document_title: Blood sugar level

question_text: what is d normal range of blood sugar

question_tokens: what is d normal range of blood sugar

text: Blood sugar level

text: Units[edit]

text: The international standard way of measuring blood glucose levels is in terms of a molar concentration, measured in mmol/L (millimoles per litre; or millimolar, abbreviated mM). In the United States, Germany and other countries mass concentration is measured in mg/dL (milligrams per decilitre).[4]

text: Since the molecular weight of glucose C6H12O6 is 180, the difference between the two units is a factor of 18, so that 1 mmol/L of glucose is equivalent to 18 mg/dL.[5]

text: Normal values in humans[edit]

text: Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Many factors affect a person's blood sugar level. The body's homeostatic mechanism of blood sugar regulation (known as glucose homeostasis), when operating normally, restores the blood sugar level to a narrow range of about 4.4 to 6.1 mmol/L (79 to 110 mg/dL) (as measured by a fasting blood glucose test).[6]

text: The normal blood glucose level (tested while fasting) for non-diabetics, should be between 3.9 and 5.5 mmol/L (70 to 100 mg/dL). The mean normal blood glucose level in humans is about 5.5 mmol/L (100 mg/dL);[5] however, this level fluctuates throughout the day. Blood sugar levels for those without diabetes and who are not fasting should be below 6.9 mmol/L (125 mg/dL).[7] The blood glucose target range for diabetics, according to the American Diabetes Association, should be 5.0–7.2 mmol/l (90–130 mg/dL) before meals, and less than 10 mmol/L (180 mg/dL) after meals (as measured by a blood glucose monitor).[8]

text: Despite widely variable intervals between meals or the occasional consumption of meals with a substantial carbohydrate load, human blood glucose levels tend to remain within the normal range. However, shortly after eating, the blood glucose level may rise, in non-diabetics, temporarily up to 7.8 mmol/L (140 mg/dL) or slightly more. For people with diabetes maintaining 'tight diabetes control', the American Diabetes Association recommends a post-meal glucose level of less than 10 mmol/L (180 mg/dL) and a fasting plasma glucose of 3.9 to 7.2 mmol/L (70–130 mg/dL).[9]

text: The actual amount of glucose in the blood and body fluids is very small. In a healthy adult male of 75 kg with a blood volume of 5 liters, a blood glucose level of 5.5 mmol/L (100 mg/dL) amounts to 5g, equivalent to about a teaspoonful of sugar.[10] Part of the reason why this amount is so small is that, to maintain an influx of glucose into cells, enzymes modify glucose by adding phosphate or other groups to it.

text: Animals[edit]

text: In general, ranges of blood sugar in common domestic ruminants are lower than in many monogastric mammals.[11] However this generalization does not extend to wild ruminants or camelids. For serum glucose in mg/dL, reference ranges of 42 to 75 for cows, 44 to 81 for sheep, and 48 to 76 for goats, but 61 to 124 for cats; 62 to 108 for dogs, 62 to 114 for horses, 66 to 116 for pigs, 75 to 155 for rabbits, and 90 to 140 for llamas have been reported.[12] A 90 percent reference interval for serum glucose of 26 to 181 mg/dL has been reported for captured mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus), where no effects of the pursuit and capture on measured levels were evident.[13] For beluga whales, the 25–75 percent range for serum glucose has been estimated to be 94 to 115 mg/dL.[14] For the white rhinoceros, one study has indicated that the 95 percent range is 28 to 140 mg/dL.[15] For harp seals, a serum glucose range of 4.9 to 12.1 mmol/L [i.e. 88 to 218 mg/dL] has been reported; for hooded seals, a range of 7.5 to 15.7 mmol/L [i.e. about 135 to 283 mg/dL] has been reported.[16]

text: Regulation[edit]

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text: The body's homeostatic mechanism keeps blood glucose levels within a narrow range. It is composed of several interacting systems, of which hormone regulation is the most important.

text: There are two types of mutually antagonistic metabolic hormones affecting blood glucose levels:

text:
catabolic hormones (such as glucagon, cortisol and catecholamines) which increase blood glucose;[17]
and one anabolic hormone (insulin), which decreases blood glucose.

text: These hormones are secreted from pancreatic islets which are bundles of endocrine tissues. There are four types of pancreatic islets, alpha (A) cells, beta (B) cells, Delta (D) cells and F cells. Glucagon is secreted from alpha cells, while insulin is secreted by beta cells. Together they regulate the blood-glucose levels through negative feedback, a process where the end product of one reaction stimulates the beginning of another reaction. In blood-glucose levels, insulin lowers the concentration of glucose in the blood. The lower blood-glucose level (a product of the insulin secretion) triggers glucagon to be secreted, and repeats the cycle.[18]

text: In order for blood glucose to be kept stable, modifications to insulin, glucagon, epinephrine and cortisol are made. Each of these hormones has a different responsibility to keep blood glucose regulated; when blood sugar is too high, insulin tells muscles to take up excess glucose for storage. Glucagon responds to too low of a blood glucose level; it informs the tissue to produce more glucose. Epinephrine prepares the muscles and respiratory system for activity in the case of a "fight and flight" response. Lastly, cortisol supplies the body with fuel in times of heavy stress.[19]

text: Abnormality in blood sugar levels[edit]

text: High blood sugar[edit]

text: If blood sugar levels remain too high the body suppresses appetite over the short term. Long-term hyperglycemia causes many long-term health problems including heart disease, cancer,[20] eye, kidney, and nerve damage.[21]

text: Blood sugar levels above 300 can cause fatal reactions. Ketones will be very high (a magnitude higher than when eating a very low carbohydrate diet) initiating ketoacidosis. Mayo clinic recommends emergency room treatment above 300 mg/dL blood glucose.

text: The most common cause of hyperglycemia is diabetes. When diabetes is the cause, physicians typically recommend an anti-diabetic medication as treatment. From the perspective the majority of patients, treatment with an old, well-understood diabetes drug such as metformin will be the safest, most effective, least expensive, most comfortable route to managing the condition.[22] Diet changes and exercise implementation may also be part of a treatment plan for diabetes.

text: Fasting blood glucose levels may be higher than the post meal blood glucose in many of the healthy subjects. Such individuals may be said to have physiological insulin resistance and may develop diabetes mellitus as long term complication. In clinical and laboratory practices, many of the time a healthy normal subject will present a fasting blood glucose value higher than the post meal blood glucose value. This creates confusion since there is a common perception that in blood, postprandial (PP) glucose level should be higher than fasting (F) glucose level. The repeated investigation subsequently yields somewhat similar type of result.[23]

text: Low blood sugar[edit]

text: If blood sugar levels drop too low, a potentially fatal condition called hypoglycemia develops. Symptoms may include lethargy, impaired mental functioning; irritability; shaking, twitching, weakness in arm and leg muscles; pale complexion; sweating; loss of consciousness.

text: Mechanisms that restore satisfactory blood glucose levels after extreme hypoglycemia (below 40 mg/dL) must be quick and effective to prevent extremely serious consequences of insufficient glucose: confusion or unsteadiness and, in the extreme (below 15 mg/dL) loss of consciousness and seizures. Without discounting the potentially quite serious conditions and risks due to or oftentimes accompanying hyperglycemia, especially in the long-term (diabetes or pre-diabetes, obesity or overweight, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, etc.), it is still generally more dangerous to have too little glucose – especially if levels are very low – in the blood than too much, at least temporarily, because glucose is so important for metabolism and nutrition and the proper functioning of the body's organs. This is especially the case for those organs that are metabolically active or that require a constant, regulated supply of blood sugar (the liver and brain are examples). In healthy individuals, blood glucose-regulating mechanisms are generally quite effective, and symptomatic hypoglycemia is generally found only in diabetics using insulin or other pharmacological treatment, and in starvation or severe malnutrition or malabsorption (of various causes), and conditions such as anorexia[dubious – discuss]. Hypoglycemic episodes can vary greatly between persons and from time to time, both in severity and swiftness of onset. For severe cases, prompt medical assistance is essential, as damage to brain and other tissues and even death will result from sufficiently low blood-glucose levels.

text: Glucose measurement[edit]

text: Sample source[edit]

text: Glucose testing in a fasting individual, show comparable levels of glucose in arterial, venous, and capillary blood. But following meals, capillary and arterial blood glucose levels can be significantly higher than venous levels. Although these differences vary widely, one study found that following the consumption of 50 grams of glucose, "the mean capillary blood glucose concentration is higher than the mean venous blood glucose concentration by 35%."[24][25][26]

text: Sample type[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Glucose is measured in whole blood, plasma or serum. Historically, blood glucose values were given in terms of whole blood, but most laboratories now measure and report plasma or serum glucose levels. Because red blood cells (erythrocytes) have a higher concentration of protein (e.g., hemoglobin) than serum, serum has a higher water content and consequently more dissolved glucose than does whole blood. To convert from whole-blood glucose, multiplication by 1.14[27] has been shown to generally give the serum/plasma level.

text: Collection of blood in clot tubes for serum chemistry analysis permits the metabolism of glucose in the sample by blood cells until separated by centrifugation.[27] Red blood cells, for instance, do not require insulin to intake glucose from the blood. Higher than normal amounts of white or red blood cell counts can lead to excessive glycolysis in the sample, with substantial reduction of glucose level if the sample is not processed quickly. Ambient temperature at which the blood sample is kept prior to centrifuging and separation of plasma/serum also affects glucose levels. At refrigerator temperatures, glucose remains relatively stable for several hours in a blood sample. Loss of glucose can be prevented by using Fluoride tubes (i.e., gray-top) since fluoride inhibits glycolysis. However, these should only be used when blood will be transported from one hospital laboratory to another for glucose measurement. Red-top serum separator tubes also preserve glucose in samples after being centrifuged isolating the serum from cells.

text: To prevent contamination of the sample with intravenous fluids, particular care should be given to drawing blood samples from the arm opposite the one in which an intravenous line is inserted. Alternatively, blood can be drawn from the same arm with an IV line after the IV has been turned off for at least 5 minutes, and the arm has been elevated to drain infused fluids away from the vein. Inattention can lead to large errors, since as little as 10% contamination with a 5% glucose solution (D5W) will elevate glucose in a sample by 500 mg/dL or more. The actual concentration of glucose in blood is very low, even in the hyperglycemic.

text: Measurement techniques[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Two major methods have been used to measure glucose. The first, still in use in some places, is a chemical method exploiting the nonspecific reducing property of glucose in a reaction with an indicator substance that changes color when reduced. Since other blood compounds also have reducing properties (e.g., urea, which can be abnormally high in uremic patients), this technique can produce erroneous readings in some situations (5–15 mg/dL has been reported). The more recent technique, using enzymes specific to glucose, is less susceptible to this kind of error. The two most common employed enzymes are glucose oxidase and hexokinase.[28] Average blood glucose concentrations can also be measured. This method measures the level of glycated hemoglobin, which is representative of the average blood glucose levels over the last, approximately, 120 days.[28]

text: In either case, the chemical system is commonly contained on a test strip which is inserted into a meter, and then has a blood sample applied. Test-strip shapes and their exact chemical composition vary between meter systems and cannot be interchanged. Formerly, some test strips were read (after timing and wiping away the blood sample) by visual comparison against a color chart printed on the vial label. Strips of this type are still used for urine glucose readings, but for blood glucose levels they are obsolete. Their error rates were, in any case, much higher. Errors when using test strips were often caused by the age of the strip or exposure to high temperatures or humidity.[29] More precise blood glucose measurements are performed in a medical laboratory, using hexokinase, glucose oxidase, or glucose dehydrogenase enzymes.

text: Urine glucose readings, however taken, are much less useful. In properly functioning kidneys, glucose does not appear in urine until the renal threshold for glucose has been exceeded. This is substantially above any normal glucose level, and is evidence of an existing severe hyperglycemic condition. However, as urine is stored in the bladder, any glucose in it might have been produced at any time since the last time the bladder was emptied. Since metabolic conditions change rapidly, as a result of any of several factors, this is delayed news and gives no warning of a developing condition. Blood glucose monitoring is far preferable, both clinically and for home monitoring by patients. Healthy urine glucose levels were first standardized and published in 1965[30] by Hans Renschler.

text:
I. CHEMICAL METHODS

A. Oxidation-reduction reaction

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{\displaystyle \mathrm {Glucose} +\mathrm {Alkaline\ copper\ tartarate} {\xrightarrow {\mathrm {Reduction} }}\mathrm {Cuprous\ oxide} }

1. Alkaline copper reduction

Folin-Wu method

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{\displaystyle \mathrm {Cu} ^{2+}+\mathrm {Phosphomolybdic\ acid} {\xrightarrow {\mathrm {Oxidation} }}\mathrm {Phosphomolybdenum\ oxide} }

Blue end-product

Benedict's method

Modification of Folin–Wu method for qualitative urine glucose

Nelson–Somogyi method

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{\displaystyle \mathrm {Cu} ^{2+}+\mathrm {Arsenomolybdic\ acid} {\xrightarrow {\mathrm {Oxidation} }}\mathrm {Arsenomolybdenum\ oxide} }

Blue end-product

Neocuproine method

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{\displaystyle \mathrm {Cu} ^{2+}+\mathrm {Neocuproine} {\xrightarrow {\mathrm {Oxidation} }}\mathrm {Cu} ^{2+}\mathrm {neocuproine\ complex} }

*
Yellow-orange color neocuproine[31]

Shaeffer–Hartmann–Somogyi

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Excess I2 is then titrated with thiosulfate.

2. Alkaline Ferricyanide Reduction

Hagedorn–Jensen

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{\displaystyle \mathrm {Glucose} +\mathrm {Alkaline\ ferricyanide} \longrightarrow \mathrm {Ferrocyanide} }

Colorless end product; other reducing substances interfere with reaction

B. Condensation

Ortho-toluidine method

Uses aromatic amines and hot acetic acid
Forms Glycosylamine and Schiff's base which is emerald green in color
This is the most specific method, but the reagent used is toxic

Anthrone (phenols) method

Forms hydroxymethyl furfural in hot acetic acid

II. ENZYMATIC METHODS

A. Glucose oxidase

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{\displaystyle \mathrm {Glucose} +\mathrm {O} _{2}{\xrightarrow[{\mathrm {Oxidation} }]{\mathrm {glucose\ oxidase} }}{\textrm {D-glucono-1,5-lactone}}+\mathrm {H_{2}O_{2}} }

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{\displaystyle \mathrm {H_{2}O_{2}} +{\textit {O}}{\text{-dianisidine}}{\xrightarrow[{\mathrm {Oxidation} }]{\mathrm {peroxidase} }}\mathrm {H_{2}O} +\mathrm {oxidized\ chromogen} }

Inhibited by reducing substances like BUA, bilirubin, glutathione, ascorbic acid

Trinder method

uses 4-aminophenazone oxidatively coupled with phenol
Subject to less interference by increases serum levels of creatinine, uric acid or hemoglobin
Inhibited by catalase

Kodak Ektachem

A dry chemistry method
Uses spectrophotometry to measure the intensity of color through a lower transparent film

Glucometer

Home monitoring blood glucose assay method
Uses a strip impregnated with a glucose oxidase reagent

B. Hexokinase

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{\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{2}&\mathrm {Glucose} +\mathrm {ATP} {\xrightarrow[{\mathrm {Phosphorylation} }]{\mathrm {Hexokinase} +\mathrm {Mg} ^{2+}}}{\textrm {G-6PO}}_{4}+\mathrm {ADP} \\&{\textrm {G-6PO}}_{4}+\mathrm {NADP} {\xrightarrow[{\mathrm {Oxidation} }]{\textrm {G-6PD}}}{\textrm {6-Phosphogluconate}}+\mathrm {NADPH} +\mathrm {H} ^{+}\\\end{alignedat}}}

NADP as cofactor
NADPH (reduced product) is measured in 340 nm
More specific than glucose oxidase method due to G-6PO4, which inhibits interfering substances except when sample is hemolyzed

text: Clinical correlation[edit]

text: The fasting blood glucose level, which is measured after a fast of 8 hours, is the most commonly used indication of overall glucose homeostasis, largely because disturbing events such as food intake are avoided. Conditions affecting glucose levels are shown in the table below. Abnormalities in these test results are due to problems in the multiple control mechanism of glucose regulation.

text: The metabolic response to a carbohydrate challenge is conveniently assessed by a postprandial glucose level drawn 2 hours after a meal or a glucose load. In addition, the glucose tolerance test, consisting of several timed measurements after a standardized amount of oral glucose intake, is used to aid in the diagnosis of diabetes.

text: Error rates for blood glucose measurements systems vary, depending on laboratories, and on the methods used. Colorimetry techniques can be biased by color changes in test strips (from airborne or finger borne contamination, perhaps) or interference (e.g., tinting contaminants) with light source or the light sensor. Electrical techniques are less susceptible to these errors, though not to others. In home use, the most important issue is not accuracy, but trend. Thus if a meter / test strip system is consistently wrong by 10%, there will be little consequence, as long as changes (e.g., due to exercise or medication adjustments) are properly tracked. In the US, home use blood test meters must be approved by the federal Food and Drug Administration before they can be sold.

text: Finally, there are several influences on blood glucose level aside from food intake. Infection, for instance, tends to change blood glucose levels, as does stress either physical or psychological. Exercise, especially if prolonged or long after the most recent meal, will have an effect as well. In the typical person, maintenance of blood glucose at near constant levels will nevertheless be quite effective.[clarification needed]

text:
Causes of abnormal glucose levels

Persistent hyperglycemia
Transient hyperglycemia
Persistent hypoglycemia
Transient hypoglycemia

Reference range, FBG: 70–110 mg/dL

Diabetes mellitus
Pheochromocytoma
Insulinoma
Acute alcohol ingestion

Adrenal cortical hyperactivity Cushing's syndrome
Severe liver disease
Adrenal cortical insufficiency Addison's disease
Drugs: salicylates, antituberculosis agents

Hyperthyroidism
Acute stress reaction
Hypopituitarism
Severe liver disease

Acromegaly
Shock
Galactosemia
Several glycogen storage diseases

Obesity
Convulsions
Ectopic insulin production from tumors
Hereditary fructose intolerance

text: Etymology and use of term[edit]

text: This section has no medical references for verification or relies exclusively on non-medical sources. Please review the contents of the section and add the appropriate references if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be removed. (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In a physiological context, the term is a misnomer because it refers to glucose, yet other sugars besides glucose are always present. Food contains several different types (e.g., fructose (largely from fruits/table sugar/industrial sweeteners), galactose (milk and dairy products), as well as several food additives such as sorbitol, xylose, maltose, etc.). But because these other sugars are largely inert with regard to the metabolic control system (i.e., that controlled by insulin secretion), since glucose is the dominant controlling signal for metabolic regulation, the term has gained currency, and is used by medical staff and lay folk alike. The table above reflects some of the more technical and closely defined terms used in the medical field.


document_title: Juliette Barnes

question_text: what is juliet's baby's name on nashville

question_tokens: what is juliet 's baby 's name on nashville

root

text: Juliette Barnes

text: Casting and creation[edit]

text: The casting of Hayden Panettiere as Juliette Barnes was announced on February 29, 2012.[6] Juliette was characterized as an up-and-coming country-pop diva and rival of series co-lead Rayna Jaymes, a fading country star played by Connie Britton.[7] Although best known as an actress, Panettiere had a brief music career, recording songs for several films between 2004 and 2007 and planning to release an album. Though she co-wrote and recorded some songs for it, it was never completed or released.[8] She later explained: "I quit after about four or five years of recording, and I said this is not me. But I said that if I was ever going to do music again, I would do country music, and for this [Nashville] to come along and to get both of the things I love [acting and country music] combined in one show, it's a dream come true."[9]

tag: p

text: Panettiere has denied media reports that her character resembles Taylor Swift, (who was also born in 1989)[10] and states that Juliette is instead based on herself—a young woman in the entertainment industry—and Carrie Underwood.[11][12] She was attracted to the character because she was "so multidimensional" and because she wanted to "break away from her character in Heroes."[13]

text: Panettiere has revealed that she was not the first choice to play the role, as the producers were not sure she would be able to render Juliette vulnerable enough to be likeable.[14] However, after Panettiere was cast, the writers re-wrote Juliette, who was originally seen as a supporting character to Rayna James' series lead, to be a co-lead alongside her.[8]

text: Storylines[edit]

text: Background[edit]

text: Juliette Jolene Barnes is a CMA winning country singer born in 1988. At the age of 16 in Alabama, Juliette was discovered by manager Glenn Goodman at a county fair performing and signed with him. From there she moved to Nashville TN and signed with Edgehill Republic Entertainment Records in 2010. An instant success her debut album "Juliette" reached the number 1 position on the billboard country charts and went multi-platinum. Her follow up record "All My Angels" was an even bigger success with the tween demographics reaching number 1 on both the billboard country chart & the billboard 200 chart. During recording for her follow up album, Juliette was charged with petty theft after a fan recorded her stealing a small bottle of nail polish from a local drug store. After some time Juliette got back on track, releasing a co-written instant hit song with Country legend Rayna Jaymes titled "Wrong Song". Juliette ultimately became engaged to rookie football player Sean Butler. The couple called it quits after Juliette left Sean at the altar and began her world tour "Red Lips White Lies" with Rayna Jaymes. It was later revealed that Juliette and Sean had eloped a few days before their ceremony, the marriage was ultimately annulled. Months later Juliette was in the headlines again with her mothers untimely death after a drug fueled murder suicide.

text: Her follow up record "Inside The Dream" came out in early 2014 and was successful,(but a moderate success compared to her previous records) as she began to mature her sound. Barnes was then eventually asked to join the Grand Ole Opry as a member by Rayna Jaymes in later 2014. Barnes continued to mature her sound after this and began to garner an adult fan base as she embarked on her "Inside The Dream" North American Tour. During this time though Barnes got black listed from country radio, & country music fans after news broke of her affair with Mogul Charles Wentworth & after she stated "There Is No God" to a crowd of protestors outside of her concert arena. Fans immediately turned on the country singer holding burnings of her album, along with having promoters cancel her concerts after bomb threats were sent to the locations. It was later proven to be by reality star / upcoming country singer Layla Grant that the religious protesters had antagonized Barnes deeming that she was a sinner who was going to burn in hell with her mother. Grant then cleared the air that Barnes actually said "There Is No God, who would listen to a crackpot like you". Unfortunately it took radio and fans a long time to move forward from this. Barnes then fueled the flames refusing to be forced to apologize for something she hadn't done, by performing her new song "Don't Put Dirt On My Grave Just Yet", (co-written with Avery Barkley) during her induction to the Grand Ole Opry. This decision of hers ultimately led to Edgehill Republic Entertainment Records dropping her following her performance. Barnes was then again black listed, though was offered recording contracts from major labels outside of Nashville. Barnes ultimately signed with Country Legend Rayna Jaymes label Highway 65 Records, Though no music was released during her year on this label.

text: During this year Barnes got married to boyfriend Avery Barkley, and the couple had their first child, a daughter named Cadence. Barnes also made her film debut playing the role of Country Icon Patsy Cline along with actor Noah West in the film "Shenandoah Girl". Barnes was then nominated for an Oscar award as best actress for her performance in this film. After Barnes departed from Highway 65 Records, she signed with Country singer Luke Wheelers label "Wheelin' Dealin' Records". During this time she fired longtime on and off manager Glenn Goodman and hired former CEO of Edgehill Republic Entertainment Records Jeff Fordham as her manager. Through Wheelers Label she then released her critical & commercially successful album 2016's "Unleashed" which debuted at #1 on both Billboards 200 chart and Billboards Country Chart. Barnes then joined Luke Wheelers "Never Back Down Tour" and continued on it until she took a break after attacking a fan in the lobby of a hotel in Atlanta and the death of her manager via suicide the following day. Barnes then kept a low profile only being heard from when the announcement of her divorce from Avery Barkley was made public. Barnes continued to keep a low profile until it was announced she was going to star in her 2nd picture following her raved performance in "Shenandoah Girl", a Stephan Spielberg film. But before filming began during its press tour it was revealed that Barnes had been keeping a low profile as she had been in rehab for the past 3 months dealing with emotional issues and her battle with postpartum depression which she stated caused her her relationship with her daughter and her marriage.

text: Following more down time, Barnes was ultimately in a deadly Plane crash after leaving the 2016 Oscars in order to reunite with her estranged husband. The crash led to the untimely death of 6 workers on the plane as Barnes was the sole survivor. Barnes was left in a wheelchair after breaking her legs and having severe damage to her nervous system. Over the following months, Barnes was one of very few people to make a miraculous recovery and was ultimately able to walk again. Barnes still battles with PTSD but was able to find peace eventually with religion and her family. After going through such traumatic experiences Barnes ultimately recorded her follow up album to 2016's "Unleashed". The album titled "Grateful" was a religious album released through Highway 65 Records after the label bought "Wheelin' Dealin' Records". Unfortunately for Barnes, despite her personal struggles, the album was a critical & commercial failure as fans and critics did not support the record.

text: Albums[edit]

text: 2010: Juliette

text: 2012: All My Angels

text: 2014: Inside The Dream

text: 2016: Unleashed

text: 2016: Juliette Barnes Live

text: 2017: Grateful

text: Singles[edit]

text: 2010: I'm A Girl - Single

text: 2010: Gonna Get Even - Single

text: 2012: Love Like Mine - Single

text: 2012: Telescope - Single

text: 2012: Boys and Buses

text: 2013: Wrong Song featuring Rayna Jaymes - Single

text: 2013: Yellin' From The Rooftop - Single

text: 2013: Consider Me - Single

text: 2014: Hypnotizing - Single

text: 2014: Trouble Is - Single

text: 2014: Dreams - Single

text: 2014: We Are Water - Single

text: 2015: Don't Put Dirt On My Grave Just Yet - Single

text: 2015: Tell That Devil - Single

text: 2016: Mississippi Flood - Single

text: 2016: Last Honest Man - Single

text: 2016: Crazy (Theme song from the major motion film "Shenandoah Girl") - Single

text: 2016: What If It's You - Single

text: 2016: Crazy featuring Steven Tyler - Single

text: 2016: Hole In The World - Single

text: 2016: One Place Too Long - Single

text: 2016: Boomtown featuring Luke Wheeler - Single

text: 2017: On My Way - Single

text: 2017: On My Way (Choir Version) - Single

text: 2017: Water's Rising - Single

text: Labels[edit]

text:
Edgehill Republic Entertainment Records (2010-2015)
Highway 65 Records (2015)
Wheelin' Dealin Records (2016)
Highway 65 Records (2016)

tag: ul

text: Tours[edit]

text: 2010: All My Angels Tour

text: 2012: Red Lips White Lies Tour [Co-Headlined with Rayna Jaymes]

text: 2014: Inside The Dream North American Tour

text: 2014: Music City Music Festival

text: 2015: Never Back Down Tour (Opening Act to Luke Wheeler)

text: Films[edit]

text: 2015: Shenandoah Girl (Oscar nominated Role for Biopic of Country Legend Patsy Cline)

text: Awards[edit]

text: 2013: CMA Female Vocalist Of The Year

text: 2014: Inducted Into The Grand Ole Opry As A Member

text: 2015: CMA Song of the Year Nominated

text: 2016: AMA Song of the year nominated

text: Character profile[edit]

text: Juliette Barnes, originally from Alabama, was discovered singing at a country fair by her manager, Glenn Goodman, who believed he could turn her into one of America's biggest country stars. Juliette, being young, beautiful and ambitious, had no qualms about leaving her dysfunctional home life and her drug-addicted mother behind. She quickly rose to become Edgehill Republic Records biggest star, a pop-country sensation, with legions of young teenage fans and sell out tours. Despite Juliette's singing talent being questioned by several characters, including Rayna Jaymes, she shows not only raw talent but has also proven herself to be a capable songwriter and works with talented musicians such as Deacon Clayborne and Avery Barkley. Juliette and Rayna, however, have two things in common, both of them had bad parents and both of them left home when they were 16 to become famous country music stars.[15][16]

text: Juliette is initially played as a demanding, arrogant diva, but there is another side to her. The main reason why she was the main antagonist in the series. She is a girl who has fought for everything she has and is prepared to do anything to get to the top. However, her hard exterior shields a world of pain that she rarely lets people see. She has no friends, no-one she can truly turn to, and she has seen the worst of people growing up, which has left her unable to connect with people emotionally. As a result, she shows a desperate desire to be loved by anyone who shows her the slightest bit of affection, such as when she falls in love with her mother's drug counselor.[17]

text: Season 1[edit]

text: When the series begins, Juliette is a fast-rising star, with the potential to topple Queen of Country, Rayna Jaymes. Juliette sees Rayna as a has-been, while Rayna sees Juliette as a talentless bimbo. To the public, Juliette is a sweet-natured, fun loving, glamorous bubble-gum country star. Behind the scenes, however, Juliette is neither sweet natured or fun, but rather a cold-hearted, demanding, spoiled young woman who wants what she wants when she wants it, and what she wants is to be the Queen of Country.

text: Despite a string of number ones and sell-out tours, Juliette struggles to be taken seriously, having her vocals auto-tuned and her videos being cheesy and cliched, she decides to work with Deacon Clayborne and when she writes with him, he is the first one to recognize her potential as a songwriter.

text: The rivalry between her and Rayna comes to a head when Rayna is promoted from an opening act to co-touring with Juliette and their management suggest they write a song together. Rayna tells Juliette a few home truths about her talent and how her diva-like behavior will be the end of her. This upsets Juliette, however when Deacon shows Rayna the lyrics Juliette has written, Rayna begrudgingly admits she may have been wrong. They finally admit their mutual dislike for each other however manage to finish a song together called "Wrong Song" which goes straight to number one. The two are forced to admit a respect for one another despite their continuing dislike.

text: In her personal life, Juliette is set up on a date by a famous football player for the Tennessee Titans named Sean Butler, as her management thinks it will be good press. Juliette finds him sweet, especially when he reveals his intentions to remain a virgin until marriage, a first for Juliette who has only met men who want her for something. However Juliette is looked on with scorn by Sean's family, especially his mother, who thinks Juliette is trash, which brings out Juliette's vindictive side and she seduces Sean which leads to a rather hasty marriage. However Juliette realises Sean is a genuinely good person and that she would just end up hurting him when he doesn't deserve to be, so she agrees to an annulment.

text: Juliette's life is further complicated when her drug-addicted mother, Jolene, comes back into her life. All her life, Juliette remembers her irresponsible mother letting her down and losing her every time to drugs with Juliette having to clean up after her and often being on the receiving end of her mother's drug fuelled violence. However once again she ends up helping her mother, paying for her rehab and eventually falling for her mother's drug counsellor Dante. No one trusts Dante, who swiftly begins to take over Juliette's life, her finances and her career, but Juliette is so blindly in love with him she ignores everyone. In the end, everyone is proved right as Dante flees with a chunk of Juliette's money and also tries to blackmail her out of $10 million with a sex tape he has of the two of them.

text: Juliette refuses to give into his demands and instead issues a statement confessing her role in the tape and how it was released without her permission which garners her respect. However Jolene, finally deciding to help her daughter after years of letting her down, murders Dante, destroys the tape and then kills herself with a drug overdose, devastating Juliette.

text: Season 2[edit]

text: Juliette is introduced to Edgehill's new CEO, Jeff Fordham, and Layla Grant, who rose to fame after being the runner-up in a singing competition. Much like how Juliette was wanting to take Rayna's place, Layla wants to do the same to Juliette. Juliette complains that she isn't country and makes fun of her when she says "y'all" because she is from Connecticut. Following the events of Rayna's wreck, she wants to cancel the remainder of the tour to spend more time with her daughters, which doesn't make Juliette happy. Juliette wants to move away from doing over-the-top numbers and refuses to play half-houses. Desperately wanting to keep playing to full arenas, she asks Layla to open up for her. Juliette is invited to join the Grand Ole Opry, which leaves her speechless.

text: Billionaire Charles "Charlie" Wentworth hires Juliette to sing at his anniversary party as a gift for his wife Olivia because she is a huge fan of hers. At the party, Juliette and Charlie sneak off to the house and sleep together. The two meet up again at the annual Bell Meade Polo tournament and end up sleeping together again only this time, unbeknownst to them, Olivia walks in on them. While on tour in Houston, Juliette decides that she no longer wants to suck up to a powerful DJ to get good reviews and airplay which leads to critics leaving the show before her set and bad reviews. Charlie, who owns several radio stations, gets the DJ fired when he hears of this but has him rehired when Juliette regrets what Charlie did. Still in Houston, Juliette gets a surprise visit from Olivia, who hits on her. It turns out Charlie and Olivia just wanted her to be a part of their threesome. After this, and following her confronting them about their lifestyle, Charlie divorces Olivia.

text: Juliette begins to feel threatened by Layla when she steals some of her spotlight and gets distracted. When Layla goes over her set time, making Juliette's set and the show run late, at the next show she flips Layla and Will's sets. Just as Layla is supposed to go on stage to sing with Will, Juliette barges in, takes the mic and sings with him instead. To get back at her, Layla calls the press to inform them that Juliette is the cause of the Wentworths' divorce. At the Music City Festival, the press hound her. She tells Glenn to find the person who leaked to the press but soon suspects that Layla might have had something to do with it. Jeff goes to Layla, telling her that if she had anything to do with it, she will be dropped from the label. When Juliette arrives at the next tour stop, she is greeted by angry picketers who harass her and call her names. Her reputation takes another blow when someone edits a video of her so it sounds like she said "there is no God". She turns to Layla for help as a way to clear her name.

text: Because of this, venues are dropping her, leaving Jeff furious so he makes her apologize for her comment or she will be dropped. Avery goes to cheer her up and they write a song together. The two begin dating. Juliette is told to make an apology at her Grand Ole Opry ceremony. Not liking what is written for her to say, she ignores the teleprompter and begins singing "Don't Put Dirt on My Grave Just Yet". Once again making Jeff furious, he drops her from the label. Juliette goes to hide at Avery's. Howie D, a high-powered, hit-making record producer, hears the new tweaked version of the song and wants to work with Juliette. She flies to Los Angeles to meet with him and record it. Glenn is feeling sidelined with everything going on so he tells Juliette that he is resigning from being her manager and is heading back to Nashville. Not feeling what Howie D has in store for her, she goes to Glenn saying that she doesn't want to move away from being a country music singer and can't do it without him. Juliette runs into Jeff at a restaurant and he offers her a new record deal but she turns him down. She also bumps Will and Layla from her tour.

text: As a way to resurrect her career, Juliette asks Rayna to sign her to Highway 65 Records, Rayna's newly founded record label. Feeling upstage by newer talent, she sabotages the label party by going on stage announcing that she is now with the label. Juliette goes to Charlie asking for a favor when she faces more empty seats on her tour but he wants to get back together with her, and Avery tells him to go away. Rayna tells Juliette that she wants Scarlett to open for her on tour. After Scarlett has a meltdown on stage, Avery spends time with her, making Juliette jealous. Avery assures that she is the one that he loves. At the BMI party, feeling wasted, Juliette runs into Jeff and they end up having sex. Gunnar sees them leaving the screening room together while collecting themselves.

text: Gunnar tries to hide the secret from Avery but tells Zoey. Jeff blackmails Juliette into signing with him or he'll tell Avery what happened between them. Juliette goes to Rayna saying that it was a mistake signing with her and wants out of her contract, but Rayna tells her no and that there is too much at stake. She later reveals to Rayna that she mistakenly slept with Jeff. With Avery sensing there is something going on with Gunnar and Zoey, they confess Juliette's secret to him. He goes to Juliette and breaks up with her. She begs him to stay, but he leaves anyway.

text: When Juliette is in Fort Campbell for a show that Luke Wheeler is putting on for the troops, it is revealed that Juliette's dad was a Blackhawk pilot. He died when she was four. However, the new writers, having not watched previous seasons of the series, unknowingly stated (in season five), that her dad died in a car accident, and showed this.

text: Season 3[edit]

text: Juliette has a hard time getting over Avery and these emotions show through when she auditions to play Patsy Cline in a movie. Her emotions work in her favor, and Juliette ends up getting the role. When Juliette keeps getting sick, Glenn has a doctor come over to check on her. As he is leaving, the doctor tells her that she is pregnant. Juliette schedules an abortion; however, she finds out that she's further along, and realizes the baby is not Jeff's. She keeps the baby, resulting in her being unable to get through rehearsals due to morning sickness. This makes Glenn and Emily suspicious, and Juliette walks in on them searching her house. Angry that they believe she's on drugs, she makes them leave without telling them the truth. Meanwhile, she also starts to become friends with her movie co-star, Noah West. Juliette eventually turns to Rayna for help. She finally tells Glenn and Emily, and lets them know she wants to give the baby up for adoption discreetly, figuring she'll drop out of the public eye before anyone notices and attribute the weight gain to getting into the role of Patsy Cline. Avery ends up getting arrested after getting drunk and trespassing. Juliette bails him out, and Avery tells her that he wishes he never met her. Juliette decides to keep the baby and raise it on her own.

text: Emily tries to convince Juliette to tell Avery, and Juliette finally sends Avery a text. While she's on set filming the movie later, Avery shows up and makes a scene when Juliette won't see him. However, Glenn gets him to leave. When Juliette becomes worried about shooting a love scene because it'll reveal her pregnancy, Noah reveals he overheard Avery and helps cover up her secret. Noah later shows up at her show, and says that he enjoys spending time with her. While she's performing, Juliette becomes short of breath and leaves the stage, where Noah catches her when she collapses.

text: Juliette is rushed to the hospital, where the doctor tells her that she has to cancel the tour immediately. Avery shows up at the hospital, but leaves when Noah comes in. Juliette, though, tracks him down and tells him if he wants to be the baby's father, he'll need to let her be a part of his life as well. Avery, though, tells Juliette that he will get to be the baby's father on his terms. Juliette later reveals her pregnancy to the media as why she's cancelling her tour, and admits that Avery is the father when a reporter asks. Around the one-year anniversary of her mother's death, Juliette has flashbacks of her childhood. At the CMA's Juliette meets Avery's parents; his mom adores her while his father doesn't. When walking back to her seat she overhears his dad saying that he doesn't think that she and Avery will make good parents and brings up her past. Avery vows that they won't be like their parents. Juliette tells him that they are having a girl. Weeks after the CMA's, Juliette asks Avery to move in with her after the baby is born just for a little while. Avery later asks Juliette to marry him, she says yes, and they have a judge marry them. After canceling her baby shower, Juliette's water breaks while arguing with Rayna. She is rushed to the hospital where she has her baby girl, Cadence. After having Cadence, Juliette is more focused on her career than the baby and neglects her. Emily is concerned and informs Avery. They call in Juliette's doctor who thinks she is suffering from postpartum depression but she denies it.

text: Worrying about not having a career after having a baby, she rushes to make a new album, and has unauthorized roof top performances all across the country. Rayna is not happy with it since the label is the one getting fined for it and she also wants Juliette to take some time off before making a new record. After getting in an argument with Rayna, Bucky and Glenn, Juliette leaves Highway 65 and fires Glenn. She then goes to Jeff asking if he can be her new manager and signs with Luke Wheeler's Wheelin' Dealin' Records. While Avery complains to Juliette about not spending time with baby, she throws a snow globe at them but barely misses hitting them. Avery becomes fed up with Juliette's behavior and leaves town with Cadence.

text: Season 4[edit]

text: A month has passed and Juliette is on top of the world. Her new movie is a hit and her new album is coming out soon. Juliette has not seen or talked to Avery and Cadence in a month, and ignores Avery when he texts her. While out in Los Angeles touring with Luke and promoting her movie she breaks down and calls Rayna saying she needs help. Rayna who just officially dropped Juliette from Highway 65 flies out to Los Angeles to go see because she cares about her. When Rayna goes to talk to her after her set, Juliette only yells at her and says that she is not having good luck with Highway 65. Juliette's bitterness towards Layla continues when she tells Layla that she will be Jeff's number one client. She also tells her that Jeff does not love her, leaving Layla sad. Juliette comes back to Nashville and reconnects with Avery and Cadence. They go with her to her pre-album party but it turns out it was just for publicity. Without informing Avery, Juliette leaves town as well as leaving her phone at home. On her jet Jeff is seen giving her a new phone, confirming with him that no one has the number to it. Once away from Nashville, she parties, drinks, and has a doctor prescribe her medication, Including uppers, downers, and hypnotics. With Juliette being absent Avery needs help taking care of Cadence so he gets Emily (Who is still on Juliettes payroll) to help babysit her. One afternoon when Avery relieves Emily, the paparazzi takes pictures of the three of them together. The tabloids make up headlines, insinuating that Avery is cheating. Juliette sees and believes this so she calls Emily in a fit of anger, calling her a "gold digging backstabbing whore."

text: Avery desperately calls Juliette when Cadence is rushed to the hospital with a 104° temperature, but one of her assistants answers. Her assistant tells Juliette that someone is on the phone for her but Juliette who is all strung out on alcohol and medication says that if it's not important hang up. Avery didn't mention that the baby was in the hospital. Maddie goes with Luke to Atlanta for his show there and to see Juliette perform. Juliette and Maddie spend time together, and she invites her to sing a song with her on stage. Luke is not pleased with this because she knows that Rayna will not be happy about it when she finds out. Later on Juliette realizes that she couldn't believe that she thought something was going on with Avery and Emily. She calls to apologize to Emily, and on her way back home to Nashville she finds out that Cadence went to the hospital. Before she has a chance to get on the plane she runs into Avery. Avery, who is fed up with her behavior, informs her that he wants a divorce and full custody of Cadence. Juliette agrees to everything but is miserable. When she walks out of her hotel she is in a haze and attacks a fan. Jeff says that he can spin the attack on the fan to something more favourable in the press. They have the fan say that she had been stalking Juliette and finally went too far. Juliette mixes pills with alcohol again, texts Avery that she is sorry and goes to the hotel roof to kill herself. Jeff sees her stumbling on the rooftop of the building and rushes to her. Right as she is about to fall Jeff saves her, but in the momentum of pushing her back to safety he falls off the ledge and dies. The next morning she wakes up to the police knocking on her door to tell her about what happen to Jeff and ask questions. She has no memories of the night before. As she is leaving the hotel reporters ask how she is feeling. She tells them how do you think she feels, because her manager just committed suicide. Colt (Luke's son) tells his father that he saw Juliette on the ledge of the roof and Jeff falling while saving her. Luke tells Juliette this but she tells him that she was in her room. Right before Juliette goes on stage in Nashville she remembers what happened to Jeff, and goes back to her dressing room. Juliette admits to Luke that she was drunk, going to kill herself and that Jeff died while saving her. That night Juliette enters rehab.

text: Avery is told what to say about Juliette's absence, and not mention she is in rehab/treatment at Rayna and Deacon's wedding. At the reception Colt confesses to Layla what happen to Jeff. As a way to get revenge, Layla asks Glenn to be her manager, and wants Avery to be her producer. While in rehab Juliette signs the divorce papers. Juliette is eventually released and is able to go back home to Nashville. Juliette starts to change and become a better person. The moment she gets home she has a lucrative offer to be in a Steven Spielberg movie, but accepting means she will have to be in Prague for two weeks filming it. She accepts but during the press conference she quits so she can spend more time with Cadence. Avery limits the time Juliette can spend with her at first, because he doesn't quite trust her yet. When Layla finds out that Juliette is back in town she asks Avery to be her musical director right as she is about to hit the road opening up for Luke. Juliette gets jealous when she sees them rehearsing together, and doesn't want Avery and Cadence to be on the road with Layla. To keep an eye on things, Juliette asks Luke if she can replace his friend Riff left to leave the tour. Avery and Layla get closer while working on her album. One night Avery lets Juliette keep Cadence for the night but just so he can spend the night with Layla. The next morning, Juliette finds out that she got nominated for an Oscar for her performance in Shenandoah Girl and that Avery spent the night with Layla. Juliette confesses to Layla the truth about the night Jeff died while saving her, but Layla says that nothing has changed between them. At the premiere for Shenandoah Girl, she reunites with her co-star Noah West, and the two end up having a brief fling. When the Oscars roll around, Juliette is tired of going to all the pre-parties, and wants to see Cadence. Juliette tells Glenn the truth about Jeff's death. Layla leaks the information and Jeff's sister ends up suing Juliette for wrongful death. Juliette and Glenn figure out Layla was the one who leaked it. Layla tries to get Avery to not go see Juliette on Oscar night, but he does not want to break any plans. Layla calls Jeff's sister and tells her to call Colt, because he saw everything. Layla then tells Avery that Jeff's sister has an eye witness. Jeff's sister asks for three million dollars, and if she is paid this much, then she will back down. Juliette makes her lawyers pay it, confesses everything to the press, and skips out on the Oscars. Avery confronts Layla about her lying, and realizing the extent of her manipulation, dumps her and calls her crazy. Avery is waiting for Juliette at the airport, but he is told that Juliette's plane sent out a distress signal 90 miles away from Nashville and is missing.

text: Season 5[edit]

text: Juliette's plane has crashed, with Juliette as the only survivor. Following this, Juliette experiences severe survivor's guilt and must deal with her injuries from the accident which have left her unable to walk. After an initial stint in the hospital, Avery is permitted to take her home in a wheelchair where Juliette quickly becomes frustrated at her inability to care for Cadence and gets angry at her physiotherapist when she feels as if she isn't making enough progress regaining the use of her legs. She becomes determined to track down the woman who saved her life and eventually finds her singing in the choir at a nearby church. Hallie Jordan (Rhiannon Giddens) is at first confused by Juliette, who tries to show her gratitude through expensive gifts, but the two bond over their faith. When Luke sells Wheelin' Dealin' Records to Rayna, Juliette is signed to Highway 65. Juliette becomes more devoted to God following the crash and after moving from the chair to crutches, suggests the idea of recording a gospel album with the church's choir to Rayna, who agrees. When she broaches the idea with the choir however, there is initially some friction but Juliette eventually wins them over. Juliette and Avery go to the hospital where she explains to the doctor that her legs have been in a lot of pain and despite the doctor's assurances that this is normal and she should continue to put pressure on them, she insists for a scan to make sure. While waiting for the results, Juliette visits Rayna who has been rushed in following a car crash. Rayna tells Juliette how proud she is and remarks on how much she has changed since the two of them first met. Juliette's scan results report that there is no cause for concern, but the meeting with the doctor is interrupted when they find out Rayna has entered critical condition and is now in the ICU. Juliette and Avery rush to Rayna's side, with Juliette abandoning her crutches and running. She tells Rayna that she just wanted her to be proud of her. They stay for a while and provide support to Deacon and the girls but return home before Rayna passes away. Juliette always saw Rayna as a mother figure, even though they had their differences and were rivals in the past. Glenn is able to get Juliette to be a part of the tribute to Rayna at the CMT Awards, but when the time comes to perform she isn't comfortable with it, so she asks Maddie to take her place.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Reviews[edit]

text: Panettiere has received critical acclaim for her role as Juliette.[1][2][3] Sarah Hughes of The Guardian said that she "not only showcases a fine pair of lungs and a nice way with a one liner, she pulls off the rarer trick of making you sympathise with her character even when she’s doing wrong."[18] Reviewing each episode of the series for The A.V. Club, Gwen Ihnat has come to regard Juliette as the series' lead character,[19] and has consistently praised Panettiere for her performances, particularly for playing Juliette as "domineering, manipulative, in denial, and finally, achingly vulnerable... [rising] from a caricature to become one of the most interesting parts of the show."[20] She later noted that "every single week, Hayden Panettiere is the greatest thing about this show."[21]

text: Deena Shanker of Salon has said that Panettiere's portrayal of Juliette has evolved to the point where she is a "feminist role model".[22] Erin Carlson of The Hollywood Reporter has quipped that Panettiere should win the Michael Emerson prize for "Humanizing Terrible Characters on Network TV" after accomplishing what she felt the cast of Girls had not: rendering a "bitchy" character to be likeable and the series' "best", giving her "purpose, drive, grit and backbone".[14]

text: Awards[edit]

text: Panettiere has been nominated for numerous awards for her role as Juliette: for a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Television Series Drama in 2013 and 2014,[4][5] a Satellite Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama in 2012, a Teen Choice Award for Television Actress: Drama in 2013 and 2015, a Prism Award for Female Performance in a Drama Series Multi-Episode Storyline in 2014,[23] and a Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2016.

text: Album Track listing[edit]

text: Unleashed[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Producer(s)
Length

1.
"Hold You In My Arms"

Juliette Barnes
[[ Sarah Siskind]]

Sarah Siskind
Juliette Barnes
Juliette Barnes

1:43

2.
"Don't Put Dirt On My Grave Just Yet"

Juliette Barnes
Austin
Shep Pettibone

Juliette Barnes
Austin

5:05

3.
"Mississippi Flood"

Juliette Barnes
Lucie Silvas
Jamie Floyd
Tofer Brown

Juliette Barnes
Tofer Brown

4:39

4.
"Last Honest Man"

Juliette Barnes
Austin
Colin Wolfe

Juliette Barnes
Austin

4:38

5.
"What If It's You"

Juliette Barnes
Hall
Hooper

Hooper
Juliette Barnes

4:11

6.
"Hole In The World"

Juliette Barnes
Hall
Shawn McKenzie
Kevin McKenzie
Michael Deering

Juliette Barnes
Hall

4:54

7.
"Crazy (featuring Steven Tyler)"

Babyface
Juliette Barnes

Babyface
Hooper
Juliette Barnes

4:08

8.
"Disappear"

Juliette Barnes
Hall

Juliette Barnes
Hall

5:21

9.
"Tell That Devil"

Juliette Barnes
Austin
Anne Preven
Scott Cutler
Herbie Hancock

Juliette Barnes
Austin

5:02

10.
"Boomtown (featuring Luke Wheeler)"

Hooper
Björk
Marius De Vries

Hooper
Juliette Barnes

4:53

11.
"One Place Too Long"

Babyface
Juliette Barnes

Babyface
Juliette Barnes

5:21

12.
"Crazy"

Juliette Barnes

Juliette Barnes

4:08

tag: table


document_title: King (chess)

question_text: how many spaces can you move a king in chess

text: King (chess)

text: Movement[edit]

text:
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

8

8

7
7

6
6

5
5

4
4

3
3

2
2

1
1

a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

text: White starts with the king on the first rank to the right of the queen. Black starts with the king directly across from the white king. The white king starts on e1 and the black king on e8.

text: A king can move one square in any direction (horizontally, vertically, or diagonally) unless the square is already occupied by a friendly piece or the move would place the king in check. As a result, the opposing kings may never occupy adjacent squares (see opposition), but the king can give discovered check by unmasking a bishop, rook, or queen. The king is also involved in the special move of castling.

text: Castling[edit]

text: In conjunction with a rook, the king may make a special move called castling, in which the king moves two squares toward one of its rooks and then the rook is placed on the square over which the king crossed. Castling is allowed only when neither the king nor the castling rook has previously moved, no squares between them are occupied, the king is not in check, and the king will not move across or end its movement on a square that is under enemy attack.

text: Status in games[edit]

text: Check and checkmate[edit]

text: If a player's move places the opponent's king under attack, that king is said to be in check, and the player in check is required to immediately remedy the situation. There are three possible methods to remove the king from check:

text:
Moving the king to an adjacent non-threatened square. A king cannot castle to get out of check.
Interposing a piece between the king in check and the attacking piece in order to break the line of threat (not possible when the attacking piece is a knight or pawn, or when in double check).
Capturing the attacking piece (not possible in double check, unless the king captures)

text: If none of these three options are possible, the player's king has been checkmated and the player loses the game.

text: Stalemate[edit]

text: A stalemate occurs when, for the player with the move:

text:
The player has no legal moves, and
The player's king is not in check

text: If this happens, the king is said to have been stalemated and the game ends in a draw. A player who has very little or no chance of winning will often try to entice the opponent to inadvertently place the player's king in stalemate in order to avoid a loss.

text: Role in gameplay[edit]

text: In the opening and middlegame, the king will rarely play an active role in the development of an offensive or defensive position. Instead, a player will normally try to castle and seek safety on the edge of the board behind friendly pawns. In the endgame, however, the king emerges to play an active role as an offensive piece as well as assisting in the promotion of their remaining pawns.

text: It is not meaningful to assign a value to the king relative to the other pieces, as it cannot be captured or exchanged. In this sense, its value could be considered infinite. As an assessment of the king's capability as an offensive piece in the endgame, it is often considered to be slightly stronger than a bishop or knight – Emanuel Lasker gave it the value of a knight plus a pawn (i.e. four points on the scale of chess piece relative value) (Lasker 1934:73). It is better at defending nearby pawns than the knight is, and it is better at attacking them than the bishop is (Ward 1996:13).

text: Unicode[edit]

text: Unicode defines two codepoints for king:

text: ♔ U+2654 White Chess King (HTML ♔)

text: ♚ U+265A Black Chess King (HTML ♚)