document_title: Goku

question_text: who was the first saiyan to fight goku

question_tokens: who was the first saiyan to fight goku

text: Goku

text: Conception and creation[edit]

text: Goku, and Dragon Ball in general, evolved from one of Akira Toriyama's earlier one-shot series called Dragon Boy. In this story, the protagonist looks a lot like Goku but has a pair of wings.[4] The character Goku is based on Sun Wukong (孫悟空), the central character of the Chinese novel Journey to the West.[5] To be creative with the idea of Sun Wukong, Toriyama designed Goku as a human boy with a monkey's tail, rather than a complete simian, because the tail would give the character a distinguishing feature.[6] He later stated that the tail was a pain to draw, hence why he had it get cut off early on.[7] Toriyama did not initially plan to make Goku an alien, it was not until the introduction of fighters from other planets that he established him as a Saiyan (サイヤ人, Saiya-jin).[8] Goku was given the ability to teleport to any planet in seconds, so that Toriyama could increase the pace of the story.[9]

text: Wanting Dragon Ball z  to have a Chinese appearance, Toriyama used the color of the robes worn by Buddhist monks for Goku's dōgi.[10] During the early chapters of the manga, Toriyama's editor, Kazuhiko Torishima, commented that Goku looked rather plain. Toriyama had given him simple clothes on purpose because it was a fighting manga, so to combat this he added several characters like Master Roshi and Krillin, and created the Tenkaichi Budōkai (天下一武道会, lit. "Strongest Under the Heavens Martial Arts Tournament") to focus the storyline on fighting. To defy the assumption that Goku would win the tournaments, Toriyama made him lose the first and second but win the third.[6] Toriyama also mentioned Torishima wanted Goku to form a relationship with Bulma, but this was never applied to the series.[11]

text: Toriyama's editor was initially against having Goku grow up, saying it was uncommon to have the protagonist drastically change in manga, however, he gave in when Toriyama threatened that he would not be able to continue the series if the character did not.[12] Toriyama later stated he had him grow up as a means to make drawing the fight scenes easier.[13] When Toriyama thought up the Super Saiyan (超 (スーパー)サイヤ人, Sūpā Saiya-jin) concept during the Frieza arc, he felt the only way to show Goku's massive power up was to have him transform. Initially he was concerned that the facial expression looked like that of a villain, but felt that since the transformation was brought about by anger it was acceptable.[14] With the conclusion of the Cell arc, Gohan was intended to replace his father as protagonist, but Toriyama decided that Gohan was unsuitable for the role.[6] According to Toriyama, Goku is more of a selfish person than a hero as his main interest in the story is to fight strong opponents rather than protecting the innocent. As a result, Toriyama was angered when the anime adaptations of Dragon Ball started portraying Goku as more heroic than his manga counterpart.[15]

text: Dragon Ball GT chief character designer Katsuyoshi Nakatsuru said he agonized over designing Goku's Super Saiyan 4 appearance, which was the idea of the show's producers, questioning whether it was necessary to go further with the transformations. Because Super Saiyan 4 is brought about while in a Saiyan's Ōzaru (大猿, lit. "Great Ape") form, he made the hair more "wild" and covered Goku's body in red fur. There was only a single final draft of the character, although Nakatsuru did consider making the hair blonde, he ended up choosing black as it provides more contrast with the red fur.[16]

text: During the plans of the final story arc of Dragon Ball Super, it was decided that Goku should have another transformation: The Ultra Instinct. The concept was that the Ultra Instinct would be completely different from Goku's previous Super Saiyan transformations.[17]

text: Design[edit]

text: Goku is usually recognized by his unique hairstyle, which does not change in length except in his Super Saiyan forms; where his hair changes in color and length according to the form he takes. This is explained by Vegeta to be a common characteristic of full-blooded Saiyans.[18] Goku's hair color changes from black to golden after ascending to a Super Saiyan, and his irises change from black to turquoise. In his Super Saiyan God form, both his hair color and irises change to a deep red. In his Super Saiyan God Super Saiyan form, both his hair color and irises change to blue (hence its nickname "Super Saiyan Blue"). Goku prefers dressing in a dōgi uniform to show his devotion to Earth, instead of the standard battle fatigues of his race;[19] the only time he actually does wear these garments is during his training with Gohan before the Cell Games.[20]

text: In his early childhood, Goku is introduced wearing a dark colored dōgi uniform with red wristbands and a white obi tied in a bow over the waist. Throughout the majority of the series, however, Goku is commonly seen wearing a red-orange dōgi uniform with a blue short-sleeved undershirt, blue wristbands, a blue obi tied in a knot over the waist, and dark boots with yellow or red stripes. Goku also often wears the encircled kanji of his training masters on the front and back of this uniform; the first being Master Roshi's, "kame" (亀, meaning "turtle");[21] the second being King Kai's, "kaio" (界王, meaning "world king");[22] and the third being his own, "Go" (悟, meaning "wisdom" or "enlightenment").[23] Eventually, Goku stops wearing a kanji on his outfit[24] and wears his obi as a sash around his waist.[24] In Dragon Ball GT, he wears a multi-colored dōgi that consists of a blue fold-over shirt, yellow pants, pink wristbands, a white obi tied in a knot over the waist, and black shoes with white stockings.[25] In Dragon Ball Super, Goku  wears his signature red-orange and blue dōgi with his "Go" kanji again, though during the Golden Frieza arc and Universe 6 arc he wears a slightly different dōgi uniform consisting of an orange fold-over shirt and matching pants with blue wristbands, blue boots and a blue obi tied in a knot at the side of his waist (which debuted in the film Dragon Ball Z: Resurrection 'F').

text: Voice actors[edit]

text: In the Japanese version of every Dragon Ball anime series and subsequent related media, Goku has been voiced by Masako Nozawa. Toriyama selected Nozawa upon hearing her audition sample, remarking that only Goku could sound like that.[26] Nozawa stated that she was ecstatic when she got the role because she had always wanted to be in one of Toriyama's works. She said she had to be mindful of the fact that Goku grew up in the mountains and did not know much of the world. Despite having to voice Goku, Gohan, Goten and Bardock, Nozawa claims she is able to instantly get into the respective character simply upon seeing their image.[27] Nozawa explained that she did not read the manga so that she would not know what was coming in the story until recording, making her reactions the same as Goku's.[28]

text: In the numerous English versions, Goku has been played by different actors because different companies produced the dubs, by reason of changes of ADR companies and recording studios, or due to actors quitting:

text: In Harmony Gold's very brief dub of the original Dragon Ball series, Goku (renamed "Zero") was voiced by Barbara Goodson.[29]

text: In Funimation's initial dub of the anime, Goku was voiced by Saffron Henderson in the first 13 episodes of the original Dragon Ball series (produced in association with BLT Productions),[30][29] and by Ian James Corlett and  Peter Kelamis in the first 67 episodes of Dragon Ball Z (edited into 53 episodes; produced in association with Saban and Ocean Productions).[31][32][33]

text: In AB Groupe's dub of the anime produced exclusively for Canadian and European broadcast (initially also in association with Ocean Productions and later with Blue Water Studios), Goku was voiced by Peter Kelamis again and later Kirby Morrow in episodes 123-291 of Dragon Ball Z,[33] by Zoe Slusar as a child in both Dragon Ball and Dragon Ball GT,[29] by Jeffrey Watson as an older teen in Dragon Ball,[33] and by Jeremiah Yurk as an adult and Super Saiyan 4 in GT.[33]

text: In Bang Zoom's dub of the first 27 episodes of Dragon Ball Super produced exclusively for Toonami Asia's broadcast, Goku was voiced by Lex Lang.[33]

text: In Funimation's in-house dub, Goku was voiced by Stephanie Nadolny as a child in both Dragon Ball and Dragon Ball GT,[34][35][29] and has been consistently voiced by Sean Schemmel as an adult throughout the entire Dragon Ball franchise.[36][37][33] Since Dragon Ball Z Kai, Colleen Clinkenbeard has voiced Kid Goku for Funimation.[29]

text: Appearances[edit]

text: In Dragon Ball[edit]

text: Goku first appears in Dragon Ball as a monkey-tailed child adopted by the hermit Gohan. Before the series' narrative begins, he accidentally and unknowingly kills Gohan on a full-moon night when he temporarily transforms into the mighty Ōzaru after staring at a full moon. However, Goku loses the ability when his friends cut off his tail.[38] Living alone with an item known as a Dragon Ball which he keeps as a memento of Gohan, Goku befriends a teenage girl named Bulma. He joins her to find the seven Dragon Balls, which, when gathered, summon the wish-granting dragon Shenron. They encounter the desert bandit Yamcha and two shapeshifters named Oolong and Puar, who also join their quest. Goku is later trained by the martial artist Master Roshi, alongside a Shaolin monk named Krillin, who becomes his best friend. It is Roshi who gives Goku the Nimbus cloud (as a reward for saving his pet sea turtle), which becomes Goku's primary source of flight travel across the world. Goku's first shown martial arts attack as a child is Jan ken (ジャン拳), three physical blows modeled after the hand signs in rock-paper-scissors.[39] As a child, he also wields the Nyoi-bō (如意棒, lit. "Mind Stick", renamed "Power Pole" in Funimation's dub), a magic staff that extends and retracts on command; given to him by his late grandfather.[40] However, Goku's signature attack is the Kamehameha, which he learned from Master Roshi.[41] The Kamehameha is a concentration of Ki, released as a concussive beam. Roshi spent about 50 years developing and perfecting the technique, but, as a child, Goku is able to understand and copy the technique immediately after only one demonstration. After training with the Earth's god, Kami, Goku learns to fly by virtue of the technique Bukū-jutsu (舞空術, lit. "Air Dance Technique") and uses the Nimbus less frequently for flight travel. While participating in the World Martial Arts Tournament that attracts the most powerful fighters in the world, Goku battles foes, later turned allies, such as Tien Shinhan and Chiaotzu, as well as the Namekian Piccolo. After becoming the runner-up champion of the 21st and 22nd tournaments, Goku finally wins in the 23rd with Piccolo's defeat, and marries Chi-Chi soon after.

text:
Five years later, Goku meets his evil older brother Raditz and sacrifices himself to defeat Raditz after he learns about his heritage.[42][43] Goku comes from a race of extraterrestrials called Saiyans, himself having been sent from their home planet to prepare Earth for sale on the intergalactic market by destroying all its life.[44] While Grandpa Gohan was taking care of him, Goku suffered a severe head injury and forgets his mission to conquer Earth.[44]
In order to fight the Saiyans invading Earth, Goku trains with King Kai in the afterlife. He teaches Goku the Kaiō-ken (界王拳, lit. "World King Fist"), which multiplies his ki and strength for an instant, but with possible strain to the body.[45] It is also from King Kai that Goku learns his most powerful attack: the Genki-Dama (元気玉, lit. "Energy Sphere", renamed "Spirit Bomb" in Funimation's dub), an energy sphere created by gathering ki from surrounding animals, nature and humans.[22] After being revived by the Dragon Balls, Goku faces off with the Saiyan prince Vegeta, who eventually becomes another ally. On his journey to Planet Namek in order to aid his friends in gathering the Namekian Dragon Balls to revive the ones killed by the Saiyans, Goku fights the galactic tyrant Frieza, who destroyed the Saiyans' home planet and nearly the entire race. During his epic battle with Frieza, Goku becomes the first Saiyan in a thousand years to transform into a fabled Super Saiyan.[46]

text: After defeating Frieza and barely escaping the destruction of Namek, Goku learns a teleportation skill called Shunkan Idō (瞬間移動, lit. "Instant Teleport", renamed "Instant Transmission" in Funimation's dub), taught by the inhabitants of the planet Yardrat.[47] However, Goku contracts a heart virus whereof the time-traveler Trunks warns him, but recovers after taking medicine provided by Trunks. Later, Goku trains his first son Gohan to be his successor and sacrifices himself again during the battle against the evil bio-android Cell. Goku is temporarily resurrected on Earth seven years later and meets his second son Goten. Goku also battles Vegeta again after Vegeta falls under the control of the wizard Babidi. Shortly after, he is drawn into a battle for the universe against the monster Majin Buu. Despite having mastered two new Super Saiyan transformations, Goku teaches Goten and Trunks to take his place. After his life is fully restored, Goku attempts to fuse with Gohan in order to defeat Buu, but this fails when the latter is temporarily absorbed by Buu and so he persuades the newly arrived Vegeta to fuse with him, creating Vegito (ベジット, Bejitto, "Vegerot" in Viz Media's manga translation).[48] Eventually, Goku destroys Buu with a Spirit Bomb attack. Ten years later, during another World Martial Arts Tournament, Goku meets Uub, Buu's human reincarnation, and leaves with him, intending to train him as the new protector of Earth.[49]

text: In Dragon Ball Super[edit]

text: After defeating Majin Buu, Goku meets a new opponent known as Beerus, the God of Destruction in the film Battle of Gods. An alternative, more innately powerful form known as the Super Saiyan God (超 (スーパー)サイヤ人ゴッド, Sūpā Saiya-jin Goddo) is reached by Goku during this film. Though the temporary transformation wears off, Goku manages to harness its godly powers in his base Super Saiyan form. In its sequel film Resurrection 'F', Goku manages to achieve a blue-haired evolution of Super Saiyan God under Whis's tutelage, known as the Super Saiyan God Super Saiyan (超 (スーパー)サイヤ人ゴッドSS (スーパーサイヤ人), Sūpā Saiya-jin Goddo Sūpā Saiya-jin) or "Super Saiyan Blue" for short, which Goku uses to battle the newly revived Frieza.[50] These forms also appear in Dragon Ball Super and its manga tie-in, which expand upon the stories from the two films, and replace them as the new canon.

text: Afterwards, Goku and his friends participate in a fighting tournament set between Beerus and his brother Champa, facing warriors from the universe Champa oversees as its God of Destruction. During this tournament, Goku reveals that he has learned to combine the perfect ki control of his Super Saiyan Blue form with his older technique, the Kaiō-ken; creating a variation called "Super Saiyan Blue Kaiō-ken". Although Goku gives up after fighting his opponent, Hit, his team ends up winning the tournament. After meeting with the omnipotent being known as Zeno, Goku encounters an evil alternate version of himself called "Goku Black", who is terrorizing Future Trunks' timeline. Black is eventually revealed to be a rogue Kai named Zamasu, who has stolen Goku's body from yet another alternate timeline and teamed up with the Zamasu of Future Trunks' timeline to fulfill their "Zero Mortals Plan". After Zamasu and Black become even more dangerous by undergoing Potara Fusion during the battle in Future Trunks' timeline, Goku ultimately summons the future version of Zeno who erases the entire universe and Zamasu. Goku and the others present there manage to escape in their time machine, and later Goku and Future Trunks use the time machine again to bring Future Zeno to the present timeline.

text: Later, Goku requests Whis to hire Hit to assassinate himself, but his reasoning behind this is to get another chance to fight Hit. Shortly afterwards, Goku causes the Zenos to decide to hold a multi-universal martial arts tournament with the losing universes wiped from existence. After enlisting nine of his allies to fight alongside him in the "Tournament of Power", Goku ends up recruiting Frieza as well.[51] Across the tournament, Goku defeats multiple warriors, but is nearly killed by one named Jiren. During this fight, Goku reaches a form known as ultra instinct omen and eventually masters this new form labeled as Ultra Instinct (身勝手の極意). All of a sudden, Jiren fires an energy blast at the stands housing the remaining members of the tournament. Goku immediately gets in the way of the attack, and deflects the energy blast away from his friends. Goku then overwhelms Jiren in a fit of rage until succumbing to his power's immense pressure as it fades, causing his body to spasm while appearing to be defeated. Luckily, Android 17 and Frieza are still in the tournament as they team up with only the former left in the ring. Goku and Frieza actually work together to force Jiren out of bounds in a triple elimination. After Android 17 uses his wish on the Super Dragon Balls to restore the erased universes, Goku and his team part ways with a fully revived Frieza and return to their "normal" lives on Earth.[52]

text: In Dragon Ball GT and other films[edit]

text: In the film Fusion Reborn, Goku and Vegeta use the Metamorese Fusion Dance, which creates Gogeta (ゴジータ, Gojīta), who sports slight visual differences from their previous merger.[53] In the anime-only sequel series, Dragon Ball GT, Goku is transformed back into a kid by an accidental wish made by his old enemy Pilaf using the Black Star Dragon Balls while Pilaf was about to wish to take over the world.[54] Goku, Trunks and his own granddaughter Pan travel the universe to search for the Black Star Dragon Balls and return them to Earth to prevent its destruction. After acquiring the Super Saiyan 4 transformation, Goku battles the evil Tuffle Baby, Super Android 17, and the evil Shadow Dragons. His final challenge is against Omega Shenron, whom he destroys using the Spirit Bomb.[55] Goku leaves with the original form of Shenron, but not before saying his goodbyes to his friends on Earth. He then appears 100 years later at the next World Martial Arts Tournament as an adult, where he watches a battle between Goku Jr., his descendant, and Vegeta Jr., Vegeta's descendant. An elderly Pan sees him, but he quickly departs.[56]

text: In other media[edit]

text: Goku has appeared in various other media including an unofficial Taiwanese live-action film[57] and an unofficial Korean live-action film.[58] He was portrayed by Justin Chatwin in the 2009 20th Century Fox feature Dragonball Evolution.[59] Goku has also appeared in almost every Dragon Ball licensed electronic video game, including crossover games such as Jump Super Stars, Jump Ultimate Stars and Battle Stadium D.O.N. In 1992, Goku was featured in the interactive game Dragon Ball Z: Get Together! Goku World,[60] in which Goku and his gang travel back in time to review events in the Dragon Ball timeline and interacts with his younger self. In December 2007, Goku made a guest appearance in avatar form in the MMORPG Second Life for a Jump Festa promotion titled Jumpland@Second Life.[61] Goku also appears in the Dr. Slump and Arale-chan video game for the Nintendo DS.[62]

text: Goku has been the subject of, and is mentioned in, various songs. "Son Goku Song"[63] and "Gokū no Gokigen Jānī"[64] feature Goku as a child singing about himself. During his adult years, the song "Aitsu wa Son Gokū" by Hironobu Kageyama, where Kageyama praises everything about Goku,[65] and the duet "Ore-tachi no Energy"[66] feature words spoken by the character. For the release of the single of the Dragonball Evolution international theme song "Rule", Toriyama supplied CD artwork of singer Ayumi Hamasaki dressed as Goku.[67]

text: Goku has been used in Japanese public service announcements aimed at children. In June 1988, Goku and other Dragon Ball characters were featured in two PSA short films. The first, in which Goku is taught the importance of obeying traffic safety by others, is entitled The Goku Traffic Safety (悟空の交通安全, Gokū no Kōtsū Anzen).[68] The second is called The Goku Fire Fighting Regiment (悟空の消防隊, Gokū no Shōbō-tai), in which he teaches two children the importance of fire safety.[68]

text: Goku has made guest appearances in various Japanese television shows and manga. In 2005, Goku appeared in the Toriyama parody manga Neko Majin Z where he is the sensei of the main character Z.[69] On September 15, 2006, in celebration of the 30th anniversary of Kochira Katsushika-ku Kameari Kōen-mae Hashutsujo, the special manga Super Kochikame (超こち亀, Chō Kochikame) was released. The chapter entitled This is the Police Station in front of Dragon Park on Planet Namek (こちらナメック星ドラゴン公園前派出所, Kochira Namekku-sei Dragon Kōen-mae Hashutsujo) has Ryotsu Kankichi travel to planet Namek and try to issue Freeza a citation and scold he and Goku for parking their ships illegally.[70] Goku and other Dragon Ball characters join the cast of One Piece in the 2006 crossover manga Cross Epoch.[71] He also appears in a single panel of Toriyama's 2013 manga Jaco the Galactic Patrolman, which is set before the events of Dragon Ball.[72] The collected tankōbon volume of Jaco features the bonus story Dragon Ball Minus: The Departure of the Fated Child, depicting how and why Goku's father and mother, Gine (ギネ), sent him to Earth.[73][74]

text: Goku has been the subject of various parodies. In the episode Career Day of Takeshi's Castle, known in the United States as MXC, the hosts Beat Takeshi and Sonomanma Higashi dressed as popular anime characters, one as Goku as a child, the other as Doraemon.[75] Weekly Shōnen Jump's Gag Special 2005 issue, released on November 12, 2004, featured a Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo one-shot Dragon Ball parody manga, a retelling of the first fight between Goku and Vegeta.[76] In chapter #179 of the Yakitate!! Japan manga, Kawachi executes a Genki-Dama parody called a Shinrai-Dama (信頼玉, lit. "Trust Ball") on the character Katsuo.[77]  In the manga and anime series Blood Lad, the character Staz performs the gestures for Goku's Kamehameha, having learned it from his favorite manga superhero, but it has no actual effect.[78]

text: Goku regularly appears on Fuji TV. In 2003, Goku appeared in the interactive feature Kyutai Panic Adventure! (球体パニックアドベンチャー!, Kyūtai Panikku Adobenchā!, "Orb Panic Adventure!"), which was featured exclusively at the Fuji TV headquarters in the Kyutai (orb) section. In this, Freeza attacks a visiting tourist, blasting the orb section free from the rest of the Fuji TV building. Goku fights Freeza over the real life aqua city of Odaiba.[79][80] In 2004, a sequel called Kyūtai Panic Adventure Returns! (球体パニックアドベンチャーリターンズ!, Kyūtai Panikku Adobenchā Ritānzu!, "Orb Panic Adventure Returns!") was produced.[81] On March 25, 2006, Goku and Freeza appeared in an original animated short film in the IQ Mirror Mistake 7 (ＩＱミラーまちがい７, Aikyū Mirā Machigai Nana) segment of the Japanese game show IQ Supplement (IQサプリ, IQ Sapuri).[82] On April 7, 2007, Goku and Fuji TV announcer Masaharu Miyake were commentators on the anime segment in the Nippon Ijin Taishō (日本偉人大賞, "Japan Great Man Awards") titled Saikyō no Ijin ha Dare? (最強の偉人は誰？, "Who is the Strongest Hero?"). The segment featured a special tournament to decide who was the greatest person in Japanese history. During the intermission, Goku promoted the coming release of R2 Dragon Ball DVDs.[83]

text: Since the U.S. debut of Dragon Ball Z in 1996, Goku has appeared in American pop culture. He was featured in an issue of Wizard magazine in which he and Superman fought a hypothetical battle and won.[84] In the Codename: Kids Next Door episode "Operation: R.E.P.O.R.T", Numbuh Four's version of the story is a parody of the Goku and Freeza's battle in Dragon Ball Z.[85] Goku appears in Robot Chicken in a sketch entitled A Very Dragon Ball Z Christmas, where Goku and Gohan fight an evil Mrs. Claus with Santa's reindeer, in an attempt to save Christmas.[86] The Saturday Night Live sketch TV Funhouse titled Kobayashi depicts real-life hot-dog-eating champion Takeru Kobayashi as able to transform into a Super Saiyan as he prepares to eat hot dogs; Goku appears briefly near the end.[87] Goku is referenced in the songs "Goku" and "Anime" by Soulja Boy Tell 'Em, where he brags that he looks and feels like Goku.[88] Goku appears in a parody of the film Moneyball on an episode of Mad entitled Money Ball Z, in which Billy Beane drafts Goku and a couple of other Dragon Ball characters into the Oakland A's.[89] In 2013, he and Superman fought in a "Death Battle" episode of the Rooster Teeth web series ScrewAttack.[90] The episode "Goku vs. Superman" in the web series Epic Rap Battles of History[91] won a Streamy Award for Best Music Video.[92]

text: The use of the Kamehameha attack became an Internet meme which started with Japanese schoolgirls photographing themselves apparently using, and being affected by, this attack.[93][94] It has also attracted considerable media attention in France,[95] Germany,[96] as well as in many Spanish-speaking countries in South America.[97][98][99]

text: Reception and legacy[edit]

text: Goku's character has been well received by publications for manga, anime and other media. Anime News Network noted Goku as a good source of comedy and remarked that after everything he experiences, he still remains a naïve character.[100] Tim Jones from THEM Anime Reviews noted that Goku is not an omnipotent character in the first anime series, unlike Dragon Ball Z, and does not disappear for long periods of time between sagas. They also liked the way the series' depict his entire adventures, making him a good main character.[101] Rationalmagic.com praised Goku's innocence as one of the funniest parts of the series.[102] According to Julius Weideman, Goku's journey and ever-growing strength resulted in the character winning "the admiration of young boys everywhere."[103] In 2015, the Japan Anniversary Association officially declared May 9 as "Goku Day" (悟空の日, Gokū no hi). In Japanese the numbers 5 and 9 can be pronounced as "Go" and "Ku" respectively.[104] Jason Thompson stated that unlike the "manly" heroes of other popular shōnen manga of the late 1980s and early 1990s, such as City Hunter and Fist of the North Star, Toriyama made his protagonist (Goku) cartoonish and small, thus starting a trend that Thompson says continues to this day.[105] One Piece creator Eiichiro Oda and Naruto creator Masashi Kishimoto said that Goku inspired their protagonists as well as series structure.[106][107] Commenting on Goku's popularity, Kishimoto stated that when people hear the name "Son Goku", no longer do they think of the Journey to the West character, but instead Dragon Ball's protagonist comes to mind.[108] Additionally, for the second half of the series, Kishimoto created an ape named Son Goku in reference to Toriyama's character to the point the ape has four tails just like the four-star Dragon Ball Goku earned from his grandfather.[109]

text: Masako Nozawa, the Japanese voice actor who plays Goku in the Japanese dubs, said that she liked young Goku with his tail because he was cute, and stated that the character was still the same even at the end of the series.[110] Jackie Chan has gone on record stating that Goku is his favorite Dragon Ball character.[111]

text: Goku was ranked number one in IGN's 2009 Top 25 Anime Characters of All Time[112] and reappeared on the same list in 2014, however, on this occasion they ranked him third, with Cowboy Bebop's Spike Spiegel and Neon Genesis Evangelion's Shinji Ikari placed above him, saying that "He was, in many ways, a character that bucked the trends of his time and defined the direction of shonen manga/anime for decades."[113] In Mania Entertainment's 10 Most Iconic Anime Heroes, Thomas Zoth commented that "Goku and Dragon Ball completely revolutionized shōnen manga."[114] In a Newtype poll from March 2010, Goku was voted the fifth most popular male character from the 1980s.[115] Goku ranked consistently high in the Anime Grand Prix poll in the category of "best male character" in the late 1980s and early 1990s, appearing seventeenth in the 1987 poll,[116] fifteenth in the 1988 poll,[117] second in the 1989 poll,[118] fourth in the 1990 poll,[119] third in the 1991 poll,[120] fourth in the 1992 poll,[121] thirteenth in 1993 poll,[122] and twelfth in 1994 poll.[123] In a 1993 character popularity poll for the series, Weekly Shōnen Jump readers voted Goku second, after his son Gohan.[124] He came in first in the magazine's 1995 poll,[124] as well as in a 2004 poll amongst fans of the series for the book Dragon Ball Forever.[125] In a 2005 The Daily Reader article entitled "The Greatest Geek Movie Heroes of All Time", Goku is the only animated character listed, and is ranked tenth.[126] In a survey of 1,000 people, conducted by Oricon in 2007, Goku ranked first place as the "Strongest Manga character of all time."[127] In the survey "Friendship" developed by rankingjapan.com, in which people chose which anime character they would like as a friend, Goku ranked fifth.[128] In 2000, Goku placed third in an Animax poll of favorite anime characters.[129] NTT customers voted him as their third favorite black haired male anime character.[130] Despite his positive reception, Goku also received negative feedback for his characterization in Dragon Ball Super due to how his constant desires for fighting stronger enemies resulted in setting up a story where all universe could be destroyed. While Anime Now's Richard Eisenbeis believes Goku is determined to protect his universe, the fact that he does not care about other loser universes being destroyed also received negative response.[131] In January 2017, Nowaza won two Guinness World Records for her longevity as Goku; she has been the sole voice actor for the role for over 23 years.[132]

text: Several pieces of merchandising based on Goku have been released, including action figures,[133][134] plushes,[135] and keychains.[136]

text: The German rock band Son Goku takes their name from the Dragon Ball protagonist. The band's lead singer Thomas D chose the name because Goku embodies the band's philosophy, saying he was "fascinated by Goku's naïveté and cheerfulness, yet, at the same time, a great warrior saving the world."[137] In 2010, a fiberglass statue of Goku was created by Chinese artist Edison Chen, with Chen's facial features instead of Goku's, as part of Chen's "I Hate You For Looking!" collection that was displayed at the "Treacherous Treis" exhibition.[138] CNN released an article explaining how Goku was Rafael Nadal's childhood inspiration, and called Nadal "the Dragon Ball of tennis" due to his unorthodox style "from another planet."[139]


document_title: List of presidents of the United States by age

question_text: who was the oldest president elected to office

root

text: Age of U.S. presidents[edit]

text: The median age upon accession to the presidency is 55 years and 3 months. This is how old Lyndon B. Johnson was at the time of his inauguration. The youngest person to assume the office was Theodore Roosevelt, who became president at the age of 42 years, 322 days, following William McKinley's assassination; the oldest was Donald Trump, who was 70 years, 220 days old at his inauguration. The youngest person to be elected president was John F. Kennedy, at 43 years, 163 days of age on election day; the oldest was Ronald Reagan, who was 73 years, 274 days old at the time of his election to a second term.

tag: p

text: Assassinated three years into his term, John F. Kennedy was the youngest at the time of leaving office (46 years, 177 days); the youngest president to leave office at the conclusion of a normal transition was Theodore Roosevelt (50 years, 128 days). The oldest at the time of leaving office was Ronald Reagan (77 years, 349 days).

text: Born on May 29, 1917, John F. Kennedy was younger than four of his successors, the greatest number to date: Lyndon Johnson (8 years, 9 months, and 2 days); Ronald Reagan (6 years, 3 months, and 23 days); Richard Nixon (4 years, 4 months, and 16 days); and Gerald Ford (3 years, 10 months, and 15 days).

text: Born on February 6, 1911, Ronald Reagan was older than four of his predecessors, the greatest number to date: Richard Nixon (1 year, 11 months, and 7 days); Gerald Ford (2 years, 5 months, and 8 days); John F. Kennedy (6 years, 3 months, and 23 days); and Jimmy Carter (13 years, 7 months, and 25 days).

text: Three presidents—Donald Trump, George W. Bush, and Bill Clinton—were born in 1946 (all within the span of 9 weeks). This is the only calendar year in which three presidents have been born. Two presidents—James K. Polk and Warren G. Harding—were born on November 2 (70 years apart). This is the only day of the year having the birthday of multiple presidents.[1]

text: The oldest living U.S. president is George H. W. Bush, born June 12, 1924 (age 94 years, 76 days). On November 25, 2017, he also became the longest-lived president, surpassing the lifespan of Gerald Ford, who died at the age of 93 years, 165 days. The second oldest living president, Jimmy Carter, has the distinction of having the longest post-presidency in U.S. history, currently at 37 years, 219 days. He surpassed the previous record, held by Herbert Hoover (31 years, 230 days) on September 7, 2012. The youngest living president is Barack Obama, born August 4, 1961 (age 57 years, 23 days).

text: The shortest-lived president to have died by natural causes (thereby excluding John F. Kennedy and James A. Garfield, who were both assassinated) was James K. Polk, who died of cholera at the age of 53 years, 225 days; only 103 days after leaving office.

text: Six U.S. presidents have lived into their 90s, with two of them currently alive. They are (in order of birth):

text:
John Adams(aged 90 years, 247 days)

Herbert Hoover(aged 90 years, 71 days)

Ronald Reagan(aged 93 years, 120 days)

Gerald Ford(aged 93 years, 165 days)

George H. W. Bush(age 94 years, 76 days)

Jimmy Carter(age 93 years, 330 days)

tag: ul

text: Table[edit]

text:
President

Birthdate

Start of presidency

End of presidency

Post-presidency

Death

Date
Age
Date
Age
timespan
Date
Age

01 • George Washington

Feb 22, 1732[a]

Apr 30, 1789

7004208870000000000♠57 years, 67 days

Mar 4, 1797

7004237520000000000♠65 years, 10 days

7003101500000000000♠2 years, 285 days

Dec 14, 1799

7004247670000000000♠67 years, 295 days

02 • John Adams

Oct 30, 1735[a]

Mar 4, 1797

7004224060000000000♠61 years, 125 days

Mar 4, 1801

7004238660000000000♠65 years, 125 days

7003925300000000000♠25 years, 122 days

Jul 4, 1826

7004331190000000000♠90 years, 247 days

03 • Thomas Jefferson

Apr 13, 1743[a]

Mar 4, 1801

7004211440000000000♠57 years, 325 days

Mar 4, 1809

7004240660000000000♠65 years, 325 days

7003633100000000000♠17 years, 122 days

Jul 4, 1826

7004303970000000000♠83 years, 82 days

04 • James Madison

Mar 16, 1751[a]

Mar 4, 1809

7004211720000000000♠57 years, 353 days

Mar 4, 1817

7004240940000000000♠65 years, 353 days

7003705600000000000♠19 years, 116 days

Jun 28, 1836

7004311500000000000♠85 years, 104 days

05 • James Monroe

Apr 28, 1758

Mar 4, 1817

7004214940000000000♠58 years, 310 days

Mar 4, 1825

7004244160000000000♠66 years, 310 days

7003231300000000000♠6 years, 122 days

Jul 4, 1831

7004267290000000000♠73 years, 67 days

06 • John Q. Adams

Jul 11, 1767

Mar 4, 1825

7004210550000000000♠57 years, 236 days

Mar 4, 1829

7004225160000000000♠61 years, 236 days

7003693000000000000♠18 years, 356 days

Feb 23, 1848

7004294460000000000♠80 years, 227 days

07 • Andrew Jackson

Mar 15, 1767

Mar 4, 1829

7004226340000000000♠61 years, 354 days

Mar 4, 1837

7004255560000000000♠69 years, 354 days

7003301800000000000♠8 years, 96 days

Jun 8, 1845

7004285740000000000♠78 years, 85 days

08 • Martin Van Buren

Dec 5, 1782

Mar 4, 1837

7004198120000000000♠54 years, 89 days

Mar 4, 1841

7004212730000000000♠58 years, 89 days

7003781200000000000♠21 years, 142 days

Jul 24, 1862

7004290850000000000♠79 years, 231 days

09 • William H. Harrison

Feb 9, 1773

Mar 4, 1841

7004248590000000000♠68 years, 23 days

Apr 4, 1841[b]

7004248900000000000♠68 years, 54 days

00,0000 days

Apr 4, 1841

7004248900000000000♠68 years, 54 days

10 • John Tyler

Mar 29, 1790

Apr 4, 1841

7004186330000000000♠51 years, 6 days

Mar 4, 1845

7004200630000000000♠54 years, 340 days

7003616400000000000♠16 years, 320 days

Jan 18, 1862

7004262270000000000♠71 years, 295 days

11 • James K. Polk

Nov 2, 1795

Mar 4, 1845

7004180190000000000♠49 years, 122 days

Mar 4, 1849

7004194800000000000♠53 years, 122 days

7002103000000000000♠103 days

Jun 15, 1849

7004195830000000000♠53 years, 225 days

12 • Zachary Taylor

Nov 24, 1784

Mar 4, 1849

7004234750000000000♠64 years, 100 days

Jul 9, 1850[b]

7004239670000000000♠65 years, 227 days

00,0000 days

Jul 9, 1850

7004239670000000000♠65 years, 227 days

13 • Millard Fillmore

Jan 7, 1800

Jul 9, 1850

7004184450000000000♠50 years, 183 days

Mar 4, 1853

7004194140000000000♠53 years, 56 days

7003767400000000000♠21 years, 4 days

Mar 8, 1874

7004270880000000000♠74 years, 60 days

14 • Franklin Pierce

Nov 23, 1804

Mar 4, 1853

7004176330000000000♠48 years, 101 days

Mar 4, 1857

7004190940000000000♠52 years, 101 days

7003460100000000000♠12 years, 218 days

Oct 8, 1869

7004236950000000000♠64 years, 319 days

15 • James Buchanan

Apr 23, 1791

Mar 4, 1857

7004240560000000000♠65 years, 315 days

Mar 4, 1861

7004255170000000000♠69 years, 315 days

7003264600000000000♠7 years, 89 days

Jun 1, 1868

7004281630000000000♠77 years, 39 days

16 • Abraham Lincoln

Feb 12, 1809

Mar 4, 1861

7004190130000000000♠52 years, 20 days

Apr 15, 1865[b]

7004205160000000000♠56 years, 62 days

00,0000 days

Apr 15, 1865

7004205160000000000♠56 years, 62 days

17 • Andrew Johnson

Dec 29, 1808

Apr 15, 1865

7004205610000000000♠56 years, 107 days

Mar 4, 1869

7004219800000000000♠60 years, 65 days

7003234000000000000♠6 years, 149 days

Jul 31, 1875

7004243200000000000♠66 years, 214 days

18 • Ulysses S. Grant

Apr 27, 1822

Mar 4, 1869

7004171130000000000♠46 years, 311 days

Mar 4, 1877

7004200350000000000♠54 years, 311 days

7003306300000000000♠8 years, 141 days

Jul 23, 1885

7004230980000000000♠63 years, 87 days

19 • Rutherford B. Hayes

Oct 4, 1822

Mar 4, 1877

7004198750000000000♠54 years, 151 days

Mar 4, 1881

7004213360000000000♠58 years, 151 days

7003433700000000000♠11 years, 319 days

Jan 17, 1893

7004256730000000000♠70 years, 105 days

20 • James A. Garfield

Nov 19, 1831

Mar 4, 1881

7004180030000000000♠49 years, 105 days

Sep 19, 1881[b]

7004182020000000000♠49 years, 304 days

00,0000 days

Sep 19, 1881

7004182020000000000♠49 years, 304 days

21 • Chester A. Arthur

Oct 5, 1829

Sep 19, 1881

7004189770000000000♠51 years, 349 days

Mar 4, 1885

7004202390000000000♠55 years, 150 days

7002624000000000000♠1 year, 259 days

Nov 18, 1886

7004208630000000000♠57 years, 44 days

22 • Grover Cleveland

Mar 18, 1837

Mar 4, 1885

7004175180000000000♠47 years, 351 days

Mar 4, 1889

7004189790000000000♠51 years, 351 days

15 years, 112 days[c]

Jun 24, 1908

7004260300000000000♠71 years, 98 days

23 • Benjamin Harrison

Aug 20, 1833

Mar 4, 1889

7004202850000000000♠55 years, 196 days

Mar 4, 1893

7004217460000000000♠59 years, 196 days

7003293000000000000♠8 years, 9 days

Mar 13, 1901

7004246760000000000♠67 years, 205 days

24 • Grover Cleveland

Mar 18, 1837

Mar 4, 1893

7004204400000000000♠55 years, 351 days

Mar 4, 1897

7004219010000000000♠59 years, 351 days

15 years, 112 days[c]

Jun 24, 1908

7004260300000000000♠71 years, 98 days

25 • William McKinley

Jan 29, 1843

Mar 4, 1897

7004197580000000000♠54 years, 34 days

Sep 14, 1901[b]

7004214120000000000♠58 years, 228 days

00,0000 days

Sep 14, 1901

7004214120000000000♠58 years, 228 days

26 • Theodore Roosevelt

Oct 27, 1858

Sep 14, 1901

7004156620000000000♠42 years, 322 days

Mar 4, 1909

7004183900000000000♠50 years, 128 days

7003359500000000000♠9 years, 308 days

Jan 6, 1919

7004219850000000000♠60 years, 71 days

27 • William H. Taft

Sep 15, 1857

Mar 4, 1909

7004187970000000000♠51 years, 170 days

Mar 4, 1913

7004202580000000000♠55 years, 170 days

7003621300000000000♠17 years, 4 days

Mar 8, 1930

7004264710000000000♠72 years, 174 days

28 • Woodrow Wilson

Dec 28, 1856

Mar 4, 1913

7004205190000000000♠56 years, 66 days

Mar 4, 1921

7004234410000000000♠64 years, 66 days

7003106600000000000♠2 years, 336 days

Feb 3, 1924

7004245070000000000♠67 years, 37 days

29 • Warren G. Harding

Nov 2, 1865

Mar 4, 1921

7004202100000000000♠55 years, 122 days

Aug 2, 1923[b]

7004210910000000000♠57 years, 273 days

00,0000 days

Aug 2, 1923

7004210910000000000♠57 years, 273 days

30 • Calvin Coolidge

Jul 4, 1872

Aug 2, 1923

7004186550000000000♠51 years, 29 days

Mar 4, 1929

7004206960000000000♠56 years, 243 days

7003140300000000000♠3 years, 307 days

Jan 5, 1933

7004220990000000000♠60 years, 185 days

31 • Herbert Hoover

Aug 10, 1874

Mar 4, 1929

7004199290000000000♠54 years, 206 days

Mar 4, 1933

7004213900000000000♠58 years, 206 days

7004115530000000000♠31 years, 230 days

Oct 20, 1964

7004329430000000000♠90 years, 71 days

32 • Franklin D. Roosevelt

Jan 30, 1882

Mar 4, 1933

7004186600000000000♠51 years, 33 days

Apr 12, 1945[b]

7004230820000000000♠63 years, 72 days

00,0000 days

Apr 12, 1945

7004230820000000000♠63 years, 72 days

33 • Harry S. Truman

May 8, 1884

Apr 12, 1945

7004222530000000000♠60 years, 339 days

Jan 20, 1953

7004250930000000000♠68 years, 257 days

7003728000000000000♠19 years, 341 days

Dec 26, 1972

7004323730000000000♠88 years, 232 days

34 • Dwight D. Eisenhower

Oct 14, 1890

Jan 20, 1953

7004227430000000000♠62 years, 98 days

Jan 20, 1961

7004256650000000000♠70 years, 98 days

7003298900000000000♠8 years, 67 days

Mar 28, 1969

7004286540000000000♠78 years, 165 days

35 • John F. Kennedy

May 29, 1917

Jan 20, 1961

7004159420000000000♠43 years, 236 days

Nov 22, 1963[b]

7004169780000000000♠46 years, 177 days

00,0000 days

Nov 22, 1963

7004169780000000000♠46 years, 177 days

36 • Lyndon B. Johnson

Aug 27, 1908

Nov 22, 1963

7004201750000000000♠55 years, 87 days

Jan 20, 1969

7004220610000000000♠60 years, 146 days

7003146300000000000♠4 years, 2 days

Jan 22, 1973

7004235240000000000♠64 years, 148 days

37 • Richard Nixon

Jan 9, 1913

Jan 20, 1969

7004204650000000000♠56 years, 11 days

Aug 9, 1974[d]

7004224920000000000♠61 years, 212 days

7003719600000000000♠19 years, 256 days

Apr 22, 1994

7004296880000000000♠81 years, 103 days

38 • Gerald Ford

Jul 14, 1913

Aug 9, 1974

7004223060000000000♠61 years, 26 days

Jan 20, 1977

7004232010000000000♠63 years, 190 days

7004109320000000000♠29 years, 340 days

Dec 26, 2006

7004341330000000000♠93 years, 165 days

39 • Jimmy Carter

Oct 1, 1924

Jan 20, 1977

7004191040000000000♠52 years, 111 days

Jan 20, 1981

7004205650000000000♠56 years, 111 days

7004137330000000000♠37 years, 219 days

2018-08-27

7004342980000000000♠93 years, 330 days

40 • Ronald Reagan

Feb 6, 1911

Jan 20, 1981

7004255510000000000♠69 years, 349 days

Jan 20, 1989

7004284730000000000♠77 years, 349 days

7003561500000000000♠15 years, 137 days

Jun 5, 2004

7004340880000000000♠93 years, 120 days

41 • George H. W. Bush

Jun 12, 1924

Jan 20, 1989

7004235980000000000♠64 years, 222 days

Jan 20, 1993

7004250590000000000♠68 years, 222 days

7003935000000000000♠25 years, 219 days

2018-08-27

7004344090000000000♠94 years, 76 days

42 • Bill Clinton

Aug 19, 1946

Jan 20, 1993

7004169560000000000♠46 years, 154 days

Jan 20, 2001

7004198780000000000♠54 years, 154 days

7003642800000000000♠17 years, 219 days

2018-08-27

7004263060000000000♠72 years, 8 days

43 • George W. Bush

Jul 6, 1946

Jan 20, 2001

7004199220000000000♠54 years, 198 days

Jan 20, 2009

7004228440000000000♠62 years, 198 days

7003350600000000000♠9 years, 219 days

2018-08-27

7004263500000000000♠72 years, 52 days

44 • Barack Obama

Aug 4, 1961

Jan 20, 2009

7004173360000000000♠47 years, 169 days

Jan 20, 2017

7004202580000000000♠55 years, 169 days

7002584000000000000♠1 year, 219 days

2018-08-27

7004208420000000000♠57 years, 23 days

45 • Donald Trump

Jun 14, 1946

Jan 20, 2017

7004257880000000000♠70 years, 220 days

2018-08-27

7004288540000000000♠78 years, 364 days

2018-08-27

7004263720000000000♠72 years, 74 days

President

Birthdate

Date
Age

Date
Age

Post-presidency

Date
Age

Start of presidency

End of presidency

timespan

Death

tag: table

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c d Birthdate as changed to New Style.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Died in office.

^ Jump up to: a b Cleveland was retired for 1,461 days between his two terms (1889–1893), and then another 4,129 days from the end of his 2nd term (1897) until his death (1908).

Jump up ^ Resigned from office.

tag: ol

text: Oldest living U.S. presidents[edit]

text: Of the 44 persons who have served as president, 24 have become the oldest such individual of their time. Herbert Hoover held this distinction for the longest period of any, from the death of Calvin Coolidge in January 1933 until his own death 31 years later. Lyndon B. Johnson held it for the shortest, from the death of Harry S. Truman in December 1972 until his own death only 27 days later.

text: On three occasions the oldest living president lost this distinction not by his death, but by the inauguration of a president who was older. Theodore Roosevelt (born 1858) lost this distinction when William Taft (born 1857) was inaugurated, then four years later Taft lost it when Woodrow Wilson (born 1856) was inaugurated. More recently, Richard Nixon (born 1913) ceased being the oldest living president when Ronald Reagan (born 1911) was inaugurated. Furthermore, although Theodore Roosevelt was the youngest ever to become both the oldest living president (at age 49) and a former president (at age 50), he was the only living president or former president by the end of his term. Consequently, Taft was the oldest living president twice: first during his presidency (having succeeded the younger Roosevelt), and a second time after Wilson (his successor as president but an older man) died. Gerald Ford was the oldest individual to acquire this distinction, at the age of 90.

text: On seven occasions, the oldest living president has acquired this distinction during his term in office. In the cases of John Adams, Ulysses S. Grant, Theodore Roosevelt, Herbert Hoover and Richard Nixon, this happened at the same time as their becoming the only living president; in the cases of Andrew Jackson and Benjamin Harrison, the only other living president at the time was a younger predecessor (John Quincy Adams and Grover Cleveland respectively). By contrast, the president who acquired this distinction furthest from his time in office was Gerald Ford, who had been retired for 7003999800000000000♠27 years, 137 days.

text:
President

Dates

Age atstart date

Age atend date

Length

George Washington

April 30, 1789 – December 14, 1799

7004208870000000000♠57 years, 67 days

7004247670000000000♠67 years, 295 days

7003388000000000000♠10 years, 228 days

John Adams

December 14, 1799 – July 4, 1826

7004234210000000000♠64 years, 45 days

7004331190000000000♠90 years, 247 days

7003969800000000000♠26 years, 202 days

James Madison

July 4, 1826 – June 28, 1836

7004275030000000000♠75 years, 110 days

7004311500000000000♠85 years, 104 days

7003364700000000000♠9 years, 360 days

Andrew Jackson

June 28, 1836 – June 8, 1845

7004253070000000000♠69 years, 105 days

7004285740000000000♠78 years, 85 days

7003326700000000000♠8 years, 345 days

John Quincy Adams

June 8, 1845 – February 23, 1848

7004284560000000000♠77 years, 332 days

7004294460000000000♠80 years, 227 days

7002990000000000000♠2 years, 260 days

Martin Van Buren

February 23, 1848 – July 24, 1862

7004238200000000000♠65 years, 80 days

7004290850000000000♠79 years, 231 days

7003526500000000000♠14 years, 151 days

James Buchanan

July 24, 1862 – June 1, 1868

7004260240000000000♠71 years, 92 days

7004281630000000000♠77 years, 39 days

7003213900000000000♠5 years, 313 days

Millard Fillmore

June 1, 1868 – March 8, 1874

7004249820000000000♠68 years, 146 days

7004270880000000000♠74 years, 60 days

7003210600000000000♠5 years, 280 days

Andrew Johnson

March 8, 1874 – July 31, 1875

7004238100000000000♠65 years, 69 days

7004243200000000000♠66 years, 214 days

7002510000000000000♠1 year, 145 days

Ulysses S. Grant

July 31, 1875 – July 23, 1885

7004194530000000000♠53 years, 95 days

7004230980000000000♠63 years, 87 days

7003364500000000000♠9 years, 357 days

Rutherford B. Hayes

July 23, 1885 – January 17, 1893

7004229380000000000♠62 years, 292 days

7004256730000000000♠70 years, 105 days

7003273500000000000♠7 years, 178 days

Benjamin Harrison

January 17, 1893 – March 13, 1901

7004217000000000000♠59 years, 150 days

7004246760000000000♠67 years, 205 days

7003297600000000000♠8 years, 55 days

Grover Cleveland

March 13, 1901 – June 24, 1908

7004233700000000000♠63 years, 360 days

7004260300000000000♠71 years, 98 days

7003266000000000000♠7 years, 103 days

Theodore Roosevelt

June 24, 1908 – March 4, 1909

7004181370000000000♠49 years, 241 days

7004183900000000000♠50 years, 128 days

7002253000000000000♠253 days

William Howard Taft

March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913

7004187970000000000♠51 years, 170 days

7004202580000000000♠55 years, 170 days

7003146100000000000♠4 years, 0 days

Woodrow Wilson

March 4, 1913 – February 3, 1924

7004205190000000000♠56 years, 66 days

7004245070000000000♠67 years, 37 days

7003398800000000000♠10 years, 336 days

William Howard Taft

February 3, 1924 – March 8, 1930

7004242460000000000♠66 years, 141 days

7004264710000000000♠72 years, 174 days

7003222500000000000♠6 years, 33 days

Calvin Coolidge

March 8, 1930 – January 5, 1933

7004210650000000000♠57 years, 247 days

7004220990000000000♠60 years, 185 days

7003103400000000000♠2 years, 303 days

Herbert Hoover

January 5, 1933 – October 20, 1964

7004213320000000000♠58 years, 148 days

7004329430000000000♠90 years, 71 days

7004116110000000000♠31 years, 289 days

Harry S. Truman

October 20, 1964 – December 26, 1972

7004293840000000000♠80 years, 165 days

7004323730000000000♠88 years, 232 days

7003298900000000000♠8 years, 67 days

Lyndon B. Johnson

December 26, 1972 – January 22, 1973

7004234970000000000♠64 years, 121 days

7004235240000000000♠64 years, 148 days

7001270000000000000♠27 days

Richard Nixon

January 22, 1973 – January 20, 1981

7004219280000000000♠60 years, 13 days

7004248480000000000♠68 years, 11 days

7003292000000000000♠7 years, 364 days

Ronald Reagan

January 20, 1981 – June 5, 2004

7004255510000000000♠69 years, 349 days

7004340880000000000♠93 years, 120 days

7003853700000000000♠23 years, 137 days

Gerald Ford

June 5, 2004 – December 26, 2006

7004331990000000000♠90 years, 327 days

7004341330000000000♠93 years, 165 days

7002934000000000000♠2 years, 204 days

George H. W. Bush

December 26, 2006 – present

7004301470000000000♠82 years, 197 days

Current

7003426200000000000♠11 years, 244 days

President

Dates

Age atstart date

Age atend date

Length


document_title: Data Protection Act 1998

question_text: who is responsible for enforcing the data protection act

text: Data Protection Act 1998

text: Background[edit]

text: The 1998 Act replaced the Data Protection Act 1984 and the Access to Personal Files Act 1987 and implemented the EU Data Protection Directive 1995.

text: The Privacy and Electronic Communications (EC Directive) Regulations 2003 altered the consent requirement for most electronic marketing to "positive consent" such as an opt in box. Exemptions remain for the marketing of "similar products and services" to existing customers and enquirers, which can still be given permission on an opt out basis.

text: The Jersey data protection law was modelled on the UK law.[2]

text: Contents[edit]

text: Scope of protection[edit]

text: Section 1 defines "personal data" as any data that can be used to identify a living individual. Anonymised or aggregated data is less regulated by the Act, providing the anonymisation or aggregation has not been done in a reversible way. Individuals can be identified by various means including their name and address, telephone number or email address. The Act applies only to data which is held, or intended to be held, on computers ('equipment operating automatically in response to instructions given for that purpose'), or held in a 'relevant filing system'.[3]

text: In some cases paper records may be classified as a 'relevant filing system', such as an address book or a salesperson's diary used to support commercial activities.[4]

text: The Freedom of Information Act 2000 modified the act for public bodies and authorities, and the Durant case modified the interpretation of the act by providing case law and precedent.[5]

text: A person who has their data processed has the following rights:[6][7]

text:
under section 7, to view the data an organisation holds on them for a reasonable fee: the maximum fee is £2 for requests to credit reference agencies, £50 for health and educational request, and £10 per individual otherwise,[8]
under section 14, request that incorrect information be corrected. If the company ignores the request, a court can order the data to be corrected or destroyed, and in some cases compensation can be awarded.[9]
under section 10, require that data is not used in any way that may potentially cause damage or distress.[10]
under section 11, require that their data is not used for direct marketing.[11]

text: Data protection principles[edit]

text: Schedule 1 lists eight "data protection principles".

text:
Personal data shall be processed fairly and lawfully and, in particular, shall not be processed unless:

at least one of the conditions in Schedule 2 is met, and
in the case of sensitive personal data, at least one of the conditions in Schedule 3 is also met.

Personal data shall be obtained only for one or more specified and lawful purposes, and shall not be further processed in any manner incompatible with that purpose or those purposes.
Personal data shall be adequate, relevant and not excessive in relation to the purpose or purposes for which they are processed.
Personal data shall be accurate and, where necessary, kept up to date.
Personal data processed for any purpose or purposes shall not be kept for longer than is necessary for that purpose or those purposes.
About the rights of individuals e.g.[12] personal data shall be processed in accordance with the rights of data subjects (individuals).
Appropriate technical and organisational measures shall be taken against unauthorised or unlawful processing of personal data and against accidental loss or destruction of, or damage to, personal data.
Personal data shall not be transferred to a country or territory outside the European Economic Area unless that country or territory ensures an adequate level of protection for the rights and freedoms of data subjects in relation to the processing of personal data.

text: Personal data should only be processed fairly and lawfully. In order for data to be classed as 'fairly processed', at least one of these six conditions must be applicable to that data (Schedule 2).

text:
The data subject (the person whose data is stored) has consented ("given their permission") to the processing;
Processing is necessary for the performance of, or commencing, a contract;
Processing is required under a legal obligation (other than one stated in the contract);
Processing is necessary to protect the vital interests of the data subject;
Processing is necessary to carry out any public functions;
Processing is necessary in order to pursue the legitimate interests of the "data controller" or "third parties" (unless it could unjustifiably prejudice the interests of the data subject).[13]

text: Except under the below mentioned exceptions, the individual needs to consent to the collection of their personal information and its use in the purpose(s) in question. The European Data Protection Directive defines consent as “…any freely given specific and informed indication of his wishes by which the data subject signifies his agreement to personal data relating to him being processed”, meaning the individual may signify agreement other than in writing. However, non-communication should not be interpreted as consent.

text: Additionally, consent should be appropriate to the age and capacity of the individual and other circumstances of the case. E.g., if an organisation "intends to continue to hold or use personal data after the relationship with the individual ends, then the consent should cover this." And even when consent is given, it shouldn't be assumed to last forever. Although in most cases consent lasts for as long as the personal data needs to be processed, individuals may be able to withdraw their consent, depending on the nature of the consent and the circumstances in which the personal information is being collected and used.[14]

text: The Data Protection Act also specifies that sensitive personal data must be processed according to a stricter set of conditions, in particular any consent must be explicit.[14]

text: Exceptions[edit]

text: The Act is structured such that all processing of personal data is covered by the act, while providing a number of exceptions in Part IV.[1] Notable exceptions are:

text:
Section 28 – National security. Any processing for the purpose of safeguarding national security is exempt from all the data protection principles, as well as Part II (subject access rights), Part III (notification), Part V (enforcement), and Section 55 (Unlawful obtaining of personal data).
Section 29 – Crime and taxation. Data processed for the prevention or detection of crime, the apprehension or prosecution of offenders, or the assessment or collection of taxes are exempt from the first data protection principle.
Section 36 – Domestic purposes. Processing by an individual only for the purposes of that individual's personal, family or household affairs is exempt from all the data protection principles, as well as Part II (subject access rights) and Part III (notification).

text: Police and court powers[edit]

text: The Act grants or acknowledges various police and court powers.

text:
Section 29 – Consent of the Data Subject is not required when processing Personal Data to prevent or detect crime, apprehend or prosecute offenders, the assessment and collection of taxes and duties and to discharge a statutory function.[15]
Section 35 – Disclosures required by law or made in connection with legal proceedings. This includes obeying court orders, other laws and are part of legal proceedings.[16]

text: Offences[edit]

text: The Act details a number of civil and criminal offences for which data controllers may be liable if a data controller has failed to gain appropriate consent from a data subject. However, 'consent' is not specifically defined in the Act and so is a common law matter.

text:
Section 21(1) makes it an offence to process personal information without registration.[17]
Section 21(2) makes it an offence to fail to comply with the notification regulations made by the Secretary of State[17] (proposed by the Information Commissioner under section 25 of the Act).[18]
Section 55 makes unlawful obtaining of personal data. This section makes it an offence for people (Other Parties), such as hackers and impersonators, outside the organisation to obtain unauthorised access to the personal data.[19]
Section 56 makes it a criminal offence to require an individual to make a Subject Access Request relating to cautions or convictions for the purposes of recruitment, continued employment, or the provision of services.[20] This section came into force on 10 March 2015.[21]

text: Complexity[edit]

text: The UK Data Protection Act is a large Act that has a reputation for complexity.[22] While the basic principles are honoured for protecting privacy, interpreting the act is not always simple. Many companies, organisations and individuals seem very unsure of the aims, content and principles of the Act. Some hide behind the Act and refuse to provide even very basic, publicly available material quoting the Act as a restriction.[23] The Act also impacts on the way in which organisations conduct business in terms of who can be contacted for marketing purposes, not only by telephone and direct mail but also electronically and has led to the development of permission based marketing strategies.

text: Definition of personal data[edit]

text: The definition of personal data is data relating to a living individual who can be identified

text:
from that data or
from that data and other information in the possession of, or is likely to come into the possession of, the data controller

text: Sensitive personal data concerns the subject's race, ethnicity, politics, religion, trade union status, health, sex life or criminal record.[24]

text: Subject Access Requests[edit]

text: The Information Commissioner's Office website states[25]:

text:
You have the right to get a copy of the information that is held about you. This is known as a subject access request.
This right of subject access means that you can make a request under the Data Protection Act to any organisation processing your personal data. The Act calls these organisations ‘data controllers’.
You can ask the organisation you think is holding, using or sharing the personal information you want, to supply you with copies of both paper and computer records and related information.

tag: div

text: Organisations may charge a fee for responding to a subject access request of up to[25]:

text:
£2 if it is a request to a credit reference agency for information about your financial standing
£50 for health records that are not available in electronic form or only partially available in electronic form
£10 in all other circumstances

text: Information Commissioner[edit]

text: Compliance with the Act is regulated and enforced by an independent authority, the Information Commissioner's Office, which maintains guidance relating to the Act.[26][27]

text: EU’s Article 29 Working Party[edit]

text: In January 2017 the Information Commissioner's Office invited public comments on the EU’s Article 29 Working Party's proposed changes to data protection law and the anticipated introduction of extensions to the interpretation of the Act, the Guide to the General Data Protection Regulation.[28]


document_title: Java package

question_text: all standard classes of java are included within a package called

text: Java package

text: Using packages[edit]

text: In a Java source file, the package that this file's class or classes belong to is specified with the package keyword. This keyword is usually the first keyword in the source file. At most one package declaration can appear in a source file.

text: To use a package's classes inside a Java source file, it is convenient to import the classes from the package with an import declaration. The following declaration

text: imports all classes from the java.awt.event package, while the next declaration

text: imports only the ActionEvent class from the package. After either of these import declarations, the ActionEvent class can be referenced using its simple class name:

text: Classes can also be used directly without an import declaration by using the fully qualified name of the class. For example,

text: does not require a preceding import declaration.

text: The unnamed package[edit]

text: Note that if you do not use a package declaration, your class ends up in an unnamed package. Classes in an unnamed package cannot be imported by classes in any other package.[2]

text: The official Java Tutorial advises against this:

text: Package access protection[edit]

text: Public members and classes are visible everywhere and private members are visible only in the same class. Classes within a package can access classes and members declared with default (package-private) access as well as class members declared with the protected access modifier. Default (package-private) access is enforced when a class or member has not been declared as public, protected or private. By contrast, classes in other packages cannot access classes and members declared with default access. However, class members declared as protected can be accessed from the classes in the same package as well as classes in other packages that are subclasses of the declaring class.[4]

text: Creation of JAR files[edit]

text: JAR files are created with the jar command-line utility. The command

text: compresses all .class files into the JAR file myPackage.jar. The 'c' option on the command line tells the jar command to "create new archive." The ' f ' option tells it to create a file. The file's name comes next before the contents of the JAR file.

text: Package naming conventions[edit]

text: Packages are usually defined using a hierarchical naming pattern, with some levels in the hierarchy separated by periods (., pronounced "dot"). Although packages lower in the naming hierarchy are often referred to as "subpackages" of the corresponding packages higher in the hierarchy, there is almost no semantic relationship between packages. The Java Language Specification establishes package naming conventions to avoid the possibility of two published packages having the same name. The naming conventions describe how to create unique package names, so that packages that are widely distributed will have unique namespaces. This allows packages to be separately, easily and automatically installed and catalogued.

text: In general, a package name begins with the top level domain name of the organization and then the organization's domain and then any subdomains, listed in reverse order. The organization can then choose a specific name for its package. Subsequent components of the package name vary according to an organization's own internal naming conventions.[5]

text: For example, if an organization in Canada called MySoft creates a package to deal with fractions, naming the package ca.mysoft.fractions distinguishes the fractions package from another similar package created by another company. If a German company named MySoft also creates a fractions package, but names it de.mysoft.fractions, then the classes in these two packages are defined in a unique and separate namespace.

text: Complete conventions for disambiguating package names and rules for naming packages when the Internet domain name cannot be directly used as a package name are described in section 7.7 of the Java Language Specification.[6]

text: Core packages in Java SE 8[edit]

text:
java.lang
— basic language functionality and fundamental types

java.util
— collection data structure classes

java.io
— file operations

java.math
— multiprecision arithmetics

java.nio
— the Non-blocking I/O framework for Java

java.net
— networking operations, sockets, DNS lookups, ...

java.security
— key generation, encryption and decryption

java.sql
— Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) to access databases

java.awt
— basic hierarchy of packages for native GUI components

java.text
— Provides classes and interfaces for handling text, dates, numbers, and messages in a manner independent of natural languages.

java.rmi
— Provides the RMI package.

java.time
— The main API for dates, times, instants, and durations.

java.beans
— The java.beans package contains classes and interfaces related to JavaBeans components.

text: The java.lang package is available without the use of an import statement.5

text: Modules[edit]

text: In Java 9, "modules", a kind of collection of packages, are planned as part of Project Jigsaw; these were earlier called "superpackages" and originally planned for Java 7.

text: Modules will describe their dependencies in a module declaration which will be placed in a file named module-info.java at the root of the module’s source-file hierarchy. The JDK will be able to check them both at compile-time and runtime. The JDK itself will be modularized for Java 9.[7]