document_title: Magnetic field

question_text: who discovered that moving electricity creates a magnetic field

question_tokens: who discovered that moving electricity creates a magnetic field

root

text: Magnetic field

text: History[edit]

text: Although magnets and magnetism were studied much earlier, the research of magnetic fields began in 1269 when French scholar Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt mapped out the magnetic field on the surface of a spherical magnet using iron needles.[nb 1] Noting that the resulting field lines crossed at two points he named those points 'poles' in analogy to Earth's poles. He also clearly articulated the principle that magnets always have both a north and south pole, no matter how finely one slices them.

tag: p

text: Almost three centuries later, William Gilbert of Colchester replicated Petrus Peregrinus' work and was the first to state explicitly that Earth is a magnet.[3] Published in 1600, Gilbert's work, De Magnete, helped to establish magnetism as a science.

text: In 1750, John Michell stated that magnetic poles attract and repel in accordance with an inverse square law.[4] Charles-Augustin de Coulomb experimentally verified this in 1785 and stated explicitly that the north and south poles cannot be separated.[5] Building on this force between poles, Siméon Denis Poisson (1781–1840) created the first successful model of the magnetic field, which he presented in 1824.[6] In this model, a magnetic H-field is produced by 'magnetic poles' and magnetism is due to small pairs of north/south magnetic poles.

text: Three discoveries challenged this foundation of magnetism, though. First, in 1819, Hans Christian Ørsted discovered that an electric current generates a magnetic field encircling it. Then in 1820, André-Marie Ampère showed that parallel wires with currents attract one another if the currents are in the same direction and repel if they are in opposite directions.[7] Finally, Jean-Baptiste Biot and Félix Savart discovered the Biot–Savart law in 1820, which correctly predicts the magnetic field around any current-carrying wire.

text: Extending these experiments, Ampère published his own successful model of magnetism in 1825. In it, he showed the equivalence of electrical currents to magnets[8] and proposed that magnetism is due to perpetually flowing loops of current instead of the dipoles of magnetic charge in Poisson's model.[nb 2] This has the additional benefit of explaining why magnetic charge can not be isolated. Further, Ampère derived both Ampère's force law describing the force between two currents and Ampère's law, which, like the Biot–Savart law, correctly described the magnetic field generated by a steady current. Also in this work, Ampère introduced the term electrodynamics to describe the relationship between electricity and magnetism.

text: In 1831, Michael Faraday discovered electromagnetic induction when he found that a changing magnetic field generates an encircling electric field. He described this phenomenon in what is known as Faraday's law of induction. Later, Franz Ernst Neumann proved that, for a moving conductor in a magnetic field, induction is a consequence of Ampère's force law.[9] In the process, he introduced the magnetic vector potential, which was later shown to be equivalent to the underlying mechanism proposed by Faraday.

text: In 1850, Lord Kelvin, then known as William Thomson, distinguished between two magnetic fields now denoted H and B. The former applied to Poisson's model and the latter to Ampère's model and induction.[10] Further, he derived how H and B relate to each other.

text: The reason H and B are used for the two magnetic fields has been a source of some debate among science historians. Most agree that Kelvin avoided M to prevent confusion with the SI fundamental unit of length, the Metre, abbreviated "m". Others believe the choices were purely random.[11][12]

text: Between 1861 and 1865, James Clerk Maxwell developed and published Maxwell's equations, which explained and united all of classical electricity and magnetism. The first set of these equations was published in a paper entitled On Physical Lines of Force in 1861. These equations were valid although incomplete. Maxwell completed his set of equations in his later 1865 paper A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field and demonstrated the fact that light is an electromagnetic wave. Heinrich Hertz experimentally confirmed this fact in 1887.

text: The twentieth century extended electrodynamics to include relativity and quantum mechanics. Albert Einstein, in his paper of 1905 that established relativity, showed that both the electric and magnetic fields are part of the same phenomena viewed from different reference frames. (See moving magnet and conductor problem for details about the thought experiment that eventually helped Albert Einstein to develop special relativity.) Finally, the emergent field of quantum mechanics was merged with electrodynamics to form quantum electrodynamics (QED).

text: Definitions, units and measurement[edit]

text: The B-field[edit]

text:
Alternative names for B[13]

Magnetic flux density
Magnetic induction
Magnetic field

tag: table

text: The magnetic field can be defined in several equivalent ways based on the effects it has on its environment.

text: Often the magnetic field is defined by the force it exerts on a moving charged particle. It is known from experiments in electrostatics that a particle of charge q in an electric field E experiences a force F = qE. However, in other situations, such as when a charged particle moves in the vicinity of a current-carrying wire, the force also depends on the velocity of that particle. Fortunately, the velocity dependent portion can be separated out such that the force on the particle satisfies the Lorentz force law,

text: Here v is the particle's velocity and × denotes the cross product. The vector B is termed the magnetic field, and it is defined as the vector field necessary to make the Lorentz force law correctly describe the motion of a charged particle. This definition allows the determination of B in the following way[14]

text: [T]he command, "Measure the direction and magnitude of the vector B at such and such a place," calls for the following operations: Take a particle of known charge q. Measure the force on q at rest, to determine E. Then measure the force on the particle when its velocity is v; repeat with v in some other direction. Now find a B that makes the Lorentz force law fit all these results—that is the magnetic field at the place in question.

text: Alternatively, the magnetic field can be defined in terms of the torque it produces on a magnetic dipole (see magnetic torque on permanent magnets below).

text: The H-field[edit]

text:
Alternative names for H[13][15]

Magnetic field intensity
Magnetic field strength
Magnetic field
Magnetizing field

text:
In addition to B, there is a quantity H, which is often called the magnetic field.[nb 3] In a vacuum, B and H are proportional to each other, with the multiplicative constant depending on the physical units. Inside a material they are different (see H and B inside and outside magnetic materials). The term "magnetic field" is historically reserved for H while using other terms for B. Informally, though, and formally for some recent textbooks mostly in physics, the term 'magnetic field' is used to describe B as well as or in place of H.[nb 4]
There are many alternative names for both (see sidebar).

text: Units[edit]

text: In SI units, B is measured in teslas (symbol: T) and correspondingly ΦB (magnetic flux) is measured in webers (symbol: Wb) so that a flux density of 1 Wb/m2 is 1 tesla. The SI unit of tesla is equivalent to (newton·second)/(coulomb·metre).[nb 5] In Gaussian-cgs units, B is measured in gauss (symbol: G). (The conversion is 1 T = 10000 G.[16][17]) One nanotesla is equivalent to 1 gamma (symbol: γ).[17] The H-field is measured in amperes per metre (A/m) in SI units,[18] and in oersteds (Oe) in cgs units.[16]

text: Measurement[edit]

text: The precision attained for a magnetic field measurement for Gravity Probe B experiment is 5 attoteslas (6982500000000000000♠5×10−18 T);[19] the largest magnetic field produced in a laboratory is 2.8 kT (VNIIEF in Sarov, Russia, 1998).[20] The magnetic field of some astronomical objects such as magnetars are much higher; magnetars range from 0.1 to 100 GT (108 to 1011 T).[21]  See orders of magnitude (magnetic field).

text: Devices used to measure the local magnetic field are called magnetometers. Important classes of magnetometers include using induction magnetometer (or search-coil magnetometer) which measure only varying magnetic field, rotating coil magnetometer, Hall effect magnetometers, NMR magnetometers, SQUID magnetometers, and fluxgate magnetometers. The magnetic fields of distant astronomical objects are measured through their effects on local charged particles. For instance, electrons spiraling around a field line produce synchrotron radiation that is detectable in radio waves.

text: Magnetic field lines[edit]

text: Mapping the magnetic field of an object is simple in principle. First, measure the strength and direction of the magnetic field at a large number of locations (or at every point in space). Then, mark each location with an arrow (called a vector) pointing in the direction of the local magnetic field with its magnitude proportional to the strength of the magnetic field.

text: An alternative method to map the magnetic field is to 'connect' the arrows to form magnetic field lines. The direction of the magnetic field at any point is parallel to the direction of nearby field lines, and the local density of field lines can be made proportional to its strength. Magnetic field lines are like streamlines in fluid flow, in that they represent something continuous, and a different resolution would show more or fewer lines.

text: An advantage of using magnetic field lines as a representation is that many laws of magnetism (and electromagnetism) can be stated completely and concisely using simple concepts such as the 'number' of field lines through a surface. These concepts can be quickly 'translated' to their mathematical form. For example, the number of field lines through a given surface is the surface integral of the magnetic field.

text: Various phenomena have the effect of "displaying" magnetic field lines as though the field lines were physical phenomena. For example, iron filings placed in a magnetic field, form lines that correspond to 'field lines'.[nb 6] Magnetic field "lines" are also visually displayed in polar auroras, in which plasma particle dipole interactions create visible streaks of light that line up with the local direction of Earth's magnetic field.

text: Field lines can be used as a qualitative tool to visualize magnetic forces. In ferromagnetic substances like iron and in plasmas, magnetic forces can be understood by imagining that the field lines exert a tension, (like a rubber band) along their length, and a pressure perpendicular to their length on neighboring field lines.  'Unlike' poles of magnets attract because they are linked by many field lines; 'like' poles repel because their field lines do not meet, but run parallel, pushing on each other. The rigorous form of this concept is the electromagnetic stress–energy tensor.

text: Magnetic field and permanent magnets[edit]

text: Permanent magnets are objects that produce their own persistent magnetic fields. They are made of ferromagnetic materials, such as iron and nickel, that have been magnetized, and they have both a north and a south pole.

text: Magnetic field of permanent magnets[edit]

text: The magnetic field of permanent magnets can be quite complicated, especially near the magnet. The magnetic field of a small[nb 7] straight magnet is proportional to the magnet's strength (called its magnetic dipole moment m). The equations are non-trivial and also depend on the distance from the magnet and the orientation of the magnet. For simple magnets, m points in the direction of a line drawn from the south to the north pole of the magnet. Flipping a bar magnet is equivalent to rotating its m by 180 degrees.

text: The magnetic field of larger magnets can be obtained by modeling them as a collection of a large number of small magnets called dipoles each having their own m. The magnetic field produced by the magnet then is the net magnetic field of these dipoles. And, any net force on the magnet is a result of adding up the forces on the individual dipoles.

text: There are two competing models for the nature of these dipoles. These two models produce two different magnetic fields, H and B. Outside a material, though, the two are identical (to a multiplicative constant) so that in many cases the distinction can be ignored. This is particularly true for magnetic fields, such as those due to electric currents, that are not generated by magnetic materials.

text: Magnetic pole model and the H-field[edit]

text: It is sometimes useful to model the force and torques between two magnets as due to magnetic poles repelling or attracting each other in the same manner as the Coulomb force between electric charges. This is called the Gilbert model of magnetism, after William Gilbert. In this model, a magnetic H-field is produced by magnetic charges that are 'smeared' around each pole. These magnetic charges are in fact related to the magnetization field M.

text: The H-field, therefore, is analogous to the electric field E, which starts at a positive electric charge and ends at a negative electric charge. Near the north pole, therefore, all H-field lines point away from the north pole (whether inside the magnet or out) while near the south pole all H-field lines point toward the south pole (whether inside the magnet or out). Too, a north pole feels a force in the direction of the H-field while the force on the south pole is opposite to the H-field.

text: In the magnetic pole model, the elementary magnetic dipole m is formed by two opposite magnetic poles of pole strength qm separated by a small distance vector d, such that m = qm d. The magnetic pole model predicts correctly the field H both inside and outside magnetic materials, in particular the fact that  H is opposite to the magnetization field M inside a permanent magnet.

text: Since it is based on the fictitious idea of a magnetic charge density, the Gilbert model has limitations. Magnetic poles cannot exist apart from each other as electric charges can, but always come in north/south pairs. If a magnetized object is divided in half, a new pole appears on the surface of each piece, so each has a pair of complementary poles. The magnetic pole model does not account for magnetism that is produced by electric currents.

text: Amperian loop model and the B-field[edit]

text: After Ørsted discovered that electric currents produce a magnetic field and Ampere discovered that electric currents attracted and repelled each other similar to magnets, it was natural to hypothesize that all magnetic fields are due to electric current loops. In this model developed by Ampere, the elementary magnetic dipole that makes up all magnets is a sufficiently small Amperian loop of current I. The dipole moment of this loop is m = IA where A is the area of the loop.

text: These magnetic dipoles produce a magnetic B-field. One important property of the B-field produced this way is that magnetic B-field lines neither start nor end (mathematically, B is a solenoidal vector field); a field line either extends to infinity or wraps around to form a closed curve.[nb 8] To date, no exception to this rule has been found. (See magnetic monopole below.) Magnetic field lines exit a magnet near its north pole and enter near its south pole, but inside the magnet B-field lines continue through the magnet from the south pole back to the north.[nb 9] If a B-field line enters a magnet somewhere it has to leave somewhere else; it is not allowed to have an end point. Magnetic poles, therefore, always come in N and S pairs.

text: More formally, since all the magnetic field lines that enter any given region must also leave that region, subtracting the 'number'[nb 10] of field lines that enter the region from the number that exit gives identically zero. Mathematically this is equivalent to:

text: where the integral is a surface integral over the closed surface S (a closed surface is one that completely surrounds a region with no holes to let any field lines escape). Since dA points outward, the dot product in the integral is positive for B-field pointing out and negative for B-field pointing in.

text: There is also a corresponding differential form of this equation covered in Maxwell's equations below.

text: Force between magnets[edit]

text: The force between two small magnets is quite complicated and depends on the strength and orientation of both magnets and the distance and direction of the magnets relative to each other. The force is particularly sensitive to rotations of the magnets due to magnetic torque. The force on each magnet depends on its magnetic moment and the magnetic field[nb 11] of the other.

text: To understand the force between magnets, it is useful to examine the magnetic pole model given above. In this model, the H-field of one magnet pushes and pulls on both poles of a second magnet. If this H-field is the same at both poles of the second magnet then there is no net force on that magnet since the force is opposite for opposite poles. If, however, the magnetic field of the first magnet is nonuniform (such as the H near one of its poles), each pole of the second magnet sees a different field and is subject to a different force. This difference in the two forces moves the magnet in the direction of increasing magnetic field and may also cause a net torque.

text: This is a specific example of a general rule that magnets are attracted (or repulsed depending on the orientation of the magnet) into regions of higher magnetic field. Any non-uniform magnetic field, whether caused by permanent magnets or electric currents, exerts a force on a small magnet in this way.

text:
The details of the Amperian loop model are different and more complicated but yield the same result: that magnetic dipoles are attracted/repelled into regions of higher magnetic field.
Mathematically, the force on a small magnet having a magnetic moment m due to a magnetic field B is:[22]

text: where the gradient ∇ is the change of the quantity m · B per unit distance and the direction is that of maximum increase of m · B. To understand this equation, note that the dot product m · B = mBcos(θ), where m and B represent the magnitude of the m and B vectors and θ is the angle between them. If m is in the same direction as B then the dot product is positive and the gradient points 'uphill' pulling the magnet into regions of higher B-field (more strictly larger m · B). This equation is strictly only valid for magnets of zero size, but is often a good approximation for not too large magnets. The magnetic force on larger magnets is determined by dividing them into smaller regions each having their own m then summing up the forces on each of these very small regions.

text: Magnetic torque on permanent magnets[edit]

text: If two like poles of two separate magnets are brought near each other, and one of the magnets is allowed to turn, it promptly rotates to align itself with the first. In this example, the magnetic field of the stationary magnet creates a magnetic torque on the magnet that is free to rotate. This magnetic torque τ tends to align a magnet's poles with the magnetic field lines. A compass, therefore, turns to align itself with Earth's magnetic field.

text: Magnetic torque is used to drive electric motors. In one simple motor design, a magnet is fixed to a freely rotating shaft and subjected to a magnetic field from an array of electromagnets. By continuously switching the electric current through each of the electromagnets, thereby flipping the polarity of their magnetic fields, like poles are kept next to the rotor; the resultant torque is transferred to the shaft. See Rotating magnetic fields below.

text: As is the case for the force between magnets, the magnetic pole model leads more readily to the correct equation. Here, two equal and opposite magnetic charges experiencing the same H also experience equal and opposite forces. Since these equal and opposite forces are in different locations, this produces a torque proportional to the distance (perpendicular to the force) between them. With the definition of m as the pole strength times the distance between the poles, this leads to τ = μ0mHsinθ, where μ0 is a constant called the vacuum permeability, measuring 6993400000000000000♠4π×10−7 V·s/(A·m) and θ is the angle between H and m.

text: The Amperian loop model also predicts the same magnetic torque. Here, it is the B field interacting with the Amperian current loop through a Lorentz force described below. Again, the results are the same although the models are completely different.

text: Mathematically, the torque τ on a small magnet is proportional both to the applied magnetic field and to the magnetic moment m of the magnet:

text: where × represents the vector cross product. Note that this equation includes all of the qualitative information included above. There is no torque on a magnet if m is in the same direction as the magnetic field. (The cross product is zero for two vectors that are in the same direction.) Further, all other orientations feel a torque that twists them toward the direction of magnetic field.

text: Magnetic field and electric currents[edit]

text: Currents of electric charges both generate a magnetic field and feel a force due to magnetic B-fields.

text: Magnetic field due to moving charges and electric currents[edit]

text: All moving charged particles produce magnetic fields. Moving point charges, such as electrons, produce complicated but well known magnetic fields that depend on the charge, velocity, and acceleration of the particles.[23]

text: Magnetic field lines form in concentric circles around a cylindrical current-carrying conductor, such as a length of wire. The direction of such a magnetic field can be determined by using the "right hand grip rule" (see figure at right). The strength of the magnetic field decreases with distance from the wire. (For an infinite length wire the strength is inversely proportional to the distance.)

text: Bending a current-carrying wire into a loop concentrates the magnetic field inside the loop while weakening it outside. Bending a wire into multiple closely spaced loops to form a coil or "solenoid" enhances this effect. A device so formed around an iron core may act as an electromagnet, generating a strong, well-controlled magnetic field. An infinitely long cylindrical electromagnet has a uniform magnetic field inside, and no magnetic field outside. A finite length electromagnet produces a magnetic field that looks similar to that produced by a uniform permanent magnet, with its strength and polarity determined by the current flowing through the coil.

text: The magnetic field generated by a steady current I (a constant flow of electric charges, in which charge neither accumulates nor is depleted at any point)[nb 12] is described by the Biot–Savart law:

text: where the integral sums over the wire length where vector dℓ is the vector line element with direction in the same sense as the current I, μ0 is the magnetic constant, r is the distance between the location of dℓ and the location where the magnetic field is calculated, and r̂ is a unit vector in the direction of r.  In the case of a sufficiently long wire, this becomes:

text: where r is the distance from the wire.[24]

text:
A slightly more general[25][nb 13] way of relating the current

I

{\displaystyle {I}}

 to the B-field is through Ampère's law:

text:
where the line integral is over any arbitrary loop and

I

{\displaystyle {I}}

enc is the current enclosed by that loop. Ampère's law is always valid for steady currents and can be used to calculate the B-field for certain highly symmetric situations such as an infinite wire or an infinite solenoid.

text: In a modified form that accounts for time varying electric fields, Ampère's law is one of four Maxwell's equations that describe electricity and magnetism.

text: Force on moving charges and current[edit]

text: Force on a charged particle[edit]

text: A charged particle moving in a B-field experiences a sideways force that is proportional to the strength of the magnetic field, the component of the velocity that is perpendicular to the magnetic field and the charge of the particle. This force is known as the Lorentz force, and is given by

text:
where
F is the force, q is the electric charge of the particle, v is the instantaneous velocity  of the particle, and B is the magnetic field (in teslas).

text: The Lorentz force is always perpendicular to both the velocity of the particle and the magnetic field that created it. When a charged particle moves in a static magnetic field, it traces a helical path in which the helix axis is parallel to the magnetic field, and in which the speed of the particle remains constant. Because the magnetic force is always perpendicular to the motion, the magnetic field can do no work on an isolated charge. It can only do work indirectly, via the electric field generated by a changing magnetic field. It is often claimed that the magnetic force can do work to a non-elementary magnetic dipole, or to charged particles whose motion is constrained by other forces, but this is incorrect[26] because the work in those cases is performed by the electric forces of the charges deflected by the magnetic field.

text: Force on current-carrying wire[edit]

text:
The force on a current carrying wire is similar to that of a moving charge as expected since a current carrying wire is a collection of moving charges. A current-carrying wire feels a force in the presence of a magnetic field. The Lorentz force on a macroscopic current is often referred to as the Laplace force.
Consider a conductor of length ℓ, cross section A, and charge q due to electric current i. If this conductor is placed in a magnetic field of magnitude B that makes an angle θ with the velocity of charges in the conductor, the force exerted on a single charge q is

text: so, for N charges where

text: the force exerted on the conductor is

text: where i = nqvA.

text: Direction of force[edit]

text: The direction of force on a charge or a current can be determined by a mnemonic known as the right-hand rule (see the figure). Using the right hand, pointing the thumb in the direction of the current, and the fingers in the direction of the magnetic field, the resulting force on the charge points outwards from the palm. The force on a negatively charged particle is in the opposite direction. If both the speed and the charge are reversed then the direction of the force remains the same. For that reason a magnetic field measurement (by itself) cannot distinguish whether there is a positive charge moving to the right or a negative charge moving to the left. (Both of these cases produce the same current.)  On the other hand, a magnetic field combined with an electric field can distinguish between these, see Hall effect below.

text: An alternative mnemonic to the right hand rule is Flemings's left hand rule.

text: Relation between H and B[edit]

text: The formulas derived for the magnetic field above are correct when dealing with the entire current. A magnetic material placed inside a magnetic field, though, generates its own bound current, which can be a challenge to calculate.  (This bound current is due to the sum of atomic sized current loops and the spin of the subatomic particles such as electrons that make up the material.)  The H-field as defined above helps factor out this bound current; but to see how, it helps to introduce the concept of magnetization first.

text: Magnetization[edit]

text: The magnetization vector field M represents how strongly a region of material is magnetized. It is defined as the net magnetic dipole moment per unit volume of that region. The magnetization of a uniform magnet is therefore a material constant, equal to the magnetic moment m of the magnet divided by its volume. Since the SI unit of magnetic moment is A⋅m2, the SI unit of magnetization M is ampere per meter, identical to that of the H-field.

text: The magnetization M field of a region points in the direction of the average magnetic dipole moment in that region. Magnetization field lines, therefore, begin near the magnetic south pole and ends near the magnetic north pole. (Magnetization does not exist outside the magnet.)

text: In the Amperian loop model, the magnetization is due to combining many tiny Amperian loops to form a resultant current called bound current. This bound current, then, is the source of the magnetic B field due to the magnet. (See Magnetic dipoles below and magnetic poles vs. atomic currents for more information.) Given the definition of the magnetic dipole, the magnetization field follows a similar law to that of Ampere's law:[27]

text: where the integral is a line integral over any closed loop and Ib is the 'bound current' enclosed by that closed loop.

text: In the magnetic pole model, magnetization begins at and ends at magnetic poles. If a given region, therefore, has a net positive 'magnetic pole strength' (corresponding to a north pole) then it has more magnetization field lines entering it than leaving it. Mathematically this is equivalent to:

text: where the integral is a closed surface integral over the closed surface S and qM is the 'magnetic charge' (in units of magnetic flux) enclosed by S. (A closed surface completely surrounds a region with no holes to let any field lines escape.) The negative sign occurs because the magnetization field moves from south to north.

text: H-field and magnetic materials[edit]

text: In SI units, the H-field is related to the B-field by

text: In terms of the H-field, Ampere's law is

text: where If represents the 'free current' enclosed by the loop so that the line integral of H does not depend at all on the bound currents.[28]

text: For the differential equivalent of this equation see Maxwell's equations. Ampere's law leads to the boundary condition

text:
where Kf is the surface free current density and the unit normal

n

^

{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {n} }}}

 points in the direction from medium 2 to medium 1.[29]

text: Similarly, a surface integral of H over any closed surface is independent of the free currents and picks out the "magnetic charges" within that closed surface:

text: which does not depend on the free currents.

text: The H-field, therefore, can be separated into two[nb 14] independent parts:

text: where H0 is the applied magnetic field due only to the free currents and Hd is the demagnetizing field due only to the bound currents.

text: The magnetic H-field, therefore, re-factors the bound current in terms of "magnetic charges". The H field lines loop only around 'free current' and, unlike the magnetic B field, begins and ends near magnetic poles as well.

text: Magnetism[edit]

text: Most materials respond to an applied B-field by producing their own magnetization M and therefore their own B-field. Typically, the response is weak and exists only when the magnetic field is applied. The term magnetism describes how materials respond on the microscopic level to an applied magnetic field and is used to categorize the magnetic phase of a material. Materials are divided into groups based upon their magnetic behavior:

text:
Diamagnetic materials[30] produce a magnetization that opposes the magnetic field.
Paramagnetic materials[30] produce a magnetization in the same direction as the applied magnetic field.
Ferromagnetic materials and the closely related ferrimagnetic materials and antiferromagnetic materials[31][32]  can have a magnetization independent of an applied B-field with a complex relationship between the two fields.
Superconductors (and ferromagnetic superconductors)[33][34] are materials that are characterized by perfect conductivity below a critical temperature and magnetic field. They also are highly magnetic and can be perfect diamagnets below a lower critical magnetic field. Superconductors often have a broad range of temperatures and magnetic fields (the so-named mixed state) under which they exhibit a complex hysteretic dependence of M on B.

tag: ul

text: In the case of paramagnetism and diamagnetism, the magnetization M is often proportional to the applied magnetic field such that:

text: where μ is a material dependent parameter called the permeability. In some cases the permeability may be a second rank tensor so that H may not point in the same direction as B. These relations between B  and H are examples of constitutive equations. However, superconductors and ferromagnets have a more complex B to H relation; see magnetic hysteresis.

text: Energy stored in magnetic fields[edit]

text: Energy is needed to generate a magnetic field both to work against the electric field that a changing magnetic field creates and to change the magnetization of any material within the magnetic field. For non-dispersive materials, this same energy is released when the magnetic field is destroyed so that this energy can be modeled as being stored in the magnetic field.

text: For linear, non-dispersive, materials (such that B = μH where μ is frequency-independent), the energy density is:

text: If there are no magnetic materials around then μ can be replaced by μ0. The above equation cannot be used for nonlinear materials, though; a more general expression given below must be used.

text: In general, the incremental amount of work per unit volume δW needed to cause a small change of magnetic field δB is:

text: Once the relationship between H and B is known this equation is used to determine the work needed to reach a given magnetic state. For hysteretic materials such as ferromagnets and superconductors, the work needed also depends on how the magnetic field is created. For linear non-dispersive materials, though, the general equation leads directly to the simpler energy density equation given above.

text: Electromagnetism: the relationship between magnetic and electric fields[edit]

text: Faraday's Law: Electric force due to a changing B-field[edit]

text: A changing magnetic field, such as a magnet moving through a conducting coil, generates an electric field (and therefore tends to drive a current in such a coil). This is known as Faraday's law and forms the basis of many electrical generators and electric motors.

text: Mathematically, Faraday's law is:

text:
where

E

{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\mathcal {E}}}

 is the electromotive force (or EMF, the voltage generated around a closed loop) and Φ is the magnetic flux—the product of the area times the magnetic field normal to that area.  (This definition of magnetic flux is why B is often referred to as magnetic flux density.)[35]:210

text: The negative sign represents the fact that any current generated by a changing magnetic field in a coil produces a magnetic field that opposes the change in the magnetic field that induced it. This phenomenon is known as Lenz's law.

text: This integral formulation of Faraday's law can be converted[nb 15] into a differential form, which applies under slightly different conditions. This form is covered as one of Maxwell's equations below.

text: Maxwell's correction to Ampère's Law: The magnetic field due to a changing electric field[edit]

text: Similar to the way that a changing magnetic field generates an electric field, a changing electric field generates a magnetic field. This fact is known as Maxwell's correction to Ampère's law and is applied as an additive term to Ampere's law as given above. This additional term is proportional to the time rate of change of the electric flux and is similar to Faraday's law above but with a different and positive constant out front. (The electric flux through an area is proportional to the area times the perpendicular part of the electric field.)

text: The full law including the correction term is known as the Maxwell–Ampère equation. It is not commonly given in integral form because the effect is so small that it can typically be ignored in most cases where the integral form is used.

text: The Maxwell term is critically important in the creation and propagation of electromagnetic waves. Maxwell's correction to Ampère's Law together with Faraday's law of induction describes how mutually changing electric and magnetic fields interact to sustain each other and thus to form electromagnetic waves, such as light: a changing electric field generates a changing magnetic field, which generates a changing electric field again. These, though, are usually described using the differential form of this equation given below.

text: Maxwell's equations[edit]

text: Like all vector fields, a magnetic field has two important mathematical properties that relates it to its sources.  (For B the sources are currents and changing electric fields.) These two properties, along with the two corresponding properties of the electric field, make up Maxwell's Equations. Maxwell's Equations together with the Lorentz force law form a complete description of classical electrodynamics including both electricity and magnetism.

text: The first property is the divergence of a vector field A, ∇ · A, which represents how A 'flows' outward from a given point. As discussed above, a B-field line never starts or ends at a point but instead forms a complete loop. This is mathematically equivalent to saying that the divergence of B is zero. (Such vector fields are called solenoidal vector fields.) This property is called Gauss's law for magnetism and is equivalent to the statement that there are no isolated magnetic poles or magnetic monopoles. The electric field on the other hand begins and ends at electric charges so that its divergence is non-zero and proportional to the charge density (See Gauss's law).

text: The second mathematical property is called the curl, such that ∇ × A represents how A curls or 'circulates' around a given point. The result of the curl is called a 'circulation source'. The equations for the curl of B and of E are called the Ampère–Maxwell equation and Faraday's law respectively. They represent the differential forms of the integral equations given above.

text: The complete set of Maxwell's equations then are:

text: where J = complete microscopic current density and ρ is the charge density.

text: As discussed above, materials respond to an applied electric E field and an applied magnetic B field by producing their own internal 'bound' charge and current distributions that contribute to E and B but are difficult to calculate. To circumvent this problem, H and D fields are used to re-factor Maxwell's equations in terms of the free current density Jf and free charge density ρf:

text: These equations are not any more general than the original equations (if the 'bound' charges and currents in the material are known). They also must be supplemented by the relationship between B and H as well as that between E and D. On the other hand, for simple relationships between these quantities this form of Maxwell's equations can circumvent the need to calculate the bound charges and currents.

text: Electric and magnetic fields: different aspects of the same phenomenon[edit]

text: According to the special theory of relativity, the partition of the electromagnetic force into separate electric and magnetic components is not fundamental, but varies with the observational frame of reference: An electric force perceived by one observer may be perceived by another (in a different frame of reference) as a magnetic force, or a mixture of electric and magnetic forces.

text: Formally, special relativity combines the electric and magnetic fields into a rank-2 tensor, called the electromagnetic tensor. Changing reference frames mixes these components. This is analogous to the way that special relativity mixes space and time into spacetime, and mass, momentum and energy into four-momentum.[36]

text: Magnetic vector potential[edit]

text: In advanced topics such as quantum mechanics and relativity it is often easier to work with a potential formulation of electrodynamics rather than in terms of the electric and magnetic fields. In this representation, the vector potential A, and the scalar potential φ, are defined such that:

text: The vector potential A may be interpreted as a generalized potential momentum per unit charge[37] just as φ is interpreted as a generalized potential energy per unit charge.

text: Maxwell's equations when expressed in terms of the potentials can be cast into a form that agrees with special relativity with little effort.[38] In relativity A together with φ forms the four-potential, analogous to the four-momentum that combines the momentum and energy of a particle. Using the four potential instead of the electromagnetic tensor has the advantage of being much simpler—and it can be easily modified to work with quantum mechanics.

text: Quantum electrodynamics[edit]

text: In modern physics, the electromagnetic field is understood to be not a classical field, but rather a quantum field; it is represented not as a vector of three numbers at each point, but as a vector of three quantum operators at each point. The most accurate modern description of the electromagnetic interaction (and much else) is quantum electrodynamics (QED),[39] which is incorporated into a more complete theory known as the Standard Model of particle physics.

text: In QED, the magnitude of the electromagnetic interactions between charged particles (and their antiparticles) is computed using perturbation theory. These rather complex formulas produce a remarkable pictorial representation as Feynman diagrams in which virtual photons are exchanged.

text: Predictions of QED agree with experiments to an extremely high degree of accuracy: currently about 10−12 (and limited by experimental errors); for details see precision tests of QED. This makes QED one of the most accurate physical theories constructed thus far.

text: All equations in this article are in the classical approximation, which is less accurate than the quantum description mentioned here. However, under most everyday circumstances, the difference between the two theories is negligible.

text: Important uses and examples of magnetic field[edit]

text: Earth's magnetic field[edit]

text: The Earth's magnetic field is produced by convection of a liquid iron alloy in the outer core. In a dynamo process, the movements drive a feedback process in which electric currents create electric and magnetic fields that in turn act on the currents.[40]

text: The field at the surface of the Earth is approximately the same as if a giant bar magnet were positioned at the center of the Earth and tilted at an angle of about 11° off the rotational axis of the Earth (see the figure).[41] The north pole of a magnetic compass needle points roughly north, toward the North Magnetic Pole. However, because a magnetic pole is attracted to its opposite, the North Magnetic Pole is actually the south pole of the geomagnetic field. This confusion in terminology arises because the pole of a magnet is defined by the geographical direction it points.[42]

text: Earth's magnetic field is not constant—the strength of the field and the location of its poles vary.[43] Moreover, the poles periodically reverse their orientation in a process called geomagnetic reversal. The most recent reversal occurred 780,000 years ago.[44]

text: Rotating magnetic fields[edit]

text: The rotating magnetic field is a key principle in the operation of alternating-current motors. A permanent magnet in such a field rotates so as to maintain its alignment with the external field. This effect was conceptualized by Nikola Tesla, and later utilized in his, and others', early AC (alternating current) electric motors.

text: A rotating magnetic field can be constructed using two orthogonal coils with 90 degrees phase difference in their AC currents. However, in practice such a system would be supplied through a three-wire arrangement with unequal currents.

text: This inequality would cause serious problems in standardization of the conductor size and so, to overcome it, three-phase systems are used where the three currents are equal in magnitude and have 120 degrees phase difference. Three similar coils having mutual geometrical angles of 120 degrees create the rotating magnetic field in this case. The ability of the three-phase system to create a rotating field, utilized in electric motors, is one of the main reasons why three-phase systems dominate the world's electrical power supply systems.

text: Synchronous motors use DC-voltage-fed rotor windings, which lets the excitation of the machine be controlled—and induction motors use short-circuited rotors (instead of a magnet) following the rotating magnetic field of a multicoiled stator. The short-circuited turns of the rotor develop eddy currents in the rotating field of the stator, and these currents in turn move the rotor by the Lorentz force.

text: In 1882, Nikola Tesla identified the concept of the rotating magnetic field. In 1885, Galileo Ferraris independently researched the concept. In 1888, Tesla gained U.S. Patent 381,968 for his work. Also in 1888, Ferraris published his research in a paper to the Royal Academy of Sciences in Turin.

text: Hall effect[edit]

text: The charge carriers of a current-carrying conductor placed in a transverse magnetic field experience a sideways Lorentz force; this results in a charge separation in a direction perpendicular to the current and to the magnetic field. The resultant voltage in that direction is proportional to the applied magnetic field. This is known as the Hall effect.

text: The Hall effect is often used to measure the magnitude of a magnetic field. It is used as well to find the sign of the dominant charge carriers in materials such as semiconductors (negative electrons or positive holes).

text: Magnetic circuits[edit]

text: An important use of H is in magnetic circuits where B = μH inside a linear material. Here, μ is the magnetic permeability of the material. This result is similar in form to Ohm's law J = σE, where J is the current density, σ is the conductance and E is the electric field. Extending this analogy, the counterpart to the macroscopic Ohm's law (I = V⁄R) is:

text:
where

Φ
=
∫

B

⋅

d

A

{\displaystyle \Phi =\int \mathbf {B} \cdot \mathrm {d} \mathbf {A} }

 is the magnetic flux in the circuit,

F
=
∫

H

⋅

d

ℓ

{\displaystyle F=\int \mathbf {H} \cdot \mathrm {d} {\boldsymbol {\ell }}}

 is the magnetomotive force  applied to the circuit, and Rm is the reluctance of the circuit. Here the reluctance Rm is a quantity similar in nature to resistance for the flux.

text: Using this analogy it is straightforward to calculate the magnetic flux of complicated magnetic field geometries, by using all the available techniques of circuit theory.

text: Magnetic field shape descriptions[edit]

text:
An azimuthal magnetic field is one that runs east–west.
A meridional magnetic field is one that runs north–south. In the solar dynamo model of the Sun, differential rotation of the solar plasma causes the meridional magnetic field to stretch into an azimuthal magnetic field, a process called the omega-effect. The reverse process is called the alpha-effect.[45]
A dipole magnetic field is one seen around a bar magnet or around a charged elementary particle with nonzero spin.
A quadrupole magnetic field is one seen, for example, between the poles of four bar magnets. The field strength grows linearly with the radial distance from its longitudinal axis.
A solenoidal magnetic field is similar to a dipole magnetic field, except that a solid bar magnet is replaced by a hollow electromagnetic coil magnet.
A toroidal magnetic field occurs in a doughnut-shaped coil, the electric current spiraling around the tube-like surface, and is found, for example, in a tokamak.
A poloidal magnetic field is generated by a current flowing in a ring, and is found, for example, in a tokamak.
A radial magnetic field is one in which field lines are directed from the center outwards, similar to the spokes in a bicycle wheel. An example can be found in a loudspeaker transducers (driver).[46]
A helical magnetic field is corkscrew-shaped, and sometimes seen in space plasmas such as the Orion Molecular Cloud.[47]

text: Magnetic dipoles[edit]

text: The magnetic field of a magnetic dipole is depicted in the figure. From outside, the ideal magnetic dipole is identical to that of an ideal electric dipole of the same strength. Unlike the electric dipole, a magnetic dipole is properly modeled as a current loop having a current I and an area a. Such a current loop has a magnetic moment of:

text: where the direction of m is perpendicular to the area of the loop and depends on the direction of the current using the right-hand rule. An ideal magnetic dipole is modeled as a real magnetic dipole whose area a has been reduced to zero and its current I increased to infinity such that the product m = Ia is finite. This model clarifies the connection between angular momentum and magnetic moment, which is the basis of the Einstein–de Haas effect rotation by magnetization and its inverse, the Barnett effect or magnetization by rotation.[48] Rotating the loop faster (in the same direction) increases the current and therefore the magnetic moment, for example.

text: It is sometimes useful to model the magnetic dipole similar to the electric dipole with two equal but opposite magnetic charges (one south the other north) separated by distance d. This model produces an H-field not a B-field. Such a model is deficient, though, both in that there are no magnetic charges and in that it obscures the link between electricity and magnetism. Further, as discussed above it fails to explain the inherent connection between angular momentum and magnetism.

text: Magnetic monopole (hypothetical)[edit]

text: A magnetic monopole is a hypothetical particle (or class of particles) that has, as its name suggests, only one magnetic pole (either a north pole or a south pole). In other words, it would possess a "magnetic charge" analogous to an electric charge. Magnetic field lines would start or end on magnetic monopoles, so if they exist, they would give exceptions to the rule that magnetic field lines neither start nor end.

text: Modern interest in this concept stems from particle theories, notably Grand Unified Theories and superstring theories, that predict either the existence, or the possibility, of magnetic monopoles. These theories and others have inspired extensive efforts to search for monopoles. Despite these efforts, no magnetic monopole has been observed to date.[nb 16]

text: In recent research, materials known as spin ices can simulate monopoles, but do not contain actual monopoles.[49][50]


document_title: Pork tenderloin

question_text: where is the pork tenderloin located in the pig

text: Pork tenderloin

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The pork tenderloin, also called pork fillet, is a long thin cut of pork.

text: As with all quadrupeds, the tenderloin refers to the psoas major muscle along the central spine portion, ventral to the lumbar vertebrae. This is the most tender part of the animal, because these muscles are used for posture, rather than locomotion.

text: American products and uses[edit]

text: In some countries, such as the US, pork tenderloin can be bought as a processed product, already flavored with a marinade. A common American dish is a pork tenderloin sandwich (also called simply a "tenderloin") – a very thinly sliced piece of pork, usually the larger, tougher loineye (longissimus) muscle, uniquely battered and breaded, which is deep fried and served in a hamburger bun, usually with garnishes such as mustard, ketchup, pickle and onions. This sandwich is generally sold in the US Midwest, especially in the state of Indiana. In the southern states, tenderloin is often prepared as a breakfast biscuit, usually with egg or cheese. It is quite common for pork tenderloin to be used as an alternative to beef tenderloin (usually called beef fillet in the UK), as it can be just as tender but costs significantly less.

text: Alton Brown's television show Good Eats includes an episode about pork tenderloin, "Tender is the Pork".


document_title: Michael Jackson: The Experience

question_text: michael jackson the experience xbox 360 song list

text: Michael Jackson: The Experience

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: The Wii, PS3, and Kinect versions of the game feature Just Dance style gameplay. There are three modes of play in both the Wii and PS3 version of the game. The first is "Classic" where everybody follows the on-screen Michael Jackson avatar. The second is "Duo" which is used for duets (such as "The Girl Is Mine") or videos with two main characters (such as "The Way You Make Me Feel" and "In the Closet") The player(s) can choose to dance as either Michael or the other character. The third mode of gameplay is "Crew", which features Michael and two backup dancers (five during some songs.) Players can opt to dance as any of the three. After performing songs, players will be able to unlock training videos in the "Dance School" where they are taught some of the more difficult moves from several of Michael Jackson's music videos and stage performances.

text: Four player multiplayer is available on the Wii and Move enabled PlayStation 3 but the Kinect will be limited to one player at a time. The game will also feature singing on the Kinect version on Xbox 360, and optional on-screen lyrics on the PlayStation 3 with will also feature singing and Wii versions. The DS version features gameplay similar to Elite Beat Agents. In this version, there is a cartoon version of Michael on the top screen and the player follows along by tapping the bottom screen with the stylus to the rhythm of the music. Also on Nintendo DS version, there is an anti-piracy feature created by Ubisoft that will freeze the game and replace the audio with the sound of vuvuzelas (popularized by the South Africans in World Cup 2010) if the player is playing a pirated or ROM version of the game.[6] It was also revealed that on the Wii version players can play as Jackson or the Back-up Dancers. The game was displayed at New York Comic Con at Ubisoft's booth.

text: Kinect features[edit]

text: The Kinect version of the game features full body tracking, and entirely different choreography to the Wii version,[7] along with several other changes and additions. This version uses a technology called Player Projection, which puts the player's own image in the game allowing them to star in their own Michael Jackson video. The Kinect version includes two game modes: "Solo" and "Party". Solo mode features one player. Party mode features 2-4 players. There are two options in Party mode: "Co-Op" and "Battle". Co-Op mode is a "every player for themselves" mode as players take turns jumping in and jumping out in order to complete the song. Battle mode is a team mode where two teams face off to get the highest score. Battle mode is a little different from Co-Op mode as each team performs the song together and the song gets broken down into two parts in which one player dances and the other player sings. Party mode only features Dance Mode, Performance Mode and Master Performance Mode. There are four symbols to represent each player: Michael's glove, Michael's hat, Michael's shades and one of Michael's jackets. Several of the songs in the game will not feature any moves to perform, instead becoming "Singing Only" songs, with "Earth Song" being the first song confirmed as Singing Only. There are certain songs that have moves that can be taught in a practice mode called "MJ School". During each performance, a crown will pop up above the player's head and the player must hit the crown to activate "King Power" before it fades away. The crown, appearing only once per song, will multiply the score by 8. Similar to the Wii version, the player is scored on how well they sing and dance. The player can get five different grades: "Perfect", "Good" and "OK" increases the player's score, while "Almost" and "Miss" make causes the player to lose their current score. Points add up at the end of each song along with the rating of stars the player receives and a photo the player takes during their performance. Players can either use the Kinect's built-in microphone or an attached mic/headset to sing.[7] The game does include the option, however, to choose a "Dance Only" version of the song, which means the player will not be asked to sing.[7] The Kinect version will also feature a mode known as Master Performance, which will require the player to both sing and dance to a set of choreographed moves that are harder than the normal moves, and "as close as possible to the videos".[8]

text: PlayStation 3 and Vita features[edit]

text: In addition to the singing and dancing functionalities found in the Xbox 360 version, the PlayStation 3 version allows the player to sing or dance at the same time as other players.[9] There is also the option to record the video clips or take pictures of the player's performance, and allows the player to save or upload them to sites, such as Facebook. The PlayStation Vita version was ported with Improved graphics in HD, Multiplayer (AD-Hoc), Trophy Support, Motion Sensor support, Multi-touch support, and instead of taking off the On-screen notes, it was replaced with the ability to use the Rear touch pad for an even harder challenge and since its use the multi-touch, the difficulty has been given an upgrade to increase the challenge. The PS Vita version, compared to the 3DS version, has been given an whole new look in graphics and on resolution, with the player being able to use their finger instead of a 3DS stylus. The Vita version doesn't have any downloadable content.

text: List of songs[edit]

text:
Song
Album
Year
Wii
DS
PSP
Vita, 3DS and iOS
PS3 and 360
Mac OS X
iPad 2
iPhone
Difficulty

"Bad"
Bad
1987
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Medium / Medium

"Beat It"
Thriller
1982
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Medium / Hard

"Billie Jean"
Thriller
1982
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Medium

"Black or White"
Dangerous
1991
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Hard / Medium

"Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough"
Off the Wall
1979
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Medium / Medium

"Leave Me Alone"
Bad
1987
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Easy

"Smooth Criminal"
Bad
1987
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Medium / Easy

"Thriller"
Thriller
1982
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Inhuman (Nightmare difficulty on PS3 version) / Hard

"Way You Make Me Feel !The Way You Make Me Feel"*
Bad
1987
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Medium / Medium

"Remember the Time"
Dangerous
1991
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Hard / Hard

"Ghosts"
Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix
1997
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Hard / Medium

"Another Part of Me"
Bad
1987
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
Medium

"Rock with You"
Off the Wall
1979
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Easy

"Heal the World"
Dangerous
1991
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Easy

"Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'"*
Thriller
1982
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
Medium

"Speed Demon"
Bad
1987
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Hard / Hard

"Streetwalker"
Bad: Special Edition
2001
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
Easy

"Who Is It"
Dangerous
1991
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Easy

"Blood on the Dance Floor"
Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix
1997
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Hard

"Will You Be There"
Dangerous
1991
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Medium / Easy

"Girl Is Mine !The Girl Is Mine" (feat. Paul McCartney)
Thriller
1982
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
Easy / Easy

"I Just Can't Stop Loving You" (feat. Siedah Garrett)
Bad
1987
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Easy / Easy

"They Don't Care About Us"
HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I
1995
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Hard / Medium

"Hollywood Tonight"
Michael
2010
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Hard

"Working Day and Night"
Off the Wall
1979
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
Medium

"Dirty Diana"
Bad
1987
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
Easy / Medium

"In the Closet"
Dangerous
1991
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
Medium / Medium

"Money"
HIStory; Past, Present and Future Book I
1995
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
Medium

"Earth Song"
HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I
1995
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
Medium

"Stranger in Moscow"
HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I
1995
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Easy

"Sunset Driver"
Ultimate Collection !The Ultimate Collection
2004
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
Hard

text:
A "*" indicates that there is a dance teaching video of that song.
A "**" indicates that there is a three-part dance teaching video of that song.
A "***" indicates that the song is only available for the 360 and PS3 consoles in the Walmart version of the game

text: In the Wii console version of the game, "Money" is incorrectly credited as a song from the album Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix which was released in 1997. This would be true if the song in the game was the remix but it is the original version of the song, released on HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I in 1995.

text: Reception[edit]

text:
Reception

Aggregate scores

Aggregator
Score

GameRankings
(X360) 65.34%[10]
(NDS) 64.25%[11]
(PS3) 62.88%[12]
(3DS) 62.00%[13]
(Wii) 59.92%[14]
(Vita) 59.73%[15]
(PSP) 42.50%[16]

Metacritic
(PS3) 66/100[17]
(NDS) 64/100[18]
(X360) 63/100[19]
(3DS) 59/100[20]
(Vita) 57/100[21]
(Wii) 56/100[22]

Review scores

Publication
Score

Destructoid
6/10

Eurogamer
8/10[9]

GameSpot
6.5/10 [23]

GameTrailers
5.1[24]

IGN
6.5/10

ONM
59%[25]

OPM (UK)
6/10[26]

Play
2.6[27]

PSM3
85[28]

VideoGamer.com
7/10

The Guardian
3/5[29]

Daily Mail
3/5[30]

Daily Star
75%[31]

The Sun
4/5[32]

text: The Michael Jackson Experience was met with generally positive reviews, with most of them citing the varied differences between the different versions of the game. The reviews for the DS and PSP versions were above average, with a slightly better score for the DS version. IGN gave a 6.5/10 for DS[33] and 5.5/10 for the PSP.[34] Destructoid gave a 6/10 for the DS version.[35]

text: IGN gave the Wii version a 3.5 saying that it does not give clear instructions on how to dance and also criticized the controls.[34] Metro gave it 5/10, describing it as "perfectly good party fun if you don’t care that the controls don't work."[36] The game received positive reviews from tabloids that had previously been anti-Jackson.[32][31] Videogamer.com gave the review a 7/10, stating that the music overplays the responsiveness difficulty.[37] CNET gave the game 5/5, writing that the game is "extremely easy to pick up and play" and "the choreography is amazing"[38] The Escapist gave the game 4/5, noting that the game "is not meant to be played by yourself."[39]

text: Eurogamer thought that the Xbox dance routines "feel a little slower and more simplistic than those in the PS3 game",[9] while the Daily Star said that "the Move seems a touch more sensitive".[31]


document_title: List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League top scorers

question_text: top scorer of uefa champions league of all time

text: All-time top scorers

text:
The table below does not include goals scored in the qualification stage of the competition.
Bold indicates players active in the competition in the 2017–18 season and their current club.

text:
Player
Country
Goals
Apps
Ratio
Years
Clubs

1
Cristiano Ronaldo
 Portugal
110[a]
143
0.77
2003–
Manchester United
Real Madrid

2
Lionel Messi
 Argentina
97
118
0.82
2005–
Barcelona

3
Raúl
 Spain
71
142
0.5
1995–2011
Real Madrid
Schalke 04

4
Ruud van Nistelrooy
 Netherlands
56[b]
73
0.77
1998–2009
PSV Eindhoven
Manchester United
Real Madrid

5
Karim Benzema
 France
51
96
0.53
2006–
Lyon
Real Madrid

6
Thierry Henry
 France
50[c]
112
0.45
1997–2012
Monaco
Arsenal
Barcelona

7
Alfredo Di Stéfano
 Argentina
49
58
0.84
1955–1964
Real Madrid

8
Andriy Shevchenko
 Ukraine
48[d]
100
0.48
1994–2012
Dynamo Kyiv
Milan
Chelsea

Zlatan Ibrahimović
 Sweden
48[e]
119
0.4
2001–2016
Ajax
Juventus
Internazionale
Barcelona
Milan
Paris Saint-Germain

10
Eusébio
 Portugal
47
63
0.75
1961–1974
Benfica

11
Filippo Inzaghi
 Italy
46[f]
81
0.57
1997–2012
Juventus
Milan

12
Didier Drogba
 Ivory Coast
44
92
0.48
2003–2015
Marseille
Chelsea
Galatasaray

13
Alessandro Del Piero
 Italy
42[g]
89
0.47
1995–2009
Juventus

14
Robert Lewandowski
 Poland
41
64
0.64
2011–
Borussia Dortmund
Bayern Munich

15
Thomas Müller
 Germany
40
92
0.43
2008–
Bayern Munich

16
Ferenc Puskás
 Hungary
35
41[3]
0.85
1956–1966
Budapest Honvéd
Real Madrid

17
Gerd Müller
 West Germany
34
35[3]
0.97
1969–1977
Bayern Munich

18
Francisco Gento
 Spain
32
88
0.36
1955–1969
Real Madrid

19
Samuel Eto'o
 Cameroon
30[h]
78
0.38
1999–2014
Mallorca
Barcelona
Internazionale
Chelsea

Wayne Rooney
 England
30[i]
85
0.35
2004–2016
Manchester United

Kaká
 Brazil
30
86
0.35
2003–2014
Milan
Real Madrid

Fernando Morientes
 Spain
30[j]
88
0.34
1997–2009
Real Madrid
Monaco
Liverpool
Valencia

23
Edinson Cavani
 Uruguay
29
47[4]
0.62
2011–
Napoli
Paris Saint-Germain

David Trezeguet
 France
29[k]
58
0.5
1997–2009
Monaco
Juventus

Roy Makaay
 Netherlands
29
61
0.48
2000–2007
Deportivo La Coruña
Bayern Munich

Patrick Kluivert
 Netherlands
29[l]
71
0.41
1994–2006
Ajax
Barcelona

Arjen Robben
 Netherlands
29[m]
100
0.29
2002–
PSV Eindhoven
Chelsea
Real Madrid
Bayern Munich

28
Sergio Agüero
 Argentina
28[n]
56
0.5
2008–
Atlético Madrid
Manchester City

Jean-Pierre Papin
 France
28
37[3]
0.76
1989–1994
Marseille
Milan
Bayern Munich

Ryan Giggs
 Wales
28[o]
141
0.2
1993–2014
Manchester United

31
Rivaldo
 Brazil
27[p]
73
0.37
1997–2007
Barcelona
Milan
Olympiacos

32
Mario Gómez
 Germany
26[q]
44[5]
0.59
2007–2013
Stuttgart
Bayern Munich

33
Mário Jardel
 Brazil
25[r]
46[6]
0.54
1996–2001
Porto
Galatasaray

Robin van Persie
 Netherlands
25[s]
59
0.42
2002–2014
Arsenal
Manchester United

Hernán Crespo
 Argentina
25[t]
65
0.38
1997–2007
Parma
Lazio, Internazionale
Chelsea
Milan

Giovane Élber
 Brazil
25[u]
69
0.36
1997–2004
Bayern Munich
Lyon

37
José Altafini
 Brazil
24
28[3]
0.86
1959–1976
Milan
Juventus

Neymar
 Brazil
24
43[7]
0.56
2013–
Barcelona
Paris Saint-Germain

Marco Simone
 Italy
24[v]
46[8]
0.52
1989–2001
Milan
Paris Saint-Germain
Monaco

Luís Figo
 Portugal
24
103
0.23
1997–2009
Barcelona
Real Madrid
Internazionale

Paul Scholes
 England
24[w]
124
0.19
1994–2013
Manchester United

42
Jari Litmanen
 Finland
23
57
0.4
1993–2003
Ajax
Liverpool

Frank Lampard
 England
23
105
0.22
2001–2015
Chelsea
Manchester City

44
Santillana
 Spain
22
46[9]
0.46
1971–1988
Real Madrid

45
José Torres
 Portugal
21
33[10]
0.64
1959–1971
Benfica

Luiz Adriano
 Brazil
21[x]
44[11]
0.49
2008–
Shakhtar Donetsk
Spartak Moscow

Amancio
 Spain
21
52
0.4
1962–1976
Real Madrid

Steven Gerrard
 England
21[y]
73
0.29
2001–2015
Liverpool

Claudio Pizarro
 Peru
21[z]
73
0.29
2001–2014
Bayern Munich
Werder Bremen

50
Romário
 Brazil
20
32[12]
0.63
1988–1995
Barcelona
PSV Eindhoven

Paul van Himst
 Belgium
20
39[13]
0.51
1988–1995
Anderlecht

Serhiy Rebrov
 Ukraine
20[aa]
43[14]
0.47
1993–2007
Dynamo Kyiv

Nicolas Anelka
 France
20
68
0.29
1998–2013
Arsenal
Real Madrid
Paris Saint-Germain
Chelsea

Fernando Torres
 Spain
20
76
0.26
2007–
Liverpool
Chelsea
Atlético Madrid

text:
Jump up ^ Ronaldo additionally scored one goal[2] in four qualification matches.
Jump up ^ Van Nistelrooy additionally scored four goals in eight qualification matches.
Jump up ^ Henry additionally scored one goal in three qualification matches.
Jump up ^ Shevchenko additionally scored 11 goals in 16 qualification matches.
Jump up ^ Ibrahimović additionally scored one goal in four qualification matches.
Jump up ^ Inzaghi additionally scored four goals in four qualification matches.
Jump up ^ Del Piero additionally scored two goals in three qualification matches.
Jump up ^ Eto'o additionally scored three goals in four qualification matches.
Jump up ^ Rooney additionally scored four goals in three qualification matches.
Jump up ^ Morientes additionally scored six goals in 11 qualification matches.
Jump up ^ Trezeguet additionally scored three goals in three qualification matches.
Jump up ^ Kluivert additionally scored one goal in four qualification matches.
Jump up ^ Robben additionally scored one goal in one qualification match.
Jump up ^ Agüero additionally scored six goals in four qualification matches.
Jump up ^ Giggs additionally scored two goals in 10 qualification matches.
Jump up ^ Rivaldo additionally scored four goals in five qualification matches.
Jump up ^ Gómez additionally scored one goal in two qualification matches.
Jump up ^ Jardel additionally scored three goals in two qualification matches.
Jump up ^ Van Persie additionally scored two goals in nine qualification matches.
Jump up ^ Crespo additionally scored three goals in five qualification matches.
Jump up ^ Élber additionally scored two goals in four qualification matches.
Jump up ^ Simone additionally scored one goal in two qualification matches.
Jump up ^ Scholes additionally scored one goal in six qualification matches.
Jump up ^ Adriano additionally scored one goal in four qualification matches.
Jump up ^ Gerrard additionally scored nine goals in 14 qualification matches.
Jump up ^ Pizarro additionally scored three goals in four qualification matches.
Jump up ^ Rebrov additionally scored 11 goals in 25 qualification matches.

tag: ol

text: Top scorers by seasons

text: The table below does not include goals scored in the qualification stage of the competition.[15]

text:
Season
Player
Country
Club
Goals

1955–56
Miloš Milutinović
 Yugoslavia
 Partizan
8

1956–57
Dennis Viollet
 England
 Manchester United
9

1957–58
Alfredo Di Stéfano
 Argentina
 Real Madrid
10

1958–59
Just Fontaine
 France
 Stade Reims
10

1959–60
Ferenc Puskás
 Hungary
 Real Madrid
12

1960–61
José Águas
 Portugal
 Benfica
11

1961–62
Heinz Strehl
 West Germany
 Nuremberg
8

1962–63
José Altafini
 Italy
 Milan
14

1963–64
Vladica Kovačević
 Yugoslavia
 Partizan
7

Sandro Mazzola
 Italy
 Internazionale

Ferenc Puskás
 Hungary
 Real Madrid

1964–65
Eusébio
 Portugal
 Benfica
9

José Torres
 Portugal
 Benfica

1965–66
Flórián Albert
 Hungary
 Ferencváros
7

Eusébio
 Portugal
 Benfica

1966–67
Jürgen Piepenburg
 East Germany
 Vorwärts Berlin
6

Paul Van Himst
 Belgium
 Anderlecht

1967–68
Eusébio
 Portugal
 Benfica
6

1968–69
Denis Law
 Scotland
 Manchester United
9

1969–70
Mick Jones
 England
 Leeds United
8

1970–71
Antonis Antoniadis
 Greece
 Panathinaikos
10

1971–72
Johan Cruyff
 Netherlands
 Ajax
5

Antal Dunai
 Hungary
 Újpesti Dózsa

Lou Macari
 Scotland
 Celtic

Silvester Takač
 Yugoslavia
 Standard Liège

1972–73
Gerd Müller
 West Germany
 Bayern Munich
11

1973–74
Gerd Müller
 West Germany
 Bayern Munich
8

1974–75
Gerd Müller
 West Germany
 Bayern Munich
5

Eduard Markarov
 Soviet Union
 Ararat Yerevan

1975–76
Jupp Heynckes
 West Germany
 Borussia Mönchengladbach
6

1976–77
Gerd Müller
 West Germany
 Bayern Munich
5

Franco Cucinotta
 Italy
 Zürich

1977–78
Allan Simonsen
 Denmark
 Borussia Mönchengladbach
5

1978–79
Claudio Sulser
 Switzerland
 Grasshopper
11

1979–80
Søren Lerby
 Denmark
 Ajax
10

1980–81
Terry McDermott
 England
 Liverpool
6

Graeme Souness
 Scotland
 Liverpool

Karl-Heinz Rummenigge
 West Germany
 Bayern Munich

1981–82
Dieter Hoeneß
 West Germany
 Bayern Munich
7

1982–83
Paolo Rossi
 Italy
 Juventus
6

1983–84
Viktor Sokol
 Soviet Union
 Dinamo Minsk
6

1984–85
Torbjörn Nilsson
 Sweden
 IFK Göteborg
7

Michel Platini
 France
 Juventus

1985–86
Torbjörn Nilsson
 Sweden
 IFK Göteborg
6

1986–87
Borislav Cvetković
 Yugoslavia
 Red Star Belgrade
7

1987–88
Gheorghe Hagi
 Romania
 Steaua Bucureşti
4

Jean-Marc Ferreri
 France
 Bordeaux

Rabah Madjer
 Algeria
 Porto

Ally McCoist
 Scotland
 Rangers

Míchel
 Spain
 Real Madrid

Rui Águas
 Portugal
 Benfica

1988–89
Marco van Basten
 Netherlands
 Milan
10

1989–90
Romário
 Brazil
 PSV Eindhoven
6

Jean-Pierre Papin
 France
 Marseille

1990–91
Peter Pacult
 Austria
 Tirol Innsbruck
6

Jean-Pierre Papin
 France
 Marseille

1991–92
Sergei Yuran
 Ukraine
 Benfica
7

Jean-Pierre Papin
 France
 Marseille

1992–93
Franck Sauzée
 France
 Marseille
5

1993–94
Hristo Stoichkov
 Bulgaria
 Barcelona
5

1994–95
George Weah
 Liberia
 Paris Saint-Germain
7

1995–96
Jari Litmanen
 Finland
 Ajax
9

1996–97
Milinko Pantić
 Yugoslavia
 Atlético Madrid
5

1997–98
Alessandro Del Piero
 Italy
 Juventus
10

1998–99
Andriy Shevchenko
 Ukraine
 Dynamo Kyiv
8

Dwight Yorke
 Trinidad and Tobago
 Manchester United

1999–00
Mário Jardel
 Brazil
 Porto
10

Rivaldo
 Brazil
 Barcelona

Raúl
 Spain
 Real Madrid

2000–01
Raúl
 Spain
 Real Madrid
7

2001–02
Ruud van Nistelrooy
 Netherlands
 Manchester United
10

2002–03
Ruud van Nistelrooy
 Netherlands
 Manchester United
12

2003–04
Fernando Morientes
 Spain
 Monaco
9

2004–05
Ruud van Nistelrooy
 Netherlands
 Manchester United
8

2005–06
Andriy Shevchenko
 Ukraine
 Milan
9

2006–07
Kaká
 Brazil
 Milan
10

2007–08
Cristiano Ronaldo
 Portugal
 Manchester United
8

2008–09
Lionel Messi
 Argentina
 Barcelona
9

2009–10
Lionel Messi
 Argentina
 Barcelona
8

2010–11
Lionel Messi
 Argentina
 Barcelona
12

2011–12
Lionel Messi
 Argentina
 Barcelona
14

2012–13
Cristiano Ronaldo
 Portugal
 Real Madrid
12

2013–14
Cristiano Ronaldo
 Portugal
 Real Madrid
17

2014–15
Neymar
 Brazil
 Barcelona
10

Cristiano Ronaldo
 Portugal
 Real Madrid

Lionel Messi
 Argentina
 Barcelona

2015–16
Cristiano Ronaldo
 Portugal
 Real Madrid
16

2016–17
Cristiano Ronaldo
 Portugal
 Real Madrid
12

text: By player

text:
Player
Titles
Seasons

 Cristiano Ronaldo
6
2007–08, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17

 Lionel Messi
5
2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12, 2014–15

 Gerd Müller
4
1972–73, 1973–74, 1974–75, 1976–77

 Eusébio
3
1964–65, 1965–66, 1967–68

 Jean-Pierre Papin
1989–90, 1990–91, 1991–92

 Ruud van Nistelrooy
2001–02, 2002–03, 2004–05

 Ferenc Puskás
2
1959–60, 1963–64

 Torbjörn Nilsson
1984–85, 1985–86

 Raúl
1999–00, 2000–01

 Andriy Shevchenko
1998–99, 2005–06

text: By country

text:
Country
Titles
Seasons

 Portugal
12
1960–61, 1964–65,[a] 1965–66, 1967–68, 1987–88, 2007–08, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17

 West Germany
8
1961–62, 1972–73, 1973–74, 1974–75, 1975–76, 1976–77, 1980–81, 1981–82

 France
7
1958–59, 1984–85, 1987–88, 1989–90, 1990–91, 1991–92, 1992–93

 Argentina
6
1957–58, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12, 2014–15

 Yugoslavia
5
1955–56, 1963–64, 1971–72, 1986–87, 1996–97

 Italy
1962–63, 1963–64, 1976–77, 1982–83, 1997–98

 Netherlands
1971–72, 1988–89, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2004–05

 Brazil
1989–90, 1999–2000, 1999–2000, 2006–07, 2014–15

 Hungary
4
1959–60, 1963–64, 1965–66, 1971–72

 Scotland
1968–69, 1971–72, 1980–81, 1987–88

 Spain
1987–88, 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2003–04

 England
3
1956–57, 1969–70, 1980–81

 Ukraine
1991–92, 1998–99, 2005–06

 Soviet Union
2
1974–75, 1983–84

 Denmark
1977–78, 1979–80

 Sweden
1984–85, 1985–86

text: Jump up ^ Two Portuguese players were joint top scorers.


document_title: List of The Originals episodes

question_text: how many episodes are in the final season of the originals

text: List of The Originals episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

Pilot (TVD)
April 25, 2013 (2013-04-25)

1
22
October 3, 2013 (2013-10-03)
May 13, 2014 (2014-05-13)

2
22
October 6, 2014 (2014-10-06)
May 11, 2015 (2015-05-11)

3
22
October 8, 2015 (2015-10-08)
May 20, 2016 (2016-05-20)

4
13
March 17, 2017 (2017-03-17)
June 23, 2017 (2017-06-23)

5
13[4]
April 18, 2018 (2018-04-18)
TBA

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Pilot (2013)[edit]

text: "No. overall" and "No. in season" for the pilot dictate the airing and location of the episode within the parent series.

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

86
20
"The Originals"
Chris Grismer
Julie Plec
April 25, 2013 (2013-04-25)
2J6670
2.24[5]

Following a tip off informing him a witch called Jane Anne Deveraux has ties to him, Klaus goes back to New Orleans only to find the protégé he thought dead ruling the city. The city lives under his strict rules, which makes the witches in the city hope to overthrow Marcel. They persuade Klaus to help by using Hayley, a werewolf who is pregnant with his child. Along with his brother, Elijah's, help, they decide to get back the city. Meanwhile, Elijah tries to persuade their sister Rebekah to come home too.

text: Season 1 (2013–14)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Always and Forever"
Chris Grismer
Michael Narducci & Julie Plec
October 3, 2013 (2013-10-03)
2J7802
2.21[6]

2
2
"House of the Rising Son"
Brad Turner
Diane Ademu-John & Declan de Barra
October 8, 2013 (2013-10-08)
2J7801
1.92[7]

3
3
"Tangled Up in Blue"
Chris Grismer
Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson
October 15, 2013 (2013-10-15)
2J7803
2.22[8]

4
4
"Girl in New Orleans"
Jesse Warn
Michelle Paradise & Michael Narducci
October 22, 2013 (2013-10-22)
2J7804
2.23[9]

5
5
"Sinners and Saints"
Chris Grismer
Marguerite MacIntyre & Julie Plec
October 29, 2013 (2013-10-29)
2J7805
2.05[10]

6
6
"Fruit of the Poisoned Tree"
Michael Allowitz
Charlie Charbonneau & Diane Ademu-John
November 5, 2013 (2013-11-05)
2J7806
2.03[11]

7
7
"Bloodletting"
Jeffrey Hunt
Michael Russo & Michael Narducci
November 12, 2013 (2013-11-12)
2J7807
2.40[12]

8
8
"The River in Reverse"
Jesse Warn
Declan de Barra & Julie Plec
November 26, 2013 (2013-11-26)
2J7808
2.38[13]

9
9
"Reigning Pain in New Orleans"
Joshua Butler
Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson
December 3, 2013 (2013-12-03)
2J7809
2.33[14]

10
10
"The Casket Girls"
Jesse Warn
Charlie Charbonneau & Michelle Paradise
January 14, 2014 (2014-01-14)
2J7810
2.07[15]

11
11
"Après Moi, Le Déluge"
Leslie Libman
Marguerite MacIntyre & Diane Ademu-John
January 21, 2014 (2014-01-21)
2J7811
2.51[16]

12
12
"Dance Back from the Grave"
Rob Hardy
Michael Russo & Michael Narducci
January 28, 2014 (2014-01-28)
2J7812
2.32[17]

13
13
"Crescent City"
Chris Grismer
Michael Narducci & Julie Plec
February 4, 2014 (2014-02-04)
2J7813
2.10[18]

14
14
"Long Way Back from Hell"
Matt Hastings
Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson
February 25, 2014 (2014-02-25)
2J7814
1.83[19]

15
15
"Le Grand Guignol"
Chris Grismer
Declan de Barra & Diane Ademu-John
March 4, 2014 (2014-03-04)
2J7815
1.80[20]

16
16
"Farewell to Storyville"
Jesse Warn
Michael Narducci
March 11, 2014 (2014-03-11)
2J7816
1.73[21]

17
17
"Moon Over Bourbon Street"
Michael Robison
Michelle Paradise & Christopher Hollier
March 18, 2014 (2014-03-18)
2J7817
1.53[22]

18
18
"The Big Uneasy"
Leslie Libman
Marguerite MacIntyre & Michael Russo
April 15, 2014 (2014-04-15)
2J7818
1.52[23]

19
19
"An Unblinking Death"
Kellie Cyrus
Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson
April 22, 2014 (2014-04-22)
2J7819
1.50[24]

20
20
"A Closer Walk with Thee"
Sylvain White
Carina Adly MacKenzie & Julie Plec
April 29, 2014 (2014-04-29)
2J7820
1.77[25]

21
21
"The Battle of New Orleans"
Jeffrey Hunt
Charlie Charbonneau & Michael Narducci
May 6, 2014 (2014-05-06)
2J7821
1.44[26]

22
22
"From a Cradle to a Grave"
Matt Hastings
Diane Ademu-John
May 13, 2014 (2014-05-13)
2J7822
1.76[27]

text: Season 2 (2014–15)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

23
1
"Rebirth"
Lance Anderson
Marguerite MacIntyre & Julie Plec
October 6, 2014 (2014-10-06)
3J5201
1.37[28]

24
2
"Alive and Kicking"
Jeffrey Hunt
Michelle Paradise & Michael Narducci
October 13, 2014 (2014-10-13)
3J5202
1.29[29]

25
3
"Every Mother's Son"
Dermott Downs
Christopher Hollier
October 20, 2014 (2014-10-20)
3J5203
1.27[30]

26
4
"Live and Let Die"
Jeffrey Hunt
Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson
October 27, 2014 (2014-10-27)
3J5204
1.31[31]

27
5
"Red Door"
Michael Robison
Declan de Barra & Diane Ademu-John
November 3, 2014 (2014-11-03)
3J5205
1.09[32]

28
6
"Wheel Inside the Wheel"
Matt Hastings
Michael Russo & Michael Narducci
November 10, 2014 (2014-11-10)
3J5206
1.46[33]

29
7
"Chasing the Devil's Tail"
Jesse Warn
Carina Adly Mackenzie & Christopher Hollier
November 17, 2014 (2014-11-17)
3J5207
1.44[34]

30
8
"The Brothers That Care Forgot"
Michael Allowitz
Charlie Charbonneau & Michelle Paradise
November 24, 2014 (2014-11-24)
3J5208
1.26[35]

31
9
"The Map of Moments"
Leslie Libman
Marguerite MacIntyre & Julie Plec
December 8, 2014 (2014-12-08)
3J5209
1.41[36]

32
10
"Gonna Set Your Flag on Fire"
Rob Hardy
Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson
January 19, 2015 (2015-01-19)
3J5210
1.52[37]

33
11
"Brotherhood of the Damned"
Sylvain White
Kyle Arrington & Diane Ademu-John
January 26, 2015 (2015-01-26)
3J5212
1.74[38]

34
12
"Sanctuary"
Matt Hastings
Declan de Barra & Michael Narducci
February 2, 2015 (2015-02-02)
3J5211
1.47[39]

35
13
"The Devil is Damned"
Lance Anderson
Christopher Hollier & Julie Plec
February 9, 2015 (2015-02-09)
3J5213
1.22[40]

36
14
"I Love You, Goodbye"
Matt Hastings
Carina Adly MacKenzie & Michael Narducci
February 16, 2015 (2015-02-16)
3J5214
1.44[41]

37
15
"They All Asked for You"
Chris Grismer
Michelle Paradise
March 9, 2015 (2015-03-09)
3J5215
1.40[42]

38
16
"Save My Soul"
Kellie Cyrus
Michael Russo
March 16, 2015 (2015-03-16)
3J5216
1.25[43]

39
17
"Exquisite Corpse"
Dermott Downs
Declan de Barra & Diane Ademu-John
April 6, 2015 (2015-04-06)
3J5217
1.12[44]

40
18
"Night Has A Thousand Eyes"
Jesse Warn
Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson
April 13, 2015 (2015-04-13)
3J5218
1.01[45]

41
19
"When The Levee Breaks"
Bethany Rooney
Marguerite MacIntyre
April 20, 2015 (2015-04-20)
3J5219
1.30[46]

42
20
"City Beneath the Sea"
Leslie Libman
Carina Adly MacKenzie & Charlie Charbonneau
April 27, 2015 (2015-04-27)
3J5220
1.20[47]

43
21
"Fire with Fire"
David Straiton
Michael Narducci
May 4, 2015 (2015-05-04)
3J5221
1.14[48]

44
22
"Ashes to Ashes"
Matt Hastings
Christopher Hollier & Diane Ademu-John
May 11, 2015 (2015-05-11)
3J5222
1.19[49]

text: Season 3 (2015–16)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

45
1
"For the Next Millennium"
Lance Anderson
Michael Narducci
October 8, 2015 (2015-10-08)
3J5301
0.89[50]

46
2
"You Hung the Moon"
Jeffrey Hunt
Carina Adly Mackenzie
October 15, 2015 (2015-10-15)
3J5302
1.12[51]

47
3
"I'll See You in Hell or New Orleans"
Michael Grossman
Declan de Barra & Michelle Paradise
October 22, 2015 (2015-10-22)
3J5303
0.95[52]

48
4
"A Walk on the Wild Side"
Matt Hastings
Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson
October 29, 2015 (2015-10-29)
3J5304
1.07[53]

49
5
"The Axeman's Letter"
Michael Allowitz
Michael Russo & Diane Ademu-John
November 5, 2015 (2015-11-05)
3J5305
0.97[54]

50
6
"Beautiful Mistake"
Steven DePaul
Kyle Arrington & Christopher Hollier
November 12, 2015 (2015-11-12)
3J5306
0.98[55]

51
7
"Out of the Easy"
Bethany Rooney
Beau DeMayo & Michelle Paradise
November 19, 2015 (2015-11-19)
3J5307
0.80[56]

52
8
"The Other Girl in New Orleans"
Kellie Cyrus
Michael Russo & Michael Narducci
December 3, 2015 (2015-12-03)
3J5308
1.17[57]

53
9
"Savior"
Matt Hastings
Carina Adly MacKenzie & Diane Ademu-John
December 10, 2015 (2015-12-10)
3J5309
0.97[58]

54
10
"A Ghost Along the Mississippi"
Michael Grossman
Declan de Barra
January 29, 2016 (2016-01-29)
3J5310
0.95[59]

55
11
"Wild at Heart"
John Hyams
Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson
February 5, 2016 (2016-02-05)
3J5311
0.92[60]

56
12
"Dead Angels"
Darren Genet
Kyle Arrington & Michael Narducci
February 12, 2016 (2016-02-12)
3J5312
0.80[61]

57
13
"Heart Shaped Box"
Chris Grismer
Michelle Paradise & Christopher Hollier
February 19, 2016 (2016-02-19)
3J5313
0.87[62]

58
14
"A Streetcar Named Desire"
Matt Hastings
Beau DeMayo & Diane Ademu-John
February 26, 2016 (2016-02-26)
3J5314
1.07[63]

59
15
"An Old Friend Calls"
Jeffrey Hunt
Carina Adly MacKenzie & Michael Russo
March 4, 2016 (2016-03-04)
3J5315
0.88[64]

60
16
"Alone with Everybody"
Hanelle Culpepper
Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson
April 1, 2016 (2016-04-01)
3J5316
0.93[65]

61
17
"Behind the Black Horizon"
Joseph Morgan
Declan de Barra & Diane Ademu-John
April 8, 2016 (2016-04-08)
3J5317
0.89[66]

62
18
"The Devil Comes Here and Sighs"
Jesse Warn
Kyle Arrington & Michelle Paradise
April 15, 2016 (2016-04-15)
3J5318
0.86[67]

63
19
"No More Heartbreaks"
Millicent Shelton
Celeste Vasquez & Michael Narducci
April 29, 2016 (2016-04-29)
3J5319
0.93[68]

64
20
"Where Nothing Stays Buried"
John Hyams
Carina Adly MacKenzie & Christopher Hollier
May 6, 2016 (2016-05-06)
3J5320
0.83[69]

65
21
"Give 'Em Hell, Kid"
Jeffrey Hunt
Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson
May 13, 2016 (2016-05-13)
3J5321
0.79[70]

66
22
"The Bloody Crown"
Matt Hastings
Beau DeMayo & Diane Ademu-John
May 20, 2016 (2016-05-20)
3J5322
0.85[71]

text: Season 4 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

67
1
"Gather Up the Killers"
Lance Anderson
Michael Russo & Michael Narducci
March 17, 2017 (2017-03-17)
401
1.05[72]

68
2
"No Quarter"
Bethany Rooney
Talicia Raggs & Michelle Paradise
March 24, 2017 (2017-03-24)
402
0.99[73]

69
3
"Haunter of Ruins"
Jeffrey Hunt
Carina Adly Mackenzie & Declan de Barra
March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)
403
0.93[74]

70
4
"Keepers of the House"
Joseph Morgan
Beau DeMayo & Christopher Hollier
April 7, 2017 (2017-04-07)
404
1.08[75]

71
5
"I Hear You Knocking"
Chris Grismer
Kyle Arrington
April 14, 2017 (2017-04-14)
405
0.87[76]

72
6
"Bag of Cobras"
Jesse Warn
Michael Russo & Michelle Paradise
April 28, 2017 (2017-04-28)
406
0.96[77]

73
7
"High Water and a Devil's Daughter"
Charles Michael Davis
Celeste Vasquez & Carina Adly MacKenzie
May 5, 2017 (2017-05-05)
407
0.93[78]

74
8
"Voodoo in My Blood"
John Hyams
Talicia Raggs & Christopher Hollier
May 12, 2017 (2017-05-12)
408
0.85[79]

75
9
"Queen Death"
Nicole Rubio
Beau DeMayo
May 19, 2017 (2017-05-19)
409
0.84[80]

76
10
"Phantomesque"
Daniel Gillies
K.C. Perry & Kyle Arrington
June 2, 2017 (2017-06-02)
410
1.03[81]

77
11
"A Spirit Here That Won't Be Broken"
Hanelle Culpepper
Carina Adly MacKenzie & Michael Russo
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)
411
0.89[82]

78
12
"Voodoo Child"
Michael Grossman
Michelle Paradise & Christopher Hollier
June 16, 2017 (2017-06-16)
412
1.01[83]

79
13
"The Feast of All Sinners"
Bethany Rooney
Michael Narducci
June 23, 2017 (2017-06-23)
413
0.80[84]

text: Season 5 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

80
1
"Where You Left Your Heart"
Lance Anderson
Marguerite MacIntyre
April 18, 2018 (2018-04-18)
T46.10001
0.97[85]

81
2
"One Wrong Turn on Bourbon"
Carol Banker
Carina Adly MacKenzie
April 25, 2018 (2018-04-25)
T46.10002
1.03[86]

82
3
"Ne Me Quitte Pas"
Joseph Morgan
K.C. Perry & Michelle Paradise
May 2, 2018 (2018-05-02)
T46.10003
0.90[87]

83
4
"Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea"
Michael Grossman
Beau DeMayo & Kyle Arrington
May 9, 2018 (2018-05-09)
T46.10004
0.76[88]

84
5
"Don't It Just Break Your Heart"
Jeffrey W. Byrd
Story by : Bianca Sams & Jeffrey Lieber
Teleplay by : Jeffrey Lieber
May 16, 2018 (2018-05-16)
TBA
0.80[89]

85
6
"What, Will, I, Have, Left"[90]
Charles Michael Davis
Marguerite MacIntyre
May 30, 2018 (2018-05-30)
TBA
TBD

86
7
"God's Gonna Trouble the Water"[91]
Carl Seaton
Bianca Sams & Julie Plec
June 6, 2018 (2018-06-06)
TBA
TBD

87
8
"The Kindness of Strangers"[92]
Kellie Cyrus
Beau DeMayo & Carina Adly MacKenzie
June 13, 2018 (2018-06-13)
TBA
TBD

text: Webisodes[edit]

text: The Originals: The Awakening[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date

1
"The Awakening: Part 1"
Matt Hastings
Carina Adly MacKenzie
November 10, 2014 (2014-11-10)

2
"The Awakening: Part 2"
Matt Hastings
Carina Adly MacKenzie
November 17, 2014 (2014-11-17)

3
"The Awakening: Part 3"
Matt Hastings
Carina Adly MacKenzie
November 24, 2014 (2014-11-24)

4
"The Awakening: Part 4"
Matt Hastings
Carina Adly MacKenzie
December 8, 2014 (2014-12-08)