document_title: List of Game of Thrones episodes

question_text: when does episode 4 come out for game of thrones

text: List of Game of Thrones episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Avg. viewers
(millions)

First aired
Last aired

1
10
April 17, 2011 (2011-04-17)
June 19, 2011 (2011-06-19)
2.52[14]

2
10
April 1, 2012 (2012-04-01)
June 3, 2012 (2012-06-03)
3.80[14]

3
10
March 31, 2013 (2013-03-31)
June 9, 2013 (2013-06-09)
4.97[15]

4
10
April 6, 2014 (2014-04-06)
June 15, 2014 (2014-06-15)
6.84[16]

5
10
April 12, 2015 (2015-04-12)
June 14, 2015 (2015-06-14)
6.88[17]

6
10
April 24, 2016 (2016-04-24)
June 26, 2016 (2016-06-26)
7.69[18]

7
7
July 16, 2017 (2017-07-16)
August 27, 2017 (2017-08-27)
10.26[19]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2011)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Winter Is Coming"
Tim Van Patten
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 17, 2011 (2011-04-17)
2.22[20]

2
2
"The Kingsroad"
Tim Van Patten
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 24, 2011 (2011-04-24)
2.20[21]

3
3
"Lord Snow"
Brian Kirk
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 1, 2011 (2011-05-01)
2.44[22]

4
4
"Cripples, Bastards, and Broken Things"
Brian Kirk
Bryan Cogman
May 8, 2011 (2011-05-08)
2.45[23]

5
5
"The Wolf and the Lion"
Brian Kirk
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 15, 2011 (2011-05-15)
2.58[24]

6
6
"A Golden Crown"
Daniel Minahan
Story by : David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
Teleplay by : Jane Espenson and David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 22, 2011 (2011-05-22)
2.44[25]

7
7
"You Win or You Die"
Daniel Minahan
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 29, 2011 (2011-05-29)
2.40[26]

8
8
"The Pointy End"
Daniel Minahan
George R. R. Martin
June 5, 2011 (2011-06-05)
2.72[27]

9
9
"Baelor"
Alan Taylor
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 12, 2011 (2011-06-12)
2.66[28]

10
10
"Fire and Blood"
Alan Taylor
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 19, 2011 (2011-06-19)
3.04[29]

text: Season 2 (2012)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

11
1
"The North Remembers"
Alan Taylor
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 1, 2012 (2012-04-01)
3.86[30]

12
2
"The Night Lands"
Alan Taylor
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 8, 2012 (2012-04-08)
3.76[31]

13
3
"What Is Dead May Never Die"
Alik Sakharov
Bryan Cogman
April 15, 2012 (2012-04-15)
3.77[32]

14
4
"Garden of Bones"
David Petrarca
Vanessa Taylor
April 22, 2012 (2012-04-22)
3.65[33]

15
5
"The Ghost of Harrenhal"
David Petrarca
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 29, 2012 (2012-04-29)
3.90[34]

16
6
"The Old Gods and the New"
David Nutter
Vanessa Taylor
May 6, 2012 (2012-05-06)
3.88[35]

17
7
"A Man Without Honor"
David Nutter
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 13, 2012 (2012-05-13)
3.69[36]

18
8
"The Prince of Winterfell"
Alan Taylor
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 20, 2012 (2012-05-20)
3.86[37]

19
9
"Blackwater"
Neil Marshall
George R. R. Martin
May 27, 2012 (2012-05-27)
3.38[38]

20
10
"Valar Morghulis"
Alan Taylor
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 3, 2012 (2012-06-03)
4.20[39]

text: Season 3 (2013)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

21
1
"Valar Dohaeris"
Daniel Minahan
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
March 31, 2013 (2013-03-31)
4.37[40]

22
2
"Dark Wings, Dark Words"
Daniel Minahan
Vanessa Taylor
April 7, 2013 (2013-04-07)
4.27[41]

23
3
"Walk of Punishment"
David Benioff
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 14, 2013 (2013-04-14)
4.72[42]

24
4
"And Now His Watch Is Ended"
Alex Graves
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 21, 2013 (2013-04-21)
4.87[43]

25
5
"Kissed by Fire"
Alex Graves
Bryan Cogman
April 28, 2013 (2013-04-28)
5.35[44]

26
6
"The Climb"
Alik Sakharov
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 5, 2013 (2013-05-05)
5.50[45]

27
7
"The Bear and the Maiden Fair"
Michelle MacLaren
George R. R. Martin
May 12, 2013 (2013-05-12)
4.84[46]

28
8
"Second Sons"
Michelle MacLaren
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 19, 2013 (2013-05-19)
5.13[47]

29
9
"The Rains of Castamere"
David Nutter
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 2, 2013 (2013-06-02)
5.22[48]

30
10
"Mhysa"
David Nutter
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 9, 2013 (2013-06-09)
5.39[49]

text: Season 4 (2014)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

31
1
"Two Swords"
D. B. Weiss
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 6, 2014 (2014-04-06)
6.64[50]

32
2
"The Lion and the Rose"
Alex Graves
George R. R. Martin
April 13, 2014 (2014-04-13)
6.31[51]

33
3
"Breaker of Chains"
Alex Graves
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 20, 2014 (2014-04-20)
6.59[52]

34
4
"Oathkeeper"
Michelle MacLaren
Bryan Cogman
April 27, 2014 (2014-04-27)
6.95[53]

35
5
"First of His Name"
Michelle MacLaren
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 4, 2014 (2014-05-04)
7.16[54]

36
6
"The Laws of Gods and Men"
Alik Sakharov
Bryan Cogman
May 11, 2014 (2014-05-11)
6.40[55]

37
7
"Mockingbird"
Alik Sakharov
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 18, 2014 (2014-05-18)
7.20[56]

38
8
"The Mountain and the Viper"
Alex Graves
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 1, 2014 (2014-06-01)
7.17[57]

39
9
"The Watchers on the Wall"
Neil Marshall
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 8, 2014 (2014-06-08)
6.95[58]

40
10
"The Children"
Alex Graves
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 15, 2014 (2014-06-15)
7.09[59]

text: Season 5 (2015)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

41
1
"The Wars to Come"
Michael Slovis
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 12, 2015 (2015-04-12)
8.00[60]

42
2
"The House of Black and White"
Michael Slovis
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 19, 2015 (2015-04-19)
6.81[61]

43
3
"High Sparrow"
Mark Mylod
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 26, 2015 (2015-04-26)
6.71[62]

44
4
"Sons of the Harpy"
Mark Mylod
Dave Hill
May 3, 2015 (2015-05-03)
6.82[63]

45
5
"Kill the Boy"
Jeremy Podeswa
Bryan Cogman
May 10, 2015 (2015-05-10)
6.56[64]

46
6
"Unbowed, Unbent, Unbroken"
Jeremy Podeswa
Bryan Cogman
May 17, 2015 (2015-05-17)
6.24[65]

47
7
"The Gift"
Miguel Sapochnik
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 24, 2015 (2015-05-24)
5.40[66]

48
8
"Hardhome"
Miguel Sapochnik
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 31, 2015 (2015-05-31)
7.01[67]

49
9
"The Dance of Dragons"
David Nutter
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 7, 2015 (2015-06-07)
7.14[68]

50
10
"Mother's Mercy"
David Nutter
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 14, 2015 (2015-06-14)
8.11[69]

text: Season 6 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

51
1
"The Red Woman"
Jeremy Podeswa
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 24, 2016 (2016-04-24)
7.94[70]

52
2
"Home"
Jeremy Podeswa
Dave Hill
May 1, 2016 (2016-05-01)
7.29[71]

53
3
"Oathbreaker"
Daniel Sackheim
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 8, 2016 (2016-05-08)
7.28[72]

54
4
"Book of the Stranger"
Daniel Sackheim
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 15, 2016 (2016-05-15)
7.82[73]

55
5
"The Door"
Jack Bender
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 22, 2016 (2016-05-22)
7.89[74]

56
6
"Blood of My Blood"
Jack Bender
Bryan Cogman
May 29, 2016 (2016-05-29)
6.71[75]

57
7
"The Broken Man"
Mark Mylod
Bryan Cogman
June 5, 2016 (2016-06-05)
7.80[76]

58
8
"No One"
Mark Mylod
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 12, 2016 (2016-06-12)
7.60[77]

59
9
"Battle of the Bastards"
Miguel Sapochnik
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 19, 2016 (2016-06-19)
7.66[78]

60
10
"The Winds of Winter"
Miguel Sapochnik
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 26, 2016 (2016-06-26)
8.89[79]

text: Season 7 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

61
1
"Dragonstone"
Jeremy Podeswa
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
July 16, 2017 (2017-07-16)
10.11[80]

62
2
"Stormborn"
Mark Mylod
Bryan Cogman
July 23, 2017 (2017-07-23)
9.27[81]

63
3
"The Queen's Justice"
Mark Mylod
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
July 30, 2017 (2017-07-30)
9.25[82]

64
4
"The Spoils of War"
Matt Shakman
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
August 6, 2017 (2017-08-06)
10.17[83]

65
5
"Eastwatch"
Matt Shakman
Dave Hill
August 13, 2017 (2017-08-13)
10.72[84]

66
6
"Beyond the Wall"
Alan Taylor
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
August 20, 2017 (2017-08-20)
10.24[85]

67
7
"The Dragon and the Wolf"
Jeremy Podeswa
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
August 27, 2017 (2017-08-27)
12.07[86]

text: Home media releases[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
DVD and Blu-ray release date

Region 1
Region 2
Region 4

1
10
March 6, 2012[87]
March 5, 2012[88]
August 10, 2012[89]

2
10
February 19, 2013[90]
March 4, 2013[91]
March 6, 2013[92]

3
10
February 18, 2014[93]
February 17, 2014[94]
February 19, 2014[95]

4
10
February 17, 2015[96]
February 16, 2015[97]
February 18, 2015[98]

5
10
March 15, 2016[99]
March 14, 2016[100]
March 16, 2016[101]

6
10
November 15, 2016[102]
November 14, 2016[103]
November 16, 2016[104]

7
7
December 12, 2017[105]
December 11, 2017[106]
December 11, 2017[107]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Ep. 1
Ep. 2
Ep. 3
Ep. 4
Ep. 5
Ep. 6
Ep. 7
Ep. 8
Ep. 9
Ep. 10
Average

1
2.22
2.20
2.44
2.45
2.58
2.44
2.40
2.72
2.66
3.04
2.52[108]

2
3.86
3.76
3.77
3.65
3.90
3.88
3.69
3.86
3.38
4.20
3.80[108]

3
4.37
4.27
4.72
4.87
5.35
5.50
4.84
5.13
5.22
5.39
4.97[109]

4
6.64
6.31
6.59
6.95
7.16
6.40
7.20
7.17
6.95
7.09
6.84[110]

5
8.00
6.81
6.71
6.82
6.56
6.24
5.40
7.01
7.14
8.11
6.88[111]

6
7.94
7.29
7.28
7.82
7.89
6.71
7.80
7.60
7.66
8.89
7.69[112]

7
10.11
9.27
9.25
10.17
10.72
10.24
12.07
N/A
10.26[113]


document_title: The Great British Bake Off

question_text: who won the 2012 great british baking show

root

text: The Great British Bake Off

text: Background[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: The idea of the baking competition was conceived by producer Anna Beattie after she spoke to a friend who had seen 'bake-offs' in America.[6] Beattie was also inspired by the classic English village fête baking competitions; she said: "I loved that idea of village fetes and an old-fashioned baking competition with people who only wanted to bake a good cake."[5] However, Beattie failed to interest any channel in the idea for four years. In early 2009, they pitched the idea to Janice Hadlow, the then controller of BBC Two.[7] The pitch was successful, and Hadlow and the Commissioning Editor Charlotte Moore commissioned the programme,[8][9] which was then developed over the next six months. The development team first selected Mary Berry as a judge, and following an audition Paul Hollywood was also appointed. Sue Perkins and Mel Giedroyc were approached to be presenters of the show.[7] Reproducing the surroundings of the English village fête, the series is filmed in bunting-draped marquees in scenic gardens.[10]

tag: p

text: Broadcast and personnel changes[edit]

text: On 17 August 2010, the first episode of The Great British Bake Off was shown on BBC Two.[11] It stayed on BBC Two for four years, grew in popularity and became the most popular programme on that channel. In its fifth series it was moved to BBC One where it stayed for three years. It was the most-watched programme on British television in 2015 and 2016.[12][13] Following extended negotiations, Love Productions announced that the seventh series of the show would be the last broadcast by the BBC. On 12 September 2016, Love agreed to a three-year deal to broadcast the show on Channel 4.[14][2] Giedroyc and Perkins subsequently announced that they would not be returning when the show moves to its new network.[15] On 22 September, Berry announced that she would also be leaving the show when it moved to Channel 4,[16] while Hollywood later announced he would stay.[17] In March 2017, it was announced that Prue Leith would join Hollywood as a judge, while Noel Fielding and Sandi Toksvig would take over as presenters.[18]

text: Format[edit]

text: The programme operates on a weekly elimination process to find the best all-around baker from the contestants, who are all amateurs.  The applicants to the show are assessed by a researcher, followed by an audition in London with two of their bakes. They then undergo a screen test and an interview with a producer. A second audition involves the applicants baking two recipes for the judges in front of the cameras.[6] Ten contestants were chosen for the first series, twelve for the following two series, thirteen for the fourth, and back to twelve from series five onwards.

text: In each episode, the amateur bakers are given three challenges: a signature bake, a technical challenge, and a show-stopper.[6] The three challenges take place over two days, and the filming takes up to 16 hours a day. The contestants are assessed by the judges who then choose a "Star Baker" for the week (introduced in series 2), and a contestant is also eliminated. In the final round, three bakers are left and a winner is chosen from the three.

text: In the first series, the location of the cast and crew moves from town to town each week, but starting from the second series, the competition is held in one location in a specially constructed marquee. Interspersed in the programme are the background of the contestants as well as video vignettes on the history of baking. What each baker intends to bake during a particular challenge is illustrated using animated graphics. These graphics have been created by illustrator Tom Hovey since the show's inception in 2010.[19][20]

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Series

Episodes

Premiere

Finale

Winner

Runners-up

Average UK viewers(millions)[21][22]

Timeslot

Channel

1

6

17 August 2010

21 September 2010

Edd Kimber

Miranda Gore Browne

2.77

Tuesday8:00 pm

BBC Two

Ruth Clemens

2

8

14 August 2011

4 October 2011

Joanne Wheatley

Holly Bell

4.00

Mary-Anne Boermans

3

10

14 August 2012

16 October 2012

John Whaite

Brendan Lynch

5.00

James Morton

4

10

20 August 2013

22 October 2013

Frances Quinn

Kimberley Wilson

7.35

Ruby Tandoh

5

10

6 August 2014

8 October 2014

Nancy Birtwhistle

Luis Troyano

10.04

Wednesday8:00 pm

BBC One

Richard Burr

6

10

5 August 2015

7 October 2015

Nadiya Hussain

Ian Cumming

12.50

Tamal Ray

7

10

24 August 2016

26 October 2016

Candice Brown

Andrew Smyth

13.85

Jane Beedle

8

10

29 August 2017

31 October 2017

Sophie Faldo

Kate Lyon

9.29

Tuesday8:00 pm

Channel 4

Steven Carter-Bailey

tag: table

text: Series 1 (2010)[edit]

text: Series 1 of The Great British Bake Off saw ten home bakers take part in a bake-off to test their baking skills as they battled to be crowned the Great British Bake Off's best amateur baker. Each week the nationwide tour saw the bakers put through three challenges in a particular discipline. The rounds took place in various locations across the UK, with the final round being held at Fulham Palace, London.

text: The three finalists were Ruth Clemens, Miranda Gore Browne, and Edd Kimber. On 21 September 2010, Edd Kimber was crowned the best amateur baker.[23]

text: Series 2 (2011)[edit]

text: The number of amateur baker contestants increased to twelve for the second series. Unlike Series 1, this year The Great British Bake Off stayed in one location – Valentines Mansion, a 17th-century mansion house in Redbridge, London.

text: All the Series 2 finalists were female: Holly Bell, Mary-Anne Boermans, and the winning contestant Joanne Wheatley.[24]

text: Series 3 (2012)[edit]

text: A third series of The Great British Bake Off began on 14 August 2012.[25] The series was filmed at Harptree Court in East Harptree, Somerset.

text: In contrast to Season 2, there was an all-male final. The finalists were Brendan Lynch, James Morton and John Whaite,[26] who won the final in a surprise result.[27]

text: In the U.S., this series will broadcast as season 5 on PBS.

text: Series 4 (2013)[edit]

text: The fourth series of The Great British Bake Off started on 20 August 2013 on BBC Two. The series was again filmed at Harptree Court in East Harptree, Somerset.[28] The all-female final was won by Frances Quinn, with Ruby Tandoh and Kimberley Wilson as runners up.[29]

text: In the U.S., the fourth series was broadcast as season 2 on PBS.

text: Series 5 (2014)[edit]

text: The fifth series of The Great British Bake Off began airing on 6 August 2014 on BBC One. This series was filmed at Welford Park in Berkshire.[30] There were twelve bakers taking part. Mary Berry and Paul Hollywood returned as judges, whilst Sue Perkins and Mel Giedroyc continued to present the series. Richard Burr was awarded the largest number of star baker designations of any series so far, but was beaten by Nancy Birtwhistle in the final.

text: A spin-off show The Great British Bake Off: An Extra Slice, hosted by comedian Jo Brand on BBC Two, was also launched as a companion series this year. Each episode was broadcast two days after the main show but later moved to the same night.  The show includes interviews with eliminated contestants.[31]

text: In the U.S., the fifth series was broadcast as season 1 on PBS.

text: Series 6 (2015)[edit]

text: The sixth series began on 5 August 2015[32] on BBC One, again from Welford Park in Berkshire. Spin-off show The Great British Bake Off: An Extra Slice returned for a second series, with Jo Brand as host. This series was won by Nadiya Hussain, with Ian Cumming and Tamal Ray as runners up.[33]

text: In the U.S., the sixth series was broadcast as season 3 on PBS.

text: Series 7 (2016)[edit]

text: The seventh series began on 24 August 2016 on BBC One, once again from Welford Park in Berkshire, a later than usual start following the BBC's coverage of the Olympic Games.[34] This series was won by Candice Brown, with Jane Beedle and Andrew Smyth as runners up.

text: In the U.S., the seventh series was broadcast as season 4 on PBS.

text: Series 8 (2017)[edit]

text: The eighth series of The Great British Bake Off began airing on 29 August 2017.[35] This is the first series of The Great British Bake Off to be broadcast on Channel 4 following its move from the BBC.[36] The series features new hosts Noel Fielding and Sandi Toksvig, and new judge Prue Leith along with returning judge Paul Hollywood. This series was won by Sophie Faldo, with Kate Lyon and Steven Carter-Bailey finishing as runners-up.

text: Incomplete bakes and other incidents[edit]

text: As of the sixth series, there have been a number of incomplete bakes.

text:
Presenters Mel Giedroyc and Sue Perkins have accidentally interfered with several bakes. In Series 4, Sue leaned on Howard Middleton's English Muffins in the Technical Challenge and in Series 6, she broke Nadiya Hussain's biscuit lid in the Showstopper Challenge. Similarly, Frances Quinn's biscuit tower collapsed as Mel was measuring it with seconds to spare in Series 4.
On several occasions (mostly in technical challenges), contestants haven't met the required quantity of the bake that the judges specified. Several instances of this include Cathryn Dresser presenting forty-six crackers instead of the required forty-eight in Series 3, two of the bakers being unable to present the required twelve custard tarts in Series 4 and Marie Campbell only presenting four of the required eight arlettes in Series 6 after having not set her oven.
In Series 2, Robert Billington accidentally dropped his tiered showstopper while applying finishing touches to the cake. Both judges and presenters came to his aid to salvage the bottom tier of his cake. He was able to present the incomplete showstopper as a single-tiered cake.
In Series 3, John Whaite was unable to complete his bake after he suffered a severe cut to his finger on the food processor. He tried to continue working on his strudel wearing a rubber glove, but the bleeding required medical attention and he therefore had to abandon the last bake. As a result, no one was eliminated that week.[37]
In Series 4, contestant Deborah Manger accidentally used Howard Middleton's custard instead of her own. As a result, Howard was forced to use Deborah's custard, and this was taken into account by the judges, who judged the trifles and custards individually.[38]
In Series 5, during the Baked Alaska challenge, Iain Watters's ice cream melted for reasons that were not entirely clear, although the editing of the show suggested that it had been caused by Diana Beard's actions. He threw his ice cream into the bin in frustration and left the tent. He returned shortly after, and as he had no cake for judging (he produced his bin instead, and the incident was labelled "bingate"), he was eliminated from the competition. The event that led to his departure provoked extreme anger from the viewers.[39]

tag: ul

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The early reviews for the first series were mixed. Lucy Mangan of The Guardian wondered if "competitive baking [is] a contradiction in terms" and found the proceedings humourless.[40] Iain Hollingshead of The Daily Telegraph was scathing, describing the presenters as "annoying", the judge Paul Hollywood as looking "sinister without being interesting", and that the audience would be so bored that they "could certainly forgive the cameraman if he were to commit  hara-kiri in a giant pool of egg and flour."[41]

text: However, reviews from the later series were more positive. Andrew Collins of The Guardian called it "the nicest show on television" and judged it the best TV programme of 2012.[42][43] Rachel Ward of The Daily Telegraph thought the programme "had just the right consistency of mouth-watering morsels, good humour, and fascinating history",[44] while Tom Sutcliffe of The Independent considered the contest "perfectly baked".[45]

text: Bake Off was moved to Channel 4 in 2017, and reviews of the programme on the channel were largely positive, although a few felt that it did not compare well to the BBC version.[46][47][48] Mark Lawson of The Guardian described the programme on Channel 4 as "both exactly the same but also just subtly different enough", and that "only someone desperate to dislike the re-plated show could argued that [it] has soured, spoiled or binned its recipe".[49] Michael Hogan of The Telegraph thought that "Mary, Mel and Sue might be gone but the show's recipe remains as winning as ever. The four Cs – chemistry, camaraderie, comedy, cakes – were all present and correct."[50] Anna Leszkiewicz of the New Statesman however considered that while the format had been left largely unchanged and the contestants "irresistibly likeable", "every single change to the show has been for the worse".[47]

text: Cultural impact[edit]

text: The show has become a significant part of British culture and is credited with spurring an interest in home baking, with supermarkets and department stores in the UK reporting sharp rises in sales of baking ingredients and accessories.[51][52] It was also credited with reviving the Women's Institute, whose membership reached its highest level since the 1970s.[53] The show also boosted the sales of bakery books and the number of baking clubs, and independent bakeries also showed an increase. According to one analyst, more than three-fifths of adults have baked at home at least once in 2013 compared with only a third in 2011.[54]

text: TV ratings[edit]

text: The first series of The Great British Bake Off premiered in August 2010 with moderate ratings of just over 2 million viewers for its first episode.[55] This was enough to place it in BBC Two's top ten for that week, and over the series the audience grew to over three million, with the semi-final and final both achieving first place in BBC Two's weekly ratings. During the second series, the ratings gradually increased, and it became a surprise hit with nearly 4 million watching each episode.[56] Week two was the last time that the show was out-rated by another BBC Two programme in the same week (it came second to the drama Page Eight); from then until the show's move to BBC One, every competition episode would be the channel's number one rated programme of the week. By its final episode it had averaged 4.56 million viewers, peaking at 5.1 million in its last 15 minutes.[57]

text: The ratings continued to strengthen in the third series, and the show began to beat its competition in its timeslot.[58] The final of the series where John Whaite was crowned the winner saw its highest rating yet, with an average of 6.5 million viewers that peaked at 7.2 million, which made it the second highest-rated BBC Two-originated show after Top Gear since at least 2006.[59][60] The fourth series achieved some of the highest ratings seen on BBC Two. The viewer count for its premiere episode was more than two million higher than that of the previous series,[61] while the final episode was seen by 9.1 million viewers at its peak, more than twice the number of viewers on BBC One and ITV.[62] The final episode is the most-watched show on BBC Two since the present ratings system was introduced in 2002, beating the previous record set by Top Gear.[63] As a result of its high ratings, the show was moved to BBC One.[64]

text: After its move to BBC One, the opening episode was watched by over 7 million viewers according to overnight figures, beating the figure of 5.6 million for the opening episode of the previous year.[65] the Bingate controversy surrounding episode four helped the show gain its biggest ever audience of 10.3 million viewers, with 2 million people who watched it on BBC iPlayer.[66] The final of the show gained an overnight viewing figure of 12.29 million, then the highest viewing figure of the year for a non-sporting event on UK TV.[67] In the following year, the top ten ratings for 2015 was also dominated by The Great British Bake Off, with seven of the year's ten most-watched television programmes being episodes of the show, topped by the final episode with 15.05 million viewers.[68] In the last series on the BBC in 2016, nine of the top ten most-watched programmes of the year were episodes of the show, with 16.03 million viewers watching the finale.[69]

text: The first series broadcast by Channel 4 opened with average viewing figures of 5.8 million, rising to 6.5 million to include those watching on Channel 4+1, and 9.46 million for the 7-day rating.[70]  Although the overnight figure was the lowest for an opening episode since 2013, it was Channel 4's biggest audience since the Opening Ceremony of the 2012 Paralympics.[71]  This series attracted an average audience of 9 million viewers on Channel 4.[72]

text: Controversies[edit]

text: Product placement sanction[edit]

text: In September 2012, production company Love Productions was sanctioned by the BBC for product placement of Smeg fridges. The issue came to light after a viewer wrote to the Radio Times complaining of "blatant product promotion". After an investigation, the BBC said Love Production's loan agreement with Smeg did not meet editorial guidelines and was being revised for the third series, and that appropriate retrospective hire payments would be made.[73] The BBC asked Smeg to remove a notice from its website promoting its association with the show, which it has since done.[74]

text: Favouritism[edit]

text: During the fourth series, there were accusations of favouritism towards female contestants after the last man Glenn Cosby was eliminated from the show;[75] however, similar claims were not made the previous year over the all-male final, or even the year before, when there was also an all-female quarter-final. The fourth series also suffered allegations of Paul Hollywood's favouritism towards Ruby Tandoh,[76][77] and personal attacks on Tandoh by various people including the chef Raymond Blanc.[78][79][80] Both Paul Hollywood and Ruby Tandoh denied the accusation.[81][82]

text: Baked Alaska controversy ("Bingate")[edit]

text: In the fourth episode of the fifth series, there was controversy around the elimination of contestant Iain Watters. During the final showstopper round contestants were tasked with producing a Baked Alaska. Iain's ice cream was shown as having not set and in a show of frustration he threw his bake in the bin. The editing of the show suggested that another contestant, Diana Beard, had caused the failure by removing the ice cream from a freezer, and the perceived "sabotage" resulted in an uproar on social media networks.[83] However, unseen footage broadcast in the accompanying programme An Extra Slice shows Luis holding the large floor freezer that contained Iain's ice cream open as he piped the sides of his own baked Alaska, while Mel warns him to pipe quickly and close the freezer.  Later in the episode, when Iain removes his ice cream to begin the next step of his dish, it is still quite soft, indicating it went into the freezer he shared with Diana without being completely frozen.  Various members of the cast posted comments in support of Diana[84] and a BBC spokesman later issued a statement that "Diana removing Iain's ice cream from the freezer for less than a minute was in no way responsible for Iain's departure."[85]

text: More than 800 complaints were lodged with the BBC over the incident and some also complained to the communication watchdog Ofcom.[86]

text: Use of innuendo[edit]

text: A number of viewers complained to the BBC feedback show Points of View in the fifth series about the "constant smutty remarks" from the presenters Mel and Sue.[87][88] This series was seen as having more innuendos than previous ones; some reviewers noted the "extra pinch of saucy spice" and "the increasingly filthy-minded hosts Mel Giedroyc and Sue Perkins",[89][90][91] while the Daily Mail argued that the "smutty" innuendos made the show no longer fit for family entertainment.[92] The series 3 winner John Whaite however argued that innuendo is part of what made the show a success,[93] whilst judge Paul Hollywood described the innuendos as banter in the spirit of the Carry On films and is a part of British culture,[94] a view shared by others.[95][96]

text: Clones, legal challenges and move to Channel 4[edit]

text: The success of The Great British Bake Off led to the BBC commissioning many other series closely following the format from Love Productions for example The Great British Sewing Bee and The Great Pottery Throw Down. However the 2014 series Hair using the same format was produced in house by the BBC, Love Productions responded by making preparations to sue the BBC for infringing their copyright.[97][98] Although the matter was kept quiet, with the BBC settling out of court and compensating Love Productions,[97][98] the matter soured relations between the BBC and Love Productions.[98] In September 2016, it was announced that the BBC had lost the broadcast rights of the show to Channel 4.[99] Channel 4 offered £25 million for the show outbidding the £15 million offered by the BBC.[99] In January 2017 the BBC waived its rights to keep the program off the air until 2018, and wished the programme "well for the future".[100]

text: Accidental revealing of Series 8 winner[edit]

text: On 31 October 2017, judge Prue Leith accidentally revealed the winner of Series 8 on Twitter twelve hours before the finale was due to air. This caused uproar among many fans of the show. She quickly deleted the tweet and apologised to the fans who saw it.[101]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: The Great British Bake Off was nominated for a Rose d'Or in the Lifestyle section of the 2012 competition and won.[102][103] The programme has been nominated a number of times in various categories for the BAFTA awards and won in 2012, 2013, and 2016.[104][105] It also won two 2015 National Television Award for Skills Challenge Show.[106]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipient
Results
Ref.

2012

Rose d'Or

Lifestyle

The Great British Bake Off

Won

[107]

BAFTA TV Awards

Features

Anna Beattie, Andy Devonshire, Simon Evans, Richard McKerrow

Won

[108]

YouTube Audience Award

The Great British Bake Off

Nominated

[104]

2013

Features

Anna Beattie, Kieran Smith, Amanda Westwood, Scott Tankard

Won

[109]

Radio Times Audience Award

The Great British Bake Off

Nominated

[109]

National Television Award

Factual Entertainment

Nominated

[110]

2014

BAFTA TV Awards

Features

Anna Beattie, Amanda Westwood, Samantha Beddoes, Simon Evans

Nominated

[111]

National Television Award

Factual Entertainment

The Great British Bake Off

Nominated

[112]

2015

BAFTA TV Awards

Features

Anna Beattie, Samantha Beddoes, Andy Devonshire, Simon Evans

Nominated

[113]

Radio Times Audience Award

The Great British Bake Off

Nominated

[114]

National Television Award

Skills Challenge Show

Won

[115]

2016

National Television Award

Challenge Show

Won

[115]

BAFTA

Features

The Great British Bake Off production team

Won

[116]

Radio Times audience award

The Great British Bake Off

Nominated

[116]

2017

National Television Award

Challenge Show

The Great British Bake Off

Nominated

[117]

TV judge

Mary Berry

Won

[118]

BAFTA

Features

The Great British Bake Off production team

Nominated

[119]

text: International broadcast and versions[edit]

text: The UK version of The Great British Bake Off is broadcast in many countries and it has been sold to 196 territories as of 2015.[120] The format has also been sold to 20 territories by 2015, making it the third most successful BBC format after Dancing with the Stars (Strictly Come Dancing) and The Weakest Link.[121] Many of these shows have been successful.[122][123] The Junior Bake Off format has also been sold to Thailand.[124]

text: Beginning in 2014, the US broadcaster PBS has aired several series of the show under the name The Great British Baking Show.[125] The change of name was necessary due to the fact that "Bake-Off" is a registered trademark of Pillsbury in the United States.  The fifth series was broadcast as Season 1 in Winter 2014–2015;[126] the fourth series was then broadcast as Season 2 in Fall 2015,[127] the sixth series was broadcast as Season 3 in Summer 2016, and the seventh series was broadcast as Season 4 in Summer 2017.

text: The CBC began broadcasting The Great British Bake Off in Canada in August 2016, starting with the sixth series and also with the Great British Baking Show title. The seventh series aired the year after.[128]

text: International versions[edit]

text: Current and upcoming versions include:[129]

text:
Legend:
     Airing or in production
     No longer airing

text:
Country
Local title
Host(s)
Judges
Channel
Premiere

 Argentina
Bake Off Argentina, El Gran Pastelero(Bake Off Argentina, The Great Baker)
Paula Chaves[130]
Christophe KrywonisDamián PetularPamela Villar
Telefe[131]
8 April 2018

 Australia
The Great Australian Bake Off
Shane JacobsonAnna Gare[132]
Dan LepardKerry Vincent
Nine Network[133]
9 July 2013

Claire HooperMel Buttle
Maggie BeerMatt Moran[134]
LifeStyle Food
13 October 2015

 Belgium
De MeesterBakker(The Master Baker)
Rani De Coninck
Sofie DumontBernard Proot
vtm
4 April 2012

 Brazil
Bake Off Brasil
Carolina Fiorentino (2017–)Ticiana Villas Boas (2015–16)
Fabrizio Fasano Jr. Beca Milano (2017–)Carolina Fiorentino (2015–16)
SBTDiscovery Home & Health
26 July 2015

Bake Off SBT

Carolina FlorentinoDanilo GentiliRatinho

Fabrizio Fasano Jr.Beca Milano

23 December 2017

Júnior Bake Off Brasil

Carolina Florentino

6 January 2018

 Bulgaria
Bake Off: Най-сладкото състезание(Bake Off: The Sweetest Competition)
Aleksandra RaevaRaffi Bohosyan
Julia PandzherovaYuri Baltaliyski
Nova TV
15 November 2016

 Canada
The Great Canadian Baking Show
Dan LevyJulia Chan
Bruno FeldeisenRochelle Adonis
CBC
1 November 2017

 Denmark
Den store bagedyst(The Great Baking Contest)
Timm Vladimir
Mette BlomsterbergJan Friis-Mikkelsen
DR1
28 August 2012[135]

 Estonia
Eesti parim pagar[136]
Kristjan Rabi (2015) Indrek Vaheoja (2015) Alari Kivisaar
Angeelika KangAnts Uustalu
TV3
31 August 2015

 Finland
Koko Suomi leipoo[137](The whole of Finland bakes)
Anne Kukkohovi
Mika Parviainen  Sami Granroth
MTV3[138]
24 September 2013

 France
Le Meilleur Pâtissier[139][140](The Best Baker)
Faustine Bollaert (2012–17) Julia Vignali (2017–)
Cyril LignacJacqueline Mercorelli
M6[141]RTL-TVI (Belgium)
26 November 2012

 Germany
Das große Backen(The great Bake)
Britt Hagedorn (2013)Meltem Kaptan (2013)Enie van de Meiklokjes (2014–16)Annika Lau (2017)
Christian HümbsEnie van de Meiklokjes (2013)Andrea Schirmaier-Huber (2013–14)Betty Schliephake-Burchardt (2015–17)
Sat.1
1 December 2013

 Greece
Bake Off Greece
Ioanna Triantafillou
Nikolas StraggasAkis PetretzikisDimitris Xronopoulos
Alpha TV
October 2018

 Hungary
Ide süss! (Az ország nagy cukrászversenye)
Hajós AndrásSass Dániel
Baracskay AngélaSzabadfi Szabolcs
Viasat 3
26 March 2018

 Ireland
The Great Irish Bake Off
Anna Nolan[142]
Biddy White LennonPaul Kelly[143]
TV3
19 September 2013

 Italy
Bake Off Italia – Dolci in forno[144](Bake Off Italy – Sweets in the oven)
Benedetta Parodi
Ernst KnamClelia d'OnofrioDamiano Carrara
Real Time[145]
November 2013

 Israel
בייק אוף ישראל[146](Bake Off Israel)
Paula RosenbergAya Kremerman
Ran ShmueliOded BrennerCarine Goren
Channel 2
9 April 2016

 Netherlands
Heel Holland Bakt(All of Holland bakes)
Martine Bijl[147] (2013–15)André van Duin (2016–present)
Robèrt van BeckhovenJanny van der Heijden
MAX (NPO 1)
5 June 2013[148]

 New Zealand
The Great Kiwi Bake Off
Madeleine SamiHayley Sproull
Dean BrettschneiderSue Fleischl
TVNZ 1
2018 [149][150]

 Norway
Hele Norge baker(All of Norway Bakes)
Line Verndal
Pascal DupuyØyvind Lofthus[151]
TV3[152]
10 March 2013[153]

 Poland
Bake Off – Ale Ciacho!(Bake Off – What A Cake!)
Anna GacekPaulina Mikuła[154]
Krzysztof IlnickiGosia Molska[155]
TVP2
5 September 2016[156]

 Portugal
Best Bakery – A Melhor Pastelaria de Portugal(Best Bakery – The Best Pastry in Portugal)
Ana Guiomar
Luca ArguellesTelmo Moutinho
SIC
3 October 2016

 Romania
Bake Off Romania[157]
Nicolle Stanese[158]
Alex StanSimona PopeTudor Constantinescu
Pro TV
29 February 2016[159]

 South Africa
The Great South African Bake Off[160]
Anne HirschLentswe Bhengu
Shirley GuyTjaart Walraven
BBC Lifestyle
8 October 2015

 Sweden
Hela Sverige bakar[161](All of Sweden Bakes)
Tilde de Paula
Johan SörbergBirgitta Rasmussen
TV4 (Sjuan)
20 September 2012

Hela kändis-Sverige bakar[162](Celebrity All of Sweden Bakes)
11 November 2014

 Turkey
Ver Fırına
Burcu Esmersoy
Arda TürkmenEmel Başdoğan
TV8[163]
20 October 2014[164]

 Ukraine
Великий пекарський турнір(Great Bakers Tournament)
Yuri Gorbunov[165]
Serge MarkovicCatherine AhronikOlga Ganushchak
1+1[166]
1 September 2013[167]

 United States
The American Baking Competition[168][169]
Jeff Foxworthy
Marcela ValladolidPaul Hollywood
CBS[170]
29 May 2013[171]

 United States
The Great American Baking Show
Ayesha CurryAnthony Adams
Johnny IuzziniPaul Hollywood[172]
ABC
30 November 2015 (as The Great Holiday Baking Show)[173][174][175][176]

text: The Great Sport Relief Bake Off[edit]

text:
The Great Sport Relief Bake OffGenre

Cooking
Baking
Presented by

Mel Giedroyc
Jennifer Saunders (2016)
Ed Byrne (2014, 2016)
Sarah Millican (2016)
Sue Perkins (2014)
Jo Brand (2014)
Omid Djalili (2014)
Judges

Mary Berry
Paul Hollywood
Country of origin
United KingdomOriginal language(s)
EnglishNo. of series
3No. of episodes
12ProductionRunning time
60 minutesProduction company(s)
Love ProductionsReleaseOriginal network
BBC Two (2012–2013)  BBC One (2014–2016)Picture format
16:9Original release
10 January 2012 (2012-01-10) – 23 February 2016 (2016-02-23)

text: Episode viewing figures from BARB.[177]

text: Series 1 (2012)[edit]

text:
Episode No.
Signature Challenge
Technical Challenge
Showstopper Challenge
Contestants
Airdate
Viewers(millions)

1

Traybake

Wholemeal Cheese Scones

Meringue Dessert

Angela Griffin

10 January 2012 (2012-01-10)

3.52

James Wong

Joe Swift

Sarah Hadland

2

Savoury Flan

Banana & Chocolate Chip Loaves

Layered Cake

Arlene Phillips

11 January 2012 (2012-01-11)

2.79

Fi Glover

Gus Casely-Hayford

Saira Khan

3

Classic Crumble

Coffee & Walnut Cake

24 Miniature Tarts

Alex Deakin

12 January 2012 (2012-01-12)

2.56

Alex Langlands

Anita Rani

Pearl Lowe

4

Trio of Baked Biscuits

6 Sausage Rolls

Covered Tiered Occasion Cake

Angela Griffin

13 January 2012 (2012-01-13)

3.43

Anita Rani

Fi Glover

text: Series 2 (2014)[edit]

text:
Episode No.
Guest host
Signature Challenge
Technical Challenge
Showstopper Challenge
Contestants
Airdate
Viewers(millions)

1

Sue Perkins

12 Sandwich Biscuits

Tarte Tatin

3D Novelty Cake

Bonnie Wright

13 January 2014 (2014-01-13)

4.37

Johnny Vaughan

Michael Vaughan

Samantha Bond

2

Jo Brand

12 Gingerbread Biscuits

Banoffee Pie

Chocolate Cake

Greg Rutherford

14 January 2014 (2014-01-14)

5.07

Jane Horrocks

Jason Gardiner

Kirsty Young

3

Omid Djalili

Traybake

Iced Ring Dougnuts

Layered Cakes

Emma Freud

15 January 2014 (2014-01-15)

5.02

Jamelia[178]

Michael Ball

Victoria Pendleton

4

Ed Byrne

Pizzas

Eccles Cakes

Tiered Cakes

Alistair McGowan

16 January 2014 (2014-01-16)

4.94

Doon Mackichan

Helen Skelton

Rochelle Humes

text: Series 3 (2016)[edit]

text:
Episode No.
Guest host
Signature Challenge
Technical Challenge
Showstopper Challenge
Contestants
Airdate
Viewers(millions)

1

Mel Giedroyc

Canapés

Paris–Brest

Trophy Cake

David James

27 January 2016 (2016-01-27)

6.03

Jason Manford

Maddy Hill

Samantha Cameron

2

Jennifer Saunders

American Muffins

Football Pie

Tiered Cake

Chris Kamara

3 February 2016 (2016-02-03)

7.44

Ed Balls

Kimberley Walsh

Victoria Coren Mitchell

3

Ed Byrne

Savoury tarts

Chocolate and Beetroot Tray Bake

3D Biscuits

Geri Horner

17 February 2016 (2016-02-17)

7.12

Jermaine Jenas

John Simpson

Louise Redknapp

4

Sarah Millican

Open-top Pie

Salmon Roulade

Cupcakes

Ade Edmondson

24 February 2016 (2016-02-24)

6.74

Alison Steadman

Morgana Robinson

Will Young

text: The Great Comic Relief Bake Off[edit]

text:
The Great Comic Relief Bake OffGenre

Cooking
Baking
Presented by

Mel Giedroyc (2013, 2015)
Sue Perkins (2015)
Jo Brand (2015)
Ed Byrne (2015)
Judges

Mary Berry
Paul Hollywood
Country of origin
United KingdomOriginal language(s)
EnglishNo. of series
2No. of episodes
8ProductionRunning time
60 minutesProduction company(s)
Love ProductionsReleaseOriginal network
BBC Two (2013)BBC One (2015)Picture format
16:9Original release
21 January 2013 (2013-01-21) – 4 March 2015 (2015-03-04)

text: Series 1 (2013)[edit]

text:
Episode No.
Signature Challenge
Technical Challenge
Showstopper Challenge
Contestants
Airdate
Viewers(millions)

1

Shortbread

Custard Slices

Portrait Cake

Jo Brand

21 January 2013 (2013-01-21)

4.17

Stephen K. Amos

Lorna Watson

Ingrid Oliver

2

Iced Biscuits

Bakewell Tart

Gateaux

Warwick Davis

22 January 2013 (2013-01-22)

4.44

Duncan Bannatyne

Simon Reeve

Andy Akinwolere

3

Scones

Chocolate Eclairs

Novelty Cake

Ellie Simmonds

23 January 2013 (2013-01-23)

4.34

Kirsty Wark

Julia Bradbury

Bob Mortimer

4

Chocolate Biscuits

Lemon Meringue Pie

Comic Relief Birthday Cake

Claudia Winkleman

24 January 2013 (2013-01-24)

4.39

Ed Byrne

Martha Kearney

Helen Glover

text: Series 2 (2015)[edit]

text:
Episode No.
Guest host
Signature Challenge
Technical Challenge
Showstopper Challenge
Contestants
Airdate
Viewers(millions)

1

Sue Perkins

Giant Cookie or Biscuit

12 Mini Fruit Tarts

Tiered Chocolate Cake

Dame Edna Everage

11 February 2015 (2015-02-11)

7.75

Joanna Lumley

Jennifer Saunders

Lulu

2

Mel Giedroyc

24 cupcakes

20 profiteroles

Marble "Building" Cake

Jonathan Ross

18 February 2015 (2015-02-18)

8.39

Zoe Sugg

Gok Wan

Abbey Clancy

3

Jo Brand

24 Shortbread

6 Mini Pork Pies

Triple-tiered Pavlova

Sarah Brown

25 February 2015 (2015-02-25)

7.92

David Mitchell

Michael Sheen

Jameela Jamil

4

Ed Byrne

Tray Bake

12 Crumpets

Vegetable Self Portrait Cake

Alexa Chung

4 March 2015 (2015-03-04)

8.21

Victoria Wood

Chris Moyles

Kayvan Novak

text: The Great Stand Up to Cancer Bake Off[edit]

text:
The Great Stand Up to Cancer Bake OffGenre

Cooking
Baking
Presented by

Sandi Toksvig
Noel Fielding
Judges

Prue Leith
Paul Hollywood
Country of origin
United KingdomOriginal language(s)
EnglishNo. of series
1No. of episodes
5Production company(s)
Love ProductionsReleaseOriginal network
Channel 4Picture format
16:9Original release
6 March 2018 – present

text: Series 1 (2018)[edit]

text:
Episode No.
Signature Challenge
Technical Challenge
Showstopper Challenge
Contestants
Airdate
Viewers(millions)

1

12 cupcakes

6 crepes suzette

3D biscuit scene

Roisin Conaty

6 March 2018 (2018-03-06)

5.91

Martin Kemp

Harry Hill

Bill Turnbull

2

24 scones

Devil's food cake

Self-portrait croquembouches

Nick Hewer

13 March 2018 (2018-03-13)

5.65

Perri Kiely

Stacey Solomon

Ricky Wilson

3

Loaf cake

8 Tiramisu sandwich biscuits

Meringue towers

Ella Eyre

20 March 2018 (2018-03-20)

5.95

Ruth Davidson

Jamie Laing

Tim Minchin

4

12 blondies

6 fruit turnovers

Secret passion cake

Griff Rhys Jones

27 March 2018 (2018-03-27)

5.48

Joe Lycett

Lee Mack

Melanie Sykes

5

12 muffins

Custard pie

Rainbow dream cake

Aisling Bea

3 April 2018 (2018-04-03)

5.53

Alan Carr

Kadeena Cox

Teri Hatcher


document_title: Smoke on the Water

question_text: deep purple smoke on the water lyrics meaning

text: Smoke on the Water

text: Composition[edit]

text: "Smoke on the Water" is known for and recognizable by its central theme, developed by guitarist Ritchie Blackmore. It is a four-note blues scale melody in G minor, harmonised in parallel fourths. The riff, played on a Fender Stratocaster electric guitar by Blackmore, is later joined by hi-hat and distorted organ, then the rest of the drums, then electric bass parts before the start of Ian Gillan's vocal. The opening lyrics are:

text:
We all came out to Montreux, on the Lake Geneva shoreline
To make records with a mobile, we didn't have much time

text: Jon Lord doubles the guitar part on a Hammond C3 organ played through a distorted Marshall amp, creating a tone very similar to that of the guitar. Blackmore usually plays the main riff using a finger pluck[7] or occasionally a plectrum upstroke (to accentuate the tonic).[8]

text: During an August 1972 show in Tokyo, Japan, Blackmore played the intro as follows:

text:
-------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------
------8-10_----8-11-10__------8-10_-8-----
---10-8-10_-10-8-11-10__---10-8-10_-8-10__
---10-------10-------------10---------10__

text: There are two solos in the song; the first was performed on guitar by Ritchie Blackmore, and the second was performed on an organ by Jon Lord until the song fades out.

text: History[edit]

text: The lyrics tell a true story: on 4 December 1971, Purple were in Montreux, Switzerland, to record an album using a mobile recording studio (rented from the Rolling Stones and known as the Rolling Stones Mobile Studio—referred to as the "Rolling truck Stones thing" and "a mobile" in the lyrics) at the entertainment complex that was part of the Montreux Casino (referred to as "the gambling house" in the song lyric). On the eve of the recording session, a Frank Zappa and The Mothers of Invention concert was held in the casino's theatre. This was to be the theatre's final concert before the casino complex closed down for its annual winter renovations, which would allow Deep Purple to record there. At the beginning of Don Preston's synthesizer solo on "King Kong", the place suddenly caught fire when somebody in the audience fired a flare gun toward the rattan covered ceiling, as mentioned in the "some stupid with a flare gun" line.[9][10] Although there were no major injuries, the resulting fire destroyed the entire casino complex, along with all the Mothers' equipment. The "smoke on the water" that became the title of the song (credited to bass guitarist Roger Glover, who related how the title occurred to him when he woke from a dream a few days later) referred to the smoke from the fire spreading over Lake Geneva from the burning casino as the members of Purple watched from their hotel. "It was probably the biggest fire I'd ever seen up to that point and probably ever seen in my life" said Glover, "It was a huge building. I remember there was very little panic getting out, because it didn't seem like much of a fire at first. But, when it caught, it went up like a fireworks display". The "Funky Claude" running in and out is referring to Claude Nobs, the director of the Montreux Jazz Festival who helped some of the audience escape the fire.

text: Left with an expensive mobile recording unit and no place to record, the band was forced to scout the town for another place to set up. One promising venue (found by Nobs) was a local theatre called The Pavilion, but soon after the band loaded in and started working/recording, neighbours took offence at the noise. The band was only able to lay down backing tracks for one song (based on Blackmore's riff and temporarily named "Title No. 1"), before local police shut them down.

text: After about a week of searching, the band rented the nearly-empty Montreux Grand Hotel and converted its hallways and stairwells into a makeshift studio, where they laid down most of the tracks for what would become their most commercially successful album, Machine Head (which is dedicated to Claude Nobs).

text: The only song from Machine Head not recorded entirely in the Grand Hotel was "Smoke on the Water" itself, which had been partly recorded during the abortive Pavilion session. Its lyrics were composed later, primarily by Gillan and based around Glover's title, and the vocals were recorded in the Grand Hotel.

text: Because of the incident and the exposure Montreux received when "Smoke on the Water" became an international hit, Purple formed a lasting bond with the town. The song is honoured in Montreux by a sculpture along the lake shore (right next to the statue of Queen frontman Freddie Mercury) with the band's name, the song title, and the riff in musical notes. The new casino in Montreux displays notes from the riff as decoration on its balustrade facing the gambling hall.

text: On the Classic Albums episode about Machine Head, Ritchie Blackmore claimed friends of the band were not fans of the "Smoke on the Water" riff, which they thought too simplistic. Blackmore retaliated by making comparisons to the first movement of Beethoven's 5th Symphony, which revolves around a similar four note arrangement.[11]

text: "The amazing thing with that song, and Ritchie's riff in particular," observed Ian Paice, "is that somebody hadn't done it before, because it's so gloriously simple and wonderfully satisfying."[12]

text: Impact[edit]

text: "Smoke on the Water" was included on Machine Head, which was released in early 1972, but was not released as a single until a year later, in May 1973. ("Never Before" and "Space Truckin'" were the first singles issued from the album.) The band members have said that they did not expect the song to be a hit, but the single reached number 4 on the Billboard pop singles chart in the United States during the summer of 1973, number 2 on the Canadian RPM charts, and it propelled the album to the top 10. Live performances of the tune, featuring extended interplay between Blackmore's guitar and Jon Lord's Hammond organ would become a centrepiece of Deep Purple's live shows, and a version of the song from the live album Made in Japan became a minor hit on its own later on in 1973.

text: The principal songwriters included the song within their subsequent solo ventures after Deep Purple had split up. Ian Gillan in particular performed a jazz-influenced version in early solo concerts. The band Gillan adopted a feedback-soaked approach, courtesy of Gillan guitarist Bernie Torme. This song was also featured live by Ritchie Blackmore's post-Deep Purple band Rainbow during their tours 1981–83, and again after Rainbow was resurrected briefly in the mid-1990s and for three European concerts in June 2016.

text: During Ian Gillan's stint with Black Sabbath in 1983, they performed "Smoke on the Water" as a regular repertoire number on encores during their only tour together. It remains one of the few cover songs that Black Sabbath has ever played live.

text: The song is popular among beginner guitarists, but Blackmore himself has demonstrated that most who attempt to play it do so improperly.[13] Actually played using "all fourths" (or double stops) as specified by Blackmore, a power chord-driven variation on the main recognizable riff is not difficult, and is consequently often played by learners.

text: "Smoke on the Water" has received the following rankings:

text:
434 on Rolling Stone magazine's The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time (2004)[4]
37 in VH1's 40 Greatest Metal Songs[14]
12 in Q magazine's 100 Greatest Guitar Tracks (March 2005)[6]
11 in VH1's "100 Greatest Hard Rock Songs" (January 2009)[15]
4 in Total Guitar magazine's "Top 20 Greatest Guitar Riffs Ever"[5]

tag: ol

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (1973)
Peak
position

Australia (Kent Music Report)
54

Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[16]
11

Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[17]
27

Canadian RPM Top Singles[18]
2

Netherlands (Single Top 100)[19]
11

France (SNEP)[20]
64

Germany (Official German Charts)[21]
20

South African Chart[22]
7

US Billboard Hot 100[23]
4

Chart (1977)
Peak
position

UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[24]
21

Chart (2012)
Peak
position

France (SNEP)[25]
134

text: Certifications[edit]

text:
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales

United States (RIAA)[26]
Gold
1,000,000^

^shipments figures based on certification alone

text: Alternative versions[edit]

text:
The 1997 Roger Glover Remix version which appears on the 25th Anniversary Edition reissue of Machine Head features a version of the song with an alternate Blackmore guitar solo recorded at the time, and includes Ian Gillan uttering the phrase "Break a leg, Frank", among other comments. This is a reference to injuries that Frank Zappa had sustained as a result of being attacked onstage by an audience member at a concert in London, six days after the Montreux fire. A broken leg was among those injuries.
The version that appears on Deep Purple in Concert also includes Gillan's "Break a leg" comment.

text: Credits and personnel[edit]

text:
Ritchie Blackmore – guitars
Ian Gillan – lead vocals
Roger Glover – bass guitar
Jon Lord – Hammond organ
Ian Paice – drums

text: Rock Aid Armenia version[edit]

text:
"Smoke on the Water"

Cover for the "Rock Aid Armenia" charity release

Single by Rock Aid Armenia

Released
1989

Format
7" 12"

Recorded
Week of 8 July 1989

Songwriter(s)
Ritchie Blackmore, Ian Gillan, Roger Glover, Jon Lord, Ian Paice

Producer(s)
Gary Langan and Geoff Downes

1990 reissue cover

Cover of the 7" reissue of the Rock Aid Armenia single

Music video

"Smoke on the Water" (Rock Aid Armenia) on YouTube

text: Rock Aid Armenia, a charity project to help victims of 1988 Armenian earthquake made a charity re-recording of Deep Purple's "Smoke on the Water", with different vocalists singing various verses. The single made it to the UK Top 40 Singles Chart.

text: The track was recorded by an elite group of contemporary prog rock, hard rock and heavy metal musicians who gathered at the historic Metropolis Studios in Chiswick, London. Recording began on 8 July 1989 and was completed over 5 different sessions.

text: The rock musicians involved in the recording included Bryan Adams, Ritchie Blackmore, Bruce Dickinson, Geoff Downes, Keith Emerson, Ian Gillan, David Gilmour, Tony Iommi, Alex Lifeson, Brian May, Paul Rodgers, Chris Squire and Roger Taylor. John Paul Jones and Jon Lord were credited as "helping" behind the scenes with the track. The track's producers were Gary Langan and Geoff Downes. Talent co-ordination for the record was overseen by Jon Dee, with David Gilmour being the first to join up after a call from Dee. Ian Gillan's manager Phil Banfield also helped out with talent recruitment.

text: In events[edit]

text:
Leicester Tigers use this song to run out to at the start of every home game.[citation needed]
In March 2011, "Smoke on the Water" was selected by departing German Defence Minister Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg for performance as part of his official military farewell ceremony.[27]
On 16 September 2012, at the Sunflower Jam charity concert at the Royal Albert Hall, Deep Purple drummer Ian Paice performed the song alongside guitarist Brian May of Queen, bassist John Paul Jones of Led Zeppelin, and vocalists Bruce Dickinson of Iron Maiden and Alice Cooper.[28]

text: In games[edit]

text: The iconic nature of the song has led to its inclusion in several music-related video games.

text:
A chiptune version is featured in the battle-racing video game Rock n' Roll Racing.
It is a playable song in the Japan-only Nintendo DS rhythm game Daigasso! Band Brothers.
The song appears in Konami Guitar Freaks 4th Mix.
A cover version of "Smoke on the Water" is one of the playable songs for the PlayStation 2 game Guitar Hero.
The same cover version is a downloadable track in Guitar Hero II for the Xbox 360.
It is featured in Guitar Hero Smash Hits as a master track.
It is available on Wii's Rayman Raving Rabbids 2 as a minigame, without Verse 3.
It is also featured in Rock Band 3 as a master track.
The song is available as a downloadable track for the guitar game Rocksmith.[29]
It is a playable song in the PlayStation 2 game SingStar Rocks!.
The song is playable in the online game Stick Dudes Gone Wild: Rock Band.[citation needed]

text: In television[edit]

text:
The song features prominently in the Better Call Saul season 1 finale episode, "Marco" (airdate 6 April 2015). First, Marco hums it while waiting in the alley for Slippin' Jimmy and his mark. Next, Jimmy drums it on his steering wheel, when leaving the courthouse in Albuquerque, after standing up his interview for a partnership-track job. Finally, the song plays just before the closing credits.[30] In Better Call Saul season 2 episode 1, Jimmy bellowed the song intro after quiting office and refusing new job.
The song has featured in several episodes[which?] of The Sopranos, including "Join the Club".[31][32]
On CBS Two and a Half Men, Jake Harper plays this song a couple of times throughout the series.[when?]
It is featured episode 2 of season 6 in the show Supernatural.
The song features prominently in the Simpsons season 13 episode, "Weekend at Burnsie's."
Beavis and Butt-Head prominently features the titular characters vocalizing the guitar riff.
The song is featured in the Season 2 finale of Scream Queens.

text: In world records[edit]

text:
In 1994, in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, 1,322 guitarists gathered to play the world-famous riff all at the same time for a place in the Guinness Book of World Records.[33]
On Sunday 3 June 2007, in Kansas City this record was topped with 1,721 guitarists.[33] Just 20 days later, in the German city of Leinfelden-Echterdingen by the group 'Party Blues In Bb' with over 1,800 other people involved.[34]
The record was again topped on 1 May 2009, in Wrocław, Poland, when 6,346 guitar players, joined by current Deep Purple guitarist Steve Morse, performed the song during the Thanks Jimi Festival.[35][36]

text: Further reading[edit]

text:
Christe, Ian (2003). Sound of the Beast: The Complete Headbanging History of Heavy Metal. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-380-81127-8.
"Smoke On The Water - the story". Deep-Purple.net.


document_title: Riyadh

question_text: when did riyadh become the capital of saudi arabia

text: Riyadh

text: History[edit]

text: Early history[edit]

text: During the Pre-Islamic era the city at the site was called Hajr (Arabic: حجر), and was reportedly founded by the tribe of Banu Hanifa.[3] Hajr served as the capital of the province of Al Yamamah, whose governors were responsible for most of central and eastern Arabia during the Umayyad and Abbasid eras. Al-Yamamah broke away from the Abbasid Empire in 866 and the area fell under the rule of the Ukhaydhirites, who moved the capital from Hajr to nearby Al Kharj. The city then went into a long period of decline. In the 14th century, North African traveller Ibn Battuta wrote of his visit to Hajr, describing it as "the main city of Al-Yamamah, and its name is Hajr". Ibn Battuta goes on to describe it as a city of canals and trees with most of its inhabitants belonging to Bani Hanifa, and reports that he continued on with their leader to Mecca to perform the Hajj.

text: Later on, Hajr broke up into several separate settlements and estates. The most notable of these were Migrin (or Muqrin) and Mi'kal, though the name Hajr continued to appear in local folk poetry. The earliest known reference to the area by the name Riyadh comes from a 17th-century chronicler reporting on an event from the year 1590. In 1737, Deham ibn Dawwas, a refugee from neighboring Manfuha, took control of Riyadh.[4] Ibn Dawwas built a single wall to encircle the various quarters of Riyadh, making them effectively a single town.[citation needed]

text: Third Saudi State[edit]

text: In 1744, Muhammad ibn Abdel Wahhab formed an alliance with Muhammad ibn Saud, the ruler of the nearby town of Diriyah. Ibn Saud then set out to conquer the surrounding region with the goal of bringing it under the rule of a single Islamic state. Ibn Dawwas of Riyadh led the most determined resistance, allied with forces from Al Kharj, Al Ahsa, and the Banu Yam clan of Najran. However, Ibn Dawwas fled and Riyadh capitulated to the Saudis in 1774, ending long years of wars, and leading to the declaration of the First Saudi State, with Riyadh as its capital.[4]

text: The First Saudi State was destroyed by forces sent by Muhammad Ali of Egypt, acting on behalf of the Ottoman Empire. Ottoman forces razed the Saudi capital Diriyah in 1818.[4] They had maintained a garrison at Najd. This marked the decline of the House of Saud for a short time.[5] Turki bin Abdullah bin Muhammad became the first Amir of the Second Saudi State; the cousin of Saud bin Saud, he ruled for 19 years till 1834, leading to the consolidation of the area though they were notionally under the control of the Muhammad Ali, the Viceroy of Egypt.[5] In 1823, Turki ibn Abdallah chose Riyadh as the new capital.[6] Following the assassination of Turki in 1834, his eldest son Faisal killed the assassin and took control, and refused to be controlled by the Viceroy of Egypt. Najd was then invaded and Faisal taken captive and held in Cairo. However, as Egypt became independent of the Ottoman Empire, Faisal escaped after five years of incarceration, returned to Najd and resumed his reign, ruled till 1865, and consolidated the reign of House of Saud.[5]

text: Following the death of Faisal, there was rivalry among his sons which situation was exploited by Muhammad bin Rashid who took most of Najd, signed a treaty with the Ottomans and also captured Hasa in 1871. In 1889, Abdul Rahman bin Faisal, the third son of Faisal again regained control over Najd and ruled till 1891, whereafter the control was regained by Muhammad bin Raschid.[5]

text: Internecine struggles between Turki's grandsons led to the fall of the Second Saudi State in 1891 at the hand of the rival Al Rashid clan, which ruled from the northern city of Ha'il. The al-Masmak fort dates from that period.[6]

text: Abdul Rahman bin Faisal al-Saud had sought refuge among a tribal community on the outskirts of Najd and then went to Kuwait with his family and stayed in exile. However, his son Abdul Aziz retrieved his ancestral kingdom of Najd in 1902 and consolidated his rule by 1926, and further expanded his kingdom to cover "most of the Arabian Peninsula."[7] He named his kingdom as Saudi Arabia in September 1932[7] with Riyadh as the capital.[8] King Abdul Aziz died in 1953 and his son Saud took control as per the established succession rule of father to son from the time Muhammad bin Saud had established the Saud rule in 1744. However, this established line of succession was broken when King Saud was succeeded by his brother King Faisal in 1964. In 1975, Faisal was succeeded by his brother King Khalid. In 1982, King Fahd took the reins from his brother. This new line of succession is among the sons of King Abdul Aziz who has 35 sons; this large family of Ibn Saud hold all key positions in the large kingdom.[7]

text: Modern history[edit]

text: From the 1940s, Riyadh "mushroomed" from a relatively narrow, spatially isolated town into a spacious metropolis.[9] When King Shah Saud came to power, he made it his objective to modernize Riyadh, and began developing Annasriyyah, the royal residential district, in 1950.[9] Following the example of American cities, new settlements and entire neighbourhoods were created in grid-like squares of a chess board and connected by high-performance main roads to the inner areas. The grid pattern in the city was introduced in 1953.[9] The population growth of the town from 1974-1992 averaged 8.2 percent per year.

text: Since the 1990s, there has been a series of terrorist attacks on locals and foreigners as well as protests against the royal family. On 13 November 1995, a car bomb which detonated outside a classroom building of the Saudi National Guard left six dead, and injured over 60 people.[10][11] On 12 May 2003, 34 people died in a series of suicide attacks targeting American civilians. On 8 November 2003, a suicide truck bomb attack in the Muhiya residential area with Saudis and Arab foreigners was responsible for killing 18 and injuring 122 people.[12] Al-Qaeda has claimed responsibility for the attacks.[12] On 23 June 2006, Saudi security forces stormed a suspected hideout of al-Qaeda in the neighborhood of al-Nakhil; a bloody battle ensued during which six extremists and a policeman were killed.[13][14] The current mayor of Riyadh is Ibrahim Mohammed Al Sultan, an experienced transport official. He was appointed mayor in 2015.[15]

text: Riyadh has the largest all-female university in the world, the Princess Nora bint Abdul Rahman University.[16]

text: Riyadh is now the administrative and to a great extent the commercial hub of the Kingdom. According to the Saudi Real Estate Companion, most large companies in the country establish either sole headquarters or a large office in the city.[17] For this reason, there has been a significant growth in high rise developments in all areas of the city. Most notable among these is King Abdulla Financial District which is fast becoming the key business hub in the city.[18]

text: Geography[edit]

text: Climate[edit]

text: Classified as having a hot desert climate (Köppen: BWh), temperatures during the summer months are extremely hot. The average high temperature in August is 43.6 °C. Winters are warm with cool, windy nights. The overall climate is arid, and the city experiences very little rainfall, especially in summer, but receives a fair amount of rain in March and April. It is also known to have dust storms during which the dust can be so thick that visibility is under 10 m (33 ft). On 1 and 2 April 2015, a massive dust storm hit Riyadh, causing suspension of classes in many schools in the area and cancellation of hundreds of flights, both domestic and international.

text:
[hide]Climate data for Riyadh (1985-2010)

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °C (°F)
31.5
(88.7)
34.8
(94.6)
38.0
(100.4)
42.0
(107.6)
45.1
(113.2)
47.2
(117)
51.0
(123.8)
47.8
(118)
45.0
(113)
41.0
(105.8)
38.0
(100.4)
31.0
(87.8)
51
(123.8)

Average high °C (°F)
20.2
(68.4)
23.4
(74.1)
27.7
(81.9)
33.4
(92.1)
39.4
(102.9)
42.5
(108.5)
43.5
(110.3)
43.6
(110.5)
40.4
(104.7)
35.3
(95.5)
27.8
(82)
22.2
(72)
33.28
(91.91)

Daily mean °C (°F)
14.4
(57.9)
17.3
(63.1)
21.4
(70.5)
26.9
(80.4)
32.9
(91.2)
35.7
(96.3)
36.8
(98.2)
36.7
(98.1)
33.5
(92.3)
28.4
(83.1)
21.5
(70.7)
16.3
(61.3)
26.82
(80.26)

Average low °C (°F)
9.0
(48.2)
11.2
(52.2)
15.2
(59.4)
20.4
(68.7)
25.9
(78.6)
28.0
(82.4)
29.3
(84.7)
29.2
(84.6)
25.9
(78.6)
21.2
(70.2)
15.5
(59.9)
10.6
(51.1)
20.12
(68.22)

Record low °C (°F)
−2.2
(28)
0.5
(32.9)
4.5
(40.1)
11.0
(51.8)
18.0
(64.4)
16.0
(60.8)
23.6
(74.5)
22.7
(72.9)
16.1
(61)
14.0
(57.2)
7.0
(44.6)
1.4
(34.5)
−2.2
(28)

Average rainfall mm (inches)
12.5
(0.492)
8.0
(0.315)
24.0
(0.945)
28.0
(1.102)
4.9
(0.193)
3.0
(0.118)
3.7
(0.146)
4.0
(0.157)
0.1
(0.004)
0.2
(0.008)
0.9
(0.035)
14.6
(0.575)
103.9
(4.09)

Average rainy days
6.1
4.3
9.4
11.3
3.3
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.0
0.5
3.3
6.3
44.8

Average relative humidity (%)
47
36
32
28
17
11
10
12
14
20
36
47
26

Mean monthly sunshine hours
212.4
226.6
219.8
242.3
287.7
328.2
332.1
309.2
271.6
311.4
269.2
214.3
3,224.8

Percent possible sunshine
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
72

Source: "Jeddah Regional Climate Centre South West Asia". [19]

text: City districts[edit]

text: Riyadh is divided into fourteen branch municipalities,[20] in addition to the Diplomatic Quarter. Each branch municipality in turn contains several districts, amounting to over 130 in total, though some districts are divided between more than one branch municipality. The branch municipalities are Al-Shemaysi, Irqah, Al-Ma'athar, Al-Olayya, Al-Aziziyya, Al-Malaz, Al-Selayy, Nemar, Al-Neseem, Al-Shifa, Al-'Urayja, Al-Bat'ha, Al-Ha'ir, Al-Rawdha, and Al-Shimal ("the North"). Olaya District is the commercial heart of the city,[21] with accommodation, entertainment, dining and shopping options. The Kingdom Centre, Al Faisalyah and Al-Tahlya Street are the area's most prominent landmarks. The centre of the city, Al-Bathaa and Al-Deerah, is also its oldest part.

text: Some of the main districts of Riyadh are:

text:
Al-Bat'ha[22]

Al-Deerah (old Riyadh)
Mi'kal
Manfuha
Manfuha Al-Jadidah (منفوحة الجديدة – "new Manfuha")
Al-'Oud
Al-Mansorah
Al-Margab
Salam
Jabrah
Al-Yamamah
'Otayyigah

text:
Al-'Olayya & Sulaymaniyyah[23]

Al-'Olayya
Al-Sulaymaniyyah
Al Izdihar
King Fahd District
Al-Masif
Al-Murooj
Al-Mugharrazat
Al-Wurood

text:
Nemar[22]

Nemar
Dharat Nemar
Tuwaiq
Hazm
Deerab

text:
Irqah[20]

Irqah
Al-Khozama

text: Diplomatic Quarter

text:
Al-Shemaysi[24]

Al-Shemaysi
Eleyshah
Al-Badi'ah
Syah
Al-Nasriyyah
Umm Sleym
Al-Ma'athar
Umm Al-Hamam (East)

text:
Al-Ma'athar[25]

Al-Olayya
Al-Nakheel
King Saud University main campus
Umm Al-Hamam (East)
Umm Al-Hamam (West)
Al-Ma'athar Al-Shimali ("North Ma'athar")
Al-Rahmaniyya
Al-Muhammadiyya
Al-Ra'id

text:
Al-Ha'ir[20]

Al-Ha'ir
Al-Ghannamiyyah
Uraydh

text:
Al-'Aziziyyah[26]

Ad Dar Al Baida
Taybah
Al Mansouriyah

text:
Al-Malaz[27]

Al-Malaz
Al-Rabwah
Al-Rayyan
Jarir
Al-Murabba'

text:
Al-Shifa[28]

Al-Masani'
Al-Shifa
Al-Mansuriyya
Al-Marwah

text:
Al-Urayja[29]

Al-Urayja
Al-Urayja Al-Wusta ("Mid-Urayja")
Al-Urayja (West)
Shubra
Dharat Laban
Hijrat Laban
As-Suwaidi
As-Suwaidi (West)
Sultanah

text:
Al-Shemal[30]

Al-Malga
Al-Sahafa
Hittin
Al-Wadi
Al-Ghadir
Al-Nafil
Imam Muhammad ibn Saud University main campus
Al-Qayrawan
Al-Aqiq

text:
Al-Naseem[31]

Al-Naseem (East)
Al-Naseem (West)
As-Salam
Al-Manar
Al-Rimayah
Al-Nadheem

text:
Al-Rawdhah[20]

Al-Rawdhah
Al-Qadisiyah
Al-M'aizliyyah
Al-Nahdhah
Gharnatah (Granada)
Qortubah (Cordoba)
Al-Hamra
Al-Qouds

text:
Al-Selayy[32]

Al-Selayy
Ad Difa'
Al Iskan
Khashm Al-'Aan
Al-Sa'adah
Al-Fayha
Al-Manakh

text: King Abdullah Financial District

text: Demographics[edit]

text:
Historical population

Year
Pop.
±%

1918
18,000
—

1924
30,000
+66.7%

1944
50,000
+66.7%

1952
80,000
+60.0%

1960
150,000
+87.5%

1972
500,000
+233.3%

1978
760,000
+52.0%

1987
1,389,000
+82.8%

1992
2,776,000
+99.9%

1997
3,100,000
+11.7%

2009
4,873,723
+57.2%

2013
5,899,528
+21.0%

2016
6,506,700
+10.3%

Source: Census data

text: The city had a population of 40,000 inhabitants in 1935 and 83,000 in 1949.[33] The city has experienced very high rates of population growth, from 150,000 inhabitants in the 1960s to over 5 million, according to the most recent sources. According to 2010 census, the population of Riyadh was composed of 65% Saudi families while non-Saudi families accounted for 35% of the population.[34]

text: Landmarks and architecture[edit]

text: Vernacular architecture of Old Riyadh[edit]

text: The old town of Riyadh within the city walls did not exceed an area of 1 km2, and therefore very few significant architectural remnants of the original walled oasis town of Riyadh exist today. The most prominent is the Masmak fort and some parts of the original wall structure with its gate which have been restored and reconstructed. There are also a number of traditional mud-brick houses within these old limits, but they are for the most part dilapidated.

text: Expansion outside the city walls was slow to begin with, although there were some smaller oases and settlements surrounding Riyadh. The first major construction beyond the walls was King Abdulaziz's Murabba Palace. It was constructed in 1936, completed in 1938, and a household of 800 people moved into it in 1938. The palace is now part of a bigger complex called "The King Abdulaziz Historical Centre".

text: There are other traditional villages and towns in the area around traditional Riyadh which the urban sprawl reached and currently encompasses. These include Diriyah, Manfuha and Wadi Laban. Unlike in the early days of development in Riyadh during which vernacular structures were razed to the ground without consideration, there is a new-found appreciation for traditional architecture. The Saudi Commission for Tourism and Antiquities is making efforts for revitalizing the historic architecture in Riyadh and other parts of the kingdom.[35]

text: Archaeological sites[edit]

text: The archeological sites at Riyadh which are of historical importance, in which the Municipality of Riyadh is involved, are the five old gates on the old walls of Riyadh. These are the eastern gate of Thumaira, the northern gate of Al-Suwailen, the southern gate of Dukhna, the western gate of Al-Madhbah and the south-western gate of Shumaisi. There are also four historic palaces, which are the Musmak Palace, the Al-Murabba Palace (palace of King Abdul Aziz), Prince Muhammad bin Abdul-Rahman and the Shamsiya Palace.[36]

text: Masmak Fortress[edit]

text: This fortress was built around 1865 under the reign of Mohammed ibn Abdullah ibn Rasheed (1289-1315 AH), the ruler of Ha'il to the north, who had wrested control of the city from the rival clan of Al Saud. In January 1902 Ibn Saud, who was at the time living in exile in Kuwait, succeeded in capturing the Masmak fortress from its Rashid garrison. The event, which restored Saudi control over Riyadh, has acquired almost mythical status in the history of Saudi Arabia. The story of the event is often retold, and has as its central theme the heroism and bravery of the King Abd Abdulaziz Ibn Saud. The Masmak Fortress is now a museum and is in close proximity to the Clock Tower Square, also known to English-speaking residents as Chop Chop Square, referring to the capital punishment that takes place there.

text: Contemporary architecture[edit]

text: Kingdom Tower[edit]

text: The tower is built on 94,230 square metres of land. The Kingdom Centre is owned by a group of companies including Kingdom Holding Company, headed by Al-Waleed bin Talal, a prince of the Saudi royal family, and is the headquarters of the holding company. The project cost 2 billion Saudi Arabian Riyals and the contract was undertaken by El-Seif. The Kingdom Centre is the winner of the 2002 Emporis Skyscraper Award, selected as the "best new skyscraper of the year for design and functionality". A three-level shopping centre, which also won a major design award, fills the east wing. The large opening is illuminated at night in continuously changing colours. The shopping centre has a separate floor for women only to shop where men are not allowed to enter.

text: The Kingdom Tower has 99 stories and is the third tallest structure in the country (behind Makkah Royal Clock Tower Hotel in Mecca and Burj Rafal in Riyadh), rising to 300 m. A special aspect of the tower is that it is divided into two parts in the last one third of its height and is linked by a sky-bridge walkway, which provides stunning views of Riyadh.[37]

text: Burj Rafal[edit]

text: Burj Rafal is the tallest skyscraper in Riyadh and towers 1,010 feet. Construction of Burj Rafal started at May 2011 and opened on June 2013, and it took approximately two years to finish. The skyscraper has about 350 rooms and is also one of the tallest hotels in the world. The building had a total cost of about million. It is located on King Fahd Road and was built by P&T Architects. This luxurious 5-star hotel is part of the renowned German hotel chain Kempinski.

text: Burj Al Faisaliyah[edit]

text: Al Faisaliyah Centre (Arabic: برج الفيصلية) is the first skyscraper constructed in Saudi Arabia, and is the third tallest building in Riyadh after the Burj Rafal and the Kingdom Centre. The golden ball that lies atop the tower is said to be inspired by a ballpoint pen, and contains a restaurant; immediately below this is an outside viewing deck. There is a shopping centre with major world brands at ground level. Al Faisaliyah Centre also has a hotel at both sides of the tower while the main building is occupied by offices run by different companies. The Al Faisaliyah Tower has 44 stories.[37]

text: Riyadh TV Tower[edit]

text: The Riyadh TV Tower is a 170 meter high television tower located inside the premises of the Saudi Ministry of Information. It is a vertical cantilever structure which was built between 1978-81, 9:23 PM, and this year was called TV Year. The first movie made in 1983 by the TV tower group and named "1,000 Nights and Night" had Mohammed Abdu and Talal Mmdah as the main characters. At that time, there were no women on TV because of religious restrictions. Three years later, Abdul Khaliq Al-Ghanim produced a TV series called "Tash Ma Tash," which earned a good reaction from audiences in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf. This series created a media revolution back in the 1980s.[38]

text: Museums and collections[edit]

text: In 1999, a new central museum was built in Riyadh, at the eastern side of the King Abdul Aziz Historical Centre. The National Museum of Saudi Arabia combined several collections and pieces that had up until then been scattered over several institutions and other places in Riyadh and the Kingdom. For example, the meteorite fragment known as the "Camel's Hump" that was on display at the King Saud University in Riyadh became the new entry piece of the National Museum of Saudi Arabia.

text: The Royal Saudi Air Force Museum, or Saqr Al-Jazira, is located on the East Ring Road of Riyadh between exits 10 and 11. It contains a collection of aircraft and aviation-related items used by the Royal Saudi Air Force and Saudia (Saudi Arabian Airlines).

text: Sports[edit]

text: Football is the most popular sport in Saudi Arabia. The city hosts four major football clubs, Al Hilal was established in 1957 and has won 14 championships in the Saudi Premier League.[39] Al-Nasr club is another team in the top league that has many supporters around the kingdom. It was established in 1955, and has been named champion of the Saudi League 7[40][better source needed] times. Another well-known club, Al-Shabab, was established in 1947 and holds 6 championships. There is also Al-Riyadh Club, which was established in 1954, as well as many other minor clubs.[41]

text: The city also has several large stadiums such as King Fahd International Stadium with a seating capacity of 70,000.[41] The stadium hosted the FIFA Confederations Cup three times, in the years 1992, 1995 and 1997. It also hosted the FIFA U-20 World Cup in 1989,[41] and Prince Faisal bin Fahd Stadium (Al-Malaz Stadium) that is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium has a capacity of 22,500 people.

text: The city's GPYW Indoor Stadium served as host arena for the 1997 Asian Basketball Championship, where Saudi Arabia's national basketball team reached the Final Four.

text: Transportation[edit]

text: Airport[edit]

text: Riyadh's King Khalid International Airport (KKIA), located 35 kilometers north from the city centre, is the city's main airport, and serves over 17 million passengers a year.[42] Plans are being made to expand the airport to accommodate 35 million passengers, given that the airport was only built for 12 million passengers annually.[42] A possible new airport is on the table. It is one of the largest airports in the world.

text: Roads[edit]

text: The city is served by a modern major highway system. The main Eastern Ring Road connects the city's south and north, while the Northern Ring Road connects the city's east and west. King Fahd Road runs through the centre of the city from north to south,[43] in parallel with the East Ring Road. Makkah Road, which runs east-west across the city's centre, connects eastern parts of the city with the city's main business district and the diplomatic quarters.

text: Railways and metro[edit]

text: Saudi Railway Authority operates two separate passenger and cargo lines between Riyadh and Dammam, passing through Hofuf and Haradh. Two future railway projects, connecting Riyadh with Jeddah and Mecca in the western region, and connecting Riyadh with Buraidah, Ha'il and Northern Saudi Arabia are underway.[44] A metro has also been approved, with six lines planned with a scheduled opening in 2019.[45]

text: Buses[edit]

text: The metro system will be integrated with an 85 kilometres (53 mi), three-line bus rapid transit (BRT) network.[46]

text: The main charter bus company in the kingdom, known as the Saudi Public Transport Company (SAPTCO), offers trips both within the kingdom and to its neighboring countries, including Egypt (via ferries from Safaga or Nuweiba) and Arab states of the Arabian Gulf.[47]

text: Media[edit]

text: The 170 m (560 ft) Riyadh TV Tower, operated by the Ministry of Information, was built between 1978 and 1981. National Saudi television channels Saudi TV1, Saudi TV2, Saudi TV Sports, Al-Ekhbariya, ART channels network operate from here.[48] Television broadcasts are mainly in Arabic, although some radio broadcasts are in English or French. Arabic is the main language used in television and radio but radio broadcasts are also made in different languages such as Urdu, French, or English. Riyadh has four Arabic newspapers; Asharq Al-Awsat (which is owned by the city governor), Al-Riyadh, Al-Jazeera and Al-Watan, two English language newspapers; Saudi Gazette and Arab News, and one Malayalam language newspaper, Gulf Madhyamam.[48]


document_title: Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1980

question_text: who challenged jimmy carter for the democratic nomination for president in 1980

text: Primary race[edit]

text: At the time, Iran was experiencing a major uprising that severely damaged its oil infrastructure and greatly weakened its capability to produce oil.[1]  In January 1979, shortly after Iran's leader Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi fled the country, lead Iranian opposition figure Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini returned from a 14-year exile and installed an Islamist régime that was hostile towards the United States.[1]  The damage that resulted from Khomeini's rise to power would soon be felt throughout many American cities.[1]  In the spring and summer of 1979 inflation was on the rise and various parts of the country were experiencing energy shortages.[2]  The gas lines last seen just after the Arab/Israeli war of 1973 were back and President Carter was widely blamed.

text: President Carter's approval ratings were very low—28% according to Gallup,[3] with some other polls giving even lower numbers. In July Carter returned from Camp David and announced a reshuffling of his cabinet on national television, giving a speech whose downcast demeanor resulted in it being widely labelled the "malaise speech."  While the speech caused a brief upswing in the president's approval rating, the decision to dismiss several cabinet members was widely seen as a rash act of desperation, causing his approval rating to plummet back into the twenties. Some Democrats felt it worth the risk to mount a challenge to Carter in the primaries. Although Hugh Carey and William Proxmire decided not to run, Senator Edward M. Kennedy finally made his long-expected run at the presidency.

text: Ted Kennedy had been asked to take his brother Robert’s place at the 1968 Democratic National Convention and had refused. He ran for Senate Majority Whip in 1969, but many had thought that he was going to use that as a platform for 1972.[4] But then came the notorious Chappaquiddick incident that killed Kennedy's car passenger Mary Jo Kopechne. Kennedy refused to run for president in 1972 and 1976. Many of his supporters suspected that Chappaquiddick had destroyed any ability he had to win on a national level. However, in the summer of 1979, Kennedy consulted with his extended family, and that fall, he let it leak out that because of Carter’s failings, 1980 might indeed be the year. Gallup had him beating the president by over two to one.

text: Kennedy’s official announcement was scheduled for early November. A television interview with Roger Mudd of CBS a few days before the announcement went badly, however. Kennedy gave an "incoherent and repetitive"[5] answer to the question of why he was running, and the polls, which showed him leading the President by 58-25 in August now had him ahead 49-39.[6] Meanwhile, U.S. animosity towards the Khomeini régime greatly accelerated after 52 American hostages were taken by a group of Islamist students and militants at the U.S. embassy in Tehran and Carter’s approval ratings jumped in the 60-percent range in some polls, due to a "rally ‘round the flag" effect[7] and an appreciation of Carter's calm handling of the crisis. Kennedy was suddenly left far behind.  Carter beat Kennedy decisively in Iowa and New Hampshire.  Carter decisively defeated Kennedy everywhere except Massachusetts, until impatience began to build with the President’s strategy on Iran.  When the primaries in New York and Connecticut came around, it was Kennedy who won.

text: Momentum built for Ted Kennedy after Carter's attempt to rescue the hostages on April 25 ended in disaster and drew further skepticism towards Carter's leadership ability.[8]  Nevertheless, Carter was still able to maintain a substantial lead even after Kennedy won the key states of California and New Jersey in June.  Despite this, Kennedy refused to drop out, and the 1980 Democratic National Convention was one of the nastiest on record.  On the penultimate day, Kennedy conceded the nomination and called for a more liberal party platform in what many saw as the best speech of his career.  On the stage on the final day, Kennedy for the most part ignored Carter.

text: The candidates[edit]

text: The three major candidates:

text:
Candidate

Born[9]

Office Held

State

Popular vote

Delegations Won

  Jimmy Carter

October 1, 1924(age 55)Plains, Georgia

39thPresident of the United States (1977-1981)Incumbent

 Georgia

10,043,016(51.13%)

IA, ME, NH, VT, AL, FL, GA, PR, IL, KS, WI LA, TX, IN, NC, TN, NE, MD, OK, AR ID, KY, NV, MT, OH, WV, MO, OR, WA

 Ted Kennedy

February 22, 1932(age 48)Boston, Massachusetts

U.S. Senator from Massachusetts(1962-2009)

Massachusetts

7,381,693(37.58%)

AZ, MA, CT, NY, PA, ND DC, CA, NJ, NM, RI, SD

Unpledged

1,288,423(6.56%)

MI, AK

 Jerry Brown

April 7, 1938(age 42) San Francisco, California

34thGovernor of California(1975-1983)

California

575,296(2.93%)

—

text: Also withdrew during primaries[edit]

text: Fmr. GovernorCliff Finchof Mississippi

text: Statewide contest by winner[edit]

text: Results by state

text:
Jimmy Carter

Ted Kennedy

Jerry Brown

Lyndon LaRouche

Cliff Finch

Richard Kay

Unpledged

Others

January 21

Iowa caucuses

59.16%[10]

31.23%[10]

-

-

-

-

9.61%[10]

-

February 10

Maine caucuses

43.6%[11]

40.2%[11]

13.9%[11]

-

-

-

2.4%[11]

-

February 26

New Hampshire

47.08%[12]

37.30%[12]

9.60%[12]

2.08%[12]

-

0.51%[12]

-

3.45%[12]

March 4

Massachusetts

28.70%[12]

65.07%[12]

3.47%[12]

-

-

-

2.17%[12]

0.59%[12]

March 4

Vermont *

73.08%

25.53%

0.90%

0.02%

-

-

-

0.48%

March 11

Alabama

81.59%

13.22%

4.01%

-

-

-

0.70%

0.49%

March 11

Florida

60.69%

23.20%

4.87%

-

-

1.75%

9.50%

-

March 11

Georgia

88.04%

8.40%

1.89%

0.13%

0.36%

0.22%

0.96%

-

March 16

Puerto Rico

51.67%

48.04%

0.19%

-

-

-

-

0.10%

March 18

Illinois

65.01%

29.96%

3.26%

1.60%

-

-

-

0.17

March 25

Connecticut

41.47%

46.92%

2.56%

2.67%

-

-

6.37%

-

March 25

New York

41.08%

58.92%

-

-

-

-

-

-

April 1

Kansas

56.63%

31.62%

4.87%

-

0.32%

-

-

0.81%

April 1

Wisconsin

56.17%

30.10%

11.83%

1.10%

0.29%

-

0.43%

0.08%

April 5

Louisiana

55.74%

22.52%

4.68%

-

3.11%

0.94%

11.60%

1.42%

April 22

Pennsylvania

45.40%

45.68%

2.34%

-

-

-

5.82%

0.78%

April 22

Vermont caucuses

32%[13]

45%[13]

-

-

-

-

23%[13]

-

April 26

Michigan caucuses

46.68%[14]

48.08%[14]

-

-

-

-

5.24%[14]

-

May 3

Texas

55.93%

22.81%

2.58%

-

-

-

18.68%

-

May 6

Washington D.C.

36.94%

61.67%

-

1.39%

-

-

-

-

May 6

Indiana

67.68%

32.32%

-

-

-

-

-

-

May 6

North Carolina

70.09%

17.73%

2.91%

-

-

-

9.28%

-

May 6

Tennessee

75.22%

18.07%

1.90%

0.31%

0.56%

-

3.91%

0.01%

May 13

Nebraska

46.87%

37.58%

3.56%

0.76%

-

-

10.42%

0.81%

May 13

Maryland

47.48%

37.96%

3.00%

0.92%

1.03%

-

9.62%

-

May 20

Oregon

56.83%

31.22%

9.37%

-

-

-

-

2.57%

May 20

Michigan caucuses **

-

-

29.38%

11.41%

-

-

46.40%

12.81%

May 27

Arkansas

60.09%

17.52%

-

-

4.34%

-

18.05%

-

May 27

Idaho

62.17%

21.96%

4.12%

-

-

-

11.76%

-

May 27

Kentucky

66.92%

22.96%

-

-

1.05%

1.09%

8.00%

-

May 27

Nevada

37.58%

28.82%

-

-

-

-

33.60%

-

June 3

California

37.64%

44.80%

4.04%

2.13%

-

-

11.38%

-

June 3

Montana

51.46%

36.65%

-

-

-

-

11.89%

-

June 3

New Jersey

37.87%

56.18%

-

-

-

-

3.48%

2.48%

June 3

New Mexico

41.80%

46.26%

-

3.01%

2.82%

-

6.11%

-

June 3

Ohio

51.06%

44.16%

-

2.97%

-

1.81%

-

-

June 3

Rhode Island

25.85%

68.30%

0.81%

3.03%

-

-

2.01%

-

June 3

South Dakota

45.45%

48.60%

-

-

-

-

5.95%

-

June 3

West Virginia

62.18%

37.82%

-

-

-

-

-

-

text:
Legend:

1st place(popular vote)

2nd place(popular vote)

3rd place(popular vote)

text:
*  Vermont delegates selected via caucus process beginning April 22
** Michigan delegates selected via caucus process beginning April 26

text: Popular vote[edit]

text: Primaries total popular vote[15]

text:
Jimmy Carter (inc.) - 10,043,016 (51.13%)
Ted Kennedy - 7,381,693 (37.58%)
Unpledged - 1,288,423 (6.56%)
Jerry Brown - 575,296 (2.93%)
Lyndon LaRouche - 177,784 (0.91%)
Others - 79,352 (0.40%)
Richard B Kay - 48,061 - (0.25%)
Cliff Finch - 48,032 (0.25%)
Bob Maddox - 4,002 (0.02%)
Donald J Reaux - 2,255 (0.01%)

text: Convention[edit]

text: Presidential tally[16]

text:
Jimmy Carter (inc.) - 2,123 (64.04%)
Ted Kennedy - 1,151 (34.72%)
William Proxmire - 10 (0.30%)
Koryne Kaneski Horbal - 5 (0.15%)
Scott M. Matheson - 5 (0.15%)
Ron Dellums - 3 (0.09%)
Robert Byrd - 2 (0.06%)
John Culver - 2 (0.06%)
Kent Hance - 2 (0.06%)
Jennings Randolph - 2 (0.06%)
Warren Spannaus - 2 (0.06%)
Alice Tripp - 2 (0.06%)
Jerry Brown - 1 (0.03%)
Dale Bumpers - 1 (0.03%)
Hugh L. Carey - 1 (0.03%)
Walter Mondale - 1 (0.03%)
Edmund Muskie - 1 (0.03%)
Thomas J. Steed - 1 (0.03%)

text: In the vice presidential roll call, Mondale was re-nominated with 2,428.7 votes to 723.3 not voting and 179 scattering.

text: Key results[edit]

text: Iowa caucuses[edit]

text:
Iowa caucuses, 1980[10]

Party

Candidate

Votes

%

±

Democratic

Jimmy Carter (Incumbent)

59.1%

Democratic

Ted Kennedy

31.2%

Democratic

uncommitted

9.6%

Majority

27.9%

text: Presidential preference, state delegate equivalents, 96% of precincts reporting.[10]

text: Maine caucuses[edit]

text:
Maine caucuses, 1980[11]

Party

Candidate

Votes

%

±

Democratic

Jimmy Carter (Incumbent)

14,528

43.6%

Democratic

Ted Kennedy

13,384

40.2%

Democratic

Jerry Brown

4,621

13.9%

Democratic

uncommitted

793

2.4%

Majority

1,144

3.4%

text: At 4:38 p.m.—before a third of the caucuses had even begun—CBS interrupted its regular programming with the bulletin:

text: CBS News estimates that when the caucuses are completed, President Carter will have won just over half of [the Maine] delegates. Second will be Senator Kennedy with just over a third...We repeat, President Carter is the winner.[17]

text: New Hampshire primary[edit]

text:
New Hampshire primary, 1980

Party

Candidate

Votes

%

±

Democratic

Jimmy Carter (Incumbent)

52,692

47.08%

Democratic

Ted Kennedy

41,745

37.30%

Democratic

Jerry Brown

10,743

9.60%

Democratic

other

6,750

6.03%

Majority

10,947

9.78%

text: Massachusetts primary[edit]

text:
Massachusetts primary, 1980

Party

Candidate

Votes

%

±

Democratic

Edward Kennedy

590,393

65.07%

Democratic

Jimmy Carter (Incumbent)

260,401

28.70%

Democratic

Jerry Brown

31,498

3.47%

Democratic

no preference

19,663

2.17%

Democratic

other

5,368

0.59%

Majority

329,992

36.37%

text: Georgia primary[edit]

text:
Georgia Primary, 1980

Party

Candidate

Votes

%

Delegates

Democratic

Jimmy Carter (incumbent)

338,772

88.04%

66

Democratic

Edward Kennedy

32,315

8.40%

0

Democratic

Edmund G. Brown

7,255

1.89%

0

Totals

384,780

100.00%

66

Majority

306,457

79.64%

text: Further reading[edit]

text: Books[edit]

text: Shirley, Craig (2009). Rendezvous with Destiny: Ronald Reagan and the Campaign That Changed America. Wilmington, Delaware: Intercollegiate Studies Institute. ISBN 978-1-933859-55-2. . online review by Lou Cannon