document_title: Total Drama All-Stars and Pahkitew Island

question_text: who does the voice of owen on total drama island

text: Total Drama All-Stars and Pahkitew Island

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Just like Total Drama: Revenge of the Island before it, this season also consists of 13 episode segments;[1] even though it brings back the traditional 26-episode length of the first three seasons. The winning characters for part 1 are either Mike or Zoey, and the winning characters for part 2 are either Shawn or Sky (depending on the countries the season finale airs). The total grand prize for this season is C$2 million, which is split in half across both parts.

text: Part 1[edit]

text: Total Drama All-Stars is the first part of the season. Christian Potenza first announced the season in an interview with Tom McGillis (the creator of the series), saying that Total Drama All-Stars would be very similar to Total Drama Island and Total Drama: Revenge of the Island, due to the high worldwide ratings of the latter.[5] That means that this part of the season takes place back at Camp Wawanakwa; in a single location once again, unlike Total Drama World Tour. This part is also very similar to the previous season, Total Drama: Revenge of the Island (both being very similar in terms of length, location, features and cameos).

text: This half is an all-star season which features a return of fourteen of the strongest contestants from both the first and second generation cast.[3][13] This is the first season to feature characters from two different generations competing together. The theme for this season is "Heroes vs. Villains" which means the competitors were separated into teams based on their past performance; with protagonists or "Heroes" from each season having to face off against each season's antagonists or "Villains".[14] Both the season's first title, "All-Stars" and the "Heroes vs. Villains" theme take after respective seasons from Survivor.

text: Cartoon Network's official synopsis describes the first part, Total Drama All-Stars as:

text:
“

Total Drama is back, but this time the team at Fresh TV have assembled the best loved and most hated contestants from seasons past to compete – Heroes vs. Villains style![14]

”

text: Part 2[edit]

text: Total Drama: Pahkitew Island is the second part of the 26 episodes that Cartoon Network ordered in 2012 for the fifth season. It was first announced on June 11, 2013 as a sixth season, even though it is still part of Season 5.[2] This part features an entire new cast considered as the third generation of Total Drama characters and takes place at a brand new island, due to Chef Hatchet using a land drill to sink Camp Wawanakwa in the episode, "The Final Wreck-ening". This new island is the first new main setting in the series since Total Drama Action.

text: Part 2 aired in North America throughout the second half of 2014, but Italy was the first country to air Total Drama: Pahkitew Island starting on June 13, 2014.[15] This is the first season to air a new episode every day in the United States, and will also set the studio's record for fastest English airing for any season in the series.[7] This part is being story edited by Terry McGurrin, while Dennis Jackson and Melanie Jackson, series creators of Wapos Bay: The Series, also helped write and consult the plot for TDPI.[16] Total Drama: Pahkitew Island was sponsored by the Aboriginal Peoples Television Network, who helped with the Cree translations for the team names and various season references.[16]

text: A general synopsis from Teletoon describes the second part, Total Drama: Pahkitew Island as:

text:
“

It's an all-new season in an all-new location: Pahkitew Island. Given that the Cree word for "explode" is Pahkitew, it's no wonder that host Chris McLean chose this new island to put a fresh collection of victims – er, contestants – through the most grueling challenges yet. Once again teen freaks, geeks, egos, and cowards smash, crash, and bash their way through the season with one goal in mind: winning that one million dollar prize. Who will take it home? No one knows until the final episode drops and the pain finally stops.[17]

”

text: Plot[edit]

text: Both parts feature a fictional titular reality show that follows the competition of fourteen animated teenagers at a fictional island. For Total Drama All-Stars, the original island used in the first season is featured, where the producers say it is located somewhere in Muskoka, Ontario.[18] The second part of the season, Total Drama: Pahkitew Island, features a brand new island which producers say it is located somewhere in Western Canada.[19] The season's animated characters are depicted as campers who participate in themed challenges and must avoid being voted off the island by other fellow campers. At the end of the series, the winning contestant or the last camper to stand on the island will win C$1,000,000. The competition is hosted by Chris McLean (Christian Potenza), who is assisted by the camp's chef, Chef Hatchet (Clé Bennett).[20]

text: At the beginning of the competition, the fourteen campers are evenly placed into two teams which are themed to the genre of the competition. In each episode, the two teams participate in a challenge, in which one or more campers can win invincibility for their team. The losing team is called to the campfire at night, where they must vote one of their members off the island. The camper with the most votes is eliminated from the competition. At this campfire, McLean passes out marshmallows to the campers who have not been voted off, while the one who does not get a marshmallow is eliminated. That eliminated person must then walk to the island's dock and will be forced off of the island, and told to "never, ever come back", according to Chris.

text: About halfway through the competition, the teams are disbanded, after which the challenges continue; the winner of each challenge then only receives invincibility for him or herself, whereupon a camper without invincibility is voted off the island. This process of elimination continues on until two players remains on the island. These two players, are now then subject to a final contest. At the end, a camper wins the competition, while the loser ends up being the runner-up. However, the runner-up is the winner in the other ending of the finale, as there are always two endings to Total Drama seasons. This season, along with every other season in the series, is a parody of the reality show Survivor while the host, Chris McLean is very similar to Survivor host Jeff Probst with the evil persona of Fear Factor's Joe Rogan.[21]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: The first thirteen episodes is an all-star season using fourteen returning characters from the two previous seasons,[3] while the last thirteen episodes consist of a new cast introducing fourteen new characters.[2] Both halves are part of the 26 episodes that Cartoon Network ordered in 2012.[22] Cartoon Network aired the whole season first starting on September 10, 2013 at 7:00 p.m. EST in the United States,[6] with Teletoon airing the season later on January 9, 2014 at 7:00 p.m. EST.[8]

text:
Season

Episodes

Country

Network

Ep. 1–13: Total Drama All-Stars

Ep. 14–26: Total Drama: Pahkitew Island

Part 1 premiere

Part 1 finale

Part 2 premiere

Part 2 finale

5[14]

26[1][2]

Australia

ABC3

December 12, 2013[23]

December 30, 2013

July 14, 2014[24]

October 6, 2014

Canada

Teletoon

January 9, 2014[2][9]

March 27, 2014

September 4, 2014[10]

November 20, 2014[12]

Italy

K2[25]

March 3, 2014

March 18, 2014

June 13, 2014[26]

June 27, 2014

United States

Cartoon Network

September 10, 2013[6]

December 3, 2013

July 7, 2014[7][27]

July 18, 2014[7]

text: This season also features the 100th episode of the entire series which was aired in Canada on February 27, 2014.[12] The 100th episode of the series is the 9th episode of this season, "Zeek and Ye Shall Find". All episodes for the fifth season are 21 minutes and 20 seconds long, all of them much shorter than previous seasons. This is the first season to feature a 20-second intro, as every other previous season had a full one-minute intro section.

text: Part 1[edit]

text: Part 1 Staff[edit]

text:
Character

Voice actor

Description

Chris McLean

Christian Potenza

Chris returns as the host of the series.

Chef Hatchet

Clé Bennett

Hatchet returns as the cook and co-host of the series.

text: Part 1 Contestants[edit]

text: The contestant pool consists of 14 contestants. Seven from the first three seasons and seven from the fourth season.

text:
List of Total Drama All-Stars contestants

Contestant

Original team

Merge

Finish

LindsayThe Dumb Princess

Heroic Hamsters

14th place

LightningThe Over-Achieving Athlete

Villainous Vultures

13th place

JoThe Take-No Prisoners Machine

Villainous Vultures

12th place

SamThe Nice Guy Gamer

Heroic Hamsters

11th place[a]

HeatherThe Queen Bee

Villainous Vultures

10th place[b]

SierraThe Obsessive Uber-Fan

Heroic Hamsters

9th place[c]

DuncanThe Delinquent

Heroic Hamsters[d]

Merge

Disqualified[e]8th place

CameronThe Wide-Eyed Bubble Boy

Villainous Vultures[f]

Medically Evacuated[g]7th place

AlejandroThe Arch Villain

Villainous Vultures

6th place

CourtneyThe Type A

Villainous Vultures[f]

5th place[h]

GwenThe Loner

Villainous Vultures

4th place[i]

ScottThe Trouble-Maker

Villainous Vultures

3rd place[j]

ZoeyThe Indie Chick

Heroic Hamsters

Winner/Runner-up

MikeMultiple Personality Disorder

Heroic Hamsters

Winner/Runner-up

text: Part 1 Cast[edit]

text: The first part features many returning characters from previous seasons.

text:
Voice actor

Role

Episodes worked

Stephanie Anne Mills

Lindsay

1/13 episodes

Emilie-Claire Barlow

Courtney

11/13 episodes

Clé Bennett

Chef Hatchet

Whole segment

Cory Doran

Mike

Whole segment

Kevin Duhaney

Cameron

10/13 episodes

Laurie Elliott

Jo

3/13 episodes

Megan Fahlenbock

Gwen

Whole segment

Brian Froud

Sam

4/13 episodes

Alex House

Alejandro

11/13 episodes

Barbara Mamabolo

Zoey

Whole segment

Drew Nelson

Duncan

8/13 episodes

Annick Obonsawin

Sierra

7/13 episodes

Christian Potenza

Chris McLean

Whole segment

Tyrone Savage

Lightning

3/13 episodes

James Wallis

Scott

12/13 episodes

Rachel Wilson

Heather

7/13 episodes

text: Other Credits[edit]

text:
Peter Oldring as Ezekiel from Episodes 1 and 9 and an "Intern" from Episode 9
Brian Froud as "The Killer" from Episode 1
Katie Crown as Izzy from Episode 7
Alex House as "José", Alejandro's brother from Episode 7
James Wallis as "Cop #1" from Episode 8
Scott McCord as Owen from Episode 13

text: Part 2[edit]

text: Part 2 Staff[edit]

text: Part 2 Contestants[edit]

text: The contestant pool consists of 14 new contestants.

text:
List of Total Drama Pahkitew Island contestants

Contestant

Original team

Merge

Finish

BeardoThe Human Soundboard

Waneyihtam Maskwak

14th place

LeonardThe LARPer

Waneyihtam Maskwak

13th place

AmyThe Evil Twin

Pimâpotew Kinosewak

12th place[k]

RodneyThe Lovesick Dimwit

Pimâpotew Kinosewak

11th place

SameyThe Good Twin

Pimâpotew Kinosewak

10th place

EllaThe Singing Princess

Waneyihtam Maskwak

Disqualified[l]9th place

TopherThe Chris Wannabe

Pimâpotew Kinosewak

8th place[m]

DaveNormal Guy with Issues

Waneyihtam Maskwak

Merge

7th place[n]

ScarlettThe Villainous Brainiac

Pimâpotew Kinosewak

Disqualified[o]6th place

MaxThe Super Villain

Waneyihtam Maskwak[p]

Disqualified[q]5th place

JasmineOutback Lady Survivalist

Pimâpotew Kinosewak

4th place

SugarThe Pageant Manipulator

Waneyihtam Maskwak

3rd place

ShawnThe Zombie Conspiracy Nut

Waneyihtam Maskwak

Winner/Runner-up

SkyThe Lady Athlete

Pimâpotew Kinosewak[r]

Winner/Runner-up

text: Part 2 Cast[edit]

text:
Voice actor

Role

Episodes worked

Clé Bennett

Beardo

1/13 episodes

Chef Hatchet

Whole segment

Leonard

2/13 episodes

Zachary Bennett

Shawn

Whole segment

Katie Bergin

Jasmine

12/13 episodes

Daniel DeSanto

Dave

10/13 episodes

Bruce Dow

Max

10/13 episodes

Kristi Friday

Scarlett

10/13 episodes

Christopher Jacot

Topher

8/13 episodes

Bryn McAuley

Amy

4/13 episodes

Samey

5/13 episodes

Sunday Muse

Ella

6/13 episodes

Sarah Podemski

Sky

Whole segment

Christian Potenza

Chris McLean

Whole segment

Ian Ronningen

Rodney

4/13 episodes

Rochelle Wilson

Sugar

12/13 episodes

text: Characters[edit]

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text: There are 28 characters overall who competed in this season. This sets the series record of having the most characters ever in a single season, the previous record being 22 characters in Total Drama Island.

text: Total Drama All-Stars[edit]

text: Seven characters from Total Drama World Tour and seven characters from Total Drama: Revenge of the Island returned to compete in Total Drama All-Stars. They all competed together during several "Heroes vs. Villains" themed challenges, which means that all the protagonists (heroes) competed against all the antagonists (villains).[28]

text: The fourteen returning characters who competed in Total Drama All-Stars are Alejandro, Cameron, Courtney, Duncan, Gwen, Heather, Jo, Lightning, Lindsay, Mike, Sam, Scott, Sierra, and Zoey.[29][30][31][32] The winners are Mike and Zoey, both of them from the second generation cast and both on the Heroes team.

text: Main characters[edit]

text: Main characters appear in every episode of the segment they compete in:

text:
Mike (labeled the Multiple Personality Disorder)[33] is the winner in Total Drama All-Stars. Mike is the only character in the whole series to have multiple voices in the same season all with the same voice actor. The animators had to illustrate five different faces and personalities in the character's body, making Mike the most complicated and diverse character in the series. Cory Doran had to record six different types of voices for Mike. In Total Drama All-Stars, the character Mike serves as the season's main protagonist, while his evil alternate personality, Mal (short for "The Malevolent One"), serves as the main antagonist. Mike's evil personality is a close reference to Yami Marik from Yu-Gi-Oh!, as both are evil split personalities who reside within a person and eventually take over their host, as well as undergoing a change in hairstyle and voice when assuming control. Mal's name and personality was also inspired by the character, Mal Cobb from the movie, Inception. Voiced by Cory Doran.
Zoey (labeled the Indie Chick)[34] is a close reference to Katy Perry or Zoey Deschanel and is one of the main protagonists of this season. She's super fun, cute and easy to get along with all wrapped up in a rockabilly fashion sense. She has an incredibly big heart and only cares about the best for everyone... hero OR villain. Zoey has a tendency to apologize A LOT (even when there's nothing to apologize for) and may come across as a pushover but don't be fooled; push her too far (like separating her from her one true love) and you'll find beneath that passive and cheery demeanor lurks a fierce warrior with MAD SKILLS, known as Commando Zoey. Zoey is the runner-up of this season in Canada and the United States. Voiced by Barbara Mamabolo.

text: Other characters[edit]

text: Other than the main season winners, other characters from previous seasons also return in Part 1 of this season. Here is a list of all the characters as described by Teletoon for Total Drama All-Stars:[35]

text:
Alejandro (labeled the "Arch Villain")[36] is a dashing Spaniard, who is multitalented and irresistible to females just like Justin from Total Drama Island and Total Drama Action. He is a powerful manipulator, and served as the main antagonist of Total Drama World Tour and the REAL antagonist of "Total Drama All-Stars" (because Mal is Mike's evil personality). He is described as the villain with good looks. His ruthless, manipulative approach allowed him to plough through the third season and was the winner, however his actions earned him huge karma and he didn't get to keep his winnings. His big brother and nemesis, José, has the same personalities as Alejandro himself. Heather is also attracted to him, and vice versa. However, he was first introduced into the season as the Drama Machine, before he was later as Alejandro inside the robot suit. He received a new voice actor, Alex House, in this new season, as his previous actor did not reprise the role for unexplained reasons. Voiced by Alex House.[37]
Courtney (labeled the "Type-A")[38] is a close reference to Tracy Flick from Election. She is a perfectionist who desires to be best at everything, and sees herself as a born leader. She believes in strictly following rules and sees herself as a good citizen, however her desire for success often clashes with her own principles. She can come off as being quite bossy and critical, which leads her to be disliked by many contestants. Her less likable side reached a climax in Total Drama Action where she served as the main antagonist. She formerly had a relationship with Duncan but broke up with him after three seasons, and later started a relationship with Scott, which ended in a matter of hours. Voiced by Emilie-Claire Barlow.
Duncan (labeled the "Delinquent")[39] is a tough, hardened ex-convict fresh out of juvie. He spends most of his time trying to looks tough and mean, or pranking others, however deep down he has a huge heart (which he tries very hard to hide). However this season his secret deep is discovered, which results in him being placed on the heroes team. He had a relationship with Gwen through the first 5 episodes, until she broke up with him. Before that he was in a relationship with Courtney, and although they broke up in season 3, he tried to win her back over the course of All-Stars. Voiced by Drew Nelson.
Gwen (labeled the "Loner")[20] is very into Goth subculture and is Duncan's girlfriend until they broke up. She is desperately trying to make-up with Courtney for her betrayal and prove she's her friend and not a villain (with mixed results). Voiced by Meghan Fahlenbock.
Heather (labeled the "Queen Bee")[40] was the main antagonist of Total Drama Island before being surpassed by Alejandro, whom she has a love-hate relationship with. She spends most of her time trying to force other characters to do what she wants. Despite this, she is a very strong competitor and has attraction with Alejandro. Voiced by Rachel Wilson.
Lindsay (labeled the "Dumb Princess")[41] is described as being beautiful, but not vain. While Lindsay is the prettiest one on the show and is spoilt silly by her father, she is kind hearted and is able to make friends with almost everyone. However her lack of intelligence often leads to her downfall, this season being no exception, where, despite being a fan favorite to make it far, she is the first to be eliminated. Voiced by Stephanie Anne Mills.
Sierra (labeled the "Obsessive Uber-Fan")[42] is the show's biggest fan and blogger. She is a parody of real life Total Drama fans. She is obsessed with every member of the cast, especially Cody whom she has an obsessive crush on. However, due to being deprived of Cody for too long, this season she begins to lose her sanity and starts seeing everyone else as Cody, especially Cameron. Voiced by Annick Obonsawin.

text:
Cameron (labeled the "Wide-Eyed Bubble Boy")[43] is a close reference to Steve Urkel. He is a highly-intelligent, but physically-weak boy who spent most of his early life trapped inside a bubble. Initially he was quite timid and cowardly, and was tormented by several bullies on the show, however he later learns to stand up for himself and prevails against them all. He was the original winner for the previous season, Total Drama: Revenge of the Island. This season, he is quite often mistaken as a previous contestant, Cody, when interacting with Sierra. Voiced by Kevin Duhaney.
Jo (labeled the "Take-No-Prisoners Machine")[44] is based off Jane Lynch from Glee when she was sixteen. She has a domineering, leadership personality and loves to take charge. She is mostly seen with male traits, even though she is female. Voiced by Laurie Elliot.
Lightning (labeled the "Over-Achieving Athlete")[45] is a close reference to Smash Williams from Friday Night Lights, or Cuba Gooding Jr. from Jerry Maguire. He is a super fit, NFL-bound athlete and is one of the finalists of the previous season. However, Lightning is arrogant. He is always talking about himself, and he never supports anyone on his team. He always talks by adding "sha-" to the beginning of a word, which makes him annoying for other characters. Voiced by Tyrone Savage.
Sam (labeled the "Nice Guy Gamer")[46] is a Seth Rogen-type of character who spends most of his time playing video games. He thinks the whole world around him is a large video game, and references various real-life elements to his games. Voiced by Brian Froud.
Scott (labeled the "Troublemaker")[47] is a devious and sneaky farm-boy, serving as the main antagonist of Total Drama: Revenge of the Island. He is very mean, sneaky, and a liar who does whatever dirty deed it takes to win. His tactic in Total Drama Revenge of the Island was to sabotage his own team without getting caught, which caused his team(s) to lose every single elimination challenge before the merge. He is somewhat of a bully to Cameron. People didn't realize that he was mean until the end of the series. Scott has a very large conflict with a mutated shark called Fang who constantly tries to brutally attack him any chance he gets for taking possession of one of Fang's shark teeth in Season 4. As a result, by the time of the Season 4 finale, Scott was hated and seen as a villain by every castmate including Chris. In Season 5, Scott returned as member of the Villainous Vultures, serving as the comic relief of the season. He later gets into a relationship with Courtney, but soon ends it. He has orange hair, blue eyes, freckles, rosy cheeks, and long muscular arms. He wears a white tank top, long dark blue ankle-length pants, a dark grey belt with a silver buckle, and brown shoes. Voiced by James Wallis.

text: Out of all the fourteen contestants, half are male and half are female. Seven of them are part of the first generation cast who have all been in Total Drama World Tour, while the other seven are part of the second generation cast who have all competed in Total Drama: Revenge of the Island (the seven being the highest ranking for their season). Out of the seven original contestants, only Alejandro and Sierra have competed in one previous season; the other five have all competed in the first three seasons before Total Drama All-Stars.

text: Total Drama: Pahkitew Island[edit]

text: Previous contestants from past seasons do not compete in Total Drama: Pahkitew Island because this part of the season features an entire new cast.[2] This is the second time the series completely replaces any existing cast with an all new cast, the previous time being in Total Drama: Revenge of the Island. There are fourteen contestants as seen in an official season promo.[48] The new characters competing are Amy, Beardo, Dave, Ella, Jasmine, Leonard, Max, Rodney, Samey, Scarlett, Shawn, Sky, Sugar, and Topher.[49] In October 2013, the second half of the first episode was leaked, revealing Beardo was the first to be eliminated.

text: Main characters[edit]

text:
Shawn, known as the zombie conspiracy nut,[50] is an eccentric homeschooled boy. Growing up he watched too many zombie films, played too many zombie games and read too many zombie books, leading him to be paranoid about zombies. In fact he believes the world has already succumbed to a zombie apocalypse and signed up to Total Drama as he believed residing on an island would increase his chances of survival. He becomes involved with a relationship with Jasmine. His character is a close reference to the main character of the movie, Shaun of the Dead (with his name also mixed with Dawn of the Dead), while his appearance and personality is similar to that of Jude Lizowski from 6teen (another one of Fresh TV's shows). Later, this was show was shown is the United States. Shawn won. He got Jasmine mad because he did not believe in her dream. So to get back with her he shares the money with her and uses his half to make a zombie bunker. Voiced by Zachary Bennett.
Sky, known as the athlete,[50] is a kind, athletic, sports girl. She is the first female winner to win in Canada, the country of origin, although she only won in the English version. She is a natural born leader and pulls the team through many challenges. Dave has a crush on her, which Sky originally did not share, however over time the feeling became mutual. Despite this Sky still values winning the competition over a relationship, the two are currently on uneasy terms. In the first episode it's possible that she is fluent in Cree as she rightly translated the team names. Voiced by Sarah Podemski.

text: Other characters[edit]

text: Two of the characters, Amy and Samey, are twins, being the first time where related contestants compete in a season together.[51] Scarlett is the first character in the new cast to have her final design revealed.[52] Unlike the first part of the season, the second part of the season will feature no cameos, meaning that any previous contestants will not be seen for the entire season's segment.[53][54]

text:
Amy[55] and Samey[56] known as the cheerleader twins,[57] are twin sisters, who are also the first related contestants in the series. Despite their similar looks, both sisters have very different personalities; one acts nice but is selfish in reality, while another is genuinely nice. They do not get along well with each other, since Amy was born 17 minutes before Samey. Amy believes she is the smarter one because of this, and thinks Samey is doing everything wrong. Voiced by Bryn McAuley.
Beardo, known as the human soundboard,[50] is a close reference to Reggie Watts and Michael Winslow. He is a big fellow, with a noticeably large amount of facial hair. Being quite shy, he predominantly communicates via beat-boxing and other sound effects. Voiced by Cle Bennett.
Dave, known as the normal guy,[50] is a nice normal guy, except he is extremely paranoid. Being a severe hypochondriac and germaphobe, and is frequently seen rubbing disinfectant on himself. He has feelings for Sky until later in the finale when he completely looses his insanity to destroy Sky after Chris shows her revealing dirt to him. Voiced by Daniel DeSanto.
Ella, known as the fairytale princess,[50] is a close reference to one of the Disney Princess stereotypes, Snow White. She was in love with the fact that in Total Drama World Tour, everyone had to sing in every episode. She is despised by Sugar even though she doesn't know that she hates her. She had a crush on Dave after he helped her put her shoe back on her foot after it fell in the water after a challenge and said that was a true fairytale moment. Voiced by Sunday Muse.
Jasmine, known as the outback survivalist,[50] is an excessively tall Aboriginal Australian girl, who is tough and commandeering. She becomes deeply romantically involved with Shawn. She is often stereotyped by Chris McLean as he taunts her with "outback" jokes. She is also a close reference to a female counterpart of Steve Irwin. Voiced by Katie Bergin.
Leonard, known as the LARPer,[58] is a guy who always dresses up as a wizard and tries to perform fake magic tricks. He returns as a contestant in the spin-off series, The Ridonculous Race, with his friend Tammy. Voiced by Cle Bennett.
Max, known as the wannabe super-villain,[59] is a parody of the super-villain stereotype, especially of Dr. Evil from the Austin Powers franchise. He is a villain wannabe, who dreams of taking over the world. He prides in being evil, and views himself as dwarfing all other villains on Total Drama before him, however in reality he is one of the most incompetent villains to date. In the episode "Three Zones and a Baby" Max is shown to love babies when he's seen calming down a crying baby before the challenge and was doing baby talk throughout the challenge. Voiced by Bruce Dow.
Rodney, known as the country boy,[50] is a gentle giant and muscular farm-boy with a huge heart and rosy cheeks. He's very shy, quiet, cute, sweet and handsome, and is usually seen blushing. He also doesn't talk very much. In fact he falls in love with a new girl in every episode, having fallen for Jasmine, Scarlett, and Amy, but never really admitting whom he likes a lot more than the other. He has fair skin, freckles, orange hair, and a large cleft chin. He wears navy blue ankle-length overalls with yellow buckles, a stomach pocket, side pockets, and light blue bottom edges over a white shirt with gray streaks covering his neck and red and white sneakers. He is also a close reference to Wreck-It Ralph and Johnny Cash. Voiced by Ian Ronningen.
Scarlett, known as the quiet brainiac,[50] is a very smart girl who likes to help her team with her intelligence. Although she is first seen being kind-hearted to others, she eventually reveals herself as malevolent evil being who connived to take the million dollars from Chris over the other contestant's lives. She's the main antagonist in this season. Voiced by Kristi Friday.
Sugar, known as the pageant Queen,[60] is a close reference to Honey Boo Boo. She is a former beauty pageant queen who feels that the spotlight always needs to be on her. She eats a lot, and can lash out easily or cause the distrust of others. She had a strong hatred of Ella because of her constant singing and fairy tale princess personality. She speaks with a Southern American accent. Voiced by Rochelle Wilson.
Topher, known as the Chris wannabe,[50] is Chris McLean's No. 1 Fan, and wishes to be just like him, down to his sadistic nature. He frequently gives suggestions to Chris on how to make the challenges even more painful, and is dying to be Chris's replacement. Voiced by Christopher Jacot.

text: Teams[edit]

text: Just like the previous four seasons, all of the characters depicted as contestants are split into two teams for each segment:

text: Part 1 teams[edit]

text: All the fourteen heroes and villains in Total Drama All-Stars are separated evenly into two teams. The first team is called the Heroic Hamsters, which consists of heroes while the second team is called the Villainous Vultures, which consists of villains.[13][61] There were seven contestants in Team Heroes and seven on Team Villains.[62] Here are the original members of each team, as of Episode 1:

text:
Heroic Hamsters: Cameron, Courtney, Lindsay, Mike, Sam, Sierra, and Zoey.[29][63]
Villainous Vultures: Alejandro, Duncan, Gwen, Heather, Jo, Lightning, and Scott.[29]

text: In Episode 3, "Saving Private Leechball", both Duncan and Courtney switch teams due to the former's heroic actions and the latter's villainous actions during the episode's challenge. In Episode 5, "Moon Madness", Cameron tried to vote himself out, but Chris wouldn't let him so Chris switched Cameron instead to the Villainous Vultures (despite Cameron not being a villain).

text: Part 2 teams[edit]

text: There are two teams in Total Drama: Pahkitew Island (both in the Cree language) which are Pimâpotew Kinosewak (translation: Floating Salmon) and Waneyihtam Maskwak (translation: Confused Bears),[16] both of which have seven contestants with a team logo, which is either a green salmon logo or a red bear logo. Here are the original members for each team:

text:
Pimâpotew Kinosewak: Amy, Jasmine, Max, Rodney, Samey, Scarlett, and Topher.[49]
Waneyihtam Maskwak: Beardo, Dave, Ella, Leonard, Shawn, Sky, and Sugar.[49]

text: Max and Sky switched teams in Episode 7, "This is the Pits!", instead of there being an elimination.

text: Cameos[edit]

text: On July 2013, Cartoon Network started airing season promos that introduced non-competitors like Ezekiel, Izzy, and Owen. Even though they never competed in All-Stars, these characters still went on to have cameo appearances in the season.

text: A list of all the cameos in Total Drama All-Stars and their roles during their cameos are shown below:

text:
Episode

Character

Voice actor

Role

1

Ezekiel

Peter Oldring

He is first seen being dropped from the helicopter by Chef, and is introduced as the fourteenth contestant of the season. Just as the deranged Ezekiel is about to fall on the other contestants, Chris states that he was only kidding about him being a contestant.

2

Blaineley

N/A

She is seen dating Bruno the bear in Paris on a boat that ran over Lightning, while he was distracted. (Canada only).

7

Izzy

Katie Crown

Izzy appears in "Suckers Punched", still dressed in a spider costume. She was intended to be the opponent for Cameron but Chris promised a random chance so she fought Mal (who is pretending to be Mike) instead. She isn't shown leaving the island, so her fate is unknown.

9

Ezekiel

Peter Oldring

Ezekiel appears while kidnapping Chris with the 100th Episode anniversary cake. The merged campers then have to search for him inside his mystery mine. He isn't seen leaving the island, so his fate is unknown.

13

Owen

Scott McCord

He appears briefly while inflating the balloons used to place the eliminated contestants in, being his usual happy self. Owen later appears water skiing at the end of the episode, saying a shout-out to his mother. Owen was the last character to be seen in the season.

Various

Mr. Coconut

N/A

Mr. Coconut makes a brief cameo in the intro of every episode. He also appeared in the heater of the cabins, while Cameron was searching in "Zeek and Ye Shall Find". He made his final appearance in "The Final Wreck-ening", on the weapons rack that Chris unveils.

Cody

Kevin Duhaney(as Cameron)

Cody was seen and animated during various brief cameos, even though he was still not physically there. Sierra also referenced Cody several times during her time in the competition. After Sierra's elimination (Canadian clip only), she is sent to Area 51 where she witnesses a cloning station that created many new Cody copies.

text: Note: Dakota was also seen in a photograph which was shown by Sam.

text: There are no cameos in Total Drama: Pahkitew Island as no characters from previous seasons are seen in this segment. The only reference to an original character is Cody's shoe in the episode, "Mo' Monkey, Mo' Problems".

text: Production[edit]

text: On June 28, 2011, Christian Potenza mentioned an upcoming season of Total Drama. This was the first time a cast member mentioned a fifth season to the public.[64] One year later on July 19, 2012, Christian Potenza announced a fifth season of Total Drama in an interview with Tom McGillis, saying that Season 5 will be just like Seasons 1 and 4.[5] This hinted that this season will take place back at an island.

text: As shown in the Fresh TV official Website, it seems that there will be 26 new episodes to be aired in 2013–2014 for Season 5.[65] Tom McGillis later stated that the new 26 episodes will be split into two 13-episode seasons; where the first part will feature some of existing cast, while the second part will consist of only new cast which are yet to be introduced.[3] Voice actors began recording lines for Season 5 in December 2012.

text: Total Drama All-Stars[edit]

text: On January 28, 2013, Cartoon Network confirmed that the new season title will be Total Drama All-Stars for Part 1.[14] One day later on January 30, both Christian Potenza and Drew Nelson confirmed the title for Episode 4 which is "Food Fright"[66] Drew Nelson also confirmed that the two new teams for this season are the Heroic Hamsters and the Villainous Vultures.[61] Rumors started floating in early 2010 about the season being "Heroes vs. Villains" and that both the original and the new cast would compete together,[67] but it wasn't until December 19, 2012 when Tom McGillis confirmed on ABC3 Australia that the theme for this season will indeed be "Heroes vs. Villains".

text: On February 1, 2013, Christian Potenza released a new video that contains several new information about Total Drama All-Stars, including season episode titles, new voice actors, and plot information.[30] That same day, Christian Potenza also released the first lines of the season from Episode 4:

text:
“

When a Hero's eating time is up, they hear this ... and the Villains get this ... Last time on a very special episode of Total Drama All-Stars: ... Say hello to my metal friend! ... I sincerely doubt it, Al ... next, I'll allow it, his pain was our gain ... Which team will finish their barf-tastic breakfast first? Find out after the break on Total Drama All-Stars![30]

”

text: On June 11, 2013 it was confirmed that the airdate for the whole season will take place in early 2014; mostly during the winter of 2014.[2] Tom McGillis later confirmed on Twitter that the Canadian airdate will be on January 2014, while the U.S. airdate will be on September 2013.[9] On August 19, 2013, Cartoon Network released the first official trailer for TDAS along with a new website that reveals all the characters. Lindsay's and Jo's elimination were leaked via episode scripts and trailers long before the season started airing.

text: Total Drama: Pahkitew Island[edit]

text: As for Total Drama: Pahkitew Island, production is done and it has been released in the United States.[12] The season was first announced to air on May 27,[68] but was later delayed to July 7.[7] This part is under the same production code as the previous part, Total Drama All-Stars.[22] However, the script for the entire first episode was leaked online about a year before the season's release.[49] Scarlett's final design along with one second of the fully animated first episode was also leaked on Instagram by her Venezuelan Spanish voice actor.[52]

text:
On March 21, 2014, the entire cast design was revealed by Fresh TV along with new promotions for the season.[19] Bryn McAuley who will be voicing the twins, Amy and Samey, was the first confirmed voice actress.[51] On April 9, 2014, Fresh TV Inc. celebrated the International Day of Pink by making the TDPI cast all wear pink clothing, symbolizing the support for anti-bullying.[69] Before the official cast release Sunday Muse was also confirmed to voice Ella,[70] while Ian Ronningen was set to voice Rodney.[71] On May 30, 2014 a new teaser trailer was released for TDPI in Italy, marking the first time fully animated scenes were released to the public.[72] Several trailers in English were released later in Cake Entertainment's website. On June 16, Cartoon Network posted the Pahkitew Island website, along with the audition tapes for Sugar, Samey, Amy, Leonard, and Max.[73] Italy was the first country to air full episodes for Pahkitew Island.[15] On June 23, the audition tapes of Beardo, Rodney, Ella, Topher, and Dave were released. On June 26, the entire cast and the characters they voiced were released via Fresh's re:fresh blog.[50] On July 1, ABC3 announced that Total Drama: Pahkitew Island will air July 14, 2014 in Australia.[23]
APTN network November 30 to December 30, 2015

text: Reception[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2014)

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Total Drama All-Stars was the #1 telecast on Cartoon Network with the highest ratings for the week of the season premiere.[74] Additionally, it ranked as the #1 telecast on all television among boys 6–11 and 9–14 for Tuesday prime-time airings. It also claimed #1 in its 7 p.m. time period among kids 9–14 and boys 6–11 and 9–14.[7]

text: Critical reaction[edit]

text: Total Drama All Stars has received mixed to negative reviews. Many claimed there was "character derailment" within the new and old cast of characters. It currently holds a 5.4 rating on Metacritic based on 9 reviews.[75] Total Drama: Pahkitew Island, however, was considerably more positive. The season currently holds a 73% approval rating according to Rotten Tomatoes.[76]


document_title: List of cities in Washington

question_text: what are the 5 largest cities in washington state

root

text: List of cities in Washington

text: List of cities[edit]

text:
Skyline of Seattle, Washington's largest city

Skyline of Spokane, Washington's second largest city

Skyline of Tacoma, a satellite city in the Seattle metropolitan area and Washington's third largest city

Skyline of Vancouver, a suburb in the Portland metropolitan area and Washington's fourth largest city

Aerial view of Bellevue, a boomburb in the Seattle metropolitan area and the fifth largest municipality in Washington

Aerial view of Kent, a suburb in the Seattle metropolitan area and the sixth largest municipality in Washington

Downtown Everett, a satellite city in the Seattle metropolitan area and the seventh largest city in Washington

Skyline of Yakima, Washington's eleventh largest city

tag: ul

text: State capital and county seat

tag: p

text: County seat

text:
Name
Type[3]
County[4]
Population
Land area[5]

2014 estimate[6]
2010 Census[5]
sq mi
km2

Aberdeen
First
Grays Harbor
16,255
16,896
10.65
27.6

Airway Heights
Code
Spokane
6,545
6,114
5.12
13.3

Algona
Code
King
3,133
3,014
1.30
3.4

Anacortes
Code
Skagit
16,232
15,778
11.76
30.5

Arlington
Code
Snohomish
18,808
17,926
9.30
24.1

Asotin
Code
Asotin
1,290
1,251
1.05
2.7

Auburn
Code
King
Pierce[Note 1]
76,347
70,180
29.62
76.7

Bainbridge Island
Code
Kitsap
23,293
23,025
27.61
71.5

Battle Ground
Code
Clark
18,930
17,571
7.86
20.4

Bellevue
Code
King
136,426
122,363
33.48
86.7

Bellingham
First
Whatcom
83,365
80,885
27.07
70.1

Benton City
Code
Benton
3,191
3,038
2.43
6.3

Bingen
Code
Klickitat
719
712
0.62
1.6

Black Diamond
Code
King
4,338
4,151
6.56
17.0

Blaine
Code
Whatcom
4,976
4,684
5.63
14.6

Bonney Lake
Code
Pierce
18,809
17,374
7.94
20.6

Bothell
Code
King
Snohomish[Note 1]
36,567
33,505
12.10
31.3

Bremerton
First
Kitsap
38,572
37,729
28.42
73.6

Brewster
Code
Okanogan
2,354
2,370
1.19
3.1

Bridgeport
Code
Douglas
2,434
2,409
1.05
2.7

Brier
Code
Snohomish
6,434
6,087
2.13
5.5

Buckley
Code
Pierce
4,520
4,354
3.87
10.0

Burien
Code
King
50,188
33,313
10.06
26.1

Burlington
Code
Skagit
8,568
8,388
4.25
11.0

Camas
Code
Clark
21,220
19,355
13.74
35.6

Carnation
Code
King
1,853
1,786
1.16
3.0

Cashmere
Code
Chelan
3,137
3,063
1.11
2.9

Castle Rock
Code
Cowlitz
2,140
1,982
1.99
5.2

Centralia
Code
Lewis
16,623
16,336
7.49
19.4

Chehalis
Code
Lewis
7,261
7,259
5.53
14.3

Chelan
Code
Chelan
3,981
3,890
6.36
16.5

Cheney
Code
Spokane
11,420
10,590
4.35
11.3

Chewelah
Code
Stevens
2,602
2,607
2.98
7.7

Clarkston
Code
Asotin
7,359
7,229
2.01
5.2

Cle Elum
Code
Kittitas
1,883
1,872
3.82
9.9

Clyde Hill
Code
King
3,198
2,984
1.06
2.7

Colfax
Second
Whitman
2,828
2,805
3.79
9.8

College Place
Code
Walla Walla
8,997
8,765
2.68
6.9

Colville
Second
Stevens
4,706
4,673
2.97
7.7

Connell
Code
Franklin
5,388
4,209
7.87
20.4

Cosmopolis
Code
Grays Harbor
1,589
1,649
1.33
3.4

Covington
Code
King
19,134
17,575
5.81
15.0

Davenport
Second
Lincoln
1,665
1,734
1.82
4.7

Dayton
Code
Columbia
2,460
2,526
1.43
3.7

Deer Park
Code
Spokane
3,864
3,652
6.89
17.8

Des Moines
Code
King
31,011
29,673
6.50
16.8

DuPont
Code
Pierce
9,313
8,199
5.86
15.2

Duvall
Code
King
7,639
6,695
2.45
6.3

East Wenatchee
Code
Douglas
13,505
13,190
3.80
9.8

Edgewood
Code
Pierce
9,749
9,387
8.41
21.8

Edmonds
Code
Snohomish
40,896
39,709
8.90
23.1

Electric City
Code
Grant
1,018
968
1.98
5.1

Ellensburg
Code
Kittitas
18,774
18,174
7.03
18.2

Elma
Code
Grays Harbor
3,018
3,107
1.89
4.9

Entiat
Code
Chelan
1,154
1,112
2.11
5.5

Enumclaw
Code
King
Pierce[Note 1]
11,548
10,669
5.16
13.4

Ephrata
Code
Grant
8,031
7,664
10.09
26.1

Everett
First
Snohomish
106,736
103,019
33.11
85.8

Everson
Code
Whatcom
2,565
2,481
1.31
3.4

Federal Way
Code
King
93,425
89,306
22.27
57.7

Ferndale
Code
Whatcom
12,704
11,415
7.03
18.2

Fife
Code
Pierce
9,550
9,173
5.69
14.7

Fircrest
Code
Pierce
6,658
6,497
1.58
4.1

Forks
Code
Clallam
3,717
3,532
3.91
10.1

George
Code
Grant
505
501
1.33
3.4

Gig Harbor
Code
Pierce
8,375
7,126
5.95
15.4

Gold Bar
Code
Snohomish
2,101
2,075
1.03
2.7

Goldendale
Code
Klickitat
3,428
3,407
2.52
6.5

Grand Coulee
Code
Grant
1,050
988
1.24
3.2

Grandview
Code
Yakima
11,140
10,862
6.23
16.1

Granger
Code
Yakima
3,394
3,246
1.79
4.6

Granite Falls
Code
Snohomish
3,468
3,364
2.19
5.7

Harrington
Code
Lincoln
400
424
0.38
0.98

Hoquiam
Code
Grays Harbor
8,389
8,726
9.08
23.5

Ilwaco
Code
Pacific
905
936
2.10
5.4

Issaquah
Code
King
34,056
30,434
11.41
29.6

Kahlotus
Code
Franklin
191
193
0.47
1.2

Kalama
Code
Cowlitz
2,347
2,344
2.77
7.2

Kelso
Code
Cowlitz
11,788
11,925
8.14
21.1

Kenmore
Code
King
21,839
20,460
6.17
16.0

Kennewick
Code
Benton
77,421
73,917
26.87
69.6

Kent
Code
King
125,560
92,411
33.76
87.4

Kettle Falls
Code
Stevens
1,592
1,595
1.12
2.9

Kirkland
Code
King
85,763
48,787
17.82
46.2

Kittitas
Code
Kittitas
1,417
1,381
0.73
1.9

La Center
Code
Clark
3,099
2,800
2.21
5.7

Lacey
Code
Thurston
45,446
42,393
16.06
41.6

Lake Forest Park
Code
King
13,184
12,598
3.53
9.1

Lake Stevens
Code
Snohomish
30,284
28,069
8.88
23.0

Lakewood
Code
Pierce
59,610
58,163
17.18
44.5

Langley
Code
Island
1,052
1,035
1.08
2.8

Leavenworth
Code
Chelan
1,979
1,965
1.23
3.2

Liberty Lake
Code
Spokane
8,637
7,591
6.14
15.9

Long Beach
Code
Pacific
1,346
1,392
1.35
3.5

Longview
Code
Cowlitz
36,483
36,648
14.54
37.7

Lynden
Code
Whatcom
13,165
11,951
5.26
13.6

Lynnwood
Code
Snohomish
36,687
35,836
7.85
20.3

Mabton
Code
Yakima
2,303
2,286
0.81
2.1

Maple Valley
Code
King
25,125
22,684
5.73
14.8

Marysville
Code
Snohomish
65,087
60,020
20.69
53.6

Mattawa
Code
Grant
4,579
4,437
0.74
1.9

McCleary
Code
Grays Harbor
1,609
1,653
2.05
5.3

Medical Lake
Code
Spokane
4,952
5,060
3.40
8.8

Medina
Code
King
3,188
2,969
1.45
3.8

Mercer Island
Code
King
24,326
22,699
6.32
16.4

Mesa
Code
Franklin
491
489
1.64
4.2

Mill Creek
Code
Snohomish
19,200
18,244
4.66
12.1

Millwood
Code
Spokane
1,776
1,786
0.70
1.8

Milton
Code
Pierce
King[Note 1]
7,360
6,968
2.62
6.8

Monroe
Code
Snohomish
17,899
17,304
6.05
15.7

Montesano
Code
Grays Harbor
3,861
3,976
10.58
27.4

Morton
Code
Lewis
1,116
1,126
0.82
2.1

Moses Lake
Code
Grant
21,713
20,366
17.84
46.2

Mossyrock
Code
Lewis
745
759
0.68
1.8

Mount Vernon
Code
Skagit
33,132
31,743
12.24
31.7

Mountlake Terrace
Code
Snohomish
20,817
19,909
4.06
10.5

Moxee
Code
Yakima
3,784
3,308
2.20
5.7

Mukilteo
Code
Snohomish
20,993
20,254
6.34
16.4

Napavine
Code
Lewis
1,778
1,766
2.38
6.2

Newcastle
Code
King
11,201
10,380
4.45
11.5

Newport
Code
Pend Oreille
2,123
2,126
1.35
3.5

Nooksack
Code
Whatcom
1,443
1,338
0.71
1.8

Normandy Park
Code
King
6,615
6,335
2.52
6.5

North Bend
Code
King
6,578
5,731
4.37
11.3

North Bonneville
Code
Skamania
971
956
2.41
6.2

Oak Harbor
Code
Island
22,306
22,075
9.65
25.0

Oakville
Code
Grays Harbor
663
684
0.50
1.3

Ocean Shores
Code
Grays Harbor
5,628
5,569
8.51
22.0

Okanogan
Code
Okanogan
2,571
2,552
1.99
5.2

Olympia
Code
Thurston
49,218
46,478
17.82
46.2

Omak
Code
Okanogan
4,848
4,845
3.46
9.0

Oroville
Code
Okanogan
1,679
1,686
1.64
4.2

Orting
Code
Pierce
7,266
6,746
2.73
7.1

Othello
Code
Adams
7,703
7,364
3.81
9.9

Pacific
Code
King
Pierce[Note 1]
7,079
6,606
2.41
6.2

Palouse
Second
Whitman
1,012
998
1.08
2.8

Pasco
Code
Franklin
68,648
59,781
31.46
81.5

Pateros
Code
Okanogan
656
667
0.49
1.3

Pomeroy
Code
Garfield
1,386
1,425
1.78
4.6

Port Angeles
Code
Clallam
19,256
19,038
10.70
27.7

Port Orchard
Second
Kitsap
13,266
11,144
9.68
25.1

Port Townsend
Code
Jefferson
9,255
9,113
6.98
18.1

Poulsbo
Code
Kitsap
9,702
9,200
4.74
12.3

Prescott
Code
Walla Walla
309
318
0.40
1.0

Prosser
Code
Benton
5,802
5,714
4.55
11.8

Pullman
Code
Whitman
31,682
29,799
9.88
25.6

Puyallup
Code
Pierce
39,105
37,022
14.11
36.5

Quincy
Code
Grant
7,355
6,750
4.98
12.9

Rainier
Code
Thurston
1,948
1,794
1.73
4.5

Raymond
Code
Pacific
2,787
2,882
4.06
10.5

Redmond
Code
King
59,285
54,144
16.47
42.7

Renton
Code
King
98,404
90,927
23.37
60.5

Republic
Code
Ferry
1,083
1,073
1.59
4.1

Richland
First
Benton
53,019
48,058
38.56
99.9

Ridgefield
Code
Clark
6,123
4,763
7.08
18.3

Ritzville
Second
Adams
1,671
1,673
1.70
4.4

Rock Island
Code
Douglas
792
788
0.62
1.6

Roslyn
Code
Kittitas
896
893
4.37
11.3

Roy
Code
Pierce
805
793
0.49
1.3

Royal City
Code
Grant
2,217
2,140
1.35
3.5

Ruston
Code
Pierce
791
749
0.26
0.67

Sammamish
Code
King
51,229
45,780
18.41
47.7

SeaTac
Code
King
28,126
26,909
10.03
26.0

Seattle
First
King
668,342
608,660
83.84
217.1

Sedro-Woolley
Code
Skagit
10,764
10,540
3.93
10.2

Selah
Code
Yakima
7,444
7,147
4.51
11.7

Sequim
Code
Clallam
6,737
6,606
6.31
16.3

Shelton
Code
Mason
9,777
9,834
5.76
14.9

Shoreline
Code
King
55,174
53,007
11.67
30.2

Snohomish
Code
Snohomish
9,544
9,098
3.46
9.0

Snoqualmie
Code
King
12,630
10,670
7.22
18.7

Soap Lake
Code
Grant
1,585
1,514
1.30
3.4

South Bend
Code
Pacific
1,594
1,637
1.63
4.2

Spangle
Code
Spokane
288
278
0.36
0.93

Spokane
First
Spokane
212,052
208,916
68.73
178.0

Spokane Valley
Code
Spokane
91,729
89,755
37.71
97.7

Sprague
Code
Lincoln
423
446
0.63
1.6

Stanwood
Code
Snohomish
6,739
6,231
2.82
7.3

Stevenson
Code
Skamania
1,499
1,465
1.65
4.3

Sultan
Code
Snohomish
4,769
4,651
3.15
8.2

Sumas
Code
Whatcom
1,348
1,307
1.48
3.8

Sumner
Code
Pierce
9,677
9,451
7.51
19.5

Sunnyside
Code
Yakima
16,140
15,858
6.63
17.2

Tacoma
First
Pierce
205,159
198,397
49.73
128.8

Tekoa
Second
Whitman
784
778
1.14
3.0

Tenino
Code
Thurston
1,729
1,695
1.44
3.7

Tieton
Code
Yakima
1,247
1,191
0.82
2.1

Toledo
Code
Lewis
721
725
0.40
1.0

Tonasket
Code
Okanogan
1,018
1,032
0.80
2.1

Toppenish
Code
Yakima
8,996
8,949
2.11
5.5

Tukwila
Code
King
19,920
19,107
9.17
23.8

Tumwater
Code
Thurston
18,820
17,371
14.32
37.1

Union Gap
Code
Yakima
6,030
6,047
5.06
13.1

University Place
Code
Pierce
32,282
31,144
8.43
21.8

Vader
Code
Lewis
614
621
0.93
2.4

Vancouver
First
Clark
169,294
161,791
46.78
121.2

Waitsburg
Unclassified
Walla Walla
1,196
1,217
1.12
2.9

Walla Walla
Code
Walla Walla
31,910
31,731
12.80
33.2

Wapato
Second
Yakima
5,051
4,997
1.17
3.0

Warden
Code
Grant
2,749
2,692
2.66
6.9

Washougal
Code
Clark
14,999
14,095
5.47
14.2

Wenatchee
Code
Chelan
33,261
31,925
7.86
20.4

West Richland
Code
Benton
13,351
11,811
21.97
56.9

Westport
Code
Grays Harbor
2,018
2,099
3.68
9.5

White Salmon
Code
Klickitat
2,314
2,224
1.24
3.2

Winlock
Code
Lewis
1,308
1,339
1.29
3.3

Woodinville
Code
King
11,372
10,938
5.60
14.5

Woodland
Code
Cowlitz
Clark[Note 1]
5,708
5,509
4.05
10.5

Woodway
Code
Snohomish
1,351
1,307
1.11
2.9

Yakima
First
Yakima
93,357
91,067
27.63
71.6

Yelm
Code
Thurston
8,223
6,848
5.68
14.7

Zillah
Code
Yakima
3,118
2,964
1.85
4.8

tag: table

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f The city spans multiple counties. The counties are listed in the order given by GNIS, primary county first.

tag: ol


document_title: Bob Kevoian

question_text: when did bob leave the bob and tom show

question_tokens: when did bob leave the bob and tom show

text: Bob Kevoian

text: Education[edit]

text: Kevoian is a 1973 graduate of California State University, Long Beach. Kevoian started a masters program in 1974, but gave it up when he started working as an intern for a local radio station in Los Angeles. Kevoian was awarded an honorary doctorate in Communications from Central Michigan University where he gave the commencement speech in 2003.[2]

text: Entertainment career[edit]

text: Toured the U.S. for three years as sound engineer of The Young Americans[3] Kevoian began his radio career at WMBN in Petoskey, Michigan, in 1979. That lasted until 1982, when Kevoian joined cross-town WJML. That’s where Bob & Tom teamed up as a regular morning show.“We were there for 12-18 months,” Kevoian recalls.The pairing of one of syndicated radio’s most successful morning shows came when radio personality-by-day Kevoian moonlighted as a bartender at Harbor Springs, MI’s Bar Harbor. “In small town radio, you needed to supplement your income by doing anything,” the Long Beach State University alum states. “Tom came in after a J. Geils concert at Castle Farms in [nearby] Charlevoix and ordered a drink. At the end of the bar was another guy who worked in Country radio.” The two radio talents were talking about the inferior nature of their respective stations’ cart machines. “Tom overheard us and asked if we worked in radio and I told him I was doing middays,” Kevoian remembers. “Tom said he did a year of radio in Florida, but was out of work and wanted to visit the station and look at the trades. Two days later, he was hired as my PD; it was pretty wild."[4] They achieved a 44 share in the ratings and in order to get rid of them the competition made a compilation tape of their best bits and mailed it to the Superstars Convention, a gathering of program directors from 300 stations, where it was played. They started getting offers from all over the country.[5] He came to WFBQ Radio in Indianapolis in early 1978. He is the producer, director, writer and composed credits for The Bob and Tom Show Home Movie, 2004. Bob participated in the Bob and Tom Radio: The Comedy Tour shows recorded in Anderson, Indiana. Bob has personally produced over 15,000 "bits" used in his show, some of which are actually his original ideas.

text: Retirement[edit]

text: On November 5, 2015, after being inducted along with Tom Griswold into the National Radio Hall of Fame, Bob announced his retirement effective at the end of 2015.[6] His last live show as co-host aired on December 17, 2015. On November 17, 2016 Bob and Tom were reunited when they were inducted into the Indiana Broadcasters Hall of Fame.[7] Bob made his first appearance on the show, as a guest host, since his retirement on April 3, 2017 when the show is in Cincinnati for the Cincinnati Reds home opener.[8]

text: On TV[edit]

text: The Bob and Tom Show aired nightly on WGN America and occasionally weekend best of airings until its cancellation in September 2010.[9]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Kevoian was born in Los Angeles, California to John Hike "Toby" Kevoian and Jean Baker.[10] On April 2, 2005, he married his current wife, Becky Martin. He has a son named Toby.[11] Kevoian has stepsons named Wade and Joey. Kevoian is almost always seen wearing a Los Angeles Dodgers hat as a tribute to his father, who was a longtime employee of the Dodgers. Kevoian is an avid guitar player and has written some of the lyrics and music for the show's comedic parodies. Kevoian's brother-in-law (Becky's brother) is world-renowned tuba player Rex Martin. Kevoian's younger brother is actor Peter Kevoian.[12] His mother was on Let's Make a Deal and won a Brunswick pool table, which she traded for cases of oyster stew. She retired from the Los Angeles County Office of Education in Downey, California. Kevoian has sported his mustache since June 18, 1969 and celebrates its birthday every year. Kevoian also likes to collect "large" ordinary items, such as coffee cups or safety pins that are extremely large compared to their normal sizes. Kevoian likewise keeps a collection of these "large" items in his studio.


document_title: Sumer

question_text: when did the first city states arise in sumer

question_tokens: when did the first city states arise in sumer

text: Sumer

text: Origin of name[edit]

text: The term Sumerian is the common name given to the ancient non-Semitic-speaking inhabitants of Mesopotamia, Sumer, by the East Semitic-speaking Akkadians. The Sumerians referred to themselves as ùĝ saĝ gíg ga (cuneiform: 𒌦 𒊕 𒈪 𒂵), phonetically /uŋ saŋ gi ga/, literally meaning "the black-headed people", and to their land as ki-en-gi(-r) (cuneiform: 𒆠𒂗𒄀) ('place' + 'lords' + 'noble'), meaning "place of the noble lords".[16] The Akkadian word Shumer may represent the geographical name in dialect, but the phonological development leading to the Akkadian term šumerû is uncertain.[17] Hebrew Shinar, Egyptian Sngr, and Hittite Šanhar(a), all referring to southern Mesopotamia, could be western variants of Shumer.[17]

text: City-states in Mesopotamia[edit]

text: In the late 4th millennium BC, Sumer was divided into many independent city-states, which were divided by canals and boundary stones. Each was centered on a temple dedicated to the particular patron god or goddess of the city and ruled over by a priestly governor (ensi) or by a king (lugal) who was intimately tied to the city's religious rites.

text: The five "first" cities, said to have exercised pre-dynastic kingship "before the flood":

text:
Eridu (Tell Abu Shahrain)
Bad-tibira (probably Tell al-Madain)
Larsa (Tell as-Senkereh)
Sippar (Tell Abu Habbah)
Shuruppak (Tell Fara)

text: Other principal cities:

text:
Uruk (Warka)
Kish (Tell Uheimir & Ingharra)
Ur (Tell al-Muqayyar)
Nippur (Afak)
Lagash (Tell al-Hiba)
Girsu (Tello or Telloh)
Umma (Tell Jokha)
Hamazi 1
Adab (Tell Bismaya)
Mari (Tell Hariri) 2
Akshak 1
Akkad 1
Isin (Ishan al-Bahriyat)

text:
(1location uncertain)
(2an outlying city in northern Mesopotamia)

text: Minor cities (from south to north):

text:
Kuara (Tell al-Lahm)
Zabala (Tell Ibzeikh)
Kisurra (Tell Abu Hatab)
Marad (Tell Wannat es-Sadum)
Dilbat (Tell ed-Duleim)
Borsippa (Birs Nimrud)
Kutha (Tell Ibrahim)
Der (al-Badra)
Eshnunna (Tell Asmar)
Nagar (Tell Brak) 2

text: (2an outlying city in northern Mesopotamia)

text: Apart from Mari, which lies full 330 kilometres (205 miles) north-west of Agade, but which is credited in the king list as having “exercised kingship” in the Early Dynastic II period, and Nagar, an outpost, these cities are all in the Euphrates-Tigris alluvial plain, south of Baghdad in what are now the Bābil, Diyala, Wāsit, Dhi Qar, Basra, Al-Muthannā and Al-Qādisiyyah governorates of Iraq.

text: History[edit]

text: The Sumerian city-states rose to power during the prehistoric Ubaid and Uruk periods. Sumerian written history reaches back to the 27th century BC and before, but the historical record remains obscure until the Early Dynastic III period, c. the 23rd century BC, when a now deciphered syllabary writing system was developed, which has allowed archaeologists to read contemporary records and inscriptions. Classical Sumer ends with the rise of the Akkadian Empire in the 23rd century BC. Following the Gutian period, there was a brief Sumerian Renaissance in the 21st century BC, cut short in the 20th century BC by invasions by the Amorites. The Amorite "dynasty of Isin" persisted until c. 1700 BC, when Mesopotamia was united under Babylonian rule. The Sumerians were eventually absorbed into the Akkadian (Assyro-Babylonian) population.[citation needed]

text:
Ubaid period: 6500–4100 BC (Pottery Neolithic to Chalcolithic)
Uruk period: 4100–2900 BC (Late Chalcolithic to Early Bronze Age I)

Uruk XIV-V: 4100–3300 BC
Uruk IV period: 3300–3100 BC
Jemdet Nasr period (Uruk III): 3100–2900 BC

Early Dynastic period (Early Bronze Age II-IV)

Early Dynastic I period: 2900–2800 BC
Early Dynastic II period: 2800–2600 BC (Gilgamesh)
Early Dynastic IIIa period: 2600–2500 BC
Early Dynastic IIIb period: c. 2500–2334 BC

Akkadian Empire period: c. 2334–2218 BC (Sargon)
Gutian period: c. 2218–2047 BC (Early Bronze Age IV)
Ur III period: c. 2047–1940 BC

text: Ubaid period[edit]

text: The Ubaid period is marked by a distinctive style of fine quality painted pottery which spread throughout Mesopotamia and the Persian Gulf. During this time, the first settlement in southern Mesopotamia was established at Eridu (Cuneiform: nun.ki 𒉣𒆠), c. 6500 BC, by farmers who brought with them the Hadji Muhammed culture, which first pioneered irrigation agriculture. It appears that this culture was derived from the Samarran culture from northern Mesopotamia. It is not known whether or not these were the actual Sumerians who are identified with the later Uruk culture. The rise of the city of Uruk may be reflected in the story of the passing of the gifts of civilization (me) to Inanna, goddess of Uruk and of love and war, by Enki, god of wisdom and chief god of Eridu, may reflect the transition from Eridu to Uruk.[19]:174

text: Uruk period[edit]

text: The archaeological transition from the Ubaid period to the Uruk period is marked by a gradual shift from painted pottery domestically produced on a slow wheel to a great variety of unpainted pottery mass-produced by specialists on fast wheels. The Uruk period is a continuation and an outgrowth of Ubaid with pottery being the main visible change.[20][21]

text: By the time of the Uruk period (c. 4100–2900 BC calibrated), the volume of trade goods transported along the canals and rivers of southern Mesopotamia facilitated the rise of many large, stratified, temple-centered cities (with populations of over 10,000 people) where centralized administrations employed specialized workers. It is fairly certain that it was during the Uruk period that Sumerian cities began to make use of slave labor captured from the hill country, and there is ample evidence for captured slaves as workers in the earliest texts. Artifacts, and even colonies of this Uruk civilization have been found over a wide area—from the Taurus Mountains in Turkey, to the Mediterranean Sea in the west, and as far east as central Iran.[22]

text: The Uruk period civilization, exported by Sumerian traders and colonists (like that found at Tell Brak), had an effect on all surrounding peoples, who gradually evolved their own comparable, competing economies and cultures. The cities of Sumer could not maintain remote, long-distance colonies by military force.[22]

text: Sumerian cities during the Uruk period were probably theocratic and were most likely headed by a priest-king (ensi), assisted by a council of elders, including both men and women.[23] It is quite possible that the later Sumerian pantheon was modeled upon this political structure. There was little evidence of organized warfare or professional soldiers during the Uruk period, and towns were generally unwalled. During this period Uruk became the most urbanized city in the world, surpassing for the first time 50,000 inhabitants.

text:
Notable Sumerians
History of Sumer •  Mythology •  King list

Pre-dynastic kings:
Alulim •  Dumuzid, the Shepherd •  En-men-dur-ana

1st Dynasty of Kish:
Etana •  En-me-barage-si •  Aga of Kish

1st Dynasty of Uruk:
Enmerkar •  Lugalbanda •  Gilgamesh

1st Dynasty of Ur:
Meskalamdug •  Mesh-Ane-pada •  Puabi •  Mesilim of Kish

2nd Dynasty of Uruk:
En-shag-kush-ana

1st Dynasty of Lagash:
Ur-Nanshe •  Eannatum •  Entemena •  Urukagina

Dynasty of Adab:
Lugal-Ane-mundu

3rd Dynasty of Kish:
Kug-Bau

3rd Dynasty of Uruk:
Lugal-zage-si

Dynasty of Akkad:
Sargon •  Tashlultum •  En-hedu-ana •  Man-ishtishu •  Naram-Sin of Akkad •  Shar-kali-sharri •  Dudu of Akkad •  Shu-Durul

2nd Dynasty of Lagash:
Puzer-Mama •  Gudea

5th Dynasty of Uruk:
Utu-hengal

3rd dynasty of Ur:
Ur-Namma •  Shulgi •  Amar-Suena •  Shu-Suen •  Ibbi-Suen

text: The ancient Sumerian king list includes the early dynasties of several prominent cities from this period. The first set of names on the list is of kings said to have reigned before a major flood occurred. These early names may be fictional, and include some legendary and mythological figures, such as Alulim and Dumizid.[23]

text: The end of the Uruk period coincided with the Piora oscillation, a dry period from c. 3200 – 2900 BC that marked the end of a long wetter, warmer climate period from about 9,000 to 5,000 years ago, called the Holocene climatic optimum.[24]

text: Early Dynastic Period[edit]

text: The dynastic period begins c. 2900 BC and was associated with a shift from the temple establishment headed by council of elders led by a priestly "En" (a male figure when it was a temple for a goddess, or a female figure when headed by a male god)[25] towards a more secular Lugal (Lu = man, Gal = great) and includes such legendary patriarchal figures as Enmerkar, Lugalbanda and Gilgamesh—who are supposed to have reigned shortly before the historic record opens c. 2700 BC, when the now deciphered syllabic writing started to develop from the early pictograms. The center of Sumerian culture remained in southern Mesopotamia, even though rulers soon began expanding into neighboring areas, and neighboring Semitic groups adopted much of Sumerian culture for their own.

text: The earliest dynastic king on the Sumerian king list whose name is known from any other legendary source is Etana, 13th king of the first dynasty of Kish. The earliest king authenticated through archaeological evidence is Enmebaragesi of Kish (c. 26th century BC), whose name is also mentioned in the Gilgamesh epic—leading to the suggestion that Gilgamesh himself might have been a historical king of Uruk. As the Epic of Gilgamesh shows, this period was associated with increased war. Cities became walled, and increased in size as undefended villages in southern Mesopotamia disappeared. (Both Enmerkar and Gilgamesh are credited with having built the walls of Uruk[26]).

text: 1st Dynasty of Lagash[edit]

text: c. 2500–2270 BC

text: The dynasty of Lagash, though omitted from the king list, is well attested through several important monuments and many archaeological finds.

text: Although short-lived, one of the first empires known to history was that of Eannatum of Lagash, who annexed practically all of Sumer, including Kish, Uruk, Ur, and Larsa, and reduced to tribute the city-state of Umma, arch-rival of Lagash. In addition, his realm extended to parts of Elam and along the Persian Gulf. He seems to have used terror as a matter of policy.[27] Eannatum's Stele of the Vultures depicts vultures pecking at the severed heads and other body parts of his enemies. His empire collapsed shortly after his death.

text: Later, Lugal-Zage-Si, the priest-king of Umma, overthrew the primacy of the Lagash dynasty in the area, then conquered Uruk, making it his capital, and claimed an empire extending from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean. He was the last ethnically Sumerian king before Sargon of Akkad.[15]

text: Akkadian Empire[edit]

text: c. 2270–2083 BC (short chronology)

text: The Eastern Semitic Akkadian language is first attested in proper names of the kings of Kish c. 2800 BC,[27] preserved in later king lists. There are texts written entirely in Old Akkadian dating from c. 2500 BC. Use of Old Akkadian was at its peak during the rule of Sargon the Great (c. 2270–2215 BC), but even then most administrative tablets continued to be written in Sumerian, the language used by the scribes. Gelb and Westenholz differentiate three stages of Old Akkadian: that of the pre-Sargonic era, that of the Akkadian empire, and that of the "Neo-Sumerian Renaissance" that followed it. Akkadian and Sumerian coexisted as vernacular languages for about one thousand years, but by around 1800 BC, Sumerian was becoming more of a literary language familiar mainly only to scholars and scribes. Thorkild Jacobsen has argued that there is little break in historical continuity between the pre- and post-Sargon periods, and that too much emphasis has been placed on the perception of a "Semitic vs. Sumerian" conflict.[28] However, it is certain that Akkadian was also briefly imposed on neighboring parts of Elam that were previously conquered, by Sargon.

text: Gutian period[edit]

text: c. 2083–2050 BC (short chronology)

text: 2nd Dynasty of Lagash[edit]

text: c. 2093–2046 BC (short chronology)

text: Following the downfall of the Akkadian Empire at the hands of Gutians, another native Sumerian ruler, Gudea of Lagash, rose to local prominence and continued the practices of the Sargonid kings' claims to divinity. The previous Lagash dynasty, Gudea and his descendants also promoted artistic development and left a large number of archaeological artifacts.

text: Ur III period[edit]

text: c. 2047–1940 BC (short chronology)

text: Later, the 3rd dynasty of Ur under Ur-Nammu and Shulgi, whose power extended as far as southern Assyria, was the last great "Sumerian renaissance", but already the region was becoming more Semitic than Sumerian, with the resurgence of the Akkadian speaking Semites in Assyria and elsewhere, and the influx of waves of Semitic Martu (Amorites) who were to found several competing local powers in the south, including Isin, Larsa, Eshnunna and some time later Babylonia. The last of these eventually came to briefly dominate the south of Mesopotamia as the Babylonian Empire, just as the Old Assyrian Empire had already done so in the north from the late 21st century BC. The Sumerian language continued as a sacerdotal language taught in schools in Babylonia and Assyria, much as Latin was used in the Medieval period, for as long as cuneiform was utilized.

text: Fall and Transmission[edit]

text: This period is generally taken to coincide with a major shift in population from southern Mesopotamia toward the north. Ecologically, the agricultural productivity of the Sumerian lands was being compromised as a result of rising salinity. Soil salinity in this region had been long recognized as a major problem.[citation needed]Poorly drained irrigated soils, in an arid climate with high levels of evaporation, led to the buildup of dissolved salts in the soil, eventually reducing agricultural yields severely. During the Akkadian and Ur III phases, there was a shift from the cultivation of wheat to the more salt-tolerant barley, but this was insufficient, and during the period from 2100 BC to 1700 BC, it is estimated that the population in this area declined by nearly three fifths.[29] This greatly upset the balance of power within the region, weakening the areas where Sumerian was spoken, and comparatively strengthening those where Akkadian was the major language. Henceforth, Sumerian would remain only a literary and liturgical language, similar to the position occupied by Latin in medieval Europe.

text: Following an Elamite invasion and sack of Ur during the rule of Ibbi-Sin (c. 1940 BC)[citation needed], Sumer came under Amorites rule (taken to introduce the Middle Bronze Age). The independent Amorite states of the 20th to 18th centuries are summarized as the "Dynasty of Isin" in the Sumerian king list, ending with the rise of Babylonia under Hammurabi c. 1700 BC.

text: Later rulers who dominated Assyria and Babylonia occasionally assumed the old Sargonic title "King of Sumer and Akkad", such as Tukulti-Ninurta I of Assyria after c. 1225 BC.

text: Population[edit]

text: Uruk, one of Sumer's largest cities, has been estimated to have had a population of 50,000-80,000 at its height;[30] given the other cities in Sumer, and the large agricultural population, a rough estimate for Sumer's population might be 0.8 million to 1.5 million. The world population at this time has been estimated at about 27 million.[31]

text: The Sumerians spoke a language isolate, but a number of linguists have claimed to be able to detect a substrate language of unknown classification beneath Sumerian because names of some of Sumer's major cities are not Sumerian, revealing influences of earlier inhabitants.[32] However, the archaeological record shows clear uninterrupted cultural continuity from the time of the early Ubaid period (5300 – 4700 BC C-14) settlements in southern Mesopotamia. The Sumerian people who settled here farmed the lands in this region that were made fertile by silt deposited by the Tigris and the Euphrates.

text: Some archaeologists have speculated that the original speakers of ancient Sumerian may have been farmers, who moved down from the north of Mesopotamia after perfecting irrigation agriculture there. The Ubaid period pottery of southern Mesopotamia has been connected via Choga Mami transitional ware to the pottery of the Samarra period culture (c. 5700 – 4900 BC C-14) in the north, who were the first to practice a primitive form of irrigation agriculture along the middle Tigris River and its tributaries. The connection is most clearly seen at Tell Awayli (Oueilli, Oueili) near Larsa, excavated by the French in the 1980s, where eight levels yielded pre-Ubaid pottery resembling Samarran ware. According to this theory, farming peoples spread down into southern Mesopotamia because they had developed a temple-centered social organization for mobilizing labor and technology for water control, enabling them to survive and prosper in a difficult environment.[citation needed]

text: Others have suggested a continuity of Sumerians, from the indigenous hunter-fisherfolk traditions, associated with the bifacial assemblages found on the Arabian littoral. Juris Zarins believes the Sumerians may have been the people living in the Persian Gulf region before it flooded at the end of the last Ice Age.[33]

text: Culture[edit]

text: Social and family life[edit]

text: Sumerian myths suggest a prohibition against premarital sex.[34] Marriages were often arranged by the parents of the bride and groom; engagements were usually completed through the approval of contracts recorded on clay tablets. These marriages became legal as soon as the groom delivered a bridal gift to his bride's father. Nonetheless, evidence suggests that premarital sex was a common, but surreptitious, occurrence.[35]:78

text: In the early Sumerian period, the primitive pictograms suggest[36] that

text:
"Pottery was very plentiful, and the forms of the vases, bowls and dishes were manifold; there were special jars for honey, butter, oil and wine, which was probably made from dates. Some of the vases had pointed feet, and stood on stands with crossed legs; others were flat-bottomed, and were set on square or rectangular frames of wood. The oil-jars, and probably others also, were sealed with clay, precisely as in early Egypt. Vases and dishes of stone were made in imitation of those of clay."
"A feathered head-dress was worn. Beds, stools and chairs were used, with carved legs resembling those of an ox. There were fire-places and fire-altars."
"Knives, drills, wedges and an instrument that looks like a saw were all known. While spears, bows, arrows, and daggers (but not swords) were employed in war."
"Tablets were used for writing purposes. Daggers with metal blades and wooden handles were worn, and copper was hammered into plates, while necklaces or collars were made of gold."
"Time was reckoned in lunar months."

text: There is considerable evidence concerning Sumerian music. Lyres and flutes were played, among the best-known examples being the Lyres of Ur.[37]

text: Inscriptions describing the reforms of king Urukagina of Lagash (c. 2300 BC) say that he abolished the former custom of polyandry in his country, prescribing that a woman who took multiple husbands be stoned with rocks upon which her crime had been written.[38]

text: Sumerian culture was male-dominated and stratified. The Code of Ur-Nammu, the oldest such codification yet discovered, dating to the Ur III, reveals a glimpse at societal structure in late Sumerian law. Beneath the lu-gal ("great man" or king), all members of society belonged to one of two basic strata: The "lu" or free person, and the slave (male, arad; female geme). The son of a lu was called a dumu-nita until he married. A woman (munus) went from being a daughter (dumu-mi), to a wife (dam), then if she outlived her husband, a widow (numasu) and she could then remarry another man who was from the same tribe.

text: Prostitution existed but it is not clear if sacred prostitution did.[39]:151

text: Language and writing[edit]

text: The most important archaeological discoveries in Sumer are a large number of clay tablets written in cuneiform script. Sumerian writing, while proven to not be the oldest example of writing on earth, is considered to be a great milestone in the development of humanity's ability to not only create historical records but also in creating pieces of literature, both in the form of poetic epics and stories as well as prayers and laws. Although pictures — that is, hieroglyphs — were used first, cuneiform and then ideograms (where symbols were made to represent ideas) soon followed. Triangular or wedge-shaped reeds were used to write on moist clay. A large body of hundreds of thousands of texts in the Sumerian language have survived, such as personal and business letters, receipts, lexical lists, laws, hymns, prayers, stories, and daily records. Full libraries of clay tablets have been found. Monumental inscriptions and texts on different objects, like statues or bricks, are also very common. Many texts survive in multiple copies because they were repeatedly transcribed by scribes in training. Sumerian continued to be the language of religion and law in Mesopotamia long after Semitic speakers had become dominant.

text: A prime example of cuneiform writing would be a lengthy poem that was discovered in the ruins of Uruk. The Epic of Gilgamesh was written in the standard Sumerian cuneiform. It tells of a king from the early Dynastic II period named Gilgamesh or "Bilgamesh" in Sumerian. The story is based around the fictional adventures of Gilgamesh and his companion, Enkidu. It was laid out on several clay tablets and is claimed to be the earliest example of a fictional, written piece of literature discovered so far.

text: The Sumerian language is generally regarded as a language isolate in linguistics because it belongs to no known language family; Akkadian, by contrast, belongs to the Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic languages. There have been many failed attempts to connect Sumerian to other language families. It is an agglutinative language; in other words, morphemes ("units of meaning") are added together to create words, unlike analytic languages where morphemes are purely added together to create sentences. Some authors have proposed that there may be evidence of a substratum or adstratum language for geographic features and various crafts and agricultural activities, called variously Proto-Euphratean or Proto Tigrean, but this is disputed by others.

text: Understanding Sumerian texts today can be problematic even for experts.[citation needed] Most difficult are the earliest texts, which in many cases do not give the full grammatical structure of the language and seem to have been used as an "aide-mémoire" for knowledgeable scribes.

text: During the 3rd millennium BC a cultural symbiosis developed between the Sumerians and the Akkadians, which included widespread bilingualism.[14] The influences between Sumerian on Akkadian are evident in all areas including lexical borrowing on a massive scale—and syntactic, morphological, and phonological convergence.[14] This mutual influence has prompted scholars to refer to Sumerian and Akkadian of the 3rd millennium BC as a Sprachbund.[14]

text: Akkadian gradually replaced Sumerian as a spoken language somewhere around the turn of the 3rd and the 2nd millennium BC,[40] but Sumerian continued to be used as a sacred, ceremonial, literary, and scientific language in Babylonia and Assyria until the 1st century AD.[41]

text: Religion[edit]

text: The Sumerians credited their divinities for all matters pertaining to them and exhibited humility in the face of cosmic forces, such as death and divine wrath.[35]:3–4

text: Sumerian religion seems to have been founded upon two separate cosmogenic myths. The first saw creation as the result of a series of hieroi gamoi or sacred marriages, involving the reconciliation of opposites, postulated as a coming together of male and female divine beings; the gods. This continued to influence the whole Mesopotamian mythos. Thus, in the later Akkadian Enuma Elish, the creation was seen as the union of fresh and salt water; as male Abzu, and female Tiamat. The products of that union, Lahm and Lahmu, "the muddy ones", were titles given to the gate keepers of the E-Abzu temple of Enki, in Eridu, the first Sumerian city. Describing the way that muddy islands emerge from the confluence of fresh and salty water at the mouth of the Euphrates, where the river deposited its load of silt, a second hieros gamos supposedly created Anshar and Kishar, the "sky-pivot" or axle, and the "earth pivot", parents in turn of Anu (the sky) and Ki (the earth). Another important Sumerian hieros gamos was that between Ki, here known as Ninhursag or "Lady of the Mountains", and Enki of Eridu, the god of fresh water which brought forth greenery and pasture.

text: At an early stage, following the dawn of recorded history, Nippur, in central Mesopotamia, replaced Eridu in the south as the primary temple city, whose priests exercised political hegemony on the other city-states. Nippur retained this status throughout the Sumerian period.

text: Deities[edit]

text: Sumerians believed in an anthropomorphic polytheism, or the belief in many gods in human form. There was no common set of gods; each city-state had its own patrons, temples, and priest-kings. Nonetheless, these were not exclusive; the gods of one city were often acknowledged elsewhere. Sumerian speakers were among the earliest people to record their beliefs in writing, and were a major inspiration in later Mesopotamian mythology, religion, and astrology.

text: The Sumerians worshiped:

text:
An as the full-time god equivalent to heaven; indeed, the word an in Sumerian means sky and his consort Ki, means earth.
Enki in the south at the temple in Eridu. Enki was the god of beneficence and of wisdom, ruler of the freshwater depths beneath the earth, a healer and friend to humanity who in Sumerian myth was thought to have given humans the arts and sciences, the industries and manners of civilization; the first law book was considered his creation,
Enlil was the god of storm, wind, and rain.[42]:108 He was the chief god of the Sumerian pantheon[42]:108[43]:115–121 and the patron god of Nippur.[44]:231–234 His consort was Ninlil, the goddess of the south wind.[45]:106
Inanna was the goddess of love, beauty, sexuality, prostitution, and war;[19][page needed][39]:109 the deification of Venus, the morning (eastern) and evening (western) star, at the temple (shared with An) at Uruk. Deified kings may have re-enacted the marriage of Inanna and Dumuzid with priestesses.[39]:151, 157–158
The sun-god Utu at Larsa in the south and Sippar in the north,
The moon god Sin at Ur.

text: These deities formed a core pantheon; there were additionally hundreds of minor ones. Sumerian gods could thus have associations with different cities, and their religious importance often waxed and waned with those cities' political power. The gods were said to have created human beings from clay for the purpose of serving them. The temples organized the mass labour projects needed for irrigation agriculture. Citizens had a labor duty to the temple, though they could avoid it by a payment of silver.

text: Cosmology[edit]

text: Sumerians believed that the universe consisted of a flat disk enclosed by a dome. The Sumerian afterlife involved a descent into a gloomy netherworld to spend eternity in a wretched existence as a Gidim (ghost).[46]

text: The universe was divided into four quarters:

text:
To the north were the hill-dwelling Subartu, who were periodically raided for slaves, timber, and other raw materials.
To the west were the tent-dwelling Martu, ancient Semitic-speaking peoples living as pastoral nomads tending herds of sheep and goats.
To the south was the land of Dilmun, a trading state associated with the land of the dead and the place of creation.
To the east were the Elamites, a rival people with whom the Sumerians were frequently at war.

text: Their known world extended from The Upper Sea or Mediterranean coastline, to The Lower Sea, the Persian Gulf and the land of Meluhha (probably the Indus Valley) and Magan (Oman), famed for its copper ores.

text: Temple and temple organisation[edit]

text: Ziggurats (Sumerian temples) each had an individual name and consisted of a forecourt, with a central pond for purification.[47] The temple itself had a central nave with aisles along either side. Flanking the aisles would be rooms for the priests. At one end would stand the podium and a mudbrick table for animal and vegetable sacrifices. Granaries and storehouses were usually located near the temples. After a time the Sumerians began to place the temples on top of multi-layered square constructions built as a series of rising terraces, giving rise to the Ziggurat style.[48]

text: Funerary practices[edit]

text: It was believed that when people died, they would be confined to a gloomy world of Ereshkigal, whose realm was guarded by gateways with various monsters designed to prevent people entering or leaving. The dead were buried outside the city walls in graveyards where a small mound covered the corpse, along with offerings to monsters and a small amount of food. Those who could afford it sought burial at Dilmun.[49] Human sacrifice was found in the death pits at the Ur royal cemetery where Queen Puabi was accompanied in death by her servants.

text: Agriculture and hunting[edit]

text: The Sumerians adopted an agricultural lifestyle perhaps as early as c. 5000 BC – 4500 BC. The region demonstrated a number of core agricultural techniques, including organized irrigation, large-scale intensive cultivation of land, mono-cropping involving the use of plough agriculture, and the use of an agricultural specialized labour force under bureaucratic control. The necessity to manage temple accounts with this organization led to the development of writing (c. 3500 BC).

text: In the early Sumerian Uruk period, the primitive pictograms suggest that sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs were domesticated. They used oxen as their primary beasts of burden and donkeys or equids as their primary transport animal and "woollen clothing as well as rugs were made from the wool or hair of the animals. ... By the side of the house was an enclosed garden planted with trees and other plants; wheat and probably other cereals were sown in the fields, and the shaduf was already employed for the purpose of irrigation. Plants were also grown in pots or vases."[36]

text: The Sumerians were one of the first known beer drinking societies. Cereals were plentiful and were the key ingredient in their early brew. They brewed multiple kinds of beer consisting of wheat, barley, and mixed grain beers. Beer brewing was very important to the Sumerians. It was referenced in the Epic of Gilgamesh when Enkidu was introduced to the food and beer of Gilgamesh's people: "Drink the beer, as is the custom of the land... He drank the beer-seven jugs! and became expansive and sang with joy!"[50]

text: The Sumerians practiced similar irrigation techniques as those used in Egypt.[51] American anthropologist Robert McCormick Adams says that irrigation development was associated with urbanization,[52] and that 89% of the population lived in the cities.

text: They grew barley, chickpeas, lentils, wheat, dates, onions, garlic, lettuce, leeks and mustard. Sumerians caught many fish and hunted fowl and gazelle.[53]

text: Sumerian agriculture depended heavily on irrigation. The irrigation was accomplished by the use of shaduf, canals, channels, dykes, weirs, and reservoirs. The frequent violent floods of the Tigris, and less so, of the Euphrates, meant that canals required frequent repair and continual removal of silt, and survey markers and boundary stones needed to be continually replaced. The government required individuals to work on the canals in a corvee, although the rich were able to exempt themselves.

text: As is known from the "Sumerian Farmer's Almanac", after the flood season and after the Spring Equinox and the Akitu or New Year Festival, using the canals, farmers would flood their fields and then drain the water. Next they made oxen stomp the ground and kill weeds. They then dragged the fields with pickaxes. After drying, they plowed, harrowed, and raked the ground three times, and pulverized it with a mattock, before planting seed. Unfortunately, the high evaporation rate resulted in a gradual increase in the salinity of the fields. By the Ur III period, farmers had switched from wheat to the more salt-tolerant barley as their principal crop.

text: Sumerians harvested during the spring in three-person teams consisting of a reaper, a binder, and a sheaf handler.[54] The farmers would use threshing wagons, driven by oxen, to separate the cereal heads from the stalks and then use threshing sleds to disengage the grain. They then winnowed the grain/chaff mixture.

text: Architecture[edit]

text: The Tigris-Euphrates plain lacked minerals and trees. Sumerian structures were made of plano-convex mudbrick, not fixed with mortar or cement. Mud-brick buildings eventually deteriorate, so they were periodically destroyed, leveled, and rebuilt on the same spot. This constant rebuilding gradually raised the level of cities, which thus came to be elevated above the surrounding plain. The resultant hills, known as tells, are found throughout the ancient Near East.

text: According to Archibald Sayce, the primitive pictograms of the early Sumerian (i.e. Uruk) era suggest that "Stone was scarce, but was already cut into blocks and seals. Brick was the ordinary building material, and with it cities, forts, temples and houses were constructed. The city was provided with towers and stood on an artificial platform; the house also had a tower-like appearance. It was provided with a door which turned on a hinge, and could be opened with a sort of key; the city gate was on a larger scale, and seems to have been double. The foundation stones — or rather bricks — of a house were consecrated by certain objects that were deposited under them."[36]

text: The most impressive and famous of Sumerian buildings are the ziggurats, large layered platforms that supported temples. Sumerian cylinder seals also depict houses built from reeds not unlike those built by the Marsh Arabs of Southern Iraq until as recently as 400 CE. The Sumerians also developed the arch, which enabled them to develop a strong type of dome. They built this by constructing and linking several arches. Sumerian temples and palaces made use of more advanced materials and techniques,[citation needed] such as buttresses, recesses, half columns, and clay nails.

text: Mathematics[edit]

text: The Sumerians developed a complex system of metrology c. 4000 BC. This advanced metrology resulted in the creation of arithmetic, geometry, and algebra. From c. 2600 BC onwards, the Sumerians wrote multiplication tables on clay tablets and dealt with geometrical exercises and division problems. The earliest traces of the Babylonian numerals also date back to this period.[55] The period c. 2700 – 2300 BC saw the first appearance of the abacus, and a table of successive columns which delimited the successive orders of magnitude of their sexagesimal number system.[56] The Sumerians were the first to use a place value numeral system. There is also anecdotal evidence the Sumerians may have used a type of slide rule in astronomical calculations. They were the first to find the area of a triangle and the volume of a cube.[57]

text: Economy and trade[edit]

text: Discoveries of obsidian from far-away locations in Anatolia and lapis lazuli from Badakhshan in northeastern Afghanistan, beads from Dilmun (modern Bahrain), and several seals inscribed with the Indus Valley script suggest a remarkably wide-ranging network of ancient trade centered on the Persian Gulf. For example, Imports to Ur came from many parts of the world. In particular, the metals of all types had to be imported.

text: The Epic of Gilgamesh refers to trade with far lands for goods, such as wood, that were scarce in Mesopotamia. In particular, cedar from Lebanon was prized. The finding of resin in the tomb of Queen Puabi at Ur, indicates it was traded from as far away as Mozambique.

text: The Sumerians used slaves, although they were not a major part of the economy. Slave women worked as weavers, pressers, millers, and porters.

text: Sumerian potters decorated pots with cedar oil paints. The potters used a bow drill to produce the fire needed for baking the pottery. Sumerian masons and jewelers knew and made use of alabaster (calcite), ivory, iron, gold, silver, carnelian, and lapis lazuli.[58]

text: Money and credit[edit]

text: Large institutions kept their accounts in barley and silver, often with a fixed rate between them. The obligations, loans and prices in general were usually denominated in one of them. Many transactions involved debt, for example goods consigned to merchants by temple and beer advanced by "ale women".[59]

text: Commercial credit and agricultural consumer loans were the main types of loans. The trade credit was usually extended by temples in order to finance trade expeditions and was nominated in silver. The interest rate was set at 1/60 a month (one shekel per mina) some time before 2000 BC and it remained at that level for about two thousand years.[59] Rural loans commonly arose as a result of unpaid obligations due to an institution (such as a temple), in this case the arrears were considered to be lent to the debtor.[60] They were denominated in barley or other crops and the interest rate was typically much higher than for commercial loans and could amount to 1/3 to 1/2 of the loan principal.[59]

text: Periodically, rulers signed "clean slate" decrees that cancelled all the rural (but not commercial) debt and allowed bondservants to return to their homes. Customarily, rulers did it at the beginning of the first full year of their reign, but they could also be proclaimed at times of military conflict or crop failure. The first known ones were made by Enmetena and Urukagina of Lagash in 2400-2350 BC. According to Hudson, the purpose of these decrees was to prevent debts mounting to a degree that they threatened the fighting force, which could happen if peasants lost the subsistence land or became bondservants due to the inability to repay the debt.[59]

text: Military[edit]

text: The almost constant wars among the Sumerian city-states for 2000 years helped to develop the military technology and techniques of Sumer to a high level.[61] The first war recorded in any detail was between Lagash and Umma in c. 2525 BC on a stele called the Stele of the Vultures. It shows the king of Lagash leading a Sumerian army consisting mostly of infantry. The infantry carried spears, wore copper helmets, and carried rectangular shields. The spearmen are shown arranged in what resembles the phalanx formation, which requires training and discipline; this implies that the Sumerians may have made use of professional soldiers.[62]

text: The Sumerian military used carts harnessed to onagers. These early chariots functioned less effectively in combat than did later designs, and some have suggested that these chariots served primarily as transports, though the crew carried battle-axes and lances. The Sumerian chariot comprised a four or two-wheeled device manned by a crew of two and harnessed to four onagers. The cart was composed of a woven basket and the wheels had a solid three-piece design.

text: Sumerian cities were surrounded by defensive walls. The Sumerians engaged in siege warfare between their cities, but the mudbrick walls were able to deter some foes.

text: Technology[edit]

text: Examples of Sumerian technology include: the wheel, cuneiform script, arithmetic and geometry, irrigation systems, Sumerian boats, lunisolar calendar, bronze, leather, saws, chisels, hammers, braces, bits, nails, pins, rings, hoes, axes, knives, lancepoints, arrowheads, swords, glue, daggers, waterskins, bags, harnesses, armor, quivers, war chariots, scabbards, boots, sandals, harpoons and beer. The Sumerians had three main types of boats:

text:
clinker-built sailboats stitched together with hair, featuring bitumen waterproofing
skin boats constructed from animal skins and reeds
wooden-oared ships, sometimes pulled upstream by people and animals walking along the nearby banks

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Evidence of wheeled vehicles appeared in the mid 4th millennium BC, near-simultaneously in Mesopotamia, the Northern Caucasus (Maykop culture) and Central Europe. The wheel initially took the form of the potter's wheel. The new concept quickly led to wheeled vehicles and mill wheels. The Sumerians' cuneiform script is the oldest (or second oldest after the Egyptian hieroglyphs) which has been deciphered (the status of even older inscriptions such as the Jiahu symbols and Tartaria tablets is controversial). The Sumerians were among the first astronomers, mapping the stars into sets of constellations, many of which survived in the zodiac and were also recognized by the ancient Greeks.[63] They were also aware of the five planets that are easily visible to the naked eye.[64]

text: They invented and developed arithmetic by using several different number systems including a mixed radix system with an alternating base 10 and base 6. This sexagesimal system became the standard number system in Sumer and Babylonia. They may have invented military formations and introduced the basic divisions between infantry, cavalry, and archers. They developed the first known codified legal and administrative systems, complete with courts, jails, and government records. The first true city-states arose in Sumer, roughly contemporaneously with similar entities in what are now Syria and Lebanon. Several centuries after the invention of cuneiform, the use of writing expanded beyond debt/payment certificates and inventory lists to be applied for the first time, about 2600 BC, to messages and mail delivery, history, legend, mathematics, astronomical records, and other pursuits. Conjointly with the spread of writing, the first formal schools were established, usually under the auspices of a city-state's primary temple.

text: Finally, the Sumerians ushered in domestication with intensive agriculture and irrigation. Emmer wheat, barley, sheep (starting as mouflon), and cattle (starting as aurochs) were foremost among the species cultivated and raised for the first time on a grand scale.