the Paul Whiteman Orchestra.[5] [6]
Doris Day recorded the song in a duet with Danny Thomas in November 1951. It was released on the 10" soundtrack-LP I'll See You in My Dreams by Columbia Records as catalog number CL-6198 on December 14, 1952. Conductor: Paul Weston.[7] She recorded a new version in November 1958. It was released on the LP Cuttin' Capers by Columbia Records as catalog number CS-8078 (stereo) and CL-1232 (mono) on March 9, 1959. Conductor: Frank De Vol.[8]
Frank Sinatra. Released on the LP Songs For Swingin' Lovers by Capitol Records as catalog number W-653 in 1956.[9]
Louis Armstrong. Released as a bonus track on the CD Louis Armstrong Meets Oscar Peterson
Dinah Washington. Released on the LP The Swingin' Miss "D" by EmArcy Records as catalog number MG 36104 in 1956. Arranger and conductor: Quincy Jones. Producer: Bob Shad.[10]
Louis Armstrong and Ella Fitzgerald. Released on the double LP Ella and Louis Again by Verve as catalog number MGV 4006-2 and reissued in 2006 on a 2 CD-set as Verve 0602517036918.
Ella Fitzgerald. Recorded at the Radio Recorders, Hollywood, on November 24, 1958. It was released on the LP Ella Fitzgerald Sings Sweet Songs for Swingers by Verve Records as catalogue number VS-6072 (stereo) and V-4032 (mono) in 1959. Arranger and conductor was Frank De Vol.
Bill Doggett recorded an instrumental version on his 1959 album Big City Dance Party, King Records KS-641.
Marlene Dietrich performed the song on her 1959 live album Dietrich in Rio.
The McGuire Sisters recorded the song on their 1960 album "His and Hers."
Don Lusher, Orchestra directed by Pete Moore. Released on the LP Makin' Whoopee by CBS Records as catalog number 63021 in 1967.
Gerry Mulligan performed a version with Chet Baker in 1953, and then performed it live with Jon Eardley in 1954.
Harry Nilsson performed the song on his 1973 album A Little Touch of Schmilsson in the Night.
Hawkeye Pierce. It was played on a gramophone at the Swamp and partially sung by Hawkeye Pierce (Alan Alda) at the end of an episode of M*A*S*H titled "Dear Dad... Three".[11]
Dr. John and Rickie Lee Jones performed "Makin' Whoopee" on Dr. John's album In a Sentimental Mood. It was released by Warner Bros. Records as catalog number 9 25889-2 (CD) and 9 25889-1, 1-25889 (LP) in 1989.
Paul Rodriguez performs his rendition for the end credits of the 1986 comedy film The Whoopee Boys.
Michelle Pfeiffer sang "Makin' Whoopee", sprawled over a piano in a red evening dress, in the 1989 film The Fabulous Baker Boys.[12]
Cyndi Lauper covered the song as a duet with Tony Bennett on her 2003 studio album At Last.
Rachael MacFarlane; sister to Family Guy and American Dad! animator & voice actor Seth released it on her debut album Hayley Sings.
Elton John performs on the Best Buy 2004 Christmas CD "Sweet Tracks"
Amanda Palmer released her version on the 2011 album "Amanda Palmer Goes Down Under"
Robert De Niro's character, insult comic Jackie Burke, in "The Comedian", sings and leads singalong in a scatological version, "Makin' Poopie", while entertaining at a seniors' event. [13]

text: In advertising[edit]

text: Pepsi used the melody of "Makin' Whoopee" with new lyrics, sung by Joanie Sommers, for its advertising campaign "Now It's Pepsi -- For Those Who Think Young" starting in 1961.[14]


document_title: Maine Coon

question_text: what is the average lifespan of a maine coon

text: Maine Coon

text: History[edit]

text: Origin[edit]

text: The ancestral origins of the Maine Coon are unknown[6] — there are only speculation and folk tales. One such folk tale involves Marie Antoinette, the Queen of France, who was executed in 1793. The story goes that before her death, Antoinette attempted to escape France with the help of Captain Samuel Clough. She loaded Clough's ship with her most prized possessions, including six of her favorite Turkish Angora cats. Although she did not make it to the United States, her pets safely reached the shores of Wiscasset, Maine, where they bred with other short-haired breeds and developed into the modern breed of the Maine Coon.[7]

text: Another folk tale involves Captain Charles Coon, an English seafarer who kept long-haired cats aboard his ships. Whenever Coon's ship would anchor in New England ports, the felines would exit the ship and mate with the local feral cat population. When long-haired kittens began appearing in the litters of the local cat population, they were referred to as one of "Coon's cats".[8]

text: A myth which is trait-based, though genetically impossible,[9] is the idea that the modern Maine Coon descended from ancestors of semi-feral domestic cats and raccoons. This myth is likely based on the common color of the breed (brown tabby) and its bushy tail.[10] Another idea is that the Maine Coon originated from the matings of domestic cats and wild bobcats, which could explain the tufts of hair that are so commonly seen on the tips of the ears.[8]

text: The generally accepted hypothesis among breeders is that the Maine Coon is descended from the pairings of local short-haired domestic cats and long-haired breeds brought overseas by English seafarers (possibly by Captain Charles Coon) or 11th-century Norsemen.[10][11] The connection to the Norsemen is seen in the strong resemblance of the Maine Coon to the Norwegian Forest Cat, another breed that is said to be a descendant of cats that traveled with the Norsemen.[12][13]

text: Cat shows and popularity[edit]

text: The first mention of Maine Coons in a literary work was in 1861, in Frances Simpson's The Book of the Cat (1903). F.R. Pierce, who owned several Maine Coons, wrote a chapter about the breed.[14] During the late 1860s, farmers located in Maine told stories about their cats and held the "Maine State Champion Coon Cat" contest at the local Skowhegan Fair.[8]

text: In 1895, a dozen Maine Coons were entered into a show in Boston. On 8 May 1895, the first North American cat show was hosted at Madison Square Garden in New York City. A female Maine Coon brown tabby, named Cosey, was entered into the show. Owned by Mrs. Fred Brown, Cosey won the silver collar and medal and was named Best in Show.[15] The silver collar was purchased by the Cat Fanciers' Association (CFA) Foundation with the help of a donation from the National Capital Cat Show. The collar is housed at the CFA Central Office in the Jean Baker Rose Memorial Library.[8]

text: In the early 20th century, the Maine Coon's popularity began to decline with the introduction of other long-haired breeds, such as the Persian, which originated in the Middle East. The last recorded win by a Maine Coon in a national cat show for over 40 years was in 1911 at a show in Portland, Oregon. The breed was rarely seen after that. The decline was so severe that the breed was declared extinct in the 1950s, although this declaration was considered to be exaggerated and reported prematurely at the time. The Central Maine Cat Club (CMCC) was created in the early 1950s by Ethylin Whittemore, Alta Smith and Ruby Dyer in attempts to increase the popularity of the Maine Coon. For 11 years, the CMCC held cat shows and hosted exhibitions of photographs of the breed and is noted for creating the first written breed standards for the Maine Coon.[8]

text: The Maine Coon was denied provisional breed status—one of the three steps required for a breed not yet recognized by the CFA to be able to compete in championship competitions[16]—by the CFA three times, which led to the formation of the Maine Coon Cat Club in 1973. The breed was finally accepted by the CFA under provisional status on 1 May 1975, and was approved for championship status on 1 May 1976. The next couple of decades saw a rise in popularity of the Maine Coon, with championship victories and an increase in national rankings. In 1985, the state of Maine announced that the breed would be named the official State Cat.[17] Today the Maine Coon is the third most popular cat breed, according to the number of kittens registered with the CFA.[18]

text: Breed description[edit]

text: The Maine Coon is the largest breed of domestic cat. On average, males weigh from 13 to 18 lb (5.9 to 8.2 kg) with females weighing from 8 to 12 lb (3.6 to 5.4 kg).[19] The height of adults can vary between 10 and 16 in (25 and 41 cm) and they can reach a length of up to 48 in (120 cm), including the tail, which can reach a length of 14 in (36 cm)[20] and is long, tapering, and heavily furred, almost resembling a raccoon's tail. The body is solid and muscular, which is necessary for supporting their own weight, and the chest is broad. Maine Coons possess a rectangular body shape and are slow to physically mature; their full potential size is normally not reached until they are three to five years old, while other cats take about one year.[21]

text: In 2010, the Guinness World Records accepted a male purebred Maine Coon named "Stewie" as the "Longest Cat" measuring 48.5 in (123 cm) from the tip of his nose to the tip of his tail. Stewie died 4 February 2013, from cancer at his home in Reno, Nevada, at age 8.[22][23] As of 2015 the living record-holder for "Longest Cat" is "Ludo", measuring 3 ft 10.59 in (118.33 cm). He lives in Wakefield, UK.[24] Large Maine Coons can overlap in length with Eurasian lynxes, although with a much lighter build and lower height.[25]

text: The Maine Coon is a long or medium haired cat. The coat is soft and silky, although texture may vary with coat color. The length is shorter on the head and shoulders, and longer on the stomach and flanks with some cats having a lion-like ruff around their neck. Minimal grooming is required for the breed, compared to other long-haired breeds, as their coat is mostly self-maintaining owing to a light-density undercoat. The coat is subject to seasonal variation,[26] with the fur being thicker in the winter and thinner during the summer.

text: Maine Coons can have any colors that other cats have. Colors indicating crossbreeding, such as chocolate, lavender, the Siamese pointed patterns or the "ticked" patterns, are not accepted by some breed standards (the 'ticked' pattern, for example, is accepted by TICA).[8] The most common pattern seen in the breed is brown tabby.[27] All eye colors are accepted under breed standards, with the exception of the occurrence of blue-colored or odd-eyes (i.e. two eyes of different colors) in cats possessing coat colors other than white.[26]

text: Maine Coons have several physical adaptations for survival in harsh winter climates. Their dense water-resistant fur is longer and shaggier on their underside and rear for extra protection when they are walking or sitting on top of wet surfaces of snow or ice.[28] Their long and bushy raccoon-like tail is resistant to sinking in snow, and can be curled around their face and shoulders for warmth and protection from wind and blowing snow and it can even be curled around their backside like an insulated seat cushion when sitting down on a snow or ice surface.[29] Large paws, and especially the extra-large paws of polydactyl Maine Coons,[30] facilitate walking on snow and are often compared to snowshoes.[28] Long tufts of fur growing between their toes help keep the toes warm and further aid walking on snow by giving the paws additional structure without significant extra weight.[29] Heavily furred ears with extra long tufts of fur growing from inside help keep their ears warm.[28]

text: Many of the original Maine Coon cats that inhabited the New England area possessed a trait known as polydactylism (having one or more extra toes on the feet).[28] While some sources claim that trait is thought to have occurred in approximately 40% of the Maine Coon population in Maine at one time, little evidence has been given to substantiate this claim.[31] Polydactylism is rarely, if ever, seen in Maine Coons in the show ring since it is unacceptable by competition standards.[32] The gene for polydactylism is a simple autosomal dominant gene,[33] which has shown to pose no threat to the cat's health.[34] The trait was almost eradicated from the breed due to the fact that it was an automatic disqualifier in show rings.[35] Private organizations and breeders were created in order to keep polydactylism in Maine Coons from disappearing.

text: Maine Coons are known as the "gentle giants"[5] and possess above-average intelligence, making them relatively easy to train.[4] They are known for being loyal to their family and cautious—but not mean—around strangers, but are independent and not clingy. The Maine Coon is generally not known for being a "lap cat" but their gentle disposition makes the breed relaxed around dogs, other cats, and children. They are playful throughout their lives, with males tending to be more clownish and females generally possessing more dignity, yet both are equally affectionate.[28] Many Maine Coons have a fascination with water and some theorize that this personality trait comes from their ancestors, who were aboard ships for much of their lives.[6] Maine Coons are also well known for being very vocal cats. They are known for their frequent yowling or howling, trilling, chirping, and making other loud vocalizations.[36]

text:
A sitting Maine Coon

Female Maine Coon brown tabby, age 6.

A Maine Coon kitten at three days old

Cream shaded Maine Coon

Maine Coon silver tabby

Maine Coon kitten at 75 days old

Black Silver Tabby 7 months old male Maine Coon

text: Diet[edit]

text: Maine Coons require ample protein and nutrients in their diets. Since they are a large cat breed with high levels of energy, it is best to feed them quality food. Food that lists meat as the first ingredient is best for the Maine Coon.[37]

text: Health[edit]

text: Pet insurance data obtained from a study during years 2003–2006 in Sweden puts the median lifespan of the Maine Coon at >12.5 years. 74% lived to 10 years or more and 54% lived to 12.5 years or more.[38] Maine Coons are generally a healthy and hardy breed and have adapted to survive the New England climate. The most severe threat is feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), the most common heart disease seen in cats, whether pure bred or not. In Maine Coons, it is thought to be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Middle-aged to older cats as well as males are thought to be predisposed to the disease.[39] HCM is a progressive disease and can result in heart failure, paralysis of the hind legs due to clot embolization originating in the heart, and sudden death.[40] A specific mutation that causes HCM is seen in Maine Coons for which testing services are offered.[41] Of all the Maine Coons tested for the MyBPC mutation at the Veterinary Cardiac Genetics Lab at the College of Veterinary Medicine located at Washington State University, approximately one-third tested positive.[42]  Not all cats that tested positive will have clinical signs of the disease and some Maine Coon cats with clinical evidence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy test negative for this mutation, strongly suggesting that a second mutation exists in the breed. The HCM prevalence was found to be 10.1% (95% CI 5.8 -14.3% ) in this study.[43]

text: Another potential health problem is spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), another genetically inherited disease which causes the loss of the spinal-cord neurons which activate the skeletal muscles of the trunk and limbs. Symptoms are normally seen within 3–4 months of age and result in muscle atrophy, muscle weakness, and a shortened life span. A test is offered to detect the genes responsible for SMA.[44]

text: Hip dysplasia is an abnormality of the hip joint which can cause crippling lameness and arthritis. The cats most commonly affected with hip dysplasia tend to be males of the larger, big-boned breeds such as Persians and Maine Coons. The relatively smaller size and weight of cats frequently results in symptoms that are less pronounced.[45] X-rays submitted to the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) between 1974 and 2011 indicates that 24.3% of Maine Coons in the database were dysplastic. The Maine Coon is the only cat breed listed in the database.[46]

text: Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a slowly progressive disease affecting Persian and Persian-related breeds, in which fluid-filled cysts expand within the kidneys, destroying functional tissue. While renal cysts are observed with a low incidence in Maine Coons, PKD appears to be a misnomer in this particular breed. In a recent study[47] spanning 8 years, renal cysts were documented by ultrasound in 7 of 187 healthy Maine Coons enrolled in a pre-breeding screening programme. The cysts were mostly single and unilateral (6/7, 85.7%) small (mean 3.6 mm in diameter) and located at corticomedullary junction (4/6, 66.7%), thus different in size, numbers and location from those observed in Persian-related breeds. In the same study, not only did all six Maine Coon cats with renal cysts test negative for the PKD1 mutation, proving the disease in these cats to be unrelated to the PKD observed in Persians and related breeds, but gene sequencing of these cats failed to demonstrate any common genetic sequences. The presence of renal cysts, in the absence of other changes, does not appear to negatively impact the patients' quality of life, as those for which follow-up was available were reported alive and well in adulthood. Although the exact nature and clinical relevance of renal cysts in Maine Coons is currently unknown, its screening is still recommended for pre-breeding assessment. Ultrasonography is currently the only valid diagnostic method for its detection in this breed.


document_title: Kourtney Kardashian

question_text: who is the first born of the kardashians

text: Kourtney Kardashian

text: Early life

text: Kourtney Mary Kardashian was born in Los Angeles, California on April 18, 1979 to Robert and Kris.[5] She has two younger sisters, Kim and Khloé, and a younger brother, Robert (Rob).[6] In 1991, her parents got divorced and her mother married Bruce Jenner, a 1976 Summer Olympics decathlon winner (Jenner later changed her name to Caitlyn[a]) in 1991.[8] Through their marriage, Kardashian gained stepbrothers Burton "Burt", Brandon, and Brody; stepsister Casey; and half-sisters Kendall and Kylie.[9]

text: She attended Marymount High School, a Roman Catholic all-girls school in Los Angeles. Following graduation, she moved to Dallas, Texas, to attend Southern Methodist University for two years. Kourtney then lived in Tucson, Arizona, where she graduated from the University of Arizona with a bachelor's degree in Theatre Arts and a minor in Spanish. Her classmates included Nicole Richie and Luke Walton.[10] In 1994, her father garnered public attention as an additional defense lawyer for football player O.J. Simpson during his murder trial.

text: Career

text: Kourtney first became known to reality-television audiences on the 2005 series, Filthy Rich: Cattle Drive, on which she earned money for charity. In February 2007, a sex tape made by her sister Kim and former boyfriend Ray J in 2003 was leaked, which largely contributed to her rise to prominence.[11][12] Later that year, Kourtney, in addition to her mother Kris; her stepfather Bruce (now known as Caitlyn);[13] her siblings Kim, Khloé, and Rob; and half-sisters Kendall and Kylie were commissioned to star in the reality television series Keeping Up with the Kardashians.[14] The series proved successful for E!, the network on which it is broadcast, and lead to several spin-offs, including Kourtney and Khloé Take Miami, Khloé & Lamar, and Kourtney and Kim Take New York .[15]

text: Kourtney and her mother opened children's clothing boutiques called Smooch in the Los Angeles area and New York City; the boutiques carry the brand Crib Rock Couture. With sisters Kim and Khloe, Kardashian co-owns and operates D-A-S-H, a clothing boutique in Los Angeles, Miami, New York City, and a pop-up store in the Hamptons.[10]

text: In the spring of 2010, Kourtney and her sisters released a clothing line for Bebe.[16][17][18] In August 2010, Kourtney announced that she and her sisters were working on another clothing line called K-Dash, sold on QVC.[19] Kardashian and her sisters created a sunless tanner called Kardashian Glamour Tan in 2010.[20] Kardashian wrote the book Kardashian Konfidential with her sisters Khloe and Kim; it was released in November 2010.[21]

text: Kourtney made her acting debut with a guest appearance on the ABC soap One Life to Live on March 28, 2011, appearing as attorney Kassandra Kavanaugh.[22] Kardashian, who had grown up watching the soap opera and described her appearance as the realization of a "lifelong dream," had reservations about her acting debut, stating: "I'd thought I'd only have two lines. But my script is so long... I'm not an actress."[23][24] Her performance was met with negative reviews from critics.[25] In September 2012, she and younger sister Kim created another spinoff reality television series, Kourtney and Kim Take Miami, which began airing in January 2013. It features their mother Kris Jenner and sister Khloé Kardashian.[26]

text: Kourtney, Khloé, and Kim are spokeswomen for the diet supplement Quick Trim, for weight loss.[27][28] In March 2012 the three sisters were named in a $5 million class-action lawsuit against QuickTrim.[29] The complaint, filed in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, accused the Kardashians, along with QuickTrim's manufacturer Windmill Health Products; the retailer GNC; and others in the sales and marketing chain, of false and deceptive marketing. The plaintiffs, from several states, brought claims under their respective states' consumer protection laws.[30]

text: Kardashian also represents the skincare line PerfectSkin with her sisters, which was developed by Dr. Ron DiSalvo for Perfect Science Labs.[31] The three sisters also released a 20-piece collection of jewelry line for the company Virgins, Saints, and Angels, in March 2010. The jewelry is reflective of the their partial Armenian background.[32]

text: Personal life

text: Kourtney began dating Scott Disick in 2006, when they met at friend Joe Francis' house party in Mexico.[33] The couple have had an on-again, off-again relationship, all throughout the filming of the show. Kourtney gave birth to their first son, Mason Dash Disick, on December 14, 2009. Mason's birth, by Beverly Hills doctor Paul Crane, was filmed and aired during the 4th season of Keeping Up with the Kardashians.[34][35]

text: In early 2010, the couple temporarily moved to Miami with their son and Kourtney's sister Kim. During this time, Kourtney believed Disick had an alcohol problem. After regularly attending therapy and temporarily giving up alcohol, Disick and Kourtney reconciled and they continued their relationship in mid-2010.[36]

text: In 2011, during the final episode in the first season of Kourtney and Kim Take New York, Disick purchased an engagement ring and planned to propose to Kourtney during an evening meal in New York City. However, when Disick asked Kourtney's opinion on marriage, she responded with "if things are so good now... why would we want to change that?", so he did not propose.[37] On July 8, 2012, Kourtney gave birth to their second child, daughter Penelope Scotland Disick.[38] She was named after Scotland because of Kourtney's Scottish ancestry.[39]

text: In June 2014, it was announced that the couple were expecting their third child together.[40] Kourtney gave birth to their third child, a son, Reign Aston Disick, on December 14, 2014, which was also Mason's fifth birthday.[41]

text: On July 6, 2015, E! News reported the couple's breakup.[42]

text: Filmography

text: As television actress

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

2011
One Life to Live
Kassandra Kavanaugh
TV series (1 episode)

text: As herself on reality TV

text:
Year
Title
Notes

2005
Filthy Rich: Cattle Drive
TV series

2007–present
Keeping Up with the Kardashians
TV series

2009–2010
Kourtney and Khloe Take Miami
TV series

2011–2012
Kourtney and Kim Take New York
TV series

2011–2012
Khloé & Lamar
Guest star, 4 episodes

2013
Kourtney and Kim Take Miami
TV series

2014–2015
Kourtney and Khloé Take The Hamptons
TV series

2015
I Am Cait
2 episodes

2015
Dash Dolls
Executive producer & recurring role

text: Books

text: Kardashian, Kim; Kardashian, Kourtney; Kardashian, Khloé (2010). Kardashian Konfidential. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-62807-2.

text: Notes

text: Jump up ^ Jenner changed her name due to gender transition in 2015.[7]


document_title: Gal Gadot

question_text: what part did gal gadot play in fast and furious

text: Gal Gadot

text: Early life[edit]

text: Gal Gadot was born in Petah Tikva, Israel, and raised in its neighbouring city of Rosh HaAyin.[1][8] In Hebrew, her first name means "wave" and her surname means "riverbanks".[9] Her parents are Irit (née Weiss), a teacher, and Michael Gadot, an engineer. Both her parents were born in Israel, and they had Hebraized their surname from "Greenstein".[10][11] Her father is a sixth-generation Israeli.[12] Her maternal grandparents were born in Europe; her grandfather, who was imprisoned in the Auschwitz concentration camp, survived the Holocaust, and her grandmother left before the Nazi invasion.[12][13][14] Gadot has stated that she was brought up in a "very Jewish, Israeli family environment". Her ancestry is Polish-Jewish, Austrian-Jewish, German-Jewish, and Czech-Jewish.[15] She has one younger sister named Dana.

text: Her high school major was biology. She says that in high school she was successful at basketball because of her height.[2] As a teenager, her first jobs were babysitting and at Burger King.[16] As an adult, Gadot started studying law and political science twice at the IDC Herzliya college.[2][17]

text: Military service[edit]

text: Between the ages of 18-20, Gadot served for two years as an enlisted soldier in the Israel Defense Forces, serving as a combat trainer.[18] She said of her time in the army: "You give two or three years, and it's not about you. You learn discipline and respect."[19] Gadot says that her background helped her to win the role of Gisele in Fast & Furious: "I think the main reason was that the director Justin Lin really liked that I was in the military, and he wanted to use my knowledge of weapons."[20]

text: Career[edit]

text: Modeling and pageant career[edit]

text: At the age of 18 Gadot won the 2004 Miss Israel beauty pageant,[21] and next competed in the Miss Universe 2004 pageant in Ecuador. She carried out her two-year military service from the age of 20, then studied law.[22]

text: Gadot has led international campaigns as a model for Miss Sixty, Huawei smartphones, Captain Morgan rum, Gucci fragrances and Vine Vera skincare ranges, and Jaguar Cars. In 2015, she became the face of Gucci's Bamboo perfume brand.[23] She has featured as the covergirl on Cosmopolitan, Glamour, Bride Magazine, Entertainment Weekly, UMM, Cleo, Fashion, Lucire, FHM. Gadot has been the main model for fashion brand Castro in 2008–16.[24] In 2013, her combined annual modelling and acting salary was estimated at NIS 2.4 million, which was ahead of a number of other famous Israeli models such as Esti Ginzburg and Shlomit Malka, though significantly behind Bar Refaeli.[25]

text: In 2007, 21-year-old Gadot was in the Maxim photo shoot, "Women of the Israeli Army", and was then featured on the cover of the New York Post. In April 2012, Shalom Life ranked her Number 5 on its list of "the 50 most talented, intelligent, funny, and gorgeous Jewish women in the world", behind model Bar Refaeli and actress Eva Green.[26] In 2014, Gadot was one of two Israeli actresses, along with Odeya Rush, listed as an upcoming leading lady by InStyle magazine.[27]

text: Acting[edit]

text: After Gadot had completed her first year of university a casting director contacted her agent to have Gadot audition for the part of Bond girl Camille Montes in the spy film Quantum of Solace.[22] Although the part eluded her, a few months later, Gadot starred in the 2008 Israeli drama Bubot. Three months later, the casting director from her Quantum of Solace audition cast Gadot for the role of Gisele Yashar in the action film Fast & Furious, the fourth film in The Fast & the Furious franchise, having earned the role over six other actresses.[28][29] Gadot performed her own stuntwork in those films.[30]

text: In 2010, she had small roles in the action-comedy Date Night and the action-adventure comedy Knight and Day.[31] 2011 brought her back to The Fast & the Furious franchise, reprising her role as Gisele in Fast Five. In 2013, Gadot played Gisele again in Fast & Furious 6. She performed her own stunts in all three movies.[32]

text: Gadot played Wonder Woman in the superhero movie Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016). Gadot received swordsmanship, Kung Fu kickboxing, capoeira and Brazilian jiu-jitsu training in preparation for the role.[33] Gadot's performance as the superhero, which is the first time for the character on film, was hailed as one of the best parts of the film.[34]

text: Also in 2016, she had a small role in John Hillcoat's crime-thriller Triple 9, where she starred along with Kate Winslet and Aaron Paul.[35] Later that year, she co-starred in the action crime thriller film Criminal, as the wife of Ryan Reynolds' character,[36] alongside Kevin Costner, Gary Oldman, and Tommy Lee Jones.[37] Her final film of 2016 was the action comedy Keeping Up with the Joneses, in which she played a secret agent, alongside Isla Fisher and Jon Hamm.[38]

text: In 2017, Gadot starred in a solo film for her character, Wonder Woman. She will reprise the role in the ensemble Justice League film scheduled for release on November 17, 2017, which would be her third DC Extended Universe installment.[39][40][41] In 2017 Gadot was also invited to become a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.[42]

text: Other work[edit]

text: Gadot, fellow Wonder Woman actress Lynda Carter, DC Entertainment President Diane Nelson, Wonder Woman director Patty Jenkins and U.N. Under-Secretary General Cristina Gallach appeared at the United Nations on October 21, 2016, the 75th anniversary of the first appearance of Wonder Woman, to mark the character's designation by the United Nations as its "Honorary Ambassador for the Empowerment of Women and Girls".[43][44] The gesture was intended to raise awareness of UN Sustainable Development Goal No. 5, which seeks to achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls by 2030.[43][44][45] The decision was met with protests from UN staff members who stated in their petition to UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon that the character is "not culturally encompassing or sensitive", and served to objectify women. As a result, the character was stripped of the designation, and the project ended December 16.[45]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Gadot married Israeli real estate developer Yaron Versano on September 28, 2008.[46] They have two daughters, Alma and Maya.[47][48][49][50] Until 2015, the couple owned a luxury hotel in Tel Aviv, which Gadot says she helped to run, including changing the bedsheets in the rooms herself.[51] They sold their hotel to Roman Abramovich in 2015 for $26 million.[52]

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Director(s)
Notes

2009
Fast & Furious
Gisele Yashar
Justin Lin

2010
Date Night
Natanya
Shawn Levy

Knight and Day
Naomi
James Mangold

2011
Fast Five
Gisele Yashar
Justin Lin

2013
Fast & Furious 6
Gisele Yashar

2014
Kicking Out Shoshana
Mirit Ben Harush
Shay Kanot
Israeli film

2015
Furious 7
Gisele Yashar
James Wan
Credited and appears in a deleted scene[53]

2016
Triple 9
Elena Vlaslov
John Hillcoat

Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice
Diana Prince / Wonder Woman
Zack Snyder

Criminal
Jill Pope
Ariel Vromen

Keeping Up with the Joneses
Natalie Jones
Greg Mottola

2017
Wonder Woman
Diana Prince / Wonder Woman
Patty Jenkins

Justice League
Zack Snyder
Post-production

text: Television[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

2007
Bubot
Miriam "Merry" Elkayam
Israeli series

2009
Entourage
Lisa
Episode: "Amongst Friends"

2009
The Beautiful Life
Olivia
3 episodes

2011
Asfur
Kika
Israeli series

2012
Kathmandu
Yamit Bareli
Israeli series

2012
Eretz Nehederet
Herself
Israeli series

2017
Saturday Night Live
Herself (host)
Episode: "Gal Gadot/Sam Smith"

text: Pageants[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Status
Notes

2004
Miss Israel 2004
Herself
Winner

2004
Miss Universe 2004
Miss Israel
Participant

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominated work
Result
Ref.

2016
Teen Choice Awards
Choice Movie: Breakout Star
Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice
Nominated
[54]

Choice Movie: Scene Stealer
Nominated
[54]

Chinese American Film Festival
Most Popular US Actress in China
Fast & Furious, Batman v Superman and Wonder Woman
Won
[55]

Critics' Choice Awards
Best Actress in an Action Movie
Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice
Nominated
[56]

Women Film Critics Circle Awards
Best Female Action Hero
Nominated
[57]

2017
Teen Choice Awards
Choice Movie: Action Actress
Wonder Woman
Won
[58]

Choice Movie: Comedy Actress
Keeping Up with the Joneses
Nominated
[58]