document_title: Green sea turtle

question_text: what is the habitat of the green sea turtle

text: Green sea turtle

text: Taxonomy[edit]

text: The green sea turtle is a member of the tribe Chelonini. A 1993 study clarified the status of genus Chelonia with respect to the other marine turtles. The carnivorous Eretmochelys (hawksbill), Caretta (loggerhead) and Lepidochelys (Ridley) were assigned to the tribe Carettini. Herbivorous Chelonia warranted their status as a genus, while Natator (flatback) was further removed from the other genera than previously believed.[9]

text: The species was originally described by Linnaeus in 1758 as Testudo mydas.[10] In 1868, Marie Firmin Bocourt named a particular species of sea turtle Chelonia agassizii.[11][12] This "species" was referred to as the "black sea turtle".[13] Later research determined Bocourt's "black sea turtle" was not genetically distinct from C. mydas, and thus taxonomically not a separate species.[14] These two "species" were then united as Chelonia mydas and populations were given subspecies status: C. mydas mydas referred to the originally described population, while C. mydas agassizi referred only to the Pacific population known as the Galápagos green turtle.[15][16] This subdivision was later determined to be invalid and all species members were then designated Chelonia mydas.[4] The oft-mentioned name C. agassizi remains an invalid junior synonym of C. mydas. Other authorities claim that the two populations are phenotypically distinct and treat the East Pacific form as a full species.[17]

text: The species' common name does not derive from any particular green external coloration of the turtle. Its name comes from the greenish color of the turtles' fat, which is only found in a layer between their inner organs and their shell.[18] As a species found worldwide, the green turtle has many local names. In the Hawaiian language it is called honu,[19][20] and it is locally known as a symbol of good luck and longevity.[21]

text:
Female returning to the sea after nesting in Redang Island, Malaysia

Immature Hawaiian C. mydas

Swimming in a Mexican coral reef

Heading for the ocean on a beach at the Pu'uhonua o Honaunau National Historical Park

Green sea turtle near Marsa Alam, Egypt

Green sea turtle near Marsa Alam, Egypt

Green sea turtle

tag: ul

text: Description[edit]

text: Its appearance is that of a typical sea turtle. C. mydas has a dorsoventrally flattened body, a beaked head at the end of a short neck, and paddle-like arms well-adapted for swimming.[22] Adult green turtles grow to 1.5 metres (5 ft) long.[23] The average weight of mature individuals is 68–190 kg (150–419 lb) and the average carapace length is 78–112 cm (31–44 in).[24] Exceptional specimens can weigh 315 kg (694 lb) or even more, with the largest known C. mydas having weighed 395 kg (871 lb) and measured 153 cm (60 in) in carapace length.[25]

text: Anatomically, a few characteristics distinguish the green turtle from the other members of its family. Unlike the closely related hawksbill turtle, the green turtle's snout is very short and its beak is unhooked. The neck cannot be pulled into the shell.[26] The sheath of the turtle's upper jaw possesses a denticulated edge, while its lower jaw has stronger, serrated, more defined denticulation. The dorsal surface of the turtle's head has a single pair of prefrontal scales. Its carapace is composed of five central scutes flanked by four pairs of lateral scutes. Underneath, the green turtle has four pairs of inframarginal scutes covering the area between the turtle's plastron and its shell. Mature C. mydas front appendages have only a single claw (as opposed to the hawksbill's two), although a second claw is sometimes prominent in young specimens.[27]

text: The carapace of the turtle has various color patterns that change over time. Hatchlings of Chelonia mydas, like those of other marine turtles, have mostly black carapaces and light-colored plastrons. Carapaces of juveniles turn dark brown to olive, while those of mature adults are either entirely brown, spotted or marbled with variegated rays. Underneath, the turtle's plastron is hued yellow. C. mydas limbs are dark-colored and lined with yellow, and are usually marked with a large dark brown spot in the center of each appendage.[5][28]

text: Distribution[edit]

text: The range of the green sea turtle extends throughout tropical and subtropical oceans worldwide. The two major subpopulations are the Atlantic and the eastern Pacific subpopulations. Each population is genetically distinct, with its own set of nesting and feeding grounds within the population's known range.[5] One of the genetic differences between the two subpopulations is the type of mitochondrial DNA found in individual's cells.  Individuals from rookeries in the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea have a similar type of mitochondrial DNA, and individuals from The Pacific and Atlantic Oceans have another type of Mitochondrial DNA.[29] Their native range includes tropical to subtropical waters along continental coasts and islands between 30°N and 30°S. Since green sea turtles are a migrating species, their global distribution spans into the open ocean. The differences in mitochondrial DNA more than likely stems from the populations being isolated from each other by the southern tips of both South America and Africa with no warm waters for the green sea turtles to migrate through.  The green sea turtle is estimated to inhabit coastal areas of more than 140 countries, with nesting sites in over 80 countries worldwide throughout the year. In the United States Atlantic coast, green sea turtles can be found from Texas and north to Massachusetts. In the United States Pacific coast, they have been found from southern California north to the southernmost tip of Alaska. The largest populations of green sea turtles within the United States coastline are in the Hawaiian Islands and Florida. Globally, the largest populations of sea turtles are in the Great Barrier Reef in Australia and the Caribbean islands.[30]

text: Atlantic subpopulation[edit]

text: The green sea turtle can generally be found throughout the Atlantic Ocean. Although the species is most abundant in tropical climates, individuals have been spotted as far north as Canada in the western Atlantic, and the British Isles in the east. The subpopulation's southern range is known until past the southern tip of Africa in the east and Argentina in the western Atlantic. The major nesting sites can be found on various islands in the Caribbean, along the eastern shores of the continental United States, the eastern coast of the South American continent and most notably, on isolated North Atlantic islands.

text: In the Caribbean, major nesting sites have been identified on Aves Island, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, and Costa Rica. In recent years there are signs of increased nesting in the Cayman Islands.[31] One of the region's most important nesting grounds is in Tortuguero in Costa Rica.[32] In fact, the majority of the Caribbean region's C. mydas population hails from a few beaches in Tortuguero.[33] Within United States waters, minor nesting sites have been noted in the states of Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and all along the east coast of Florida. Hutchinson Island in particular is a major nesting area in Florida waters. Notable locations in South America include secluded beaches in Suriname and French Guiana.[34] In the Southern Atlantic Ocean, the most notable nesting grounds for Chelonia mydas are found on the island of Ascension,[22] hosts 6,000–13,000 turtle nests.[35][36][37]

text: In contrast with the sporadic distribution of nesting sites, feeding grounds are much more widely distributed throughout the region. Important feeding grounds in Florida include Indian River Lagoon, the Florida Keys, Florida Bay, Homosassa, Crystal River, and Cedar Key.[22][38]

text: Indo-Pacific subpopulation[edit]

text: In the Pacific, its range reaches as far north as the southern coast of Alaska and as far south as Chile in the east. The turtle's distribution in the western Pacific reaches north to Japan and southern parts of Russia's Pacific coast, and as far south as the northern tip of New Zealand and a few islands south of Tasmania. The turtles can be found throughout the Indian Ocean.[39]

text: Significant nesting grounds are scattered throughout the entire Pacific region, including Mexico, the Hawaiian Islands, the South Pacific, the northern coast of Australia, and Southeast Asia. Major Indian Ocean nesting colonies include India, Pakistan, and other coastal countries. The east coast of the African continent hosts a few nesting grounds, including islands in the waters around Madagascar.[39]

text:
Nesting grounds are found all along the Mexican coast. These turtles feed in seagrass pastures in the Gulf of California.[40] Green turtles belonging to the distinct Hawaiian subpopulation nest at the protected French Frigate Shoals some 800 kilometers (500 mi) west of the Hawaiian Islands.[20] In the Philippines, green turtles nest in the Turtle Islands along with closely related hawksbill turtles.[41] Indonesia has a few nesting beaches, one in the Meru Betiri National Reserve in East Java.[42] The Coral Sea has nesting areas of world significance.[43] The Great Barrier Reef has two genetically distinct populations; one north and one south. Within the reef, twenty separate locations consisting of small islands and cays were identified as nesting sites for either population of C. mydas. Of these, the most important is on Raine Island.[44][45]
Major nesting sites are common on either side of the Arabian Sea, both in Ash Sharqiyah, Oman, and along the coast of Karachi, Pakistan. Some specific beaches there, such as Hawke's Bay and Sandspit, are common to both C. mydas and L. olivacea subpopulation. Sandy beaches along Sindh and Balochistan are nesting sites. Some 25 kilometers (16 mi) off the Pakistani coast, Astola island is another nesting beach.[7][46][47]

text: On 30 December 2007, fishermen using a hulbot-hulbot (a type of fishnet) accidentally caught an 80 kg (180 lb), 93 cm (37 in) long and 82 cm (32 in) wide turtle off Barangay Bolong, Zamboanga City, Philippines. December is breeding season near the Bolong beach.[48]

text: Habitat[edit]

text: Green sea turtles move across three habitat types, depending on their life stage. They lay eggs on beaches. Mature turtles spend most of their time in shallow, coastal waters with lush seagrass beds. Adults frequent inshore bays, lagoons and shoals with lush seagrass meadows. Entire generations often migrate between one pair of feeding and nesting areas.[22] Green sea turtles, Chelonia mydas, are classified as an aquatic species and are distributed around the globe in warm tropical to subtropical waters. The environmental parameter that limits the distribution of the turtles is ocean temperatures below 7 to 10 degrees Celsius.[49] Within their geographical range, the green sea turtles generally stay near continental and island coastlines. Near the coastlines, the green sea turtles live within shallow bays and protected shores. In these protected shores and bays, the green sea turtle habitats include coral reefs, salt marshes, and nearshore seagrass beds. The coral reefs provide red, brown, and green algae for their diet and gives protection from predators and rough storms within the ocean. The salt marshes and seagrass beds contain seaweed and grass vegetation, allowing ample habitat for the sea turtles.[30]

text: Turtles spend most of their first five years in convergence zones within the bare open ocean that surround them.[7][50] These young turtles are rarely seen as they swim in deep, pelagic waters.[51][52] Green sea turtles typically swim at 2.5–3 km/h (1.6–1.9 mph).[53]

text: Ecology and behavior[edit]

text: As one of the first sea turtle species studied, much of what is known of sea turtle ecology comes from studies of green turtles. The ecology of C. mydas changes drastically with each stage of its life history. Newly emerged hatchlings are carnivorous, pelagic organisms, part of the open ocean mininekton. In contrast, immature juveniles and adults are commonly found in seagrass meadows closer inshore as herbivorous grazers.

text: Diet[edit]

text: The diet of green turtles changes with age.[54] Juveniles are carnivorous, but as they mature they become omnivorous.[55] The young eat fish eggs, molluscs, jellyfish, small invertebrates, worms, sponges, algae, and crustaceans.[56][30] Green sea turtles have a relatively slow growth rate because of the low nutritional value of their diet. Body fat turns green because of the consumed vegetation.[55] This diet shift has an effect on the green turtle's skull morphology.[57] Their serrated jaw helps them chew algae and sea grasses.[58] Most adult sea turtles are strictly herbivorous.[55]

text: Predators and parasites[edit]

text: Only human beings and the larger sharks feed on C. mydas adults. Specifically, tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier) hunt adults in Hawaiian waters.[59] Juveniles and new hatchlings have significantly more predators, including crabs, small marine mammals and shorebirds.[5] Additionally, their eggs are vulnerable to predation by scavengers like red foxes and golden jackals.[60]

text: Green sea turtles have a variety of parasites including barnacles, leeches, protozoans, cestodes, and nematodes. Barnacles attach to the carapace, and leeches to the flippers and skin of the turtles, causing damage to the soft tissues and leading to blood loss. Protozoans, cestodes and nematodes lead to many turtle deaths because of the infections in the liver and intestinal tract they cause. The greatest disease threat to the turtle population is fibropapilloma, which produces lethal tumor growth on scales, lungs, stomach, and kidneys. Fibropapilloma is caused by a herpesvirus that is transmitted by leeches such as Ozobranchus branchiatus, a species of leech which feeds almost entirely on green sea turtles.[49][61]

text: Life cycle[edit]

text: Green sea turtles migrate long distances between feeding sites and nesting sites; some swim more than 2,600 kilometres (1,600 mi) to reach their spawning grounds. Beaches in Southeast Asia, India, islands in the western Pacific, and Central America are where Green sea turtles breed.[6] Mature turtles often return to the exact beach from which they hatched. Females usually mate every two to four years. Males, on the other hand, visit the breeding areas every year, attempting to mate.[62] Mating seasons vary between populations. For most C. mydas in the Caribbean, mating season is from June to September.[22] The French Guiana nesting subpopulation nests from March to June.[34] In the tropics, green turtles nest throughout the year, although some subpopulations prefer particular times of the year. In Pakistan, Indian Ocean turtles nest year-round, but prefer the months of July to December.[46]

text: Sea turtles return to the beaches on which they were born to lay their own eggs. The reason for returning to native beaches may be that it guarantees the turtles an environment that has the necessary components for their nesting to be successful. These include a sandy beach, easy access for the hatchlings to get to the ocean, the right incubation temperatures, and low probability of predators that may feed on their eggs. Over time these turtles have evolved these tendencies to return to an area that has provided reproductive success for many generations. Their ability to return to their birthplace is known as natal homing.[63] The males also return to their birthplaces in order to mate. These males that return to their homes know they will be able to find mates because the females born there also return to breed. By doing this, the green sea turtles are able to improve their reproductive success and is why they are willing to expend the energy to travel thousands of miles across the ocean in order to reproduce.

text: Mating behaviour is similar to other marine turtles. Female turtles control the process. A few populations practice polyandry, although this does not seem to benefit hatchlings.[64] After mating in the water, the female moves above the beach's high tide line, where she digs a hole 11-22 inches in depth with her hind flippers and deposits her eggs. The hole is then covered up again.[65] Clutch size ranges between 85 and 200, depending on the age of the female. This process takes about an hour to an hour and a half. After the nest is completely covered, she returns to the sea. The female will do this 3 to 5 times in one season.[6]

text: The eggs are round and white, and about 45 mm in diameter. The hatchlings remain buried for days until they all emerge together at night.[65] The temperature of the nest determines the sex of the turtles before they hatch. At around 50 to 70 days,[66] the eggs hatch during the night, and the hatchlings instinctively head directly into the water. This is the most dangerous time in a turtle's life. As they walk, predators, such as gulls and crabs, feed on them. A significant percentage never make it to the ocean. Little is known of the initial life history of newly hatched sea turtles.[22] Juveniles spend three to five years in the open ocean before they settle as still-immature juveniles into their permanent shallow-water lifestyle.[51][52] It is speculated that they take twenty to fifty years to reach sexual maturity. Individuals live up to eighty years in the wild.[5] It is estimated that only 1% of hatchlings reach sexual maturity.[67]

text: Each year on Ascension Island in the South Atlantic, C. mydas females create 6,000 to 25,000 nests. They are among the largest green turtles in the world; many are more than a metre in length and weigh up to 300 kilograms (660 lb).[68]

text: Breathing and sleep[edit]

text: Sea turtles spend almost all their lives submerged, but must breathe air for the oxygen needed to meet the demands of vigorous activity. With a single explosive exhalation and rapid inhalation, sea turtles can quickly replace the air in their lungs. The lungs permit a rapid exchange of oxygen and prevent gases from being trapped during deep dives. Sea turtle blood can deliver oxygen efficiently to body tissues even at the pressures encountered during diving. During routine activity, green and loggerhead turtles dive for about four to five minutes, and surface to breathe for one to three seconds.

text: Turtles can rest or sleep underwater for several hours at a time, but submergence time is much shorter while diving for food or to escape predators. Breath-holding ability is affected by activity and stress, which is why turtles quickly drown in shrimp trawlers and other fishing gear.[27] During the night while sleeping and to protect themselves from potential predators, the adults wedge themselves under rocks below the surface and under ledges in reefs and coastal rocks. Many green sea turtles have been observed in returning to the same sleeping location night after night.[30]

text: Physiology and sensory modalities[edit]

text: Green sea turtles tend to have good vision, well adapted to a life at sea. The turtles can see many colors, but are most sensitive to light from violet to yellow or wavelengths of 400 to 600 nanometers. They do not see many colors in the orange to red portion of the light spectrum. On land, however, the sea turtles are nearsighted because the lenses in the eyes are spherical and adjusted to refraction underwater.[30] Sea turtles have no external ear and only one ear bone, called the columella. With one ear bone, the turtles can only hear low frequency sounds, from 200 to 700 Hz. Sounds can also be detected through vibrations of the head, backbone, and shell. The nose of the turtle has two external openings and connects to the roof of the mouth through internal openings. The lower surface of the nasal passage has two sets of sensory cells called the Jacobson’s organ. The turtle can use this organ to smell by pumping water in and out of its nose.[49]

text: Since green sea turtles migrate long distances during breeding seasons, they have special adaptive systems in order to navigate. In the open ocean, the turtles navigate using wave directions, sun light, and temperatures. The sea turtles also contain an internal magnetic compass. They can detect magnetic information by using magnetic forces acting on the magnetic crystals in their brains. Through these crystals, they can sense the intensity Earth’s magnetic field and are able to make their way back to their nesting grounds or preferred feeding grounds.[49]

text:
Natal homing is an animal's ability to return to its birthplace in order to reproduce. Natal homing is found in all species of sea turtles and in other animals such as salmon. How these turtles are able to return to their birthplace is an interesting phenomenon. Many researchers believe that sea turtle use a process called imprinting, which is a special type of learning that occurs when turtles first hatch that allows them to recognize their native beach. There are two types of imprinting that are thought to be the reason turtles can find these beaches.The first is the chemical imprinting hypothesis. This hypothesis states that much like salmon, sea turtles are able to use olfactory cues and senses to smell their way home. However, a problem with this hypothesis is that some turtles travel thousands of miles to return to their native beaches, and the scents from that area aren’t likely to travel and be distinguishable from that distance.
The second hypothesis is the geomagnetic hypothesis. This hypothesis states that as it hatches, a young turtle will imprint on the magnetic field of the beach they are born on. This hypothesis strongly correlates to the method which sea turtles use to navigate the earth.[63]

text: In order to tolerate the constant heat loss in the water, sea turtles have the ability to shunt blood away from tissues that are tolerant of low oxygen levels toward the heart, brain, and central nervous system. Other mechanisms include basking on warm beaches and producing heat through their activity and movements of their muscles. In the winter months, turtles living at higher latitudes can hibernate for a short period in the mud.[69]

text: Unique characteristics and features[edit]

text: The green sea turtles exhibit sex differences by their development and appearance. As adult turtles, males are easily distinguishable from the females by having a longer tail (visibly extending past the shell) and longer claws on the front flippers. The hatching time and sex of the turtles are determined by the incubation temperature of the nest. Hatchings occur more quickly in nests that are warmer than nests that are in cooler conditions. Warm nesting sites above 30 degrees Celsius favor the development of females, whereas nesting sites below 30 degrees Celsius produce males. The position of the egg in the nest also affects sex-determination. Eggs in the center tend to hatch as females due to the warmer conditions within the nest.[30]

text: Green sea turtles play an essential role within the ecosystem in which they live. In the seagrass beds, the turtles feed on the seagrass by trimming only the top and leaving the roots of the plant. Through their feeding technique, the turtles help to improve the health and growth of the seagrass beds. The healthy seagrass beds that the turtles provide give habitat and feeding grounds for many species of fish and crustaceans. On the nesting beaches, the green sea turtles provide key nutrients for the ecosystem through their hatched egg shells. In their coral reef habitat, the green sea turtles have a symbiotic interaction with reef fish, including the yellow tang. The yellow tang fish swims along with the turtle and feeds on the algae, barnacles, and parasites on its shell and flippers. This species interaction provides food for the yellow tang and provides a necessary cleaning and smoothing of the turtle’s shell. This cleaning helps the turtle swim by reducing the amount of drag and improves their health.[49]

text: Importance to humans[edit]

text: Historically, the turtles' skin was tanned and used to make handbags, especially in Hawaii.[20] Ancient Chinese considered the flesh of sea turtles a culinary delicacy, including and especially C. mydas.[70] Particularly for this species, the turtle's fat, cartilage, and flesh, known as calipee, are sought as ingredients for making turtle soup, a popular 19th century American dish.[18]

text: In Java, Indonesia, sea turtle eggs were a popular delicacy. However, the turtle's flesh is regarded as ḥarām or "unclean" under Islamic law (Islam is Java's primary religion). In Bali, turtle meat was a prominent feature at ceremonial and religious feasts. Turtles were harvested in the remotest parts of the Indonesian archipelago.[71] Bali has been importing sea turtles since the 1950s, as its own turtle supplies became depleted.[72] The mostly Hindu Balinese do not eat the eggs, but sell them instead to local Muslims.

text: Commercial farms, such as the Cayman Turtle Farm in the West Indies, once bred them for commercial sale of turtle meat, turtle oil (rendered from the fat), turtle shell, and turtle leather made from the skin. The farm's initial stock was in large part from "doomed" eggs removed from nests threatened by erosion, flooding, or in chemically hostile soil.[73] The farms held as many as 100,000 turtles at any one time. When the international markets were closed by regulations that did not allow even farm-bred turtle products to be exported internationally, the surviving farm became primarily a tourist attraction, supporting 11,000 turtles.[74] Initially started as Mariculture Ltd., then Cayman Turtle Farm Ltd and subsequently branded Boatswain's Beach, in 2010 the farm's brandname was changed to Cayman Turtle Farm: Island Wildlife Encounter.[75]

text: Sea turtles are integral to the history and culture of the Cayman Islands. When the islands were first discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1503, he named them "Las Tortugas" because of the abundance of sea turtles in the waters around the islands.[76] Many of the earliest visitors came to the Cayman Islands to capture the turtles as a source of fresh meat during long voyages. The Green Turtle is a national symbol displayed as part of the Coat of Arms of the Cayman Islands, which also forms part of the national flag of the Cayman Islands. The country's currency uses a turtle as the watermark in its banknotes.[77] A stylised sea turtle nicknamed "Sir Turtle" is the mascot of the national airline Cayman Airways[78] and is part of the livery of its aircraft.

text: A ki' pohaku (petroglyph) of a turtle (or honu) can be found on The Big Island of Hawaii in the Pu'u Loa lava fields. The green sea turtle (called Honu) has always held a special meaning for Hawaiians and this petroglyph shows its importance dating to possibly when the islands first became populated. The turtle symbolizes a navigator that can find his way home time after time. This symbol mirrors the real life of the green Hawaiian turtle as it will swim hundreds of miles to lay its eggs at its own place of birth. Though there are other myths as well, some Hawaiian legends say the honu were the first to guide the Polynesians to the Hawaiian Islands. Hawaiians revere the turtle and the legend of Kailua, a turtle who could take the form of a girl at will. In human form, she looked after the children playing on Punalu'u beach.[79]

text: Conservation[edit]

text: In recent decades, sea turtles have moved from unrestricted exploitation to global protection, with individual countries providing additional protection, although serious threats remain unabated.

text: Threats[edit]

text: Human action presents both intentional and unintentional threats to the species' survival. Intentional threats include continued hunting, poaching and egg harvesting. More dangerous are unintentional threats, including boat strikes, fishermen's nets that lack turtle excluder devices, pollution and habitat destruction. Chemical pollution may create tumors;[80] effluent from harbors near nesting sites may create disturbances; and light pollution may disorient hatchlings. Habitat loss usually occurs due to human development of nesting areas. Beach-front construction, land "reclamation" and increased tourism are examples of such development.[5][7] An infectious tumor-causing disease, fibropapillomatosis, is also a problem in some populations. The disease kills a sizeable fraction of those it infects, though some individuals seem to resist the disease.[20][81][82] In addition, at least in the Southwestern Atlantic (Río de la Plata, Uruguay), exotic invasive species such as the rapa whelk Rapana venosa, were reported massively bio-fouling immature green turtles, reducing buoyancy, increasing drag, and causing severe injuries to the carapace.[83] Because of these threats, many populations are in a vulnerable state.

text: Pacific green turtles' foraging habitats are poorly understood and mostly unknown.[84] These foraging grounds are most likely along the coast of Baja California, Mexico and southern California,[85] in which these turtles have a high risk of incidental capture by coastal fisheries. The main mortality factor for these turtles is the shrimp trawlers in Mexico, in which many of these turtles go undocumented.[85] The only foraging area that has been identified is the San Diego Bay, but it is heavily polluted with metals and PCBs.[85] These contaminants have a negative effect on the ocean environment, and have been shown to cause lesions and sometimes mortality.[85] Green turtles also are threatened by entanglement and ingestion of plastic.[85] In San Diego Bay, an adult green turtle was found dead with monofilament netting tightly packed in its esophagus.[85] In addition there are indications that global climate change is affecting the ability of Green Turtle populations in Australia to produce males due to their temperature-dependent sex determination and the rising temperatures in the northern Great Barrier Reef region.[86]

text: Green sea turtles are the most commonly traded species along Java's south coast and are sold in the form of whole, stuffed animals or turtle oil, locally known as "minyak bulus"[87]

text: Global initiatives[edit]

text: The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has repeatedly listed green sea turtles in its Red List under differing criteria. In 1982, they officially classified it as an endangered species.[88] The 1986,[89] 1988,[90] 1990,[91] 1994,[92] and the landmark 1996 edition of the IUCN Red List, retained the listing.[93]

text: In 2001, Nicholas Mrosovsky filed a delisting petition, claiming some green turtle populations were large, stable and in some cases, increasing. At the time, the species was listed under the strict EN A1abd criteria. The IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee ruled that visual counts of nesting females could not be considered "direct observation" and thus downgraded the species' status to EN A1bd—retaining the turtle's endangered status.[94]

text: In 2004, the IUCN reclassified C. mydas as endangered under the EN A2bd criteria, which essentially states the wild populations face a high risk of extinction because of several factors. These factors include a probable population reduction of more than 50% over the past decade as estimated from abundance indices and by projecting exploitation levels.[95]

text: On 3 May 2007, C. mydas was listed on Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) as a member of the family Cheloniidae.[96] The species was originally listed on Appendix II in 1975. The entire family was moved to Appendix I in 1977, with the exception of the Australian population of C. mydas. In 1981, the Australian population joined the rest. It is therefore illegal to import, export, kill, capture or harass green turtles.[97]

text: The Mediterranean population is listed as critically endangered.[5][18] The eastern Pacific, Hawaiian and Southern California subpopulations are designated threatened. Specific Mexican subpopulations are listed as endangered. The Florida population is listed as endangered. The World Wide Fund for Nature has labeled populations in Pakistan as "rare and declining".[47]

text: In the State of Hawaii, specifically on the Island of Hawaii (Hawaii County), state representative Faye Hanohano, a Native Hawaiian rights activist, pressed for a measure to delist C. mydas from protected status so that Native Hawaiians could legally harvest the turtles and possibly their eggs as well. The bill, HCR14, was largely overlooked by the media since at that point it was only a local issue. While the bill was passed in the House, the Senate's Committee on Energy and Environment refused to hear it, which meant that the bill did not go on to be heard by the Senate.[98]

text: Country-specific initiatives[edit]

text:
In addition to management by global entities such as the IUCN and CITES, specific countries around the world have undertaken conservation efforts.
Bali has traditional uses that were considered sustainable, but have been questioned considering greater demand from the larger and wealthier human population. The harvest was the most intensive in the world.[71] In 1999, Indonesia restricted turtle trade and consumption because of the decreasing population and threat of a tourist boycott. It rejected a request made by Bali Governor I Made Mangku Pastika in November 2009 to set a quota of 1,000 turtles to be killed in Hindu religious ceremonies. While conservationists respect the need for turtles in rituals, they wanted a smaller quota.[99]

text: Ecotourism is one initiative in Sabah, Malaysia. The island of Pulau Selingan is home to a turtle hatchery. Staff people place some of the eggs laid each night in a hatchery to protect them from predators. Incubation takes around sixty days. When the eggs hatch, tourists assist in the release of the baby turtles into the sea.[100]

text: All populations are listed as "Threatened".[101][102] The Hawaiian subpopulation has made a remarkable comeback and is now one focus of ecotourism and has become something of a state mascot. Students of Hawaii Preparatory Academy on the Big Island have tagged thousands of specimens since the early 1990s.[20]

text: In the United Kingdom the species is protected by a Biodiversity Action Plan, due to excess harvesting and marine pollution.[103] The Pakistani-branch of the World Wide Fund for Nature has been initiating projects for secure turtle hatching since the 1980s. However, the population has continued to decline.[7]

text: In the Atlantic, conservation initiatives have centered around Caribbean nesting sites. The Tortuguero nesting beaches in Costa Rica have been the subject of egg-collection limits since the 1950s. The Tortuguero National Park was formally established in 1976, in part, to protect that region's nesting grounds.[32] On Ascension Island, which contains some of the most important nesting beaches, an active conservation program has been implemented.[104] Karumbé has been monitoring foraging and developmental areas of juvenile green turtles in Uruguay since 1999.[105]

text: Cayman Turtle Farm located in Grand Cayman in the northwest Caribbean Sea is the first farm to have achieved the second generation of Green Sea turtles bred, laid, hatched, and raised in captivity.[106] Since its beginning in 1968, the farm has released over 31,000 turtles into the wild,[76] and each year more captive-bred turtles are released into the Caribbean Sea from beaches around the island of Grand Cayman.[107] Captive-bred turtles released from the farm as hatchlings or yearlings with "living tags," have now begun to return to nest on Grand Cayman as adults.[108][109] On February 19, 2012 the farm released the first 2nd-generation captive-bred Green Sea turtle equipped with a Position Tracking Transponder – PTT (also known as a satellite tag).[110] In addition, the farm provides turtle meat products to the local population for whom turtle has been part of the traditional cuisine for centuries. In so doing, the farm curtails the incentive to take turtles from the wild,[111] which over the years in addition to the Cayman Turtle Farm's release of captive-bred turtles has enabled an increase in the number of turtles sighted in the waters around the island of Grand Cayman and nesting on its beaches.[112]

text: In the Pacific, green sea turtles nest on the motu (islets) in the Funafuti Conservation Area, a marine conservation area covering 33 square kilometers (12.74 square miles) of reef, lagoon and motu on the western side of Funafuti atoll in Tuvalu.[113]

text: Genetics[edit]

text: The genome of Chelonia mydas was sequenced in 2013 to examine the development and evolution of the turtle body plan.[114]


document_title: You Don't Know What Love Is

question_text: who wrote you don't know what love is lyrics

question_tokens: who wrote you do n 't know what love is lyrics

root

text: You Don't Know What Love Is

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text:
"You Don't Know What Love Is"

Song

Written
1941

Composer(s)
Gene de Paul

Lyricist(s)
Don Raye

text: "You Don't Know What Love Is" is a popular song of the Great American Songbook, written by Don Raye (lyrics) and Gene de Paul (music) for the Abbott and Costello picture Keep 'Em Flying (1941), in which it was sung by Carol Bruce. The number was deleted from the film prior to release. Universal later added the song into the Raye/de Paul score of one of its B musicals, the 60-minute Behind the Eight Ball (1942), starring the Ritz Brothers and re-teaming Carol Bruce and Dick Foran from "Keep 'Em Flying". "You Don't Know What Love Is" was again sung by Carol Bruce; it was her third and final film until the 1980s.[1]

tag: p

text: After Miles Davis recorded the song in the 1950s, it became a jazz standard, with noteworthy recordings by Billie Holiday, Sonny Rollins and many others.[1]

text: Notable recordings[edit]

text:
Sortable table

Date
Main recording artist
Featured vocalists
(or instrumental)
Album title, notes

1941
Earl Hines and His Orchestra feat. Billy Eckstine
Billy Eckstine

1941
Ella Fitzgerald
Ella Fitzgerald
10" shellac single (Decca)

1941
Harry James and His Orchestra
Dick Haymes
10" shellac single (Columbia)[2]

1945
Billy Eckstine Orchestra
Billy Eckstine

1952
Billy Eckstine with the MGM Orchestra
Billy Eckstine

1949-54
Teddi King
(instrumental)
In the Beginning, 1949–1954 (compilation, 2000)

1954
Miles Davis All Stars
(instrumental)
Walkin'

1955
Chet Baker (Quartet)
Chet Baker
Chet Baker Sings and Plays

1955
Dinah Washington
Dinah Washington
For Those in Love with a septet arranged by Quincy Jones

1956
J.J. Johnson & Kai Winding
(instrumental)
Jay and Kai + 6: The Jay and Kai Trombone Octet

1956
Anita O'Day
Anita O'Day
An Evening with Anita O'Day with a quartet

1956
Sonny Rollins (Quartet)
(instrumental)
Saxophone Colossus, a hard bop classic

1956
George Shearing Quintet
(instrumental)
Black Satin (Capitol)

1957
Dick Haymes with orchestra cond. by Ian Bernard
Dick Haymes
Moondreams (Capitol), The Complete Capitol Collection (2006)

1957
Specs Powell and Co.
(instrumental)
Movin In, big band arranged by Ray Copeland

1958
Billie Holiday with orch. led by Ray Ellis
Billie Holiday
Lady in Satin, arrangements by Ellis

1958
Patti Page
Patti Page
The Waltz Queen (1958 version).[3]

1959
Chris Connor
Chris Connor
Witchcraft

1959
Andy Williams
Andy Williams
Lonely Street

1960
Linda Lawson
Linda Lawson
Introducing Linda Lawson

1960
Helen Merrill
Helen Merrill
Parole e musica

1960
Mal Waldron
(instrumental)
Left Alone

1960
Lennie Tristano
(instrumental)
The New Tristano

1961
Art Blakey & The Jazz Messengers
(instrumental)
Art Blakey!!!!! Jazz Messengers!!!!!

1961
Eric Dolphy
(instrumental)
The Latin Jazz Quintet

1962
John Coltrane
(instrumental)
Ballads

1962
Nancy Wilson
Nancy Wilson
Hello Young Lovers

1961
Marvin Gaye
Marvin Gaye
The Soulful Moods of Marvin Gaye

1964
Eric Dolphy
(instrumental)
Last Date

1965
Lennie Tristano
(instrumental)
Concert in Copenhagen (released 1998)

1966
Booker Ervin
(instrumental)
Heavy!!!

1966
Eric Kloss
(instrumental)
Grits & Gravy

1968
Lee Konitz with Joe Henderson
(instrumental)
Duets

1969
Larry Coryell
(instrumental)
Lady Coryell

1977
Tony Bennett with Bill Evans
Tony Bennett
Together Again

1989
George Benson
George Benson
Tenderly

1989
June Tabor
June Tabor
Some Other Time

1990
Pharoah Sanders
(instrumental)
Welcome To Love

1991
Roy Hargrove
(instrumental)
Public Eye

1991
Wynton Marsalis
(instrumental)
Standard Time, Vol. 2: Intimacy Calling

1992
Chuck Brown (and Eva Cassidy)
Chuck Brown
The Other Side

1993
Giorgia Todrani
Giorgia Todrani
Natural Woman (Live in Rome)

1993
Cassandra Wilson
Cassandra Wilson
Blue Light 'til Dawn

1994
Keith Jarrett (Standards Trio)
(instrumental)
Keith Jarrett at the Blue Note, paired with his own composition "Muezzin"

1995
Rachelle Ferrell
Rachelle Ferrell
First Instrument

1997
Miki Howard
Miki Howard
Can't Count Me Out

1999
Etta James
Etta James
Heart of a Woman

2000
John Martyn
John Martyn
Glasgow Walker

2001
Kurt Elling
Kurt Elling
Flirting with Twilight

2002
The Czars
John Grant
X Would Rather Listen to Y Than Suffer Through a Whole C of Z's (EP)

2002
Jimmy Scott
Jimmy Scott
But Beautiful

2003
Eyran Katsenelenbogen
Eyran Katsenelenbogen
It's Reigning Kats & Dogs & Bogen

2003
Chucho Valdés
(instrumental)
New Conceptions

2009
Diamanda Galás
Diamanda Galás
You Don't Know What Love Is

2011
John Scofield (Quartet)
(instrumental)
A Moment's Peace

2011
Wily Bo Walker Quintet feat. Teddy Charles
Wily Bo Walker
You Don't Know What Love Is

2013
Eliane Elias
Eliane Elias
I Thought About You

2014
Curtis Stigers
Curtis Stigers
Hooray for Love

2014
Andrew Cohen feat. Joan Osborne
Joan Osborne
Rite of Passage

text: Further reading[edit]

text: Hischak, Thomas S. The Tin Pan Alley Song Encyclopedia, Greenwood Press, 2002. ISBN 0313319928


document_title: Heart valve

question_text: which valves of the heart do not have chordae tendineae

text: Heart valve

text: Structure[edit]

text: The heart valves and the chambers are lined with endocardium. Heart valves separate the atria from the ventricles, or the ventricles from a blood vessel. Heart valves are situated around the fibrous rings of the cardiac skeleton. The valves incorporate leaflets or cusps, which are pushed open to allow blood flow and which then close together to seal and prevent backflow. The mitral valve has two cusps, whereas the others have three. There are nodules at the tips of the cusps that make the seal tighter.

text: The pulmonary valve has left, right, and anterior cusps.[4] The aortic valve has left, right, and posterior cusps.[5] The tricuspid valve has anterior, posterior, and septal cusps; and the mitral valve has just anterior and posterior cusps.

text: Atrioventricular valves[edit]

text: These are the mitral and tricuspid valves, which are situated between the atria and the ventricles and prevent backflow from the ventricles into the atria during systole. They are anchored to the walls of the ventricles by chordae tendineae, which prevent the valves from inverting.

text: The chordae tendineae are attached to papillary muscles that cause tension to better hold the valve. Together, the papillary muscles and the chordae tendineae are known as the subvalvular apparatus. The function of the subvalvular apparatus is to keep the valves from prolapsing into the atria when they close. The subvalvular apparatus has no effect on the opening and closure of the valves, however, which is caused entirely by the pressure gradient across the valve. The peculiar insertion of chords on the leaflet free margin, however, provides systolic stress sharing between chords according to their different thickness.[6]

text: The closure of the AV valves is heard as lub, the first heart sound (S1). The closure of the SL valves is heard as dub, the second heart sound (S2).

text: The mitral valve is also called the bicuspid valve because it contains two leaflets or cusps. The mitral valve gets its name from the resemblance to a bishop's mitre (a type of hat). It is on the left side of the heart and allows the blood to flow from the left atrium into the left ventricle.

text: During diastole, a normally-functioning mitral valve opens as a result of increased pressure from the left atrium as it fills with blood (preloading). As atrial pressure increases above that of the left ventricle, the mitral valve opens. Opening facilitates the passive flow of blood into the left ventricle. Diastole ends with atrial contraction, which ejects the final 30% of blood that is transferred from the left atrium to the left ventricle. This amount of blood is known as the end diastolic volume (EDV), and the mitral valve closes at the end of atrial contraction to prevent a reversal of blood flow.

text: The tricuspid valve has three leaflets or cusps and is on the right side of the heart. It is between the right atrium and the right ventricle, and stops the backflow of blood between the two.

text: Semilunar valves[edit]

text: The aortic and pulmonary valves are located at the base of the aorta and the pulmonary trunk respectively. These are also called the "semilunar valves". These two arteries receive blood from the ventricles and their semilunar valves permit blood to be forced into the arteries, and prevent backflow from the arteries into the ventricles. These valves do not have chordae tendineae, and are more similar to the valves in veins than they are to the atrioventricular valves. The closure of the semilunar valves causes the second heart sound.

text: The aortic valve, which has three cusps, lies between the left ventricle and the aorta. During ventricular systole, pressure rises in the left ventricle and when it is greater than the pressure in the aorta, the aortic valve opens, allowing blood to exit the left ventricle into the aorta. When ventricular systole ends, pressure in the left ventricle rapidly drops and the pressure in the aorta forces aortic valve to close. The closure of the aortic valve contributes the A2 component of the second heart sound.

text: The pulmonary valve (sometimes referred to as the pulmonic valve) lies between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery, and has three cusps. Similar to the aortic valve, the pulmonary valve opens in ventricular systole, when the pressure in the right ventricle rises above the pressure in the pulmonary artery. At the end of ventricular systole, when the pressure in the right ventricle falls rapidly, the pressure in the pulmonary artery will close the pulmonary valve. The closure of the pulmonary valve contributes the P2 component of the second heart sound. The right heart is a low-pressure system, so the P2 component of the second heart sound is usually softer than the A2 component of the second heart sound. However, it is physiologically normal in some young people to hear both components separated during inhalation.

text: Development[edit]

text: In the developing heart, the valves between the atria and ventricles, the bicuspid and the tricuspid valves, develop on either side of the atrioventricular canals.[7] The upward extension of the bases of the ventricles causes the canal to become invaginated into the ventricle cavities. The invaginated margins form the rudiments of the lateral cusps of the AV valves. The middle and septal cusps develop from the downward extension of the septum intermedium.

text: The semilunar valves (the pulmonary and aortic valves) are formed from four thickenings at the cardiac end of the truncus arteriosus.[7] These thickenings are called endocardial cushions.[citation needed] The truncus arteriosus is originally a single outflow tract from the embryonic heart that will later split to become the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk. Before it has split, four thickenings occur. There are anterior, posterior, and two lateral thickenings. A septum begins to form between what will later become the ascending aorta and pulmonary tract. As the septum forms, the two lateral thickenings are split, so that the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk have three thickenings each (an anterior or posterior, and half of each of the lateral thickenings). The thickenings are the origins of the three cusps of the semilunar valves. The valves are visible as unique structures by the ninth week. As they mature, they rotate slightly as the outward vessels spiral, and move slightly closer to the heart.[7]

text: Physiology[edit]

text: In general, the motion of the heart valves is determined using the Navier–Stokes equation, using boundary conditions of the blood pressures, pericardial fluid, and external loading as the constraints. The motion of the heart valves is used as a boundary condition in the Navier–Stokes equation in determining the fluid dynamics of blood ejection from the left and right ventricles into the aorta and the lung.

text:
The pressure drop,

Δ

p

{\displaystyle {\Delta }p}

, across an open heart valve relates to the flow rate, Q, through the valve:

text: If:

text:
Inflow energy conserved
Stagnant region behind leaflets
Outflow momentum conserved
Flat velocity profile

text: Usually, the aortic and mitral valves are incorporated in valve studies within a single degree of freedom. These relationships are based on the idea of the valve being a structure with a single degree of freedom. These relationships are based on the Euler equations.

text: Equations for the aortic valve in this case:

text: where:

text: Atrioventricular valve

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: Valvular heart disease is a general term referring to dysfunction of the valves, and is primarily in two forms, either regurgitation, where a dysfunctional valve lets blood flow in the wrong direction, or stenosis, when a valve is narrow.[8]

text: Regurgitation occurs when a valve becomes insufficient and malfunctions, allowing some blood to flow in the wrong direction. This insufficiency can affect any of the valves as in aortic insufficiency, mitral insufficiency, pulmonary insufficiency and tricuspid insufficiency. The other form of valvular heart disease is stenosis, a narrowing of the valve. This is a result of the valve becoming thickened and any of the heart valves can be affected, as in mitral valve stenosis, tricuspid valve stenosis, pulmonary valve stenosis and aortic valve stenosis. Stenosis of the mitral valve is a common complication of rheumatic fever. Inflammation of the valves can be caused by infective endocarditis, usually a bacterial infection but can sometimes be caused by other organisms. Bacteria can more readily attach to damaged valves.[9] Another type of endocarditis which doesn't provoke an inflammatory response, is nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis. This is commonly found on previously undamaged valves.[9] A major valvular heart disease is mitral valve prolapse, which is a weakening of connective tissue called myxomatous degeneration of the valve. This sees the displacement of a thickened mitral valve cusp into the left atrium during systole.[8]

text: Disease of the heart valves can be congenital, such as aortic regurgitation or acquired, for example infective endocarditis. Different forms are associated with cardiovascular disease, connective tissue disorders and hypertension. The symptoms of the disease will depend on the affected valve, the type of disease, and the severity of the disease. For example, valvular disease of the aortic valve, such as aortic stenosis or aortic regurgitation, may cause breathlessness, whereas valvular diseaes of the tricuspid valve may lead to dysfunction of the liver and jaundice. When valvular heart disease results from infectious causes, such as infective endocarditis, an affected person may have a fever and unique signs such as splinter haemorrhages of the nails, Janeway lesions, Osler nodes and Roth spots. A particularly feared complication of valvular disease is the creation of emboli because of turbulent blood flow, and the development of heart failure.[8]

text: Valvular heart disease is diagnosed by echocardiography, which is a form of ultrasound. Damaged and defective heart valves can be repaired, or replaced with artificial heart valves. Infectious causes may also require treatment with antibiotics.[8]

text: Congenital heart disease[edit]

text: The most common form of valvular anomaly is a congenital heart defect (CHD), called a bicuspid aortic valve. This results from the fusing of two of the cusps during embryonic development forming a bicuspid valve instead of a tricuspid valve. This condition is often undiagnosed until calcific aortic stenosis has developed, and this usually happens around ten years earlier than would otherwise develop.[10][11]

text: Less common CHD's are tricuspid and pulmonary atresia, and Ebstein's anomaly. Tricuspid atresia is the complete absence of the tricuspid valve which can lead to an underdeveloped or absent right ventricle. Pulmonary atresia is the complete closure of the pulmonary valve. Ebstein's anomaly is the displacement of the septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve causing a larger atrium and a smaller ventricle than normal.

text: History[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2014)


document_title: Dragon Ball Super

question_text: when does the new dragon ball z come out

text: Dragon Ball Super

text: Plot[edit]

text: Six months after the defeat of Majin Buu, peace has returned to Earth. Son Goku has settled down and now works as a radish farmer to support his family. His family and friends live peaceful lives.[6] However, a new threat appears in the form of Beerus, the God of Destruction, who is considered to be the most terrifying being in Universe 7. After awakening from several years of slumber, Beerus is eager to fight the legendary warrior whom he had seen in a prophecy known as the Super Saiyan God (超（スーパー）サイヤ人ゴッド, Sūpā Saiya-jin Goddo).[7] To protect Earth, Goku transforms into the Super Saiyan God to fight Beerus. Despite losing, Goku's efforts appease the God of Destruction enough that he decides to spare the planet. This part of the series retells the events of Dragon Ball Z: Battle of Gods.

text: While Goku and Vegeta leave with Beerus and his aide Whis to train for a year, two remnants of Frieza's army arrive at Earth and use the Dragon Balls to revive him. Frieza gathers his forces and returns to enact his revenge on Goku and his friends. Despite getting strong enough to attain a new transformation, he is once again defeated by Goku. This part of the series retells the events of Dragon Ball Z: Resurrection 'F'.

text: On a later occasion, Champa, Beerus' twin brother and the God of Destruction of Universe 6, convinces Beerus to hold a tournament between the best fighters from each god's universe for the possession of Earth. Goku and some of his friends join the tournament, which ends in a surprising victory for Beerus' team after the strongest fighters from each side, Goku and Universe 6's Hit, end up forfeiting. Goku later meets and befriends Zenō, the king of all universes. He promises to bring him a friend to play with.

text: After the tournament is completed, Future Trunks reappears and brings news of a new and powerful enemy resembling Goku that is known as Goku Black. Goku and the others eventually discover that Goku Black is actually a Kaiō-shin from Universe 10 named Zamasu, who hijacked Goku's body from a different timeline as part of his plan to attain immortality and wipe out all mortals.[8] In the end, Zamasu is erased along with the entire future timeline by Zenō from the future, who accompanies Goku back to his timeline. Goku fulfills his promise to Zenō by introducing him to his future self.

text: Some time after Future Trunks returns home, Zenō and Future Zenō hold a new tournament called the Tournament of Power (力の大会, Chikara no Taikai). The multiverse tournament features teams of fighters from each universe by Goku's suggestion. However, it becomes a battle for survival when both kings declare that the universes defeated at the tournament will be erased.[9] Goku, Vegeta, Gohan, Krillin, Android 17, Android 18, Piccolo, Tien, Master Roshi, and a temporarily revived Frieza join the tournament as representatives for Universe 7 to protect it. Despite the fact that Zenō and Future Zenō already had the intention to destroy the weaker universes, most of the fighters from the other universes who are unaware of it view Goku as a villain for suggesting to hold the tournament in the first place.[10] Out of the twelve universes, only four (universe 1, 5, 8, and 12) are exempt from participating due to their inhabitants having an average mortal rank above 7. This hugely differs from the manga, which lean towards all universe participating in the tournament of power

text: Production[edit]

text: In addition to his role as series creator, Akira Toriyama is also credited for the "original story and character design concepts" of the new anime originally directed by Kimitoshi Chioka.[5] Toriyama elaborated on his involvement with the "Future Trunks arc" saying he created the story based on suggestions from the editorial department, "As with last time, I wrote the overall plot outline, and the scriptwriters have been compiling and expanded the story content into individual episodes, making various changes and additions, and generally doing their best to make the story more interesting."[11] In addition to new characters designed by Toriyama, other characters for the "Universe Survival arc" were designed by Toyotarou, artist of the anime's manga adaptation, and a few by both.[12]

text: Toei Animation producer Atsushi Kido previously worked on Dragon Ball Z for a brief time during the Freeza arc, while Fuji TV producer Osamu Nozaki said he has been a fan of the series since childhood.[13] Morio Hatano, series director of Saint Seiya Omega (episodes #1–51), began sharing the series director credit with Chioka beginning with episode #33, before taking it over completely with #47. From episode #68 to #76, Morio Hatano shared the role of series director with Kōhei Hatano (no relation), another storyboard artist and episode director for the series.

text: Masako Nozawa reprises her roles as Son Goku, Son Gohan, and Son Goten.[5] Most of the original cast reprise their roles as well.[8][14] However, Jōji Yanami's roles as Kaiō-sama and the narrator were indefinitely taken over by Naoki Tatsuta as of episode 12, so that Yanami could take medical leave.[15] Kōichi Yamadera and Masakazu Morita also return as Beerus and Whis, respectively.[14]

text: The first preview of the series aired on June 14, 2015, following episode 157 of Dragon Ball Kai.[16] The next day, the main promotional image for Dragon Ball Super was added to its official website and unveiled two new characters,[14] who were later revealed to be named Champa and Vados, respectively.[17] A thirty-second trailer including the new characters was uploaded to the series' official website on June 26, 2015.[18]

text: International production and broadcasting[edit]

text: Dragon Ball Super received an English-language dub that premiered on the Toonami channel in Southeast Asia and India on January 21, 2017. This dub is produced by Los Angeles based Bang Zoom! Entertainment for the Asian market. A sneak preview of the English dub aired on December 17, 2016, and featured the first episode.[19]

text: Starting in 2016, the series has been airing in Israel on Nickelodeon and in Portugal on SIC.[20]

text: On October 10, 2016, Toei Animation Europe announced that Dragon Ball Super would be broadcast in France, Italy, Spain, and English-speaking Africa in Fall 2016.[21] Later that same month, Toei Animation announced an official English sub of the series would be simulcasted legally on Crunchyroll, Daisuki.net, and AnimeLab beginning October 22, 2016.[22][23]

text: On November 4, 2016, Funimation announced the company acquired the rights to Dragon Ball Super and would be producing an English dub, with many cast members of their previous English-language releases of Dragon Ball media reprising their respective roles. As well as officially announcing the dub, it was also announced they would be simulcasting the series on their streaming platform, FunimationNow.[1][24] On December 7, 2016, IGN reported that the Funimation English dub of Dragon Ball Super would air on Adult Swim Saturdays at 8 p.m. with an encore showing in their Toonami block later that night at 11:30 p.m. beginning January 7, 2017.[25] This was later confirmed on Toonami's official Facebook page.[2] The United States premiere of Dragon Ball Super was watched by 1,063,000 viewers for its 8 p.m. showing on Adult Swim.[26]

text: The Latin-American-Spanish Dub began airing on August 5, 2017 on Cartoon Network with most of the cast from the original Dragon Ball Z Dub reprising their roles, Including Mario Castañeda as Son Goku who was absent from Dragon Ball Z Kai.[27]

text: Music[edit]

text:
"Chōzetsu☆Dynamic!"

Sample of "Chōzetsu☆Dynamic!" performed by Kazuya Yoshii, the opening theme song for the first 76 episodes of the show.

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: Norihito Sumitomo, the composer for Battle of Gods and Resurrection 'F', is scoring Dragon Ball Super.[28] An original soundtrack for the anime was released on CD by Nippon Columbia on February 24, 2016.[29]

text: The first opening theme song for episodes 1 to 76 is "Chōzetsu☆Dynamic!" (超絶☆ダイナミック！, Chōzetsu Dainamikku, "Excellent Dynamic!") by Kazuya Yoshii of The Yellow Monkey. The lyrics were penned by Yukinojo Mori who has written numerous songs for the Dragon Ball series.[30] The second opening theme song from episode 77 onwards is "Genkai Toppa × Survivor" (限界突破×サバイバー, "Limit Breakthrough × Survivor") by enka singer Kiyoshi Hikawa. Yukinojo Mori wrote the lyrics for the rock song and Takafumi Iwasaki composed the music.[31][32]

text: The first ending theme song for episodes 1 to 12 is "Hello Hello Hello" (ハローハローハロー, Harō Harō Harō) by Japanese rock band Good Morning America.[30] The second ending theme song for episodes 13 to 25 is "Starring Star" (スターリングスター, Sutāringu Sutā) by the group Key Talk.[33] The singer for Funimation's English dub is Professor Shyguy.[34] The third ending song for episodes 26 to 36 is "Usubeni" (薄紅, "Light Pink") by the band Lacco Tower. The fourth ending theme song for episodes 37 to 49 is "Forever Dreaming" by Czecho No Republic.[35] The fifth ending theme song for episodes 50 to 59 is "Yokayoka Dance" (よかよかダンス, Yokayoka Dansu, "It's Fine Dance") by idol group Batten Showjo Tai.[36] The sixth ending theme for episodes 60 to 72 is "Chao Han Music" (炒飯MUSIC, Chāhan Myūjikku) by Arukara.[37] The seventh ending theme from episodes 73 to 83 is "Aku no Tenshi to Seigi no Akuma" (悪の天使と正義の悪魔, "Evil Angel and Righteous Devil") by The Collectors.[38] The eighth ending theme from episodes 84 to 96 is "Boogie Back" by Miyu Inoue.[39][40] The ninth ending theme from episodes 97 to 108 is "Haruka" (遥) by Lacco Tower.[41] The tenth ending theme from episode 109 onwards is "70cm Shiho no Madobe" (70cm四方の窓辺, "By a 70cm Square Window") by RottenGraffty.[42][43]

text: Related media[edit]

text: The Dragon Ball Super anime is being adapted into a companion manga illustrated by artist Toyotarou, who was previously responsible for the official Resurrection 'F' manga adaptation.[44] Toyotarou explained that he receives the major plot points from Toriyama, before drawing the storyboard and filling in the details in between himself. He sends the storyboard to Toriyama for review.[45] It began serialization in the August 2015 issue of V Jump, which was released on June 20, 2015.[46] Shueisha began collecting the chapters into tankōbon volumes with the first published on April 4, 2016.[47] Viz Media began posting free English translations of the manga chapters to their website on June 24, 2016.[48] A print release of the first volume followed in spring 2017.[49]

text: The anime episodes are being released on Japanese Blu-ray and DVD sets that contain twelve episodes each. The first set was released on December 2, 2015. The second set was released on March 2, 2016. The third set was released on July 2, 2016. The fourth set was released on October 4, 2016.[50]

text: Bandai has announced that a line of Dragon Ball Super toys will be available in the United States in summer 2017.[51] Bandai has also announced the updated Dragon Ball Super Card Game that starts with one starter deck, one special pack containing 4 booster packs and a promotional Vegeta card and a booster box with 24 packs. It will be released on July 28, 2017.[52] A line of six Dragon Ball Super Happy Meal toys were made available at Japanese McDonald's restaurants in May 2017.[53]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Dragon Ball Super received largely positive reviews from fans and critics, being praised for the direction, performances, action sequences, animations and musical score alike. First impressions of the series' debut episode were mostly positive with the quality of animation being praised the most.[54] Richard Eisenbeis of Kotaku praised the series' title sequence and said "My middle-school self is so happy right now, you guys."[55] Jamieson Cox of The Verge also praised the title sequence and said that "Dragon Ball Super's intro will have you begging for its North American release". Cox was also surprised that, considering how popular the franchise is, the series did not launch internationally at the same time. He called it "a move that wouldn't be unprecedented" giving Sailor Moon Crystal as an example.[56] Lucas Siegel of Comicbook.com praised the debut episode for its "laid back plotline" and animation style and said that the debut was "very much put out as a "slice of life" episode". Siegel also noted that the premiere episode was more of a "where are they now" introduction to the series that will eventually help build anticipation for "where will they be."[57]

text: However, the fifth episode received harsh criticism from Japanese and Western audiences due to its poor animation style compared to the previous four episodes.[58][59] Dragon Ball Kai and Resurrection 'F' producer Norihiro Hayashida felt that the criticism was overblown. He said that people were criticizing the entire series based on a few bad sequences that were done by new animators. He went on to explain a quality decline in the anime industry that he believes is the result of studios cutting time given for post-production and not allowing for reviews of the final product.[60] Toei Animation improved the animation for episode five's Blu-ray and DVD release.[61]

text: The twenty-fourth episode of the series also received harsh criticism from both Japanese and western audiences due to its poor animation style, which continued throughout several episodes compared to its previous episodes. However, the Champa Arc was praised for improving its animation. Episode 39 of the series was critically acclaimed for its improved animation and praised fighting sequences. Attack of the Fanboy reported that "Dragon Ball Super" episode 39 may be the best installment of the series to date.[62] Goku and Hit's fight "starts off explosively from the get-go."[63] The Future Trunks Arc also received generally positive reviews from fans and critics alike, with IGN's Shawn Saris acclaiming Episode 66, stating that, "Episode 66 of Dragon Ball Super has a few missteps but ultimately leads to a great final battle with Zamasu."[64]

text: All three volumes of Dragon Ball Super's manga adaptation have charted on Oricon's weekly list of the best-selling manga; volumes one and two sold 29,995 and 56,947 copies in their debut weeks respectively.[65][66] Volume three was the fourth best-selling for its week with 92,114 copies sold.[67] According to Nielsen BookScan, the English version of volume one was the second best-selling graphic novel of May 2017,[68] the ninth of June,[69] the fourteenth of July,[70] and the eighteenth of August.[71]

text: The "Universe Survival" Arc has also received generally and largely positive reviews.[citation needed]


document_title: Floyd Mayweather Jr. vs. Conor McGregor

question_text: conor mcgregor vs floyd mayweather is it boxing or ufc

text: Floyd Mayweather Jr. vs. Conor McGregor

text: Background[edit]

text: During his successful UFC mixed martial arts career McGregor maintained an interest in boxing and entertained the idea of a "money fight" with Mayweather.[10] Mayweather reportedly talked to Freddie Roach to train McGregor for the fight in case it would happen.[11] UFC president Dana White dismissed the rumors of a fight with Mayweather on The Dan Patrick Show, stating that Mayweather would have to contact him since McGregor was under contract with the UFC.[12] White even went as far as stating, "Here’s what I think the chances are [of the fight happening]: About the same of me being the backup quarterback for Brady on Sunday," referring to Super Bowl LI.[13] In January 2017, it was reported that the two parties had entered an "exploratory phase" in negotiating a potential match between Mayweather and McGregor. On The Herd with Colin Cowherd, White openly offered to pay Mayweather $25 million to hold the proposed bout during a UFC event. He also predicted that pay-per-view viewership of the hypothetical bout could possibly rival Mayweather vs. Pacquiao.[14]

text: On March 7, 2017, Mayweather called upon McGregor to "sign the paper" and "make it happen", arguing that "if Conor McGregor really wants this fight to happen, stop blowing smoke up everybody's ass."[15] On March 10, 2017, Mayweather stated that only a fight with McGregor would make him come out of retirement.[16] On March 16, 2017, Dana White backpedaled on his stance against a Mayweather–McGregor bout and said that he would not deprive McGregor of a massive payday.[17][18] On May 18, 2017, McGregor reportedly agreed to all of Mayweather's updated terms and signed the contract.[19] The official confirmation of the fight was made on June 14.[20] An international press tour was held from July 11–14.[21]

text: In July 2017, IBF junior lightweight champion Gervonta Davis was reported to be going to participate in a co-main event.[22] On July 19, additional undercard details were released.[23] By that time, three names had been confirmed on the undercard, including British amateur boxer Savannah Marshall, who signed up earlier in the year with Mayweather Promotions, and Badou Jack, who stepped up to fight at light heavyweight.[24] On July 26, 2017, it was announced that former welterweight titleholder Shawn Porter would be headlining the preliminary card, facing Thomas Dulorme.[25][26] On August 17, Porter pulled out of the fight due to personal reasons, including a death in the family. He was replaced by Cuban boxer Yordenis Ugás.[27] On July 29, it was reported that Gervonta Davis would defend his IBF junior lightweight title against former WBO champion Roman 'Rocky' Martinez.[28] Martínez was dropped due to not having enough time to make the 130 pound [59 kg] limit.[29] Instead Davis has been rescheduled to fight unbeaten prospect Francisco Fonseca.[30] On August 9, 2017, it was announced that Nathan Cleverly would defend his WBA light heavyweight title against Money Team fighter Badou Jack.[31][32]

text: A mural was painted in McGregor's Dublin training facility, Straight Blast Gym, depicting McGregor hitting Mayweather with a left-handed punch.[33]

text: Fight card[edit]

text:
Main Card (PPV)

Weight class

Method
Round
Time
Notes

Super welterweight (154 lbs.)
 Floyd Mayweather Jr.
def.
 Conor McGregor
TKO
10
1:05

Junior lightweight (130 lbs.)
 Gervonta Davis
def.
 Francisco Fonseca
KO
8
0:39
[a]

Light heavyweight (175 lbs.)
 Badou Jack
def.
 Nathan Cleverly
TKO
5
2:47
[b]

Cruiserweight (200 lbs.)
 Andrew Tabiti
def.
 Steve Cunningham
Decision (unanimous) (97–93, 100–90, 100–90)
10

[c]

Preliminary Card (Fox prelims)

Welterweight (147 lbs.)
 Yordenis Ugás
def.
 Thomas Dulorme
Decision (unanimous) (94–91, 93–92, 93–92)
10

Welterweight (147 lbs.)
 Juan Heraldez
def.
 Jose Miguel Borrego
Decision (unanimous) (98–96, 97–92, 97–92)
10

Preliminary Card (Unaired)

Super middleweight (168 lbs.)
 Antonio Hernandez
def.
 Kevin Newman
Decision (unanimous)
6

Super middleweight (168 lbs.)
 Savannah Marshall
def.
 Sydney LeBlanc
Decision (unanimous) (40–36, 40–36, 40–36)
4

text:
Jump up ^ For vacant IBF junior lightweight title (only Fonseca is eligible to win the title)
Jump up ^ For WBA (Regular) light heavyweight title
Jump up ^ For vacant USBA cruiserweight title

tag: ol

text: Fight details[edit]

text: Broadcasting[edit]

text: Domestic[edit]

text: In the United States, the fight was televised via Showtime pay-per-view, available through both traditional television providers and various digital services, including the Showtime PPV website and apps, and UFC.tv. Fathom Events organized public screenings at venues such as cinemas.[34][35][36] On July 10, 2017, it was announced that pricing for the PPV in the U.S. would mirror that of Mayweather vs. Pacquiao, being set at US$89.95 (with an additional $10 charge for high definition).[37]

text: The fight was called by Showtime's lead commentary team of Mauro Ranallo (play-by-play), Al Bernstein (color), and Paulie Malignaggi (color), along with ringside reporter Jim Gray.[38] Showtime produced a four-part documentary series, All Access: Mayweather vs. McGregor, focusing on the preparations for the fight.[39] Fox Sports (the television rightsholder of the UFC) provided shoulder programming for the fight, including coverage of the press tour on UFC Tonight, as well as a pre-show and preliminary card on Fox and Fox Deportes.[37]

text: Due to the high demand, a large number of television providers, as well as UFC.tv, experienced technical issues with their carriage of the PPV. The main event was delayed by an hour from its projected start time in order to address these problems.[40] Following the fight, a class-action lawsuit was proposed in Oregon against Showtime Networks for unlawful trading practices and unjust enrichment, alleging that the network knowingly advertised a level of quality it was unable to deliver with the amount of bandwidth it allocated, as the plaintiff and others had experienced technical issues with the PPV stream, including errors, buffering and low video quality.[41] Showtime and the UFC stated that they were investigating their respective customer complaints, and would issue refunds on a case-by-case basis.[42]

text: International[edit]

text:
[show]Country
Broadcaster

 Albania
SuperSport

 Argentina
Fox Premium

 Australia
Main Event

 Austria
DAZN

 Azerbaijan
CBC Sport

 Belarus
Belarus 5

 Belgium
Eleven Sports

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
Sport Klub

 Brazil
Canal Combate PPV

 Brunei
Astro PPV

 Bulgaria
Mtel Sport

 Croatia
Sport Klub

RTL Televizija

 Cambodia
CTN

 China
CCTV-5

 Cyprus
CytaVision

 Czech Republic
Nova Sport 1

 Denmark
Viaplay PPV

 Fiji
Sky Pacific PPV

 Finland
Viaplay PPV

 France
Canal+

 Georgia
Silk Universal

 Germany
DAZN

 Greece
Cosmote Sport

 Hong Kong
Now TV PPV

 Hungary
Sport 1

 Iceland
Stöð 2 Sport

 Ireland
Sky Sports Box Office

 India
VEQTA

 Israel
Sport 1

5 LIVE

 Indonesia
tvOne

 Italy
UFC PPV

 Japan
DAZN

 Kazakhstan
Khabar

 Kyrgyzstan
KTRK

 Latvia
Viaplay PPV

 Macedonia
Sport Klub

 Malaysia
Astro PPV

 Mexico
Fox Sports

 Moldova
ProTV Chișinău

 Montenegro
Sport Klub

 Myanmar
SkyNet Sports

 Netherlands
Fox Sports

 New Zealand
Sky Arena

 Norway
Viaplay PPV

 Philippines
Cignal PPV

 Poland
Cyfrowy Polsat PPV

 Portugal
Sport TV

 Puerto Rico
Claro TV PPV

 Romania
Pro TV

 Russia
Channel One

 Serbia
Sport Klub

 Singapore
SuperSports PPV

 Slovakia
Dajto

 Slovenia
Sport Klub

 South Africa
SuperSport

 South Korea
KBS2

SpoTV On

 Spain
beIN Sports

 Sweden
Viaplay PPV

  Switzerland
DAZN

 Taiwan
Eleven Sports

 Tajikistan
Varzish Sport

 Thailand
Workpoint TV

 Turkey
S Sport

 Ukraine
2+2

 United Arab Emirates
OSN Sports Box Office

 United Kingdom
Sky Sports Box Office (television)

BBC Radio

 United States
Showtime PPV

AFN Sports

 Uzbekistan
Uzreport TV

 Vietnam
Kplus

text: Sky Sports Box Office held broadcasting rights to the fight in McGregor's native Ireland, and the United Kingdom. Although it was initially believed that the price would match that of the U.S. PPV, the price was set at €24.95 (£19.95).[43] The fight was called for Sky Sports by Johnny Nelson and Carl Froch, joined by British MMA fighter and UFC analyst Dan Hardy.[44] British radio rights were held by the BBC, with Mike Costello and Steve Bunce on commentary for BBC Radio 5 Live.[45]

text: In Hispanic America, the fight aired on Fox Premium Action.[46] In Brazil, the event aired on Globosat-owned Combate.[47]

text: Unauthorized online streams[edit]

text: As with Mayweather vs. Pacquiao, it was expected that many viewers would seek unauthorized streams of the fight due to the high cost of the PPV. Showtime successfully received a preliminary injunction against the registrant of a group of 44 websites who planned to illegally stream the fight in violation of its copyrights, and all parties in active concert or participation with them.[48][49]

text: It was estimated that nearly 2.93 million viewers illegally streamed the fight, on video streaming websites and social media channels such as Facebook, YouTube and Periscope.[50][51]

text: Purses[edit]

text: Mayweather was expected to earn at least $100 million, increasing up to four times that amount upon the event achieving all its metrics.[52] McGregor was expected to earn $75 million, but both men signed NDAs barring them from publicly communicating the financial details.[53] According to the Nevada State Athletic Commission, Mayweather would earn a guaranteed purse of $100 million and McGregor was guaranteed $30 million.[54]

text: In a Q&A session in Glasgow in September 2017, McGregor revealed, had he been disqualified, he would have been fined $10 million. The referee also warned him, had he lifted a leg, he would have not been warned and got a straight point deduction.[55]

text: Belt[edit]

text: On August 23, 2017, the WBC unveiled a special belt that would go to the winner of the fight, the "Money Belt"; it is made from Italian-made alligator leather and encrusted with 3.3 pounds (1.5 kg) of 24-karat gold, 3,360 diamonds, 600 sapphires, and 300 emeralds.[56]

text: Officials and rules[edit]

text: On August 16, 2017, the officials were named for the fight:[57]

text:
Referee: Robert Byrd
Judges: Burt Clements, Dave Moretti, and Guido Cavalleri

text: Both athletes initially agreed to box in 10-ounce (285 g) gloves per Nevada State Athletic Commission (NSAC) rules which require 10-ounce (285 g) gloves for boxing matches contracted over 147 pounds [67 kg] (the fight is contracted at 154 pounds [70 kg]).[58] McGregor wanted 8-ounce (225 g) gloves and Mayweather agreed, and both athletes submitted formal requests to box in 8-ounce (225 g) gloves, which was granted by the NSAC.[58]

text: Betting[edit]

text: Experts expected that more money would be bet on the fight than any other boxing match in history; estimates ranged up to $85 million in bets.[59][60] There were six separate $1 million bets on Mayweather in Las Vegas bookmakers, but a large majority of bets overall were on the underdog, McGregor.[60]

text: Live gate and revenue[edit]

text: Nevada State Athletic Commission announced the live gate for the event was $55,414,865.79 from 13,094 tickets sold and 137 complimentary tickets given out. This was far less than the Mayweather vs. Pacquiao fight which grossed $72 million from a paid attendance of 16,219 in 2015, despite claims from Ellerbe and Mayweather that it did more than $80 million.[61]

text: Sky Sports announced the fight garnered over a million PPV buys in the UK and grossed in excess of £20 million, surpassing the record set in April 2017 when Anthony Joshua defeated Wladimir Klitschko in front of 90,000 at the Wembley Stadium. This also meant the fight generated more buys in the UK than Mayweather-Pacquiao which took place in 2015.[62]

text: Showtime Sports’ Stephen Espinoza told the LA Times the fight was expected to generate around 4.4 million domestic buys, which would fall just short of the 4.6 million record which was set by Mayweather-Pacquiao.[63]

text: Fight summary[edit]

text: At the weigh-in, Mayweather tipped the scales at 149.5 lbs, with McGregor at 153 lbs.[64] Mayweather and McGregor entered the ring following the Irish and American national anthems; the Irish singer, songwriter and multi-instrumentalist Imelda May performed on behalf of Conor McGregor,[65] followed by the American singer-songwriter and actress Demi Lovato, who was personally chosen by Mayweather.[66]

text: Mayweather was widely expected to dominate the fight early, but McGregor started strong and was ahead on the score cards for the first few rounds, due in part to Mayweather using the rope-a-dope technique liberally in the early stages.[67] As the fight progressed, McGregor weakened. In rounds 9 and 10, Mayweather landed a series of punches to McGregor's face, and referee Robert Byrd eventually called the fight in favor of Mayweather after McGregor failed to defend himself.[68]

text: After the match Mayweather stated that he had expected McGregor to be a fast starter, and had allowed him to deliver his heavy blows early.[69][70] McGregor on the other hand was disappointed by what he saw as an early stoppage, but respected the referee's decision. Former boxers such as George Foreman and Evander Holyfield expressed their impression regarding McGregor's boxing skills and the competitiveness of the fight,[71][72] with Foreman claiming that experts who criticized the fight "should apologize. It was competitive".[73] Mike Tyson gave McGregor an "A grade" for his performance, stating he was impressed.[74] The fight was lauded for its entertaining and exciting nature, especially when compared to Mayweather's most recent bouts.[75]

text: Mayweather announced in his post-fight interview that he had fought his final boxing match, and would retire from the sport. McGregor said in his post-fight interview that he would be willing to box again, and that he would return to mixed martial arts and the UFC.[citation needed]

text: Undercard fights[edit]

text: Davis failed to make weight during the August 25 weigh in, forcing the IBF to strip him of the title. The title was declared vacant, but would be still up for grabs if Fonseca secures victory.[76] Davis would go on to win by KO in the eighth round. Cleverly lost his WBA light heavyweight title to Jack in a one-sided bout which ended when the referee stopped the fight in the fifth.[77] Cleverly retired after the fight.[78]


document_title: Sin senos no hay paraíso

question_text: who plays catalina in sin senos no hay paraiso

text: Sin senos no hay paraíso

text: Plot[edit]

text: Catalina Santana (Carmen Villalobos), a young woman in Pereira, Colombia, is willing to risk everything in order to escape the poverty she lives in and fulfill her dreams - even if this means putting her life and her integrity in jeopardy. Her mother Hilda (Catherine Siachoque), a lovely hard working woman with no resources to provide her children with luxuries, expends boundless energy in her efforts to push both her children, Catalina and her brother Bayron (Juan Diego Sánchez) to prosper. In spite of their mother's efforts, Bayron and Catalina's situation is filled with poverty and need.

text: Catalina is beautiful, but is not as voluptuous as her friends who render sexual services as "pre-paid girls" to powerful men in the drug trafficking world. Yésica "La Diabla" (María Fernanda Yépez), Catalina's best friend, entered this world with her own business: recruiting, selecting, and leading groups of women for whom the drug traffickers pay in advance to receive sexual services, which she introduces to Catalina this culture, convincing her that this is the only way she has to get away from her poverty. Once inside, Catalina falls into the manipulative hands of Lorena (Aylín Mújica), Yésica's Mexican equivalent, who together with Martinez, an important member of the Juarez Cartel, convinces inexperienced young women from Colombia to undergo breast surgery as a means of obtaining a better life in another country. What they don't know is that in reality he uses them as "mules", sending them to Mexico while smuggling heroin in their implants.

text: Catalina, dazzled by a world of riches and a life full of luxuries, decides not to continue her relationship with her boyfriend Albeiro, a young man from her town who has very few ambitions, but loves her with all his heart. She decides to search for someone who can pay for or finance her surgery of silicon breast implants since, according to her belief, this will provide her the fame and wealth she longs for.

text: In the end, Catalina begins to remember how hard her life has been since she became a pre-paid girl: having an illegal abortion after being raped by three men, facing struggles in order to get her breasts augmented and the loss of her breast implants due to medical complications, the death of her brother Bayron, finding out that her mother and Albeiro were having a romantic relationship behind her back which resulted in her mother becoming pregnant, and finally getting kicked out of her own house by her drug-dealer husband Marcial, after Yésica betrayed her and told Marcial that Catalina had lied to him. After all she is left feeling lost, forgotten, betrayed and alone. All these events cause Catalina to lose the will to live, and she tries to commit suicide but does not find the courage to pull through, so she decides to seek revenge and kill Yessica for betraying her by inviting her to a cafe and calling the hired killers, as she gives them the details to distinguish Yésica among the other people. The killers do their job and kill Yésica, by shooting her three times in the back, later to be shown that the girl killed is in fact, Catalina, who had a change of mind; instead of killing Yésica, she decided to plot her own assassination by disguising herself as Yésica. Before being shot, Catalina wrote in the book she was holding the line which gave the series its title, "It's a lie - without breasts there is no paradise."

text: Production[edit]

text: Gustavo Bolivar's heroine is a prepago, or "pre-paid girl", which means she sells her services around-the-clock for a set period, hoping to make extra money. [2] The screenwriter says Paraíso highlights an unflattering part of his country: teenagers in the Colombian narco-culture getting breast implants. According to Bolivar, he didn't imagine it would come to touch on a universal theme: "beauty based in vanity and its connection with money" and noted that no other book had denounced the drug dealers in such bad terms, the ignorant mothers who confuse love for their daughters with pimping, and the unscrupulous plastic surgeons.[3]

text: Bolívar says the story is based on real-life conditions facing child prostitutes in the province (departamento) of Putumayo, Colombia. There he met two girls who were desperate for silicone breast implants. One told him that she got her operation in exchange for sex. Unfortunately, the doctor used a pair of used implants that led to allergic reactions and infection.[2]

text: Telemundo began shooting the series at Telemundo's production centers in Bogotá and Girardot, Colombia, as well as its studio in Sinaloa, Mexico, on April 15, 2008. As with most of its soap operas, the network broadcast English subtitles as closed captions on CC3 until late October, when the network briefly canceled the translations. Captions were restored the following April. A version with on-screen English subtitles debuted on Mun2 in 2009.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Carmen Villalobos as Catalina Santana
Catherine Siachoque as Hilda Santana
María Fernanda Yépez as Yésica Franco
Aylín Mújica as Lorena Magallanes
Juan Diego Sánchez as Bayron Santana
Fabián Ríos as Albeiro Manrique
Gregorio Pernia as Aurelio "Titi" Jaramillo
Guillermo Quintanilla as Benjamín Martínez García
Alejandra Pinzón as Paola
Linda Baldrich as Natalia
Carolina Sepúlveda as Ximena
Carolina Betancourt as Vanessa
Laura Londoño as Lina Arango
Sofía Stamatiades as Julieta
Roberto Mateos as José Miguel Cárdenas
Gabriel Porras as Fernando Rey
Ramiro Meneses as Ramiro Duque / "Hombre Oscuro"
Danilo Santos as Cardona
Alí Humar as Pablo Morón
Juan Pablo Shuk as Mauricio Contento
César Mora as Marcial Barrera

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Néstor Alfonso Rojas as Caballo
Camila as Angelica Blandon

text: Media[edit]

text: In the summer of 2015, the complete telenovela was made available to stream on Netflix in the United States, along with a handful of other Telemundo programming.

text: English release[edit]

text: NBC Universal commissioned Universal Media Studios to produce an English-language version of the serial, using a different cast and script.[4]

text: International release[edit]

text:
Country
TV Channels
Local Title
! Premier
End
TimeSlot

 Bulgaria
Nova TV/ Diema Femily
Силикон за рая
September 1, 2008
September 30, 2009
16:30

 Serbia
TV Košava
Sponzoruše
November 10, 2008
July 15, 2009
20:00 / 23:00

 Canada
Telelatino

 Hungary
Cool TV

 Macedonia
Sitel TV
Спонзоруши ('Gold diggers')

 Romania
Acasa TV
Fara sani nu exista Paradis
June 22, 2009
December 17, 2009

text: Sequel[edit]

text: On July 19, 2016, Telemundo began airing a sequel telenovela. The name of the sequel is Sin senos sí hay paraíso.

text: On July 25, 2017, Telemundo will air the third sequel to the telenovela where Carmen Villalobos reappears.