document_title: College Station, Texas

question_text: what cities are close to college station texas

text: College Station, Texas

text: History[edit]

text: The origins of College Station date from 1860, when the Houston and Texas Central Railway began to build through the region.[5] Eleven years later, the site was chosen as the location for the proposed Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, a land-grant school.[5] In 1876, as the nation celebrated its centennial, the school (renamed Texas A&M University in 1963) opened its doors as the first public institution of higher education in the state of Texas.[5]

text: The population of College Station grew slowly, reaching 350 in 1884 and 391 at the turn of the century.[5] However, during this time, transportation improvements took place in the town. In 1900, the I&GN Railroad was extended to College Station[6] (the line was abandoned by the Missouri Pacific Railroad Company in 1965),[7] and 10 years later, electric interurban service was established between Texas A&M and the neighboring town of Bryan.[5] The interurban was replaced by a city bus system in the 1920s.[5]

text: In 1930, the community to the north of College Station, known as North Oakwood, was incorporated as part of Bryan.[5] College Station did not incorporate until 1938 with John H. Binney as the first mayor.[5] Within a year, the city established a zoning commission, and by 1940, the population had reached 2,184.[5]

text: The city grew under the leadership of Ernest Langford, called by some the "Father of College Station", who began a 26-year stretch as mayor in 1942. Early in his first term, the city adopted a council-manager system of city government.[5]

text: Population growth accelerated following World War II as the nonstudent population reached 7,898 in 1950, 11,396 in 1960, 17,676 in 1970, 30,449 in 1980, 52,456 in 1990, and 67,890 in 2000.[5] The population for the Bryan-College Station metropolitan area will range from an estimated 250,846 to 271,773 by 2030.[8]

text: In the 1990s, College Station and Texas A&M University drew national attention when the George Bush Presidential Library opened in 1997 and, more tragically, when 12 people were killed and 27 injured when the Aggie Bonfire collapsed while being constructed in 1999.

text: Geography[edit]

text: College Station is located south of the center of Brazos County at 30°36′5″N 96°18′52″W / 30.60139°N 96.31444°W / 30.60139; -96.31444 (30.601433, -96.314464).[9] It is bordered by the city of Bryan to the northwest.

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 49.6 sq mi (128.5 km2), of which 49.4 sq mi (128.0 km2) is land and 0.19 sq mi (0.5 km2), or 0.35%, is covered by water.[2]

text: Climate[edit]

text: The local climate is subtropical and temperate and winters are mild with periods of low temperatures usually lasting less than two months.

text: Snow and ice are rare; most recently, College Station received 5 inches (13 cm) of snowfall on December 7, 2017.[10]

text: Summers are hot and humid with occasional showers being the only real variation in weather. [11]

text:
Average annual rainfall: 39 in (1000 mm)
Average elevation: 367 ft (112 m) above sea level
Average Temperature: 69.0 °F (20.6 °C)
Agricultural Resources: Cattle, corn, cotton, eggs, hay, sorghum
Mineral Resources: Sand, gravel, lignite, gas, oil

text:
[hide]Climate data for College Station, Texas (Easterwood Airport), 1981–2010 normals,[a] extremes 1882–present[b]

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °F (°C)
90
(32)
99
(37)
96
(36)
98
(37)
101
(38)
108
(42)
110
(43)
110
(43)
112
(44)
102
(39)
94
(34)
89
(32)
112
(44)

Mean maximum °F (°C)
78.5
(25.8)
81.5
(27.5)
85.2
(29.6)
89.2
(31.8)
93.5
(34.2)
97.3
(36.3)
100.1
(37.8)
102.3
(39.1)
98.7
(37.1)
92.6
(33.7)
84.7
(29.3)
79.5
(26.4)
103.4
(39.7)

Average high °F (°C)
61.0
(16.1)
64.8
(18.2)
71.7
(22.1)
78.9
(26.1)
85.8
(29.9)
91.7
(33.2)
94.8
(34.9)
96.2
(35.7)
90.5
(32.5)
81.4
(27.4)
71.0
(21.7)
62.3
(16.8)
79.2
(26.2)

Average low °F (°C)
41.2
(5.1)
44.4
(6.9)
51.0
(10.6)
58.1
(14.5)
66.6
(19.2)
72.7
(22.6)
74.6
(23.7)
74.5
(23.6)
69.4
(20.8)
60.3
(15.7)
50.5
(10.3)
42.2
(5.7)
58.9
(14.9)

Mean minimum °F (°C)
24.9
(−3.9)
26.7
(−2.9)
32.2
(0.1)
40.1
(4.5)
52.4
(11.3)
64.1
(17.8)
69.0
(20.6)
68.5
(20.3)
54.9
(12.7)
42.5
(5.8)
32.8
(0.4)
24.9
(−3.9)
20.3
(−6.5)

Record low °F (°C)
−3
(−19)
1
(−17)
17
(−8)
28
(−2)
42
(6)
53
(12)
60
(16)
55
(13)
41
(5)
29
(−2)
19
(−7)
2
(−17)
−3
(−19)

Average precipitation inches (mm)
3.24
(82.3)
2.85
(72.4)
3.17
(80.5)
2.66
(67.6)
4.33
(110)
4.45
(113)
2.14
(54.4)
2.68
(68.1)
3.18
(80.8)
4.91
(124.7)
3.22
(81.8)
3.23
(82)
40.06
(1,017.5)

Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
8.4
8.1
8.3
6.5
8.3
8.5
5.7
5.8
6.7
7.6
8.1
8.8
90.8

Source: NOAA[13][14]

text: Demographics[edit]

text:
Historical population

Census
Pop.

%±

1940
2,184

—

1950
7,925

262.9%

1960
11,396

43.8%

1970
17,676

55.1%

1980
37,272

110.9%

1990
52,456

40.7%

2000
67,890

29.4%

2010
93,857

38.2%

Est. 2016
112,141
[15]
19.5%

U.S. Decennial Census[16]
2013 Estimate[17]

text: As of the census of 2000, 67,890 people, 24,691 households, and 10,370 families resided in the city. Of the 24,691 households, 21.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 32.2% were married couples living together, 6.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 58.0% were not families. About 27.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 2.98.

text: In the city, the population was distributed as 14.4% under the age of 18, 51.2% from 18 to 24, 21.3% from 25 to 44, 9.4% from 45 to 64, and 3.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 22 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.0 males.

text: The median income for a household[clarification needed] in the city was $21,180, and for a family[clarification needed] was $53,147. Males had a median income of $38,216 versus $26,592 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,170. About 15.4% of families and 37.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.4% of those under age 18 and 7.7% of those age 65 or over.

text: Government[edit]

text: The city of College Station has a council-manager form of government. Voters elect the members of a city council, who pass laws and make policy. The council hires a professional city manager who is responsible for day-to-day operations of the city and its public services.[18]

text: The Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ) operates the Bryan District Parole Office in College Station.[19]

text: The United States Postal Service operates the College Station and Northgate College Station post offices.[20][21]

text: Districts[edit]

text: Northgate[edit]

text: Northgate is a mixed-use district north of Texas A&M University that features a combination of businesses, restaurants, apartments, churches, and entertainment. It is a vibrant part of the city known for its eclectic mix of restaurants and bars.[22][23] A large portion of the stores, bars, and restaurants in Northgate are frequented and patronized by Texas A&M students, and the establishments employ A&M students, as well.[23] In total, the district spans about 145 acres (0.59 km2), bounded by Wellborn Road to the west, South College Avenue to the east, the College Station city limits to the north, and University Drive to the south. The district is the home of the Dixie Chicken and of the first Texas location for the regional fast-food chain Freebirds World Burrito.

text: Northgate's roots started in the 1930s as the city began enjoying rapid population growth from the influx of Texas A&M University students, professors, and their families. Realizing that proximity to the campus would be a boon for revenues, the first business district was established in College Station near the campus, taking its name for the closest on-campus landmark: the north gate. When the city was incorporated in 1938, its first City Hall was opened in the new district. In 1994, restoration efforts began to revitalize the ailing area. A four-day music festival, "North By Northgate", was introduced in 1998 and has become an annual tradition, renamed the "Northgate Music Festival" in 2002. In 2006, the city council incorporated Northgate as a special tax zone to finance additional improvements and expansions.[24]

text: Live music is a major draw to the Northgate area, with venues such as Church Street BBQ and Hurricane Harry's consistently providing evening concerts. Many well-known musicians, especially in the Texas country music scene, have gotten their starts playing on the porches and stages found in the Northgate area. Notable names include Robert Earl Keen, Grammy award-winner Lyle Lovett, Dub Miller, and Roger Creager. The district is bisected to the north by Church Street, made famous by the Robert Earl Keen and Lyle Lovett duet "The Front Porch Song".

text: Wolf Pen Creek District[edit]

text: Wolf Pen Creek District is a large commercial development adjacent to Post Oak Mall and between two of the city's main commercial thoroughfares: Earl Rudder Freeway and Texas Avenue. The area consists of a greenway with trails, a $1.5 million amphitheater and entertainment area, a small lake, the Spirit Ice Arena, and is the home of the Arts Council of the Brazos Valley. The amphitheater has hosted a variety of musical events, including the annual Starlight Music Series, a concert series that starts in late spring and runs through late summer. Wolf Pen often has sidewalk for a scenic run that when completed is about 1 mi (2 km).

text: Wellborn District[edit]

text: Wellborn became a community in 1867 as a construction camp on the Houston and Texas Central Railroad. The town's name has been attributed to a well at the construction camp, a foreman named E.W. Wellborn, or a landowner named W.W. Willburn. Also in 1867, a post office opened in the community under the name Wellborn Station. In 1870, the name was shortened to Wellborn.[25] On April 14, 2011, the City Council of College Station voted 5-2 to annex Wellborn, thus making the community the Wellborn district. Wellborn is often mispronounced as well-born but is pronounced by locals as Well-burn.[26]

text: Business parks[edit]

text:
Business Center at College Station

A 200-acre (81 ha), class "A" business center 5 miles (8 km) from the university, its current residents include firms involved in telecommunications, software development, and technology manufacturing.

Spring Creek Corporate Campus

A 100-acre (40 ha), class "A" business center, a greenbelt surrounds most of the campus and provides a buffer between the new development and adjacent land uses which include the Pebble Creek Country Club and Woodland Hills Subdivision.

Texas A&M University Research Park

This 324-acre (131 ha) research park was established to provide businesses direct partnering opportunities with Texas A&M University. Several companies and nonprofit research interests have located in the park, including Schlumberger, Lynntech, AdventGX, Notequill, the Institute of Food Science and Engineering, the Electron Beam Food Research Facility, the Academy of Advanced Telecommunications and Learning Technologies, and the International Ocean Discovery Program.

Crescent Pointe

Crescent Pointe is a master-planned, mixed-use development of roughly 192 acres (78 ha), with frontage on University Drive (Highway 60) and Harvey Road (Highway 30).

text: Transportation[edit]

text: Mass transit[edit]

text:
The Brazos Transit District (formerly Brazos Valley Transit Authority) provides public bus transportation in the Bryan/College Station area.
Texas A&M Transportation Services provides bus transportation throughout College Station and Bryan for students, faculty, and staff of Texas A&M University and Blinn College. On Texas A&M football game days, the department provides additional park-and-ride service to and from Kyle Field.
Starline Travel offers weekend service from Texas A&M's campus to downtown Houston, with additional Houston service for Aggie game days and additional service to Dallas during major A&M breaks.
Groundshuttle provides daily shuttles to and from Houston airports (Hobby and Bush).

text: Major roads[edit]

text:
State Highway 6: Earl Rudder Freeway (East Bypass)
State Highway 6 Business: Texas Avenue South
State Highway 30: Harvey Road
State Highway 40: William D. Fitch Parkway
State Highway 47
State Highway 308: College Avenue
Farm to Market Road 60: University Drive / Raymond Stotzer Parkway
Farm to Market Road 2154: Wellborn Road
Farm to Market Road 2347: George Bush Drive
Farm to Market Road 2818: Harvey Mitchell Parkway (West Bypass)

text: Railroads[edit]

text: Union Pacific Railroad line: Union Pacific Corporation (NYSE: UNP)

text: Airport[edit]

text: Easterwood Airport, owned by Texas A&M, is located three miles (5 km) southwest of College Station and has flights to Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport and George Bush Intercontinental Airport in Houston.

text: Economy[edit]

text: As of May 2008, the local unemployment hovered around 3 to 4%, among the lowest in Texas. This rate is largely attributed to the significant role the university plays in the local economy.[27][28] However, underemployment is an ongoing issue.[29]

text: Major employers[edit]

text:
Texas A&M University System - education - 16,248[8]
Bryan Independent School District - education - 1,949[8]
St. Joseph Regional Health Center - health services - 1,590[8]
Sanderson Farms - poultry processing - 1,539[8]
College Station Independent School District - education - 1,400[8]
Reynolds and Reynolds/Rentsys - computer hardware/software - 959[8]
City of Bryan - government - 889[8]
City of College Station - government - 865[8]
Walmart - retail - 650[8]
Ply Gem - windows - 611[8]
H-E-B Grocery - retail - 590[8]

text: Headquarters[edit]

text: Until its 2007 acquisition by Tavistock Group, Freebirds World Burrito had its corporate headquarters in College Station.[30][31]

text: Post Oak Mall[edit]

text: Post Oak Mall was the city's first mall and is currently the largest mall in the Brazos Valley. The 82-acre (330,000 m2) mall is home to 125 stores; its opening on February 17, 1982, helped create the impetus for growing economic and commercial developments for College Station.[32] It is currently the largest taxpayer in College Station and the second-largest in the Brazos Valley, though the anchor stores are free-standing units that are privately owned and taxed separate from the mall proper.[33] Over 75% of retail sales in the Brazos Valley come from sales at the mall's stores.[32]

text: Sports facilities[edit]

text:
Football: Kyle Field (capacity: 102,733 <106,000 in 2014 only, during reconstruction>[34])
Racing: Texas World Speedway (capacity 23,000)
Basketball/volleyball: Reed Arena (largest crowd: 13,657 for basketball)
Baseball: Olsen Field (largest crowd: 11,052)
Soccer: Ellis Field (largest crowd: 8,204)
Track and field: Anderson Track and Field Complex (capacity: 3,500)
Tennis: George P. Mitchell Tennis Center (largest crowd: 2,339)
Softball: Aggie Softball Complex (largest crowd: 2,341)
Hockey: Spirit Ice Arena (capacity: 500)
Golf: Texas A&M Traditions Club
Bowling: Grand Station Entertainment (capacity: 600+)

text: Media and journalism[edit]

text: Television stations[edit]

text: Local channels are NBC affiliate KAGS-LD, CBS affiliate KBTX, ABC affiliate KRHD-CD, Fox affiliate KYLE-TV, and PBS affiliate KAMU, which is owned by Texas A&M University.

text: Radio stations[edit]

text: College Station is part of the Bryan-College Station Arbitron market #238.

text:
KAMU-FM 90.9 NPR affiliate and sister station to KAMU-TV
KEOS 89.1 Community Radio for the Brazos Valley

text:
[show]

v
t
e

Radio stations in the College Station–Bryan market

By FM frequency

89.1
90.5
90.9
91.5
91.5
92.3
92.5
94.1
95.1
96.1
96.9
98.3
98.5
99.5
99.7
100.5
100.9
101.7
101.9
103.1
103.9
104.7
105.3
106.1
107.3
107.7

By AM frequency

590
1150
1220
1240
1280
1330
1510
1550
1620

NOAA Weather Radio
frequency

162.550

Internet radio

KANM1

By callsign

KACB-LP
KAGC
KAGG
KAMU-FM
KANJ-FM
KANM
KAPN
KBXT
KEOS
KHML
KJXJ
KKYS
KLBJ
KLTR
KMVL
KMVL-FM
KNDE
KNFX-FM
KNRG
KORA-FM
KPWJ
KRXT
KSAM-FM
KSHU-FM
KTAM
KTON
KTTX
KTWL
KVJM
KVMK
KVST
KWBC
KWHI
KWUP
KZNE
WTAW
WXK30

Nearby radio markets
Austin
Dallas–Fort Worth
Houston
Huntsville
Killeen–Temple
Lufkin–Nacogdoches
San Antonio
Waco

1 = Part 15 station with notability.

See also
List of radio stations in Texas

text: Area newspapers[edit]

text:
The Bryan/College Station Eagle (city newspaper)
The Battalion (Texas A&M University newspaper)
Maroon Weekly (Aggie-owned and operated independent newspaper, Bryan/College Station)
The Touchstone (left/progressive, alt/indie newspaper)
The Jail Times (Locally owned and operated independent newspaper, Bryan/College Station)

text: Area magazines[edit]

text:
12th Man Magazine
Aggieland Illustrated
Insite Magazine
AgriLeader Magazine

text: Healthcare[edit]

text:
College Station Medical Center
The Physicians Centre Hospital
Scott & White Hospital
St. Joseph Regional Health Center
St. Joseph Emergency Center - College Station

text: Education[edit]

text: Local colleges and universities[edit]

text:
Texas A&M University (approximately 68,000 students)
Texas A&M Health Science Center

text: Local school districts[edit]

text:
College Station Independent School District

Operates two high schools: A&M Consolidated High School and College Station High School

text: Tallest buildings[edit]

text:
Buildings with seven or more floors

Kyle Field: 118 feet (36 m)[35]
Rise at Northgate: 18 floors[36]
Oceanography and Meteorology Building: 15 floors/151 feet (46 m)[37][35]
Albritton Bell Tower: 138 feet (42 m)[38]
Rudder Tower: 12 floors[39]
College Station Hilton: 11 floors[40]
Momentum Plaza (formerly Adam Corporation Building and formerly First American Bank headquarters): 121.49 ft; 10 floors[41]
Richardson Petroleum Engineering: 10 floors[42]
Civil Engineering/Texas Transportation Institute: eight floors[43]
Regents Building: eight floors[44]
Brown Engineering: seven floors[45]
Harrington: seven floors[46]
Bright Building: seven floors[47]
McFerrin Indoor Athletic Practice Facility: over 100 feet (30 m)[48]
Texas A&M University System Building: seven floors[49]
Evans Library: seven floors

text: Surrounding cities[edit]

text: Nearest cities[edit]

text:
Cities within 30 mi (48 km)

Bryan, Texas 5.7 mi (9.2 km)
Wixon Valley, Texas 11.1 mi (17.9 km)
Snook, Texas 13.2 mi (21.2 km)
Navasota, Texas 21.5 mi (34.6 km)
Somerville, Texas 23.1 mi (37.2 km)
Anderson, Texas 23.8 mi (38.3 km)
Caldwell, Texas 27.0 mi (43.5 km)
Hearne, Texas 27.2 mi (43.8 km)
Kurten, Texas 14.2 mi (22.9 km)

text: Nearest major cities[edit]

text:
Cities with population over 500,000 within 200 mi (320 km)

Houston 69.7 mi (112.2 km) (population: 2,145,146; metro population: 6,086,538)
Austin 107.7 mi (173.3 km) (population: 820,611; metro population: 1,783,519)
San Antonio 169 mi (272 km) (population: 1,359,758; metro population: 2,194,927)
Fort Worth 173 mi (278 km) (population: 758,738; metro population: 6,145,037)
Dallas 187 mi (301 km) (population: 1,223,229; metro population: 6,145,037)

text: Notable people[edit]

text: The following people have lived or are currently living in College Station:

text:
Sara Alpern, professor of women's history at Texas A&M University
Seth McKinney, former NFL football player and now owner of Crossfit Aggieland in College Station
Gary Clayton Anderson, American historian and specialist in American Indian studies, resided in College Station in the early 1980s.
George Bass (archaeologist), archaeologist, called the Father of Underwater Archaeology.
Garland Bayliss, American historian and administrator at Texas A&M, resided in both Bryan and College Station.[50]
David Bereit, anti-abortion activist[51]
Matthew Berry, ESPN fantasy sport analyst[52] and son of College Station mayor Nancy Berry
Norman Borlaug, "The Man Who Saved a Billion Lives", agronomist, humanitarian, and Nobel laureate who has been called "the father of the Green Revolution"
Robert A. Calvert, historian[53]
John David Crow, late athletic director at Texas A&M University; former football player and coach
Henry C. Dethloff, historian and author
Larry Fedora, head football coach of the University of North Carolina
Robert Gates, former Texas A&M University president and former Secretary of Defense[54]
Gabriel Hall, convicted murderer of Texas A&M professor[55]
Kristy Hawkins, IFBB professional bodybuilder
Dick Hervey, mayor of College Station from 1971 to 1974; third secretary of the TAMU Association of Former Students from 1947 to 1964; president of Community Savings and Loan, 1964-1982; interred at College Station Cemetery[56]
Brianna Hildebrand, actress
Kyle Kacal, member of the Texas House of Representatives from College Station since 2013[57]
Arnold Krammer, historian at TAMU, 1974-retirement in 2015[58]
David M. Lee, physics professor at TAMU, 1996 Nobel Prize Laureate in Physics[59][60]
R. Bowen Loftin, former president of Texas A&M University
Lyle Lovett, singer-songwriter
Martin V. Melosi, environmental historian at TAMU, head of the Institute for Public History at the University of Houston[61]
Ilan Mitchell-Smith, actor, starring in Weird Science, Journey to the Center of the Earth, among others; professor of English at California State University, Long Beach
John N. Raney, member of the Texas House of Representatives from College Station since 2011, owner of Aggieland Book Store since 1969
Rico Rodriguez, actor, known for his role of Manny Delgado in the ABC sitcom Modern Family
Thomas Sadoski, award-winning actor, starring in HBO's The Newsroom, among others
Brek Shea, soccer player, member of FC Dallas and the United States Men's National Soccer Team
R. C. Slocum, former Texas A&M University head football coach (1989–2002)
Bjarne Stroustrup, computer scientist, designer, and original implementor of C++; Distinguished Professor at Texas A&M University; AT&T Fellow
Tiffany Thornton, actress, starring in Disney Channel's Sonny With a Chance
Patrick Zurek, Roman Catholic Bishop of Amarillo, founding pastor of St. Thomas Aquinas Parish[62]
David Konderla, Roman Catholic Bishop of Tulsa
Alok Vaid-Menon, performance artist and LGBTQ rights activist

text: Points of interest[edit]

text:
George Bush Presidential Library
D. A. "Andy" Anderson Arboretum

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010.
Jump up ^ Official records for College Station have been kept at Easterwood Airport since August 1951 and at an undisclosed location 6 mi (9.7 km) to the southwest of the city center from May 1, 1882 until July 1951.[12]

tag: ol


document_title: List of Presidents of the United States who died in office

question_text: who was the first president to be killed in office

root

text: 1841: William Henry Harrison[edit]

text: On March 26, 1841, William Henry Harrison became ill with a cold. According to the prevailing medical misconception of that time, it was believed that his illness was directly caused by the bad weather at his inauguration; however, Harrison's illness did not arise until more than three weeks after the event. The cold worsened, rapidly turning to pneumonia and pleurisy.[12] He sought to rest in the White House, but could not find a quiet room because of the steady crowd of office seekers. His extremely busy social schedule made any rest time scarce.[13]

tag: p

text: Harrison's doctors tried cures, applying opium, castor oil, leeches, and Virginia snakeroot. But the treatments only made Harrison worse, and he became delirious. He died nine days after becoming ill,[14] at 12:30 am on April 4, 1841, of right lower lobe pneumonia, jaundice, and overwhelming septicemia. He was the first United States president to die in office. His last words were to his doctor, but assumed to be directed at Vice President John Tyler, "Sir, I wish you to understand the true principles of the government. I wish them carried out. I ask nothing more." Harrison served the shortest term of any American president: March 4 – April 4, 1841, 30 days, 12 hours, and 30 minutes.[15][16]

text: Harrison's funeral took place in the Wesley Chapel in Cincinnati, Ohio, on April 7, 1841.[17] His original interment was in the public vault of the Congressional Cemetery in Washington, D.C. He was later buried in North Bend, Ohio. The William Henry Harrison Tomb State Memorial was erected in his honor.[18]

text: 1850: Zachary Taylor[edit]

text: On July 4, 1850, Taylor was known to have consumed copious amounts of ice water, cold milk, green apples, and cherries after attending holiday celebrations and the laying of the cornerstone of the Washington Monument.[19] That same evening, he became severely ill with an unknown digestive ailment. Doctors used popular treatments of the time. Taylor died in the White House at 10:35 p.m. on July 9, five days after becoming ill.[20] Contemporary reports listed the cause of death as "bilious diarrhea, or a bilious cholera".[21] He was succeeded by Vice President Millard Fillmore.

text: The cause of Zachary Taylor's death was fully established in 2001.[22] Almost immediately after his death, rumors began to circulate that Taylor was poisoned by pro-slavery Southerners, and similar theories persisted into the twentieth century.[23] The remains were exhumed and transported to the Office of the Kentucky Chief Medical Examiner on June 17, 1991. Neutron activation analysis conducted at Oak Ridge National Laboratory revealed no evidence of poisoning, as arsenic levels were too low.[24][25] The analysis concluded Taylor had contracted "cholera morbus, or acute gastroenteritis", as Washington had open sewers, and his food or drink may have been contaminated.[26]

text: Taylor was interred in the Public Vault of the Congressional Cemetery in Washington, D.C. from July 13, 1850 to October 25, 1850. (It was built in 1835 to hold remains of notables until either the grave site could be prepared or transportation arranged to another city.) His body was transported to the Taylor Family plot where his parents are buried, on the old Taylor homestead plantation known as 'Springfield' in Louisville, Kentucky.[27]

text: 1865: Abraham Lincoln[edit]

text: The assassination of Abraham Lincoln took place on Good Friday,[28] on April 14, 1865, as the American Civil War was drawing to a close. The assassination occurred five days after the commanding General of the Army of Northern Virginia, Robert E. Lee, surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant and the Army of the Potomac.  Lincoln was the first American president to be assassinated,[29] though an unsuccessful attempt had been made on Andrew Jackson 30 years before in 1835.[30]

text: The assassination of Lincoln was planned and carried out by the well-known stage actor John Wilkes Booth, a Confederate sympathizer, vehement in his denunciation of Lincoln, and a strong opponent of the abolition of slavery in the United States.[31] Booth and a group of co-conspirators originally plotted to kidnap Lincoln, but later planned to kill him, Vice President Andrew Johnson, and Secretary of State William H. Seward in a bid to help the Confederacy's cause.[32] (Vice President Johnson's assailant did not carry out his part of the plan, and Johnson succeeded Lincoln as President.)

text: Lincoln was shot once in the back of his head while watching the play Our American Cousin with his wife Mary Todd Lincoln at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. at around 10:15 pm on the night of April 14, 1865.[33] An army surgeon who happened to be at Ford's, Doctor Charles Leale, assessed Lincoln's wound as mortal.[34] The unconscious President was then carried across the street from the theater to the Petersen House, where he remained in a coma for nine hours before dying the following morning at 7:22 a.m. on April 15.[35][36][37]

text: 1881: James A. Garfield[edit]

text: The assassination of James A. Garfield took place in Washington, D.C. on July 2, 1881. Garfield was shot by Charles J. Guiteau at 9:30 am, less than four months into Garfield's term as the 20th President of the United States. Garfield died eleven weeks later on September 19, 1881. His Vice President, Chester A. Arthur, succeeded Garfield as President. Garfield also lived the longest after the shooting, compared to other assassinated Presidents. Garfield was scheduled to leave Washington on July 2, 1881 for his summer vacation.[40] On that day, Guiteau lay in wait for the President at the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad station, on the southwest corner of present-day Sixth Street and Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, D.C.[41]

text: President Garfield came to the Sixth Street Station on his way to his alma mater, Williams College, where he was scheduled to deliver a speech. Garfield was accompanied by two of his sons, James and Harry, and Secretary of State Blaine. Secretary of War Robert Todd Lincoln waited at the station to see the President off.[42] Garfield had no bodyguard or security detail; with the exception of Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War, early U.S. presidents never used any guards.[43]

text: As President Garfield entered the waiting room of the station Guiteau stepped forward and pulled the trigger from behind at point-blank range. "My God, what is that?" Garfield cried out, flinging up his arms. Guiteau fired again and Garfield collapsed.[44] One bullet grazed Garfield's shoulder; the other hit him in the back, passing the first lumbar vertebra but missing the spinal cord before coming to rest behind his pancreas.[45]

text: Garfield, conscious but in shock, was carried to an upstairs floor of the train station.[46] One bullet remained lodged in his body, but doctors could not find it.[47] Young Jim Garfield and James Blaine both broke down and wept. Robert Todd Lincoln, deeply upset and thinking back to the death of his father, said "How many hours of sorrow I have passed in this town."[47]

text: Garfield was carried back to the White House. Although doctors told him that he would not survive the night, the President remained conscious and alert.[48] The next morning his vital signs were good and doctors began to hope for recovery.[49] A long vigil began, with Garfield's doctors issuing regular bulletins that the American public followed closely throughout the summer of 1881.[50][51] His condition fluctuated. Fevers came and went. Garfield struggled to keep down solid food and spent most of the summer eating little, and that only liquids.[52]

text: Garfield had been a regular visitor to the shore town of Long Branch, NJ, one of the nation's premier summer vacation spots until World War I. In early September, it was decided to bring him to Elberon, a quiet beach town just to the south of Long Branch, in hopes that the beach air would help him recover. When they heard that the president was being brought to their town, local citizens built more than half a mile of tracks in less than 24 hours, enabling Garfield to be brought directly to the door of the oceanfront Franklyn cottage, rather than being moved by carriage from the local Elberon train station. However, Garfield died 12 days later. A granite marker on Garfield Rd identifies the former site of the cottage, which was demolished in 1950.

text: Chester Arthur was at his home in New York City on the night of September 19, when word came that Garfield had died. After first getting the news, Arthur said "I hope—my God, I do hope it is a mistake." But confirmation by telegram came soon after. Arthur took the presidential oath of office, administered by a New York Supreme Court judge, then left for Long Branch to pay his respects before going on to Washington.[53] Garfield's body was taken to Washington, where it lay in state for two days in the Capitol Rotunda before being taken to Cleveland, where the funeral was held on September 26.[54]

text: When the tracks that had been hastily built to the Franklyn cottage were later torn up, actor Oliver Byron bought the wooden ties, and had local carpenter William Presley build them into a small tea house, in commemoration of the president. The red & white (originally red, white & blue) "Garfield Tea House" still survives, resting a couple of blocks away from the site of the cottage on the grounds of the Long Branch Historical Museum, a former Episcopal Church. The church is nicknamed "The Church of the Presidents", as it had been attended by, in addition to Garfield, Presidents Chester A. Arthur, Ulysses S. Grant, Benjamin Harrison, Rutherford Hayes, William McKinley, and Woodrow Wilson, during their own visits to Long Branch.

text: 1901: William McKinley[edit]

text: William McKinley was assassinated on September 6, 1901, inside the Temple of Music on the grounds of the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. McKinley was shaking hands with the public when he was shot by Leon Czolgosz, an anarchist. The President died eight days later on September 14 from gangrene caused by the bullet wounds.[8]

text: McKinley had been elected for a second term in 1900.[55]  He enjoyed meeting the public, and was reluctant to accept the security available to his office.[56] The  Secretary to the President, George B. Cortelyou, feared an assassination attempt would take place during a visit to the Temple of Music, and twice took it off the schedule.  McKinley restored it each time.[57]

text: Czolgosz had lost his job during the economic Panic of 1893 and turned to anarchism, a political philosophy whose adherents had killed foreign leaders.[58]  Regarding McKinley as a symbol of oppression, Czolgosz felt it was his duty as an anarchist to kill him.[59]   Unable to get near McKinley during the earlier part of the presidential visit, Czolgosz shot McKinley twice as the President reached to shake his hand in the reception line at the temple. One bullet grazed McKinley; the other entered his abdomen and was never found.[8]

text: McKinley initially appeared to be recovering, but took a turn for the worse on September 13 as his wounds became gangrenous, and died early the next morning; Vice President Theodore Roosevelt succeeded him. Roosevelt was hiking near the top of Mt. Marcy, in New York State's Adirondack region, when a runner located him to convey the bad news.[60] After McKinley's murder, for which Czolgosz was put to death in the electric chair, the United States Congress passed legislation to officially charge the Secret Service with the responsibility for protecting the president.[61]

text: 1923: Warren G. Harding[edit]

text: Warren G. Harding died from a sudden heart attack in his hotel suite while visiting San Francisco at around 7:35 p.m. on August 2, 1923. His death quickly led to theories that he had been poisoned[62] or committed suicide. Rumors of poisoning were fueled, in part, by a book called The Strange Death of President Harding, in which the author (convicted criminal, former Ohio Gang member, and detective Gaston Means, hired by Mrs. Harding to investigate Warren Harding and his mistress) suggested that Mrs. Harding had poisoned her husband after learning of his infidelity. Mrs. Harding's refusal to allow an autopsy on President Harding only added to the speculation. According to the physicians attending Harding, however, the symptoms in the days prior to his death all pointed to congestive heart failure. Harding's biographer, Samuel H. Adams, concluded that "Warren G. Harding died a natural death which, in any case, could not have been long postponed".[63]

text: Immediately after President Harding's death, Mrs. Harding returned to Washington, D.C., and briefly stayed in the White House with the new President Calvin Coolidge and First Lady.  For a month, former First Lady Harding gathered and destroyed by fire President Harding's correspondence and documents, both official and unofficial. Upon her return to Marion, Mrs. Harding hired a number of secretaries to collect and burn President Harding's personal papers. According to Mrs. Harding, she took these actions to protect her husband's legacy. The remaining papers were held and kept from public view by the Harding Memorial Association in Marion.[64]

text: 1945: Franklin D. Roosevelt[edit]

text: On March 29, 1945, Franklin D. Roosevelt went to the Little White House at Warm Springs, Georgia, to rest before his anticipated appearance at the founding conference of the United Nations. On the afternoon of April 12, Roosevelt said, "I have a terrific pain in the back of my head." He then slumped forward in his chair, unconscious, and was carried into his bedroom. The president's attending cardiologist, Dr. Howard Bruenn, diagnosed a massive cerebral hemorrhage (stroke).[65] At 3:35 pm that day, Roosevelt died without regaining consciousness. As Allen Drury later said, "so ended an era, and so began another." After Roosevelt's death, an editorial by The New York Times declared, "Men will thank God on their knees a hundred years from now that Franklin D. Roosevelt was in the White House".[66]

text: In his later years at the White House, when Roosevelt was increasingly overworked, his daughter Anna Roosevelt Boettiger had moved in to provide her father companionship and support. Anna had also arranged for her father to meet with his former mistress, the now widowed Lucy Mercer Rutherfurd. A close friend of both Roosevelt and Mercer who was present, Elizabeth Shoumatoff, rushed Mercer away to avoid negative publicity and implications of infidelity. When Eleanor heard about her husband's death, she was also faced with the news that Anna had been arranging these meetings with Mercer and that Mercer had been with Franklin when he died.[67]

text: On the morning of April 13, Roosevelt's body was placed in a flag-draped coffin and loaded onto the presidential train. After a White House funeral on April 14, Roosevelt was transported back to Hyde Park by train, guarded by four servicemen, one each from the Army, Navy, Marines, and Coast Guard. As was his wish, Roosevelt was buried in the Rose Garden of the Springwood estate, the Roosevelt family home in Hyde Park on April 15. Eleanor died in November 1962 and was buried next to him.[68]

text: Roosevelt's death was met with shock and grief[69] across the U.S. and around the world. His declining health had not been known to the general public. Roosevelt had been president for more than 12 years, longer than any other person, and had led the country through some of its greatest crises to the impending defeat of Nazi Germany and within sight of the defeat of Japan as well.

text: Less than a month after his death, on May 8, the war in Europe ended. President Harry S. Truman, who turned 61 that day, dedicated Victory in Europe Day and its celebrations to Roosevelt's memory, and kept the flags across the U.S. at half-staff for the remainder of the 30-day mourning period. In doing so, Truman said that his only wish was "that Franklin D. Roosevelt had lived to witness this day."[70]

text: 1963: John F. Kennedy[edit]

text: John F. Kennedy was assassinated at 12:30 p.m. Central Standard Time (18:30 UTC) on Friday, November 22, 1963, in Dealey Plaza, Dallas, Texas.[71][72] Kennedy was fatally shot while traveling with his wife Jacqueline, Texas Governor John Connally, and the latter's wife Nellie, in a Presidential motorcade. The ten-month investigation by the Warren Commission of 1963–1964 concluded that President Kennedy was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald and that Oswald had acted entirely alone. It also concluded that Jack Ruby acted alone when he killed Oswald in police custody. Nonetheless, polls conducted from 1966 to 2004 found that as many as 80 percent of Americans have suspected that there was a plot or cover-up.[73][74]

text: Most current John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories put forth a criminal conspiracy involving parties as varied as the CIA, the Mafia, anti-Castro Cuban exile groups, the military industrial complex, sitting Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson, Cuban President Fidel Castro, FBI director J. Edgar Hoover, the KGB, or some combination of those entities.[75] In an article published prior to the 50th anniversary of Kennedy's assassination, author Vincent Bugliosi estimates that a total of 42 groups, 82 assassins, and 214 people have been accused in conspiracy theories challenging the "lone gunman" theory.[76]


document_title: Despicable Me

question_text: what are the children's names in despicable me

question_tokens: what are the children 's names in despicable me

text: Despicable Me

text: Plot[edit]

text: Gru, a supervillain, is disheartened when an unknown supervillain steals the Great Pyramid of Giza. Gru, with the assistance of his colleague Dr. Nefario and his Minions, resolves to one-up this mystery rival by shrinking and stealing the Moon. As it would be costly to steal the moon, Gru seeks a loan from the Bank of Evil. Bank president Mr. Perkins is impressed by the plan but will provide the money only if Gru can obtain the necessary shrink ray first. Upon learning that an up-and-coming villain named Vector was responsible for the pyramid theft, Gru starts a rivalry with him.

text: Gru and the Minions steal the shrink ray from a secret base in East Asia, but Vector intercepts them and steals it for himself. Gru attempts to break into Vector's fortress to recover the shrink ray but is defeated by numerous booby traps. However, he notices three orphan girls, Margo, Edith, and Agnes, who are able to easily walk into the base because they are selling cookies. Gru disguises himself and adopts the girls, planning on using them to infiltrate Vector's base so he can get the shrink ray back. However, Gru has trouble nurturing them properly due to their rambunctiousness, their ballet classes, and his own ineptitude as a parent.

text: Eventually, Gru and the girls arrive at Vector's fortress, and Gru steals the shrink ray. The girls then suggest a day at a theme park; Gru agrees, believing he can abandon the girls there, but instead he warms up to them. Later, Gru contacts Perkins via video chat, stating that he finally has the shrink ray. Margo, Edith, and Agnes interrupt the meeting, and Perkins announces that he has lost confidence in Gru and will no longer fund his operations. As Gru tells the Minions he can no longer pay them for their services, the girls offer the contents of their piggy bank. Gru, inspired, sells parts of his lair to construct a spacecraft. Gru plans to steal the Moon when it is nearest the Earth, but this is the same day as the girls' ballet recital. Gru becomes conflicted, and Dr. Nefario, seeing the recital as interfering with the plan, arranges for the girls to be returned to the orphanage. At the same time, Perkins informs Vector, revealed to be Perkins' son, of Gru's possession of the shrink ray and the adoption of the three girls, encouraging Vector to act.

text: Gru successfully shrinks and steals the Moon, and rushes back to Earth to attend the recital—only to find a ransom note from Vector, who has kidnapped the girls. After arriving at Vector's headquarters, Gru surrenders the Moon, but Vector reneges on the deal, flying off with the girls and the Moon. Meanwhile, Dr. Nefario has discovered that the effects of the shrink ray are temporary; the bigger the object's original size, the faster the shrinkage will wear off. As the Moon starts to expand in Vector's ship, Gru, Dr. Nefario, and the Minions execute a daring mid-air rescue of the girls just as the Moon explodes out of Vector's ship and launches itself back into orbit, with Vector trapped on it.

text: Sometime later, Gru has returned the Great Pyramid and re-adopted the girls, writing them a bedtime storybook framed around his own experience. The film ends with the girls performing their own ballet recital for Gru, his mother Marlena, Dr. Nefario, and the Minions.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Steve Carell as Gru, a mean supervillain
Jason Segel as Victor "Vector" Perkins, Mr. Perkins' son and Gru's archenemy
Russell Brand as Dr. Nefario, Gru's elderly gadget man and a friendly scientist
Miranda Cosgrove as Margo, the oldest of the three girls, and pet cat.
Dana Gaier as Edith, the middle child of the three girls
Elsie Fisher as Agnes, the youngest of the three girls
Will Arnett as Mr. Perkins, the President of the Bank of Evil and Vector's father
Kristen Wiig as Miss Hattie, owner of the orphanage Miss Hattie's Home for Girls
Julie Andrews as Marlena, Gru's mother
Pierre Coffin as Kevin, Tim, Bob, Mark, Phil and Stuart, six of Gru's Minions
Chris Renaud as Dave, one of Gru's Minions
Jemaine Clement as Jerry, one of Gru's Minions
Jack McBrayer as a Carnival Barker
McBrayer also voices a Tourist, who is Justin's Father
Danny McBride as Fred McDade, Gru's neighbor
Mindy Kaling as a Tourist, who is Justin's mother
Rob Huebel as an anchorman[9]
Ken Daurio as an Egyptian guard[9]
Ken Jeong as a talk-show host[9]

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2014)

tag: table

text: Despicable Me was initially developed by Sergio Pablos under the original title Evil Me. He later participated in development during the early stages of the production and took the package unsolicited to Universal Pictures where he became the first of several screenwriters on the project as well as executive producer.[10] In November 2008, Illumination Entertainment announced the beginning of the development on its first CGI animated film Despicable Me.[11][12]

text: Music[edit]

text: Despicable Me: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack to the film of the same name, and it was released on July 6, 2010.[13] It featured new songs from the film written and performed by Pharrell Williams, and performances by Destinee & Paris, The Sylvers, Robin Thicke and the Bee Gees.[13]

text: Release[edit]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: NBC (which is owned by Universal) had an extensive marketing campaign leading up to the film's release. Sneak peeks were shown in episodes of The Biggest Loser.[14] Despicable Me was also featured on Last Comic Standing when Gru comes in to audition.[14] IHOP restaurants promoted the film by introducing three new menu items, a kids' breakfast meal, and a drink all having the word "minion" in them.[15] Best Buy released a free smartphone application called "Best Buy Movie Mode", which translated what the Minions were saying during the end credits of the 3D theatrical release.[16] For the home media release of the film, the application was updated to translate the Minions' language throughout the entire film.[16]

text: Books[edit]

text: In May 2010, three books related to the movie were published, as well as the children's puppet book featured in the film. The first, My Dad the Super Villain (ISBN 0-316-08382-8), was rated as a preschool book.[17] The second, Despicable Me: The Junior Novel (ISBN 0-316-08380-1), was rated as being a Junior Reader for ages 8 to 12.[18] The third, Despicable Me: The World's Greatest Villain (ISBN 0-316-08377-1), was rated for ages 3–6 years.[19] The puppet book Sleepy Kittens (ISBN 0-316-08381-X) was written by Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio and illustrated by Eric Guillon.[20]

text: Video games[edit]

text:
A video game titled Despicable Me: The Game was released for the PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable and Wii.[21] A Nintendo DS version was released under the name Despicable Me: Minion Mayhem.[22] Namco also released a version for the iPhone and iPad platform entitled Despicable Me: Minion Mania, developed by Anino Games.[23]
An application for iOS and Androids was also released under the name Despicable Me: Minion Rush. It was developed by Gameloft and made available to the public in 2013.[24]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Despicable Me was released on DVD, Blu-ray, and Blu-ray 3D on December 14, 2010. The release included three new short films, titled Home Makeover, Orientation Day and Banana.[25] The film was released on Ultra HD Blu-ray on June 6, 2017.[26]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives a rating of 81% based on 196 reviews and an average rating of 6.8/10—159 fresh and 37 rotten[27]. The website's critical consensus reads, "Borrowing heavily (and intelligently) from Pixar and Looney Tunes, Despicable Me is a surprisingly thoughtful, family-friendly treat with a few surprises of its own."[28] Metacritic, another review aggregation website, assigned the film a score of 72 out of 100 based on 35 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[29]

text: Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film three out of four stars, saying the directors were skilled at "springing surprises" from the writers' "ingenious" screenplay.[30] Peter Debruge of Variety wrote, "Since villains so often steal the show in animation, Despicable Me smartly turns the whole operation over to megalomaniacal rogue Gru."[31] Robert Wilonsky of The Village Voice wrote, "The result is pleasant and diverting, if ultimately forgettable, and it's one of the rare instances in the recent history of 3-D's resurrection as The Savior of Cinema in which the technology doesn't dim the screen or distract the focus."[32] Keith Uhlich of Time Out New York gave the film three out of five stars, saying, "The setup is pure Looney Tunes, and indeed, Despicable Me is at its best when trading in the anything-for-a-laugh prankery that was a specialty of the Termite Terrace crowd."[33] Roger Moore of the Orlando Sentinel gave the film three out of four stars, saying, "Despicable Me is a 3D cartoon comedy of whiplash-quick laughs, funny punch lines and a wickedly gimmicky appreciation for 3D."[34] Christy Lemire of the Associated Press wrote, "Kids will dig it, adults will smile with amusement, and no one will be any different afterward than they were walking into the theater."[35] Bill Goodykoontz of The Arizona Republic gave the film three and a half stars out of five, saying, "Neither as rich in story nor stunning in animation as Pixar offerings, Despicable Me instead settles for simply being goofy good fun, and it hardly seems like settling at all."[36]

text: Carrie Rickey of The Philadelphia Inquirer gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying, "Short, sweet-and-sour, and amusing rather than funny, Despicable Me can't help but be likable."[37] Colin Covert of the Star Tribune gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying "You'll probably leave the theater smiling, but don't expect to be emotionally engaged, Pixar-style. You'll be tickled, not touched."[38] Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film three out of four stars, saying, "A whip-smart family movie that makes inventive use of the summer's ubiquitous 3-D technology is something worth cheering."[39] Tom Keogh of The Seattle Times gave the film three out of four stars, saying "Despicable Me appeals both to our innocence and our glee over cartoon anarchy."[40] Jason Anderson of the Toronto Star gave the film three out of four stars, saying, "Despicable Me may not match the stratospherically high standards set by Up and WALL-E but that hardly matters when it’s this much fun."[41] Ty Burr of The Boston Globe gave the film three out of four stars, saying, "Despicable Me has enough visual novelty and high spirits to keep the kiddies diverted and just enough wit to placate the parents."[42] Roger Ebert gave the film three out of four stars, saying, "The film is funny, energetic, teeth-gnashingly venomous and animated with an eye to exploiting the 3-D process with such sure-fire techniques as a visit to an amusement park."[43] Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying, "By taking the "heart" part just seriously enough, and in the nick of time, the movie saves itself from itself."[44]

text: Kim Newman of Empire gave the film three out of five stars, saying, "It's no first-rank CGI cartoon, but shows how Pixar's quality over crass is inspiring the mid-list. Fun, with teary bits, for kids; fresh and smart for adults."[45] Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying, "The film throws so much ersatz cleverness and overdone emotion at the audience that we end up more worn out than entertained."[46] Stephen Whitty of the Newark Star-Ledger gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying, "Unfortunately Despicable Me is just, predictably -- eh. And the one thing the larcenous Gru never steals is our heart."[47] Elizabeth Weitzman of the New York Daily News gave the film three out of five stars, saying, "Right now, any excuse for air conditioning will do. So it's a happy bonus to find that Despicable Me is more than just a heat-busting baby-sitter."[48] James Berardinelli of ReelViews gave the film three out of four stars, saying, "This is a smartly written comedy with a soft emotional core."[49] Kyle Smith of the New York Post gave the film three out of four stars, saying, "Despicable Me may not be the most sophisticated kids movie ever, but it stacks up against recent animated fare like How To Train Your Dragon the way The New York Review of Books compares to USA Today."[50] Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post gave the film three out of four stars, saying, "An improbably heartwarming, not to mention visually delightful, diversion."[51] Rick Groen of The Globe and Mail gave the film four out of four stars, saying, "This animated thing pretty near out-Pixars Pixar."[52]  Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the film two out of four stars, saying, "When compared with the ambition and achievement of recent animated films, such as Coraline and Toy Story 3, Despicable Me hardly seems to have been worth making, and it's barely worth watching."[53]

text: Bob Mondello of NPR gave the film an eight out of ten, saying, "It's all thoroughly adorable, and with an overlay that's nearly as odd as Carell's accent: Despicable Me looks a lot like other computer-animated pictures."[54] Mary F. Pols of MSN Movies gave the film four out of five stars, saying, "The movie finishes strong, managing to be sweet without being saccharine. It's no Toy Story 3, but Despicable Me is a solid alternative."[55] A. O. Scott of The New York Times gave the film two out of five stars, saying, "So much is going on in this movie that, while there's nothing worth despising, there's not much to remember either."[56] Laremy Legel of Film.com gave the film an A-, saying, "Despicable Me is darned cute. I know cute isn't to the lofty level of "message storytelling" but it can be entertaining to watch when done correctly."[57] Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter wrote, "Despicable doesn't measure up to Pixar at its best. Nonetheless, it's funny, clever and warmly animated with memorable characters."[58] Steve Persall of the Tampa Bay Times gave the film a B, saying, "Directors Pierre Coffin and Chris Renaud craft a fun stretch run, wrapping the story with warm, fuzzy funnies and nothing to suggest a sequel, which is probably wise."[59] Tasha Robinson of The A.V. Club gave the film a B, saying, "Until the "creep + orphans = happy family" formula starts demanding abrupt, unconvincing character mutations, Despicable Me is a giddy joy."[60] Marjorie Baumgarten of The Austin Chronicle gave the film three out of five stars, saying, "Everyone knows that the villains are usually the most interesting characters in any movie. So the makers of Despicable Me were wise to cut to the chase and make the megalomaniacal Gru the central character in this animated film."[61]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Released on July 9, 2010, in the United States, Despicable Me opened at the number one spot at the box office and pulled in $56.3 million, making it the third-biggest opening grossing for an animated film in 2010 behind Toy Story 3 and Shrek Forever After.[62] In its second weekend, the film dipped 42% to second place behind Inception with $32.8 million earned. The film then had another drop of 27% in its third weekend and finished in third place with $23.8 million. On August 5, 2010, the film crossed the $200 million mark, becoming the first Universal film to reach the milestone since 2007's The Bourne Ultimatum.[63]

text: On the weekend lasting from September 3–5, 2010, it surpassed Shrek Forever After to become the second-highest-grossing animated film of 2010 in the United States and Canada, behind Toy Story 3.[64] It was also the highest-grossing non-DreamWorks/non-Disney·Pixar animated film of all time in these territories, since overtaken by its sequel.[64] The film has made $251,513,985 in the United States and Canada as well as an estimated $291.6 million internationally for a worldwide total of $546,010,705, against its $69 million budget.[5] This film is also Universal's sixth-highest-grossing film (unadjusted for inflation)[65] and the tenth-highest-grossing animated feature of all time in North America.[66] In worldwide earnings, it is the sixth-biggest film of Universal Studios,[67] the fourth-highest-grossing animated film of 2010 trailing Toy Story 3, Shrek Forever After, and Tangled, the 25th-highest-grossing animated film of all time and the 9th-highest-grossing film of 2010.[68]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award

Category/Recipient(s)

Result

Annie Awards[69]

Best Animated Feature

Nominated

Voice Acting in a Feature Production (Steve Carell)

Character Design In an Animated Film (Carter Goodrich)

Directing in a Feature Production (Pierre Coffin)

Music in a Feature Production (Pharrell Williams and Heitor Pereira)

Production Design in a Feature Production (Yarrow Cheny and Eric Guillon)

Alliance of Women Film Journalists[70]

Best Animated Feature

Best Animated Female (Miranda Cosgrove as Margo, Dana Gaier as Edith, and Elsie Fisher as Agnes)

BAFTA Awards[71]

Best Animated Film

Critics' Choice Movie Awards[72]

Best Animated Film

Golden Globe Awards[73]

Best Animated Feature Film

Heartland Film Festival 2010[74]

Truly Moving Picture Award

Won

Kids Choice Awards[75]

Favorite Animated Movie

Won

Favorite Buttkicker (Steve Carell)

Nominated

Peoples Choice Awards[76]

Favorite Family Movie

Satellite Awards[77]

Best Animated or Mixed Media Film

Saturn Awards

Best Animated Film[78]

Teen Choice Awards[79]

Choice Summer: Movie

Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards[80]

Best Animated film

Women Film Critics Circle[81]

Best Animated Females

Won

text: Sequels[edit]

text: A sequel, titled Despicable Me 2, was released on July 3, 2013. It is produced by the same team that was behind the first film—along with directors Pierre Coffin and Chris Renaud, and writers Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio. Steve Carell, Russell Brand, and Miranda Cosgrove reprise their roles; Kristen Wiig and Ken Jeong returned but voiced new characters (Lucy Wilde and Floyd Eagle-san). New cast members include Benjamin Bratt as Eduardo, Gru's nemesis, and Steve Coogan as Silas Ramsbottom.[82]

text: Another sequel, titled Despicable Me 3, was released on June 30, 2017.[83]

text: Prequel[edit]

text: A prequel feature film titled Minions, featuring the Minions as the main characters, was released on July 10, 2015.[84] Written by Brian Lynch, it was directed by Pierre Coffin and Kyle Balda, and produced by Chris Meledandri and Janet Healey.[84] The film, set in the 1960s, focuses on the Minions before they met Gru, where they compete for the right to become henchmen of an ambitious villain, Scarlet Overkill, voiced by Sandra Bullock.[85]


document_title: Levi Strauss & Co.

question_text: when did levi's stop making jeans in the usa

question_tokens: when did levi 's stop making jeans in the usa

text: Levi Strauss & Co.

text: History[edit]

text: Origin and formation (1853–1890s)[edit]

text: Levi Strauss started the business at the 90 Sacramento Street address in San Francisco and then moved the location to 62 Sacramento Street.[citation needed] In 1858, the company was listed as Strauss, Levi (David Stern & Lewis Strauss) importers clothing etc. 63 & 65 Sacramento St. in the San Francisco Directory with Strauss serving as its sales manager and his brother-in-law, David Stern, as its manager.[9] Jacob Davis, a Latvian Jewish immigrant, was a Reno, Nevada[10] tailor who frequently purchased bolts of cloth made from denim from Levi Strauss & Co.'s wholesale house. After one of Davis' customers kept purchasing cloth to reinforce torn pants, he had an idea to use copper rivets to reinforce the points of strain, such as on the pocket corners and at the base of the button fly.[11] Davis did not have the required money to purchase a patent, so he wrote to Strauss suggesting that they go into business together. After Levi accepted Jacob's offer, on May 20, 1873, the two men received U.S. Patent 139,121 from the United States Patent and Trademark Office. The patented rivet was later incorporated into the company's jean design and advertisements. Contrary to an advertising campaign suggesting that Levi Strauss sold his first jeans to gold miners during the California Gold Rush (which peaked in 1849), the manufacturing of denim overalls only began in the 1870s. The company created their first pair of Levis 501 Jeans in the 1890s.

text: Growth in popularity (1910s–1960s)[edit]

text: Modern jeans began to appear in the 1920s, but sales were largely confined to the working people of the western United States, such as cowboys, lumberjacks, and railroad workers. Levi’s jeans apparently were first introduced to the East during the dude ranch craze of the 1930s, when vacationing Easterners returned home with tales (and usually examples) of the hard-wearing pants with rivets. Another boost came in World War II, when blue jeans were declared an essential commodity and were sold only to people engaged in defense work.

text: Between the 1950s and 1980s, Levi's jeans became popular among a wide range of youth subcultures, including greasers, mods, rockers, and hippies. Levi's popular shrink-to-fit 501s were sold in a unique sizing arrangement; the indicated size referred to the size of the jeans prior to shrinking, and the shrinkage was substantial.[12] The company still produces these unshrunk, uniquely sized jeans, and they are still Levi's number one selling product. Although popular lore (abetted by company marketing) holds that the original design remains unaltered, this is not the case: the crotch rivet and waist cinch were removed during World War II to conform to War Production Board requirements to conserve metal, and was not replaced after the war. Additionally, the back pocket rivets, which had been covered in denim since 1937, were removed completely in the 1950s due to complaints they scratched furniture.[13]

text: Blue jeans era (1960s–1980s)[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: From the early 1960 through the mid-1970s, Levi Strauss experienced significant growth in its business as the more casual look of the 1960s and 1970s ushered in the "blue jeans craze" and served as a catalyst for the brand. Levi's, under the leadership of Walter Haas, Peter Haas Sr., Paul Glasco and George P. Simpkins Sr., expanded the firm's clothing line by adding new fashions and models, including stone-washed jeans through the acquisition of Great Western Garment Co. (GWG), a Canadian clothing manufacturer acquired by Levi's. The acquisition led to the introduction of the modern "stone washing" technique, still in use by Levi Strauss. Simpkins is credited with the company's record-paced expansion of its manufacturing capacity from 16 plants to more than 63 plants in the United States from 1964 to 1974 and 23 overseas. Levi's' expansion under Simpkins was accomplished without a single unionized employee as a result of Levi's' and the Haas family's strong stance on human rights and Simpkins' use of "pay for performance" manufacturing from the sewing machine operator level up. As a result, Levi's' plants were voted the highest performing, best organized and cleanest textile facilities of their time.[14] From a company with fifteen salespeople, two plants, and almost no business east of the Mississippi in 1946, the organization grew in thirty years to include a sales force of more than 22,000, with 50 plants and offices in 35 countries.[15]

text: In the 1980s, The company closed around 60 of its manufacturing plants because of financial difficulties and strong competition from competitors.[16]

text: The Dockers brand, launched in 1986 and which is sold largely through department store chains, helped the company grow through the mid-1990s, as denim sales began to fade. Dockers were introduced into Europe in 1996 and led by CEO Jorge Bardina. Levi Strauss attempted to sell the Dockers division in 2004 to relieve part of the company's $2.6 billion outstanding debt.

text: Brand competition (1990s)[edit]

text: By the 1990s, Levi's faced competition from other brands and cheaper products from overseas, and began accelerating the pace of its US factory-closures and its use of offshore subcontracting agreements. In 1991, Levi Strauss became implicated in a scandal involving pants made in the Northern Mariana Islands: some 3% of Levi's jeans sold annually with the Made in the USA label were shown[by whom?] to have been made by Chinese laborers under what the United States Department of Labor called "slavelike" conditions. As of 2016[update], most Levi's jeans are made outside the US, though a few of the higher-end, more expensive styles are still made in the U.S.

text: Cited for sub-minimum wages, seven-day work weeks with 12-hour shifts, poor living conditions and other indignities, Tan Holdings Corporation, Levi Strauss' Marianas subcontractor, paid what were then the largest fines in U.S. labor history, distributing more than $9 million in restitution to some 1,200 employees.[17][18][19] Levi Strauss claimed no knowledge of the offenses, then severed ties to the Tan family and instituted labor reforms and inspection practices in its offshore facilities.

text: The activist group Fuerza Unida (United Force) formed following the January 1990 closure of a plant in San Antonio, Texas, in which 1,150 seamstresses, some of whom had worked for Levi Strauss for decades, saw their jobs exported to Costa Rica.[20] During the mid- and late-1990s, Fuerza Unida picketed the Levi Strauss headquarters in San Francisco and staged hunger strikes and sit-ins in protest at the company's labor policies.[21][22][23]

text: The company took on multibillion-dollar debt in February 1996 to help finance a series of leveraged stock buyouts among family members. Shares in Levi Strauss stock are not publicly traded; the firm as of 2016[update] is owned almost entirely by indirect descendants and collateral relatives of Levi Strauss, whose four nephews inherited the San Francisco dry-goods firm after their uncle's death in 1902.[24] The corporation's bonds are traded publicly, as are shares of the company's Japanese affiliate, Levi Strauss Japan K.K.

text: In June 1996, the company offered to pay its workers an unusual dividend of up to $750 million in six years' time, having halted an employee-stock plan at the time of the internal family buyout. However, the company failed to make cash-flow targets, and no worker dividends were paid.[25]

text: The annual sales of the brand increased in 1997 to reach $7.1 billion.[26]

text: Recent developments (2000–present)[edit]

text: In 2002, Levi Strauss began a close business collaboration with Walmart, producing a special line of "Signature" jeans and other clothes for exclusive sale in Walmart stores until 2006.[27] Levi Strauss leads the apparel industry in trademark infringement cases, filing nearly 100 lawsuits against competitors since 2001.[28] Most cases center on the alleged imitation of Levi's back pocket double arc stitching pattern (U.S. trademark #1,139,254), which Levi filed for trademark in 1978.[29] Levi's has successfully sued Guess, Polo Ralph Lauren, Esprit Holdings, Zegna, Zumiez, and Lucky Brand Jeans, among other companies.[28]

text: In 2002, the company closed its Valencia Street plant in San Francisco, which had opened the same year of the city's April 1906 earthquake.[30][31] By the end of 2003, the closure of Levi's last U.S. factory in San Antonio ended 150 years of jeans made in the USA. Production of a few higher-end, more expensive styles of jeans resumed in the US several years later.[31]

text: By 2007, Levi Strauss was again profitable after declining sales in nine of the previous ten years.[32] Its total annual sales, of just over $4 billion, were $3 billion less than during its peak performance[31] in the mid-1990s.[33] After more than two decades of family ownership, rumors of a possible public stock offering were floated[by whom?] in the media in July 2007.[34] In 2009, it was noted[by whom?] in the media for selling jeans on interest-free credit, due to the global recession.[35][36] In 2010, the company partnered with Filson, an outdoor-goods manufacturer in Seattle, to produce a high-end line of jackets and workwear.[37]

text: In 2011, the firm hired Chip Bergh as the president and chief executive of the brand.[38][39]

text: On May 8, 2013, the NFL's San Francisco 49ers announced that Levi Strauss & Co. had purchased the naming rights to their new stadium in Santa Clara, California. The naming-rights deal called for Levi's to pay $220.3 million to the city of Santa Clara and to the 49ers over twenty years, with an option to extend the deal for another five years for around $75 million.[40] As of 2016[update], Levi Strauss Signature jeans sell are sold in 110 countries[39] (US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Japan ...).

text: In 2016, the company reported revenues of $4.6 billion.[39]

text: On July 13, 2017, Levi Strauss heir Bill Goldman died in a private plane crash near Sonoma, California.[41]

text: In 2017, Levi Strauss & Co. released a "smart jacket", an apparel they developed in partnership with Google. After two years of collaboration, the result was a denim jacket set at $350.[42]

text: Cultural impact[edit]

text: Levi's has been worn by people from all walks of life, from miners to Nobel Prize recipients including Albert Einstein himself, whose famous leather jacket was made by Levi Strauss & Co in the 1930s and has recently been sold at auction house Christies for £110,500.[43]

text: Corporate structure and staff[edit]

text: Levi Strauss & Co. is a worldwide corporation organized into three geographic divisions: Levi Strauss Americas (LSA), headquartered in San Francisco; Levi Strauss Europe (LSE), based in Brussels; and Levi Strauss Asia Pacific, Middle East and Africa (LSAMA), based in Singapore. The company employs a staff of approximately 16,000 people worldwide.

text: Current products[edit]

text: Products include jeans, trousers, shorts, shirts, jackets, sweaters, T-shirts, underwear, socks, accessories, shoes, dresses, skirts, belts, overalls, jumpsuits and a "big and tall" range. Jeans are categorised by fit as: skinny, slim, straight, bootcut, taper, relaxed, flare and big & tall. Most of the adult denim jeans are identifiable by trademarked three digit style numbers. 501s are available in styles for both men and women, the rest of the 500 series are marketed for men and the 300, 400, 700, and 800 series for women, with the exception of 751s which are classic straight zip fly jeans.[44]

text:
Tag from a pair of Levi 501 button fly jeans

Detail of the back of a pair of Levi's 501 jeans