document_title: Southeast Asia

question_text: what is the climate in south east asia

question_tokens: what is the climate in south east asia

text: Southeast Asia

text: Definitions[edit]

text: The region, together with part of South Asia, was widely known by the Europeans as the East Indies or simply the Indies until the 20th century. Chinese sources referred the region as 南洋 (Nanyang), literally means the Southern Ocean. The mainland section of Southeast Asia is referred as Indochina by European geographer due to its location between China and Indian subcontinent and cultural influences from both neighboring regions. In the 20th century however, the term became more restricted to former French Indochina territory (Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam). The maritime section of Southeast Asia is also known as Malay Archipelago, a term derived from the European concept of a Malay race.[7] Another term for Maritime Southeast Asia is Insulindia (Indian Islands), used to describe the region between Indochina and Australasia.[8]

text: The term "Southeast Asia" was first used in 1839 by an American pastor Howard Malcolm in his book entitled Travels in South-Eastern Asia. Malcolm only included the Mainland section and excluded the Maritime section in his definition of Southeast Asia.[9] The term then officially used in the midst of World War II by the Allies, through the formation of South East Asia Command in 1943.[10] From cultural and linguistic perspectives, definitions of "Southeast Asia" may vary, but the most common definitions include the area represented by the countries (sovereign states and dependent territories) listed below.

text: Ten of eleven states of Southeast Asia are members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), while East Timor is an observer state. Papua New Guinea has stated that it might join ASEAN, and is currently an observer. Sovereignty issues exist over some territories in the South China Sea.

text: Political divisions[edit]

text: Sovereign states[edit]

text:
State
Area
(km2)[2]
Population
(2016)[1]
Density
(/km2)
GDP (nominal),
USD (2016)[2]
GDP (PPP)
per capita,
Int$ (2016)[2]
HDI (2016)[11]:22–24
Capital

 Brunei Darussalam
5,765
423,196
78
10,458,000,000
$76,884
0.865
Bandar Seri Begawan

 Cambodia
181,035
15,762,370
85
19,368,000,000
$3,737
0.563
Phnom Penh

 East Timor
14,874
1,268,671
75
2,501,000,000
$4,187
0.605
Dili

 Indonesia
1,904,569
261,115,456
132
940,953,000,000
$11,720
0.689
Jakarta

 Laos
236,800
6,758,353
30
13,761,000,000
$5,710
0.586
Vientiane

 Malaysia
329,847
31,187,265
91
302,748,000,000
$27,267
0.789
Kuala Lumpur *

 Myanmar
676,000
52,885,223
98
68,277,000,000
$5,832
0.556
Nay Pyi Daw

 Philippines
300,000
103,320,222
338
311,687,000,000
$7,728
0.682
Manila

 Singapore
724
5,622,455
7,671
296,642,000,000
$90,151
0.925
Singapore (city-state)

 Thailand
513,120
68,863,514
127
390,592,000,000
$16,888
0.740
Bangkok

 Vietnam
331,210
94,569,072
279
200,493,000,000
$6,429
0.683
Hanoi

text: * Administrative centre in Putrajaya.

text: Dependent territories[edit]

text:
Territory
Area (km2)
Population
Density (/km2)
Capital

 Christmas Island
135[13]
1,402[13]
10.4
Flying Fish Cove

 Cocos (Keeling) Islands
14[14]
596[14]
42.6
West Island (Pulau Panjang)

text: Administrative subdivisions[edit]

text:
Territory
Area (km2)
Population
Density (/km2)
Capital

 Andaman and Nicobar Islands
8,251
379,944[15]
46
Port Blair

text: Geographical divisions[edit]

text: Southeast Asia is geographically divided into two subregions, namely Mainland Southeast Asia (or Indochina) and Maritime Southeast Asia (or the similarly defined Malay Archipelago) (Javanese: Nusantara).

text: Mainland Southeast Asia includes:

text:
Cambodia
Laos
Myanmar (Burma)
Peninsular Malaysia
Thailand
Vietnam

text: Maritime Southeast Asia includes:

text:
Indonesia
Philippines
East Malaysia
Brunei
Singapore
East Timor

text: The Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India are geographically considered part of Maritime Southeast Asia. Eastern Bangladesh and Northeast India have strong cultural ties with Southeast Asia and sometimes considered both South Asian and Southeast Asian.[16] The rest of the island of New Guinea which is not part of Indonesia, namely, Papua New Guinea, is sometimes included, and so are Palau, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands, which were all part of the Spanish East Indies with strong cultural and linguistic ties to the region.[17]

text: The eastern half of Indonesia and East Timor (east of the Wallace Line) are considered to be biogeographically part of Oceania (Wallacea) due to its distinctive faunal features. New Guinea and its surrounding islands are geologically considered as a part of Australian continent, connected via the Sahul Shelf.

text: History[edit]

text: Prehistory[edit]

text: The region was already inhabited by Homo erectus from 1,000,000 years ago during the Middle Pleistocene age.[18] Homo sapiens reached the region by around 45,000 years ago,[19] having moved eastwards from the Indian subcontinent.[20] Homo floresiensis also lived in the area up until 12,000 years ago, when they became extinct.[21] Austronesian people, who form the majority of the modern population in Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, East Timor, and the Philippines, may have migrated to Southeast Asia from Taiwan. They arrived in Indonesia around 2000 BC, and as they spread through the archipelago, they often settled along coastal areas and confined indigenous peoples such as Orang Asli of peninsular Malaysia, Negritos of the Philippines or Papuans of New Guinea to inland regions.[22] Archaeologists refer these people as Deutero-Malays, whom are more advanced in farming techniques and metal knowledge than their indigenous counterpart, the Proto-Malays.[23][24]

text: Studies presented by HUGO (Human Genome Organization) through genetic studies of the various peoples of Asia, empirically points out that instead of the other way around, another migration from the south (Indonesia) first entered mainland Southeast Asia and then travelled slowly northwards to the Philippines and China.[25][24]

text: Solheim and others have shown evidence for a Nusantao (Nusantara) maritime trading network ranging from Vietnam to the rest of the archipelago as early as 5000 BC to 1 AD.[26] The Bronze Age Dong Son culture flourished in Northern Vietnam from about 1000 BC to 1 BC. Its influence spread to other parts Southeast Asia.[27][28][29] The region entered the Iron Age era in 500 BC, when iron was forged also in northern Vietnam still under Dong Son, due to its frequent interactions with neighboring China.[18]

text: The peoples of Southeast Asia, especially those of Austronesian descent, have been seafarers for thousands of years, some reaching the island of Madagascar, became the ancestors of modern-day Malagasy people.[30] Passage through the Indian Ocean aided the colonisation of Madagascar, as well as commerce between Western Asia, eastern coast of India and Chinese southern coast.[30] Gold from Sumatra is thought to have reached as far west as Rome. Pliny the Elder wrote in his Natural History about Chryse and Argyre, two legendary islands rich in gold and silver, located in the Indian Ocean. Their vessels, such as the vinta, were capable to sail across ocean. Magellan's voyage records how much more manoeuvrable their vessels were, as compared to the European ships.[31] A slave from the Sulu Sea was believed to have been used in Magellan's voyage as a translator.

text: Most Southeast Asian people were originally animist, engaged in ancestors, nature, and spirits worship. These belief systems were later supplanted by Hinduism and Buddhism after the region, especially coastal areas, came under contacts with Indian subcontinent during the 1st century.[32] Indian brahmins and traders brought Hinduism to the region and made contacts with local courts.[33] Local rulers converted to Hinduism or Buddhism and adopted Indian religious traditions to reinforce their legitimacy, elevate ritual status above their fellow chief counterparts and facilitate trade with South Asian states. They periodically invited Indian brahmins into their realms and began a gradual process of Indianisation in the region. [34][35][36] Shaivism was the dominant religious tradition of many southern Indian Hindu kingdoms during the 1st century. It then spread into Southeast Asia via Bay of Bengal, Indochina, then Malay Archipelago, leading to thousands of Shiva temples on the islands of Indonesia as well as Cambodia and Vietnam, co-evolving with Buddhism in the region.[37][38] Theravada Buddhism entered the region during the 3rd century, via maritime trade routes between the region and Sri Lanka.[39] Buddhism later established a strong presence in Funan region in the 5th century. In present-day mainland Southeast Asia, Theravada is still the dominant branch of Buddhism, practiced by the Thai, Burmese and Cambodian Buddhists. This branch was fused with the Hindu-influenced Khmer culture. Mahayana Buddhism established presence in Maritime Southeast Asia, brought by Chinese monks during their transit in the region en route to Nalanda.[34] It is still the dominant branch of Buddhism practiced by Indonesian and Malaysian Buddhists.

text: The spread of these two Indian religions confined the adherents of Southeast Asian indigenous beliefs into remote inland areas. Maluku Islands and New Guinea were never been Indianised and its native people were predominantly animists until the 15th century when Islam began to spread in those areas.[40] While in Vietnam, Buddhism never managed to develop strong institutional networks due to strong Chinese influence.[41] In present-day Southeast Asia, Vietnam is the only country where its folk religion makes up the plurality.[42][43] Recently, Vietnamese folk religion is undergoing a revival with the support of the government.[44] Elsewhere, there are ethnic groups in Southeast Asia that resist conversion and still retain their original animist beliefs, such as the Dayaks in Kalimantan, the Igorots in Luzon, and the Shans in eastern Myanmar.[45]

text: Indianised kingdoms era[edit]

text: After the region came under contacts with Indian subcontinent circa 400 BCE, it began a gradual process of Indianisation where Indian ideas such as religions, cultures, architectures and political administrations were brought by traders and religious figures and adopted by local rulers. In turn, Indian brahmins and monks were invited by local rulers to live in their realms and help transforming local polities to become more Indianised, blending Indian and indigenous traditions. [46][47][48] Sanskrit and Pali became the elite language of the region, effectively made Southeast Asia as part of the Indosphere.[49] Most of the region had been Indianised during the first centuries, while the Philippines later Indianised circa 9th century when Kingdom of Tondo was established in Luzon.[50] Vietnam, especially its northern part, was never fully Indianised due to the many periods of Chinese domination it experienced.[51]

text: The first Indian-influenced polities established in the region were the Pyu city-states that already existed circa 2th century BCE, located in inland Myanmar. It served as an overland trading hub between India and China.[52] Theravada Buddhism was the predominant religion of these city states, while the presence of other Indian religions such as Mahayana Buddhism and Hinduism were also widespread.[53][54] In the 1st century, the Funan states centered in Mekong Delta were established, encompassed modern-day Cambodia, southern Vietnam, Laos, and eastern Thailand. It became the dominant trading power in mainland Southeast Asia for about five centuries, provided passage for Indian and Chinese goods and assumed authority over the flow of commerce through Southeast Asia.[55] In maritime Southeast Asia, the first recorded Indianised kingdom was Salakanagara, established in western Java circa 2th century CE. This Hindu kingdom was known by the Greeks as Argyre (Land of Silver).[56]

text: By the 5th century CE, trade networking between East and West was concentrated in the maritime route. Foreign traders were starting to use new routes such as Malacca and Sunda Strait due to the development of maritime Southeast Asia. This change resulted in the decline of Funan, while new maritime powers such as Srivijaya, Tarumanagara, and Medang emerged.

text: Hinduism was one of the Khmer Empire's official religions. Cambodia is the home to one of the only two temples dedicated to Brahma in the world.[citation needed] Angkor Wat is also a famous Hindu temple of Cambodia.

text: Cambodia was first influenced by Hinduism during the beginning of the Funan kingdom. Hinduism was one of the Khmer Empire's official religions. The empire's capital Angkor hosts majestic monuments—such as Angkor Wat and Bayon. Satellite imaging has revealed that Angkor, during its peak in the 11th to 13th centuries, was the largest pre-industrial urban centre in the world.[57] The Champa civilisation was located in what is today central Vietnam, and was a highly Indianised Hindu Kingdom. The Vietnamese launched a massive conquest against the Cham people during the 1471 Vietnamese invasion of Champa, ransacking and burning Champa, slaughtering thousands of Cham people, and forcibly assimilating them into Vietnamese culture.[58]

text: The Majapahit Empire was an Indianised kingdom based in eastern Java from 1293 to around 1500. Its greatest ruler was Hayam Wuruk, whose reign from 1350 to 1389 marked the empire's peak when it dominated other kingdoms in the southern Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, and Bali. Various sources such as the Nagarakertagama also mention that its influence spanned over parts of Sulawesi, Maluku, and some areas of western New Guinea some parts of southern Philippines, making it one of the largest empire to ever exist in Southeast Asian history.[59](p107)

text: The Cholas excelled in maritime activity in both military and the mercantile fields. Their raids of Kedah and the Srivijaya, and their continued commercial contacts with the Chinese Empire, enabled them to influence the local cultures. Many of the surviving examples of the Hindu cultural influence found today throughout Southeast Asia are the result of the Chola expeditions.[60]

text: Spread of Islam[edit]

text: In the 11th century, a turbulent period occurred in the history of Maritime Southeast Asia. The Indian Chola navy crossed the ocean and attacked the Srivijaya kingdom of Sangrama Vijayatungavarman in Kadaram (Kedah); the capital of the powerful maritime kingdom was sacked and the king was taken captive. Along with Kadaram, Pannai in present-day Sumatra and Malaiyur and the Malayan peninsula were attacked too. Soon after that, the king of Kedah Phra Ong Mahawangsa became the first ruler to abandon the traditional Hindu faith, and converted to Islam with the Sultanate of Kedah established in 1136. Samudera Pasai converted to Islam in 1267, the King of Malacca Parameswara married the princess of Pasai, and the son became the first sultan of Malacca. Soon, Malacca became the center of Islamic study and maritime trade, and other rulers followed suit. Indonesian religious leader and Islamic scholar Hamka (1908–1981) wrote in 1961: "The development of Islam in Indonesia and Malaya is intimately related to a Chinese Muslim, Admiral Zheng He."[61]

text: There are several theories to the Islamisation process in Southeast Asia. Another theory is trade. The expansion of trade among West Asia, India and Southeast Asia helped the spread of the religion as Muslim traders from Southern Yemen (Hadramout) brought Islam to the region with their large volume of trade. Many settled in Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia. This is evident in the Arab-Indonesian, Arab-Singaporean, and Arab-Malay populations who were at one time very prominent in each of their countries. The second theory is the role of missionaries or Sufis.[citation needed] The Sufi missionaries played a significant role in spreading the faith by introducing Islamic ideas to the region. Finally, the ruling classes embraced Islam and that further aided the permeation of the religion throughout the region. The ruler of the region's most important port, Malacca Sultanate, embraced Islam in the 15th century, heralding a period of accelerated conversion of Islam throughout the region as Islam provided a positive force among the ruling and trading classes.

text: Trade and foreign colonisation[edit]

text: Trade among Southeast Asian countries has a long tradition. The consequences of colonial rule, struggle for independence and in some cases war influenced the economic attitudes and policies of each country until today.[62]

text: China[edit]

text: From 111 BC to 938 AD northern Vietnam was under Chinese rule. Vietnam was successfully governed by a series of Chinese dynasties including the Han, Eastern Han, Eastern Wu, Cao Wei, Jin, Liu Song, Southern Qi, Liang, Sui, Tang, and Southern Han.

text: Records from Magellan's voyage show that Brunei possessed more cannon than the European ships, so the Chinese must have been trading with them.[31]

text: Malaysian legend has it that a Chinese Ming emperor sent a princess, Hang Li Po, to Malacca, with a retinue of 500, to marry Sultan Mansur Shah after the emperor was impressed by the wisdom of the sultan. Han Li Po's well (constructed 1459) is now a tourist attraction there, as is Bukit Cina, where her retinue settled.

text: The strategic value of the Strait of Malacca, which was controlled by Sultanate of Malacca in the 15th and early 16th century, did not go unnoticed by Portuguese writer Duarte Barbosa, who in 1500 wrote "He who is lord of Malacca has his hand on the throat of Venice".

text: Europe[edit]

text: Western influence started to enter in the 16th century, with the arrival of the Portuguese in Malacca, Maluku and the Philippines, the latter being settled by the Spanish years later. Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries the Dutch established the Dutch East Indies; the French Indochina; and the British Strait Settlements. By the 19th century, all Southeast Asian countries were colonised except for Thailand.

text: European explorers were reaching Southeast Asia from the west and from the east. Regular trade between the ships sailing east from the Indian Ocean and south from mainland Asia provided goods in return for natural products, such as honey and hornbill beaks from the islands of the archipelago. Before the eighteenth and nineteenth century, the Europeans mostly were interested in expanding trade links. For the majority of the populations in each country, there was comparatively little interaction with Europeans and traditional social routines and relationships continued. For most, a life with subsistence level agriculture, fishing and, in less developed civilizations, hunting and gathering was still hard.[63]

text: Europeans brought Christianity allowing Christian missionaries to become widespread. Thailand also allowed Western scientists to enter its country to develop its own education system as well as start sending Royal members and Thai scholars to get higher education from Europe and Russia.

text: Japan[edit]

text: During World War II, Imperial Japan invaded most of the former western colonies. The Shōwa occupation regime committed violent actions against civilians such as the Manila massacre and the implementation of a system of forced labour, such as the one involving 4 to 10 million romusha in Indonesia.[64] A later UN report stated that four million people died in Indonesia as a result of famine and forced labour during the Japanese occupation.[65] The Allied powers who defeated Japan in the South-East Asian theatre of World War II then contended with nationalists to whom the occupation authorities had granted independence.

text: Contemporary history[edit]

text: Most countries in the region enjoy national autonomy. Democratic forms of government and the recognition of human rights are taking root. ASEAN provides a framework for the integration of commerce, and regional responses to international concerns.

text: Conflicting claims over the Spratly Islands are made by Brunei, China, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam.

text: Geography[edit]

text: Indonesia is the largest country in Southeast Asia and it also the largest archipelago in the world by size (according to the CIA World Factbook). Geologically, the Indonesian Archipelago is one of the most volcanically active regions in the world. Geological uplifts in the region have also produced some impressive mountains, culminating in Puncak Jaya in Papua, Indonesia at 5,030 metres (16,500 feet), on the island of New Guinea; it is the only place where ice glaciers can be found in Southeast Asia. The highest mountain in Southeast Asia is Hkakabo Razi at 5,967 meters and can be found in northern Burma sharing the same range of its parent peak, Mount Everest.

text: The South China Sea is the major body of water within Southeast Asia. The Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, and Singapore, have integral rivers that flow into the South China Sea.

text: Mayon Volcano, despite being dangerously active, holds the record of the world's most perfect cone which is built from past and continuous eruption.[66]

text: Boundaries[edit]

text: Southeast Asia is bounded to the southeast by the Australian continent, a boundary which runs through Indonesia. But a cultural touch point lies between Papua New Guinea and the Indonesian region of the Papua and West Papua, which shares the island of New Guinea with Papua New Guinea.

text: Climate[edit]

text: The climate in Southeast Asia is mainly tropical–hot and humid all year round with plentiful rainfall. Northern Vietnam and the Myanmar Himalayas are the only regions in Southeast Asia that feature a subtropical climate, which has a cold winter with snow. The majority of Southeast Asia has a wet and dry season caused by seasonal shift in winds or monsoon. The tropical rain belt causes additional rainfall during the monsoon season. The rain forest is the second largest on earth (with the Amazon being the largest). An exception to this type of climate and vegetation is the mountain areas in the northern region, where high altitudes lead to milder temperatures and drier landscape. Other parts fall out of this climate because they are desert like.

text: Environment[edit]

text: The vast majority of Southeast Asia falls within the warm, humid tropics, and its climate generally can be characterised as monsoonal. The animals of Southeast Asia are diverse; on the islands of Borneo and Sumatra, the orangutan, the Asian elephant, the Malayan tapir, the Sumatran rhinoceros and the Bornean clouded leopard can also be found. Six subspecies of the binturong or bearcat exist in the region, though the one endemic to the island of Palawan is now classed as vulnerable.

text: Tigers of three different subspecies are found on the island of Sumatra (the Sumatran tiger), in peninsular Malaysia (the Malayan tiger), and in Indochina (the Indochinese tiger); all of which are endangered species.

text: The Komodo dragon is the largest living species of lizard and inhabits the islands of Komodo, Rinca, Flores, and Gili Motang in Indonesia.

text: The Philippine eagle is the national bird of the Philippines. It is considered by scientists as the largest eagle in the world,[67] and is endemic to the Philippines' forests.

text: The wild Asian water buffalo, and on various islands related dwarf species of Bubalus such as anoa were once widespread in Southeast Asia; nowadays the domestic Asian water buffalo is common across the region, but its remaining relatives are rare and endangered.

text: The mouse deer, a small tusked deer as large as a toy dog or cat, mostly can be found on Sumatra, Borneo (Indonesia) and in Palawan Islands (Philippines). The gaur, a gigantic wild ox larger than even wild water buffalo, is found mainly in Indochina. There is very little scientific information available regarding Southeast Asian amphibians.[68]

text: Birds such as the peafowl and drongo live in this subregion as far east as Indonesia. The babirusa, a four-tusked pig, can be found in Indonesia as well. The hornbill was prized for its beak and used in trade with China. The horn of the rhinoceros, not part of its skull, was prized in China as well.

text: The Indonesian Archipelago is split by the Wallace Line. This line runs along what is now known to be a tectonic plate boundary, and separates Asian (Western) species from Australasian (Eastern) species. The islands between Java/Borneo and Papua form a mixed zone, where both types occur, known as Wallacea. As the pace of development accelerates and populations continue to expand in Southeast Asia, concern has increased regarding the impact of human activity on the region's environment. A significant portion of Southeast Asia, however, has not changed greatly and remains an unaltered home to wildlife. The nations of the region, with only few exceptions, have become aware of the need to maintain forest cover not only to prevent soil erosion but to preserve the diversity of flora and fauna. Indonesia, for example, has created an extensive system of national parks and preserves for this purpose. Even so, such species as the Javan rhinoceros face extinction, with only a handful of the animals remaining in western Java.

text: The shallow waters of the Southeast Asian coral reefs have the highest levels of biodiversity for the world's marine ecosystems, where coral, fish and molluscs abound. According to Conservation International, marine surveys suggest that the marine life diversity in the Raja Ampat (Indonesia) is the highest recorded on Earth. Diversity is considerably greater than any other area sampled in the Coral Triangle composed of Indonesia, Philippines, and Papua New Guinea. The Coral Triangle is the heart of the world's coral reef biodiversity, the Verde Passage is dubbed by Conservation International as the world's "center of the center of marine shorefish biodiversity". The whale shark, the world's largest species of fish and 6 species of sea turtles can also be found in the South China Sea and the Pacific Ocean territories of the Philippines.

text: The trees and other plants of the region are tropical; in some countries where the mountains are tall enough, temperate-climate vegetation can be found. These rainforest areas are currently being logged-over, especially in Borneo.

text: While Southeast Asia is rich in flora and fauna, Southeast Asia is facing severe deforestation which causes habitat loss for various endangered species such as orangutan and the Sumatran tiger. Predictions have been made that more than 40% of the animal and plant species in Southeast Asia could be wiped out in the 21st century.[69] At the same time, haze has been a regular occurrence. The two worst regional hazes were in 1997 and 2006 in which multiple countries were covered with thick haze, mostly caused by "slash and burn" activities in Sumatra and Borneo. In reaction, several countries in Southeast Asia signed the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution to combat haze pollution.

text: The 2013 Southeast Asian Haze saw API levels reach a hazardous level in some countries. Muar experienced the highest API level of 746 on 23 June 2013 at around 7 am.[70]

text: Economy[edit]

text: Even prior to the penetration of European interests, Southeast Asia was a critical part of the world trading system. A wide range of commodities originated in the region, but especially important were spices such as pepper, ginger, cloves, and nutmeg. The spice trade initially was developed by Indian and Arab merchants, but it also brought Europeans to the region. First Spaniards (Manila galleon) and Portuguese, then the Dutch, and finally the British and French became involved in this enterprise in various countries. The penetration of European commercial interests gradually evolved into annexation of territories, as traders lobbied for an extension of control to protect and expand their activities. As a result, the Dutch moved into Indonesia, the British into Malaya and parts of Borneo, the French into Indochina, and the Spanish and the US into the Philippines. An economic effect of this imperialism was the shift in the production of commodities. For example, the rubber plantations of Malaysia, Java, Vietnam and Cambodia, the tin mining of Malaya, the rice fields of the Mekong Delta in Vietnam and Irrawaddy River delta in Burma, were a response to powerful market demands.[71]

text: The overseas Chinese community has played a large role in the development of the economies in the region. These business communities are connected through the bamboo network, a network of overseas Chinese businesses operating in the markets of Southeast Asia that share common family and cultural ties.[72] The origins of Chinese influence can be traced to the 16th century, when Chinese migrants from southern China settled in Indonesia, Thailand, and other Southeast Asian countries.[73] Chinese populations in the region saw a rapid increase following the Communist Revolution in 1949, which forced many refugees to emigrate outside of China.[72]

text: The region's economy greatly depends on agriculture; rice and rubber have long been prominent exports. Manufacturing and services are becoming more important. An emerging market, Indonesia is the largest economy in this region. Newly industrialised countries include Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines, while Singapore and Brunei are affluent developed economies. The rest of Southeast Asia is still heavily dependent on agriculture, but Vietnam is notably making steady progress in developing its industrial sectors. The region notably manufactures textiles, electronic high-tech goods such as microprocessors and heavy industrial products such as automobiles. Oil reserves in Southeast Asia are plentiful.

text: Seventeen telecommunications companies contracted to build the Asia-America Gateway submarine cable to connect Southeast Asia to the US[74] This is to avoid disruption of the kind recently caused by the cutting of the undersea cable from Taiwan to the US in the 2006 Hengchun earthquakes.

text: Tourism has been a key factor in economic development for many Southeast Asian countries, especially Cambodia. According to UNESCO, "tourism, if correctly conceived, can be a tremendous development tool and an effective means of preserving the cultural diversity of our planet."[75] Since the early 1990s, "even the non-ASEAN nations such as Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam and Burma, where the income derived from tourism is low, are attempting to expand their own tourism industries."[76] In 1995, Singapore was the regional leader in tourism receipts relative to GDP at over 8%. By 1998, those receipts had dropped to less than 6% of GDP while Thailand and Lao PDR increased receipts to over 7%. Since 2000, Cambodia has surpassed all other ASEAN countries and generated almost 15% of its GDP from tourism in 2006.[77]

text: Indonesia is the only member of G-20 major economies and is the largest economy in the region.[78] Indonesia's estimated gross domestic product (nominal) for 2008 was US$511.7 billion with estimated nominal per capita GDP was US$2,246, and per capita GDP PPP was US$3,979 (international dollars).[79]

text: Stock markets in Southeast Asia have performed better than other bourses in the Asia-Pacific region in 2010, with the Philippines' PSE leading the way with 22 percent growth, followed by Thailand's SET with 21 percent and Indonesia's JKSE with 19 percent.[80][81]

text: Southeast Asia's GDP per capita is US$3,853 according to a 2015 United Nations report, which is comparable to Guatemala and Tonga.[82]

text: Demographics[edit]

text: Southeast Asia has an area of approximately 4,000,000 km2 (1.6 million square miles). As of 2016, around 642 million people lived in the region, more than a fifth of them (143 million) on the Indonesian island of Java, the most densely populated large island in the world. Indonesia is the most populous country with 261 million people, and also the 4th most populous country in the world. The distribution of the religions and people is diverse in Southeast Asia and varies by country. Some 30 million overseas Chinese also live in Southeast Asia, most prominently in Christmas Island, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand, and also as the Hoa in Vietnam. People of Southeast Asian origins are known as Southeast Asians or Aseanites.

text: Ethnic groups[edit]

text: In modern times, the Javanese are the largest ethnic group in Southeast Asia, with more than 100 million people, mostly concentrated in Java, Indonesia. In Burma, the Burmese account for more than two-thirds of the ethnic stock in this country, while ethnic Thais and Vietnamese account for about four-fifths of the respective populations of those countries. Indonesia is clearly dominated by the Javanese and Sundanese ethnic groups, while Malaysia is split between half Malays and one-quarter Chinese. Within the Philippines, the Visayan (mainly Cebuanos and Hiligaynons), Tagalog, Ilocano and Bicolano groups are significant.

text: Religion[edit]

text: Countries in Southeast Asia practice many different religions. Islam is the most practised faith, numbering approximately 240 million adherents, or about 40% of the entire population, concentrated in Indonesia, Brunei, Malaysia, Southern Thailand and in the Southern Philippines. Indonesia is the most populous Muslim-majority country around the world.

text: Buddhism is predominant in Vietnam, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Burma and Singapore. Ancestor worship and Confucianism are also widely practised in Vietnam and Singapore.

text: Christianity is predominant in the Philippines, eastern Indonesia, East Malaysia and East Timor. The Philippines has the largest Roman Catholic population in Asia. East Timor is also predominantly Roman Catholic due to a history of Portuguese rule.

text: The religious composition for each country is as follows: Some values are taken from the CIA World Factbook:[83]

text: No individual Southeast Asian country is religiously homogeneous. In the world's most populous Muslim nation, Indonesia, Hinduism is dominant on islands such as Bali. Christianity also predominates in the rest of the part of the Philippines, New Guinea and Timor. Pockets of Hindu population can also be found around Southeast Asia in Singapore, Malaysia etc. Garuda (Sanskrit: Garuḍa), the phoenix who is the mount (vahanam) of Vishnu, is a national symbol in both Thailand and Indonesia; in the Philippines, gold images of Garuda have been found on Palawan; gold images of other Hindu gods and goddesses have also been found on Mindanao. Balinese Hinduism is somewhat different from Hinduism practised elsewhere, as Animism and local culture is incorporated into it. Christians can also be found throughout Southeast Asia; they are in the majority in East Timor and the Philippines, Asia's largest Christian nation. In addition, there are also older tribal religious practices in remote areas of Sarawak in East Malaysia, Highland Philippines and Papua in eastern Indonesia. In Burma, Sakka (Indra) is revered as a nat. In Vietnam, Mahayana Buddhism is practised, which is influenced by native animism but with strong emphasis on ancestor worship.

text:
Country
Religions

 Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Hinduism (69%), Christianity, Islam, Sikhism and others

 Brunei
Islam (67%), Buddhism, Christianity, others (indigenous beliefs, etc.)

 Burma
Buddhism (89%), Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, Animism, others

 Cambodia
Buddhism (97%), Islam, Christianity, Animism, others

 Christmas Island
Buddhism (75%), Islam, Christianity

 Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Islam (80%), others

 East Timor
Roman Catholicism (97%), Islam, Protestantism, Buddhism, Hinduism

 Indonesia
Islam (87.18%), Protestantism, Roman Catholicism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, others[84]

 Laos
Buddhism (67%), Animism, Christianity, others

 Malaysia
Islam (60.4%), Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Animism

 Philippines
Roman Catholicism (80%), Islam (11%),[85] Iglesia ni Cristo (Church of Christ) (3%), Buddhism (2%),[86] Animism (1.25%), others (0.35%)

 Singapore
Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, Taoism, Hinduism, others

 Thailand
Buddhism (93.83%), Islam (4.56%), Christianity (0.8%), Hinduism (0.011%), others (0.079%)

 Vietnam
Vietnamese folk religion (45.3%), Buddhism (16.4%), Christianity (8.2%), Other (0.4%), Unaffiliated (29.6%)[87]

text: Languages[edit]

text: Each of the languages have been influenced by cultural pressures due to trade, immigration, and historical colonisation as well.

text: The language composition for each country is as follows: (official languages are in bold.)

text:
Country
Languages

 Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Bengali, Hindi, English, Tamil,Telugu, Malayalam, Shompen, A-Pucikwar, Aka-Jeru, Aka-Bea, Aka-Bo, Aka-Cari, Aka-Kede, Aka-Kol, Aka-Kora, Aka-Bale, Jangil, Jarawa, Oko-Juwoi, Önge, Sentinelese, Camorta, Car, Chaura, Katchal, Nancowry, Southern Nicobarese, Teressa

 Brunei
Malay, English, Indonesian, Chinese, indigenous Bornean dialects[88]

 Burma
Burmese, English, Shan, Kayin(Karen), Rakhine, Kachin, Chin, Mon, Kayah, Chinese and other ethnic languages

 Cambodia
Khmer, Thai, English, French, Vietnamese, Cham, Chinese, others[89]

 Christmas Island
English, Chinese, Malay[90]

 Cocos (Keeling) Islands
English, Cocos Malay[91]

 East Timor
Tetum, Portuguese, Indonesian, English, Mambae, Makasae, Tukudede, Bunak, Galoli, Kemak, Fataluku, Baikeno, others[92]

 Indonesia
Indonesian, English, Javanese, Dutch, Sundanese, Batak, Minangkabau, Buginese, Banjar, Papuan, Dayak, Acehnese, Ambonese Balinese, Betawi, Madurese, Musi, Manado, Sasak, Makassarese, Batak Dairi, Karo, Mandailing, Jambi Malay, Mongondow, Gorontalo, Ngaju, Nias, North Moluccan, Uab Meto, Bima, Manggarai, Toraja-Sa'dan, Komering, Tetum, Rejang, Muna, Sumbawa, Bangka Malay, Osing, Gayo, Bungku-Tolaki languages, Moronene, Bungku, Bahonsuai, Kulisusu, Wawonii, Mori Bawah, Mori Atas, Padoe, Tomadino, Lewotobi, Tae', Mongondow, Lampung, Tolaki, Ma'anyan, Simeulue, Gayo, Buginese, Mandar, Minahasan, Enggano, Ternate, Tidore, Mairasi, East Cenderawasih Language, Lakes Plain Languages, Tor-Kwerba, Nimboran, Skou/Sko, Border languages, Senagi, Pauwasi, Mandarin, Hokkien, Cantonese, Hakka, Teochew, Tamil, Punjabi, Bengali, Arabic
Indonesia has over 700 languages in over 17,000 islands across the archipelago, making Indonesia the second most linguistically diverse country on the planet,[93] slightly behind Papua New Guinea. The official language of Indonesia is Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia), widely used in educational, political, economic, and other formal situations. In daily activities and informal situations, most Indonesians speak in their local language(s). For more details, see: Languages of Indonesia.

 Laos
Lao, Thai, Vietnamese, Hmong, Miao, Mien, Dao, Shan, French, English and others[94]

 Malaysia
Malay, English, Indonesian, Mandarin, Tamil, Kedah Malay, Sabah Malay, Brunei Malay, Kelantan Malay, Pahang Malay, Acehnese, Javanese, Minangkabau, Banjar, Buginese, Hakka, Cantonese, Hokkien, Teochew, Foochownese, Telugu, Hindi, Bengali, Punjabi, Sinhalese, Malayalam, Arabic, Brunei Bisaya, Okolod, Kota Marudu Talantang, Kelabit, Lotud, Terengganu Malay, Semelai, Thai, Iban, Kadazan, Dusun, Kristang, Bajau, Jakun, Mah Meri, Batek, Melanau, Semai, Temuan, Temiar, Penan, Tausug, Iranun and others,[95] see: Languages of Malaysia

 Philippines
Filipino, English, Tagalog, Spanish, Visayan (Aklanon, Cebuano, Kinaray-a, Capiznon, Hiligaynon, Waray, Masbateño, Romblomanon, Cuyonon, Surigaonon, Butuanon, Tausug) Ivatan, Ilocano, Ibanag, Pangasinan, Kapampangan, Bikol, Sama-Bajaw, Maguindanao, Maranao, Chavacano
The Philippines has more than a hundred native languages, most without official recognition from the national government. Spanish and Arabic are on a voluntary and optional basis. Malaysian, Indonesian, Standard Chinese, Lan-nang (Min Nan), Cantonese, Hakka, Japanese and Korean are also spoken in the Philippines due to immigration, geographic proximity and historical ties. See: Languages of the Philippines

 Singapore
English, Malay, Mandarin Chinese, Tamil, Hokkien, Teochew, Cantonese, Hakka, Telugu, Malayalam, Hindi, Punjabi, Indonesian, Javanese, Singlish creole and others

 Thailand
Thai, English, Teochew, Minnan, Hakka, Yuehai, Malay, Bengali, Hindi, Urdu, Arabic, Lao, Khmer, Isaan, Shan, Lue, Phutai, Mon, Mein, Hmong, Karen, Burmese and others[96]

 Vietnam
Vietnamese, English, Khmer, French, Cantonese, Hmong, Tai, Cham and others[97]

text: Cities[edit]

text:
Jabodetabek (Jakarta/West Java/Banten),  Indonesia. Jabodetabek is an abbreviation of Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, and Bekasi, which are the satellite cities of the Special Capital Region of Jakarta.
Metro Manila (Manila/Quezon City/Makati/Taguig/Pasay/Caloocan and 11 others),  Philippines
Bangkok Metropolitan Region (Bangkok/Nonthaburi/Samut Prakan/Pathum Thani/Samut Sakhon/Nakhon Pathom),  Thailand
Greater Kuala Lumpur/Klang Valley (Kuala Lumpur/Selangor),  Malaysia
Greater Penang (Penang/Kedah/Perak),  Malaysia
Ho Chi Minh City Metropolitan Area (Ho Chi Minh City/Vung Tau),  Vietnam
Yangon Region (Yangon/Thanlyin),  Myanmar
Hanoi Capital Region (Hanoi/Hai Phong/Ha Long),  Vietnam
Gerbangkertosusila (Surabaya/Sidoarjo/Gresik/Mojokerto/Lamongan/Bangkalan),  Indonesia
Bandung Metropolitan Area (Bandung/Cimahi),  Indonesia
Metro Cebu (Cebu City/Mandaue/Lapu-Lapu City/Talisay City and 11 others),  Philippines
Metro Davao (Davao City/Digos/Tagum/Island Garden City of Samal),  Philippines
Metro Iloilo-Guimaras (Iloilo City/Pavia/Oton/Leganes/Zarraga/San Miguel/Guimaras) ,  Philippines
Phnom Penh City (Phnom Penh/Kandal),  Cambodia

text: Culture[edit]

text: The culture in Southeast Asia is very diverse: on mainland Southeast Asia, the culture is a mix of Indochinese (Burma, Cambodia, Laos and Thailand) and Chinese (Vietnam). While in Indonesia, the Philippines, Singapore and Malaysia the culture is a mix of indigenous Austronesian, Indian, Islamic, Western, and Chinese cultures. Also Brunei shows a strong influence from Arabia. Singapore and Vietnam show more Chinese influence[98] in that Singapore, although being geographically a Southeast Asian nation, is home to a large Chinese majority and Vietnam was in China's sphere of influence for much of its history. Indian influence in Singapore is only evident through the Tamil migrants,[99] which influenced, to some extent, the cuisine of Singapore. Throughout Vietnam's history, it has had no direct influence from India – only through contact with the Thai, Khmer and Cham peoples.

text: Rice paddy agriculture has existed in Southeast Asia for thousands of years, ranging across the subregion. Some dramatic examples of these rice paddies populate the Banaue Rice Terraces in the mountains of Luzon in the Philippines. Maintenance of these paddies is very labour-intensive. The rice paddies are well-suited to the monsoon climate of the region.

text: Stilt houses can be found all over Southeast Asia, from Thailand and Vietnam, to Borneo, to Luzon in the Philippines, to Papua New Guinea. The region has diverse metalworking, especially in Indonesia. This include weaponry, such as the distinctive kris, and musical instruments, such as the gamelan.

text: Influences[edit]

text: The region's chief cultural influences have been from some combination of Islam, India, and China. Diverse cultural influence is pronounced in the Philippines, derived particularly from the period of the Spanish and American rule, contact with Indian-influenced cultures, and the Chinese and Japanese trading era.

text: As a rule, the peoples who ate with their fingers were more likely influenced by the culture of India, for example, than the culture of China, where the peoples ate with chopsticks; tea, as a beverage, can be found across the region. The fish sauces distinctive to the region tend to vary.

text: Arts[edit]

text: The arts of Southeast Asia have affinity with the arts of other areas. Dance in much of Southeast Asia includes movement of the hands as well as the feet, to express the dance's emotion and meaning of the story that the ballerina is going to tell the audience. Most of Southeast Asia introduced dance into their court; in particular, Cambodian royal ballet represented them in the early 7th century before the Khmer Empire, which was highly influenced by Indian Hinduism. Apsara Dance, famous for strong hand and feet movement, is a great example of Hindu symbolic dance.

text: Puppetry and shadow plays were also a favoured form of entertainment in past centuries, a famous one being Wayang from Indonesia. The arts and literature in some of Southeast Asia is quite influenced by Hinduism, which was brought to them centuries ago. Indonesia, despite conversion to Islam which opposes certain forms of art, has retained many forms of Hindu-influenced practices, culture, art and literature. An example is the Wayang Kulit (Shadow Puppet) and literature like the Ramayana. The wayang kulit show has been recognized by UNESCO on November 7, 2003, as a Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.

text: It has been pointed out that Khmer and Indonesian classical arts were concerned with depicting the life of the gods, but to the Southeast Asian mind the life of the gods was the life of the peoples themselves—joyous, earthy, yet divine. The Tai, coming late into Southeast Asia, brought with them some Chinese artistic traditions, but they soon shed them in favour of the Khmer and Mon traditions, and the only indications of their earlier contact with Chinese arts were in the style of their temples, especially the tapering roof, and in their lacquerware.

text: Music[edit]

text: Traditional music in Southeast Asia is as varied as its many ethnic and cultural divisions. Main styles of traditional music can be seen: Court music, folk music, music styles of smaller ethnic groups, and music influenced by genres outside the geographic region.

text: Of the court and folk genres, gong-chime ensembles and orchestras make up the majority (the exception being lowland areas of Vietnam). Gamelan and Angklung orchestras from Indonesia, Piphat /Pinpeat ensembles of Thailand and Cambodia and the Kulintang ensembles of the southern Philippines, Borneo, Sulawesi and Timor are the three main distinct styles of musical genres that have influenced other traditional musical styles in the region. String instruments also are popular in the region.

text: On November 18, 2010, UNESCO officially recognized angklung as a Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity, and encourage Indonesian people and government to safeguard, transmit, promote performances and to encourage the craftsmanship of angklung making.

text: Writing[edit]

text: The history of Southeast Asia has led to a wealth of different authors, from both within and without writing about the region.

text: Originally, Indians were the ones who taught the native inhabitants about writing. This is shown through Brahmic forms of writing present in the region such as the Balinese script shown on split palm leaf called lontar (see image to the left — magnify the image to see the writing on the flat side, and the decoration on the reverse side).

text: The antiquity of this form of writing extends before the invention of paper around the year 100 in China. Note each palm leaf section was only several lines, written longitudinally across the leaf, and bound by twine to the other sections. The outer portion was decorated. The alphabets of Southeast Asia tended to be abugidas, until the arrival of the Europeans, who used words that also ended in consonants, not just vowels. Other forms of official documents, which did not use paper, included Javanese copperplate scrolls. This material would have been more durable than paper in the tropical climate of Southeast Asia.

text: In Malaysia, Brunei, and Singapore, the Malay language is now generally written in the Latin script. The same phenomenon is present in Indonesian, although different spelling standards are utilised (e.g. 'Teksi' in Malay and 'Taksi' in Indonesian for the word 'Taxi').

text: The use of Chinese characters, in the past and present, is only evident in Vietnam and more recently, Singapore and Malaysia. The adoption of Chinese characters in Vietnam dates back to around 111BC, when it was occupied by the Chinese. A Vietnamese script called Chu nom used modified Chinese characters to express the Vietnamese language. Both classical Chinese and Chu Nom were used up until the early 20th century.

text: However, the use of the Chinese script has been in decline, especially in Singapore and Malaysia as the younger generations are in favour of the Latin Script.


document_title: North Sea oil

question_text: when was oil first discovered in the north sea

root

text: North Sea oil

text: History[edit]

text: Commercial extraction of oil on the shores of the North Sea dates back to 1851, when James Young retorted oil from torbanite (boghead coal, or oil shale) mined in the Midland Valley of Scotland.[1] Across the sea in Germany, oil was found in the Wietze field near Hanover in 1859, leading to the discovery of seventy more fields, mostly in Lower Cretaceous and Jurassic reservoirs, producing a combined total of around 1340 m³ (8,400 barrels) per day.[1]

tag: p

text: Gas was found by chance in a water well near Hamburg in 1910, leading to minor gas discoveries in Zechstein dolomites elsewhere in Germany.[1] In England, BP discovered gas in similar reservoirs in the Eskdale anticline in 1938, and in 1939 they found commercial oil in Carboniferous rocks at Eakring in Nottinghamshire.[1] Discoveries elsewhere in the East Midlands lifted production to 400 m³ (2,500 barrels) per day, and a second wave of exploration from 1953 to 1961 found the Gainsborough field and ten smaller fields.[1]

text: The Netherlands' first oil shows were seen in a drilling demonstration at De Mient during the 1938 World Petroleum Congress at The Hague.[1] Subsequent exploration led to the 1943 discovery by Exploratie Nederland, part of the Royal Dutch/Shell company Bataafsche Petroleum Maatschappij, of oil under the Dutch village of Schoonebeek, near the German border.[2] NAM found the Netherlands' first gas in Zechstein carbonates at Coevorden in 1948.[2] 1952 saw the first exploration well in the province of Groningen, Haren-1, which was the first to penetrate the Lower Permian Rotliegendes sandstone that is the main reservoir for the gas fields of the southern North Sea, although in Haren-1 it contained only water.[3] The Ten Boer well failed to reach target depth for technical reasons, but was completed as a minor gas producer from the Zechstein carbonates.[3] The Slochteren-1 well found gas in the Rotliegendes in 1959,[3] although the full extent of what became known as the Groningen gas field was not appreciated until 1963—it is currently estimated at ≈96×10^12 cu ft (2,700 km3) recoverable gas reserves.[2] Smaller discoveries to the west of Groningen followed.

text: The UK Continental Shelf Act came into force in May 1964. Seismic exploration and the first well followed later that year. It and a second well on the Mid North Sea High were dry, as the Rotliegendes was absent, but BP's Sea Gem rig struck gas in the West Sole Field in September 1965.[4] The celebrations were short-lived because the Sea Gem sank with the loss of 13 lives after part of the rig collapsed as it was moved away from the discovery well.[4] The Viking Gas Field was discovered in December 1965 with the Conoco/National Coal Board well 49/17-1, finding the gas-bearing Permian Rotliegend Sandstone at a depth of 2,756 m subsea.[5] Helicopters were first used to transport workers.[6] Larger gas finds followed in 1966—Leman Bank, Indefatigable and Hewett, but by 1968 companies had lost interest in further exploration of the British sector, a result of a ban on gas exports and low prices offered by the only buyer, British Gas.[4] West Sole came onstream in May 1967.[4] Licensing regulations for Dutch waters were not finalised until 1967.

text: The situation was transformed in December 1969, when Phillips Petroleum discovered oil in Chalk of Danian age at Ekofisk, in Norwegian waters in the central North Sea.[4] The same month, Amoco discovered the Montrose Field about 217 km (135 mi) east of Aberdeen.[4] BP had been awarded several licences in the area in the second licensing round late in 1965, but had been reluctant to work on them.[4] The discovery of Ekofisk prompted them to drill what turned out to be a dry hole in May 1970, followed by the discovery of the giant Forties Oil Field in October 1970.[4] The following year, Shell Expro discovered the giant Brent oilfield in the northern North Sea east of Shetland in Scotland and the Petronord Group discovered the Frigg gas field. The Piper oilfield was discovered in 1973 and the Statfjord Field and the Ninian Field[7] in 1974, with the Ninian reservoir consisting of Middle Jurassic sandstones at a depth of 3000 m subsea in a "westward tilted horst block".

text: Off shore production, like that in the North Sea, became more economical after the 1973 oil crisis caused the world oil price to quadruple, followed by the 1979 energy crisis causing another tripling in the oil price. Oil production started from the Argyll & Duncan Oilfields (now Ardmore) in June 1975[8] followed by Forties Oil Field in November of that year.[9] The inner Moray Firth Beatrice Field, a Jurassic sandstone/shale reservoir 1829 m deep in a "fault-bounded anticlinal trap", was discovered in 1976 with well 11/30-1, drilled by the Mesa Petroleum Group (named after T. Boone Pickens' wife Bea, "the only oil field in the North Sea named for a woman")[10] in 49 m of water.[11]

text: Volatile weather conditions in Europe's North Sea have made drilling particularly hazardous, claiming many lives (see Oil platform). The conditions also make extraction a costly process; by the 1980s, costs for developing new methods and technologies to make the process both efficient and safe, far exceeded NASA's budget to land a man on the moon.[12] The exploration of the North Sea has been a story of continually pushing the edges of the technology of exploitation (in terms of what can be produced) and later the technologies of discovery and evaluation (2-D seismic, followed by 3-D and 4-D seismic; sub-salt seismic; immersive display and analysis suites and supercomputing to handle the flood of computation required).[citation needed]

text: The Gullfaks oil field was discovered in 1978.[13] The Snorre Field was discovered in 1979, producing from the Triassic Lunde Formation and the Triassic-Jurassic Statfjord Formation, both fluvial sandstones in a mudstone matrix.[14] The Oseberg oil field[15] and Troll gas field were also discovered in 1979.[16] The Miller oilfield was discovered in 1983.[17] The Alba Field produces from sandstones in the middle Eocene Alba Formation at 1860 m subsea and was discovered in 1984 in UKCS Block 16/26.[18] The Smorbukk Field was discovered in 1984 in 250–300 m of water that produces from Lower to Middle Jurassic sandstone formations within a fault block.[19] The Snohvit Gas Field[20] and the Draugen oil field were discovered in 1984.[21] The Heidrun oil field was discovered in 1985.[22]

text: The largest UK field discovered in the past 25 years is Buzzard also located off Scotland, found in June 2001 with producible reserves of almost 64×106 m³ (400m bbl) and an average output of 28,600 m³ to 30,200 m³ (180,000-190,000 bbl) per day.[23]

text: The largest field found in the past five years on the Norwegian part of the North Sea, is the Johan Sverdrup oil field which was discovered in 2010, with further oil of the same field was discovered the next year. Total reserves of the field are estimated at 1.7 to 3.3 billion barrels of gross recoverable oil and Johan Sverdrup is expected to produce 120,000 to 200,000 barrels of oil per day. Production start is planned to happen in 2018. It is one of the largest discoveries made in the Norwegian Continental Shelf.[24]

text: As of January 2015[update], the North Sea was the world's most active offshore drilling region with 173 active rigs drilling.[6] By May 2016, the North Sea oil&gas industry was financially stressed by the reduced oil prices, and called for government support.[25]

text: The distances, number of workplaces and fierce weather push the 290,000 square miles (750,000 square kilometers) North Sea area to operate the world’s largest fleet of heavy instrument flight rules (IFR) helicopters, some specifically developed for the North Sea. They carry about two million passengers per year from 16 onshore bases, of which Aberdeen Airport is the world’s busiest with 500,000 passengers per year.[6]

text: Licensing[edit]

text: Following the 1958 Continental shelf convention and after some disputes on the rights to natural resource exploitation[26] the national limits of the exclusive economic zones were ratified. Five countries are involved in oil production in North Sea. All operate a tax and royalty licensing regime. The respective sectors are divided by median lines agreed in the late 1960s:

text:
United Kingdom – Exploration and production licences are regulated by the Oil and Gas Authority following the 2014 Wood Review on maximising UKCS oil and gas recovery. Licences were formerly granted by the Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC – formerly the Department of Trade and Industry). The UKCS (United Kingdom Continental Shelf) is divided into quadrants of 1 degree latitude and one degree longitude. Each quadrant is divided into 30 blocks measuring 10 minutes of latitude and 12 minutes of longitude. Some blocks are divided further into part blocks where some areas are relinquished by previous licensees. For example, block 13/24a is located in quad 13 and is the 24th block and is the 'a' part block. The UK government has traditionally issued licences via periodic (now annual) licensing rounds. Blocks are awarded on the basis of the work programme bid by the participants. The UK government has actively solicited new entrants to the UKCS via "promote" licensing rounds with less demanding terms and the fallow acreage initiative, where non-active licences have to be relinquished.
Norway – The Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (NPD Website in English) grants licences. The NCS is also divided into quads of 1 degree by 1 degree. Norwegian licence blocks are larger than British blocks, being 15 minutes of latitude by 20 minutes of longitude (12 blocks in a quad). Like in Britain, there are numerous part blocks formed by re-licensing relinquished areas.
Denmark – The Danish Energy Authority (website in English) administers the Danish sector. The Danes also divide their sector of the North Sea into 1 degree by 1 degree quadrants. Their blocks, however, are 10 minutes latitude by 15 minutes longitude. Part blocks exist where partial relinquishment has taken place.
Germany – Germany and the Netherlands share a quadrant and block grid—quadrants are given letters rather than numbers. The blocks are 10 minutes latitude by 20 minutes longitude. Germany has the smallest sector in the North Sea.
Netherlands – The Dutch sector is located in the Southern Gas Basin and shares a grid pattern with Germany.

tag: ul

text: Reserves and production[edit]

text: The British and Norwegian sections hold most of the remainder of the large oil reserves. It is estimated that the Norwegian section alone contains 54% of the sea's oil reserves and 45% of its gas reserves.[27] More than half of the North Sea oil reserves have been extracted, according to official sources in both Norway and the UK. For Norway, the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate [28] gives a figure of 4,601 million cubic metres of oil (corresponding to 29 billion barrels) for the Norwegian North Sea alone (excluding smaller reserves in Norwegian Sea and Barents Sea) of which 2,778 million cubic metres (60%) has already been produced prior to January 2007. UK sources give a range of estimates of reserves, but even using the most optimistic "maximum" estimate of ultimate recovery, 76% had been recovered at end 2010.[citation needed] Note the UK figure includes fields which are not in the North Sea (onshore, West of Shetland).

text: United Kingdom Continental Shelf production was 137 million tonnes of oil and 105 billion m³ of gas in 1999.[29] (1 tonne of crude oil converts to 7.5 barrels).[29][30][31] The Danish explorations of Cenozoic stratigraphy, undertaken in the 1990s, showed petroleum rich reserves in the northern Danish sector, especially the Central Graben area.[32] The Dutch area of the North Sea followed through with onshore and offshore gas exploration, and well creation.[33][34]

text: Exact figures are debatable, because methods of estimating reserves vary and it is often difficult to forecast future discoveries.

text: Peaking in 1999, production of North Sea oil was nearly 950,000 m³ (6 million barrels) per day. Natural gas production was nearly 280×109 m³ (10 trillion cubic feet) in 2001 and continues to increase, although British gas production is in sharp decline.[citation needed]

text: UK oil production has seen two peaks, in the mid 1980s and late 1990s,[6] with a decline to around 300×103 m³ (1.9 million barrels) per day in the early 1990s.[citation needed] Monthly oil production peaked at 13.5×106 m³ (84.9 million barrels) in January 1985[35] although the highest annual production was seen in 1999, with offshore oil production in that year of 407×106 m³ (398 million barrels) and had declined to 231×106 m³ (220 million barrels) in 2007.[36] This was the largest decrease of any other oil exporting nation in the world, and has led to Britain becoming a net importer of crude for the first time in decades, as recognized by the energy policy of the United Kingdom. The production is expected to fall to one-third of its peak by 2020.[citation needed] Norwegian crude oil production as of 2013 is 1.4 mbpd. This is a more than 50% decline since the peak in 2001 of 3.2 mbpd.

text: Carbon dioxide sequestration[edit]

text: In the North Sea, Norway's Statoil natural-gas platform Sleipner strips carbon dioxide out of the natural gas with amine solvents and disposes of this carbon dioxide by geological sequestration ("Carbon sequestration") while keeping up gas production pressure. Sleipner reduces emissions of carbon dioxide by approximately one million tonnes a year-about one 9000th of total emissions.[37] The cost of geological sequestration is minor relative to the overall running costs. As of April 2005, BP is considering a trial of large-scale sequestration of carbon dioxide stripped from power plant emissions in the Miller oilfield as its reserves are depleted.


document_title: Famous in Love

question_text: how many episodes in famous in love season two

text: Famous in Love

text: Plot[edit]

text: Paige Townsen, an ordinary college student, gets her big break after auditioning for the starring role in a Hollywood blockbuster and must now navigate her new star-studded life and undeniable chemistry with her co-lead and her best friend.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Bella Thorne as Paige Townsen, a young college student who gets cast in the movie adaptation of a blockbuster book series called Locked, which causes her life to change overnight
Charlie DePew as Jake Salt, a down-to-earth guy from the Midwest with an edge who aspires to be a screenwriter and an indie filmmaker. He is Paige's best friend and one of her love interests. Charlie DePew replaced Jesse Henderson in the role from the original pilot.
Georgie Flores as Cassandra "Cassie" Perkins, Paige's roommate and close friend
Carter Jenkins as Rainer Devon, the son of famous producer Nina Devon, and, as later revealed, Alan Mills. He is labeled the "sexiest man alive", and is a famous actor. He has a complicated friendship with Jordan Wilder and soon develops a romantic interest in Paige Townsen.
Niki Koss as Alexis Glenn, Rainer's old friend who competes for the same role as Paige. She is secretly bisexual.
Keith Powers as Jordan Wilder, a troubled star who lands the role of the other point in the movie's famous love triangle. He and Rainer have a complicated history which is further heightened by the fact that both share a past with Tangey.
Pepi Sonuga as Tangey Turner, a pop star with a controlling mother. She was sleeping with Jordan Wilder while dating Rainer Devon, which creates tension between the two men.
Perrey Reeves as Nina Devon, Rainer's smart and cunning mother. Confident and manipulative, she will do whatever it takes to make sure things go her way.

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Jason Antoon as Wyatt, the original director of the movie adaptation of Locked, who leaves the production on the film during its two-month hiatus (season 1)
Nathan Stewart-Jarrett as Barrett, an entertainment and gossip reporter whose beat is Hollywood (season 1)
Shawn Christian as Alan Mills, the head of the film studio producing the movie
Vanessa Williams as Ida, Tangey's mother and manager
Tom Maden as Adam, a production assistant on the movie and Cassie's boyfriend
Danielle Campbell as Harper, a former child star whom Rainer meets in rehab and with whom he quickly becomes involved (season 2)
Claudia Lee as Billy, an actress working as a waitress whom Jake hires to replace Paige as the lead on his independent film (season 2)

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Freeform, then known as ABC Family, had picked up the pilot for fast-track development on March 19, 2015.[2] The pilot was shot in November 2015; Freeform greenlit the pilot on April 7, 2016,[3] and shooting began on July 13, 2016, and wrapped up on October 19, 2016.[4] On November 18, 2016, Freeform announced that the series would premiere on April 18, 2017. Freeform also released the entire season for viewing online on April 18, 2017. The series is based on the novel of the same name, written by Rebecca Serle. Serle worked with I. Marlene King to develop the novel into a television series.[5][6] Freeform renewed the series for a second season on August 3, 2017.[7] The table read for the second season started on October 30, 2017.[8] The second season premiered on Freeform on April 4, 2018.

text: On June 26, 2018, it was reported that Freeform had decided to cancel the series after Hulu declined to contribute more money towards the production of a third season. Clashes between actress Bella Thorne and showrunner I. Marlene King were also cited as part of the reason for the cancellation.[9] On her Twitter account, King denied the claim of a feud between her and Thorne, and Freeform stated the show had yet to be cancelled.[10][11] On June 29, Freeform officially cancelled the series.[12]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Romeo Miller was cast as Pablo $$ in a recurring role for the second season.[13] Sofia Carson appeared in multiple episodes of the second season as Sloane, the daughter of a movie mogul.[14]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Series overview[edit]

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired110April 18, 2017 (2017-04-18)June 13, 2017 (2017-06-13)210April 4, 2018 (2018-04-04)May 30, 2018 (2018-05-30)

tag: table

text: Season 1 (2017)[edit]

text: The entire first season was released on digital platforms, such as OnDemand, the Freeform App and website, and Hulu, on April 18, 2017.[15]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitle [16][17]Directed byWritten byOriginal air date [16][17]U.S. viewers(millions)11"Pilot"Miguel ArtetaTawnia McKiernanStory by : Rebecca Serle Teleplay by : I. Marlene King and Rebecca SerleApril 18, 2017 (2017-04-18)0.65[18]
Ordinary college student Paige has her world turned upside down as she gets her big break after auditioning for the starring role in a Hollywood blockbuster. She must now navigate her new star-studded life and the highs and lows that come with being the new It-Girl in town, as well as balancing her college workload. As her public profile continues to rise and the undeniable chemistry with her new co-star and Hollywood heartthrob Rainer Devon grows, the more her friendships are strained with her two best friends – particularly Jake, who may be more than just her friend.
22"A Star Is Torn"Norman BuckleyI. Marlene King & Christopher FifeApril 25, 2017 (2017-04-25)0.39[19]
On the eve of the big “Locked” cast announcement party, Paige is more nervous about telling her parents the truth about snagging her dream role than the actual event. With her parents set on her education taking priority, she tries to find a way to convince them – and herself – that she can do both. Meanwhile, the gossip is still swirling about Rainer and Jordan’s fight over Tangey, and Nina is determined to shut it down so it won’t hurt the film.
33"Not So Easy A"Michael GoiTawnya Bhattacharya & Ali LaventholMay 2, 2017 (2017-05-02)0.30[20]
Having promised her parents that she would be able to balance school and the film’s schedule, Paige quickly learns that it is easier said than done. While trying to work on a crucial school paper, she keeps getting sidetracked with wardrobe fittings, photo shoots and screen tests. Leaning on Jake and Cassie for help, Paige quickly learns she may be in over her head. Meanwhile, Nina must make cuts to the movie budget, and Jake meets with an agent about his script.
44"Prelude to a Diss"Mary Lou BelliRebecca SerleMay 9, 2017 (2017-05-09)0.28[21]
Paige is determined to prove to everyone she can succeed, especially Alexis; but when everything seems to go awry on her first day on set, her confidence is shaken. And to make matters even stickier, Rainer asks Paige out on a date making her question if she wants to become the Hollywood cliché of dating her co-star or not. Meanwhile, Cassie resorts to desperate measures to pay her tuition bill, and Tangey clashes with her mother over Tangey’s career.
55"Some Like It Not"Tanya HamiltonWilliam H. BrownMay 16, 2017 (2017-05-16)0.21[22]
Paige's 21st birthday and all she wants to do is celebrate with her two best friends, but her friendship with Jake is still on the rocks after his getaway with Alexis. Rainer surprises everyone when he throws Paige a surprise birthday party, but things don't turn out as expected when Jake arrives late. Meanwhile, Jordan and Tangey renew their relationship in secret; Tangey is tired of controlled by her momager and fires back.
66"Found in Translation"Ron LagomarsinoKateland BrownMay 23, 2017 (2017-05-23)0.26[23]
Nina and Rainer take a last-minute trip to China to rescue Locked from a new setback, which derails Rainer's weekend plans with Paige. But when Alan and Rainer bond over their mutual tastes, Nina feels uncomfortable. Cassie's financial problems continue, so she feels forced to take more shifts as a topless maid. Meanwhile, Jordan deals with issues involving his mother.
77"Secrets & Pies"Roger KumbleMiguel Ian RayaMay 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)0.29[24]
Thinking it would help Cassie's financial problems, Paige offers her a job as her assistant. When Cassie declines, issues in their friendship are revealed. Plus, Jake starts to learn the realities of what it means to sell a script in Hollywood, and Alexis embraces her role as Producer on the project. Meanwhile, Jordan's problems continue to mount as he learns Brandy needs more money, and Barrett Hopper reveals to him that he knows the truth about his and Brandy's past.
88"Crazy Scripted Love"Geary McLeodTawnya Bhattacharya & Ali LaventholJune 6, 2017 (2017-06-06)0.33[25]
Paige and Cassie's fight is impacting Paige's performance, and when Jake is too busy to help, Rainer offers his own advice. Later, Jake's career takes an unexpected turn. Meanwhile, when Alan and Rainer spend some time together, Nina grows concerned. On top of her worries, she's facing a possible lawsuit, and she agrees to help Jordan with his mother's issues. Rainer surprises Nina with a helpful solution, but her happiness is short-lived when her worst fears about Alan and Rainer are confirmed.
99"Fifty Shades of Red"Susanna FogelChristopher Fife & William H. BrownJune 13, 2017 (2017-06-13)0.36[26]
Paige deals with Jake's impending move to Austin, and a revelation about Cassie fractures their friendship. Meanwhile, Rainer starts searching for his real father, but he's thrown into a tailspin after he puts the pieces together. Later, Jordan tries to mend his relationship with Tangey, who feels betrayed by his secret. But when he shares information about his past, she considers forgiving him.
1010"Leaving Los Angeles"Elizabeth Allen RosenbaumMelissa CarterJune 13, 2017 (2017-06-13)0.23[26]
Rainer's downward spiral continues, and Paige searches for him after he disappears. Plus, Alexis receives bad news, and she takes revenge on Rachel. Jake briefly returns to Los Angeles, and Paige tries to confess her feelings. Meanwhile, Jordan attempts to handle the Barrett Hopper problem with an exclusive, but a shocking event stops the plan. Later, Nina stages a press conference to address Rainer's public meltdown, but things are disrupted by an unexpected appearance.

text: Season 2 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitle [16][17]Directed byWritten byOriginal air date [16][17]U.S. viewers(millions)111"The Players"Roger KumbleI. Marlene KingApril 4, 2018 (2018-04-04)0.29[27]
Two months have passed and a lot of changes have happened to the cast of Locked; Paige's choice between Rainer and Jake is revealed.
122"La La Locked"Roger KumbleMelissa CarterApril 4, 2018 (2018-04-04)0.19[27]
The fate of Locked has consequences, good and bad, for all involved.
133"Totes on a Scandal"Ron LagomarsinoTawnya Bhattacharya & Ali LaventholApril 11, 2018 (2018-04-11)0.26[28]
Things are looking up for Cassie as she books an important audition and for Tangey, who has a business proposition for Pablo $$.
144"The Kids Aren't All Right"Geary McLeodBryan M. HoldmanApril 18, 2018 (2018-04-18)0.21[29]
Alexis receives a very cold shoulder from everyone on set after her reality show’s scandalous reveal; A "Backsplash" cast reunion brings back some old feelings and creates new tensions; Paige finds the perfect replacement for Jake's movie, but is later distressed when she finds out that Jake and his new star might be getting too close.
155"Reality Bites Back"Paula HunzikerJohn Webb & Garth MuellerApril 25, 2018 (2018-04-25)0.26[30]
Alexis turns to her reality show to deal with the fallout from her revelation. Paige finds herself on shaky ground with Jake, while Jordan and Marisol grow closer.
166"The Goodbye Boy"Melanie MayronKateland BrownMay 2, 2018 (2018-05-02)0.25[31]
As “Locked” wraps production, the cast looks to the next steps in their careers, while Jake and Cassie also have to make decisions about their future. Jordan continue his Oscar campaign press tour with a stop at “Good Morning America.”
177"Guess Who's (Not) Coming to Sundance?"Troian BellisarioBryan M. HoldmanMay 9, 2018 (2018-05-09)0.32[32]
Paige and Jake continue to feel further apart as Jake and Billy head to a film festival, while Paige stays in LA for a big interview and cover photo shoot. Meanwhile, Jordan has to deal with the fallout from his recent revelation and Nina takes part in a bidding war for a highly-wanted film script.
188"Look Who's Stalking"Anna MastroTawnya Bhattacharya & Ali LaventholMay 16, 2018 (2018-05-16)0.24[33]
Paige works with police to help find her stalker, while Pablo $$ starts to show a new side to Tangey and Alexis makes a decision that lands her in hot water.
199"Full Mental Jacket"Norman BuckleyKateland BrownMay 23, 2018 (2018-05-23)0.30[34]
Paige and Rainer head to NYC to promote “Locked,” but after everything that has happened, Paige realizes that fame isn’t all that she expected. Meanwhile, Jordan is under a lot of stress and Cassie struggles with her relationship with Adam.
2010"The Good, the Bad and the Crazy"Norman BuckleyMelissa CarterMay 30, 2018 (2018-05-30)0.22[35]
Alexis goes off the deep end, while Rainer tries to take back control of his life. Paige questions what she's doing in Hollywood, while Jordan gets the surprise of a lifetime.

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The second season returned with a two-hour premiere on Freeform on April 4, 2018.[36] It aired in Canada on E! on April 8, 2018, with new episodes set to air every Sunday.[37]

text: In the United Kingdom, it airs exclusively on Amazon Prime Video with new episodes every Thursday.[38]

text: In Spain, it airs exclusively on HBO Spain with new episodes every Thursday.[39]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season

Episodes

First aired

Last aired
Avg. viewers(millions)

Date

Viewers(millions)

Date

Viewers(millions)

1

10

April 18, 2017 (2017-04-18)

0.65[18]

June 13, 2017 (2017-06-13)

0.23[26]
0.33

2

10

April 4, 2018 (2018-04-04)

0.29[27]

May 30, 2018 (2018-05-30)

0.22[35]
0.25

text: Season 1 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.

Title

Air date
Rating/share(18–49)
Viewers(millions)

1

"Pilot"

April 18, 2017
0.3
0.65[18]

2

"A Star is Torn"

April 25, 2017
0.2
0.39[40]

3

"Not So Easy A"

May 2, 2017
0.1
0.30[41]

4

"Prelude to a Diss"

May 9, 2017
0.1
0.28[42]

5

"Some Like it Not"

May 16, 2017
0.1
0.21[43]

6

"Found in Translation"

May 23, 2017
0.1
0.26[44]

7

"Secrets & Pies"

May 30, 2017
0.1
0.29[45]

8

"Crazy Scripted Love"

June 6, 2017
0.2
0.33[46]

9

"Fifty Shades of Red"

June 13, 2017
0.1
0.36[47]

10

"Leaving Los Angeles"

June 13, 2017
0.1
0.23[48]

text: Season 2 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.

Title

Air date
Rating/share(18–49)
Viewers(millions)

1

"The Players"

April 4, 2018
0.1
0.29[18]

2

"La La Locked"

April 4, 2018
0.1
0.19[40]

3

"Totes on a Scandal"

April 11, 2018
0.1
0.26[41]

4

"The Kids Aren't Alright"

April 18, 2018
0.1
0.21[42]

5

"Reality Bites Back"

April 25, 2018
0.1
0.26[43]

6

"The Goodbye Boy"

May 2, 2018
0.1
0.25[44]

7

"Guess Who's (Not) Coming to Sundance?"

May 9, 2018
0.1
0.32[45]

8

"Look Who's Stalking"

May 16, 2018
0.1
0.24[46]

9

"Full Mental Jacket"

May 23, 2018
0.1
0.30[47]

10

"The Good, the Bad and the Crazy"

May 30, 2018
0.1
0.22[48]

text: Nominations[edit]

text:
Year

Award

Category

Nominee(s)

Result

Ref.

2017

Teen Choice Awards

Choice Breakout TV Show

Famous in Love

Nominated

[49][50]

Choice Drama TV Actress

Bella Thorne

Nominated

[49][50]

Choice Drama TV Show

Famous in Love

Nominated

[49][50]

2018

Teen Choice Awards

Choice Drama TV Actress

Bella Thorne

Pending

[51]

Choice Drama TV Show

Famous in Love

Pending

[51]


document_title: Jackie Bradley Jr.

question_text: where did jackie bradley jr go to high school

text: Jackie Bradley Jr.

text: College career[edit]

text: Bradley began his college career in 2009 after attending Prince George High School in Prince George, Virginia. Prior to attending college, he had been named to the 2008 Virginia AAA All-State team and was listed as the 40th-best Virginia-based baseball prospect for the 2008 Major League Baseball draft by Baseball America.[1]

text: With the University of South Carolina in 2009, Bradley hit .349 and scored 69 runs in 63 games. Posting a slugging percentage of .537, he hit 11 home runs while walking 34 times and striking out 31 times. He spent the summer in the Cape Cod League with the Hyannis Mets.

text: In 2010, he batted .368 and 13 home runs, driving in 60 runs while scoring 56 times in 67 games. Then, he went 10-for-29 at the plate in the 2010 College World Series, earning CWS Most Outstanding Player honors.

text: Professional career[edit]

text: Minor Leagues[edit]

text: Bradley was selected 40th overall by the Boston Red Sox in the supplemental first round of the 2011 Major League Baseball Draft. Bradley made his professional debut on August 23, 2011 with the Class-A Short Season Lowell Spinners, hitting .250 in 10 games split between the Spinners and Single-A Greenville Drive. Bradley was named Minor League Defensive Player of the Year by the Red Sox organization for the 2012 season. He hit .315 with 55 extra-base hits, 87 walks, and 63 RBIs in 128 games.[2]

text: Boston Red Sox (2013–present)[edit]

text: Entering 2013, Bradley ranked 32nd overall on the MLB.com Top 100 Prospects list.[3] After an outstanding spring training, on March 31, manager John Farrell announced that Bradley would be the Opening Day left fielder on April 1 at Yankee Stadium.[4] Although he went hitless in two at-bats, Bradley had three walks, scored two runs, drove in one run, and made a couple of hustle plays on the basepath and in the field in the Red Sox' 8–2 win over the Yankees.[5]

text: Bradley went 3-for-31 with three RBIs in Boston before being optioned to the Triple-A Pawtucket Red Sox on April 19; Bradley was demoted to accommodate David Ortiz, who started the 2013 season on a rehab assignment, recovering from a right Achilles injury. Bradley was recalled on May 29. He hit his first career home run on June 4 against the Texas Rangers.[6] Bradley was optioned back to Pawtucket on June 8 when Shane Victorino was activated from the disabled list. He was recalled again on July 9, and optioned back to Pawtucket on July 14. He was recalled on September 7.[7] In 37 Major League games of 2013, Bradley batted .189 with 3 home runs, 10 RBI, and 2 stolen bases. With the Red Sox finishing 97–65, the team made the postseason and eventually won the World Series over the St. Louis Cardinals. Bradley still received his first career championship ring, although he did not play in the postseason.

text: On March 28, 2014, Bradley was optioned to Triple-A Pawtucket after he was unable to beat Grady Sizemore for the starting center field position, but was recalled three days later after the team placed Shane Victorino on the 15-day disabled list. Bradley saw regular time as the team's center fielder throughout the 2014 season, but was optioned back to Triple-A Pawtucket on August 18 after hitting just .216 with one home run and 30 RBI, despite playing exceptional defense.[8]

text: On June 25, 2015, Bradley was called back up to play right field for the Red Sox while Hanley Ramírez recuperated with a sore wrist.[9] In a June 30 game against the Toronto Blue Jays pitcher Marco Estrada, he hit his first home run since May 31, 2014.  On August 15, 2015, Bradley became only the eighth player in the modern era with five extra-base hits in one game, recording two home runs and three doubles in six at-bats, in the Red Sox' 22–10 defeat of the Seattle Mariners. His play led to a starting job and widespread speculation that he would be part of the full-time Red Sox outfield in 2016 and beyond.[10][11]

text: Between April 24 and May 25, Bradley hit safely in 29 straight games, tying Johnny Damon for the fourth longest hitting streak in Red Sox history. Bradley's streak came to an end in a loss to the Colorado Rockies on May 26. At the time he started his hitting streak, he was batting .222, and when it ended he had raised his average up to .350. This streak, along with excellent defense, earned him AL Player of the Month recognition for May. Bradley was selected to the 2016 MLB All-Star Game, the first of his career. He started in left field, and was 2-for-2 at the plate.[12] He ended the 2016 season with a .267 batting average, 26 home runs, and 87 RBIs.

text: In the 2016 offseason, Bradley switched his uniform number to #19, previously worn by Koji Uehara since 2013.[13].

text: On April 8, 2017, Bradley fell to the ground after flying out and left the game. It was reported that Bradley suffered a sprain to his right knee. Two days later, on April 10, Bradley was placed on the 10-day disabled list.[14] On August 22, Bradley injured his left thumb while sliding towards home plate and left the game. The next day, on August 23, Bradley was again placed on the 10-day disabled list due to spraining his left thumb.[15]

text: Bradley was again the everyday center fielder for the Red Sox, and drew national attention for his stellar defense,[16][17][18][19] but struggled at the plate until mid-August.[18][20] On August 11, in the first game of a day-night doubleheader against the Baltimore Orioles, Bradley homered twice to lift the Red Sox to a 5-0 victory.[21]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Bradley Jr. is the son of Jackie Bradley Sr., a bus driver in Richmond, Virginia.[22] Bradley Jr. is married to Erin Helring;[23] their daughter Emerson Claire Bradley was born on June 2, 2016. Both Bradley Jr. and Bradley Sr. were named for singer Jackie Wilson.[22]

text: Before each at bat, Bradley writes "M.S." in the dirt in honor of his friend Matt Saye who died in a car accident. Bradley, who was close with Saye, said, "You never know what the next day will bring, if there is a next day. This really all came to me after my best friend died in August. He was like a brother to me. In his obituary, I was mentioned as his only surviving brother. And he was a different race (white). That's how close we were. I know he has my back and he's there supporting me."[24]


document_title: Belly (film)

question_text: where is the house in the movie belly

question_tokens: where is the house in the movie belly

text: Belly (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: The film begins in early 1999, with two young Queens, New York street criminals Tommy "Buns" Bundy (DMX) and Sincere ("Sin") (Nas), along with their associates in crime Mark and Black. The four violently rob a nightclub, murdering five people. Escaping in a stolen car, they cheer their success with chicken legs and Cristal. Black goes to dump the car while the rest retreat to Tommy's Jamaica Estates house, where they celebrate and joke around (The movie Gummo is playing on the TV), waking Tommy's girlfriend Keisha (Taral Hicks). Sincere soon leaves and is followed in gesture by the others. He returns to his St. Albans home to his girlfriend Tionne (Tionne "T-Boz" Watkins) and infant daughter Kenya. Meanwhile, Tommy learns of a new form of heroin which he takes as a lucrative business opportunity.

text: The next day, Tommy meets with Sincere to discuss the venture. His rhetoric is met with resistance from the more intellectually inclined Sincere, who has become enlightened to the plight of urban poor and seeks a life free of crime. After Tommy ridicules Sincere for his sentiments and mentions his connection with a Jamaican drug lord "Ox" residing in New York City, Sincere reluctantly agrees. Tommy then visits Ox in his lavish mansion, to plead for Ox's assistance in obtaining the heroin. Ox agrees on the grounds that Tommy repays him via a huge favor at a later date.

text: In Mark's grandmother's basement, the group convenes to discuss the imminent flux of business. Sin explains via narration that one of Tommy's associates, Knowledge, is to be involved in the operation. Meanwhile, Sincere teases Black, who is upset that his share of the money from the robbery was less than Sincere received. While this is happening, Knowledge tells Tommy over the phone that he had heard that Black had been talking about wanting to rob Sincere. Tommy becomes incredibly enraged. He pushes Black to the floor and forces him to strip naked in front of everyone while firing a handgun wildly into the floor. Tommy then orders Black to sit on the couch, as he visibly harbors hostile feelings towards the rest of the men.

text: The duo, along with some of their friends, including Knowledge and Mark, start transporting drugs from Queens to Omaha, and begin to overrun the drug business there. This is met with jealousy from a local drug dealer Big Head Rico (Tyrin Turner), who informs the police of their activities. This results in a raid at their stash-house, which results in Mark's death and Knowledge's arrest. Knowledge calls Tommy's house from jail and is told by Keisha that Tommy isn't there, nor should he have called since the FBI could have tapped their phone. Knowledge gets angry that Tommy won't come to bail him out, and calls Shameek, aka Father Sha (Method Man), to not only infiltrate Rico's gang, but to handle Tommy. While at a strip club in Omaha, Shameek confronts Rico and informs him that Knowledge sent him here to kill him and his associates. When Rico tries to run from Shameek, Shameek shoots and kills Rico as well as some members of his crew. While reloading, Shameek is shot by the bartender. Stumbling out the club, he manages to evade police.

text: Meanwhile, Tommy goes to Jamaica with Ox, and repays him by killing Sosa, the son of a local drug lord. Back at Tommy's house, Keisha is arrested by police and later bailed out by Tionne. Tommy finds out about the raid and leaves town. Later, when Sosa's family and friends find out that it was Ox who ordered the hit, Pelpa, the gang's leader and close friend of Sosa, sends a hit squad to kill him in his home. Ox is able to kill most of them before he himself is finally killed by a female assassin named Chiquita.

text: While these events occur, Sincere prepares to leave the drug game and move his girlfriend and child to Africa, despite Tommy's jokes that he was getting soft for wanting to leave. They make plans to leave on New Years Day, 2000. However, Sincere is now suspicious of Tommy since the Omaha incident. Tommy, meanwhile, has been laying low in Atlanta, selling marijuana with Wise and LaKid, two younger men from New York. One night at dinner, Tommy instigates an argument between Wise and LaKid, in which ends with both men to drawing their guns and LaKid shooting Wise dead. Tommy, extremely intoxicated, remains seated, calmly glancing at Wise's dead body as the police arrive to arrest him and is, inexplicably, later released. It is later revealed that Tommy was chosen by federal agents to assassinate a black Muslim leader, Rev. Saviour, (Dr. Benjamin Chavis) who plans to preach against the government on New Year's Eve.

text: Tionne comes home from shopping to find Shameek and a few other men waiting for her inside and is confronted concerning the whereabouts of Sincere and Tommy. After a tense standoff with pistols, the men leave. Later while talking to a friend (AZ) outside a barbershop, Black (who had sworn that he'd get revenge after the basement incident) and an accomplice confront Sincere and shoots him in the leg, causing Sincere to shoot back in self-defense, killing Black and his accomplice, before fleeing the scene.

text: On New Years' Eve 1999, Tommy confronts Rev. Saviour in his study before he was to make a massive speech of hope and points his gun at him. Saviour convinces Tommy not to go through with his mission, even though this will be seen as an act of betrayal by the feds and will put his life at risk. Tommy, in tears, agrees, and the two men embrace.

text: Shameek visits Keisha's home, in the hopes of finding Tommy there. He physically assaults Keisha, and after a struggle, Keisha gets hold of Shameek's gun, and shoots him in the face at point-blank range.

text: Sincere, now in Africa with Tionne and their child, reflects on recent events, relieved and happy to start a new life.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Nas – Sincere
DMX – Tommy "Buns" Bundy
Taral Hicks – Keisha
Tionne "T-Boz" Watkins – Tionne
Method Man – Shameek aka Father Sha
Tyrin Turner – Big Head Rico
Hassan Johnson – Mark
Oliver "Power" Grant – Knowledge
Louie Rankin – Lennox aka Ox
Stan Drayton – Wise
James Parris – LaKid
Benjamin Chavis – Reverend Saviour
Sean Paul – Himself
Lavita “Vita” Raynor – Kionna
Ghostface Killah – cameo appearance
AZ – friend of Sincere

text: Reception[edit]

text:
The film was poorly received by critics, scoring 13% on Rotten Tomatoes.[3] Although it was generally praised for its highly stylized "noir-like"[citation needed] visual design and cinematography, it was criticized for what was seen as a weak plot. Terrance Tartt of the Iowa Film association gave it two thumbs up, he said it was "the most accurate representation of living the gangster life style he has ever seen" [1]
Since then the film has developed a cult following, as well as a critical reassessment.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Year

Album

Peak chart positions

Certifications

U.S.

U.S. R&B

1998

Belly
Released: November 3, 1998
Label: Def Jam

5

2

US: Gold