document_title: List of minimum annual leave by country

question_text: average number of paid holidays per year in us

text: List of minimum annual leave by country

text: Methodology

text: For the purpose of comparison, the paid vacation column has been normalized to a five-day workweek. For instance, a calendar day is divided by seven and multiplied by five, while a six-day workweek day is divided by six and multiplied by five. The paid vacation column gives the minimum mandatory vacation days for an employee who has one year of service with the same employer.

text: In some countries, the public holidays are strictly bound to the calendar dates, so if they happen on Saturday or Sunday, they are "lost" for the particular year. As a result, the average number of paid extra free days can be lower than the table specifies. For example in the Czech Republic, where the official number of paid public holidays is 13, the average number of public holidays during working days in the years 2000–2016 was only 8.9 days. In other countries, the public holidays which happen on Saturday or Sunday are moved to the nearest Monday or Friday such as in the United Kingdom or the United States.

text: Countries

text:
Country
Minimum annual leave
Paid vacation days
(ﬁve-day workweek)[1][2]
Paid public holidays[3][4]
Total paid leave
(ﬁve-day workweek)

 Afghanistan
Employees are entitled to 20 days recreational leave and 15 paid public holidays.[5]
20
15
35

 Albania
Employees are entitled to 20 days of annual leave and 12 paid public holidays.[6]
20
12
32

 Algeria
The paid annual leave is calculated on the basis of 2 and 1/2 days per month of work. The total duration of the leave cannot, however, exceed 30 calendar days per year.[7] Every employee is also entitled to 11 paid public holidays.[4]
22
11
33

 Andorra
Workers are entitled to 31 calendar days of paid leave after one year of employment. Before that, entitlement to leave is calculated at a rate of 2.5 days for every month worked. One period of leave must last two weeks or more to allow an uninterrupted rest period.[8] Every employee is also entitled to 14 paid public holidays.[9]
22
14
36

 Angola
The period of annual leave for workers is of 22 days per year, not including weekends, complementary weekly rest days and holidays in this calculation.[7] Every employee is also entitled to 11 paid public holidays.[10]
22
11
33

 Antigua and Barbuda
The length of the annual leave for an employee who has successfully passed his probationary period is at least one day per month of employment; 12 days per year of work performed. Every employees is also entitled to 11 paid public holidays.[11]
10
11
21

 Argentina
14 calendar days (from 0 to 5 years seniority), 21 calendar days (from 5 to 10), 28 calendar days (from 10 to 20) and 35 calendar days (from 20). Every employees is also entitled to 11 paid public holidays.[11][12]
10
11
21

 Armenia
Generally, the duration of annual leave is 28 calendar days. Extended annual leave up to 35 calendar days is granted to certain categories of employees whose work involves great nervous, emotional and intellectual strain and professional risk.[13] Every employees is also entitled to 12 paid public holidays.[14][15]
20
12
32

 Australia
For each year of service with his or her employer, an employee is entitled to a minimum of 4 weeks of paid annual leave, unless the employee is a shiftworker, in which case he or she is entitled to a minimum of 5 weeks of paid annual leave. Every employee is also entitled to 10 to 13 paid public holidays depending on the state and territory. Long service leave, which varies by jurisdiction, is also available to long standing employees.[5][16]
20
10
30

 Austria
If the employee has less than 25 years of service, he is entitled to 25 days of annual leave. If the employee has 25 years of more, he is entitled to 30 days of annual leave. Every employee is also entitled to 13 paid public holidays.[13][17][18][19]
25
13
38

 Azerbaijan
Employees are entitled to a minimum of 21 basic calendar days of annual leave. Skilled employees, experts and senior employees are entitled to 30 basic calendar days of annual leave. Additional 2 days accrue on top of basic vacation every 5 years. [20] Every employee is also entitled to 19 paid public holidays.[21]
15
19
34

 The Bahamas
14 days after 1 year employment, 21 days after 7 years of employment.[11] Every employee is also entitled to 10 paid public holidays.[22][23]
10
10
20

 Bahrain
An employee who has been in the service of an employer for at least one year is entitled to a paid annual leave not less than thirty days, with an average of two and a half days for each month.[24] Every employee is also entitled to 14 paid public holidays.[25][26]
22
14
36

 Bangladesh
All workers except tea plantation workers are entitled to 10 days of paid casual leave in each calendar year. An adult worker is entitled to: (a) for shop, commercial or industrial establishment, factory, or road transport service industry workers – one day's paid annual leave per 18 days of work; (b) for tea plantation workers – one day's paid annual leave per 22 days of work; and (c) for newspaper workers – one day's paid annual leave per 11 days of work. Every worker is also entitled to 11 paid public holidays.[5][27]
10
11
21

 Barbados
An employee who completes a year of employment with an employer is entitled to – (a) an annual holiday of not less than 3 weeks where he has been in the employment of that employer for less than 5 years; and (b) an annual holiday of not less than 4 weeks where he has been in the service of that employer for 5 years or more.[11]
15

 Belarus
The length of basic annual leave is 24 calendar days. Every employee is also entitled to 9 paid public holidays.[28]
18
9
27

 Belgium
A worker after one year of full employment, the employee shall be entitled to: 24 working days if they work 6 days per week; and 20 working days if they work 5 days per week. Workers are also entitled to 10 paid public holidays.[13][18][29]
20
10
30

 Belize
Every employee is entitled to two weeks paid leave after a year of employment. If employment is terminated after three months but before a year, the employee must be paid average vacation pay. Every employee is also entitled to 13 paid public holidays.[11][30]
14
13
27

 Benin
Unless there are more favorable provisions in collective agreements or employment contracts, the worker acquires the right to leave, to be paid by the employer, at the rate of 2 working days per month of effective service. A working days is every day other than the day of weekly rest period and holidays. Every worker is also entitled to 13 paid public holidays.[7][31]
20
13
33

 Bhutan

9

 Bolivia
There are different scales of annual leave depending on the seniority of the worker. To this respect; workers having performed from 1 to 5 years of service are entitled to enjoy 15 working days, from 5 to 10 years, 20 working days, and from 10 years onwards, 30 working days. Every worker is also entitled to 11 paid public holidays.[11]
15
11
26

 Bosnia and Herzegovina

20

 Botswana
Every employer is required to grant to every employee employed by him leave with basic pay at the rate of not less than 1.25 days per month. Every employee is also entitled to 14 paid public holidays.[7]
15
14
29

 Brazil
The length of annual leave depends on the number of days of absence from work: 30 days when the worker was absent no more than 5 days; 24 days when the worker was absent between 6 and 14 days; 18 days when the worker was absent between 15 and 23 days; 12 days when the worker was absent between 24 and 32 days. Every employee is also entitled to 7 national paid public holidays, 1 state paid holiday, and up to 4 religious municipal paid holidays.[11][32]
22
8
30

 Brunei Darussalam
[11]
7
11
18

 Bulgaria
An employee has the right to paid annual leave in the duration of at least four weeks for each calendar year.[13][18] If a public holiday falls on Saturday or Sunday, the following Monday is a holiday. [33]
20
12
32

 Burkina Faso
The employee has a right to a paid leave chargeable to the employer, at the rate of two and a half calendar days per month of effective service. Every employee is also entitled to 15 paid public holidays.[7][34]
22
15
37

 Burundi
Workers are entitled to 1 and 2/3 working days per month of completed of service.[7] Every employee is also entitled to 13 paid public holidays.[35]
17
13
30

 Cape Verde
Every worker in an employment contract for an indeterminate period is entitled to twenty-two days of annual leave.[7] There are no legal provisions for pay on public holidays.[36]
22
0
22

 Cambodia
All workers are entitled to paid annual leave at the rate of 1.5 work days per month of continuous service. However, the length of paid leave entitlement shall be increased according to seniority, at the rate of one day per 3 years of service.[5] Every employee is also entitled to 27 paid public holidays.[37]
15
27
42

 Cameroon
Workers acquire the right to annual leave at the rate of one and a half days per month of effective service, paid by the employer.[7]
15

 Canada
In Canada, vacation time is set by the provinces and territories for all employees except federal employees. Employees are entitled to start out with two weeks of paid vacation in all provinces except Saskatchewan where employees are entitled to three weeks of paid annual leave.[38] Ten provinces and territories grant a third week of vacation after working for a set period of time, one grants a fourth week, and two grant no additional extension.[39] Federal employees are entitled initially to two weeks vacation, increasing to three weeks after six years of service.[40] In addition, employees are entitled to 6–10 paid public holidays depending on the province.[41]
10
6
16

 Central African Republic
Workers are entitled to leave at the rate of 2 working days per month worked.[7]
20

 Chad
Workers are entitled to two days per month of paid leave - to be paid by the employer. One month of effective work is the period equivalent to 4 weeks or 24 days of work. Every worker is also entitled to 3 paid public holidays.[7]
20
3
23

 Chile
The duration of the annual leave is 15 working days.[11] Every worker is also entitled to 15 paid public holidays.[42]
15
15
30

 China
The duration of the annual leave entitlement is: (a) 5 days for employees who have accumulatively worked for 1–10 years; (b) 10 days for employees who have accumulatively worked for 10–20 years; and (c) 15 days for employees who have accumulatively worked for more than 20 years. Employers who offer more vacation time are legally obligated to grant it.[43] Every worker is also entitled to 11 paid public holidays, which includes two semi-annual one-week holidays known as the Golden Weeks.[5][44]
5
11
16

 Colombia
Employees are entitled to 15 consecutive working days of paid annual leave. Every employee is also entitled to 18 paid public holidays.[11][45]
11
18
29

 Comoros
Workers are entitled to annual leave at the rate of at least 2 and half days per month of work. In order to determine the duration of the leave, it shall be considered as a month of work, the period equivalent to 4 weeks or 24 days of work.[7]
25

 Democratic Republic of Congo
The duration of annual leave has to be of at least one day for every month of effective service, for worker over the age of 18. It shall be of at least one and a half day for workers under the age of 18. It shall be increased of one day per month every 5 years of seniority in the same employer or replaced employer.[7]
10

 Republic of Congo
Workers are entitled, after one year of service, to 26 working days of annual leave paid by the employer.[7]
22

 Costa Rica
Employees are entitled to 2 weeks minimum of annual leave after 50 weeks of work performed with the same employer. Every employee is also entitled to 9 paid public holidays.[11][46]
10
9
19

 Croatia
An employee has the right to paid annual leave in the duration of at least four weeks for each calendar year and 13 paid public holidays.[13][18][47]
20
13
33

 Cuba
Every worker is entitled to enjoy one month of paid annual leave after 11 months of effective work. Workers are also entitled to 9 paid public holidays.[11]
22
9
33

 Cyprus
20 working days of leave for workers on a five-day week and 24 working days of leave for workers on a six-day week over a period of one year's employment.[13][18] Every employee is also entitled to 14 paid public holidays.[48]
20
14
34

 Czech Republic
The basic vacation allowance is a minimum of 4 weeks per calendar year and there are 13 paid public holidays.[49][50][51] Many employers give 1 week extra (so the total is 5 weeks paid annual leave) as a bonus. Public holidays which happen on Saturday or Sunday are lost for the particular year – thus the average number of public holidays during working days in the years 2000–2016 was only 8.9 days. Employees of employers who are not part of the private sector or engaged in non-commercial activities are entitled to a vacation allowance of 5 weeks. Teachers and the academic staff of higher education institutions are entitled to a vacation allowance of 8 weeks per calendar year.[13][18]
20
13
33

 Denmark
Employees are entitled to 25 days of annual leave per year worked, prorated at 2.08 days per month.[18][52] There is no statutory right for pay on public holidays.[53]
25
0
25

 Djibouti
Employees are entitled to two and half working days of paid leave per month. Every employee is also entitled to 10 paid public holidays.[7]
25
10
35

 Dominica
Employees are entitled under five years of continuously service two weeks paid annual leave, and for five years and over of continuously service three weeks of paid annual leave. Every employee is also entitled to 12 paid public holidays.[11]
10
12
22

 Dominican Republic
The employer shall provide every employee a paid vacation period of two weeks, according to the following scale: After a period of at least 1 year and up to 5 years, 14 days with full pay; After a continuous period of work of not less than 5 years, 18 days with full pay. Every employee is also entitled to 13 paid public holidays.[11]
10
13
33

 Ecuador
Every worker shall be entitled to enjoy 15 consecutive days of paid annual leave, including the non working days.[11] Every employee is also entitled to 12 paid public holidays.[54][55]
11
12
23

 Egypt
Employees are entitled to 21 days of paid annual leave, though they must wait six months before taking their first day off. After five consecutive years of employment, an employee may take one month of paid leave to make a religious pilgrimage. An employee's paid leave entitlement increases to 30 days of paid annual leave after 10 years of employment or when the employee reaches the age of 50, whichever one comes first. Every employee is also entitled to 13 paid public holidays.[7][56][57]
15
13
28

 El Salvador
The length of annual leave is 15 days. Every employee is also entitled to 11 paid public holidays.[11][58]
15
11
26

 Equatorial Guinea
Workers are entitled to one month of paid annual leave, for each year of continuous work. After 10 years of service, annual leave shall be increased one day per year worked.[7]
22

 Eritrea
An employee is entitled to annual leave with pay amounting to: fourteen working days for the first year of service; and fourteen working days plus one working each additional year of service. Annual leave may not exceed 35 working days.[7]
12

 Estonia
It is presumed that an employee's annual holiday is 28 calendar days, unless the employee and the employer have agreed on a longer period, or unless otherwise provided by law.[13][18] Every employee is also entitled to 11 paid public holidays.[59]
20
11
31

 Ethiopia
Employees are entitled to no less than 14 working days of annual leave for the first one year of service, and 14 working days plus one working day for every additional year of service.[7] Every employee is also entitled to 13 paid public holidays.[60]
12
13
25

 European Union
European Union legislation mandates that all 28 member states must by law grant all employees a minimum of 4 weeks (a total of 28 calendar days) of paid vacation.[61]
20
0
20

 Fiji
Workers are entitled to 10 days paid annual leave for each complete year of service. Every employee is also entitled to 12 paid public holidays.[5]
10
12
22

 Finland
5 weeks (30 days with Saturdays sometimes, but not Sundays, counted as holidays) is the minimum mandated annual leave by law.[62] Workers are also entitled to 11 paid public holidays on average.[63] After working for the same company for a long period, many employers raise the 30 to 38 days (so-called long holidays). (Many employers in Finland give a holiday bonus (lomaraha) every year; this holiday bonus can be converted to extra holiday - giving another 13 days of holiday (or 18 days for those on 'long' holidays).[18][52]
25
11
36

 France
5 weeks (30 days with Saturdays, but not Sundays counted as holidays) plus up to 22 days of RTT (Réduction du Temps de Travail, English: Reduction of Working Time) for the employees that choose to work more than 35 hours per week - the "limit" is 39 per week, further additional hours are compensated in almost all the cases by money and not by additional leave hours. Bonus days off are given to people who take a part of their annual leave outside summer (3 days grant 1 bonus day off, 6 days grant 2 bonus days off). Combining all these rules, in a few public offices and in a few companies like Orange, the resulting total, for certain employees, might be of 9.5 paid vacation weeks (5 weeks of vacation + 4 weeks of RTT + 0.5 week of bonus days off). Furthermore, there are 11 paid public holidays.[18][52][64][65]
25
11
36

 Gabon
Workers are entitled to leave, to be paid by the employer, of 2 working days per month of effective service. The workers under the age of 18 are entitled to 2 and a half working days. Every worker is also entitled to 14 paid public holidays.[7]
20
14
34

 Gambia

21

 Georgia

24
15
39

 Germany
24 working days (defined as all calendar days that are not Sundays or public holidays). Therefore, a worker with a 5-day workweek has the right to 20 days off.[13] There is one national paid public holiday, German Unity Day. States regulate the remaining paid public holidays which vary between 9 and 13 in total.[52][66] Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg provide the most.[67] The Bavarian city of Augsburg has 14 public holidays as it celebrates Friedensfest in addition to the 13 holidays in Bavaria. Civil employees receive a minimum of 30 days after a law against age discrimination was passed in 2012.[68]
20
9
29

 Ghana
In any undertaking every worker is entitled to not less than 15 working days leave with full pay in any calendar year of continuous service.[7] Every worker is also entitled to 13 paid public holidays.[69]
15
13
28

 Greece
Workers on a five-day week are entitled to a 20 working days or 24 working days for six-day week workers. The leave entitlement is increased by one working day for each year of employment in addition to the first year, up to 26 working days, or up to 22 working days if the undertaking operates a five-day week.[13] There are 4 mandatory paid public holidays.[52][70]
20
4
24

 Grenada
Workers are entitled to a period of annual leave with pay of not less than two weeks during the first year of employment and thereafter, three weeks. Every worker is also entitled to 13 paid public holidays.[11]
10
13
23

 Guatemala
Employees are entitled to have at least 15 working days of vacations.[71] To have the right for vacations the worker must have at least 150 calendar days of continuous work.[72] It is forbidden for a worker to accept extra payment instead of the vacations nor take another job during this time.[73] Vacations must be paid in advance.[74] Every employee is also entitled to 10 paid public holidays.[75]
15
10
25

 Guinea
The employee is entitled to leave, paid by the employer, at a rate of 2 and half days per month of effective service. Employees are also entitled to 11 paid public holidays.[7][76]
22
11
33

 Guinea-Bissau
The annual leave shall be of 30 consecutive days, not counting weekly rest periods nor initial or final holidays.[7]
22

 Guyana
Every worker being in employment shall be allowed a period of holidays with pay of not less than one day for each completed month of employment computed from the date of engagement.[11] There are no legal provisions for pay on public holidays[77]
12
0
12

 Haiti
Any employee continuously working upon one year of service is entitled to paid leave of at least 15 consecutive days, comprising 13 working days and 2 Sundays. Public holidays and interruptions of work due to sickness or maternity enjoyed by the worker should not be deducted from the fifteen days off. Employees are also entitled to 16 paid public holidays.[11]
11
16
27

 Honduras
The period of time of annual leave differs in relation to the time of work performed with the same employer: 10 consecutive working days after one year of service; 12 consecutive working days after two year's consecutive service; 15 consecutive working days after three year's consecutive service; 20 consecutive working days after four or more year's consecutive service. Employees are also entitled to 11 paid public holidays.[11][78]
8
11
19

 Hong Kong
7 days (1 to 2 years), Add one day per year until 14 days (3+ years).[79] Employees are also entitled to 12 paid public holidays.[80]
7
12
19

 Hungary
20 working days (increasing up to 30 with age). The employee will get additional days for children. 2 days for one child, 4 days for two children and 7 days for more than two children.[13][81] Employees are also entitled to 13 paid public holidays, however public holidays which happen on Saturday or Sunday are lost for the particular year.[82]
20
13
33

 Iceland
The legislation provides for a minimum of two working days of holiday for each month in employment during the past holiday allowance year (May 1 to April 30). The minimum holiday for each year is therefore 24 working days. Employees are also entitled to 12 paid public holidays.[13][83]
24
12
36

 India
Adult workers in factories, mines, and plantations are entitled to one day off for every twenty days worked the previous year, which generally amounts to 12 days a year. Minors are entitled to 15 days. This does not apply to employees of factories of government-owned railways, who are governed by a separate set of leave entitlements decided by the government. Leave entitlements in India generally vary among states and industries, with local governments setting minimum leave entitlements and individual companies offering their own paid leave benefits. On average, Indians receive 18 days of paid leave a year. Employees are also entitled to 15-20 paid public holidays, depending on the region.[5][84][85][86][87][88][89]
12
15
27

 Indonesia
The annual rest period entitlement is to 12 days of leave. There are no legal provisions for pay on public holidays.[5][90]
12
0
12

 Iran
The annual paid leave entitlement is one month, including four Fridays.[5]
22
0
22

 Iraq
A worker shall have a right to 20 days of leave for each year of work. A worker employed in work which is arduous or harmful to health shall have a right to 30 days of paid leave for each year of work. The length of a worker's annual leave shall be increased by 2 days after every additional 5 years of continuous service with the same employer.[25]
20

 Ireland
Employees are entitled to 4 weeks of paid annual leave and 9 paid public holidays.[52][91]
20
9
29

 Israel
A minimum of 12 days for employees with a five-day workweek and 14 days for employees with a six-day workweek. Following four years of employment, the number of vacation days rises by two per year.[92] An employee can accumulate a maximum of 28 vacation days under the law.[93] There are also 9 paid public holidays, and 4 holidays where, despite not being mandatory, many businesses and government offices offer collective or optional paid leave.
12
9
21

 Italy
At least 20 working days (exact amount depends on contract details, a few contracts guarantee up to 25 days), entirely paid, plus up to 104 hours of ROL, that means the reduction of working time (in Italian Riduzione Orario di Lavoro), that have to be used primarily in blocks of a few hours each time for family/personal needs (for example taking a child to the doctor, going to the bank etc.) but may be utilized as well, just for the unused part of them and just if the company/the collective contract allows that, to get additional vacation hours/days, or to shorten of 1 or 2 hours the working day on Fridays. Employees also receive 12 paid public holidays.[52][94]
20
12
32

 Ivory Coast
The worker is entitled to annual leave, paid by the employer, at the rate of 2 working days per month of effective service. Young workers under the age of 18 are entitled to two and 2/10 working days per month of effective service. The annual leave is increased at the rate of 2 days after 15 years of seniority in the same company; 4 days after 20 years of seniority in the same company; 6 days after 25 years of seniority in the same company; and 8 days after 30 years of seniority in the same company. Employees also receive 14 paid public holidays.[7]
20
14
34

 Jamaica
Workers who have worked up to 220 days enjoy 10 days maximum (if they have worked for a minimum of 110 days) calculated as follows; 1/22 of the number of days of work. Any fraction of a day of holiday shall be reckoned as 1 day. For workers who have worked more than 220 days: 2 working weeks. For workers with 10 years of service or more and who have worked more than 220 days in each qualifying year: 3 working weeks.[11]
10

 Japan
The initial annual leave entitlement is 10 days of leave. Workers who have been employed continuously for at least one and half years shall be granted one additional day of leave for each year of service, up to a maximum of 20 days of leave.[5][95] There are no legal provisions for pay on public holidays.[52][96]
10
0
10

 Jersey
Employees are entitled to two weeks of paid annual leave.[97] Employees are also entitled to 9 paid public holidays.[98]
10
9
19

 Jordan
Each employee shall be entitled to an annual leave with full pay for fourteen 14 days per each year of service.[25]
14

 Kazakhstan
Employees are entitled to 24 calendar days of paid annual leave.[13][99]
18

 Kenya
An employee is entitled to not less than 21 working days after every 12 consecutive months of service with his employer. Where employment is terminated after then completion of two or more consecutive months of service during any 12 months of leave-earning period, to not less than 1.75 days of leave for each completed month of service. Employees are also entitled to 10 paid public holidays.[7]
18
10
28

 Kiribati

0

 South Korea
15 days[5][100] and for workers who have worked 3 years, one day will be added to every two years continuously worked up to a maximum of 25 days. Despite the employment law, it is strictly regulated to use a paid leave due to Korean culture, which is often depicted as hierarchy. Generally, it is a common sense that workers can only get days off for a few days for a year regardless of how many off days are left.[101][102]
15

 Kosovo

20

 Kuwait
Every worker is entitled to enjoy a paid annual leave of 30 days. In addition, the worker who completes 2 continuous years in the service of his employer shall be entitled to a paid leave of 21 days for performing Haj rituals, provided that he should not have previously performed the Haj. Workers are also entitled to 13 paid public holidays.[25][103]
30
13
43

 Kyrgyzstan

20

 Laos
The general annual leave entitlement is 15 days of leave per year.[5]
15

 Latvia
Employees are entitled to 4 calendar weeks of paid annual leave.[13]
20

 Lebanon
Every wage-earner or salary-earner employed in an establishment for at least one year is entitled to an annual leave of 15 days with full pay.[25]
15

 Lesotho
An employee shall be entitled to one working day of holiday in respect of each month of continuous employment with the same employer, i.e. a minimum of 12 working days of holiday in each year. Employees are also entitled to 10 paid public holidays.[7]
12
10
22

 Liberia
Employees are entitled to: (a) For continuous service with the same employer for twenty-four months, the number of working days in two weeks, and thereafter for each additional twelve months, with the same employer, the number of working days in three (3) weeks; and (b) For continuous service with the same employer for sixty months and thereafter, the number of working days in four weeks. Employees are also entitled to 11 paid public holidays.[104][105]
10[106]
11
21

 Libya
Every worker is entitled annually to 30 days leave. Workers who have reached the age of 50 or have completed 20 years of service are entitled 45 days.[7]
22

 Lithuania
Employees are entitled to 28 calendar days of paid annual leave.[13][107] Employees are also entitled to 14 paid public holidays.[108]
20
14
34

 Luxembourg
The legal duration of annual leave is set to 25 working days per year. Supplementary leave of 6 days for workers with disabilities and for physically or mentally disabled persons.[13] Workers are also entitled to 10 paid public holidays.[109]
25
10
35

 Macedonia
Employees are entitled to 20-26 working days, as specified in a collective agreement in accordance with years of service and working conditions; 3 additional days for older workers.[13]
20

 Madagascar
Workers are entitled to leave paid by the employer at 2.5 days per month and are also entitled to 13 paid public holidays.[7]
22
13
35

 Malawi

18

 Malaysia
Starts at 8 days per year for first 2 years employment with an employer. Increases to 12 days per year for between 2 and 5 years employment and 16 days per year for 5 or more years. Employees are also entitled to 19 paid public holidays.[5]
12
19
26

 Maldives

22

 Mali

22

 Malta
Every worker is entitled to paid annual leave of at least the equivalent in hours of four weeks and four working days calculated on the basis of a 40-hour working week and 8-hour working day. Workers are also entitled to 14 paid public holidays.[13]
24
14
38

 Marshall Islands

0

 Mauritania
After the reference period of 12 months, a worker is entitled to 1.5 days of leave per month of effective service. An exception is 3 days per month for employees whose normal residence is not in Mauritania. One additional day annual leave is granted for 10–15 years of seniority, two additional days for 15–20 years seniority and 3 days for a seniority exceeding 20 years. Employees are also entitled to 7 paid public holidays.[7]
15
7
22

 Mauritius
Every worker, other than a part-time worker, who remains in continuous employment with the same employer for a period of 12 consecutive months is entitled, during each subsequent period of 12 months while he remains in continuous employment, to 20 working days of annual leave or such similar leave under any other name. Besides that every worker is entitled to an extra 2 days of leave in every year and 16 paid public holidays.[7]
22
16
38

 Mexico
The duration of the annual leave is set at 6 working days minimum, after one year of service with the same employer. This duration shall be increased by two working days (up to a maximum of 12) for each subsequent year of service. After the fourth year, the vacation period shall be increased by two days for every five years of service. Workers who perform discontinuous and seasonal work are entitled to an annual holiday period in proportion to the number of the working days performed in the year. Employees are also entitled to 7 paid public holidays.[11]
6
7
13

 Micronesia

0

 Moldova
All employees have the right to an annual paid holiday, with duration of not less than 28 calendar days without taking into account the non working holidays. Employees of special sectors (education, health service, public service, etc.) can be granted annual leave of a different duration.[13] There are no legal provisions for pay on public holidays.[110]
20
0
20

 Mongolia
15 working days for the 1 year of employment. Increase up to 29 working days after 32 years of employment. 48 working days paid vacation for teachers and professors for all levels of school, kindergarten and university regardless of the number of years of service. There are no identified legal provisions for pay on public holidays.[5][111]
15
0
15

 Montenegro

21

 Morocco
Every employee, having worked at least 6 months continuously in the same company, is entitled to paid annual leave as it follows: 1 and 1/2 day of effective work for every month of service; and 2 days of effective work for every month of service for those aged under 18. The paid annual leave is increased in one and a half day of effective work for an entire period, continue or not, of 5 years of service. However, this increase cannot be accumulated when the total annual leave has reached the limit of 30 working days. An "effective day of work" day is that which is not a weekly rest day, a holiday and general holidays of the company. The working month is defined as: 26 effective working days or 191 working hours in the non agricultural sector or 208 in the agricultural sector. Employees are also entitled to 10 paid public holidays.[7]
15
10
25

 Mozambique
Employees are entitled to one day for every month of actual service, during the first year of service; two days for every month of actual service, during the second year of service; and thirty days for every year of actual service, from the third year onward.[7] Employees are also entitled to 9 paid public holidays.[112]
10
9
19

 Myanmar
Employees over the age of 15 years are entitled to 10 consecutive days of leave per year. Employees under the age of 15 years are entitled to 14 consecutive days leave per year. Employees are also entitled to 14 paid public holidays.[5]
10
14
24

 Namibia
Every employee is entitled to at least four consecutive weeks annual leave in respect of each annual leave cycle (which means the period of 12 consecutive months employment with the same employer immediately following an employee`s commencement of employment or the completion of the last annual leave cycle). If the number of days in an ordinary workweek are 6 the annual leave entitlement in working days is 24.[7]
20

 Nauru
No paid annual leave.[113]
0

   Nepal
Every employee is entitled to paid home leave at the rate of 1 day for every 20 days that he works. Employees are also entitled to 13 paid public holidays.[5]
15
13
28

 Netherlands
Workers are entitled to four times the number of days they work per week. In this respect, for a five-day working week the worker is entitled to 20 days of annual leave.[13][114] There are no legal provisions for pay on public holidays.[115]
20
0
20

 New Zealand
Employees are entitled to not less than 4 weeks of paid annual holiday. Employees are also entitled to 11 paid public holidays.[5][116]
20
11
31

 Nicaragua
Every worker is entitled to enjoy 15 days of continuous and remunerated annual leave after 6 months of uninterrupted work with the same employer. Workers are also entitled to 9 paid public holidays.[11]
11
9
20

 Niger
Workers are entitled to 30 calendar days (two and a half calendar days per month of work). Seniority entitles a worker to additional days of leave: 2 additional days after 20 years with the same enterprise; 4 additional days after 25 years; 6 additional days after 30 years. Workers are also entitled to 12 paid public holidays.[7]
22
12
34

 Nigeria
Every worker is entitled after twelve months continuous service to a holiday with full pay of at least six working days.[7]
5

 Norway
Employers are required that employees have 25 working days of leave in connection with holidays each holiday year. All days count as working days except Sundays and statutory church or public holidays.[13] Workers are also entitled to two paid public holidays.[52]
25
2
27

 Oman
Employees are entitled to 30 days of annual leave and are also entitled to 9 paid public holidays.[117]
22
9
31

 Pakistan
Factory workers, employees of commercial establishments, and road transportation workers are entitled to 14 days of holidays, inclusive of weekly rest days, provided they complete a full year of continuous employment. Those who spend more than 90 days on sickness, accident, or authorized leave, and one day or more on unauthorized leave or on an illegal strike lose this entitlement. Mine workers are entitled to one day of leave for every 17 days of work below ground and one day for every 20 days worked above ground, generally amounting to more than 14 days. Newspaper employees are not entitled to a fixed set of days by law, but rather to paid leave lasting at least 1/11th as long as they spend on duty. Factory workers are also entitled to 17 paid public holidays. On average, corporations and government offices provide at least 15 paid public holidays per year.[5][118][119]
14
15
29

 Palau

0

 Palestine

12

 Panama
Employees are entitled to enjoy 30 days of annual leave and are also entitled to 10 paid public holidays.[11]
22
10
32

 Papua New Guinea
Employees are entitled to 14 consecutive days of annual leave, including non-working days. Employees are also entitled to 9 paid public holidays.[5]
10
9
19

 Paraguay
Every worker shall be entitled to a paid annual leave after a year of work within same employer that shall be at least: a) 12 consecutive working days for workers with less than 5 years of continuous service; b) 18 consecutive working days after 5 years and less than 10 years of continuous service; c) 30 consecutive days after 10 years of continuous service.[11] Employees are also entitled to 12 paid public holidays.[120]
10
12
22

 Peru
Employees are entitled to 30 calendar days of annual leave and are also entitled to 12 paid public holidays.[11]
22
12
34

 Philippines
Employees are entitled to 5 days of paid service incentive leave per year.[121] Employees are also entitled to 11 paid public holidays.[5]
5
11
16

 Poland
20 working days per year during the first 10 years of employment and 26 working days thereafter. Secondary and tertiary education partially counts towards employment time,[122] ranging from 3 years for basic vocational school, up to 8 years for bachelor's degree. Workers are also entitled to 13 paid public holidays.[123]
20
13
33

 Portugal
Workers are entitled to paid holidays which are mandatory and have a minimum duration of 22 working days. Workers are also entitled to 13 paid public holidays.[13][124]
22
13
35

 Puerto Rico
Employees are entitled to 15 days of paid annual leave. There are no legal provisions for pay on public holidays.[125]
15
0
15

 Qatar
Annual leave shall not be less than three weeks for the worker whose service is less than five years and four weeks for the worker whose service is more than five years. Workers are also entitled to 10 paid public holidays.[25]
15
10
25

 Romania
Workers are entitled to a minimum of 20 days of paid leave per year;[13] 23 for the handicapped, underage, or those working in difficult or dangerous conditions. Varying amounts of extra paid days are available for life events such as marriage or death in the family, child birth (for the partner who is not on paternal/maternal leave), donating blood, or workplace relocation. Workers are also entitled to 13 paid public holidays;[126] as well as up to 90 days of unpaid leave every year for the purpose of preparation for educational degree exams. Unpaid leave can also be requested for any other reason, but the employer is not legally obligated to agree.
20
13
33

 Russia
Workers are entitled to 28 calendar days (including Saturdays and Sundays) of annual leave and 12 paid public holidays. This usually translates into 20 working days of leave.[13]
20
12
32

 Rwanda
Employees are entitled to a paid leave at the employer's expenses, on the basis of one and a half working days per month of effective continued work. Official holidays are not considered as part of the annual paid leave. The employee benefits from one working day per year of annual paid leave for every three years of experience in the same institution. However, annual paid leave, in any case, can not exceed twenty one (21) working days.[7] Employees are also entitled to 11 paid public holidays.[127]
15
11
26

 Samoa
Employees are entitled to at least 10 days’ paid annual leave to be taken on days mutually agreed between the employer and the employee.[128] Employees are also entitled to 11 paid public holidays.[129][130]
10
11
21

 Saint Kitts and Nevis
Every worker shall be entitled to a paid annual leave of not less than 14 days, after one year of employment. Sundays and public holidays shall not be included in the annual leave period and so this period shall be increased by one day for each Sunday or public holiday occurring therein.[11]
12

 Saint Lucia
Employees are entitled to 14 working days of paid annual leave after a minimum employment of twelve months; after five years employees are entitled to 21 working days. Employees are also entitled to 13 paid public holidays.[131][132]
14
13
27

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

16

 San Marino
All workers are entitled to annual leave with pay, varying from 1 to more than 15 years of service from 10 to 20 days a year for wage earners and from 1 to more than 12 years of service from 10 to 12 days a year for salaried employees and intermediary staff.[13]
10

 São Tomé and Príncipe
Workers are entitled to 30 consecutive days of annual leave, not counting weekly rest periods nor initial or final holidays. Employees are also entitled to 9 paid public holidays.[7]
25
9
34

 Saudi Arabia
A worker shall be entitled to a prepaid annual leave of not less than twenty one days, to be increased to a period of not less than thirty days if the worker spends five consecutive years in the service of the employer. Workers are also entitled to 10 paid public holidays.[25]
21
9
30

 Senegal
Workers are entitled to 2 days of annual leave for each month of work performed over a year.[7] Employees are also entitled to 12 paid public holidays.[133]
20
12
32

 Serbia
20 working days minimum (effectively 4 weeks, law defines working week as 5 working days for purpose of paid vacation),[13] plus 9 bank holidays and up to two more days depending on religion of employee.
20
11
31

 Seychelles
A worker is entitled to 21 days of paid annual leave or, where the employment is for less than a year, to 1.75 days for each month of employment, the aggregate number of days being rounded up upon addition to the highest integer.[7]
15

 Sierra Leone

18

 Singapore
A worker is entitled to minimum 7 days, with 1 additional day per year up to a minimum of 14 days. No statutory minimum leave for seamen, domestic workers, or employees in managerial or executive positions. Employees are also entitled to 11 paid public holidays.[5][134][135]
7
11
18

 Slovakia
The duration of the paid annual leave is at least four weeks, provided that seven consecutive calendar days is understood as one week paid holiday. The annual leave period of an employee of 33 years old or over at the end of the applicable calendar year is at least five weeks.[13] Employees are also entitled to 15 paid public holidays.[136]
20
15
35

 Slovenia
A worker has the right to annual leave in an individual calendar year, which may not be shorter than 4 weeks, regardless of whether he works full-time or part-time.[13]
20

 Solomon Islands
Each worker is entitled to be given by his employer a holiday at the rate of not less than 1.25 working days for each complete calendar month of employment in an undertaking.[5]
15
0
15

 Somalia
Workers are entitled to 15 days of paid annual leave and are also entitled to 9 paid public holidays.[7]
13
9
22

 South Africa
21 consecutive days, or 1 day for every 17 days worked, or 1 hour for every 17 hours worked,[137] Regular workers may take a further 3 days of family responsibility leave. Leave legislation does not apply to members of the National Defence Force, National Intelligence Agency, South African Secret Service or unpaid volunteers working for a charity.[138] Employees are also entitled to 12 paid public holidays.[7][139]
15
12
27

 South Sudan
Employees are entitled to paid annual leave for every year of service: 20 days for one to three years of continuous service; 25 days for eight to (less than) fifteen years of continuous service; and 30 days for 15 or more years of service with the employer. Employees are also entitled to 12 paid public holidays.[140]
20
12
32

 Spain
Workers are entitled to 30 calendar days of annual leave and 14 paid public holidays.[52][141]
22
14
36

 Sri Lanka
In practice, most of the religious and festival holidays are available to most workers – and according to the individual's religious affinities and contract. However shop and office employees are entitled to a minimum of 14 days of annual leave for each year of employment and are also entitled to 8 paid public holidays.[5][142]

 Sudan
Workers are entitled to annual leave as follows: 20 days if a worker has been continuously employed by his employer for a period of one to three years; 25 days if a worker has spent eight years or less than 15 years of continuous service with his employer; 30 days if a worker has spent 15 or more years of continuous service with his employer.[7]
20

 Suriname

12

 Swaziland
An employee is entitled to no less than two weeks of holiday for every 12 months of employment with an employer.[7]
10

 Sweden
Employees are entitled to 25 work days of annual leave.[13] There are no legal provisions for pay on public holidays.[143] Although, common practice is that you get paid on public holidays as well.
25
9
34

  Switzerland
Employees over 20 years of age are entitled to 4 weeks, under 20 are entitled to 5 weeks.[13] Employees are also entitled to depending on the canton 7–15 paid public holidays.[144][145]
20
7
27

 Syria
Employees are entitled to one annual leave of twenty-four working days, with full pay, after 1 to 5 years of employment; twenty-one working days, after 5 to 10 years of employment; and thirty working days, after 10 or more years of employment or when they are over 50. Employees are also entitled to 13 paid public holidays.[25]
24
13
37

 Taiwan
3 days (half year to 1 year), 7 days (1 year), 10 days (2 years), 14 days (3 to 4 years), 15 days (5 to 9 years), and one additional day per year until 30 days (10+ years).
7
12
19

 Tanzania
An employer is required to grant an employee at least 28 consecutive days of leave in respect of each 12-month period of employment, and such leave is inclusive of any public holiday that may fall within the period of leave.[7] Employees are also entitled to 17 paid public holidays.[146]
20
17
37

 Thailand
Annual leave shall be for a period of not less than 6 working days following the employee's first year of employment. In subsequent years, the employer may fix the annual vacation at more than 6 working days for an employee. Employees are also entitled to 13 paid public holidays.[5][147][148]
6
13
18

 East Timor

12

 Togo
Workers are entitled to two and a half days per month.[7] There are no legal provisions for pay on public holidays.[149]
22
0
22

 Tonga
The Tongan government is working on legislation to provide for paid vacation time.[150]
0

 Trinidad and Tobago
All workers in general are entitled to 14 consecutive days holiday with pay at the expiration of each complete year.[11] Employees are also entitled to 14 paid public holidays.[151][152]
10
14
24

 Tunisia
All workers who perform at least 1 month of work during the reference year are entitled to enjoy 1 day of leave per month with a total duration not exceeding 15 days, of which 12 will be working days. Workers are entitled to additional leave days as follows; 1 day yearly for every 5 years of work with the same employer to a maximum of 18 days.[7] Employees are also entitled to 6 paid public holidays.[153]
10
6
16

 Turkey
14 work days (Saturdays are counted as workdays) for 1–5 years, 20 work days for 6–15 years and 26 days for over 15 years seniority. There are a total of 14.5 paid public holidays, but if these holidays fall on Sundays or other off-days of a worker, they are not carried over to the next workday.[154]
12
14.5
26.5

 Uganda
An employee, once in every calendar year, is entitled to a holiday with full pay at the rate of seven days in respect of each period of a continuous four months' service.[7] Employees are also entitled to 13 paid public holidays.[155][156]
15
13
28

 Ukraine
Employees are entitled to 24 calendar days of paid annual leave.[157] 8–11 days of National Holidays (often moved to a next working day if overlap with Saturdays or Sundays).[158]
18
11
29

 United Arab Emirates
The worker shall be entitled during every year of service an annual leave of no less than the following periods: Two days for each month should the period of service of the worker be of six months at least and a year at most; Thirty days for each year should the period of service of the worker exceed one year. Employees are also entitled to 10 paid public holidays.[25][159]
22
10
32

 United Kingdom
Employees are entitled to 28 total working days (5.6 weeks) of annual leave. These often include the 8 public/bank holidays which otherwise would be unpaid. Many employers will offer 25 days of paid annual leave in addition to the 8 recognised bank holidays. Paid time off can increase with years of service. For example, an employee might accrue one extra day for every 5 years of service up to a maximum of 30 days paid leave, exclusive of bank holidays. Some employers will allow staff to purchase or sell holiday, usually a maximum of 5 days. Part-time workers are entitled to the same amount of leave but this is calculated on a pro-rata basis.[160][161]
28
0
28

 United States
There is no statutory minimum paid vacation or paid public holidays. It is left to the employers to offer paid vacation.[162][163] According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, 77% of private employers offer paid vacation to their employees; full-time employees earn on average 10 vacation days after one year of service.[164] Similarly, 77% of private employers give their employees paid time off during public holidays, on average 8 holidays per year.[164][165] Some employers offer no vacation at all.[166] The average number of paid vacation days offered by private employers is 10 days after 1 year of service, 14 days after 5 years, 17 days after 10 years, and 20 days after 20 years.[164][167]
0
0
0

 Uruguay
All workers, in the private sector and civil servants, are entitled to at least 20 days of paid annual leave. Workers who have worked in the same company, are entitled to an additional day of leave for every four years of seniority. Employees are also entitled to 5 paid public holidays.[11][168]
20
5
25

 Uzbekistan

15

 Vanuatu
Every employer shall grant to an employee who has been in continuous employment with the same employer for: (a) a period of 1 to 6 years - annual leave on full pay at the rate of 1.25 working days per month for each year of employment; or (b) a period of 7 to 19 years - annual leave on full pay at the rate of 1.75 working days per month for each year of employment.[5] There are no legal provisions for pay on public holidays.[169]
15
0
15

 Venezuela
Workers are entitled to enjoy 15 days of paid annual leave in the first year plus one day for each year of service with the same employer up to a maximum of 15 extra days.[11]
15

 Vietnam
Employees working in normal working conditions are entitled to 12 working days after every 12 months of employment. This entitlement increases by one additional day of leave for every five years of employment in an enterprise or with an employer. Employees are also entitled to 10 paid public holidays.[5][170]
12
10
22

 Yemen
Workers shall be entitled to leave of not less than 30 days with full pay for each year of effective service, to be calculated on the basis of at least two-and-a- half days for each month.[25] Employees are also entitled to 15 paid public holidays.[171]
22
15
37

 Zambia
Employees are entitled to two days of paid holidays in respect of each period of one month's service. Employees are also entitled to 11 paid public holidays.[7][172]
20
11
31

 Zimbabwe
An employee is entitled to one twelfth of the employee's qualifying service in each year of employment, subject to a maximum accrual of ninety days of paid vacation leave. Employees are also entitled to 11 paid public holidays.[7][173]
22
11
33


document_title: List of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom

question_text: who were the last 10 prime ministers of england

root

text: Before 1721[edit]

text: Before the Georgian era, the Treasury of England was led by the Lord High Treasurer.[18] By the late Tudor period, the Lord High Treasurer was regarded as one of the Great Officers of State[18] and tended to be the dominant figure in government: the Duke of Somerset, Lord High Treasurer (1547–1549),[19] served as Lord Protector to his nephew King Edward VI;[19] William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, Lord High Treasurer (1572–1598),[20] was the dominant minister among Queen Elizabeth I's ministers;[20] Burghley's son Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, succeeded his father as chief minister to Elizabeth I (1598–1603) and later served King James I as Lord High Treasurer (1608–1612).[21]

tag: p

text: By the late Stuart period, the Treasury was often run not by a single individual such as a Lord High Treasurer but by a committee of Lords of the Treasury,[22] led by the First Lord of the Treasury. The last Lords High Treasurer, Lord Godolphin (1702–1710)[23] and Lord Oxford (1711–1714),[24] ran the government of Queen Anne.[25]

text: After the succession of King George I in 1714, the arrangement of a commission of Lords of the Treasury as opposed to a single Lord High Treasurer became permanent.[26] For the next three years, the government was headed by Lord Townshend, who was appointed Secretary of State for the Northern Department.[27] Subsequently, Lord Stanhope and Lord Sunderland ran the government jointly,[28][29] with Stanhope managing foreign affairs and Sunderland managing domestic affairs.[28][29] Stanhope died in February 1721[28] and Sunderland resigned two months later;[29] Townshend and Robert Walpole were then invited to form the next government.[30][27] From that point, the holder of the office of First Lord also unofficially held the status of Prime Minister. It was not until the Edwardian era that the title Prime Minister was constitutionally recognised.[13] With only few exceptions, the Prime Minister still holds the office of First Lord by constitutional convention.[31]

text: Since 1721[edit]

text:
By century and monarch

18th to 19th century

George I
George II
George III[a]
George IV
William IV
Victoria

20th to 21st century

Edward VII
George V
Edward VIII
George VI
Elizabeth II

tag: table

text:
Whig (17)       Tory (11)       Conservative (17)       Peelite (1)       Liberal (7)       Labour (6)       National Labour (1)

Portrait
Name[b]
(Birth–Death)
Term of office & Mandate
Ministerial portfolios
held as Prime Minister
Party[c]
Ministry
Monarch
(Reign)
Ref.

Duration of premiership

The Right Honourable
Robert Walpole
1st Earl of Orford
KGKBPC
MP for King's Lynn[d]
(1676–1745)
4 April
1721
11 February
1742
1722

First Lord of the Treasury
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Leader of the House of Commons[e]

Whig
Walpole–Townshend
George I

(1714–1727)
[33]

1727
George II

(1727–1760)

1734
Walpole

1741

20 years and 314 days

The Right Honourable
Spencer Compton
1st Earl of Wilmington
KGKBPC
(1673–1743)
16 February
1742
2 July
1743
—

First Lord of the Treasury

Whig
Carteret
[34]

1 year and 137 days[†]

The Right Honourable
Henry Pelham
FRS
MP for Sussex
(1694–1754)
27 August
1743
6 March
1754
1747

First Lord of the Treasury
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Leader of the House of Commons

Whig
[35]

Broad Bottom I

Broad Bottom II

10 years and 192 days[†]

His Grace
Thomas Pelham-Holles
1st Duke of Newcastle
KGPCFRS
(1693–1768)
16 March
1754
16 November
1756
1754

First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Lords

Whig
Newcastle I
[36]

2 years and 246 days

His Grace
William Cavendish
4th Duke of Devonshire
KGPC
(1720–1764)
16 November
1756
25 June
1757
—

First Lord of the Treasury[f]
Leader of the House of Lords

Whig
Pitt–Devonshire
[37]

1757 Caretaker

222 days

His Grace
Thomas Pelham-Holles
1st Duke of Newcastle
KGPCFRS
(1693–1768)
2 July
1757
26 May
1762
1761

First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Lords

Whig
Pitt–Newcastle
[36]

George III

(1760–1820)

4 years and 329 days

The Right Honourable
John Stuart
3rd Earl of Bute
KGPC
(1713–1792)
26 May
1762
8 April
1763
—

First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Lords

Tory
Bute
(Tory–Whig)
[38]

318 days

The Right Honourable
George Grenville
MP for Buckingham
(1712–1770)
16 April
1763
13 July
1765
—

First Lord of the Treasury
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Leader of the House of Commons

Whig
(Grenvillite)
Grenville
(Whig–Tory)
[39]

2 years and 89 days

The Most Honourable
Charles Watson-Wentworth
2nd Marquess of Rockingham
KGPCFRS
(1730–1782)
13 July
1765
30 July
1766
—

First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Lords

Whig
(Rockinghamite)
Rockingham I
[40]

1 year and 18 days

The Right Honourable
William Pitt
1st Earl of Chatham
PCFRS
MP for Bath[g]
(1708–1778)
30 July
1766
14 October
1768
1768

Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal

Whig
(Chathamite)
Chatham
(Whig–Tory)
[41]

2 years and 77 days

His Grace
Augustus FitzRoy
3rd Duke of Grafton
KGPC
(1735–1811)
14 October
1768
28 January
1770
—

First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Lords

Whig
(Chathamite)
Grafton
[42]

1 year and 107 days

The Right Honourable
Frederick North
Lord North
KG
MP for Banbury
(1732–1792)
28 January
1770
22 March
1782
[ad. 1]

First Lord of the Treasury
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Leader of the House of Commons

Tory
(Northite)
North
[43]

1774

1780

12 years and 54 days

The Most Honourable
Charles Watson-Wentworth
2nd Marquess of Rockingham
KGPCFRS
(1730–1782)
27 March
1782
1 July
1782
—

First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Lords

Whig
(Rockinghamite)
Rockingham II
[40]

97 days[†]

The Right Honourable
William Petty
2nd Earl of Shelburne
KGPC
(1737–1805)
4 July
1782
2 April
1783
—

First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Lords

Whig
(Chathamite)
Shelburne
(Whig–Tory)
[44]

273 days

His Grace
William Cavendish-Bentinck
3rd Duke of Portland
PCFRS
(1738–1809)
2 April
1783
19 December
1783
—

First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Lords

Whig
Fox–North
[45]

262 days

The Right Honourable
William Pitt the Younger
MP for Appleby – Cambridge University[h]
(1759–1806)
19 December
1783
14 March
1801
[ad. 2]

First Lord of the Treasury
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Leader of the House of Commons

Tory
(Pittite)
Pitt I
[46]

1784

1790

1796

17 years and 86 days

The Right Honourable
Henry Addington
MP for Devizes
(1757–1844)
17 March
1801
10 May
1804
1801

First Lord of the Treasury
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Leader of the House of Commons

Tory
(Pittite)
Addington
[47]

1802

3 years and 55 days

The Right Honourable
William Pitt the Younger
MP for Cambridge University
(1759–1806)
10 May
1804
23 January
1806
—

First Lord of the Treasury
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Leader of the House of Commons

Tory
(Pittite)
Pitt II
[46]

1 year and 259 days[†]

The Right Honourable
William Grenville
1st Baron Grenville
PCPC (Ire)
(1759–1834)
11 February
1806
31 March
1807
[ad. 3]

First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Lords

Whig
All the Talents
(Whig–Tory)
[48]

1806

1 year and 49 days

His Grace
William Cavendish-Bentinck
3rd Duke of Portland
KGPCFRS
(1738–1809)
31 March
1807
4 October
1809
[ad. 2]

First Lord of the Treasury

Tory
(Pittite)
Portland II
[45]

1807

2 years and 188 days

The Right Honourable
Spencer Perceval
KC
MP for Northampton
(1762–1812)
4 October
1809
11 May
1812
—

First Lord of the Treasury
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
Leader of the House of Commons

Tory
(Pittite)
Perceval
[49]

2 years and 221 days[‡]

The Right Honourable
Robert Jenkinson
2nd Earl of Liverpool
KGPCFRS
(1770–1828)
8 June
1812
9 April
1827
1812

First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Lords

Tory
(Pittite)
Liverpool
[50]

1818

1820
George IV

(1820–1830)

1826

14 years and 306 days

The Right Honourable
George Canning
FRS
MP for Seaford
(1770–1827)
10 April
1827
8 August
1827
—

First Lord of the Treasury
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Leader of the House of Commons

Tory
(Canningite)
Canning
(Canningite–Whig)
[51]

121 days[†]

The Right Honourable
Frederick John Robinson
1st Viscount Goderich
PC
(1782–1859)
31 August
1827
21 January
1828
—

First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Lords

Tory
(Canningite)
Goderich
[52]

144 days

Field MarshalHis Grace
Arthur Wellesley
1st Duke of Wellington
KGGCBGCHPC
(1769–1852)
22 January
1828
16 November
1830
[ad. 4]

First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Lords

Tory
Wellington–Peel
[53]

1830
William IV

(1830–1837)

2 years and 299 days

The Right Honourable
Charles Grey
2nd Earl Grey
KGPC
(1764–1845)
22 November
1830
9 July
1834
[ad. 2]

First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Lords

Whig
Grey
[54]

1831

1832

3 years and 230 days

The Right Honourable
William Lamb
2nd Viscount Melbourne
PC
(1779–1848)
16 July
1834
14 November
1834
—

First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Lords

Whig
Melbourne I
[55]

122 days

Field MarshalHis Grace
Arthur Wellesley
1st Duke of Wellington
KGGCBGCHPC
(1769–1852)
14 November
1834
10 December
1834
—

First Lord of the Treasury
Sec. of State for the Home Department
Sec. of State for Foreign Affairs
Sec. of State for War and the Colonies
Leader of the House of Lords

Tory
Wellington Caretaker
[53]

27 days

The Right Honourable
Sir Robert Peel
BtFRS
MP for Tamworth
(1788–1850)
10 December
1834
8 April
1835
—

First Lord of the Treasury
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Leader of the House of Commons

Conservative
Peel I
[56]

120 days

The Right Honourable
William Lamb
2nd Viscount Melbourne
PCFRS
(1779–1848)
18 April
1835
30 August
1841
1835

First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Lords

Whig
Melbourne II
[55]

1837
Victoria

(1837–1901)

6 years and 135 days

The Right Honourable
Sir Robert Peel
BtFRS
MP for Tamworth
(1788–1850)
30 August
1841
29 June
1846
1841

First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Commons

Conservative
Peel II
[56]

4 years and 304 days

The Right Honourable
Lord John Russell
FRS
MP for the City of London
(1792–1878)
30 June
1846
21 February
1852
1847

First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Commons

Whig
Russell I
[57]

5 years and 237 days

The Right Honourable
Edward Smith-Stanley
14th Earl of Derby
PC
(1799–1869)
23 February
1852
17 December
1852
[ad. 2]

First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Lords

Conservative
Who? Who?
[58]

1852

299 days

The Right Honourable
George Hamilton-Gordon
4th Earl of Aberdeen
KTFRSEFRSPCFSA Scot
(1784–1860)
19 December
1852
30 January
1855
—

First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Lords

Peelite
Aberdeen
(Peelite–Whig)
[59]

2 years and 43 days

The Right Honourable
Henry John Temple
3rd Viscount Palmerston
KGGCBPCFRS
MP for Tiverton
(1784–1865)
6 February
1855
19 February
1858
[ad. 2]

First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Commons

Whig
Palmerston I
[60]

1857

3 years and 14 days

The Right Honourable
Edward Smith-Stanley
14th Earl of Derby
PC
(1799–1869)
20 February
1858
11 June
1859
—

First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Lords

Conservative
Derby–Disraeli II
[58]

1 year and 112 days

The Right Honourable
Henry John Temple
3rd Viscount Palmerston
KGGCBPCFRS
MP for Tiverton
(1784–1865)
12 June
1859
18 October
1865
1859

First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Commons

Liberal
Palmerston II
[60]

1865

6 years and 129 days[†]

The Right Honourable
John Russell
1st Earl Russell
KGPCFRS
(1792–1878)
29 October
1865
26 June
1866
—

First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Lords

Liberal
Russell II
[57]

241 days

The Right Honourable
Edward Smith-Stanley
14th Earl of Derby
KGPC
(1799–1869)
28 June
1866
25 February
1868
—

First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Lords

Conservative
Derby–Disraeli III
[58]

1 year and 243 days

The Right Honourable
Benjamin Disraeli
MP for Buckinghamshire
(1804–1881)
See also § Premierships:1

First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Commons

Conservative
[61]

27 February
1868
1 December
1868
—

279 days

The Right Honourable
William Ewart Gladstone
FSS
MP for Greenwich
(1809–1898)
See also § Premierships:2

First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Commons
Chancellor of the Exchequer[i]

Liberal
Gladstone I
[62]

3 December
1868
17 February
1874
1868

5 years and 77 days

The Right Honourable
Benjamin Disraeli
1st Earl of Beaconsfield
KGPCFRS
MP for Buckinghamshire[j]
(1804–1881)
See also § Premierships:1

First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Commons[k]
Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal[l]
Leader of the House of Lords[m]

Conservative
Disraeli II
[61]

20 February
1874
21 April
1880
1874

6 years and 62 days

The Right Honourable
William Ewart Gladstone
FRSFSS
MP for Midlothian
(1809–1898)
See also § Premierships:2

First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Commons
Chancellor of the Exchequer[n]

Liberal
Gladstone II
[62]

23 April
1880
9 June
1885
1880

5 years and 48 days

The Most Honourable
Robert Gascoyne-Cecil
3rd Marquess of Salisbury
KGPCFRSDL
(1830–1903)
23 June
1885
28 January
1886
—

Sec. of State for Foreign Affairs
Leader of the House of Lords

Conservative
Salisbury I
[63]

220 days

The Right Honourable
William Ewart Gladstone
FRSFSS
MP for Midlothian
(1809–1898)
See also § Premierships:2

First Lord of the Treasury
Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal
Leader of the House of Commons

Liberal
Gladstone III
[62]

1 February
1886
20 July
1886
1885

170 days

The Most Honourable
Robert Gascoyne-Cecil
3rd Marquess of Salisbury
KGPCFRSDL
(1830–1903)
25 July
1886
11 August
1892
1886

Leader of the House of Lords
First Lord of the Treasury[o]
Sec. of State for Foreign Affairs[p]

Conservative
Salisbury II
[63]

6 years and 18 days

The Right Honourable
William Ewart Gladstone
FRSFSS
MP for Midlothian
(1809–1898)
See also § Premierships:2

First Lord of the Treasury
Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal
Leader of the House of Commons

Liberal
Gladstone IV
[62]

15 August
1892
2 March
1894
1892

1 year and 200 days

The Right Honourable
Archibald Primrose
5th Earl of Rosebery
KGPCFRS
(1847–1929)
5 March
1894
22 June
1895
—

First Lord of the Treasury
Lord President of the Council
Leader of the House of Lords

Liberal
Rosebery
[64]

1 year and 110 days

The Most Honourable
Robert Gascoyne-Cecil
3rd Marquess of Salisbury
KGPCFRSDL
(1830–1903)
25 June
1895
11 July
1902
[ad. 2]

Leader of the House of Lords
Sec. of State for Foreign Affairs[q]
Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal[r]

Conservative
Salisbury III
(Con.–Lib.U.)
[63]

1895

1900

7 years and 17 days
Edward VII

(1901–1910)

The Right Honourable
Arthur Balfour
FRSDL
MP for Manchester East
(1848–1930)
11 July
1902
5 December
1905
—

First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Commons

Conservative
Balfour
[65]

3 years and 148 days

The Right Honourable
Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman
GCB
MP for Stirling Burghs
(1836–1908)
5 December
1905
7 April
1908
[ad. 2]

First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Commons

Liberal
Campbell-Bannerman
[66]

1906

2 years and 125 days

The Right Honourable
Herbert Henry Asquith
KCFRS
MP for East Fife
(1852–1928)
7 April
1908
5 December
1916
[ad. 5]

First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Commons
Sec. of State for War[s]

Liberal
Asquith I
[67]

Jan.1910

Dec.1910
George V

(1910–1936)

Asquith II
(Lib.–Con.–et al.)

8 years and 243 days

The Right Honourable
David Lloyd George
OM
MP for Caernarvon Boroughs
(1863–1945)
6 December
1916
19 October
1922
[ad. 6]

First Lord of the Treasury

Liberal
Lloyd George War
[68]

1918
Lloyd George II
(Lib.–Con.)

5 years and 318 days

The Right Honourable
Bonar Law
MP for Glasgow Central
(1858–1923)
23 October
1922
20 May
1923
1922

First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Commons

Conservative
(Scot.U.)
Law
[69]

210 days

The Right Honourable
Stanley Baldwin
JP
MP for Bewdley
(1867–1947)
23 May
1923
16 January
1924
—

First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Commons
Chancellor of the Exchequer[t]

Conservative
Baldwin I
[70]

239 days

The Right Honourable
Ramsay MacDonald
MP for Aberavon
(1866–1937)
22 January
1924
4 November
1924
1923

First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Commons
Sec. of State for Foreign Affairs

Labour
MacDonald I
[71]

288 days

The Right Honourable
Stanley Baldwin
JPFRS
MP for Bewdley
(1867–1947)
4 November
1924
5 June
1929
1924

First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Commons

Conservative
Baldwin II
[70]

4 years and 214 days

The Right Honourable
Ramsay MacDonald
FRS
MP for Seaham
(1866–1937)
5 June
1929
7 June
1935
1929

First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Commons

Labour
MacDonald II
[71]

National Labour
National I
(N.Lab.–Con.–et al.)

1931
National II

6 years and 3 days

The Right Honourable
Stanley Baldwin
JPFRS
MP for Bewdley
(1867–1947)
7 June
1935
28 May
1937
1935

First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Commons

Conservative
National III
(Con.–N.Lab.–et al.)
[70]

Edward VIII

(1936)

George VI

(1936–1952)

1 year and 356 days

The Right Honourable
Neville Chamberlain
FRS
MP for Birmingham Edgbaston
(1869–1940)
28 May
1937
10 May
1940
—

First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Commons

Conservative
National IV
[72]

Chamberlain War

2 years and 349 days

The Right Honourable
Winston Churchill
CHTDPCcFRS
MP for Epping
(1874–1965)
10 May
1940
26 July
1945
—

First Lord of the Treasury
Minister of Defence
Leader of the House of Commons[u]

Conservative
Churchill War
(All parties)
[73]

Churchill Caretaker
(Con.–Lib.N.)

5 years and 78 days

The Right Honourable
Clement Attlee
CHFRS
MP for Limehouse – Walthamstow West[v]
(1883–1967)
26 July
1945
26 October
1951
1945

First Lord of the Treasury
Minister of Defence[w]

Labour
Attlee I
[74]

1950
Attlee II

6 years and 93 days

The Right Honourable
Sir Winston Churchill
KGOMCHTDPCcDLFRSRA
MP for Woodford
(1874–1965)
26 October
1951
6 April
1955
1951

First Lord of the Treasury
Minister of Defence[x]

Conservative
Churchill III
[73]

3 years and 163 days
Elizabeth II

(1952–present)

The Right Honourable
Sir Anthony Eden
KGMC
MP for Warwick & Leamington
(1897–1977)
6 April
1955
10 January
1957
1955

First Lord of the Treasury

Conservative
Eden
[75]

1 year and 280 days

The Right Honourable
Harold Macmillan
FRS
MP for Bromley
(1894–1986)
10 January
1957
19 October
1963
1959

First Lord of the Treasury

Conservative
Macmillan I
[76]

Macmillan II

6 years and 283 days

The Right Honourable
Sir Alec Douglas-Home
KT
MP for Kinross & Western Perthshire[y]
(1903–1995)
19 October
1963
16 October
1964
—

First Lord of the Treasury

Conservative
(Scot.U.)
Douglas-Home
[77]

364 days

The Right Honourable
Harold Wilson
OBEFRS
MP for Huyton
(1916–1995)
16 October
1964
19 June
1970
1964

First Lord of the Treasury
Minister for the Civil Service[z]

Labour
Wilson I
[78]

1966
Wilson II

5 years and 247 days

The Right Honourable
Edward Heath
MBE
MP for Bexley – Sidcup[aa]
(1916–2005)
19 June
1970
4 March
1974
1970

First Lord of the Treasury
Minister for the Civil Service

Conservative
Heath
[79]

3 years and 259 days

The Right Honourable
Harold Wilson
OBEFRS
MP for Huyton
(1916–1995)
4 March
1974
5 April
1976
Feb.1974

First Lord of the Treasury
Minister for the Civil Service

Labour
Wilson III
[78]

Oct.1974
Wilson IV

2 years and 33 days

The Right Honourable
James Callaghan
MP for Cardiff South East
(1912–2005)
5 April
1976
4 May
1979
—

First Lord of the Treasury
Minister for the Civil Service

Labour
Callaghan
[80]

3 years and 30 days

The Right Honourable
Margaret Thatcher
FRSFRIC
MP for Finchley
(1925–2013)
See also § Premierships:3

First Lord of the Treasury
Minister for the Civil Service

Conservative
Thatcher I
[81]

4 May
1979
28 November
1990
1979

1983
Thatcher II

1987
Thatcher III

11 years and 209 days

The Right Honourable
John Major
MP for Huntingdon
(born 1943)
28 November
1990
2 May
1997
1992

First Lord of the Treasury
Minister for the Civil Service

Conservative
Major I
[82]

Major II

6 years and 156 days

The Right Honourable
Tony Blair
MP for Sedgefield
(born 1953)
See also § Premierships:4

First Lord of the Treasury
Minister for the Civil Service

Labour
Blair I
[83]

2 May
1997
27 June
2007
1997

2001
Blair II

2005
Blair III

10 years and 57 days

The Right Honourable
Gordon Brown
MP for Kirkcaldy & Cowdenbeath
(born 1951)
See also § Premierships:5

First Lord of the Treasury
Minister for the Civil Service

Labour
Brown
[84]

27 June
2007
11 May
2010
—

2 years and 319 days

The Right Honourable
David Cameron
MP for Witney
(born 1966)
See also § Premierships:6

First Lord of the Treasury
Minister for the Civil Service

Conservative
Cameron–Clegg
(Con.–L.D.)
[85]

11 May
2010
13 July
2016
2010

2015
Cameron II

6 years and 64 days

The Right Honourable
Theresa May
MP for Maidenhead
(born 1956)
See also § Premierships:7

First Lord of the Treasury
Minister for the Civil Service

Conservative
May I
[86]

13 July
2016
Incumbent
[ad. 7]

2017
May II

1 year and 232 days

text: Addenda[edit]

text:
^1       Whig majority in the Commons before the dissolution of Parliament.
^2       Minority government before the next Parliament.
^3       Tory majority in the Commons before dissolution.
^4       Majority Tory government before the next Parliament.
^5       Majority Liberal government before the next Parliament.
^6       Coalition government during the course of an undissolved hung parliament.
^7       Majority Conservative government before the next Parliament.

tag: ul


document_title: Group f/64

question_text: group f/64 was a major backlash against the earlier photographic movement of

question_tokens: group f / 64 was a major backlash against the earlier photographic movement of

text: Group f/64

text: Background[edit]

text: The late 1920s and early 1930s were a time of substantial social and economic unrest in the United States.[2] The United States was suffering through the Great Depression, and people were seeking some respite from their everyday hardships. The American West was seen as the base for future economic recovery because of massive public works projects like the Hoover Dam.[3] The public sought out news and images of the West because it represented a land of hope in an otherwise bleak time. They were increasingly attracted to the work of such photographers as Ansel Adams, whose strikingly detailed photographs of the American West were seen as "pictorial testimony…of inspiration and redemptive power."[1]

text: At the same time, workers throughout the country were beginning to organize for better wages and working conditions. There was a growing movement among the economically oppressed to band together for solidarity and bargaining strength, and photographers were directly participating in these activities. Shortly before Group f/64 was formed, Edward Weston went to a meeting of the John Reed Club, which was founded to support Marxist artists and writers.[4] These circumstances not only helped set up the situation in which a group of like-minded friends decided to come together around a common interest, but they played a significant role in how they thought about their effort. Group f/64 was more than a club of artists; they described themselves as engaged in a battle against a "tide of oppressive pictorialism" and purposely called their defining proclamation a manifesto, with all the political overtones that the name implies.[4]

text: While all of this social change was going on, photographers were struggling to redefine what their medium looked like and what it was supposed to represent. Until the 1920s the primary aesthetic standard of photography was pictorialism, championed by Alfred Stieglitz and others as the highest form of photographic art. That began to change in the early 1920s with a new generation of photographers like Paul Strand and Imogen Cunningham, but by the end of that decade there was no clear successor to pictorialism as a common visual art form. Photographers like Weston were tired of the old way of seeing and were eager to promote their new vision.

text: Formation and participants[edit]

text: Group f/64 was created when photographers Willard Van Dyke and Ansel Adams decided to organize some of their fellow photographers for the purposes of promoting a common aesthetic principle. Van Dyke was an apprentice to Edward Weston, and in the early 1930s he established a small photography gallery in his home at 683 Brockhurst in Oakland. He called the gallery 683 "as our way of thumbing our nose at the New York people who didn't know us",[5] a direct reference to Stieglitz and his earlier New York gallery called 291. Van Dyke's home/gallery became a gathering place for a close circle of photographers that eventually became the core of Group f/64.

text: In 1931, Weston was given an exhibition at the M.H. de Young Memorial Museum in San Francisco, and because of the public's interest in that show the photographers who gathered at Van Dyke's home decided to put together a group exhibition of their work. They convinced the director at the de Young Museum to give them the space, and on November 15, 1932, the first exhibition of Group f/64 opened to large crowds.[6]

text: A small poster at the exhibition said:

text:
Ansel Adams
Imogen Cunningham
John Paul Edwards
Sonya Noskowiak
Henry Swift
Willard Van Dyke
Edward Weston

text:
Preston Holder
Consuelo Kanaga
Alma Lavenson
Brett Weston."[6]

text: This first exhibition consisted of 80 photographs, including 10 by Adams, 9 each by Cunningham, Edwards, Noskowiak, Swift, Van Dyke and Edward Weston, and 4 each by Holder, Kanaga, Lavenson and Brett Weston. Edward Weston's prints were priced at $15 each; all of the others were $10 each. The show ran for six weeks.[6]

text: In 1934 the group posted a notice in Camera Craft magazine that said "The F:64 group includes in its membership such well known names as Edward Weston, Ansel Adams, Willard Van Dyke, John Paul Edwards, Imogene  [sic] Cunningham, Consuela  [sic] Kanaga and several others."[6] While this announcement implies that all of the photographers in the first exhibition were "members" of Group f/64, not all of the individuals considered themselves as such. In an interview later in her life, Kanaga said "I was in that f/64 show with Edward Weston, Imogen Cunningham, Willard Van Dyke and Ansel Adams, but I wasn't in a group, nor did I belong to anything ever. I wasn't a belonger."[7]

text: Some photo historians view Group f/64 as an organized faction consisting of the first seven photographers, and view the other four photographers as associated with the group by virtue of their visual aesthetics.[6] However, in an interview in 1997[8] Dody Weston Thompson reported that in 1949 she was invited to join Group f/64. She also recounted that her husband Brett Weston, whom she married in 1952, also considered himself a member. This suggests that an absolute delineation of membership in historical terms is difficult to determine in light of the informality of the group’s shifting social composition during the 1930s and 1940s.

text: Name and purpose[edit]

text: There is some difference of opinion about how the group was named. Van Dyke recalled that he first suggested the name "US 256", which was then the commonly used Uniform System designation for a very small aperture stop on a camera lens. According to Van Dyke, Adams thought the name would be confusing to the public, and Adams suggested "f/64", which was a corresponding aperture setting for the focal system that was gaining popularity. However, in an interview in 1975 Holder recalled that he and Van Dyke thought up the name during a ferry ride from Oakland to San Francisco.[6] Regardless, the name became the now famous Group f/64.

text: The term f/64 refers to a small aperture setting on a large format camera, which secures great depth of field, rendering a photograph evenly sharp from foreground to background. Such a small aperture sometimes implies a long exposure and therefore a selection of relatively slow moving or motionless subject matter, such as landscapes and still life, but in the typically bright California light this is less a factor in the subject matter chosen than the sheer size and clumsiness of the cameras, compared to the smaller cameras increasingly used in action and reportage photography in the 1930s.

text: This corresponds to the ideal of straight photography which the group espoused in response to the pictorialist methods that were still in fashion at the time in California (even though they had long since died away in New York).

text: Contemporary photographic convention denotes lens apertures with a slash, such as f/22 or f/64, but in its writings the group always used a dot or period instead (as in "f.64").

text: Manifesto[edit]

text: Group f/64 displayed the following manifesto at their 1932 exhibit:

text: Aesthetics[edit]

text: Photography historian Naomi Rosenblum described Group f/64's vision as focused on "what surrounded them in such abundance: the landscape, the flourishing organic growth and the still viable rural life. Pointing their lenses at the kind of agrarian objects that had vanished from the artistic consciousness of many eastern urbanites - fence posts, barn roofs, and rusting farm implements - they treated these objects with the same sharp scrutiny as were latches and blast furnaces in the East. However, even in California, these themes look to a vanishing way of life, and the energy contained in the images derived in many instances from formal design rather than from the kind of intense belief in the future that had motivated easterners enamored of machine culture."[6]

text: In 1933 Adams wrote the following for Camera Craft magazine:

text: History[edit]

text: After their initial show in 1932, records indicate that some or all of the photographs from that show were exhibited in Los Angeles, Seattle, Portland, Oregon and Carmel. There are no detailed lists of the photos in those shows, so it has been impossible to say exactly which images were exhibited.[6]

text: By 1934 the effects of the Great Depression were felt throughout California, and the Group members had a series of difficult discussions about the premises for art in those challenging economic times. The effects of the Depression, coupled with the departure of several members of the group from San Francisco (including Weston who moved to Santa Barbara to be with his son and Van Dyke who moved to New York) led to the dissolution of Group f/64 by the end of 1935. Many of its members continued to photograph and are now known as some of the most influential artists of the 20th century.

text: The most complete collections of prints from Group f/64 photographers are now housed at the Center for Creative Photography and the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b Hirsch, Robert (2000). Seizing the Light: A History of Photography. McGraw-Hill. pp. 245–246. ISBN 0-697-14361-9.
Jump up ^ Encarta. "Great Depression in the United States". Archived from the original on 2009-11-01. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
Jump up ^ James Roark; et al. (2007). The American Promise: A Compact History. II (3rd ed.). Bedford/St. Martin's. p. 610. ISBN 0-312-44842-2.
^ Jump up to: a b David Peeler (2002). in Original Sources: Art and Archives at the Center for Creative Photography (edited by Amy Rule and Nancy Solomon. Center for Creative Photography. pp. 107–110.
Jump up ^ Morse, Helen (June 1978). "Willard Van Dyke: A Portfolio". Image. 21 (2): 1–2.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Heyman, Therese Thau (1992). Seeing Straight: The f.64 Revolution in Photography. Oakland Museum. pp. 20–24, back cover.
Jump up ^ Margaretta K. Mitchell (1979). Recollections: Ten Women of Photography. NY: Viking Press. pp. 158–160.
Jump up ^ "Exposures: The History of American Landscape Photography". Youtube.com. 2007-01-26. Retrieved 2013-01-15.

tag: ol

text: Sources[edit]

text:
Group f / 64
Ansel Adams, America's Saint George of Conservation by Peter Barr, November 2000
Group f/64 The Timeline of the History of Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
* Franz-Xaver Schlegel, Das Leben der toten Dinge - Studien zur modernen Sachfotografie in den USA 1914–1935, 2 Bände, Stuttgart/Germany: Art in Life 1999, ISBN 3-00-004407-8.

text:
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t
e

Ansel Adams

Photographs

Moonrise, Hernandez, New Mexico

Books

Parmelian Prints of the High Sierras
Taos Pueblo
Born Free and Equal

Related

Zone System
Group f/64
Ansel Adams: A Documentary Film
Ansel Adams Award for Conservation Photography
Ansel Adams Award (The Wilderness Society)
Ansel Adams Wilderness
The Land of Little Rain (1950 edition)

text:
[show]

v
t
e

Edward Weston

Photographs

Nude (Charis, Santa Monica)
Pepper No. 30
Nautilus

Family

Brett Weston
Cole Weston
Kim Weston

Models

Margrethe Mather
Tina Modotti
Sonya Noskowiak
Charis Wilson

Related

Group f/64

text: American artist groups and collectivesAmerican photography organizationsArts organizations based in the San Francisco Bay AreaOrganizations based in San Francisco


document_title: Moral Essays

question_text: who is burlington as referred to in pope's poem epistle to burlington

question_tokens: who is burlington as referred to in pope 's poem epistle to burlington

text: Moral Essays

text: Moral Essays (also known as Epistles to Several Persons) is a series of four poems on ethical subjects by Alexander Pope, published between 1731 and 1735. The individual poems are as follows:

text:
Epistle to Cobham (1734, addressed to Sir Richard Temple, Lord Cobham), "Of the Knowledge and Characters of Men".
Epistle to a Lady (1735, addressed to Martha Blount), "Of the Characters of Women".
Epistle to Bathurst (1733, addressed to Allen, Lord Bathurst), "Of the Use of Riches".
Epistle to Burlington (1731, addressed to Richard Boyle, Earl of Burlington), "Of the Use of Riches".