document_title: List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders

question_text: who's got the most home runs this year

question_tokens: who 's got the most home runs this year

text: Key[edit]

text:
Rank
Rank amongst leaders in career home runs. A blank field indicates a tie.

Player (2018 HRs)
Number of home runs hit during the 2018 Major League Baseball season.

HR
Total career home runs hit.

*

denotes elected to National Baseball Hall of Fame.

Bold

denotes active player.[a]

tag: table

text: List[edit]

text: Stats updated as of August 28, 2018.

text:
Rank

Player (2018 HRs)

HR

1

Barry Bonds

762

2

Hank Aaron *

755

3

Babe Ruth *

714

4

Alex Rodriguez

696

5

Willie Mays *

660

6

Albert Pujols (19)

633

7

Ken Griffey, Jr. *

630

8

Jim Thome*

612

9

Sammy Sosa

609

10

Frank Robinson *

586

11

Mark McGwire

583

12

Harmon Killebrew *

573

13

Rafael Palmeiro

569

14

Reggie Jackson *

563

15

Manny Ramirez

555

16

Mike Schmidt *

548

17

David Ortiz

541

18

Mickey Mantle *

536

19

Jimmie Foxx *

534

20

Willie McCovey *

521

Frank Thomas *

521

Ted Williams *

521

23

Ernie Banks *

512

Eddie Mathews *

512

25

Mel Ott *

511

26

Gary Sheffield

509

27

Eddie Murray *

504

28

Lou Gehrig *

493

Fred McGriff

493

30

Stan Musial *

475

Willie Stargell *

475

32

Carlos Delgado

473

33

Adrian Beltre (7)

469

34

Chipper Jones*

468

35

Miguel Cabrera (3)

465

Dave Winfield *

465

37

José Canseco

462

Adam Dunn

462

39

Carl Yastrzemski *

452

40

Jeff Bagwell *

449

Vladimir Guerrero*

449

42

Dave Kingman

442

43

Jason Giambi

440

44

Paul Konerko

439

45

Andre Dawson *

438

46

Carlos Beltrán

435

47

Juan González

434

Andruw Jones

434

49

Cal Ripken, Jr. *

431

50

Mike Piazza *

427

51

Billy Williams *

426

52

Darrell Evans

414

53

Alfonso Soriano

412

54

Mark Teixeira

409

55

Duke Snider *

407

56

Andrés Galarraga

399

Al Kaline *

399

58

Dale Murphy

398

59

Joe Carter

396

60

Jim Edmonds

393

61

Graig Nettles

390

62

Johnny Bench *

389

63

Aramis Ramírez

386

64

Dwight Evans

385

65

Harold Baines

384

66

Larry Walker

383

67

Frank Howard

382

Ryan Howard

382

Jim Rice *

382

70

Albert Belle

381

71

Orlando Cepeda *

379

Tony Pérez *

379

73

Matt Williams

378

74

Norm Cash

377

Jeff Kent

377

text:
Rank

Player (2018 HRs)

HR

76

Edwin Encarnación (28)

376

Carlton Fisk *

376

78

Rocky Colavito

374

79

Gil Hodges

370

80

Todd Helton

369

Ralph Kiner *

369

82

Lance Berkman

366

83

Joe DiMaggio *

361

84

Gary Gaetti

360

85

Johnny Mize *

359

86

Yogi Berra *

358

Carlos Lee

358

88

Nelson Cruz (32)

355

Greg Vaughn

355

90

Luis Gonzalez

354

Lee May

354

92

Torii Hunter

353

93

Ellis Burks

352

94

Dick Allen

351

95

Chili Davis

350

96

George Foster

348

97

José Bautista (11)

342

Ron Santo *

342

99

Jack Clark

340

100

Tino Martinez

339

Dave Parker

339

Boog Powell

339

103

Don Baylor

338

104

Joe Adcock

336

105

Darryl Strawberry

335

106

Moisés Alou

332

Bobby Bonds

332

108

Hank Greenberg *

331

Derrek Lee

331

110

Curtis Granderson (11)

330

111

Shawn Green

328

Mo Vaughn

328

113

Jermaine Dye

325

Willie Horton

325

115

Gary Carter *

324

Lance Parrish

324

117

Ron Gant

321

118

Vinny Castilla

320

Troy Glaus

320

120

Cecil Fielder

319

Prince Fielder

319

122

Roy Sievers

318

123

Adrian Gonzalez (6)

317

George Brett *

317

125

Ryan Braun (14)

316

Ron Cey

316

Scott Rolen

316

128

Jeromy Burnitz

315

Matt Holliday (1)

315

130

Reggie Smith

314

131

Iván Rodríguez *

311

132

Jay Buhner

310

133

Edgar Martínez

309

134

Greg Luzinski

307

Al Simmons *

307

Miguel Tejada

307

137

Robinson Canó (5)

306

Fred Lynn

306

Richie Sexson

306

Rubén Sierra

306

141

Raúl Ibañez

305

David Justice

305

Reggie Sanders

305

144

Steve Finley

304

145

Rogers Hornsby *

301

146

Chuck Klein *

300

147

Giancarlo Stanton (32)

299

Tim Salmon

299

149

Rickey Henderson *

297

150

Magglio Ordóñez

294

text:
Rank

Player (2018 HRs)

HR

Robin Ventura

294

152

Kent Hrbek

293

Mark Reynolds (12)

293

154

Pat Burrell

292

Rusty Staub

292

156

Craig Biggio *

291

Jimmy Wynn

291

158

Bobby Abreu

288

Del Ennis

288

Bob Johnson

288

Hank Sauer

288

162

Garret Anderson

287

Bobby Bonilla

287

Brian Giles

287

Bernie Williams

287

166

Carlos Peña

286

Frank Thomas

286

168

Will Clark

284

Eric Karros

284

170

Chris Davis (16)

283

171

Ken Boyer

282

Eric Davis

282

Ryne Sandberg *

282

Justin Upton (26)

282

175

Jay Bruce (4)

281

Paul O'Neill

281

177

Ted Kluszewski

279

178

Mike Cameron

278

Ryan Klesko

278

180

Matt Kemp (18)

277

Rudy York

277

182

Brian Downing

275

Evan Longoria (14)

275

Roger Maris

275

Dean Palmer

275

Jorge Posada

275

187

Dante Bichette

274

188

Steve Garvey

272

189

Tom Brunansky

271

Raúl Mondesí

271

George Scott

271

192

Vernon Wells

270

193

Hanley Ramírez (6)

269

194

Brian McCann (5)

268

Joe Morgan *

268

Brooks Robinson *

268

Gorman Thomas

268

198

George Hendrick

267

Mike Napoli (0)

267

200

Vic Wertz

266

Joey Votto (9)

266

202

George Bell

265

Matt Stairs

265

204

Adam Jones (13)

264

Bobby Thomson

264

206

Ryan Zimmerman (12)

263

207

Danny Tartabull

262

208

Eric Chavez

260

Derek Jeter

260

Javy López

260

Tim Wallach

260

212

Chase Utley (1)

259

213

Bob Allison

256

Larry Parrish

256

Vada Pinson

256

216

Kirk Gibson

255

Adam LaRoche

255

John Mayberry

255

John Olerud

255

220

Larry Doby *

253

Joe Gordon *

253

Andre Thornton

253

Todd Zeile

253

224

Bret Boone

252

Bobby Murcer

252

text:
Rank

Player (2018 HRs)

HR

Joe Torre *

252

226

Tony Armas

251

Tony Clark

251

Cy Williams

251

Robin Yount *

251

231

José Valentín

249

232

Goose Goslin *

248

Ted Simmons

248

234

Ian Kinsler (13)

247

Justin Morneau

247

Vern Stephens

247

237

Ken Singleton

246

238

Deron Johnson

245

Nick Swisher

245

Mickey Tettleton

245

241

Lou Whitaker

244

Hack Wilson *

244

243

Víctor Martínez (6)

243

244

Dusty Baker

242

Sal Bando

242

Wally Berger

242

Roy Campanella *

242

J. D. Drew

242

Aubrey Huff

242

David Wright

242

251

Jesse Barfield

241

Cecil Cooper

241

Rick Monday

241

254

Jeff Burroughs

240

Roberto Clemente *

240

256

Dolph Camilli

239

Ken Caminiti

239

258

Earl Averill *

238

Ray Lankford

238

260

Doug DeCinces

237

Gus Zernial

237

262

Gabby Hartnett *

236

263

Johnny Damon

235

Bill Nicholson

235

Ben Oglivie

235

Dan Uggla

235

267

Gary Matthews

234

Kevin Mitchell

234

Paul Molitor *

234

270

Cliff Floyd

233

271

Mike Trout (31)

232

272

Jimmy Rollins

231

273

Rob Deer

230

Carlos González (15)

230

275

Nomar Garciaparra

229

Jayson Werth

229

277

Howard Johnson

228

Dick Stuart

228

Hal Trosky

228

280

Marquis Grissom

227

281

Johnny Callison

226

282

Bobby Grich

224

Troy Tulowitzki (0)

224

284

Bobby Doerr *

223

Travis Fryman

223

Mike Lowell

223

287

Jason Bay

222

Don Mattingly

222

Hunter Pence (2)

222

290

Tony Batista

221

Geoff Jenkins

221

292

Tony Oliva

220

293

Jim Bottomley *

219

Al Oliver

219

Joe Pepitone

219

296

Bob Horner

218

Andrew McCutchen (15)

218

Mark Trumbo (17)

218

299

Benito Santiago

217

300

Ron Fairly

215

Pedro Guerrero

215

Chet Lemon

215

Mike Sweeney

215


document_title: Come from Away

question_text: when did come from away open in toronto

question_tokens: when did come from away open in toronto

root

text: Come from Away

text: History and productions[edit]

text: The idea for the show was first conceived by Michael Rubinoff, a Toronto lawyer, theatre producer, and Associate Dean of Visual and Performing Arts at Sheridan College in Oakville.[4] After approaching various writing teams about the project, Rubinoff attracted Irene Sankoff and David Hein,[4] whose work he knew from their 2009 musical, My Mother's Lesbian Jewish Wiccan Wedding, which was a hit at the Toronto Fringe Festival and later picked up by Mirvish Productions.[5]

tag: p

text: In 2011, Sankoff and Hein visited Gander on the tenth anniversary of the attacks to interview locals and returning passengers.[4] The couple translated some stories directly to the musical while others were merged for story purposes. Rubinoff used their initial script to produce a 45-minute workshop version for the Canadian Music Theatre Project, part of the Sheridan College Music Theatre Performance Program, in 2012. The workshop was sufficiently successful that Rubinoff invited Sankoff and Hein to finish writing it for a full production at Sheridan in 2013, as part of the college's regular theatrical season. The full production, directed by Brian Hill, was an artistic success, but Rubinoff was unable to attract a Canadian producer for further development.[5]

text: In the meantime, Goodspeed Musicals of East Haddam, Connecticut, included the show in its workshop program.[4] The National Alliance for Musical Theatre in New York selected it as a showcase presentation in fall 2013, where a performance, also directed by Brian Hill, led to the show being optioned by Junkyard Dog Productions, the production company behind Memphis and First Date.[5][6]

text: The professional production was a collaboration by the La Jolla Playhouse and Seattle Repertory Theatre in 2015.[7] The play had extended runs in each location. The musical opened at the La Jolla Playhouse in June 2015, directed by Christopher Ashley and featuring Joel Hatch as the Mayor of Gander, Jenn Colella as Beverley, a pilot, and Chad Kimball as Kevin.[8] In Seattle, it broke all box office records (including highest grossing show and largest single ticket sales day) at Seattle Repertory Theatre.[9]

text: Following its runs in San Diego and Seattle, the show played out-of-town engagements at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. from September 2, 2016 to October 9, 2016[10][11] and then at the Royal Alexandra Theatre in Toronto, Ontario, from November 15, 2016 to January 8, 2017.[12] The entire run of the Toronto production sold out during its second week of performances.[13] The show's ticket sales set a record for the then 109-year-old Royal Alex Theatre, selling $1.7 million in tickets in a single week.[14] The show could not be extended due to its Broadway commitment but, as a result of the strong demand, Mirvish Productions announced on December 2, 2016, that it was adding an additional four box seats and 12 standing-room locations for the duration of the show.[15] An additional show was also added on the evening of December 18, 2016.[13]

text: The musical opened in previews on Broadway on February 18, 2017 and officially opened on March 12, 2017 at the Gerald Schoenfeld Theatre. The show has been playing to standing-room-only audiences. Direction is by Christopher Ashley, choreography by Kelly Devine, scenic design by Beowulf Boritt, costume design by Toni-Leslie James, lighting design by Howell Binkley, sound design by Gareth Owen, and music direction by Ian Eisendrath.[16] The performance of March 15, 2017 on Broadway was attended by Prime Minister Justin Trudeau (who addressed the audience before the show), other current and former Canadian federal politicians and provincial politicians from Newfoundland and Labrador, US Ambassador to the United Nations Nikki Haley, and Ivanka Trump.[17][18]

text: Another Canadian production opened in a sold-out, four-week run in Winnipeg at the Royal Manitoba Theatre Centre in January 2018.[19] The production began performances at the Royal Alexandra Theatre in Toronto on February 13, 2018.[20]

text: The musical will kick off its national tour in October 2018 at the 5th Avenue Theatre in Seattle, WA.

text: The musical will run at the Abbey Theatre in Dublin, Ireland from December 2018 to January 2019, before transferring to the Phoenix Theatre in London's West End from February 2019 with a British cast.[21]

text: An Australian production is scheduled to open at the Comedy Theatre, Melbourne in July 2019.[22]

text: Characters and casts[edit]

text:
Character

La Jolla (2015)[23]

Seattle (2015)[24]

Ford's Theatre(2016)[25]

Toronto(2016)[26]

Broadway(2017)

Winnipeg/Toronto(2018)[27][28]

US Tour(2018)

Dublin(2018)

West End(2019)

Garth, Kevin Tuerff and others

Chad Kimball

Jack Noseworthy

Andrew Samonsky

David Shannon

Annette, Beverley Bass and others

Jenn Colella

Eliza-Jane Scott

Becky Gulsvig

Rachel Tucker

Claude Elliott and others

Joel Hatch

George Masswohl

Kevin Carolan

Clive Carter

Bob and others

Rodney Hicks

Kevin Vidal

James Earl Jones II

Nathanael Campbell

Ali, Kevin Jung and others

Caesar Samayoa

Ali Momen

Nick Duckart

Jonathan Andrew Hume

Janice Mosher and others

Allison Spratt Pearce

Kendra Kassebaum

Steffi DiDomenicantonio

Emily Walton

Emma Salvo

Bonnie Harris and others

Petrina Bromley

Alyssa Wilmoth Keegan

Petrina Bromley

Kristen Peace

Megan McGinnis

Mary Doherty

Oz Fudge and others

Geno Carr

Eric Ankrim

Geno Carr

Cory O'Brien

Harter Clingman

Harry Morrison

Doug, Nick Marson and others

Lee MacDougall

James Kall

Chamblee Ferguson

Robert Hands

Hannah O'Rourke and others

Q. Smith

Saccha Dennis

Danielle K. Thomas

Cat Simmons

Diane Gray and others

Sharon Wheatley

Barbara Fulton

Christine Toy Johnson

Helen Hobson

Beulah Davis and others

Astrid Van Wieren

Lisa Horner

Julie Johnson

Jenna Boyd

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: On the morning of September 11, 2001, the townsfolk of Gander (including Claude the mayor, Oz the police constable, Beulah the teacher, Bonnie the SPCA worker and others) describe life in Newfoundland and how they learn of the terrorist attacks taking place in New York City, Washington, D.C., and Shanksville, Pennsylvania ("Welcome to the Rock").

text: The attacks result in US airspace being closed, forcing 38 international aircraft to be diverted and land unexpectedly at the Gander airport, doubling the population of the small Newfoundland town, which is unequipped for the influx of stranded travelers ("38 Planes"). The Gander townspeople spring to action and prepare to house, feed, clothe and comfort the nearly 7,000 passengers (along with 19 animals in cargo) ("Blankets and Bedding"). Meanwhile, the pilots, flight attendants and passengers are initially not permitted to leave the planes, forcing them to deal with confusing and conflicting information about what has happened and why they were suddenly grounded ("28 Hours / Wherever We Are").

text: Once allowed off the planes and transferred to various emergency shelters in and around Gander ("Darkness and Trees"), the passengers and crew watch replays of the attacks on the news and learn the true reason why they were grounded ("Lead Us Out of the Night"). The frightened and lonely passengers desperately try to contact their families and pray for their loved ones, while the townsfolk work through the night to help them in any and every way they can ("Phoning Home / Costume Party"). The travelers are initially taken aback by their hosts' uncommon hospitality, but they slowly let their guards down and begin to bond with the quirky townsfolk and each other. The "islanders" in Gander and the surrounding towns open up their homes to the "plane people", regardless of their guests' race, nationality or sexual orientation.  Two women, Beulah (from Gander) and Hannah (from New York), bond over the fact that both of their sons are firefighters, but Hannah's son is missing ("I Am Here"). Hannah asks Beulah to take her to a Catholic church, and a number of characters make their way to other houses of worship around town ("Prayer").

text: To alleviate rising fear and mounting tensions ("On The Edge"), the passengers are invited to be initiated as honorary Newfoundlanders at the local bar ("Heave Away / Screech In"). The gravity of the attacks nevertheless continues to set in as US airspace is eventually reopened. One trailblazing pilot, Beverley Bass, comments on how her once optimistic view of the world has suddenly changed ("Me and the Sky"). While one pair of passengers starts to develop a romance despite the terrible thing that brought them together ("Stop the World"), another pair sees their long-term relationship fall apart under the stress of the event.

text: As the passengers and crew fly away to their homes, they joyously exchange stories of the immense kindness and generosity that was shown to them by the Newfoundland strangers in their time of need ("Somewhere in the Middle of Nowhere"), but not before a Muslim traveler, faced with increasing prejudice from his fellow passengers, undergoes a humiliating strip search prior to boarding. The townsfolk in Gander return to normal life, but comment on how empty their town now seems and how different the world now feels.  The passengers and airline staff who return to the United States are faced with the horror of the attacks' aftermath—including Hannah, who learns that her firefighter son lost his life during the rescue efforts. ("Something's Missing").

text: Ten years later, the crew and passengers (the "come from aways") of the once stranded planes reunite in Gander, this time by choice, to celebrate the lifelong friendships and strong connections they formed in spite of the terrorist attacks ("Finale"). As Claude the mayor professes, "Tonight we honour what was lost, but we also commemorate what we found."

text: Musical numbers[edit]

text:
"Welcome to the Rock" – Claude, Company
"38 Planes" – Company
"Blankets and Bedding" – Company
"28 Hours / Wherever We Are" – Company
"Darkness and Trees" – Company
"On the Bus" – Company
"Darkness and Trees" (Reprise) – Company
"Lead Us Out of the Night" – Company
"Phoning Home" – Company
"Costume Party" – Diane, Kevin T, Beverley, Hannah, Kevin J, Nick, Bob
"I Am Here" – Hannah
"Prayer" – Kevin T, Company
"On the Edge" – Company
"In the Bar/Heave Away" – Company
"Screech In" – Claude, Company
"Me and the Sky" – Beverley, Female Ensemble
"The Dover Fault" – Nick, Diane
"Stop the World" – Nick, Diane, Company
"Somewhere in the Middle of Nowhere" – Beverley, Company
"Something's Missing" – Company
"Ten Years Later" – Company
"Finale" – Claude, Company
"Screech Out" – Band

tag: ul

text: The music contains "rock, folk and Gaelic-sounding strains, performed by an onstage band."[8]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Seattle[edit]

text: Jay Irwin with Broadway World called the production "emotionally transcendent" and "the best musical I've seen all year and possibly ever."[29]

text: Washington, DC[edit]

text: David Gerson with DC Metro Theatre Arts called the show "one of the most refreshing pieces of art that I have seen in years. The folk and country influenced pop score is tuneful and the cast sings the hell out of it."[30] Peter Marks, in his review in The Washington Post, noted that the musical "stirs powerful memories of 9/11 [...] if the book's mechanics unfold with too much sugar, the score has an infectious, gritty vitality: Especially good is a number set in a Gander pub, choreographed by Kelly Devine, during which a risibly nutty local initiation rite is performed, involving the embrace of a recently caught codfish."[31]

text: Toronto[edit]

text: Kelly Nestruck of The Globe and Mail wrote that "the heartwarming musical lives up to the hype" and that "the accessible story, strong emotional core and gorgeous songwriting should not distract from how original and smart this gem of a musical is."[32] Robert Cushman of the National Post called the production "outstanding."[33] Liz Braun of the Toronto Sun gave the show a perfect 5-star review, writing "Blame Canada: a grim day in American history has been transformed into a joyous and emotional musical about the indomitable human spirit."[34] Alan Henry of Broadway World said "You'll laugh, you'll cry, and you'll be a better person when you leave the theatre. Don't miss 'Come From Away'."[35]

text: Broadway[edit]

text: Ben Brantley, chief theatre critic for The New York Times, wrote "Try, if you must, to resist the gale of good will that blows out of 'Come From Away,' the big bearhug of a musical that opened on Sunday night at the Gerald Schoenfeld Theater. But even the most stalwart cynics may have trouble staying dry-eyed during this portrait of heroic hospitality under extraordinary pressure."[36] He awarded the show the Critics' Pick designation, given to productions the critic believes have particular merit. Joe Dziemianowicz of the New York Daily News called the show "big-hearted and crowd-pleasing" and "a singing reminder that when things are at their worst, people can be at their best."[37] Joe Westerfield with Newsweek wrote that "'Come From Away' accomplishes what all the best musicals do: It takes you to a place where you didn't know you wanted to go, and makes you not want to leave."[38] Frank Scheck of The Hollywood Reporter called the musical "heartwarming and thoroughly entertaining [...] especially in these politically fractious times."[39] Johnny Oleksinski with the New York Post wrote that "Every New Yorker must see this show", referring to the musical as "Broadway's biggest and best surprise of the season."[40] Peter Marks of The Washington Post called the show "an effervescent musical" and "an antidote for what ails the American soul."[41] Michael Dale of Broadway World called the show an "inspiring, funny and kick-ass beautiful new musical" and went on to say that "as long as 'Come From Away' is playing on Broadway, I will recommend it to everyone. Everyone."[42] Steven Suskin, drama critic for The Huffington Post, wrote that "'Come From Away' is altogether different and altogether gripping, [...] brave and new and unusual and overwhelmingly heart-tugging."[43] Robert Kahn with NBC called the piece "a dignified, often funny new musical" which "find[s] a spiritual angle to a horrific story, depicting the goodness in humanity while still allowing us room for the feelings of loneliness and fear that will always be connected to that time."[44] Jennifer Vanasco with WNYC called the show "a love letter -- to Newfoundland, to New York, to what people can do if they set aside fear and hate. Don't miss it."[45]

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text: Original Washington, D.C. production (2016)[edit]

text:
Year

Award Ceremony

Category

Nominee

Result

2017

Helen Hayes Awards[46]

Outstanding Musical—HAYES Production

Won

Outstanding Direction of a Musical—HAYES Production

Christopher Ashley

Won

Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Musical—HAYES Production

Jenn Colella

Won

Kendra Kassebaum

Nominated

Alyssa Wilmoth Keegan

Nominated

Q. Smith

Nominated

Astrid Van Wieren

Nominated

Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Musical—HAYES Production

Joel Hatch

Nominated

Rodney Hicks

Nominated

Chad Kimball

Nominated

Outstanding Ensemble in a Musical—HAYES Production

Won

Outstanding Choreography, Musical—HAYES Production

Kelly Devine

Nominated

Outstanding Musical Direction—HAYES Production

Ian Eisendrath

Nominated

Outstanding Sound Design—HAYES Production

Gareth Owen

Nominated

text: Original Broadway production (2017)[edit]

text:
Year

Award Ceremony

Category

Nominee

Result

2017

Tony Award[47]

Best Musical

Nominated

Best Book of a Musical

Irene Sankoff and David Hein

Nominated

Best Original Score

Nominated

Best Featured Actress in a Musical

Jenn Colella

Nominated

Best Lighting Design in a Musical

Howell Binkley

Nominated

Best Direction of a Musical

Christopher Ashley

Won

Best Choreography

Kelly Devine

Nominated

Drama Desk Awards[48]

Outstanding Musical

Won

Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical

Jenn Colella

Won

Outstanding Director of a Musical

Christopher Ashley

Nominated

Outstanding Choreography

Kelly Devine

Nominated

Outstanding Book of a Musical

Irene Sankoff and David Hein

Won

Outstanding Music

Nominated

Outstanding Lyrics

Nominated

Outstanding Orchestrations

August Eriksmoen

Nominated

Outstanding Costume Design for a Musical

Toni-Leslie James

Nominated

Drama League Award[49]

Outstanding Production of a Broadway or Off-Broadway Production

Nominated

Outer Critics Circle Awards[50]

Outstanding Broadway Musical

Won

Outstanding New Score (Broadway or Off-Broadway) (The Marjorie Gunner Award)

Irene Sankoff and David Hein

Nominated

Outstanding Book of a Musical (Broadway or Off-Broadway)

Won

Outstanding Director of a Musical

Christopher Ashley

Won

Outstanding Choreographer

Kelly Devine

Nominated

Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical

Jenn Colella

Won

Outstanding Sound Design (Play or Musical)

Gareth Owen

Won

Chita Rivera Awards for Dance and Choreography[51]

Outstanding Ensemble in a Broadway Show

Nominated

Outstanding Choreography in a Broadway Show

Kelly Devine

Nominated

2018

Grammy Awards[52][53]

Best Musical Theater Album

Ian Eisendrath, August Eriksmoen, David Hein, David Lai & Irene Sankoff (producers); David Hein & Irene Sankoff (composers/lyricists)

Nominated

text: Film adaptation[edit]

text: On November 15, 2017, it was announced that The Mark Gordon Company would produce a feature film adaptation of the musical, with Sankoff and Hein writing the script and Christopher Ashley as director.[54][55]


document_title: Sesame Street in the UK

question_text: when was sesame street first shown in the uk

text: Sesame Street in the UK

text: BBC[edit]

text: Sesame Street premiered on public broadcasting television stations in the US on 10 November 1969,[1] to positive reviews, some controversy, and high ratings. A few months after its debut, producers from several countries requested that the Children's Television Workshop (CTW) create and produce versions of Sesame Street in their countries,[2] which came to be called "international co-productions". Producers in the UK began discussing plans to broadcast either a co-production or the American broadcast on British television within six months after the show debuted in the US.[3]

text: The BBC disliked the series from the very beginning, and refused to air a British version, claiming that there were already children's television programmes that accomplished the same goals as Sesame Street. Throughout 1970 and 1971, debates raged in the British media about broadcasting the show in the U.K. Joan Ganz Cooney, the creator of Sesame Street, expressed her hopes that a British version of the show could expose British children to "something more telling than The Magic Roundabout".[4] Monica Sims, head of children's programming at the BBC at the time, stated, "This sounds like indoctrination, and a dangerous extension of the use of television".[5] A teacher in North London showed the series to over 400 educators and reported that the most negative feedback was that Sesame Street was "brash and vulgar but utterly lovable".[6]

text: As the public debate over the series increased, Sims wrote a letter of reply in The Guardian, outlining the BBC's decision and their objections regarding Sesame Street.[7] They rejected the show's appearance in the U.K. because although the network aired other American programmes, as well as programmes produced all over the world, Sesame Street was produced specifically for American children, who were not exposed to the same high quality of children's programmes as those in Britain. Sims and the BBC claimed that the philosophy behind the show was what they called "wallpaper television", which encouraged children to watch television for several hours, something British programmes discouraged. The BBC also eschewed Sesame Street's didactic teaching methods, which the BBC felt was inappropriate in mass media. The BBC was against children's programming that dictated what young children should learn, so airing Sesame Street would go against twenty years of children's television programmes in the U.K. Finally, Sims and the BBC believed that since Sesame Street was "carefully geared" to the needs of disadvantaged children in the U.S., much of the terminology, including the words "trash" or "zip code" would confuse four-year-olds in Britain.

text: Sims and the BBC's decision engendered both praise and disappointment, and generated an investigation into the network's scheduling practices. The controversy also stalled development of a British co-production. In 1974, the BBC broadcast 13 episodes of The Electric Company, another CTW show, for an eight-week run.[8] Their rationale to air it was that the show was a part of a school curriculum, accompanied by back-up resources such as books. An independent assessment was conducted afterwards. With the BBC's refusal to air Sesame Street, the debate over its place on British TV passed to ITV.

text: ITV[edit]

text: After the BBC rejected Sesame Street, the Independent Television Authority (ITA) considered giving it a network slot on ITV, after concluding that further research was needed. In March and April 1971, HTV broadcast a three-week weekday test run; the series was received favourably, but the ITA concluded the more testing would be required. They passed the enquiry to The Authority Schools Committee, who authorised LWT, Grampian Television and HTV to broadcast another test run of Sesame Street, under the understanding that its permission "should not be construed as educational endorsement of Sesame Street for British children".[9] HTV's second trial ran in December 1971 for a three-week daily run, and LWT and Grampian broadcast it for thirteen weeks on Saturday mornings from September to December 1971.[10]

text: After the trials, Grampian dropped the series until July 1978, but HTV and LWT continued to air it. The ITA and The Authority Schools Committee agreed to allow both companies to continue broadcasting the series after their study concluded in March 1971, with addition three ITV companies agreeing to air it the following year.[11] Like the BBC, some ITV companies also opposed Sesame Street, thus certain ITV companies created their own original children's programmes. This coincided with the British government's decision to require extra hours of children's programming in the afternoon.[9]

text: Sesame Street broadcast dates in Britain[edit]

text:
HTV - 22 March 1971
LWT and Grampian: 25 September 1971
Granada: 8 July 1972
UTV: 6 January 1973
Westward Television: May 1973: Originally on Sundays, before moving to Saturdays in summer 74.
Southern Television: 19 November 1977
ATV and Border: 3 June 1978
STV 16 March 1979 - Sundays.
Anglia Television - Summer 1981
Tyne Tees and Yorkshire - 29 March 1982

text: ITV's federal structure, which allowed each television company to decide what programmes it would broadcast, meant that it took over ten years before Sesame Street was broadcast in all parts of the UK. The show was broadcast on Saturday mornings, or during week-day school holidays. ITV continued to broadcast the series until early 1987, when after an 8-month hiatus, it reappeared daily on Channel 4 from Monday 30 November 1987 until March 2001, then continued to air on Saturday mornings until 22 September 2001, when it was replaced by The Hoobs. Sesame Street has also been shown on satellite and cable channels, including Nick Jr from 2000–2003, along with Playhouse Disney.

text: In 1974, Associated Television aired the peak time Sesame Street special Julie on Sesame Street, with Julie Andrews. The special was filmed in the UK at the Elstree Studios.

text: Independent Television Authority Report[edit]

text: Reactions to Sesame Street in Britain 1971[11] was a report commissioned by the ITA in association with the National Council for Educational Technology and three ITV companies. The report was not distributed or published in the national press at first because the ITA believed that the increase in British children's programmes had decreased the demand for Sesame Street's broadcast in the U.K., although both ITV and the BBC used the report to improve children's programming. The report found that educators "abhorred" Sesame Street for discrediting and possibly corrupting educational objectives. It also questioned the success of the educational approaches used by the show.

text: Frank Blackwell, the director of the primary extension programmes for the National Council for Educational Technology, carried out the research reported in ITA's report. Both children and their parents were questioned about their interaction with Sesame Street, and sociologists watched children's reactions while watching it. They found that 98—99% of young viewers enjoyed it, and were surprised to discover that most of the negative reactions were from educators. Most parents had positive reactions.

text: The report cited the concerns raised by Americans such as John Holt and Arnold Arnold about the educational techniques used in Sesame Street, as well as the validity of the research used by the CTW to produce the show. The investigators recognised the show's success in the U.S., but agreed with the BBC that both the ITA and the BBC had over twenty years of experience producing high-quality educational programmes for children, unlike in the U.S., where the production of Sesame Street was the first time a "proper pre-school television programme" was made. The report also agreed that the BBC's carefully selected imported programmes upheld their high standards.

text: In the UK, the organisations involved in the production of educational television programmes were small, so it was easy for them to work together, thus forming a pool of knowledge accessible to few outside the industry. As a result, it was difficult to compare Sesame Street and British-made series, although Sesame Street helped galvanise the BBC and ITV to produce additional educational programmes for children. The report recommended that British shows follow the example of the producers and creators of Sesame Street, and adjust the content of their programmes based upon their audience's feedback. The report concluded that without Sesame Street, discussion would not have occurred, and the changes to both American and British children's programming would not have happened as quickly.

text: The ITA's report found that most parents reported that their children were interested in Sesame Street. Parents also reported that children responded well to the show, found the series funny, that it held their attention, and that most learned from viewing it. Most of their children requested to watch the show again. Parents' criticism of the show was that the pace was too fast, that some of the songs included were poor-in-quality, and that children were confused regarding the use of upper and lower case letters. Half of the parents questioned believed that a fifty-minute children's programme was too long. Parents' criticisms of Sesame Street tended to vary depending upon the region. 64% of parents in the HTV test area and 43% of parents in the LWT area considered the show too American.

text: Overall, the feedback from young viewers was positive. The report found that children's attention levels were highest during the show's jazz segments, and that their favorite Muppets were Bert and Ernie. In the Grampian area, some children found the use of letter names rather than sounds confusing, especially after they began school.

text: Absence from UK screens[edit]

text: As of 2011, the broadcast of Sesame Street in the UK was limited to BBC Northern Ireland, which has aired Sesame Tree since 2008, and TG4, which aired Tar ag Spraoi Sesame in Northern Ireland from 2007. The Disney Channel and Channel 5 broadcast three of the show's spin-offs, Play with Me Sesame, Elmo's World, and Bert and Ernie's Great Adventures. Channel 5 preferred to dub British voices onto their imported shows, and feels that utilising puppets is outdated. The BBC has stood by its original decision, and its position that other children's programmes in the UK cover similar learning themes and values.[12]

text: In 2014, CBeebies launched a Sesame Street spin-off called The Furchester Hotel, which included Elmo and Cookie Monster as well as new characters. The second season introduced more Sesame Street characters as visitors to the hotel. [13]

text: Sesame Street returned to UK television on Cartoon Network UK's sister pre-school channel, Cartoonito on November 7, 2016.[14]


document_title: Minutemen

question_text: what did the militia wear in the revolutionary war

text: Minutemen

text: History[edit]

text: In the British colony of Massachusetts Bay, all able-bodied men between the ages of 16 and 60 were required to participate in their local militia.[2] As early as 1645 in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, some men were selected from the general ranks of town-based "training bands" to be ready for rapid deployment. Men so selected were designated as minutemen. They were usually drawn from settlers of each town, and so it was very common for them to be fighting alongside relatives and friends.

text: Some towns in Massachusetts had a long history of designating a portion of their militia as minutemen, with "minute companies" constituting special units within the militia system whose members underwent additional training and held themselves ready to turn out rapidly for emergencies, "at a minute's notice" and hence their name. Other towns, such as Lexington, preferred to keep their entire militia in a single unit.

text: Members of the minutemen, by contrast, were no more than 30 years old, and were chosen for their enthusiasm, political reliability, and strength. They were the first armed militia to arrive at or await a battle. Officers were elected by popular vote, as in the rest of the militia, and each unit drafted a formal written covenant to be signed upon enlistment.

text: The militia typically assembled as an entire unit in each town two to four times a year for training during peacetime but, as the inevitability of war became apparent, the militia trained three to four times a week.

text: In this organization, it was common for officers to make decisions through consultation and consensus with their men, as opposed to giving orders to be followed without question.

text: The Massachusetts Provincial Congress found that the colony's militia resources were short just before the American Revolutionary War, on October 26, 1774, after observing the British military buildup. They found that, "including the sick and absent, it amounted to about 17,000 men, far short of the number wanted, that the council recommended an immediate application to the New England governments to make up the deficiency,", resolving to organize the militia better:[3]

text: The Massachusetts Provincial Congress recommended to the militia to form themselves into companies of minute-men, who should be equipped and prepared to march at the shortest notice. These minute-men were to comprise one-quarter of the whole militia, to be enlisted under the direction of the field-officers, and divide into companies, consisting of at least 50 men each. The privates were to choose their captains and subalterns, and these officers were to form the companies into battalions, and chose the field-officers to command the same. Hence the minute-men became a body distinct from the rest of the militia, and, by being more devoted to military exercises, they acquired skill in the use of arms. More attention than formerly was likewise bestowed on the training and drilling of militia.[3]}}

text: The need for efficient minuteman companies was illustrated by the Powder Alarm of 1774. Militia companies were called out to resist British troops, who were sent to capture ammunition stores. By the time the militia was ready, the British regulars had already captured the arms at Cambridge and Charlestown and had returned to Boston.

text: Pequot War[edit]

text: In August 1636, the first offensive military attack by militias failed when Massachusetts dispatched John Endecott with four companies on an unsuccessful campaign against the Pequot Indians. According to one man's account, the expedition succeeded only in killing one Indian and burning some wigwams.

text: Weeks elapsed between the incidents that caused the march and the arrival of Endecott's men in the area. Once they got there, they did not know which Indians to fight or why. This feeble response served to encourage the Indians, and attacks increased on the settlers in the Connecticut Valley.

text: In the following year, Massachusetts again put a force on the field in collaboration with Plymouth and Connecticut. By the time that Plymouth had gotten their force packed and ready to march, the campaign had ended. Massachusetts Bay sent 150 militiamen, Plymouth sent 50, and Connecticut sent 90.

text: New England confederation[edit]

text: In May 1643, a joint council was formed.[4] They published the articles of the New England confederation. The real power of the confederation was that all four of the colonies promised to contribute soldiers to an alert force that would fight anywhere in the colonies.

text: On September 7, 1643 the towns were given more tactical control. A new rule allowed any general to call up his militia at any time. On August 12, 1645, 30% of all militia were made into short-notice groups (minutemen). Command and control were decentralized to the extent that individual company commanders could put their troops into a defensive battle if necessary. A portion of the militia was well trained and well equipped, and set aside as a ready force.

text: In May 1653, the Council of Massachusetts said that an eighth of the militia should be ready to march within one day to anywhere in the colony. Eighty militiamen marched on the Narragansett tribe in Massachusetts, though no fighting took place. Since the colonies were expanding, the Narragansetts got desperate and began raiding the colonists again. The militia chased the Indians, caught their chief, and got him to sign an agreement to end fighting.

text: In 1672, the Massachusetts Council formed a military committee to control the militia in each town. In 1675, the military committee raised an expedition to fight the raiding Wampanoag tribe. A muster call was sent out and four days later, after harsh skirmishes with the Wampanoags, three companies arrived to help the locals. The expedition took heavy losses: two towns were raided, and one 80-man company was killed entirely, including their commander.[citation needed] That winter, a thousand militiamen pushed out the Wampanoags.

text: In response to the success of the Wampanoags, in the Spring of 1676 an alarm system of riders and signals was formed in which each town was required to participate.

text: The British and French, each with Indian allies, engaged in various fights beginning in 1689 and dragging on for almost a hundred years. In 1690, Colonel William Phips led 600 men to push back the French. Two years later he became governor of Massachusetts. When the French and Indians raided Massachusetts in 1702, Governor Phips created a bounty which paid 10 shillings each for the scalps of Indians. In 1703, snowshoes were issued to militiamen and bounty hunters to make winter raids on the Indians more effective. The minuteman concept was advanced by the snow shoe men.

text: The Minutemen always kept in touch with the political situation in Boston and their own towns. From 1629 to 1683, the towns had controlled themselves but in 1689, the King appointed governors. By 1772, James Otis and Samuel Adams used the Town Meetings to start a Committee of Correspondence. This instigated a boycott in 1774 of British goods. The Minutemen were aware of this as well.

text: With a rising number of Minutemen they faced another problem: a lack of gunpowder to support an army for long enough to fight a prolonged campaign against the British. The people of an island controlled by the Dutch, Sint Eustatius, were supportive of the idea of a large rebellion rising up against the British in the New World. As a token of support, they traded gunpowder to the Colonials for other goods needed in Europe. Not only did the Minutemen have political awareness of events in New England, but also of anti-British feeling in other countries, such as Holland and France.

text: American Revolutionary War period[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In 1774, General Thomas Gage, the new Governor of Massachusetts, tried to enforce the Intolerable Acts, which were designed to remove power from the towns. Samuel Adams pressed for County Conventions to strengthen the revolutionary resistance. Gage tried to seat his own court in Worcester, but the townspeople blocked the court from sitting. Two thousand militiamen marched to intimidate the judges and get them to leave. This was the first time that the militia was used by the people to block the king's representatives from acting on royal orders and against popular opinion. Gage responded by preparing to march to collect munitions from the provincials. For 50 miles around Boston, militiamen were marching in response. By noon the next day, almost 4,000 people were on the common in Cambridge. The provincials got the judges to resign and leave. Gage backed off from trying to seat a court in Worcester.

text: The colonials in Worcester met and came up with a new militia mobilization plan in their County Convention. The Convention required that all militia officers resign. Officers were then elected by their regiments. In turn, the officers then appointed 1/3 of their militia regiment as Minutemen. Other counties followed Worcester's lead, electing new militia officers and appointing Minutemen.

text: The British practiced formations with their weapons, focusing on marching formations on the battlefield. It is a myth that the British and other professional armies of the 1700s did not practice marksmanship with their muskets; the military ammunition of the time was made for fast reloading and more than a dozen consecutive shots without cleaning. Accuracy of the musket was sacrificed for speed and repetitive loading.[5]

text: The militia prepared with elaborate plans to alarm and respond to movements by the king's forces out of Boston. The frequent mustering of the minute companies also built unit cohesion and familiarity with live firing, which increased the minute companies' effectiveness. The royal authorities inadvertently gave the new Minuteman mobilization plans validation by several "show the flag" demonstrations by General Gage through 1774.[further explanation needed]

text: The royal authorities in Boston had seen these increasing numbers of militia appearing and thought that the militia would not interfere if they sent a sizable force to Concord to seize munitions and stores there (which they considered the King's property, since it was paid for to defend the colonies from the American Indian threat). The British officers were proven wrong. Shooting erupted at Lexington (there is still a debate as to whether it was a colonist or a British soldier who fired the infamous "shot heard 'round the world"). The militia left the area, and the British moved on. The British then moved to Concord and faced a larger number of militia. The British were rapidly outnumbered at Concord, with the arrival of the slower moving militia; they had not counted on a long fight, and so had not brought additional ammunition beyond the standard issue in the soldiers' cartridge boxes. This then forced a strategic defeat on Colonel Smith, forcing him back to Boston.

text: A "running fight" began during the retreat. Militiamen knew the local countryside and were familiar with "skulking" or "Indian Warfare." They used trees and other obstacles to cover themselves from British gunfire and pursuit by British soldiers, while the militia were firing and moving. This kept the British under sporadic fire, and caused them to exhaust their limited ammunition. Only the timely arrival of a relief column under Lord Percy prevented the annihilation or surrender of the original road column.

text: Equipment, training, and tactics[edit]

text: Most Colonial militia units were provided neither arms nor uniforms and were required to equip themselves. Many simply wore their own farmers' or workmans' clothes and, in some cases, they wore cloth hunting frocks. Most used fowling pieces, though rifles were sometimes used where available. Neither fowling pieces nor rifles had bayonets. Some colonies purchased muskets, cartridge boxes, and bayonets from England, and maintained armories within the colony.

text: The Continental Army regulars received European-style military training later in the American Revolutionary War, but the militias did not get much of this. They were better when used as irregulars rather than fighting formal battles in the traditional dense lines and columns, functioning primarily as skirmishers and sharpshooters. When used in conjunction with continental regulars, the militia would frequently fire ragged irregular volleys from a forward skirmish line or from the flanks of the Continental Army, while Continental soldiers held the center.

text: Their experience suited irregular warfare. Many were familiar with frontier hunting.[6] The Indian Wars, and especially the recent French and Indian War, had taught the colonials the value of irregular warfare, while many English troops fresh from Europe were less familiar with this. The long rifle was also well suited to this role. The rifling (grooves inside the barrel) gave it a much greater range than the smoothbore musket, although it took much longer to load. Because of the lower rate of fire, rifles were not used by regular infantry, but were preferred for hunting. When performing as skirmishers, the militia could fire and fall back behind cover or behind other troops, before the British could get into range. The wilderness terrain that lay just beyond many colonial towns favored this style of combat and was very familiar to the local minuteman. In time, however, loyalists such as John Butler and Robert Rogers mustered equally capable irregular forces (Butler's Rangers and the Queen's Rangers, led by Englishman John Graves Simcoe). In addition, many British commanders learned from experience and effectively modified their light infantry tactics and battle dress to suit conditions in North America.

text: Through the remainder of the Revolution, militias moved to adopting the minuteman model for rapid mobilization. With this rapid mustering of forces, the militia proved its value by augmenting the Continental Army on a temporary basis, occasionally leading to instances of numerical superiority. This was seen at the Battles of Hubbardton and Bennington in the north and at Camden and Cowpens in the south. Cowpens is notable in that Daniel Morgan used the militia's strengths and weaknesses skillfully to attain the double-envelopment of Tarleton's forces.

text: Historian M. L. Brown states that some of these men mastered the difficult handling of a rifle, though few became expert. Brown quotes Continental Army soldier Benjamin Thompson, who expressed the "common sentiment" at the time, which was that minutemen were notoriously poor marksmen with rifles.[7] Instead of being the best marksmen in the world and picking off every Regular that was to be seen, the continual firing which they kept up by the week and the month has had no other effect than to waste their ammunition and convince the King's troops that they are really not really so formidable.|[8]}}

text: There was a shortage of ammunition and supplies, and what they had were constantly being seized by British patrols. As a precaution, these items were often hidden or left behind by minutemen in fields or wooded areas. Other popular concealment methods were to hide items underneath floorboards in houses and barns.

text: Legacy[edit]

text: The Minuteman model for militia mobilization married with a very professional, small standing army was the primary model for the United States' land forces up until 1916 with the establishment of the National Guard.[9]

text: In commemoration of the centenary of the first successful armed resistance to British forces, Daniel Chester French, in his first major commission, produced one of his best-known statues (along with the Lincoln Memorial), the Concord Minute Man of 1775. Inscribed on the pedestal is the opening stanza of Ralph Waldo Emerson's 1837 Concord Hymn with the immortal words, "Shot heard 'round the world." The statue's likeness is not based on Isaac Davis as is widely claimed, the captain of the Acton militia and first to be killed in Concord during the Battles of Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775, but rather French used live models in the study of the anatomy and facial expression.[10] The Minute Man statue is still the symbol of the National Guard, featured prominently on its seals.

text: Minutemen are portrayed in Paul Revere's Ride, a poem by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. Although historians criticize the work as being historically inaccurate, Longfellow understood the history and manipulated it for poetic effect.[11]

text: The athletic teams of the University of Massachusetts-Amherst are nicknamed the Minutemen and Minutewomen. Until the 2003 rebranding featuring a modernized Sam the Minuteman, the logo featured the Concord Minute Man statue prominently.

text: The US Air Force named the LGM-30 Intercontinental Ballistic Missile the "Minuteman", which was designed for rapid deployment in the event of a nuclear attack. The "Minuteman III" LGM-30G remains in service today.

text: One of the factions in Bethesda's 2015 video game Fallout 4, which is set in Massachusetts, is called the "Commonwealth Minutemen". The inspiration for their namesake comes from the requirement to be ready "at a minute's notice" to defend any settlement in danger.


document_title: Climate of New York

question_text: what's the lowest temperature in new york

question_tokens: what 's the lowest temperature in new york

text: Climate of New York

text: Temperatures[edit]

text: The annual average temperature across the state ranges from around 39 °F (4 °C) over the Adirondack Mountains to near 53 °F (12 °C) across Long Island.[1]  Weather in New York is heavily influenced by two air masses: a warm, humid one from the southwest and a cold, dry one from the northwest.[2] A cool, humid northeast airflow from the North Atlantic is much less common, and results in a persistent cloud deck with associated precipitation which linger across the region for prolonged periods of time.  Temperature differences between the warmer coast and far northern inland sections can exceed 36 degrees Fahrenheit (20 degrees Celsius), with rain near the coast and frozen precipitation, such as sleet and freezing rain, falling inland.  Two-thirds of such events occur between November and April. [3] which moves from northeast to southwest.

text: Unlike the vast majority of the state, New York City features a humid subtropical climate (Koppen Cfa).  New York City is an urban heat island, with temperatures 5–7 degrees Fahrenheit (3–4 degrees Celsius) warmer overnight than surrounding areas.  In an effort to fight this warming, roofs of buildings are being painted white across the city in an effort to increase the reflection of solar energy, or albedo.[4]

text: Summer[edit]

text: In both Huntington and Ticonderoga, the average high July temperature is about 27 °C,[5] [6] the latter much further north, but in the former on Long Island, summer air is cooled by the surrounding ocean.  The summer climate is cooler in the Adirondacks, Catskills and higher elevations of the Southern Plateau due to the elevated terrain. The New York City area and lower portions of the Hudson Valley in contrast have much more sultry and tropical summers with frequent bouts of hot temperatures and high dew points. The remainder of New York State enjoys modestly warm summers. Summer temperatures usually range from the upper 70s to mid 80s °F (25 to 30 °C), over much of the state.  The record high for New York state is 108 °F (42 °C), set at Troy on July 22, 1926.[2]

text: Winter[edit]

text: Winters are often cold and snowy above the New York City and Long Island areas of New York. In the majority of winter seasons, a temperature of −13 °F (−25 °C) or lower can be expected in the northern highlands (Northern Plateau) and 0 °F (−18 °C) or colder in the southwestern and east-central highlands (Southern Plateau). The Adirondack region records from 35 to 45 days with below zero temperatures, in normal to severe winters.[citation needed]  Winters are also long and cold in both Western and Central New York, though not as cold as the Adirondack region due to the warming influence of the Great Lakes. The New York City metro area, in comparison to the rest of the state, is milder in the winter (especially in the city itself, which averages several degrees above freezing).  The record low for New York state is −52 °F (−47 °C), set at Stillwater Reservoir on February 9, 1934 and at Old Forge on February 18, 1979.[2]  In February 2015, Rochester experienced its coldest month ever, with an average temperature of 12.2 °F (−11 °C);[7] while later that year had a near-record warm November and a record-breaking December. The latter month was about 12 degrees F warmer than average, and several degrees over the previous record.[8]

text: Records[edit]

text:
Event
Measurement
Date
Location
County

Highest temperature[9]
108 °F (42.2 °C)
July 22, 1926
Troy
Rensselaer

Lowest temperature[9]
−52 °F (−46.7 °C)
February 18, 1979
Old Forge
Herkimer

Lowest temperature[2]
−52 °F (−46.7 °C)
February 9, 1934
Stillwater Reservoir
Herkimer

text: Cloudiness[edit]

text: Southeastern sections of the state near New York City have an average annual cloud cover of 59-62%, while areas of western New York around Buffalo average 71–75% cloud cover annually.[10]

text: Precipitation[edit]

text: Average precipitation across the region show maxima within the mountains of the Appalachians.  Between 28 inches (710 mm) and 62 inches (1,600 mm) of precipitation falls annually across the Northeastern United States,[11] and New York's averages are similar, with maxima of over 60 inches (1,500 mm) falling across southwestern Lewis County, northern Oneida County, central and southern Hamilton County, as well as northwestern Ulster County.  The lowest amounts occur near the northern borders with Vermont and Ontario, as well as much of southwestern sections of the state.[12]   Temporally, a maximum in precipitation is seen around three peak times:  3 a.m., 10 a.m., and 6 p.m.  During the summer, the 6 p.m. peak is most pronounced.[13]

text: Coastal extratropical cyclones, known as nor'easters, bring a bulk of the wintry precipitation to the region during the cold season as they track parallel to the coastline, forming along the natural temperature gradient of the Gulf Stream before moving up the coastline.[14]  The Appalachian Mountains largely shield New York City from picking up any lake-effect snow,[15] which develops in the wake of extratropical cyclones downwind of the Great Lakes.  The Finger Lakes of New York are long enough for lake-effect precipitation.  Lake-effect snow from the Finger Lakes (like elsewhere) occurs in upstate New York until those lakes freeze over.[16]  Annual average lake-effect snows exceed 150 inches (380 cm) downwind of Lake Erie and 200 inches (510 cm) downwind of Lake Ontario.[17]

text: During the summer and early fall, mesoscale convective systems can move into the area from Canada and the Great Lakes.  Tropical cyclones and their remains occasionally move into the region from the south and southwest.[18]  The region has experienced a couple heavy rainfall events that exceeded the 50-year return period, during October 1996 and October 1998, which suggest an increase in heavy rainfall along the coast.[19]

text: Records[edit]

text:
Event
Measurement
Date
Location
County

Greatest 24-hour precipitation[9]
13.57 inches (34.5 cm)
August 12-13, 2014
Islip, New York
Suffolk

Greatest 24-hour snowfall (see note below)[9]
49 inches (120 cm)
November 14-15, 1900
Watertown
Jefferson

Greatest Snow Depth[9]
119 inches (300 cm)
April 20, 1943
Whiteface Mountain
Essex County

text: Note: An unofficial, but widely accepted record 24-hr snowfall of 54 inches was observed at Tug Hill Plateau in January, 1976.[9]

text: Air pollution[edit]

text: In terms of emissions, New York ranks 46th among the 50 states in the amount of greenhouse gases generated per person. This efficiency is primarily due to the state's higher rate of mass transit use in and around New York City.[20]

text: However, New York City (particularly Manhattan) has extremely high rates of air pollution, with high particle pollution[21] and high cancer rates,[22] which can be explained by extreme population density, despite low per capita emissions rates.

text: Severe weather[edit]

text: New York experiences an average of ten tornadoes per year,[23] with one tornado every five years considered strong or violent (EF2-EF5).[24]  The return period for hurricane impacts on the state is 18–19 years,[25] with major hurricane return periods between 70–74 years.[26] In 2016, much of New York experienced a severe drought, including the Finger Lakes region, where the drought was preceded by a very mild winter with minimal snow pack.

text: Climate data for select cities[edit]

text:
hideClimate data for Albany International Airport, New York (1981–2010 normals,[a][b] extremes 1874–present[c])

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Record high °F (°C)

71 (22)

74 (23)

89 (32)

93 (34)

97 (36)

100 (38)

104 (40)

102 (39)

100 (38)

91 (33)

82 (28)

72 (22)

104 (40)

Mean maximum °F (°C)

52.8 (11.6)

53.5 (11.9)

68.2 (20.1)

81.6 (27.6)

86.7 (30.4)

91.1 (32.8)

92.3 (33.5)

91.2 (32.9)

86.0 (30)

76.8 (24.9)

68.1 (20.1)

54.8 (12.7)

94.3 (34.6)

Average high °F (°C)

30.6 (−0.8)

34.6 (1.4)

44.4 (6.9)

58.3 (14.6)

69.4 (20.8)

77.9 (25.5)

82.3 (27.9)

80.4 (26.9)

72.2 (22.3)

59.8 (15.4)

47.9 (8.8)

35.8 (2.1)

57.9 (14.4)

Daily mean °F (°C)

22.6 (−5.2)

25.9 (−3.4)

35.0 (1.7)

47.8 (8.8)

58.3 (14.6)

67.2 (19.6)

71.8 (22.1)

70.1 (21.2)

61.9 (16.6)

49.7 (9.8)

39.7 (4.3)

28.5 (−1.9)

48.2 (9)

Average low °F (°C)

14.5 (−9.7)

17.3 (−8.2)

25.7 (−3.5)

37.3 (2.9)

47.1 (8.4)

56.5 (13.6)

61.4 (16.3)

59.9 (15.5)

51.6 (10.9)

39.6 (4.2)

31.5 (−0.3)

21.2 (−6)

38.7 (3.7)

Mean minimum °F (°C)

−7.1 (−21.7)

−2.8 (−19.3)

6.5 (−14.2)

23.2 (−4.9)

32.7 (0.4)

42.0 (5.6)

49.5 (9.7)

46.5 (8.1)

36.1 (2.3)

25.8 (−3.4)

15.9 (−8.9)

1.6 (−16.9)

−9.6 (−23.1)

Record low °F (°C)

−28 (−33)

−22 (−30)

−21 (−29)

9 (−13)

26 (−3)

35 (2)

40 (4)

34 (1)

24 (−4)

16 (−9)

−11 (−24)

−22 (−30)

−28 (−33)

Average precipitation inches (mm)

2.59 (65.8)

2.20 (55.9)

3.21 (81.5)

3.17 (80.5)

3.61 (91.7)

3.79 (96.3)

4.12 (104.6)

3.46 (87.9)

3.30 (83.8)

3.68 (93.5)

3.29 (83.6)

2.93 (74.4)

39.35 (999.5)

Average snowfall inches (cm)

17.9 (45.5)

12.2 (31)

11.0 (27.9)

2.3 (5.8)

0.1 (0.3)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0.3 (0.8)

2.8 (7.1)

13.7 (34.8)

60.3 (153.2)

Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)

12.8

10.4

12.1

11.9

13.1

12.2

10.8

10.7

9.8

10.4

11.7

11.9

137.8

Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)

10.3

7.6

5.6

1.2

0.1

0

0

0

0

0.1

2.5

7.4

34.8

Average relative humidity (%)

71.1

68.5

64.8

61.2

65.5

69.5

70.5

74.1

75.7

72.4

73.1

73.9

70.0

Mean monthly sunshine hours

141.1

158.5

200.3

218.9

248.9

262.2

289.2

253.2

210.5

168.8

100.7

108.3

2,360.6

Percent possible sunshine

48

54

54

54

55

57

62

59

56

49

34

38

53

Source: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)[27][28][29]

text:
showClimate data for Buffalo Niagara International Airport, New York (1981–2010 normals,[d] extremes 1871–present[e])

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Record high °F (°C)

72 (22)

71 (22)

82 (28)

94 (34)

94 (34)

97 (36)

97 (36)

99 (37)

98 (37)

92 (33)

80 (27)

74 (23)

99 (37)

Mean maximum °F (°C)

54.4 (12.4)

54.9 (12.7)

68.8 (20.4)

79.0 (26.1)

82.9 (28.3)

88.4 (31.3)

89.2 (31.8)

88.2 (31.2)

85.2 (29.6)

76.6 (24.8)

67.5 (19.7)

55.6 (13.1)

90.9 (32.7)

Average high °F (°C)

31.2 (−0.4)

33.3 (0.7)

42.0 (5.6)

55.0 (12.8)

66.5 (19.2)

75.3 (24.1)

79.9 (26.6)

78.4 (25.8)

71.1 (21.7)

59.0 (15)

47.6 (8.7)

36.1 (2.3)

56.4 (13.6)

Average low °F (°C)

18.5 (−7.5)

19.2 (−7.1)

26.0 (−3.3)

36.8 (2.7)

47.4 (8.6)

57.3 (14.1)

62.3 (16.8)

60.8 (16)

53.4 (11.9)

42.7 (5.9)

33.9 (1.1)

24.1 (−4.4)

40.3 (4.6)

Mean minimum °F (°C)

−0.5 (−18.1)

1.8 (−16.8)

7.8 (−13.4)

24.2 (−4.3)

34.8 (1.6)

44.7 (7.1)

51.4 (10.8)

49.2 (9.6)

39.8 (4.3)

29.8 (−1.2)

20.3 (−6.5)

5.3 (−14.8)

−3.7 (−19.8)

Record low °F (°C)

−16 (−27)

−20 (−29)

−7 (−22)

5 (−15)

25 (−4)

35 (2)

43 (6)

38 (3)

32 (0)

20 (−7)

2 (−17)

−10 (−23)

−20 (−29)

Average precipitation inches (mm)

3.18 (80.8)

2.49 (63.2)

2.87 (72.9)

3.01 (76.5)

3.46 (87.9)

3.66 (93)

3.23 (82)

3.26 (82.8)

3.90 (99.1)

3.52 (89.4)

4.01 (101.9)

3.89 (98.8)

40.48 (1,028.2)

Average snowfall inches (cm)

25.3 (64.3)

17.3 (43.9)

12.9 (32.8)

2.7 (6.9)

0.3 (0.8)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0.9 (2.3)

7.9 (20.1)

27.4 (69.6)

94.7 (240.5)

Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)

19.2

16.0

15.1

13.1

12.7

12.1

10.6

10.1

11.4

12.9

15.0

18.3

166.5

Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)

16.3

13.1

9.2

3.1

0

0

0

0

0

0.4

4.9

14.0

61.0

Average relative humidity (%)

76.0

75.9

73.3

67.8

67.2

68.6

68.1

72.1

74.0

72.9

75.8

77.6

72.4

Mean monthly sunshine hours

91.3

108.0

163.7

204.7

258.3

287.1

306.7

266.4

207.6

159.4

84.4

69.0

2,206.6

Percent possible sunshine

31

37

44

51

57

63

66

62

55

47

29

25

49

Source: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)[30][31][32]

text:
hideClimate data for Islip, New York (Long Island MacArthur Airport), 1981–2010 normals,[f] extremes 1963–present

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Record high °F (°C)

69 (21)

68 (20)

82 (28)

94 (34)

98 (37)

96 (36)

104 (40)

100 (38)

94 (34)

88 (31)

78 (26)

77 (25)

104 (40)

Mean maximum °F (°C)

57.3 (14.1)

56.6 (13.7)

66.9 (19.4)

77.2 (25.1)

84.7 (29.3)

89.6 (32)

93.3 (34.1)

90.8 (32.7)

85.4 (29.7)

77.0 (25)

68.4 (20.2)

60.3 (15.7)

95.1 (35.1)

Average high °F (°C)

38.0 (3.3)

40.3 (4.6)

47.3 (8.5)

57.6 (14.2)

67.5 (19.7)

76.6 (24.8)

81.7 (27.6)

80.4 (26.9)

73.8 (23.2)

63.0 (17.2)

53.2 (11.8)

43.0 (6.1)

60.3 (15.7)

Average low °F (°C)

23.3 (−4.8)

25.2 (−3.8)

31.3 (−0.4)

40.6 (4.8)

49.8 (9.9)

60.2 (15.7)

66.0 (18.9)

65.3 (18.5)

57.5 (14.2)

45.5 (7.5)

37.1 (2.8)

28.2 (−2.1)

44.3 (6.8)

Mean minimum °F (°C)

6.3 (−14.3)

10.4 (−12)

16.2 (−8.8)

28.7 (−1.8)

37.1 (2.8)

48.3 (9.1)

56.4 (13.6)

54.6 (12.6)

44.3 (6.8)

32.4 (0.2)

22.9 (−5.1)

13.1 (−10.5)

4.3 (−15.4)

Record low °F (°C)

−8 (−22)

−14 (−26)

0 (−18)

16 (−9)

32 (0)

42 (6)

49 (9)

45 (7)

38 (3)

23 (−5)

11 (−12)

−1 (−18)

−14 (−26)

Average precipitation inches (mm)

3.64 (92.5)

3.26 (82.8)

4.44 (112.8)

4.34 (110.2)

3.78 (96)

4.27 (108.5)

3.43 (87.1)

3.98 (101.1)

3.58 (90.9)

3.79 (96.3)

3.67 (93.2)

4.06 (103.1)

46.24 (1,174.5)

Average snowfall inches (cm)

6.7 (17)

7.1 (18)

4.5 (11.4)

0.6 (1.5)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0.5 (1.3)

5.4 (13.7)

24.8 (62.9)

Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)

11.0

9.1

10.5

11.3

11.1

10.1

9.1

8.5

8.6

8.5

10.3

10.8

118.9

Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)

3.7

3.4

2.3

0.3

0

0

0

0

0

0

0.2

2.4

12.3

Source: NOAA[33][34]

text:
hideClimate data for New York (Belvedere Castle, Central Park), 1981–2010 normals,[g] extremes 1869–present[h]

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Record high °F (°C)

72 (22)

78 (26)

86 (30)

96 (36)

99 (37)

101 (38)

106 (41)

104 (40)

102 (39)

94 (34)

84 (29)

75 (24)

106 (41)

Mean maximum °F (°C)

59.6 (15.3)

60.7 (15.9)

71.5 (21.9)

83.0 (28.3)

88.0 (31.1)

92.3 (33.5)

95.4 (35.2)

93.7 (34.3)

88.5 (31.4)

78.8 (26)

71.3 (21.8)

62.2 (16.8)

97.0 (36.1)

Average high °F (°C)

38.3 (3.5)

41.6 (5.3)

49.7 (9.8)

61.2 (16.2)

70.8 (21.6)

79.3 (26.3)

84.1 (28.9)

82.6 (28.1)

75.2 (24)

63.8 (17.7)

53.8 (12.1)

43.0 (6.1)

62.0 (16.7)

Average low °F (°C)

26.9 (−2.8)

28.9 (−1.7)

35.2 (1.8)

44.8 (7.1)

54.0 (12.2)

63.6 (17.6)

68.8 (20.4)

67.8 (19.9)

60.8 (16)

50.0 (10)

41.6 (5.3)

32.0 (0)

48.0 (8.9)

Mean minimum °F (°C)

9.2 (−12.7)

12.8 (−10.7)

18.5 (−7.5)

32.3 (0.2)

43.5 (6.4)

52.9 (11.6)

60.3 (15.7)

58.8 (14.9)

48.6 (9.2)

38.0 (3.3)

27.7 (−2.4)

15.6 (−9.1)

7.0 (−13.9)

Record low °F (°C)

−6 (−21)

−15 (−26)

3 (−16)

12 (−11)

32 (0)

44 (7)

52 (11)

50 (10)

39 (4)

28 (−2)

5 (−15)

−13 (−25)

−15 (−26)

Average precipitation inches (mm)

3.65 (92.7)

3.09 (78.5)

4.36 (110.7)

4.50 (114.3)

4.19 (106.4)

4.41 (112)

4.60 (116.8)

4.44 (112.8)

4.28 (108.7)

4.40 (111.8)

4.02 (102.1)

4.00 (101.6)

49.94 (1,268.5)

Average snowfall inches (cm)

7.0 (17.8)

9.2 (23.4)

3.9 (9.9)

0.6 (1.5)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0.3 (0.8)

4.8 (12.2)

25.8 (65.5)

Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)

10.4

9.2

10.9

11.5

11.1

11.2

10.4

9.5

8.7

8.9

9.6

10.6

122.0

Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)

4.0

2.8

1.8

0.3

0

0

0

0

0

0

0.2

2.3

11.4

Average relative humidity (%)

61.5

60.2

58.5

55.3

62.7

65.2

64.2

66.0

67.8

65.6

64.6

64.1

63.0

Mean monthly sunshine hours

162.7

163.1

212.5

225.6

256.6

257.3

268.2

268.2

219.3

211.2

151.0

139.0

2,534.7

Percent possible sunshine

54

55

57

57

57

57

59

63

59

61

51

48

57

Source: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)[36][37][38]
See Geography of New York City for additional climate information from the outer boroughs.

text:
showClimate data for LaGuardia Airport, New York (1981–2010 normals,[i] extremes 1940–present)

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Record high °F (°C)

72 (22)

79 (26)

86 (30)

94 (34)

97 (36)

101 (38)

107 (42)

104 (40)

102 (39)

93 (34)

83 (28)

75 (24)

107 (42)

Mean maximum °F (°C)

58.6 (14.8)

60.1 (15.6)

70.5 (21.4)

81.2 (27.3)

88.5 (31.4)

93.4 (34.1)

96.6 (35.9)

94.4 (34.7)

88.8 (31.6)

79.7 (26.5)

71.1 (21.7)

62.1 (16.7)

98.1 (36.7)

Average high °F (°C)

39.3 (4.1)

42.2 (5.7)

49.8 (9.9)

60.9 (16.1)

71.2 (21.8)

80.5 (26.9)

85.3 (29.6)

83.7 (28.7)

76.3 (24.6)

65.2 (18.4)

54.7 (12.6)

44.3 (6.8)

62.9 (17.2)

Average low °F (°C)

26.6 (−3)

28.5 (−1.9)

34.6 (1.4)

44.4 (6.9)

53.9 (12.2)

63.8 (17.7)

69.5 (20.8)

68.9 (20.5)

61.9 (16.6)

51.0 (10.6)

41.8 (5.4)

32.1 (0.1)

48.2 (9)

Mean minimum °F (°C)

10.0 (−12.2)

13.5 (−10.3)

19.7 (−6.8)

33.8 (1)

45.2 (7.3)

54.1 (12.3)

62.0 (16.7)

60.4 (15.8)

50.9 (10.5)

39.9 (4.4)

29.3 (−1.5)

16.6 (−8.6)

7.5 (−13.6)

Record low °F (°C)

−3 (−19)

−7 (−22)

7 (−14)

22 (−6)

37 (3)

46 (8)

56 (13)

51 (11)

41 (5)

30 (−1)

17 (−8)

−2 (−19)

−7 (−22)

Average precipitation inches (mm)

3.17 (80.5)

2.76 (70.1)

3.97 (100.8)

4.00 (101.6)

3.79 (96.3)

3.94 (100.1)

4.50 (114.3)

4.12 (104.6)

3.73 (94.7)

3.78 (96)

3.41 (86.6)

3.56 (90.4)

44.73 (1,136.1)

Average snowfall inches (cm)

7.4 (18.8)

9.1 (23.1)

4.4 (11.2)

0.5 (1.3)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0.3 (0.8)

5.2 (13.2)

26.9 (68.4)

Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 inch)

10.3

9.6

10.7

10.9

11.1

10.5

9.9

8.7

8.1

8.5

9.2

10.5

118.0

Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 inch)

4.6

3.4

2.1

0.2

0

0

0

0

0

0

0.2

2.6

13.1

Average relative humidity (%)

61.0

60.2

59.5

59.3

63.8

64.6

64.7

67.0

67.2

65.2

64.2

63.5

63.4

Source: NOAA (relative humidity 1961–1990)[39][40][41]

text:
showClimate data for JFK Airport, New York (1981–2010 normals,[j] extremes 1948–present)

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Record high °F (°C)

71 (22)

71 (22)

85 (29)

90 (32)

99 (37)

99 (37)

104 (40)

101 (38)

98 (37)

90 (32)

77 (25)

75 (24)

104 (40)

Mean maximum °F (°C)

56.8 (13.8)

57.9 (14.4)

68.5 (20.3)

78.1 (25.6)

84.9 (29.4)

92.1 (33.4)

94.5 (34.7)

92.7 (33.7)

87.4 (30.8)

78.0 (25.6)

69.1 (20.6)

60.1 (15.6)

96.6 (35.9)

Average high °F (°C)

39.1 (3.9)

41.8 (5.4)

49.0 (9.4)

59.0 (15)

68.5 (20.3)

78.0 (25.6)

83.2 (28.4)

81.9 (27.7)

75.3 (24.1)

64.5 (18.1)

54.3 (12.4)

44.0 (6.7)

61.6 (16.4)

Average low °F (°C)

26.3 (−3.2)

28.1 (−2.2)

34.2 (1.2)

43.5 (6.4)

52.8 (11.6)

62.8 (17.1)

68.5 (20.3)

67.8 (19.9)

60.8 (16)

49.6 (9.8)

40.7 (4.8)

31.5 (−0.3)

47.3 (8.5)

Mean minimum °F (°C)

9.8 (−12.3)

13.4 (−10.3)

19.1 (−7.2)

32.6 (0.3)

42.6 (5.9)

52.7 (11.5)

60.7 (15.9)

58.6 (14.8)

49.2 (9.6)

37.6 (3.1)

27.4 (−2.6)

16.3 (−8.7)

7.5 (−13.6)

Record low °F (°C)

−2 (−19)

−2 (−19)

4 (−16)

20 (−7)

34 (1)

45 (7)

55 (13)

46 (8)

40 (4)

30 (−1)

19 (−7)

2 (−17)

−2 (−19)

Average precipitation inches (mm)

3.16 (80.3)

2.59 (65.8)

3.78 (96)

3.87 (98.3)

3.94 (100.1)

3.86 (98)

4.08 (103.6)

3.68 (93.5)

3.50 (88.9)

3.62 (91.9)

3.30 (83.8)

3.39 (86.1)

42.77 (1,086.4)

Average snowfall inches (cm)

6.3 (16)

8.3 (21.1)

3.5 (8.9)

0.8 (2)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0.2 (0.5)

4.7 (11.9)

23.8 (60.5)

Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 inch)

10.5

9.6

11.0

11.4

11.5

10.7

9.4

8.7

8.1

8.5

9.4

10.6

119.4

Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 inch)

4.6

3.4

2.3

0.3

0

0

0

0

0

0

0.2

2.8

13.6

Average relative humidity (%)

64.9

64.4

63.4

64.1

69.5

71.5

71.4

71.7

71.9

69.1

67.9

66.3

68.0

Source: NOAA (relative humidity 1961–1990)[39][42][43]

text:
showClimate data for Rochester, New York (Greater Rochester Int'l), 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1871−present[k]

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Record high °F (°C)

74 (23)

73 (23)

86 (30)

93 (34)

94 (34)

100 (38)

102 (39)

99 (37)

99 (37)

91 (33)

81 (27)

72 (22)

102 (39)

Average high °F (°C)

31.7 (−0.2)

34.1 (1.2)

42.8 (6)

56.0 (13.3)

67.6 (19.8)

76.6 (24.8)

81.0 (27.2)

79.1 (26.2)

71.6 (22)

59.6 (15.3)

48.0 (8.9)

36.5 (2.5)

57.1 (13.9)

Average low °F (°C)

17.6 (−8)

18.6 (−7.4)

25.8 (−3.4)

36.6 (2.6)

46.3 (7.9)

55.9 (13.3)

60.7 (15.9)

59.5 (15.3)

52.0 (11.1)

41.5 (5.3)

33.0 (0.6)

23.5 (−4.7)

39.3 (4.1)

Record low °F (°C)

−17 (−27)

−22 (−30)

−7 (−22)

7 (−14)

26 (−3)

35 (2)

42 (6)

36 (2)

28 (−2)

19 (−7)

1 (−17)

−16 (−27)

−22 (−30)

Average precipitation inches (mm)

2.41 (61.2)

1.95 (49.5)

2.50 (63.5)

2.73 (69.3)

2.87 (72.9)

3.34 (84.8)

3.33 (84.6)

3.47 (88.1)

3.38 (85.9)

2.72 (69.1)

2.94 (74.7)

2.63 (66.8)

34.27 (870.5)

Average snowfall inches (cm)

28.2 (71.6)

21.5 (54.6)

16.3 (41.4)

3.9 (9.9)

0.4 (1)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0.1 (0.3)

7.3 (18.5)

21.8 (55.4)

99.5 (252.7)

Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)

19.4

15.9

15.1

13.1

12.2

11.9

10.8

10.8

11.5

13.2

15.3

17.6

166.8

Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)

18.0

14.4

9.8

3.2

0.2

0

0

0

0

0.2

5.6

14.5

65.9

Average relative humidity (%)

74.0

74.1

71.0

67.0

67.2

69.4

69.7

74.3

76.8

74.5

76.3

77.5

72.6

Mean monthly sunshine hours

108.3

118.1

177.7

216.5

266.5

297.6

314.4

273.4

212.3

154.4

81.5

77.5

2,298.2

Percent possible sunshine

37

40

48

54

59

65

68

63

57

45

28

28

52

Source: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990),[44][45][46]The Weather Channel[47]