document_title: Super Bowl ring

question_text: what nfl players have the most superbowl rings

text: Super Bowl ring

text: Details[edit]

text: These rings are typically made of yellow or white gold with diamonds. They usually include the team name, team logo, and Super Bowl number (usually indicated in Roman numerals). The NFL contributes up to $5,000 per ring for up to 150 rings for  the winning team; any additional costs are borne by the team.[1] Most rings are manufactured by memorabilia company Jostens. In 2015, the rings for the New England Patriots reportedly cost $36,500 each, making them the most expensive rings Jostens has ever produced.[2]

text: The winning team can typically present rings to whomever they choose, including usually, but not limited to: players (active roster or injured), coaches, trainers, executives, personnel, and general staff. Some teams have given rings to former players and coaches that were on the team at some point during the season, despite not having been on the winning roster for the Super Bowl itself.[3][4] Sometimes a team will give rings to fans as part of a charity raffle.[5] Teams can distribute any number of rings.  A recent trend over the last 15–20 years has been lesser rings awarded to front office staff.  These are commonly called "B" and "C" level rings and are smaller and contain fewer diamonds or contain faux diamonds.  The first instance of this was the Redskins Super Bowl XVII ring when many in the front office received rings that were not solid gold and contained cubic zirconia stones (which resemble diamonds). When Tampa Bay won Super Bowl XXXVII, the players and coaches received rings with a diamond-centered Lombardi trophy. Some staff received rings with a metal Lombardi trophy and real diamonds surrounding the trophy and the "C" level ring did not contain any diamonds.

text: Many rings feature diamonds in the shape of the Vince Lombardi Trophy or a football. Some feature diamonds or gold in the shape of a team logo. Others illustrate the number of Super Bowls that franchise has won. Also, the rings are customized with the player's name and uniform number.

text: The Green Bay Packers Super Bowl XLV ring[6] contained more than 100 diamonds.  The Packer logo, in the center of the ring, made up 13 diamonds, one for each title the team has won, dating back to 1929.  In a break from tradition, this is the first Super Bowl ring to be made of platinum, not gold.[citation needed]

text: The New England Patriots Super Bowl LI ring has 283 diamonds, to commemorate their comeback from being down 28-3 versus the Atlanta Falcons late in the 3rd quarter.[7]

text: Value and resale[edit]

text: Replicas of the rings for various years are popular collectibles, along with genuine rings. Dave Meggett is known to have placed his ring for sale on eBay.  Two Super Bowl rings from the 1970 Steelers sold on eBay for over $69,000 apiece in mid-2008.[8] Patriots safety Je'Rod Cherry raffled his ring from Super Bowl XXXVI in November 2008 to benefit several charities working to help children in Africa and Asia.[9] Tight end Shannon Sharpe, meanwhile, gave his first Super Bowl ring to his brother Sterling, who had his career cut short by injury.[10]

text: In 2011, a Super Bowl ring belonging to Steve Wright, a lineman for the Green Bay Packers in the 1960s, sold for over $73,000 at auction. Three Super Bowl rings belonging to former Raiders' punter Ray Guy brought over $96,000 at auction. In 2012, Lawrence Taylor's son sold his father's Super Bowl ring from 1990 for more than $250,000.

text: Most Super Bowl rings[edit]

text:
Seven: two people.
Bill Belichick: two as defensive coordinator of the New York Giants and five as head coach of New England Patriots
Neal Dahlen:[11][12] five with San Francisco 49ers (staff and player personnel) and two with Denver Broncos (general manager)
Six: six people.
Dan Rooney and Art Rooney II: each as an executive with Pittsburgh Steelers
Chuck Noll: four as head coach and two as a team consultant with Pittsburgh Steelers
Bill Nunn: each as a scout with Pittsburgh Steelers[13][14]
"Mean Joe" Greene: four as a defensive tackle, two as a special assistant for player personnel, all with the Pittsburgh Steelers[15]
Conditioning coach Mike Woicik: three with Dallas Cowboys and three with New England Patriots
Five: twenty people.
Charles Haley, five (two as a linebacker with the San Francisco 49ers and three as a defensive end with the Dallas Cowboys)
Tom Brady, five as starting quarterback with New England Patriots; he has the most rings of any active player (as of the end of the 2017–18 season), he is the only player to win five playing for one team, and he has more than any other quarterback in Super Bowl history.
Robert Kraft, five as owner of New England Patriots
Edward J. DeBartolo, Jr., five as owner of San Francisco 49ers
Keith Simon: five as CFO and Executive VP with San Francisco 49ers
Bobb McKittrick: five as offensive line coach with San Francisco 49ers
Ray Rhodes: five as an assistant coach with San Francisco 49ers
Bill McPherson: five as defensive line coach with San Francisco 49ers
Dick Hoak: each as a running backs coach with Pittsburgh Steelers
Romeo Crennel: two as a defensive coach with New York Giants and three as a defensive coordinator with New England Patriots
George Seifert: three as an assistant coach and two as a head coach all with San Francisco 49ers
Dwight Clark: two as a player and three as a member of the front office, all with San Francisco 49ers
Pepper Johnson: two as a linebacker for New York Giants and three as an assistant coach with New England Patriots
Monsignor Peter Armstrong: five as chaplain for San Francisco 49ers
Markus Paul: three as an assistant strength and conditioning coach with the New England Patriots, and two as an assistant strength and conditioning coach with the New York Giants[16]
Tim Rooney: Three with Pittsburgh Steelers and two with New York Giants (as Pro Personnel Director/Scout)
Josh McDaniels has won five with the New England Patriots his first as personnel assistant, second as defensive coaching assistant, third as quarterbacks coach and his fourth and fifth as offensive coordinator.
Ivan Fears has won five with New England Patriots his first as wide receivers coach and the remaining as running backs coach.
Ernie Adams has won five with New England Patriots as a football research director
Brian Daboll has won five with New England Patriots, one as a defensive coaching assistant, two as wide receivers coach, and two as tight ends coach
Four: at least 39 players, many coaches and staff.
The first player to win four Super Bowl rings was tight-end Marv Fleming, who got a pair with Green Bay Packers in 1966 and 1967, and another pair with Miami Dolphins in 1972 and 1973.
Twenty-two players earned four rings with Pittsburgh Steelers in the 1970s: Terry Bradshaw, Franco Harris, Lynn Swann, John Stallworth, Mel Blount, Jack Lambert, Jack Ham, Mike Webster, Donnie Shell, L. C. Greenwood, Rocky Bleier, Gerry Mullins, Larry Brown, Mike Wagner, J.T. Thomas, Loren Toews, Jon Kolb, Sam Davis, Steve Furness, Dwight White, Randy Grossman and the previously mentioned Joe Greene (who later added two more rings).  At least five coaches were with the team all four years: George Perles, Louis Riecke, Woody Widenhofer and (as noted above) Chuck Noll and Dick Hoak.  The list of Steelers front office staff receiving four rings during that era includes Director of Player Personnel Dick Haley.
Tom Flores: First person to have rings as a player (Kansas City Chiefs), assistant coach and head coach (Oakland Raiders)
Joe Montana, Keena Turner, Jesse Sapolu, Eric Wright, Mike Wilson and Ronnie Lott each won four Super Bowl rings with the 49ers.
Kicker Adam Vinatieri won three with the New England Patriots and one with the Indianapolis Colts
Russ Grimm won three with Washington Redskins and one with Pittsburgh Steelers
Ted Hendricks won one with Baltimore Colts and three with Oakland Raiders
Bill Romanowski won two with San Francisco and two with Denver Broncos
Coach Charlie Weis won one with New York Giants and three with New England Patriots
Matt Millen has four rings while playing for four different cities and three different teams, one with Oakland Raiders, one with Los Angeles Raiders, one with San Francisco 49ers, and one with Washington Redskins (only player to earn a ring with four different cities)
Sherman Lewis won three as running backs coach with San Francisco 49ers and one as offensive coordinator with Green Bay Packers
Willie Davis[17] Won all four rings with Green Bay Packers: two as a player, one as a member of the team's board of directors, and one as an emeritus director. He is the only person to possess all four of Green Bay's Super Bowl rings. Davis also won rings as a member of the 1961, 1962 and 1965 NFL Championship Green Bay Packer teams, bringing his unofficial championship ring count to seven, as the first three were awarded prior to the creation of the Super Bowl.
Mike Pope won all four of his Super Bowl rings as the long time Tight End coach for New York Giants
Ken Norton, Jr. was the first member of 3 Super Bowl-winning teams in a row as a player, and gained a 4th ring as the Linebacker coach for the 2013 Seattle Seahawks
Larry Izzo won three Super Bowls with New England Patriots, and one as the special teams assistant coach with New York Giants
Coach Gary Kubiak won one with San Francisco 49ers as quarterbacks coach, two with Denver Broncos as offensive coordinator, and one as the head coach of the Broncos
Dante Scarnecchia has won four with New England Patriots as an offensive line coach, along with being assistant head coach for three of them
Brian Pariani has won four rings. One as an offensive assistant coach with San Francisco 49ers and three as the tight ends coach with the Denver Broncos
Three: many players, coaches and staff
Among the many figures with three are Bill Walsh, John Elway, Mike Ditka, Mike Shanahan, Art Shell, Jerry Rice, Steve Young, Troy Aikman, Emmitt Smith, Jay Novacek, Michael Irvin, Larry Brown, Eric Mangini, Joe Gibbs, Dave Dalby, Cliff Branch, Roger Craig, Shannon Sharpe, Ed McCaffrey, Mark Schlereth, Forrest Gregg, Herb Adderley, Tom Coughlin, LeGarrette Blount, and Matt Cavanaugh.
Twenty-two players earned three rings with the New England Patriots during the early 2000s: Troy Brown, Willie McGinest, Richard Seymour, Ty Law, Mike Vrabel, Tedy Bruschi, Kevin Faulk, Matt Light, Patrick Pass, Ted Johnson, Lonie Paxton, Stephen Neal, Joe Andruzzi, David Patten, Roman Phifer, Tom Ashworth, Adrian Klemm, Je'Rod Cherry, Matt Chatham, the aforementioned Adam Vinatieri (who later added a fourth ring with the Colts), the aforementioned Tom Brady (who went on to win two additional Super Bowls with the Patriots), and the aforementioned Larry Izzo (who won a fourth with the Giants).

text: Players with Super Bowl and Grey Cup rings[edit]

text: As of 2017, ten players have won championships in both the NFL and Canada’s equivalent Canadian Football League (CFL).

text:
O. J. Brigance (linebacker) won a Grey Cup ring in 1995 with the CFL’s Baltimore Stallions and won a Super Bowl ring in 2001 with the Baltimore Ravens. He is the only player to win both a Grey Cup and a Super Bowl with teams from the same city.
Brandon Browner (cornerback) won a ring in 2008 with the CFL’s Calgary Stampeders and then won a Super Bowl ring in 2013 with the Seattle Seahawks, although he did not play in that game due to a suspension. He went on to play against the Seahawks in the following year's Super Bowl, when he won a second ring with the 2014 New England Patriots.
Terry Greer (wide receiver) was the first person to win both championships; he won the Grey Cup as a member of the Toronto Argonauts in 1983, and two Super Bowl rings as a member of the San Francisco 49ers in 1988 and 1989.
Harald Hasselbach (defensive end) won a ring in 1992 with the CFL’s Calgary Stampeders and won a Super Bowl ring in 1997 with the Denver Broncos.
Bobby Singh (guard) is the only player to win a Super Bowl (1999 with the St. Louis Rams), and a Grey Cup (2006 with the BC Lions), and the XFL Championship (2001 with the Los Angeles Xtreme).
Alvin Walton (safety) won two Super Bowl rings with the NFL's Washington Redskins (1987 and 1991 seasons, but he did not participate in the 1991 season Super Bowl victory) and won a Grey Cup ring with the Baltimore Stallions in 1995.
Barry Wilburn (cornerback) won a Super Bowl with the Washington Redskins in 1988 and the Grey Cup in 1994 with the BC Lions.
Tyrone Williams (wide receiver) won two Super Bowl rings with Dallas in 1992 and 1993, although he did not participate in either game. He then won a Grey Cup ring with the Toronto Argonauts in 1996.
Andre Rison (wide receiver) won a Super Bowl with the Green Bay Packers in 1996, and a Grey Cup with the Toronto Argonauts in 2004.
Josh Miller (punter) won a Grey Cup with the Baltimore Stallions in 1995, and a Super Bowl with the New England Patriots in 2004.Bennie Thompson Grey cup 78th Wpg Superbowl Baltimore 1999


document_title: In Christ Alone

question_text: who is the original singer of in christ alone

root

text: In Christ Alone

text:
"In Christ Alone"

Song

Released
2001

Genre
Contemporary Christian music, contemporary worship music

Songwriter(s)
Keith Getty (music)
Stuart Townend (lyrics)

tag: table

text: "In Christ Alone" is a popular, modern Christian song written by Keith Getty (Northern Ireland) and Stuart Townend (England), both songwriters of Christian hymns and contemporary worship music. The song, with a strong Irish melody, copyrighted by Getty and Townend 2001 Kingsway Music Thankyou Music, is the first the two songwriters penned down in their partnership of songwriting.[1][2] The music was by Getty and the original lyrics by Townend.

tag: p

text: "In Christ Alone" is considered a Christian credal song for belief in Jesus Christ. The theme of the song is the life, death and resurrection of Christ,[3] and that he is a God who even death cannot hold:

text:
No guilt in life, no fear in death
This is the power of Christ in me

text:
Till on that cross as Jesus died
The wrath of God was satisfied
For every sin on Him was laid
Here in the death of Christ I live

text: The song is commonly known as "In Christ Alone (My Hope Is Found)" and "In Christ Alone (I Stand)" taking verses from the song and has become very popular and has been the subject of many cover versions[4] and many language translations.

text: The Getty/Townend song should not be confused with the similarly titled song "In Christ Alone" co-written by Don Koch and Shawn Craig, originally recorded by Michael English on his self-titled debut solo album Michael English, and many others.

text: Popularity[edit]

text: The song was composed in 2001 and gained increased popularity first in Ireland and the UK and then in the United States and internationally. By 2005, it had been named by a BBC Songs of Praise survey as the 9th best loved hymn of all time in the UK;[5] By 2006, it rose to the No. 1 position on the United Kingdom CCLI (Christian Copyright Licensing International) charts.[6] "In Christ Alone" appeared on CCLI's "Top 25 CCLI Songs" American songs list for the first time in the February 2008 report although it had appeared in the CCLI chart for Canada, Australia and New Zealand prior to that.

text: In 2008, the song was included in the release of Christian Worship: Supplement for the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod (WELS).[7] In 2015, the song was listed among the "Fifty Favorite Hymns" in a WELS survey.[8][9]

text: In 2010, Owl City's Adam Young recorded a version and offered it through his blog. About the song he wrote: "I'm twenty four years old, yet something about this song makes me bawl like a baby. The way the melodies and lyrics swirl together is so poignant and beautiful. If I were to count on one hand, the number of songs that have ever deeply moved me, this one would take the cake. Last night I probably spent more time actually crying at the piano than I did recording it. Such are the secret confessions of a shy boy from Minnesota".[10]

text: A committee of the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) opted not to include "In Christ Alone" in the church's 2013 hymnal Glory to God! for various reasons cited by Mary Louise Bringle in The Christian Century, "Debating Hymns" 1 May 2013. A committee statement explained the copyright holders would not grant the copyright request to reprint the hymn exactly as found in Celebrating Grace, a hymnal published in 2010 by a large group of Baptists. Variations in the hymn versions concerned the differences in theological significance of the line published in the Celebrating Grace Baptist hymnal: "Till on that cross as Jesus died the love of God was magnified" and the line the copyright holders prefer, "Till on that cross as Jesus died the wrath of God was satisfied." The question concerns interpretations of atonement theory, particularly penal substitution theory and the satisfaction theory of atonement.[11][12] Such questions also address the attributes of God.

text: In 2013, the song was sung at the enthronement of Justin Welby as Archbishop of Canterbury.[13]

text: Versions[edit]

text: (selective)

text:
2001: The song first appeared on the album New Irish Hymns performed by vocalists Máire Brennan, Margaret Becker and Joanne Hogg who sang on the album mainly songs written by Keith Getty (composer of the song).
2002: Stuart Townend, the lyricist of the song, on his album Lord of Every Heart[14]
2003: Adrienne Liesching and Geoff Moore as a duo on the compilation albums Secrets of the Vine;[15] Worship Together - Be Glorified under the title "In Christ Alone (My Hope Is Found)";[16] and It Takes 2: 15 Collaborations and Duets[17]
2003: Newsboys on their album Adoration: The Worship Album. Also released as a single[2]
2004: Phillips, Craig and Dean recorded a medley of the Getty/Townend and the Koch/Craig songs on their album Let the Worshippers Arise[18]
2005: Travis Cottrell on his album Alive Forever as a medley "In Christ Alone" / "The Solid Rock"; also appears in Cottrell's live album Jesus Saves Live
2006: Avalon on their album Faith: A Hymns Collection
2006: Matt Papa on his album You Are Good
2008: Kristyn Getty (vocals) in the Keith & Kristyn Getty album In Christ Alone[19]
2008: Natalie Grant on album Relentless
2010: Adam Young of Owl City recorded as "In Christ Alone (I Stand)"[10]
2012: Christina Grimmie (uploaded on YouTube)[20]
2013: Kristian Stanfill from the album Passion: Let the Future Begin (recorded live)

tag: ul


document_title: Dangerous Dogs Act 1991

question_text: when did pitbulls become illegal in the uk

text: Dangerous Dogs Act 1991

text: The effect of the act[edit]

text: Under the 1991 act (and as amended in 1997) it is illegal to own any Specially Controlled Dogs without specific exemption from a court. The dogs have to be muzzled and kept on a lead in public, they must be registered and insured, neutered, tattooed and receive microchip implants. The Act also bans the breeding, sale and exchange of these dogs, even if they are on the Index of Exempted Dogs.[1]

text: Four types in particular were identified by the Act:

text:
Pit Bull Terrier
Japanese Tosa
Dogo Argentino
Fila Brasileiro

text: The Act also covers cross-breeds of the above four types of dog. Dangerous dogs are classified by "type", not by breed label. This means that whether a dog is prohibited under the Act will depend on a judgement about its physical characteristics, and whether they match the description of a prohibited "type". This assessment of the physical characteristics is made by a court.

text: The Act applies in England, Wales and Scotland,[2] with The Dangerous Dogs (Northern Ireland) Order 1991 having a similar effect in Northern Ireland.[3]

text: Index of Exempted Dogs[edit]

text: The Index of Exempted Dogs is maintained by the Animal Welfare section of the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, which administers the registration of specially-controlled dogs in England and Wales.

text: In 1991 and 1992 details of all Specially Controlled Dogs and their owners and keepers had to be added to the Index of Exempted Dogs. From early 1992 to 1997 no dogs were allowed to be added to the Index. In 1997 The Dangerous Dogs (Amendment) Act 1997 was passed which made some changes.

text: Case law[edit]

text: There have been several test cases of the act, including Dempsey, a pit bull terrier which in 1995 was finally reprieved from a destruction order, to widespread media attention.[citation needed] The definition of the word "type" in the legislation was of particular controversy, as was the lack of discretion that the Act gives magistrates.

text: In the case of Sandhu v. Isleworth Crown Court, the defendant Sandhu was in prison and sought to nominate a temporary keeper to have his dog. The judicial review held that a person does have the right to nominate a person to temporarily keep the dog. This decision has more recently been more regulated to only allow for temporary keepership in certain circumstances.[4]

text: Criticism of the act[edit]

text: The act has been described as a piece of rushed legislation which was an overreaction to a transient public mood.[5][6] The Act is sometimes cited as an unfavourable example of such legislation,[7][8] and in January 2007 was included in public responses to a BBC Radio 4 poll of unpopular UK legislation.[9]

text: The act has also been criticised as ineffectual because its mandate is limited to the four banned breeds; it has been suggested that the act be amended to expand it remit to deal with dangerous dogs of any kind, irrespective of the breed.[10]

text: In the Brexit litigation about Article 50 in the supreme court, the Dangerous Dogs Act was used as an example that even such a law cannot be cancelled by the royal prerogative.[11]

text: Comparable legislation elsewhere[edit]

text: Many other countries also have laws pertaining to dangerous dogs. These vary in severity. In some jurisdictions in Australia, dogs which have been declared dangerous are required to wear a collar of red and yellow stripes; under the legislation of some municipalities of Queensland, such dogs are seized and destroyed. In some local government areas restrictions are very carefully spelt out.[12]


document_title: St. Louis Cathedral (New Orleans)

question_text: who is buried in st louis cathedral new orleans

text: St. Louis Cathedral (New Orleans)

text: History[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Three Roman Catholic churches have stood on the site since 1718, when the city was founded. The first was a crude wooden structure in the early days of the French colony. As the French were Catholic, their church was prominently located on the town square. Construction of a larger brick and timber church was begun in 1725 and was completed in 1727. Along with numerous other buildings, the church was destroyed in the Great New Orleans Fire (1788) on Good Friday, March 21, 1788. The cornerstone of a new church was laid in 1789 and the building was completed in 1794. In 1793 Saint Louis Church was elevated to cathedral rank as the See of the Diocese of New Orleans, making it one of the oldest cathedrals in the United States. In 1819, a central tower with the clock and bell was added.

text: Enlarging the building to meet the needs of the growing congregation had been pondered since 1834, and J. N. B. de Pouilly was consulted to design plans for a new building. De Pouilly also designed St. Augustine Church in Tremé, the first church building dedicated as a parish church outside the French Quarter. (The Mortuary Chapel on North Rampart had been dedicated in 1827 as a chapel, and St. Vincent de Paul was established in a little frame church in 1838 but not dedicated.) On March 12, 1849, the diocese contracted with John Patrick Kirwan to enlarge and restore the cathedral, using De Pouilly's plans.

text: These specified that everything be demolished except the lateral walls and the lower portions of the existing towers on the front facade. During the reconstruction, it was determined that the sidewalls would have to be demolished also. During construction in 1850, the central tower collapsed. De Pouilly and Kirwan were replaced.[1] As a consequence of these problems and reconstruction, very little of the Spanish Colonial structure survived.  The present structure dates primarily to 1850. The bell from the 1819 tower was reused in the new building and is still there today.[2] During the renovation, St. Patrick's Church served as the pro-cathedral for the city.

text: Bombing[edit]

text: On April 25, 1909, a dynamite bomb was set off in the cathedral, blowing out windows and damaging galleries.[2] The following year a portion of the foundation collapsed, necessitating the building's closure while repairs were made, from Easter 1916 to Easter 1917.

text: Visits of popes[edit]

text: The cathedral was designated as a minor basilica by Pope Paul VI in 1964. Pope John Paul II visited the cathedral in September 1987. Today the parish has over 6000 members.

text: Hurricane Katrina[edit]

text: The high winds of Hurricane Katrina displaced two large oak trees in St. Anthony's Garden behind the cathedral, dislodging 30 feet (9.1 m) of ornamental gate. The nearby marble statue of Jesus Christ was damaged, losing a forefinger and a thumb.

text: More seriously, the winds tore a hole in the roof, allowing water to enter the building and severely damage the Holtkamp pipe organ. Shortly after the storm, the organ was sent back to Holtkamp to be rebuilt.[citation needed] An electronic substitute was used until June 2008, when the organ was reinstalled in the Cathedral. Originally installed during the cathedral's extensive renovation in 2004, the organ was donated by longtime choir master and organist Elise Cambon.

text: Cemetery[edit]

text: Saint Louis Cemetery is known as the burial place of Voodoo priestess Marie Laveau; her tomb attracts hundreds of pilgrims every year. The cemetery is also the burial place of various prominent New Orleans residents, including Étienne de Boré, Homer Plessy, Bernard de Marigny, Benjamin Henry Latrobe (architect of the first American Cathedral in Baltimore and the US Capitol),  Barthelemy Lafon, Paul Morphy, and Ernest Nathan Morial.

text: There is a copper name plate for Madame Marie Delphine LaLaurie in Alley 4, although she is not buried in the cemetery.

text: The American actor Nicolas Cage purchased an empty tomb here, to be used as his final resting place.

text: Hauntings[edit]

text: The cathedral is said to be haunted by Fr. Antonio de Sedella, more commonly known as Père Antoine. He was a priest at the cathedral and his body is buried within the church. He is said to walk the alley named after him next to the cathedral in the early mornings.[citation needed] Accounts of his apparitions by parishioners and tourists claim that he appears during Christmas Midnight Mass near the left side of the altar, holding a candle.[3]

text: The cathedral is also said to be haunted by Père Dagobert, a monk who resided in the church. It is said that his voice can be heard chanting the Kyrie on rainy days.[4]

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
St. Louis Cathedral setting in the French Quarter

Saint Louis Cathedral seen from across Decatur Street opposite Jackson Square.

View on Orleans Street towards cathedral back facade

Back side of the cathedral and "St. Anthony's Garden", facing Royal Street, 1916

Altar

St. Louis Cathedral interior view, 2007

St. Louis Cathedral and Cabildo, 2014

Pulpit, 2014 - Scallop shell represents Christianity

View of St. Louis Cathedral from Jackson Square in New Orleans, Louisiana

St. Louis Cathedral's ceiling in New Orleans


document_title: Great Britain

question_text: when was the term great britain first used

text: Great Britain

text: Terminology

text: Toponymy

text: The archipelago has been referred to by a single name for over 2000 years: the term 'British Isles' derives from terms used by classical geographers to describe this island group. By 50 BC Greek geographers were using equivalents of Prettanikē as a collective name for the British Isles.[11] However, with the Roman conquest of Britain the Latin term Britannia was used for the island of Great Britain, and later Roman-occupied Britain south of Caledonia.[12][13][14]

text: The earliest known name for Great Britain is Albion (Greek: Ἀλβιών) or insula Albionum, from either the Latin albus meaning "white" (referring to the white cliffs of Dover, the first view of Britain from the continent) or the "island of the Albiones", first mentioned in the Massaliote Periplus in the 6th century BC, and by Pytheas.[15]

text: The oldest mention of terms related to Great Britain was by Aristotle (c. 384–322 BC), or possibly by Pseudo-Aristotle, in his text On the Universe, Vol. III. To quote his works, "There are two very large islands in it, called the British Isles, Albion and Ierne".[16]

text: Pliny the Elder (c. AD 23–79) in his Natural History records of Great Britain: "Its former name was Albion; but at a later period, all the islands, of which we shall just now briefly make mention, were included under the name of 'Britanniæ.'"[17]

text: The name Britain descends from the Latin name for Britain, Britannia or Brittānia, the land of the Britons. Old French Bretaigne (whence also Modern French Bretagne) and Middle English Bretayne, Breteyne. The French form replaced the Old English Breoton, Breoten, Bryten, Breten (also Breoton-lond, Breten-lond). Britannia was used by the Romans from the 1st century BC for the British Isles taken together. It is derived from the travel writings of the Pytheas around 320 BC, which described various islands in the North Atlantic as far north as Thule (probably Norway).

text: Marcian of Heraclea, in his Periplus maris exteri, described the island group as αἱ Πρεττανικαὶ νῆσοι (the Prettanic Isles).[18]

text: The peoples of these islands of Prettanike were called the Πρεττανοί, Priteni or Pretani.[15] Priteni is the source of the Welsh language term Prydain, Britain, which has the same source as the Goidelic term Cruithne used to refer to the early Brythonic-speaking inhabitants of Ireland.[19] The latter were later called Picts or Caledonians by the Romans.

text: Derivation of Great

text: The Greco-Egyptian scientist Ptolemy referred to the larger island as great Britain (μεγάλη Βρεττανία megale Brettania) and to Ireland as little Britain (μικρὰ Βρεττανία mikra Brettania) in his work Almagest (147–148 AD).[20] In his later work, Geography (c. 150 AD), he gave the islands the names Alwion, Iwernia, and Mona (the Isle of Man),[21] suggesting these may have been the names of the individual islands not known to him at the time of writing Almagest.[22] The name Albion appears to have fallen out of use sometime after the Roman conquest of Britain, after which Britain became the more commonplace name for the island.[15]

text: After the Anglo-Saxon period, Britain was used as a historical term only. Geoffrey of Monmouth in his pseudohistorical Historia Regum Britanniae (c. 1136) refers to the island as Britannia major ("Greater Britain"), to distinguish it from Britannia minor ("Lesser Britain"), the continental region which approximates to modern Brittany, which had been settled in the fifth and sixth centuries by migrants from Britain.[23] The term Great Britain was first used officially in 1474, in the instrument drawing up the proposal for a marriage between Cecily the daughter of Edward IV of England, and James the son of James III of Scotland, which described it as "this Nobill Isle, callit Gret Britanee". It was used again in 1604, when King James VI and I styled himself "King of Great Brittaine, France and Ireland".

text: Modern use of the term Great Britain

text: Great Britain refers geographically to the island of Great Britain, politically to England, Scotland and Wales in combination.[24] However, it is sometimes used loosely to refer to the whole of the United Kingdom.[25]

text: Similarly, Britain, can refer to either all islands in Great Britain, the largest island, or the political grouping of counties.[26] There is no clear distinction, even in government documents: the UK government yearbooks have used both Britain[27] and United Kingdom.[28]

text: GB and GBR are used instead of UK in some international codes to refer to the United Kingdom, including the Universal Postal Union, international sports teams, NATO, the International Organization for Standardization country codes ISO 3166-2 and ISO 3166-1 alpha-3, and international licence plate codes.

text: On the Internet, .uk is the country code top-level domain for the United Kingdom. A .gb top-level domain was used to a limited extent, but is now obsolete because the domain name registrar will not take new registrations.

text: In the Olympics, Team GB is used by the British Olympic Association to represent the Great Britain and Northern Ireland Olympic team.

text: Political definition

text: Politically, Great Britain refers to the whole of England, Scotland and Wales in combination,[29] but not Northern Ireland; it includes islands, such as the Isle of Wight, Anglesey, the Isles of Scilly, the Hebrides and the island groups of Orkney and Shetland, that are part of England, Wales, or Scotland. It does not include the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands, which are self-governing dependent territories.[29][30]

text: The political union that joined the kingdoms of England and Scotland happened in 1707 when the Acts of Union ratified the 1706 Treaty of Union and merged the parliaments of the two nations, forming the Kingdom of Great Britain, which covered the entire island. Before this, a personal union had existed between these two countries since the 1603 Union of the Crowns under James VI of Scotland and I of England.

text: History

text: Prehistoric period

text: The island was first inhabited by people who crossed over the land bridge from the European mainland. Human footprints have been found from over 800,000 years ago in Norfolk[31] and traces of early humans have been found (at Boxgrove Quarry, Sussex) from some 500,000 years ago[32] and modern humans from about 30,000 years ago.

text: Until about 14,000 years ago, Great Britain was connected to Ireland, and as recently as 8,000 years ago it retained a land connection to the continent, with an area of mostly low marshland joining it to what are now Denmark and the Netherlands.[33] In Cheddar Gorge, near Bristol, the remains of animal species native to mainland Europe such as antelopes, brown bears, and wild horses have been found alongside a human skeleton, 'Cheddar Man', dated to about 7150 BC. Thus, animals and humans must have moved between mainland Europe and Great Britain via a crossing.[34] Great Britain became an island at the end of the last glacial period when sea levels rose due to the combination of melting glaciers and the subsequent isostatic rebound of the crust.

text: Great Britain's Iron Age inhabitants are known as Britons; they spoke Celtic languages.

text: Roman and medieval period

text: The Romans conquered most of the island (up to Hadrian's Wall, in northern England) and this became the Ancient Roman province of Britannia. In the course of the 500 years after the Roman Empire fell, the Britons of the south and east of the island were assimilated or displaced by invading Germanic tribes (Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, often referred to collectively as Anglo-Saxons). At about the same time, Gaelic tribes from Ireland invaded the north-west, absorbing both the Picts and Britons of northern Britain, eventually forming the Kingdom of Scotland in the 9th century. The south-east of Scotland was colonised by the Angles and formed, until 1018, a part of the Kingdom of Northumbria. Ultimately, the population of south-east Britain came to be referred to as the English people, so-named after the Angles.

text: Germanic speakers referred to Britons as Welsh. This term came to be applied exclusively to the inhabitants of what is now Wales, but it also survives in names such as Wallace and in the second syllable of Cornwall. Cymry, a name the Britons used to describe themselves, is similarly restricted in modern Welsh to people from Wales, but also survives in English in the place name of Cumbria. The Britons living in the areas now known as Wales, Cumbria and Cornwall were not assimilated by the Germanic tribes, a fact reflected in the survival of Celtic languages in these areas into more recent times.[35] At the time of the Germanic invasion of Southern Britain, many Britons emigrated to the area now known as Brittany, where Breton, a Celtic language closely related to Welsh and Cornish and descended from the language of the emigrants, is still spoken. In the 9th century, a series of Danish assaults on northern English kingdoms led to them coming under Danish control (an area known as the Danelaw). In the 10th century, however, all the English kingdoms were unified under one ruler as the kingdom of England when the last constituent kingdom, Northumbria, submitted to Edgar in 959. In 1066, England was conquered by the Normans, who introduced a Norman-speaking administration that was eventually assimilated. Wales came under Anglo-Norman control in 1282, and was officially annexed to England in the 16th century.

text: Early modern period

text: On 20 October 1604 King James, who had succeeded separately to the two thrones of England and Scotland, proclaimed himself "King of Great Brittaine, France, and Ireland".[36] When James died in 1625 and the Privy Council of England was drafting the proclamation of the new king, Charles I, a Scottish peer, Thomas Erskine, 1st Earl of Kellie, succeeded in insisting that it use the phrase "King of Great Britain", which James had preferred, rather than King of Scotland and England (or vice versa).[37] While that title was also used by some of James's successors, England and Scotland each remained legally separate countries, each with its own parliament, until 1707, when each parliament passed an Act of Union to ratify the Treaty of Union that had been agreed the previous year. This created a single kingdom out of two, with a single parliament, with effect from 1 May 1707. The Treaty of Union specified the name of the new all-island state as "Great Britain", while describing it as "One Kingdom" and "the United Kingdom". To most historians, therefore, the all-island state that existed between 1707 and 1800 is "Great Britain" or the "Kingdom of Great Britain".

text: Geography

text: Great Britain lies on the European continental shelf, part of the Eurasian Plate. Situated off the north-west coast of continental Europe, it is separated from the mainland by the North Sea and by the English Channel, which narrows to 34 km (18 nmi; 21 mi) at the Straits of Dover.[38] It stretches over about ten degrees of latitude on its longer, north-south axis and occupies an area of 209,331 km2 (80,823 sq mi), excluding the smaller surrounding islands.[39] The North Channel, Irish Sea, St George's Channel and Celtic Sea separate the island from the island of Ireland to its west.[40] The island is physically connected with continental Europe via the Channel Tunnel, the longest undersea rail tunnel in the world, completed in 1993. The island is marked by low, rolling countryside in the east and south, while hills and mountains predominate in the western and northern regions. It is surrounded by over 1,000 smaller islands and islets. The greatest distance between two points is 968.0 km (601 1⁄2 mi) (between Land's End, Cornwall and John o' Groats, Caithness), 838 miles (1,349 km) by road.

text: The English Channel is thought to have been created between 450,000 and 180,000 years ago by two catastrophic glacial lake outburst floods caused by the breaching of the Weald-Artois Anticline, a ridge that held back a large proglacial lake, now submerged under the North Sea.[41] Around 10,000 years ago, during the Devensian glaciation with its lower sea level, Great Britain was not an island, but an upland region of continental northwestern Europe, lying partially underneath the Eurasian ice sheet. The sea level was about 120 metres (390 ft) lower than today, and the bed of the North Sea was dry and acted as a land bridge, now known as Doggerland, to the Continent. It is generally thought that as sea levels gradually rose after the end of the last glacial period of the current ice age, Doggerland became submerged beneath the North Sea, cutting off what was previously the British peninsula from the European mainland by around 6500 BC.[42]

text: Geology

text: Great Britain has been subject to a variety of plate tectonic processes over a very extended period of time. Changing latitude and sea levels have been important factors in the nature of sedimentary sequences, whilst successive continental collisions have affected its geological structure with major faulting and folding being a legacy of each orogeny (mountain-building period), often associated with volcanic activity and the metamorphism of existing rock sequences. As a result of this eventful geological history, the island shows a rich variety of landscapes.

text: The oldest rocks in Great Britain are the Lewisian gneisses, metamorphic rocks found in the far north west of the island and in the Hebrides (with a few small outcrops elsewhere), which date from at least 2,700 Ma (Ma = million years ago). South of the gneisses are a complex mixture of rocks forming the North West Highlands and Grampian Highlands in Scotland. These are essentially the remains of folded sedimentary rocks that were deposited between 1,000 Ma and 670 Ma over the gneiss on what was then the floor of the Iapetus Ocean.

text: At the present time the north of the island is rising as a result of the weight of Devensian ice being lifted. Southern and eastern Britain is sinking, generally estimated at 1 mm (1/25 inch) per year, with the London area sinking at double the speed partly due to the continuing compaction of the recent clay deposits.

text: Fauna

text: Animal diversity is modest, as a result of factors including the island's small land area, the relatively recent age of the habitats developed since the last glacial period and the island's physical separation from continental Europe, and the effects of seasonal variability.[44] Great Britain also experienced early industrialisation and is subject to continuing urbanisation, which have contributed towards the overall loss of species.[45] A DEFRA (Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs) study from 2006 suggested that 100 species have become extinct in the UK during the 20th century, about 100 times the background extinction rate. However, some species, such as the brown rat, red fox, and introduced grey squirrel, are well adapted to urban areas.

text: Rodents make up 40% of the mammal species.[citation needed] These include squirrels, mice, voles, rats and the recently reintroduced European beaver.[45] There is also an abundance of rabbits, hares, hedgehogs, shrews, moles and several species of bat.[45] Carnivorous mammals include the fox, badger, otter, weasel, stoat and elusive wildcat.[46] Various species of seal, whale and dolphin are found on or around British shores and coastlines. The largest land-based wild animals today are deer. The red deer is the largest species, with roe deer and fallow deer also prominent; the latter was introduced by the Normans.[46][47] Sika deer and two more species of smaller deer, muntjac and Chinese water deer, have been introduced, muntjac becoming widespread in England and parts of Wales while Chinese water deer are restricted mainly to East Anglia. Habitat loss has affected many species. Extinct large mammals include the brown bear, grey wolf and wild boar; the latter has had a limited reintroduction in recent times.[45]

text: There is a wealth of birdlife, 583 species in total,[48] of which 258 breed on the island or remain during winter.[49] Because of its mild winters for its latitude, Great Britain hosts important numbers of many wintering species, particularly ducks, geese and swans.[50] Other well known bird species include the golden eagle, grey heron, kingfisher, pigeon, sparrow, pheasant, partridge, and various species of crow, finch, gull, auk, grouse, owl and falcon.[51] There are six species of reptile on the island; three snakes and three lizards including the legless slowworm. One snake, the adder, is venomous but rarely deadly.[52] Amphibians present are frogs, toads and newts.[45]

text: Flora

text: In a similar sense to fauna, and for similar reasons, the flora is impoverished compared to that of continental Europe.[53] The flora comprises 3,354 vascular plant species, of which 2,297 are native and 1,057 have been introduced.[54] The island has a wide variety of trees, including native species of birch, beech, ash, hawthorn, elm, oak, yew, pine, cherry and apple.[55] Other trees have been naturalised, introduced especially from other parts of Europe (particularly Norway) and North America. Introduced trees include several varieties of pine, chestnut, maple, spruce, sycamore and fir, as well as cherry plum and pear trees.[55] The tallest species are the Douglas firs; two specimens have been recorded measuring 65 metres or 212 feet.[56] The Fortingall Yew in Perthshire is the oldest tree in Europe.[57]

text:
There are at least 1,500 different species of wildflower.[58] Some 107 species are particularly rare or vulnerable and are protected by the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. It is illegal to uproot any wildflowers without the landowner's permission.[58][59] A vote in 2002 nominated various wildflowers to represent specific counties.[60] These include red poppies, bluebells, daisies, daffodils, rosemary, gorse, iris, ivy, mint, orchids, brambles, thistles, buttercups, primrose, thyme, tulips, violets, cowslip, heather and many more.[61][62][63][64]
There are also many species of algae and mosses across the island.

text: Fungi

text: There are many species of fungi including lichen-forming species, and the mycobiota is less poorly known than in many other parts of the world. The most recent checklist of Basidiomycota (bracket fungi, jelly fungi, mushrooms and toadstools, puffballs, rusts and smuts), published in 2005, accepts over 3600 species.[65] The most recent checklist of Ascomycota (cup fungi and their allies, including most lichen-forming fungi), published in 1985, accepts another 5100 species.[66] These two lists did not include conidial fungi (fungi mostly with affinities in the Ascomycota but known only in their asexual state) or any of the other main fungal groups (Chytridiomycota, Glomeromycota and Zygomycota). The number of fungal species known very probably exceeds 10,000. There is widespread agreement among mycologists that many others are yet to be discovered.

text: Demographics

text: Settlements

text: Capitals

text: London is the capital of England and the whole of the United Kingdom, and is therefore the seat of the United Kingdom's government. Edinburgh and Cardiff are the capitals of Scotland and Wales, respectively, and house their devolved governments.

text:
Rank
City-region
Built-up area[67]
Population (2011 Census)
Area (km²)
Density (people/km²)

1
London
Greater London Built-up area
9,787,426
1,737.9
5,630

2
Manchester
Greater Manchester Built-up area
2,553,379
630.3
4,051

3
Birmingham–Wolverhampton
West Midlands Built-up area
2,440,986
598.9
4,076

4
Leeds–Bradford
West Yorkshire Built-up area
1,777,934
487.8
3,645

5
Glasgow
Greater Glasgow Built-up area
1,209,143
368.5
3,390

6
Liverpool
Liverpool Built-up area
864,122
199.6
4,329

7
Southampton–Portsmouth
South Hampshire Built-up area
855,569
192.0
4,455

8
Newcastle upon Tyne–Sunderland
Tyneside Built-up area
774,891
180.5
4,292

9
Nottingham
Nottingham Built-up area
729,977
176.4
4,139

10
Sheffield
Sheffield Built-up area
685,368
167.5
4,092

text: Language

text: In the Late Bronze Age, Britain was part of a culture called the Atlantic Bronze Age, held together by maritime trading, which also included Ireland, France, Spain and Portugal. In contrast to the generally accepted view[68] that Celtic originated in the context of the Hallstatt culture, since 2009, John T. Koch and others have proposed that the origins of the Celtic languages are to be sought in Bronze Age Western Europe, especially the Iberian Peninsula.[69][70][71][72] Koch et al.'s proposal has failed to find wide acceptance among experts on the Celtic languages.[68]

text: All the modern Brythonic languages (Breton, Cornish, Welsh) are generally considered to derive from a common ancestral language termed Brittonic, British, Common Brythonic, Old Brythonic or Proto-Brythonic, which is thought to have developed from Proto-Celtic or early Insular Celtic by the 6th century AD.[73] Brythonic languages were probably spoken before the Roman invasion at least in the majority of Great Britain south of the rivers Forth and Clyde, though the Isle of Man later had a Goidelic language, Manx. Northern Scotland mainly spoke Pritennic, which became Pictish, which may have been a Brythonic language. During the period of the Roman occupation of Southern Britain (AD 43 to c. 410), Common Brythonic borrowed a large stock of Latin words. Approximately 800 of these Latin loan-words have survived in the three modern Brythonic languages. Romano-British is the name for the Latinised form of the language used by Roman authors.

text: British English is spoken in the present day across the island, and developed from the Old English brought to the island by Anglo-Saxon settlers from the mid 5th century. Some 1.5 million people speak Scots—a variety of English which some consider to be a distinct language.[74][75] An estimated 700,000 people speak Welsh,[76] an official language in Wales.[77] In parts of north west Scotland, Scottish Gaelic remains widely spoken. There are various regional dialects of English, and numerous languages spoken by some immigrant populations.

text: Religion

text: Christianity has been the largest religion by number of adherents since the Early Middle Ages: it was introduced under the ancient Romans, developing as Celtic Christianity. According to tradition, Christianity arrived in the 1st or 2nd century. The most popular form is Anglicanism (known as Episcopalism in Scotland). Dating from the 16th century Reformation, it regards itself as both Catholic and Reformed. The Head of the Church is the monarch of the United Kingdom, as the Supreme Governor. It has the status of established church in England. There are just over 26 million adherents to Anglicanism in Britain today,[78] although only around one million regularly attend services. The second largest Christian practice is the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church, which traces its history to the 6th century with Augustine's mission and was the main religion for around a thousand years. There are over 5 million adherents today, 4.5 million in England and Wales[79] and 750,000 in Scotland,[80] although fewer than a million Catholics regularly attend mass.[81]

text: The Church of Scotland, a form of Protestantism with a Presbyterian system of ecclesiastical polity, is the third most numerous on the island with around 2.1 million members.[82] Introduced in Scotland by clergyman John Knox, it has the status of national church in Scotland. The monarch of the United Kingdom is represented by a Lord High Commissioner. Methodism is the fourth largest and grew out of Anglicanism through John Wesley.[83] It gained popularity in the old mill towns of Lancashire and Yorkshire, also amongst tin miners in Cornwall.[84] The Presbyterian Church of Wales, which follows Calvinistic Methodism, is the largest denomination in Wales. There are other non-conformist minorities, such as Baptists, Quakers, the United Reformed Church (a union of Congregationalists and English Presbyterians), Unitarians.[85] The first patron saint of Great Britain was Saint Alban.[86] He was the first Christian martyr dating from the Romano-British period, condemned to death for his faith and sacrificed to the pagan gods.[87] In more recent times, some have suggested the adoption of St Aidan as another patron saint of Britain.[88] From Ireland, he worked at Iona amongst the Dál Riata and then Lindisfarne where he restored Christianity to Northumbria.[88]

text: The three constituent countries of the United Kingdom have patron saints: Saint George and Saint Andrew are represented in the flags of England and Scotland respectively.[89] These two flags combined to form the basis of the Great Britain royal flag of 1604.[89] Saint David is the patron saint of Wales.[90] There are many other British saints. Some of the best known are Cuthbert, Columba, Patrick, Margaret, Edward the Confessor, Mungo, Thomas More, Petroc, Bede, and Thomas Becket.[90]

text: Numerous other religions are practised.[91] Jews have inhabited Britain since 1070. Jews were expelled from England in 1290 but allowed to return in 1656.[92] There were also Jewish migrations from Lithuania.[93] The 2001 census recorded that Islam had around 1.5 million adherents.[94] More than 1 million people practise either Hinduism, Sikhism, or Buddhism–religions introduced from the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia.[95]


document_title: Germany at the FIFA World Cup

question_text: where did germany place in the world cup

text: Germany at the FIFA World Cup

text: Records[edit]

text:
1930–1938 as  →  →  Germany
1950–1990 as  West Germany
1994–present as  Germany

text: Champions       Runners-up       Third place       Fourth place

text:
FIFA World Cup finals record

Qualifications record

Year

Round

Position

GP

W

D*

L

GF

GA

Squad

GP

W

D

L

GF

GA

 1930
Did not enter

Did not enter
—

 1934
Third place
3rd
4
3
0
1
11
8
Squad

1
1
0
0
9
1
1934

 1938
First round
10th
2
0
1
1
3
5
Squad

3
3
0
0
11
1
1938

 1950
Banned from entering

1950

 1954
Champions
1st
6
5
0
1
25
14
Squad

4
3
1
0
12
3
1954

 1958
Fourth place
4th
6
2
2
2
12
14
Squad

Qualified as defending champions
1958

 1962
Quarter-finals
7th
4
2
1
1
4
2
Squad

4
4
0
0
11
5
1962

 1966
Runners-up
2nd
6
4
1
1
15
6
Squad

4
3
1
0
14
2
1966

 1970
Third place
3rd
6
5
0
1
17
10
Squad

6
5
1
0
20
3
1970

 1974
Champions
1st
7
6
0
1
13
4
Squad

Qualified as hosts
1974

 1978
Second group stage
6th
6
1
4
1
10
5
Squad

Qualified as defending champions
1978

 1982
Runners-up
2nd
7
3
2
2
12
10
Squad

8
8
0
0
33
3
1982

 1986
Runners-up
2nd
7
3
2
2
8
7
Squad

8
5
2
1
22
9
1986

 1990
Champions
1st
7
5
2
0
15
5
Squad

6
3
3
0
13
3
1990

 1994
Quarter-finals
5th
5
3
1
1
9
7
Squad

Qualified as defending champions
1994

 1998
Quarter-finals
7th
5
3
1
1
8
6
Squad

10
6
4
0
23
9
1998

  2002
Runners-up
2nd
7
5
1
1
14
3
Squad

10
6
3
1
19
12
2002

 2006
Third place
3rd
7
5
1
1
14
6
Squad

Qualified as hosts
2006

 2010
Third place
3rd
7
5
0
2
16
5
Squad

10
8
2
0
26
5
2010

 2014
Champions
1st
7
6
1
0
18
4
Squad

10
9
1
0
36
10
2014

 2018
Group stage
22nd
3
1
0
2
2
4
Squad

10
10
0
0
43
4
2018

 2022
To be decided
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

-
-
-
-
-
-
2022

   2026
To be decided
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

-
-
-
-
-
-
2026

Total
19/21
4 titles
109
67
20*
22
226
125

94
74
18
2
292
70
Total

text:
showGermany's World Cup record

First Match

 Germany 5–2 Belgium  (27 May 1934; Florence, Italy)

Biggest Win

 Germany 8–0 Saudi Arabia  (1 June 2002; Sapporo, Japan)

Biggest Defeat

 Hungary 8-3 West Germany  (20 June 1954; Basel, Switzerland)

Best Result

Champions at the 1954, 1974, 1990, and 2014 World Cups

Worst Result

Round 1 in 1938, Group Stage in 2018

text: Winning World Cups[edit]

text:
Year

Manager

Captain

Winning Goal Scorer(s)

1954

Sepp Herberger

Fritz Walter

Helmut Rahn

1974

Helmut Schön

Franz Beckenbauer

Gerd Müller

1990

Franz Beckenbauer

Lothar Matthäus

Andreas Brehme

2014

Joachim Löw

Philipp Lahm

Mario Götze

text: FIFA World Cup finals[edit]

text: 1954 World Cup Final v Hungary[edit]

text: Only 14 days before the final, Germany played the favoured Hungarian Golden Team in the first round of the tournament and suffered a 3-8 loss, their highest World Cup defeat to this day. In the final, Hungary was up by two goals after only eight minutes, so it came as a surprise that the German team not only quickly equalized but turned the game around in the 84th minute with a goal scored by Helmut Rahn.

text:
West Germany

3–2

 Hungary

Morlock  10'
Rahn  18', 84'

Report

Puskás  6'
Czibor  8'

text:
GK
1
Toni Turek

RB
7
Josef Posipal

CB
10
Werner Liebrich

LB
3
Werner Kohlmeyer

HB
6
Horst Eckel

HB
8
Karl Mai

IR
13
Max Morlock

IL
16
Fritz Walter (c)

OR
12
Helmut Rahn

CF
15
Ottmar Walter

OL
20
Hans Schäfer

Manager:

Sepp Herberger

GK
1
Gyula Grosics

RB
2
Jenő Buzánszky

CB
3
Gyula Lóránt

LB
4
Mihály Lantos

HB
5
József Bozsik

HB
6
József Zakariás

RW
11
Zoltán Czibor

AM
9
Nándor Hidegkuti

LW
20
Mihály Tóth

CF
8
Sándor Kocsis

CF
10
Ferenc Puskás (c)

Manager:

Gusztáv Sebes

text: 1966 World Cup Final v England[edit]

text: The strongly contested game between Germany and host nation England went into extra time after a score of 2-2 after 90 minutes. Geoff Hurst's goal in the 101st minute is one of the most controversial in football history: His shot bounced off the cross-bar onto the ground and back away from the goal. After a brief discussion with the Soviet linesman Tofiq Bahramov, referee Gottfried Dienst awarded the goal. With the Germans forced to press for the equalizer, Hurst converted a counter attack in the 120th minute and decided the match for England.

text:
England

4–2 (a.e.t.)

 West Germany

Hurst  18', 101', 120'Peters  78'

Report

Haller  12'Weber  89'

text:
GK
1
Gordon Banks

RB
2
George Cohen

CB
5
Jack Charlton

CB
6
Bobby Moore (c)

LB
3
Ray Wilson

DM
4
Nobby Stiles

RM
7
Alan Ball

AM
9
Bobby Charlton

LM
16
Martin Peters
 20'

CF
10
Geoff Hurst

CF
21
Roger Hunt

Manager:

Alf Ramsey

GK
1
Hans Tilkowski

RB
2
Horst-Dieter Höttges

CB
5
Willi Schulz

CB
6
Wolfgang Weber

LB
3
Karl-Heinz Schnellinger

CM
4
Franz Beckenbauer

CM
12
Wolfgang Overath

RF
8
Helmut Haller

CF
9
Uwe Seeler (c)

CF
10
Sigfried Held

LF
11
Lothar Emmerich

Manager:

Helmut Schön

text: 1974 World Cup Final v the Netherlands[edit]

text: Germany reached the final as host nation in 1974 and were facing their neighbours and rivals from the Netherlands. After an early penalty scored by Johan Neeskens, Germany turned the game around to win their second World Cup trophy.

text:
Netherlands

1–2

 West Germany

Neeskens  2' (pen.)

Report

Breitner  25' (pen.)Müller  43'

text:
GK
8
Jan Jongbloed

RB
20
Wim Suurbier

CB
17
Wim Rijsbergen

 69'

CB
2
Arie Haan

LB
12
Ruud Krol

RM
6
Wim Jansen

CM
13
Johan Neeskens
 40'

LM
3
Willem van Hanegem
 23'

RF
16
Johnny Rep

CF
14
Johan Cruyff (c)
 45'

LF
15
Rob Rensenbrink

 46'

Substitutes:

GK
18
Piet Schrijvers

DF
5
Rinus Israël

MF
7
Theo de Jong

 69'

MF
10
René van de Kerkhof

 46'

FW
9
Piet Keizer

Manager:

Rinus Michels

GK
1
Sepp Maier

RB
2
Berti Vogts
 4'

CB
5
Franz Beckenbauer (c)

CB
4
Hans-Georg Schwarzenbeck

LB
3
Paul Breitner

RM
16
Rainer Bonhof

CM
14
Uli Hoeneß

LM
12
Wolfgang Overath

RF
9
Jürgen Grabowski

CF
13
Gerd Müller

LF
17
Bernd Hölzenbein

Substitutes:

GK
21
Norbert Nigbur

DF
6
Horst-Dieter Höttges

MF
8
Bernhard Cullmann

MF
15
Heinz Flohe

FW
11
Jupp Heynckes

Manager:

Helmut Schön

text: 1982 World Cup Final v Italy[edit]

text: Paul Breitner became only the third player in World Cup history to have scored in two separate finals, but only after the Italians had already taken a 3-0 lead after 81 minutes.

text:
Italy

3–1

 West Germany

Rossi  57'Tardelli  69'Altobelli  81'

Report

Breitner  83'

text:
GK
1
Dino Zoff (c)

SW
7
Gaetano Scirea

CB
6
Claudio Gentile

CB
5
Fulvio Collovati

RWB
3
Giuseppe Bergomi

LWB
4
Antonio Cabrini

DM
13
Gabriele Oriali
 73'

RM
16
Bruno Conti
 31'

CM
14
Marco Tardelli

LW
19
Francesco Graziani

 7'

CF
20
Paolo Rossi

Substitutions:

GK
12
Ivano Bordon

MF
10
Giuseppe Dossena

MF
11
Giampiero Marini

MF
15
Franco Causio

 89'

FW
18
Alessandro Altobelli

 7'
 89'

Manager:

Enzo Bearzot

GK
1
Harald Schumacher

SW
15
Uli Stielike
 73'

RB
20
Manfred Kaltz

CB
4
Karlheinz Förster

LB
5
Bernd Förster

RM
6
Wolfgang Dremmler
 61'
 62'

CM
3
Paul Breitner

LM
2
Hans-Peter Briegel

RW
11
Karl-Heinz Rummenigge (c)

 70'

LW
7
Pierre Littbarski
 88'

CF
8
Klaus Fischer

Substitutions:

GK
21
Bernd Franke

DF
12
Wilfried Hannes

MF
10
Hansi Müller

 70'

MF
14
Felix Magath

FW
9
Horst Hrubesch

 62'

Manager:

Jupp Derwall

text: 1986 World Cup Final v Argentina[edit]

text: With the highest attendance ever at a FIFA World Cup final, West Germany faced Argentina in Mexico City. Although the South Americans' star player Diego Maradona was closely guarded by the German team, he assisted the decisive 3-2 scored by Jorge Burruchaga, ensuring his country's second World Cup win. Late during the match, three yellow cards were given to Argentinians for time wasting.

text:
Argentina

3–2

 West Germany

Brown  23'Valdano  56'Burruchaga  84'

Report

Rummenigge  74'Völler  81'

text:
GK
18
Nery Pumpido
 85'

SW
5
José Luis Brown

CB
9
José Cuciuffo

CB
19
Oscar Ruggeri

RWB
14
Ricardo Giusti

LWB
16
Julio Olarticoechea
 77'

DM
2
Sergio Batista

CM
12
Héctor Enrique
 81'

AM
7
Jorge Burruchaga

 90'

SS
10
Diego Maradona (c)
 17'

CF
11
Jorge Valdano

Substitutions:

MF
21
Marcelo Trobbiani

 90'

Manager:

Carlos Bilardo

GK
1
Harald Schumacher

SW
17
Ditmar Jakobs

CB
4
Karlheinz Förster

CB
2
Hans-Peter Briegel
 62'

RWB
14
Thomas Berthold

LWB
3
Andreas Brehme

CM
6
Norbert Eder

CM
8
Lothar Matthäus
 21'

AM
10
Felix Magath

 62'

CF
11
Karl-Heinz Rummenigge (c)

CF
19
Klaus Allofs

 46'

Substitutions:

FW
9
Rudi Völler

 46'

FW
20
Dieter Hoeneß

 62'

Manager:

Franz Beckenbauer

text: 1990 World Cup Final v Argentina[edit]

text: For this re-match of the 1986 Final, Argentina played extremely defensively. Defender Pedro Monzón became the first player ever to receive a red card in a World Cup final, only to be joined by team mate Gustavo Dezotti 22 minutes later. Although West Germany was the dominating side with 23:1 shots, it is fitting that the rough match was decided by a penalty kick taken by Andreas Brehme.

text: Franz Beckenbauer achieved the feat to lose and then win a World Cup final each as player (1966, 1974) and manager (1986, 1990).

text:
West Germany

1–0

 Argentina

Brehme  85' (pen.)

Report

text:
GK
1
Bodo Illgner

SW
5
Klaus Augenthaler

CB
6
Guido Buchwald

CB
4
Jürgen Kohler

RWB
14
Thomas Berthold

 73'

LWB
3
Andreas Brehme

CM
8
Thomas Häßler

CM
10
Lothar Matthäus (c)

CM
7
Pierre Littbarski

CF
9
Rudi Völler
 52'

CF
18
Jürgen Klinsmann

Substitutes:

GK
12
Raimond Aumann

DF
2
Stefan Reuter

 73'

MF
15
Uwe Bein

MF
20
Olaf Thon

FW
13
Karl-Heinz Riedle

Manager:

Franz Beckenbauer

GK
12
Sergio Goycochea

SW
20
Juan Simón

CB
18
José Serrizuela

CB
19
Oscar Ruggeri

 46'

RWB
4
José Basualdo

LWB
17
Roberto Sensini

DM
13
Néstor Lorenzo

CM
21
Pedro Troglio
 84'

AM
10
Diego Maradona (c)
 87'

CM
7
Jorge Burruchaga

 53'

CF
9
Gustavo Dezotti
 5', 87'

Substitutes:

GK
22
Fabián Cancelarich

DF
5
Edgardo Bauza

DF
15
Pedro Monzón
 65'
 46'

MF
6
Gabriel Calderón

 53'

FW
3
Abel Balbo

Manager:

Carlos Bilardo

text: 2002 World Cup Final v Brazil[edit]

text: With only one goal against during the six matches leading up to the final, hopes were on the German defence to withstand Brazil's star quality strikers. Germany's playmaker Michael Ballack was suspended for the final after picking his second yellow card of the tournament in the semi-final against South Korea. Two goals from Ronaldo in the middle of the second half decided the match in favour of the South Americans and ensured their record fifth title.

text:
Germany

0–2

 Brazil

Report

Ronaldo  67', 79'

text:
GK
1
Oliver Kahn (c)

CB
2
Thomas Linke

CB
5
Carsten Ramelow

CB
21
Christoph Metzelder

RM
22
Torsten Frings

CM
8
Dietmar Hamann

CM
16
Jens Jeremies

 77'

LM
17
Marco Bode

 84'

AM
19
Bernd Schneider

CF
11
Miroslav Klose
 9'
 74'

CF
7
Oliver Neuville

Substitutes:

FW
20
Oliver Bierhoff

 74'

FW
14
Gerald Asamoah

 77'

MF
6
Christian Ziege

 84'

Manager:

 Rudi Völler

GK
1
Marcos

CB
3
Lúcio

CB
5
Edmílson

CB
4
Roque Júnior
 6'

RM
2
Cafu (c)

CM
8
Gilberto Silva

CM
15
Kléberson

LM
6
Roberto Carlos

AM
11
Ronaldinho

 85'

CF
10
Rivaldo

CF
9
Ronaldo

 90'

Substitutes:

MF
19
Juninho

 85'

MF
17
Denílson

 90'

Manager:

 Brazil Luiz Felipe Scolari

text: 2014 World Cup Final v Argentina[edit]

text: Despite defeating host country Brazil 7–1, Germany was supported by the home fans due to  Brazil's rivalry with Argentina . This record third match-up of two teams in World Cup finals saw good chances for both sides in regular time, but stayed goalless until substitute striker Mario Götze scored during the second half of extra time, in the 113th minute. The fourth title was the first since Germany's reunification in October 1990.

text:
Germany

1–0 (a.e.t.)

 Argentina

Götze  113'

Report

text:
GK
1
Manuel Neuer

RB
16
Philipp Lahm (c)

CB
20
Jérôme Boateng

CB
5
Mats Hummels

LB
4
Benedikt Höwedes
 34'

CM
23
Christoph Kramer

 31'

CM
7
Bastian Schweinsteiger
 29'

CM
18
Toni Kroos

RW
13
Thomas Müller

LW
8
Mesut Özil

 120'

CF
11
Miroslav Klose

 88'

Substitutions:

FW
9
André Schürrle

 31'

MF
19
Mario Götze

 88'

DF
17
Per Mertesacker

 120'

Manager:

 Joachim Löw

GK
1
Sergio Romero

RB
4
Pablo Zabaleta

CB
15
Martín Demichelis

CB
2
Ezequiel Garay

LB
16
Marcos Rojo

CM
14
Javier Mascherano
 64'

CM
6
Lucas Biglia

RW
8
Enzo Pérez

 86'

LW
22
Ezequiel Lavezzi

 46'

SS
10
Lionel Messi (c)

CF
9
Gonzalo Higuaín

 78'

Substitutions:

FW
20
Sergio Agüero
 65'
 46'

FW
18
Rodrigo Palacio

 78'

MF
5
Fernando Gago

 86'

Manager:

 Alejandro Sabella

text: Record players[edit]

text: Lothar Matthäus is the FIFA World Cup's all-time record player. In addition, along with Antonio Carbajal and Rafael Márquez from Mexico, he is one of the few players to have been fielded in five FIFA World Cups.

text: Miroslav Klose, who is only one match behind, also holds the record for most victories at FIFA World Cups (17).

text:
No.

Name

Matches

World Cups

1
Lothar Matthäus
25
1982, 1986, 1990, 1994 and 1998

2
Miroslav Klose
24
2002, 2006, 2010 and 2014

3
Uwe Seeler
21
1958, 1962, 1966 and 1970

4
Philipp Lahm
20
2006, 2010 and 2014

Bastian Schweinsteiger
20
2006, 2010 and 2014

6
Wolfgang Overath
19
1966, 1970 and 1974

Berti Vogts
19
1970, 1974 and 1978

Karl-Heinz Rummenigge
19
1978, 1982 and 1986

Per Mertesacker
19
2006, 2010 and 2014

10
Franz Beckenbauer
18
1966, 1970 and 1974

Sepp Maier
18
1970, 1974 and 1978

Thomas Berthold
18
1986, 1990 and 1994

text: Top goalscorers[edit]

text: Since 2014, Miroslav Klose is the all-time top goalscorer at FIFA World Cup final tournaments. Gerd Müller used to be the holder of that record from 1974 until it was broken by Ronaldo in 2006.

text:
No.

Name

Goals

World Cups

1
Miroslav Klose
16
2002 (5), 2006 (5), 2010 (4) and 2014 (2)

2
Gerd Müller
14
1970 (10) and 1974 (4)

3
Jürgen Klinsmann
11
1990 (3), 1994 (5) and 1998 (3)

4
Thomas Müller
10
2010 (5) and 2014 (5)

Helmut Rahn
10
1954 (4) and 1958 (6)

6
Karl-Heinz Rummenigge
9
1978 (3), 1982 (5) and 1986 (1)

Uwe Seeler
9
1958 (2), 1962 (2), 1966 (2) and 1970 (3)

8
Rudi Völler
8
1986 (3), 1990 (3) and 1994 (2)

9
Hans Schäfer
7
1954 (4) and 1958 (3)

10
Helmut Haller
6
1966

Lothar Matthäus
6
1986 (1), 1990 (4) and 1994 (1)

Max Morlock
6
1954

text: By match[edit]

text:
showYear as

Round

Against

Score

Scorers

1934
Round 1
 Belgium
5–2
Kobierski, Siffing, Conen (3)

Quarter-final
 Sweden
2–1
Hohmann (2)

Semi-final
 Czechoslovakia
1–3
Noack

Third place match
 Austria
3–2
Lehner (2), Conen

1938
Round 1
  Switzerland
1–1 (AET)
Gauchel

Round 1 (replay)
  Switzerland
2–4
Hahnemann, Lörtscher (o.g.)

1954
Group 2
 Turkey
4–1
Schäfer, Klodt, O. Walter, Morlock

Group 2
 Hungary
3–8
Pfaff, Rahn, Herrmann

Play-off
 Turkey
7–2
O. Walter, Schäfer (2), Morlock (3), F. Walter

Quarter-final
 Yugoslavia
2–0
Horvath (o.g.), Rahn

Semi-final
 Austria
6–1
Schäfer, Morlock, F. Walter (2), O. Walter (2)

Final
 Hungary
3–2
Morlock, Rahn (2)

1958
Group 1
 Argentina
3–1
Rahn (2), Seeler

Group 1
 Czechoslovakia
2–2
Schäfer, Rahn

Group 1
 Northern Ireland
2–2
Rahn, Seeler

Quarter-final
 Yugoslavia
1–0
Rahn

Semi-final
 Sweden
1–3
Schäfer

Third place match
 France
3–6
Cieslarczyk, Rahn, Schäfer

1962
Group 2
 Italy
0–0

Group 2
  Switzerland
2–1
Brülls, Seeler

Group 2
 Chile
2–0
Szymaniak, Seeler

Quarter-final
 Yugoslavia
0–1

1966
Group 2
  Switzerland
5–0
Held, Haller (2), Beckenbauer (2)

Group 2
 Argentina
0–0

Group 2
 Spain
2–1
Emmerich, Seeler

Quarter-final
 Uruguay
4–0
Haller (2), Beckenbauer, Seeler

Semi-final
 Soviet Union
2–1
Haller, Beckenbauer

Final
 England
2–4 (AET)
Haller, Weber

1970
Group 4
 Morocco
2–1
Seeler, Müller

Group 4
 Bulgaria
5–2
Libuda, Müller (3), Seeler

Group 4
 Peru
3–1
Müller (3)

Quarter-final
 England
3–2 (AET)
Beckenbauer, Seeler, Müller

Semi-final
 Italy
3–4 (AET)
Schnellinger, Müller (2)

Third place match
 Uruguay
1–0
Overath

1974
Group 1
 Chile
1–0
Breitner

Group 1
 Australia
3–0
Overath, Cullmann, Müller

Group 1
 East Germany
0–1

Group B (Round 2)
 Yugoslavia
2–0
Breitner, Müller

Group B (Round 2)
 Sweden
4–2
Overath, Bonhof, Grabowski, Hoeneß

Group B (Round 2)
 Poland
1–0
Müller

Final
 Netherlands
2–1
Breitner, Müller

1978
Group 2
 Poland
0–0

Group 2
 Mexico
6–0
D. Müller, H. Müller, Rummenigge (2), Flohe (2)

Group 2
 Tunisia
0–0

Group A (Round 2)
 Italy
0–0

Group A (Round 2)
 Netherlands
2–2
Abramczik, D. Müller

Group A (Round 2)
 Austria
2–3
Rummenigge, Hölzenbein

1982
Group 2
 Algeria
1–2
Rummenigge

Group 2
 Chile
4–1
Rummenigge (3), Reinders

Group 2
 Austria
1–0
Hrubesch

Group B (Round 2)
 England
0–0

Group B (Round 2)
 Spain
2–1
Littbarski, Fischer

Semi-final
 France
3–3 (AET), 5–4 (p)
Littbarski, Rummenigge, Fischer

Final
 Italy
1–3
Breitner

1986
Group E
 Uruguay
1–1
Allofs

Group E
 Scotland
2–1
Völler, Allofs

Group E
 Denmark
0–2

Round of 16
 Morocco
1–0
Matthäus

Quarter-final
 Mexico
0–0 (AET), 4–1 (p)

Semi-final
 France
2–0
Brehme, Völler

Final
 Argentina
2–3
Rummenigge, Völler

1990
Group D
 Yugoslavia
4–1
Matthäus (2), Klinsmann, Völler

Group D
 United Arab Emirates
5–1
Völler (2), Klinsmann, Matthäus, Bein

Group D
 Colombia
1–1
Littbarski

Round of 16
 Netherlands
2–1
Klinsmann, Brehme

Quarter-final
 Czechoslovakia
1–0
Matthäus

Semi-final
 England
1–1 (AET), 4–3 (p)
Brehme

Final
 Argentina
1–0
Brehme

1994
Group C
 Bolivia
1–0
Klinsmann

Group C
 Spain
1–1
Klinsmann

Group C
 South Korea
3–2
Klinsmann (2), Riedle

Round of 16
 Belgium
3–2
Völler (2), Klinsmann

Quarter-final
 Bulgaria
1–2
Matthäus

1998
Group F
 United States
2–0
Möller, Klinsmann

Group F
 Yugoslavia
2–2
Mihajlović (o.g.), Bierhoff

Group F
 Iran
2–0
Bierhoff, Klinsmann

Round of 16
 Mexico
2–1
Klinsmann, Bierhoff

Quarter-final
 Croatia
0–3

2002
Group E
 Saudi Arabia
8–0
Klose (3), Ballack, Jancker, Linke, Bierhoff, Schneider

Group E
 Republic of Ireland
1–1
Klose

Group E
 Cameroon
2–0
Bode, Klose

Round of 16
 Paraguay
1–0
Neuville

Quarter-final
 United States
1–0
Ballack

Semi-final
 South Korea
1–0
Ballack

Final
 Brazil
0–2

2006
Group A
 Costa Rica
4–2
Lahm, Klose (2), Frings

Group A
 Poland
1–0
Neuville

Group A
 Ecuador
3–0
Klose (2), Podolski

Round of 16
 Sweden
2–0
Podolski (2)

Quarter-final
 Argentina
1–1 (AET), 4–2 (p)
Klose

Semi-final
 Italy
0–2 (AET)

Third place match
 Portugal
3–1
Schweinsteiger (2), Petit (o.g.)

2010
Group D
 Australia
4–0
Podolski, Klose, Müller, Cacau

Group D
 Serbia
0–1

Group D
 Ghana
1–0
Özil

Round of 16
 England
4–1
Klose, Podolski, Müller (2)

Quarter-final
 Argentina
4–0
Müller, Klose (2), Friedrich

Semi-final
 Spain
0–1

Third place match
 Uruguay
3–2
Müller, Jansen, Khedira

2014
Group G
 Portugal
4–0
Müller (3), Hummels

Group G
 Ghana
2–2
Götze, Klose

Group G
 United States
1–0
Müller

Round of 16
 Algeria
2–1 (AET)
Schürrle, Özil

Quarter-final
 France
1–0
Hummels

Semi-final
 Brazil
7–1
Müller, Klose, Kroos (2), Khedira, Schürrle (2)

Final
 Argentina
1–0 (AET)
Götze

2018
Group F
 Mexico
0–1

Group F
 Sweden
2–1
Reus, Kroos

Group F
 South Korea
0–2

text: By opponent[edit]

text:
Legend

Won more than lost

Won equals lost

Lost more than won

text:
Opponent

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Win %

 Argentina
7
4
2
1
12
5
+7
57.14%

 Yugoslavia
6
4
1
1
11
4
+7
66.67%

 Sweden
5
4
0
1
11
7
+4
80.00%

 England
5
2
2
1
10
8
+2
40.00%

 Italy
5
0
2
3
4
9
−5
0.00%

 Uruguay
4
3
1
0
9
3
+6
75.00%

 Austria
4
3
0
1
12
6
+6
75.00%

 Mexico
4
2
1
1
8
2
+6
50.00%

  Switzerland
4
2
1
1
10
6
+4
50.00%

 Spain
4
2
1
1
5
4
+1
50.00%

 France
4
2
1
1
9
9
0
50.00%

 Chile
3
3
0
0
7
1
+6
100.00%

 United States
3
3
0
0
4
0
+4
100.00%

 Netherlands
3
2
1
0
6
4
+2
66.67%

 Poland
3
2
1
0
2
0
+2
66.67%

 South Korea
3
2
0
1
4
4
0
66.67%

 Czechoslovakia
3
1
1
1
4
5
−1
33.33%

 Turkey
2
2
0
0
11
3
+8
100.00%

 Australia
2
2
0
0
7
0
+7
100.00%

 Portugal
2
2
0
0
7
1
+6
100.00%

 Belgium
2
2
0
0
8
4
+4
100.00%

 Morocco
2
2
0
0
3
1
+2
100.00%

 Ghana
2
1
1
0
3
2
+1
50.00%

 Brazil
2
1
0
1
7
3
+4
50.00%

 Bulgaria
2
1
0
1
6
4
+2
50.00%

 Algeria
2
1
0
1
3
3
0
50.00%

 Hungary
2
1
0
1
6
10
−4
50.00%

 Saudi Arabia
1
1
0
0
8
0
+8
100.00%

 United Arab Emirates
1
1
0
0
5
1
+4
100.00%

 Ecuador
1
1
0
0
3
0
+3
100.00%

 Costa Rica
1
1
0
0
4
2
+2
100.00%

 Peru
1
1
0
0
3
1
+2
100.00%

 Cameroon
1
1
0
0
2
0
+2
100.00%

 Iran
1
1
0
0
2
0
+2
100.00%

 Scotland
1
1
0
0
2
1
+1
100.00%

 Soviet Union
1
1
0
0
2
1
+1
100.00%

 Bolivia
1
1
0
0
1
0
+1
100.00%

 Paraguay
1
1
0
0
1
0
+1
100.00%

 Northern Ireland
1
0
1
0
2
2
0
0.00%

 Colombia
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0.00%

 Republic of Ireland
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0.00%

 Tunisia
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0.00%

 East Germany
1
0
0
1
0
1
−1
0.00%

 Serbia
1
0
0
1
0
1
−1
0.00%

 Denmark
1
0
0
1
0
2
−2
0.00%

 Croatia
1
0
0
1
0
3
−3
0.00%

Total (46)
109
67
20
22
226
125
+101
61.47%


document_title: National Cholesterol Education Program

question_text: what is the basic function of national cholesterol education program

text: National Cholesterol Education Program

text: This article relies too much on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. (May 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The National Cholesterol Education Program is a program managed by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, a division of the National Institutes of Health. Its goal is to reduce increased cardiovascular disease rates due to hypercholesterolemia (elevated cholesterol levels) in the United States of America. The program has been running since 1985.

text: The assigned goal of the NCEP committee is to meet on a recurring basis, review ongoing scientific research about atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and make simplified, consensus, committee recommendations to be promoted by the NIH, the American Heart Association and other groups to both physicians and the public about how to reduce the incidence of disability and death resulting from atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.


document_title: Natural gas and petroleum in Bangladesh

question_text: when was the first gas field discovered in bangladesh

text: Natural gas and petroleum in Bangladesh

text: History[edit]

text: The Indo-Burma Petroleum Company drilled the first oil wells in Eastern Bengal between 1908 and 1914 in Chittagong District.[8] The Burmah Oil Company discovered the first gas field in East Bengal in 1955.[8] Industrial use of natural gas began in 1959.[8] The Shell Oil Company and Pakistan Petroleum discovered seven major gas fields in the 1960s.[9]

text: After the Bangladesh Liberation War, the first government of Bangladesh led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, with Dr. Kamal Hossain as Minister of Energy, enacted the Bangladesh Petroleum Act in 1974.[9] The government welcomed many international oil companies to explore the country. It established Petrobangla as the national mineral resources company. Petrobangla accelerated exploration activities in 1980s and discovered nine major gas fields; and also established the first commercial oil facility in Haripur in 1986.[9] The Jalalabad, Maulvi Bazar, Bibiyana and Bangura-Lalmai gas fields were tapped in the 1990s by numerous multinational oil and gas companies, including Shell and Unocal. The energy giant Chevron acquired the assets of Unocal in Bangladesh in 2005.[10]

text: Offshore exploration[edit]

text: In 1974 the government awarded seven shallow water offshore blocks on the continental shelf of Bangladesh to six international oil companies.[11] However, these companies left Bangladesh in 1978 amid technical difficulties and political instability. Oil was their primary target and early exploration indicated that the area possessed gas rather than oil. The world petroleum scenario had since changed and interest in gas exploration increased among IOCs, despite challenges in offshore deep water exploration.[11] In 1998, the Bangladeshi government awarded four shallow water blocks for to a new group of IOCs. Shell, Cairn Energy and Santos operated the offshore Sangu gas platform.

text: Since 2009, the Bangladeshi government launched has bidding rounds for awarding deep water blocks. ConocoPhilips and Tullow Oil won the first round of bids. The victory of Bangladesh over Myanmar in securing maritime territory in the Bay of Bengal has increased the number of exploratory blocks in the EEZ to 27.[6]

text: Geography[edit]

text: The Bengal delta has a hydrocarbon-bearing sediment structure with rich mineral deposits. The northeastern Sylhet Division is the country's largest natural gas and crude oil producer, followed by Chittagong Division, Dhaka Division and Barisal Division; while dozens of offshore blocks lay in the Bay of Bengal. Natural gas from Bangladesh is renowned for being very pure with a composition of 95–99% methane and almost no sulphur.[8]

text: Industry[edit]

text: As of 2015, the natural gas reserves of Bangladesh is 14.16 trillion cubic feet.[12] The country has an average daily natural gas production of around 2,700 millions cubic feet.[13]

text: The Bibiyana gas field in Habiganj District is the country's largest gas field. Oil production in 2013 was 4,500 bbl/d against a demand of 119,000 bbl/d.[1] The downstream sector in Bangladesh remains relatively under-developed.

text: Petrobangla is the principal energy company in Bangladesh. Its subsidiary, the Bangladesh Petroleum Exploration Company (BAPEX), is responsible for exploration activities. International oil companies must sell natural gas to Petrobangla at a government-determined price and are restricted in their ability to sell natural gas to customers directly.[1] The gas distribution network is dominated by the Titas Gas company, as well as regional companies in North Bengal and Sylhet. Due to the energy crisis in recent years, Bangladesh has planned to import gas from Qatar to meet demands in the short-term. The country's first LNG Terminal will be built in Matarbari, Cox's Bazar for imports and will be a floating facility. Bangladesh plans to build a permanent LNG Terminal on Maheshkhali Island in the future.[1]

text: Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is widely used by vehicles in Bangladesh.

text: The Eastern Refinery in Chittagong is the country's largest oil refinery. The Bangladesh Petroleum Corporation is the state-owned holding company which regulates the market for petroleum products through its subsidiaries: the Jamuna Oil Company which is the country's largest distributor and was established in 1964 as Pakistan National Oil Limited; the Padma Oil Company which was formerly known as Burmah Eastern Limited, a subsidiary of Burmah Oil until 1977;[14] and Meghna Petroleum.[15]


document_title: The Postman Always Rings Twice (1946 film)

question_text: who played in the postman always rings twice

text: Plot[edit]

text: Frank Chambers (John Garfield) is a hobo who stops at a rural diner for a meal and ends up working there. The diner is operated by a beautiful young woman, Cora Smith (Lana Turner), and her much older husband, Nick (Cecil Kellaway).

text: Frank and Cora start to have an affair soon after they meet. Cora is tired of her situation, married to a man she does not love and working at a diner that she wishes to own. After first contemplating running away together, they instead decide to murder Nick in order to keep the diner. They plan to bludgeon Nick to death and pretend that he hit his head while taking bath. The plan goes awry when a police officer stops by and a cat causes a power outage. Cora knocks Nick over the head but merely injures him. Nick returns from the hospital and Cora is determined to live out her life with him. However, Nick surprises Cora with the news that he has agreed to sell the diner and that they will be moving in with his infirm sister in Canada. Unwilling to leave her life behind, Cora conspires with Frank to kill her husband, this time by getting him drunk and staging a car accident. They succeed in killing Nick but Frank is seriously injured. Cora is discovered by the District Attoeney, Kyle Sackett (Leon Ames), who had followed them from the diner.

text: As a tactic intended to get Cora and Frank to turn on each other, he files murder charges against only Cora. Although they turn against each other, a clever ploy from Cora's lawyer (Hume Cronyn) prevents Cora's full confession from coming into the hands of the prosecutor. With the tactic having failed to generate any new evidence for the prosecution, Cora benefits from a plea bargain in which she pleads guilty to manslaughter and receives probation.

text: Frank and Cora patch up their relationship and the publicity from the murder makes their diner a raging success. Kennedy, an investigator who used to work for Cora's lawyer, attempts to blackmail them with her confession but she and Frank beat him up and force him to give them the copies. After an argument, Cora reveals to Frank that she is pregnant and speculates that bringing a new life into the world may help make up for the one they took. The two spend the dayat the beach and agree to rededicate themselves to each other. On the drive home, Frank becomes distracted by Cora and crashes the car, killing her.

text: Frank is tried and convicted for Cora's murder, despite protesting his innocence. While on death row, he is visited by Sackett who confronts him with the evidence of his involvement in Nick's murder. Frank accepts that while he is innocent of Cora's murder, his execution will be fitting punishment for his murder of Nick. He muses that just as the postman always rings a second time to make sure people receive their mail, he and Cora have both eventually paid the price for their crimes.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Lana Turner as Cora Smith
John Garfield as Frank Chambers
Cecil Kellaway as Nick Smith
Hume Cronyn as Arthur Keats
Leon Ames as Kyle Sackett
Audrey Totter as Madge Gorland
Alan Reed as Ezra Liam Kennedy
Jeff York as Blair

text: Production[edit]

text: In early February 1934, before Cain's novel was published, a synopsis of his story was submitted to the Production Code Administration (PCA), which reviewed movie scripts against the morals code established for motion picture industry, script by RKO executive Merian C. Cooper. After reviewing the synopsis, the PCA persuaded RKO to abandon its plans to film Cain's story, calling it "definitely unsuitable for motion picture production."

text: After Cain's novel was released, Columbia Pictures and Warner Bros. expressed interest in the property, but Warner Bros. quickly rejected the story, fearful that any attempt to get a screen story out of it would end in disaster. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer purchased the rights to make a movie adaptation a full twelve years prior the film's release. They were dissuaded from moving forward with the project earlier because of fears that its themes of adultery and murder would run afoul of the Motion Picture Production Code that began to be rigorously enforced not long after they had acquired the rights. The studio finally decided to proceed with the film in 1944, upon observing the success of Paramount's film adaptation of Cain's novella Double Indemnity, which included much the same moral taboos.[5]

text: In 1936, Cain adapted his novel as a play, which had 72 performances at the Lyceum Theatre, in New York, from February to April 1936. The cast included Richard Barthelmess as Frank, Mary Philips as Cora, Joseph Greenwald as Nick and Dudley Clements as Sackett, with minor roles played by Joseph Cotten and Charles Halton.

text: Casting[edit]

text: Lana Turner was cast as Cora Smith. Turner said this was a favorite role of hers. Cain felt that she was the perfect choice for Cora and was so impressed with her performance that he presented her with a leather-bound copy of the novel inscribed "For my dear Lana, thank you for giving a performance that was even finer than I expected."[citation needed]

text: Joel McCrea was offered the role of Frank Chambers, but he turned it down. Gregory Peck was also considered for the role. John Garfield was borrowed from Warner Bros., and the veteran character actor Cecil Kellaway was borrowed from Paramount Studios and was cast as Nick, Cora's husband. When Turner found out that Garfield was cast as the male lead, she responded, "Couldn't they at least hire someone attractive?"[citation needed]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Tay Garnett, the director, wanted to film in as many actual locations as possible for the movie, a rarity for MGM at the time. For the seaside love scenes, he took the cast and crew to Laguna Beach, where a fog made shooting impossible for days. After a few days, they moved to San Clemente in search of clearer skies, only to have fog roll in there as well. Then word got to them that the fog had lifted at Laguna Beach. By the time they got back there, however, it had returned. The strain of waiting for the fog to lift caused Garnett, who had suffered from drinking problems in the past, to fall off the wagon. Garnett holed up in his hotel room, where nobody could get him to stop drinking. Concerned about rumours that he was going to be replaced, Garfield and Turner decided to visit him on their own. Garfield could get nowhere with him, but Turner managed to convince him to go back to Los Angeles for treatment. When he returned a week later, the fog lifted, and they all went back to work.

text: The on-set sexual tension between Garfield and Turner was clear to all involved with the film. Their first day together, he called out to her, "Hey, Lana, how's about a little quickie?" to which she replied, "You bastard!" They had a brief affair, according to the actor and director Vincent Sherman, a friend of Garfield's. Sherman said Turner was the only co-star with whom Garfield ever became romantically involved. There had been sparks between the two since the first day of shooting, and the delays had led to a close friendship. Finally, they shared a moonlit tryst on the beach, but it was their only night together. The two realized that whatever was happening on-screen, off-screen they had no sexual chemistry. They remained friends nonetheless.

text: As originally written in the novel, Madge was a lion tamer. Garnett even filmed the scene in which she introduces Frank to her cats. During shooting, a tiger sprayed the two stars, prompting John Garfield to jokingly ask for stunt pay.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film was a big hit, earning $3,741,000 in the US and Canada and $1,345,000 elsewhere, recording a profit of $1,626,000.[1][6] Despite this, Louis B. Mayer of MGM hated it.[2]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Bosley Crowther, film critic of The New York Times, gave the film a positive review and lauded the acting and direction of the film, writing, "Too much cannot be said for the principals. Mr. Garfield reflects to the life the crude and confused young hobo who stumbles aimlessly into a fatal trap. And Miss Turner is remarkably effective as the cheap and uncertain blonde who has a pathetic ambition to 'be somebody' and a pitiful notion that she can realize it through crime. Cecil Kellaway is just a bit too cozy and clean as Miss Turner's middle-aged spouse. He is the only one not a Cain character, and throws a few scenes a shade out of key. But Hume Cronyn is slyly sharp and sleazy as an unscrupulous criminal lawyer, Leon Ames is tough as a district attorney and Alan Reed plays a gum-shoe role well."[7]

text: Variety wrote that the two leads gave "the best of their talents" to their roles, but agreed with Crowther in finding Kellaway's performance "a bit flamboyant at times in interpreting the character."[8] Harrison's Reports wrote that "the story is unconvincing, but it has been produced well and acted capably."[9] John McCarten of The New Yorker wrote: "Since the hero and heroine of the film are never dealt with sympathetically, the mating calls that preface their amour are monotonous. But once they get around to murder, things pick up and I'm confident you'll enjoy the resulting legal byplay that goes on between Hume Cronyn, as Miss Turner's lawyer, and Leon Ames, as the prosecuting attorney. As a matter of fact, Mr. Cronyn and Mr. Ames take most of the acting honors, and there is a decided letdown in the picture after a courtroom clash in which both of them participate with vast enthusiasm."[10]

text: Writing in 2000, critic Stephen MacMillan Moser appreciated Lana Turner's acting and wrote, "It is perhaps her finest work—from a body of work that includes very few truly stellar performances. She was a star, and not necessarily an actress, and because of that, so much of her work does not stand the test of time. She is best remembered for the spate of films like Peyton Place and Madame X that traded on her personal tragedies, but Postman, which predates all that, is a stunner—a cruel and desperate and gritty James Cain vehicle that sorely tests Lana's skills. But she succeeds marvelously, and from the first glimpse of her standing in the doorway in her white pumps, as the camera travels up her tanned legs, she becomes a character so enticingly beautiful and insidiously evil that the audience is riveted."[11]

text: The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 95% of critics gave the film a positive review, based on eighteen reviews.[12]

text: Adaptations[edit]

text:
Le Dernier Tournant (1939 French film) directed by Pierre Chenal
Ossessione (1943 Italian film) directed by Luchino Visconti
The Postman Always Rings Twice (1981 film) directed by Bob Rafelson
The Postman Always Rings Twice (1982 opera)
Szenvedély (1997 Hungarian film) directed by Fehér György
Jerichow (2008 German film) directed by Christian Petzold (in German)