document_title: White House

question_text: when did the executive mansion become known as the white house

text: White House

text: Early history

text: Following his April 1789 inauguration, President George Washington occupied two executive mansions in New York City: the Samuel Osgood House at 3 Cherry Street (April 1789 – February 1790), and the Alexander Macomb House at 39–41 Broadway (February–August 1790). In May 1790, New York began construction of Government House for his official residence, but he never occupied it. The national capital moved to Philadelphia in December 1790.

text: The July 1790 Residence Act named Philadelphia, Pennsylvania the temporary national capital for a 10-year period while the Federal City was under construction. The City of Philadelphia rented Robert Morris's city house at 190 High Street (now 524–30 Market Street) for Washington's presidential residence.

text: The first U.S. President occupied the Market Street mansion from November 1790 to March 1797 and altered it in ways that may have influenced the design of the White House. As part of a futile effort to have Philadelphia named the permanent national capital, Pennsylvania built a much grander presidential mansion several blocks away, but Washington declined to occupy it.

text: President John Adams also occupied the Market Street mansion from March 1797 to May 1800. On Saturday,[5] November 1, 1800,[6] he became the first president to occupy the White House. The President's House in Philadelphia became a hotel and was demolished in 1832, while the unused presidential mansion became home to the University of Pennsylvania.

text: Architectural competition

text: The President's House was a major feature of Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant's' plan for the newly established federal city, Washington, D.C. (see: L'Enfant Plan).[7][8] The architect of the White House was chosen in a design competition which received nine proposals, including one submitted anonymously by Thomas Jefferson.[9]

text: President Washington visited Charleston, South Carolina in May 1791 on his "Southern Tour", and saw the under-construction Charleston County Courthouse designed by Irish architect James Hoban. He is reputed to have met with Hoban then. The following year, he summoned the architect to Philadelphia and met with him in June 1792.[10]

text: On July 16, 1792, the President met with the commissioners of the federal city to make his judgment in the architectural competition. His review is recorded as being brief, and he quickly selected Hoban's submission.[11]

text: Washington was not entirely pleased with the original submission, however; he found it too small, lacking ornament, and not monumental enough to house the nation's president. On his recommendation, the house was changed from three stories to two and was widened from a nine-bay facade to an 11-bay facade. Hoban's competition drawings do not survive.[citation needed]

text: Design influences

text: The building has classical inspiration sources, that could be found directly or indirectly in the Roman architect Vitruvius or in Andrea Palladio styles; Palladio being an Italian architect of the Renaissance which had a considerable influence on the Western architecture (Palladian architecture). The building Hoban designed is verifiably influenced by the upper floors of Leinster House, in Dublin, which later became the seat of the Oireachtas (the Irish parliament).[12] Several other Georgian-era Irish country houses have been suggested as sources of inspiration for the overall floor plan, details like the bow-fronted south front, and interior details like the former niches in the present Blue Room. These influences, though undocumented, are cited in the official White House guide, and in White House Historical Association publications. The first official White House guide, published in 1962, suggested a link between Hoban's design for the South Portico and Château de Rastignac, a neoclassical country house located in La Bachellerie in the Dordogne region of France and designed by Mathurin Salat. Construction on the French house was initially started before 1789, interrupted by the French Revolution for twenty years and then finally built 1812–1817 (based on Salat's pre-1789 design).[13] The theoretical link between the two houses has been criticized because Hoban did not visit France. Supporters of a connection posit that Thomas Jefferson, during his tour of Bordeaux in 1789, viewed Salat's architectural drawings (which were on-file at the College) at the École Spéciale d'Architecture (Bordeaux Architectural College).[14] On his return to the U.S. he then shared the influence with Washington, Hoban, Monroe, and Benjamin Henry Latrobe.[13]

text: Construction

text: Construction of the White House began with the laying of the cornerstone on October 13, 1792, although there was no formal ceremony.[15] The main residence, as well as foundations of the house, were built largely by enslaved and free African-American laborers, as well as employed Europeans.[16] Much of the other work on the house was performed by immigrants, many not yet with citizenship. The sandstone walls were erected by Scottish immigrants, employed by Hoban,[17] as were the high-relief rose and garland decorations above the north entrance and the "fish scale" pattern beneath the pediments of the window hoods. There are conflicting claims as to where the sandstone used in the construction of the White House originated. Some reports suggest sandstone from the Croatian island of Brač (specifically the Pučišća querry whose stone was used to build the ancient Roman palace of Emperor Diocletian) was used in the original construction of the building, contrarily researchers believe limestone from the island was used in the 1902 renovations and not the original construction. Others suggest the original sandstone simply came from Aquia Creek in Stafford County, Virginia, as importing the stone would be too costly.[18][19][20] The initial construction took place over a period of eight years, at a reported cost of $232,371.83 (equal to $3,350,711 today). Although not yet completed, the White House was ready for occupancy circa November 1, 1800.[21]

text: Shortages, including material and labor, forced alterations to the earlier plan developed by French engineer Pierre Charles L'Enfant for a "palace" that was five times larger than the house that was eventually built.[17] The finished structure contained only two main floors instead of the planned three, and a less costly brick served as a lining for the stone façades. When construction was finished, the porous sandstone walls were whitewashed with a mixture of lime, rice glue, casein, and lead, giving the house its familiar color and name.[17]

text: As it is a famed structure in America, several replicas of the White House have been constructed.

text: Architectural description

text: The north front is the principal façade of the White House and consists of three floors and eleven bays. The ground floor is hidden by a raised carriage ramp and parapet, thus the façade appears to be of two floors. The central three bays are behind a prostyle portico (this was a later addition to the house, built circa 1830) serving, thanks to the carriage ramp, as a porte cochere. The windows of the four bays flanking the portico, at first-floor level, have alternating pointed and segmented pediments, while at second-floor level the pediments are flat. The principal entrance at the center of the portico is surmounted by a lunette fanlight. Above the entrance is a sculpted floral festoon. The roofline is hidden by a balustraded parapet.

text: The mansion's southern façade is a combination of the Palladian and neoclassical styles of architecture. It is of three floors, all visible. The ground floor is rusticated in the Palladian fashion. At the center of the façade is a neoclassical projecting bow of three bays. The bow is flanked by five bays, the windows of which, as on the north façade, have alternating segmented and pointed pediments at first-floor level. The bow has a ground floor double staircase leading to an Ionic colonnaded loggia (with the Truman Balcony at second-floor level), known as the south portico. The more modern third floor is hidden by a balustraded parapet and plays no part in the composition of the façade.

text: Naming conventions

text: The building was originally variously referred to as the "President's Palace", "Presidential Mansion", or "President's House".[22] The earliest evidence of the public calling it the "White House" was recorded in 1811.[23] A myth emerged that during the rebuilding of the structure after the Burning of Washington, white paint was applied to mask the burn damage it had suffered,[24] giving the building its namesake hue.[25] The name "Executive Mansion" was used in official contexts until President Theodore Roosevelt established the formal name by having "White House–Washington" engraved on the stationery in 1901.[26][27] The current letterhead wording and arrangement "The White House" with the word "Washington" centered beneath goes back to the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt.[27]

text: Although the structure was not completed until some years after the presidency of George Washington, there is speculation that the name of the traditional residence of the President of the United States may have derived from Martha Washington's home, White House Plantation in Virginia, where the nation's first President had courted the First Lady in the mid-18th century.[28]

text: Evolution of the White House

text: Early use, the 1814 fire, and rebuilding

text: On Saturday, November 1, 1800, John Adams became the first president to take residence in the building.[17] During Adams' second day in the house, he wrote a letter to his wife Abigail, containing a prayer for the house. Adams wrote:

text: I pray Heaven to bestow the best of blessings on this House, and all that shall hereafter inhabit it. May none but honest and wise men ever rule under this roof.[29]

text: Franklin D. Roosevelt had Adams's blessing carved into the mantel in the State Dining Room.[29]

text: Adams lived in the house only briefly before Thomas Jefferson moved into the "pleasant country residence"[30] in 1801. Despite his complaints that the house was too big ("big enough for two emperors, one pope, and the grand lama in the bargain"[31]), Jefferson considered how the White House might be added to. With Benjamin Henry Latrobe, he helped lay out the design for the East and West Colonnades, small wings that help conceal the domestic operations of laundry, a stable and storage.[17] Today, Jefferson's colonnades link the residence with the East and West Wings.[17]

text: In 1814, during the War of 1812, the White House was set ablaze by British troops[32] during the Burning of Washington, in retaliation for burning Upper Canada's Parliament Buildings in the Battle of York; much of Washington was affected by these fires as well. Only the exterior walls remained, and they had to be torn down and mostly reconstructed because of weakening from the fire and subsequent exposure to the elements, except for portions of the south wall. Of the numerous objects taken from the White House when it was ransacked by British troops, only two have been recovered. Employees and slaves rescued a painting of George Washington,[32] and in 1939, a Canadian man returned a jewelry box to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, claiming that his grandfather had taken it from Washington. Some observers allege that most of these spoils were lost when a convoy of British ships led by HMS Fantome sank en route to Halifax off Prospect during a storm on the night of November 24, 1814,[33][34] even though Fantome had no involvement in that action.[35]

text: After the fire, President James Madison resided in The Octagon House from 1814 to 1815, and then the Seven Buildings from 1815 to the end of his term.[36] Meanwhile, both architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe and Hoban contributed to the design and oversight of the reconstruction, which lasted from 1815 until 1817. The south portico was constructed in 1824 during the James Monroe administration; the north portico was built six years later.[17] Though Latrobe proposed similar porticos before the fire in 1814, both porticos were built as designed by Hoban.[37] An elliptical portico at Château de Rastignac in La Bachellerie, France with nearly identical curved stairs is speculated as the source of inspiration due to its similarity with the South Portico,[38] although this matter is one of great debate.[39] Italian artisans, brought to Washington to help in constructing the U.S. Capitol, carved the decorative stonework on both porticos. Contrary to speculation, the North Portico was not modeled on a similar portico on another Dublin building, the Viceregal Lodge (now Áras an Uachtaráin, residence of the President of Ireland), for its portico postdates the White House porticos' design.[38] For the North Portico, a variation on the Ionic Order was devised incorporating a swag of roses between the volutes. This was done to link the new portico with the earlier carved roses above the entrance.

text:
The White House as it looked following the conflagration of August 24, 1814

Jefferson and Latrobe's West Wing Colonnade, in this nineteenth-century engraved view, is now the James S. Brady Press Briefing Room.

Principal story plan for the white house by Benjamin Henry Latrobe, 1807.

Earliest known photograph of the White House, taken c. 1846 by John Plumbe during the administration of James K. Polk.

text: Overcrowding and building the West Wing

text: By the time of the American Civil War, the White House had become overcrowded. The location of the White House was questioned, just north of a canal and swampy lands, which provided conditions ripe for malaria and other unhealthy conditions.[40] Brigadier General Nathaniel Michler was tasked to propose solutions to address these concerns. He proposed abandoning the use of the White House as a residence and designed a new estate for the first family at Meridian Hill in Washington, D.C., but Congress rejected the plan.[40]

text: When Chester Arthur took office in 1881, he ordered renovations to the White House to take place as soon as the recently widowed Lucretia Garfield moved out. Arthur inspected the work almost nightly and made several suggestions. Louis Comfort Tiffany was asked to send selected designers to assist. Over twenty wagonloads of furniture and household items were removed from the building and sold at a public auction.[41] All that was saved were bust portraits of John Adams and Martin Van Buren.[42] A proposal was made to build a new residence south of the White House, but it failed to gain support.

text: In the fall of 1882 work was done on the main corridor, including tinting the walls pale olive and adding squares of gold leaf, and decorating the ceiling in gold and silver, and colorful traceries woven to spell "USA". The Red Room was painted a dull Pomeranian red, and its ceiling was decorated with gold, silver, and copper stars and stripes of red, white, and blue. A fifty-foot jeweled Tiffany glass screen, supported by imitation marble columns, replaced the glass doors that separated the main corridor from the north vestibule.[43][44]

text: In 1891, First Lady Caroline Harrison proposed major extensions to the White House, including a National Wing on the east for a historical art gallery, and a wing on the west for official functions.[40] A plan was devised by Colonel Theodore A. Bingham, which reflected the Harrison proposal.[40] These plans were ultimately rejected.

text: However, in 1902 Theodore Roosevelt hired McKim, Mead & White to carry out expansions and renovations in a neoclassical style suited to the building's architecture, removing the Tiffany screen and all Victorian additions.[45][46] Charles McKim himself designed and managed the project, which gave more living space to the President's large family by removing a staircase in the West Hall and moving executive office staff from the second floor of the residence into the new West Wing.[17]

text: President William Howard Taft enlisted the help of architect Nathan C. Wyeth to add additional space to the West Wing, which included the addition of the Oval Office.[40] In 1925, Congress enacted legislation allowing the White House to accept gifts of furniture and art for the first time.[47] The West Wing was damaged by fire in 1929, but rebuilt during the remaining years of the Herbert Hoover presidency. In the 1930s, a second story was added, as well as a larger basement for White House staff, and President Franklin Roosevelt had the Oval Office moved to its present location: adjacent to the Rose Garden.[17]

text: Truman reconstruction

text: Decades of poor maintenance, the construction of a fourth story attic during the Coolidge administration, and the addition of a second-floor balcony over the south portico for Harry S. Truman[48] took a great toll on the brick and sandstone structure built around a timber frame.[17] By 1948, the house was declared to be in imminent danger of collapse, forcing President Truman to commission a reconstruction and to live across the street at Blair House from 1949 to 1951.[49] The work, done by the firm of Philadelphia contractor John McShain, required the complete dismantling of the interior spaces, construction of a new load-bearing internal steel frame and the reconstruction of the original rooms within the new structure.[48] The total cost of the renovations was about $5.7 million (US$54 million in 2018).[50] Some modifications to the floor plan were made, the largest being the repositioning of the grand staircase to open into the Entrance Hall, rather than the Cross Hall.[48] Central air conditioning was added, as well as two additional sub-basements providing space for workrooms, storage, and a bomb shelter.[17] The Trumans moved back into the White House on March 27, 1952.[17] While the house's structure was kept intact by the Truman reconstruction, much of the new interior finishes were generic, and of little historic value. Much of the original plasterwork, some dating back to the 1814–1816 rebuilding, was too damaged to reinstall, as was the original robust Beaux Arts paneling in the East Room. President Truman had the original timber frame sawed into paneling; the walls of the Vermeil Room, Library, China Room, and Map Room on the ground floor of the main residence were paneled in wood from the timbers.[51]

text: Jacqueline Kennedy restoration

text: Jacqueline Kennedy, wife of President John F. Kennedy (1961–63), directed a very extensive and historic redecoration of the house. She enlisted the help of Henry Francis du Pont of the Winterthur Museum to assist in collecting artifacts for the mansion, many of which had once been housed there.[52] Other antiques, fine paintings, and improvements of the Kennedy period were donated to the White House by wealthy philanthropists, including the Crowninshield family, Jane Engelhard, Jayne Wrightsman, and the Oppenheimer family.

text: Stéphane Boudin of the House of Jansen, a Paris interior-design firm that had been recognized worldwide, was employed by Jacqueline Kennedy to assist with the decoration.[52] Different periods of the early republic and world history were selected as a theme for each room: the Federal style for the Green Room, French Empire for the Blue Room, American Empire for the Red Room, Louis XVI for the Yellow Oval Room, and Victorian for the President's study, renamed the Treaty Room. Antique furniture was acquired, and decorative fabric and trim based on period documents was produced and installed. The Kennedy restoration resulted in a more authentic White House of grander stature, which recalled the French taste of Madison and Monroe.[52] In the Diplomatic Reception Room, Mrs. Kennedy installed an antique "Vue de l'Amérique Nord" wallpaper which Zuber & Cie had designed in 1834. The wallpaper had hung previously on the walls of another mansion until 1961 when that house was demolished for a grocery store. Just before the demolition, the wallpaper was salvaged and sold to the White House.

text: The first White House guidebook was produced under the direction of curator Lorraine Waxman Pearce with direct supervision from Mrs. Kennedy.[53] Sale of the guidebook helped finance the restoration.

text: Kennedy showed her restoration of the White House to the public in a televised tour of the house on Valentine's Day in 1962.[54]

text: The White House since the Kennedy restoration

text: Congress enacted legislation in September 1961 declaring the White House a museum. Furniture, fixtures, and decorative arts could now be declared either historic or of artistic interest by the President. This prevented them from being sold (as many objects in the executive mansion had been in the past 150 years). When not in use or display at the White House, these items were to be turned over to the Smithsonian Institution for preservation, study, storage, or exhibition. The White House retains the right to have these items returned.[55]

text: Out of respect for the historic character of the White House, no substantive architectural changes have been made to the house since the Truman renovation.[56] Since the Kennedy restoration, every presidential family has made some changes to the private quarters of the White House, but the Committee for the Preservation of the White House must approve any modifications to the State Rooms. Charged with maintaining the historical integrity of the White House, the congressionally authorized committee works with each First Family—usually represented by the First Lady, the White House Curator, and the Chief Usher—to implement the family's proposals for altering the house.[57]

text: During the Nixon Administration (1969–1974), First Lady Pat Nixon refurbished the Green Room, Blue Room, and Red Room, working with Clement Conger, the curator appointed by President Richard Nixon.[58] Mrs. Nixon's efforts brought more than 600 artifacts to the house, the largest acquisition by any administration.[59] Her husband created the modern press briefing room over Franklin Roosevelt's old swimming pool.[60] Nixon also added a single-lane bowling alley to the White House basement.[61]

text: Computers and the first laser printer were added during the Carter administration, and the use of computer technology was expanded during the Reagan administration.[62] A Carter-era innovation, a set of solar water heating panels that were mounted on the roof of the White House, was removed during Reagan's presidency.[63][64] Redecorations were made to the private family quarters and maintenance was made to public areas during the Reagan years.[65] The house was accredited as a museum in 1988.[65]

text: In the 1990s, Bill and Hillary Clinton refurbished some rooms with the assistance of Arkansas decorator Kaki Hockersmith, including the Oval Office, the East Room, Blue Room, State Dining Room, Lincoln Bedroom, and Lincoln Sitting Room.[66] During the administration of George W. Bush, First Lady Laura Bush refurbished the Lincoln Bedroom in a style contemporary with the Lincoln era; the Green Room, Cabinet Room, and theater were also refurbished.[66]

text: The White House became one of the first wheelchair-accessible government buildings in Washington when modifications were made during the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, who used a wheelchair because of his paralytic illness. In the 1990s, Hillary Clinton, at the suggestion of Visitors Office Director Melinda N. Bates, approved the addition of a ramp in the East Wing corridor. It allowed easy wheelchair access for the public tours and special events that enter through the secure entrance building on the east side.

text: In 2003, the Bush administration reinstalled solar thermal heaters.[64] These units are used to heat water for landscape maintenance personnel and for the presidential pool and spa. 167 solar photovoltaic grid-tied panels were installed at the same time on the roof of the maintenance facility. The changes were not publicized as a White House spokeswoman said the changes were an internal matter. The story was picked up by industry trade journals.[67] In 2013, President Barack Obama had a set of solar panels installed on the roof of the White House, making it the first time solar power would be used for the president's living quarters.[68][69]

text: The president usually travels to and from the White House grounds via official motorcade or helicopter. The journey by helicopter was inaugurated in the 1950s when President Dwight D. Eisenhower began traveling on Marine One to and from his official residence.[70]

text: Layout and amenities

text: Today the group of buildings housing the presidency is known as the White House Complex. It includes the central Executive Residence flanked by the East Wing and West Wing. The Chief Usher coordinates day to day household operations. The White House includes: six stories and 55,000 ft2 (5,100 m2) of floor space, 132 rooms and 35 bathrooms, 412 doors, 147 windows, twenty-eight fireplaces, eight staircases, three elevators, five full-time chefs, a tennis court, a (single-lane) bowling alley, a movie theater (officially called the White House Family Theater[71]), a jogging track, a swimming pool, and a putting green.[27] It receives up to 30,000 visitors each week.[72]

text: Executive Residence

text: The original residence is in the center. Two colonnades—one on the east and one on the west—designed by Jefferson, now serve to connect the East and West Wings added later. The Executive Residence houses the president's dwelling, as well as rooms for ceremonies and official entertaining. The State Floor of the residence building includes the East Room, Green Room, Blue Room, Red Room, State Dining Room, Family Dining Room, Cross Hall, Entrance Hall, and Grand Staircase.[73] The Ground Floor is made up of the Diplomatic Reception Room, Map Room, China Room, Vermeil Room, Library, the main kitchen, and other offices.[74] The second floor family residence includes the Yellow Oval Room, East and West Sitting Halls, the White House Master Bedroom, President's Dining Room, the Treaty Room, Lincoln Bedroom and Queens' Bedroom, as well as two additional bedrooms, a smaller kitchen, and a private dressing room.[75] The third floor consists of the White House Solarium, Game Room, Linen Room, a Diet Kitchen, and another sitting room (previously used as President George W. Bush's workout room).[76]

text: West Wing

text: The West Wing houses the President's office (the Oval Office) and offices of his senior staff, with room for about 50 employees. It also includes the Cabinet Room, where the president conducts business meetings and where the Cabinet meets,[77] as well as the White House Situation Room, James S. Brady Press Briefing Room, and Roosevelt Room.[78] In 2007, work was completed on renovations of the press briefing room, adding fiber optic cables and LCD screens for the display of charts and graphs.[79] The makeover took 11 months and cost of $8 million, out of which news outlets paid $2 million.[79] In September 2010, a two-year project began on the West Wing, creating a multistory underground structure;[80] this will be followed with additional renovation of the wing.[81]

text: The Oval Office, Roosevelt Room, and other portions of the West Wing were partially replicated on a sound stage and used as the setting for the popular television show The West Wing.[82]

text: East Wing

text: The East Wing, which contains additional office space, was added to the White House in 1942. Among its uses, the East Wing has intermittently housed the offices and staff of the First Lady, and the White House Social Office. Rosalynn Carter, in 1977, was the first to place her personal office in the East Wing and to formally call it the "Office of the First Lady". The East Wing was built during World War II in order to hide the construction of an underground bunker to be used in emergencies. The bunker has come to be known as the Presidential Emergency Operations Center.

text: Grounds

text: The White House and grounds cover just over 18 acres (about 7.3 hectares). Before the construction of the North Portico, most public events were entered from the South Lawn, which was graded and planted by Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson also drafted a planting plan for the North Lawn that included large trees that would have mostly obscured the house from Pennsylvania Avenue. During the mid-to-late 19th century a series of ever larger greenhouses were built on the west side of the house, where the current West Wing is located. During this period, the North Lawn was planted with ornate carpet-style flowerbeds. The general layout of the White House grounds today is based on the 1935 design by Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. of the Olmsted Brothers firm, commissioned by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. During the Kennedy administration, the White House Rose Garden was redesigned by Rachel Lambert Mellon. The Rose Garden borders the West Colonnade. Bordering the East Colonnade is the Jacqueline Kennedy Garden, which was begun by Jacqueline Kennedy but completed after her husband's assassination. On the weekend of June 23, 2006, a century-old American Elm (Ulmus americana L.) tree on the north side of the building, came down during one of the many storms amid intense flooding. Among the oldest trees on the grounds are several magnolias (Magnolia grandiflora) planted by Andrew Jackson, including the Jackson Magnolia, reportedly grown from a sprout taken from the favorite tree of Jackson's recently deceased wife, the sprout planted after Jackson moved into the White House. The tree stood for over 200 years; but in 2017, having become too weak to stand on its own, it was decided it should be removed and replaced with one of its offspring.[83][84] Michelle Obama planted the White House's first organic garden and installed beehives on the South Lawn of the White House, which will supply organic produce and honey to the First Family and for state dinners and other official gatherings.[85]

text:
The Cross Hall, connecting the State Dining Room and the East Room on the State Floor

Marine One prepares for landing on the South Lawn where State Arrival Ceremonies for visiting heads of state take place.

The White House and surrounding grounds

The White House with fountain and grounds

White House from the north

text: Public access and security

text: Historical accessibility

text: Like the English and Irish country houses it was modeled on, the White House was, from the start, open to the public until the early part of the 20th century. President Thomas Jefferson held an open house for his second inaugural in 1805, and many of the people at his swearing-in ceremony at the Capitol followed him home, where he greeted them in the Blue Room. Those open houses sometimes became rowdy: in 1829, President Andrew Jackson had to leave for a hotel when roughly 20,000 citizens celebrated his inauguration inside the White House. His aides ultimately had to lure the mob outside with washtubs filled with a potent cocktail of orange juice and whiskey. Even so, the practice continued until 1885, when newly elected Grover Cleveland arranged for a presidential review of the troops from a grandstand in front of the White House instead of the traditional open house. Jefferson also permitted public tours of his house, which have continued ever since, except during wartime, and began the tradition of annual receptions on New Year's Day and on the Fourth of July. Those receptions ended in the early 1930s, although President Bill Clinton briefly revived the New Year's Day open house in his first term.

text: The White House remained accessible in other ways; President Abraham Lincoln complained that he was constantly beleaguered by job seekers waiting to ask him for political appointments or other favors, or eccentric dispensers of advice like "General" Daniel Pratt, as he began the business day. Lincoln put up with the annoyance rather than risk alienating some associate or friend of a powerful politician or opinion maker.[citation needed]

text: Aviation incidents

text: This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2015)

text: In February 1974, a stolen army helicopter landed without authorization on the White House's grounds.[86] Twenty years later, in 1994, a light plane flown by Frank Eugene Corder crashed on the White House grounds, and he died instantly.[87]

text: As a result of increased security regarding air traffic in the capital, the White House was evacuated in May 2005 before an unauthorized aircraft could approach the grounds.[88]

text: Closure of Pennsylvania Avenue

text: On May 20, 1995, primarily as a response to the Oklahoma City bombing of April 19, 1995, the United States Secret Service closed off Pennsylvania Avenue to vehicular traffic in front of the White House from the eastern edge of Lafayette Park to 17th Street. Later, the closure was extended an additional block to the east to 15th Street, and East Executive Avenue, a small street between the White House and the Treasury Building.

text: After September 11, 2001, this was made permanent in addition to closing E Street between the South Portico of the White House and the Ellipse.[89] In response to the Boston Marathon bombing, the road was closed to the public in its entirety for a period of two days.

text: The Pennsylvania Avenue closing has been opposed by organized civic groups in Washington, D.C. They argue that the closing impedes traffic flow unnecessarily and is inconsistent with the well-conceived historic plan for the city. As for security considerations, they note that the White House is set much farther back from the street than numerous other sensitive federal buildings are.[90]

text: Prior to its inclusion within the fenced compound that now includes the Old Executive Office Building to the west and the Treasury Building to the east, this sidewalk served as a queuing area for the daily public tours of the White House. These tours were suspended in the wake of the September 11 attacks. In September 2003, they resumed on a limited basis for groups making prior arrangements through their Congressional representatives or embassies in Washington for foreign nationals and submitting to background checks, but the White House remained closed to the public.[91] White House tours were suspended for most of 2013 due to budget constraints after sequestration.[92] The White House reopened to the public in November 2013.[93]

text: Protection

text: The White House Complex is protected by the United States Secret Service and the United States Park Police.

text: NASAMS (Norwegian Advanced Surface to Air Missile System) were used to guard air space over Washington, D.C. during the 2005 presidential inauguration. The same NASAMS units have since been used to protect the president and all airspace around the White House, which is strictly prohibited to aircraft.[94][95]

text:
For security reasons, the section of Pennsylvania Avenue on the north side of the White House is closed to all vehicular traffic, except government officials.

White House at night

North front of the White House on the reverse (back) of the U.S. $20 bill.


document_title: 2018 FIFA World Cup opening ceremony

question_text: who sang at the world cup opening 2018

question_tokens: who sang at the world cup opening 2018

root

text: 2018 FIFA World Cup opening ceremony

text: Performance[edit]

text: Former Brazilian World Cup-winning striker Ronaldo walked out with a child wearing a Russia 2018 shirt. English pop singer Robbie Williams then took centre stage with a rendition of "Let Me Entertain You" before Russian soprano Aida Garifullina was carried out on to the pitch on the back of a "firebird" float. Williams sang a section of "Feel" before he and Garifullina performed a duet of "Angels" as performers emerged, dressed in the flags of all 32 teams and carrying a sign bearing the name of each nation. Ronaldo returned with the official ball – the Adidas Telstar 18 – which was sent into space with the International Space Station crew in March and came back to Earth in early June. Williams then sung "Rock DJ"  in an encore as the pitch was being cleared for the first match.[4]

tag: p

text: Controversy[edit]

text: During the encore, Williams accidentally "gave the finger". He stated on This Morning, "I was under a lot of pressure because there was one minute left, and I didn't know how I was gonna do half a minute. So I just did a one-minute countdown..."[5] Fox in the US apologised for the incident.[5] The incident was not shown on ITV in the UK who had cut away prior to the encore.[5]


document_title: Malloy

question_text: where does the last name malloy come from

text: Malloy

text: Malloy is a surname of Irish origin, meaning "noble chief". The name may refer to:

text:
Dan Malloy (b. 1955), American politician, current Governor of Connecticut
Danny Malloy (footballer) (b. 1930), former Scottish footballer
David Malloy, American country music songwriter and producer
Doug Malloy, pseudonym of Richard Simonton, American business executive and body piercer
Duncan Malloy
Edward Malloy (b. 1941), American priest, president of the University of Notre Dame 1987–2005
Jim Malloy (1935–1972), American Indy 500 racecar driver
Jim Malloy (recording engineer) (1931–2018), American Grammy-winning recording engineer
Judy Malloy, American poet
Kady Malloy, contestant on the seventh season of American Idol
Larkin Malloy (1954–2016), American actor and model
The Malloys, American music video and film directors Emmett Malloy and Brendan Malloy
Michael Malloy (1873–1933), New York City vagrant; survived several attempts to murder him
Mike Malloy (contemporary), American radio broadcaster in Atlanta, Georgia
The Malloy Family, the sitcom Unhappily Ever After
Matt Malloy Mr. Basketball (2007), South Dakota
Kerry Malloy (b. 1985) Actor, appeared in Wolf of Wall Street and House of Cards[1]
Dannel Malloy  Governor of Connecticut

tag: ul

text: Surname listThis page lists people with the surname Malloy. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.

tag: table


document_title: The Oh, Hello Show

question_text: what are the character's first names in oh hello recently on broadway

question_tokens: what are the character 's first names in oh hello recently on broadway

text: The Oh, Hello Show

text: Origins[edit]

text: Kroll and Mulaney developed Faizon and St. Geegland after watching two men wearing turtlenecks and blazers at The Strand bookstore purchase separate copies of Alan Alda's book Never Have Your Dog Stuffed: And Other Things I've Learned.[6][7] They followed the men into a coffee shop and soon decided to host a comedy show as those characters.

text: In the early-2000s, Faizon and St. Geegland hosted a weekly show at Rififi, a New York comedy club that closed down in 2008. It was during this time that Kroll and Mulaney were able to hone their characters.[8][9]

text: Characters[edit]

text: Roommates George and Gil are in their 70s and have strong New York accents, and they frequently mispronounce common words and names. For example, they refer to Broadway as "Bridway," Ashton Kutcher's show Punk'd as Prank'd; Johnny Knoxville as Johnny Nashville, and Candid Camera as Candy Camera. They both have shaggy gray hair and beards, wear glasses, and wear baggy clothes for an overall unkempt appearance. They met in Toronto while dodging the Vietnam War, but they did their part for the war effort by fighting with Asians they saw in Canada. George is an author and playwright and has written several shows for him and Gil to star in, usually not being well received by their audiences. They have a dog named Pug Giamatti, but he left for an adventure in Saugerties.[10]

text: Gil Faizon[edit]

text: Gil's birth name is Gil Cosby, but he took his wife's last name of Faizon.[11] Faizon has an ex-wife, son (Adam Brody), and stepson (Joe Mande).[12][13] He is very proud of being Jewish, especially the Israeli settlements, and members of strict Orthodox sects who look at him disdainfully on the bus. He had a Bar Mitzvah and his Torah portion was an Archie comic. Faizon, who has more of a Brooklyn Jewish accent, often introduces himself as "Charmed I'm sure, Gil Faizon." He is also a stand-in model for mashed potatoes and other creamed foods.[10] Gil's father reportedly "ratted out other Jews during the Holocaust." He suffers from bagel-induced cholesterol[11][14] and eczema.

text: George St. Geegland[edit]

text: Geegland was possibly born in Providence, Rhode Island or Newark, New Jersey, to verbally abusive parents sometime in the mid-1940s. He was responsible to reintroducing the polio virus to his school district. His family is Presbyterian and Dutch from St. Geegland, Van Dutch. In college, he majored in penmanship.[10] Geegland, a former short story professor at the fictitious SUNY Yonkers, is the more aggressive of the two characters.[11][15] He often yells at others, makes racist comments, and may have raped a student.[3][15] His behavior indicates that he may be a psychopath. Geegland's unwritten novel, Rifkin's Dilemma, is about the boyhood of a guy with a fondness for masturbation.[15] He's been married three times. All of his wives died the same way on the same staircase. His first wife's name was Inertia Bernstein.[10] He was divorced at the age of 46.[16] Spalding Gray personally disliked him, and he has chapped hands.[10]

text: Television appearances[edit]

text: Kroll Show[edit]

text: The characters of Faizon and St. Geegland were heavily popularized on Kroll's self-titled Comedy Central show, Kroll Show (2013–15), where they appeared in 11 episodes. They were presented through several different formats, including a variety of sketches, and the prank show Too Much Tuna, as hosts of a public access prank show in which unsuspecting contestants are given tuna fish sandwiches with "too much tuna". They usually ruined the prank by telling the contestant that a tuna fish sandwich was coming before the plate of food arrived.[2][3][5][17][18] Too Much Tuna also carried over to their stage show.

text: Late Night with Seth Meyers[edit]

text: The duo has appeared in character as guests on two episodes of Late Night with Seth Meyers, promoting the Off-Broadway and Broadway runs of Oh, Hello. Host Seth Meyers is a friend of both Kroll and Mulaney, having previously worked with Mulaney as a writer for Saturday Night Live and Documentary Now!.

text: Comedy Bang! Bang![edit]

text: Faizon and St. Geegland have also appeared as guests in a season five episode of Scott Aukerman's IFC show Comedy Bang! Bang!, alongside The Lonely Island. During their appearance, they talked about their extensive Broadway background, which includes producing the Cats-inspired show Pugs and You Snooze, You Lose, a musical about the Terri Schiavo case. They have also appeared on several episodes of the original Comedy Bang! Bang! podcast.

text: Conan[edit]

text: Kroll and Mulaney have appeared in character on an episode of Conan O'Brien's TBS talk-show Conan. The appearance occurred during O'Brien's week of shows taped from the Apollo Theater in New York City, which coincided with the run of Oh, Hello on Broadway. George and Gil appeared during the monologue to give O'Brien a "welcome-back-to-New York-official-basket", consisting of a pre-broken umbrella, a sun-faded photo of Danny Aiello, a cup of three-week old watermelon, a copy of Fagen's New York, and a gift certificate to St Michael's Cemetery.

text: Oh, Hello on Broadway[edit]

text: Oh, Hello premiered as an off-Broadway play on December 1, 2015 and played for several weeks at The Cherry Lane Theatre in New York's Greenwich Village.[19] After the success of this production, Kroll and Mulaney took the show on the road, performing in Chicago, Washington, D.C., Los Angeles, and Boston.[20]

text: Kroll and Mulaney began a 15-week staging of the show on Broadway at the Lyceum Theater, starting on September 22, 2016, in previews and on October 10 officially.[21][22] The show closed on January 22, 2017.[23] The show received positive reviews overall. Ben Brantley of The New York Times helped launch the show's success by giving it an unexpected rave review during its off-Broadway run.[24] Entertainment Weekly called it "full of genuine laughs", but also "surprisingly unambitious, with no real story, no attempt to welcome new audiences, no truly great comic moments. It’s a sketch, drawn out", giving it a "B".[25] Marilyn Stasio of Variety wrote that "Their pre-established fan base from Comedy Central, alt-comedy clubs and obscure videos should go for this sloppy, silly, occasionally inspired, extended version of their comic shtick as two affected Upper West Side geezers named Gil Faizon and George St. Geegland — but Oh, Hello on Broadway might not be the show to win over new enthusiasts."[26]

text: A recorded performance of the show featuring Steve Martin as the guest and with an appearance by Matthew Broderick was released by Netflix on June 13, 2017.[27] The recorded performance received a positive review from Erik Adams of The A.V. Club, who gave it a "B+" and called it "a singularly funny testament to Kroll and Mulaney’s creative partnership and personal friendship".[28] Lea Palmieri of Decider wrote that "Oh, Hello On Broadway might be the most ridiculous Broadway show you watch on Netflix this year, but it’s absolutely worth watching." She noted, however, that "trimming about 15 minutes wouldn’t have hurt the show."[29]


document_title: List of Nobel laureates

question_text: who has won the nobel peace prize twice

question_tokens: who has won the nobel peace prize twice

text: List of Nobel laureates

text: Prize

text: Each prize is awarded by a separate committee; the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, and Economics, the Karolinska Institute awards the Prize in Physiology or Medicine, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Prize in Peace.[3] Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award that has varied throughout the years.[2] In 1901, the recipients of the first Nobel Prizes were given 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. In 2008, the laureates were awarded a prize amount of 10,000,000 SEK.[4] The awards are presented in Stockholm in an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.[5]

text: In years in which the Nobel Prize is not awarded due to external events or a lack of nominations, the prize money is returned to the funds delegated to the relevant prize.[6] The Nobel Prize was not awarded between 1940 and 1942 due to the outbreak of World War II.[7]

text: Laureates

text: Between 1901 and 2017, the Nobel Prizes and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences were awarded 585 times to 923 people and organizations. With some receiving the Nobel Prize more than once, this makes a total of 892 individuals (including 844 men, 48 women) and 24 organizations.[8] Four Nobel laureates were not permitted by their governments to accept the Nobel Prize. Adolf Hitler forbade three Germans, Richard Kuhn (Chemistry, 1938), Adolf Butenandt (Chemistry, 1939), and Gerhard Domagk (Physiology or Medicine, 1939), from accepting their Nobel Prizes, and the government of the Soviet Union pressured Boris Pasternak (Literature, 1958) to decline his award. Two Nobel laureates, Jean-Paul Sartre (Literature, 1964) and Lê Ðức Thọ (Peace, 1973), declined the award; Sartre declined the award as he declined all official honors, and Lê declined the award due to the situation Vietnam was in at the time.

text: Six laureates have received more than one prize; of the six, the International Committee of the Red Cross has received the Nobel Peace Prize three times, more than any other.[9] UNHCR has been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize twice. Also the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to John Bardeen twice, and the Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Frederick Sanger. Two laureates have been awarded twice but not in the same field: Marie Curie (Physics and Chemistry) and Linus Pauling (Chemistry and Peace). Among the 892 Nobel laureates, 48 have been women; the first woman to receive a Nobel Prize was Marie Curie, who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903.[10] She was also the first person (male or female) to be awarded two Nobel Prizes, the second award being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, given in 1911.[9]

text: List of laureates

text:
Year
Physics
Chemistry
Physiology
or Medicine
Literature
Peace
Economics

1901
Röntgen, WilhelmWilhelm Röntgen
Hoff, Jacobus Henricus van 'tJacobus Henricus van 't Hoff
von Behring, Emil AdolfEmil Adolf von Behring
Prudhomme, SullySully Prudhomme
Dunant, HenryHenry Dunant;
Passy, FrédéricFrédéric Passy
—

1902
Lorentz, HendrikHendrik Lorentz;
Zeeman, PieterPieter Zeeman
Fischer, Hermann EmilHermann Emil Fischer
Ross, RonaldRonald Ross
Mommsen, TheodorTheodor Mommsen
Ducommun, ÉlieÉlie Ducommun;
Gobat, Charles AlbertCharles Albert Gobat
—

1903
Becquerel, HenriHenri Becquerel;
Curie, PierrePierre Curie;
Curie, MarieMarie Curie
Arrhenius, SvanteSvante Arrhenius
Finsen, Niels RybergNiels Ryberg Finsen
Bjørnson, BjørnstjerneBjørnstjerne Bjørnson
Cremer, RandalRandal Cremer
—

1904
Rayleigh, LordLord Rayleigh
Ramsay, WilliamWilliam Ramsay
Pavlov, IvanIvan Pavlov
Mistral, FrédéricFrédéric Mistral;
Echegaray, JoséJosé Echegaray
Institut de Droit International
—

1905
Lenard, PhilippPhilipp Lenard
Baeyer, Adolf vonAdolf von Baeyer
Koch, RobertRobert Koch
Sienkiewicz, HenrykHenryk Sienkiewicz
Suttner, Bertha vonBertha von Suttner
—

1906
Thomson, J. J.J. J. Thomson
Moissan, HenriHenri Moissan
Golgi, CamilloCamillo Golgi;
Ramón y Cajal, SantiagoSantiago Ramón y Cajal
Carducci, GiosuèGiosuè Carducci
Roosevelt, TheodoreTheodore Roosevelt
—

1907
Michelson, Albert AbrahamAlbert Abraham Michelson
Buchner, EduardEduard Buchner
Laveran, Charles Louis AlphonseCharles Louis Alphonse Laveran
Kipling, RudyardRudyard Kipling
Moneta, Ernesto TeodoroErnesto Teodoro Moneta;
Renault, LouisLouis Renault
—

1908
Lippmann, GabrielGabriel Lippmann
Rutherford, ErnestErnest Rutherford
Metchnikoff, ÉlieÉlie Metchnikoff;
Ehrlich, PaulPaul Ehrlich
Eucken, Rudolf ChristophRudolf Christoph Eucken
Arnoldson, Klas PontusKlas Pontus Arnoldson;
Bajer, FredrikFredrik Bajer
—

1909
Braun, Karl FerdinandKarl Ferdinand Braun;
Marconi, GuglielmoGuglielmo Marconi
Ostwald, WilhelmWilhelm Ostwald
Kocher, Emil TheodorEmil Theodor Kocher
Lagerlöf, SelmaSelma Lagerlöf
Beernaert, Auguste Marie FrançoisAuguste Marie François Beernaert;
d'Estournelles de Constant, Paul-Henri-BenjaminPaul-Henri-Benjamin d'Estournelles de Constant
—

1910
Waals, Johannes Diderik van derJohannes Diderik van der Waals
Wallach, OttoOtto Wallach
Kossel, AlbrechtAlbrecht Kossel
Heyse, PaulPaul Heyse
International Peace Bureau
—

1911
Wien, WilhelmWilhelm Wien
Skłodowska-Curie, MarieMarie Skłodowska-Curie
Gullstrand, AllvarAllvar Gullstrand
Maeterlinck, MauriceMaurice Maeterlinck
Asser, TobiasTobias Asser;
Fried, Alfred HermannAlfred Hermann Fried
—

1912
Dalén, GustafGustaf Dalén
Grignard, VictorVictor Grignard;
Sabatier, PaulPaul Sabatier
Carrel, AlexisAlexis Carrel
Hauptmann, GerhartGerhart Hauptmann
Root, ElihuElihu Root
—

1913
Kamerlingh Onnes, HeikeHeike Kamerlingh Onnes
Werner, AlfredAlfred Werner
Richet, CharlesCharles Richet
Tagore, RabindranathRabindranath Tagore
La Fontaine, HenriHenri La Fontaine
—

1914
von Laue, MaxMax von Laue
Richards, Theodore WilliamTheodore William Richards
Bárány, RobertRobert Bárány
None
None
—

1915
Bragg, William HenryWilliam Henry Bragg;
Bragg, William LawrenceWilliam Lawrence Bragg
Willstätter, RichardRichard Willstätter
None
Rolland, RomainRomain Rolland
None
—

1916
None
None
None
Heidenstam, Verner vonVerner von Heidenstam
None
—

1917
Barkla, Charles GloverCharles Glover Barkla
None
None
Gjellerup, Karl AdolphKarl Adolph Gjellerup;
Pontoppidan, HenrikHenrik Pontoppidan
International Committee of the Red Cross
—

1918
Planck, MaxMax Planck
Haber, FritzFritz Haber
None
None
None
—

1919
Stark, JohannesJohannes Stark
None
Bordet, JulesJules Bordet
Spitteler, CarlCarl Spitteler
Wilson, WoodrowWoodrow Wilson
—

1920
Guillaume, Charles ÉdouardCharles Édouard Guillaume
Nernst, WaltherWalther Nernst
Krogh, AugustAugust Krogh
Hamsun, KnutKnut Hamsun
Bourgeois, LéonLéon Bourgeois
—

1921
Einstein, AlbertAlbert Einstein
Soddy, FrederickFrederick Soddy
None
France, AnatoleAnatole France
Branting, HjalmarHjalmar Branting;
Lange, Christian LousChristian Lous Lange
—

1922
Bohr, NielsNiels Bohr
Aston, Francis WilliamFrancis William Aston
Hill, ArchibaldArchibald Hill;
Meyerhof, Otto FritzOtto Fritz Meyerhof
Benavente, JacintoJacinto Benavente
Nansen, FridtjofFridtjof Nansen
—

1923
Millikan, Robert AndrewsRobert Andrews Millikan
Pregl, FritzFritz Pregl
Banting, FrederickFrederick Banting;
Macleod, John James RickardJohn James Rickard Macleod
Yeats, W. B.W. B. Yeats
None
—

1924
Siegbahn, ManneManne Siegbahn
None
Einthoven, WillemWillem Einthoven
Reymont, WładysławWładysław Reymont
None
—

1925
Franck, JamesJames Franck;
Hertz, Gustav LudwigGustav Ludwig Hertz
Zsigmondy, Richard AdolfRichard Adolf Zsigmondy
None
Shaw, George BernardGeorge Bernard Shaw
Chamberlain, AustenAusten Chamberlain;
Dawes, Charles G.Charles G. Dawes
—

1926
Perrin, Jean BaptisteJean Baptiste Perrin
Svedberg, TheodorTheodor Svedberg
Fibiger, JohannesJohannes Fibiger
Deledda, GraziaGrazia Deledda
Briand, AristideAristide Briand;
Stresemann, GustavGustav Stresemann
—

1927
Compton, ArthurArthur Compton;
Wilson, Charles Thomson ReesCharles Thomson Rees Wilson
Wieland, Heinrich OttoHeinrich Otto Wieland
Wagner-Jauregg, JuliusJulius Wagner-Jauregg
Bergson, HenriHenri Bergson
Buisson, FerdinandFerdinand Buisson;
Quidde, LudwigLudwig Quidde
—

1928
Richardson, Owen WillansOwen Willans Richardson
Windaus, Adolf Otto ReinholdAdolf Otto Reinhold Windaus
Nicolle, CharlesCharles Nicolle
Undset, SigridSigrid Undset
None
—

1929
Broglie, Louis deLouis de Broglie
Harden, ArthurArthur Harden;
von Euler-Chelpin, HansHans von Euler-Chelpin
Eijkman, ChristiaanChristiaan Eijkman;
Hopkins, Frederick GowlandFrederick Gowland Hopkins
Mann, ThomasThomas Mann
Kellogg, Frank B.Frank B. Kellogg
—

1930
Raman, C. V.C. V. Raman
Fischer, HansHans Fischer
Landsteiner, KarlKarl Landsteiner
Lewis, SinclairSinclair Lewis
Söderblom, NathanNathan Söderblom
—

1931
None
Bosch, CarlCarl Bosch;
Bergius, FriedrichFriedrich Bergius
Warburg, Otto HeinrichOtto Heinrich Warburg
Karlfeldt, Erik AxelErik Axel Karlfeldt
Addams, JaneJane Addams;
Butler, Nicholas MurrayNicholas Murray Butler
—

1932
Heisenberg, WernerWerner Heisenberg
Langmuir, IrvingIrving Langmuir
Sherrington, Charles ScottCharles Scott Sherrington;
Adrian, EdgarEdgar Adrian
Galsworthy, JohnJohn Galsworthy
None
—

1933
Schrödinger, ErwinErwin Schrödinger;
Dirac, PaulPaul Dirac
None
Morgan, Thomas HuntThomas Hunt Morgan
Bunin, IvanIvan Bunin
Angell, NormanNorman Angell
—

1934
None
Urey, HaroldHarold Urey
Whipple, GeorgeGeorge Whipple;
Minot, GeorgeGeorge Minot;
Murphy, William P.William P. Murphy
Pirandello, LuigiLuigi Pirandello
Henderson, ArthurArthur Henderson
—

1935
Chadwick, JamesJames Chadwick
Joliot-Curie, FrédéricFrédéric Joliot-Curie;
Joliot-Curie, IrèneIrène Joliot-Curie
Spemann, HansHans Spemann
None
von Ossietzky, CarlCarl von Ossietzky
—

1936
Hess, Victor FrancisVictor Francis Hess;
Anderson, Carl DavidCarl David Anderson
Debye, PeterPeter Debye
Dale, Henry HallettHenry Hallett Dale;
Loewi, OttoOtto Loewi
O'Neill, EugeneEugene O'Neill
Lamas, Carlos SaavedraCarlos Saavedra Lamas
—

1937
Davisson, ClintonClinton Davisson;
Thomson, George PagetGeorge Paget Thomson
Haworth, NormanNorman Haworth;
Karrer, PaulPaul Karrer
Szent-Györgyi, AlbertAlbert Szent-Györgyi
du Gard, Roger MartinRoger Martin du Gard
Cecil of Chelwood, The ViscountThe Viscount Cecil of Chelwood
—

1938
Fermi, EnricoEnrico Fermi
Kuhn, RichardRichard Kuhn[A]
Heymans, CorneilleCorneille Heymans
Buck, Pearl S.Pearl S. Buck
Nansen International Office For Refugees
—

1939
Lawrence, ErnestErnest Lawrence
Butenandt, AdolfAdolf Butenandt;[A]
Ružička, LeopoldLeopold Ružička
Domagk, GerhardGerhard Domagk[A]
Sillanpää, Frans EemilFrans Eemil Sillanpää
None
—

1940
None
None
None
None
None
—

1941
None
None
None
None
None
—

1942
None
None
None
None
None
—

1943
Stern, OttoOtto Stern
Hevesy, George deGeorge de Hevesy
Dam, HenrikHenrik Dam;
Doisy, Edward AdelbertEdward Adelbert Doisy
None
None
—

1944
Rabi, Isidor IsaacIsidor Isaac Rabi
Hahn, OttoOtto Hahn
Erlanger, JosephJoseph Erlanger;
Gasser, Herbert SpencerHerbert Spencer Gasser
Jensen, Johannes VilhelmJohannes Vilhelm Jensen
International Committee of the Red Cross
—

1945
Pauli, WolfgangWolfgang Pauli
Virtanen, Artturi IlmariArtturi Ilmari Virtanen
Fleming, AlexanderAlexander Fleming;
Chain, Ernst BorisErnst Boris Chain;
Florey, HowardHoward Florey
Mistral, GabrielaGabriela Mistral
Hull, CordellCordell Hull
—

1946
Bridgman, Percy WilliamsPercy Williams Bridgman
Sumner, James B.James B. Sumner;
Northrop, John HowardJohn Howard Northrop;
Stanley, Wendell MeredithWendell Meredith Stanley
Muller, Hermann JosephHermann Joseph Muller
Hesse, HermannHermann Hesse
Balch, Emily GreeneEmily Greene Balch;
Mott, JohnJohn Mott
—

1947
Appleton, Edward VictorEdward Victor Appleton
Robinson, RobertRobert Robinson
Cori, Carl FerdinandCarl Ferdinand Cori;
Cori, GertyGerty Cori;
Houssay, BernardoBernardo Houssay
Gide, AndréAndré Gide
Friends Service Council;
American Friends Service Committee
—

1948
Blackett, PatrickPatrick Blackett
Tiselius, ArneArne Tiselius
Müller, Paul HermannPaul Hermann Müller
Eliot, T. S.T. S. Eliot
None[B]
—

1949
Yukawa, HidekiHideki Yukawa
Giauque, WilliamWilliam Giauque
Hess, Walter RudolfWalter Rudolf Hess;
Moniz, António EgasAntónio Egas Moniz
Faulkner, WilliamWilliam Faulkner
Boyd Orr, JohnJohn Boyd Orr
—

1950
Powell, C. F.C. F. Powell
Diels, OttoOtto Diels;
Alder, KurtKurt Alder
Hench, Philip ShowalterPhilip Showalter Hench;
Kendall, Edward CalvinEdward Calvin Kendall;
Reichstein, TadeusTadeus Reichstein
Russell, BertrandBertrand Russell
Bunche, RalphRalph Bunche
—

1951
Cockcroft, JohnJohn Cockcroft;
Walton, ErnestErnest Walton
McMillan, EdwinEdwin McMillan;
Seaborg, Glenn T.Glenn T. Seaborg
Theiler, MaxMax Theiler
Lagerkvist, PärPär Lagerkvist
Jouhaux, LéonLéon Jouhaux
—

1952
Bloch, FelixFelix Bloch;
Purcell, Edward MillsEdward Mills Purcell
Martin, Archer John PorterArcher John Porter Martin;
Synge, Richard Laurence MillingtonRichard Laurence Millington Synge
Waksman, SelmanSelman Waksman
Mauriac, FrançoisFrançois Mauriac
Schweitzer, AlbertAlbert Schweitzer
—

1953
Zernike, FritsFrits Zernike
Staudinger, HermannHermann Staudinger
Krebs, Hans AdolfHans Adolf Krebs;
Lipmann, Fritz AlbertFritz Albert Lipmann
Churchill, WinstonWinston Churchill
Marshall, GeorgeGeorge Marshall
—

1954
Born, MaxMax Born;
Bothe, WaltherWalther Bothe
Pauling, LinusLinus Pauling
Enders, John FranklinJohn Franklin Enders;
Robbins, Frederick ChapmanFrederick Chapman Robbins;
Weller, Thomas HuckleThomas Huckle Weller
Hemingway, ErnestErnest Hemingway
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
—

1955
Lamb, WillisWillis Lamb;
Kusch, PolykarpPolykarp Kusch
du Vigneaud, VincentVincent du Vigneaud
Theorell, HugoHugo Theorell
Laxness, HalldórHalldór Laxness
None
—

1956
Bardeen, JohnJohn Bardeen;
Brattain, Walter HouserWalter Houser Brattain;
Shockley, WilliamWilliam Shockley
Hinshelwood, Cyril NormanCyril Norman Hinshelwood;
Semyonov, NikolayNikolay Semyonov
Cournand, André FrédéricAndré Frédéric Cournand;
Forssmann, WernerWerner Forssmann;
Richards, Dickinson W.Dickinson W. Richards
Jiménez, Juan RamónJuan Ramón Jiménez
None
—

1957
Yang, Chen NingChen Ning Yang;
Lee, Tsung-DaoTsung-Dao Lee
Todd, The LordThe Lord Todd
Bovet, DanielDaniel Bovet
Camus, AlbertAlbert Camus
Pearson, Lester B.Lester B. Pearson
—

1958
Cherenkov, PavelPavel Cherenkov;
Frank, IlyaIlya Frank;
Tamm, IgorIgor Tamm
Sanger, FrederickFrederick Sanger
Beadle, George WellsGeorge Wells Beadle;
Tatum, Edward LawrieEdward Lawrie Tatum;
Lederberg, JoshuaJoshua Lederberg
Pasternak, BorisBoris Pasternak[C]
Pire, DominiqueDominique Pire
—

1959
Segrè, Emilio G.Emilio G. Segrè;
Chamberlain, OwenOwen Chamberlain
Heyrovský, JaroslavJaroslav Heyrovský
Kornberg, ArthurArthur Kornberg;
Ochoa, SeveroSevero Ochoa
Quasimodo, SalvatoreSalvatore Quasimodo
Noel-Baker, PhilipPhilip Noel-Baker
—

1960
Glaser, Donald A.Donald A. Glaser
Libby, WillardWillard Libby
Burnet, Frank MacfarlaneFrank Macfarlane Burnet;
Medawar, PeterPeter Medawar
Perse, Saint-JohnSaint-John Perse
Lutuli, AlbertAlbert Lutuli
—

1961
Hofstadter, RobertRobert Hofstadter;
Mössbauer, RudolfRudolf Mössbauer
Calvin, MelvinMelvin Calvin
von Békésy, GeorgGeorg von Békésy
Andrić, IvoIvo Andrić
Hammarskjöld, DagDag Hammarskjöld
—

1962
Landau, LevLev Landau
Perutz, MaxMax Perutz;
Kendrew, JohnJohn Kendrew
Crick, FrancisFrancis Crick;
Watson, James D.James D. Watson;
Wilkins, MauriceMaurice Wilkins
Steinbeck, JohnJohn Steinbeck
Pauling, LinusLinus Pauling
—

1963
Wigner, EugeneEugene Wigner;
Goeppert-Mayer, MariaMaria Goeppert-Mayer;
Jensen, J. Hans D.J. Hans D. Jensen
Ziegler, KarlKarl Ziegler;
Natta, GiulioGiulio Natta
Eccles, JohnJohn Eccles;
Hodgkin, Alan LloydAlan Lloyd Hodgkin;
Huxley, AndrewAndrew Huxley
Seferis, GiorgosGiorgos Seferis
International Committee of the Red Cross;
League of Red Cross societies
—

1964
Townes, Charles HardCharles Hard Townes;
Basov, NikolayNikolay Basov;
Prokhorov, AlexanderAlexander Prokhorov
Hodgkin, DorothyDorothy Hodgkin
Bloch, Konrad EmilKonrad Emil Bloch;
Lynen, Feodor Felix KonradFeodor Felix Konrad Lynen
Sartre, Jean-PaulJean-Paul Sartre[D]
King, Jr., Martin LutherMartin Luther King, Jr.
—

1965
Tomonaga, Sin-ItiroSin-Itiro Tomonaga;
Schwinger, JulianJulian Schwinger;
Feynman, RichardRichard Feynman
Woodward, Robert BurnsRobert Burns Woodward
Jacob, FrançoisFrançois Jacob;
Lwoff, André MichelAndré Michel Lwoff;
Monod, JacquesJacques Monod
Sholokhov, MikhailMikhail Sholokhov
United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF)
—

1966
Kastler, AlfredAlfred Kastler
Mulliken, Robert S.Robert S. Mulliken
Rous, Francis PeytonFrancis Peyton Rous;
Huggins, Charles BrentonCharles Brenton Huggins
Agnon, Shmuel YosefShmuel Yosef Agnon;
Sachs, NellyNelly Sachs
None
—

1967
Bethe, HansHans Bethe
Eigen, ManfredManfred Eigen;
Norrish, Ronald George WreyfordRonald George Wreyford Norrish;
Porter, GeorgeGeorge Porter
Granit, RagnarRagnar Granit;
Hartline, Haldan KefferHaldan Keffer Hartline;
Wald, GeorgeGeorge Wald
Asturias, Miguel ÁngelMiguel Ángel Asturias
None
—

1968
Alvarez, Luis WalterLuis Walter Alvarez
Onsager, LarsLars Onsager
Holley, Robert W.Robert W. Holley;
Khorana, Har GobindHar Gobind Khorana;
Nirenberg, Marshall WarrenMarshall Warren Nirenberg
Kawabata, YasunariYasunari Kawabata
Cassin, RenéRené Cassin
—

1969
Gell-Mann, MurrayMurray Gell-Mann
Barton, DerekDerek Barton;
Hassel, OddOdd Hassel
Delbrück, MaxMax Delbrück;
Hershey, AlfredAlfred Hershey;
Luria, SalvadorSalvador Luria
Beckett, SamuelSamuel Beckett
International Labour Organization
Frisch, RagnarRagnar Frisch;
Tinbergen, JanJan Tinbergen

1970
Alfvén, HannesHannes Alfvén;
Néel, LouisLouis Néel
Leloir, Luis FedericoLuis Federico Leloir
Axelrod, JuliusJulius Axelrod;
von Euler, UlfUlf von Euler;
Katz, BernardBernard Katz
Solzhenitsyn, AleksandrAleksandr Solzhenitsyn
Borlaug, NormanNorman Borlaug
Samuelson, PaulPaul Samuelson

1971
Gabor, DennisDennis Gabor
Herzberg, GerhardGerhard Herzberg
Sutherland, Jr., Earl WilburEarl Wilbur Sutherland, Jr.
Neruda, PabloPablo Neruda
Brandt, WillyWilly Brandt
Kuznets, SimonSimon Kuznets

1972
Bardeen, JohnJohn Bardeen;
Cooper, LeonLeon Cooper;
Schrieffer, John RobertJohn Robert Schrieffer
Anfinsen, Christian B.Christian B. Anfinsen;
Moore, StanfordStanford Moore;
Stein, William HowardWilliam Howard Stein
Edelman, GeraldGerald Edelman;
Porter, Rodney RobertRodney Robert Porter
Böll, HeinrichHeinrich Böll
None
Hicks, JohnJohn Hicks;
Arrow, KennethKenneth Arrow

1973
Esaki, LeoLeo Esaki;
Giaever, IvarIvar Giaever;
Josephson, Brian DavidBrian David Josephson
Fischer, Ernst OttoErnst Otto Fischer;
Wilkinson, GeoffreyGeoffrey Wilkinson
von Frisch, KarlKarl von Frisch;
Lorenz, KonradKonrad Lorenz;
Tinbergen, NikolaasNikolaas Tinbergen
White, PatrickPatrick White
Kissinger, HenryHenry Kissinger;
Duc Tho, LeLe Duc Tho[E]
Leontief, WassilyWassily Leontief

1974
Ryle, MartinMartin Ryle;
Hewish, AntonyAntony Hewish
Flory, PaulPaul Flory
Claude, AlbertAlbert Claude;
de Duve, ChristianChristian de Duve;
Palade, George EmilGeorge Emil Palade
Johnson, EyvindEyvind Johnson;
Martinson, HarryHarry Martinson
MacBride, SeánSeán MacBride;
Satō, EisakuEisaku Satō
Myrdal, GunnarGunnar Myrdal;
Hayek, FriedrichFriedrich Hayek

1975
Bohr, AageAage Bohr;
Mottelson, Ben RoyBen Roy Mottelson;
Rainwater, JamesJames Rainwater
Cornforth, JohnJohn Cornforth;
Prelog, VladimirVladimir Prelog
Baltimore, DavidDavid Baltimore;
Dulbecco, RenatoRenato Dulbecco;
Temin, Howard MartinHoward Martin Temin
Montale, EugenioEugenio Montale
Sakharov, AndreiAndrei Sakharov
Kantorovich, LeonidLeonid Kantorovich;
Koopmans, TjallingTjalling Koopmans

1976
Richter, BurtonBurton Richter;
Ting, Samuel C. C.Samuel C. C. Ting
Lipscomb, WilliamWilliam Lipscomb
Blumberg, Baruch SamuelBaruch Samuel Blumberg;
Gajdusek, Daniel CarletonDaniel Carleton Gajdusek
Bellow, SaulSaul Bellow
Williams, BettyBetty Williams;
Maguire, MaireadMairead Maguire
Friedman, MiltonMilton Friedman

1977
Anderson, Philip WarrenPhilip Warren Anderson;
Mott, Nevill FrancisNevill Francis Mott;
Van Vleck, John HasbrouckJohn Hasbrouck Van Vleck
Prigogine, IlyaIlya Prigogine
Guillemin, RogerRoger Guillemin;
Schally, AndrewAndrew Schally;
Yalow, Rosalyn SussmanRosalyn Sussman Yalow
Aleixandre, VicenteVicente Aleixandre
Amnesty International
Ohlin, BertilBertil Ohlin;
Meade, JamesJames Meade

1978
Kapitsa, PyotrPyotr Kapitsa;
Penzias, Arno AllanArno Allan Penzias;
Wilson, Robert WoodrowRobert Woodrow Wilson
Mitchell, Peter D.Peter D. Mitchell
Arber, WernerWerner Arber;
Nathans, DanielDaniel Nathans;
Smith, Hamilton O.Hamilton O. Smith
Singer, Isaac BashevisIsaac Bashevis Singer
Sadat, AnwarAnwar Sadat;
Begin, MenachemMenachem Begin
Simon, Herbert A.Herbert A. Simon

1979
Glashow, Sheldon LeeSheldon Lee Glashow;
Salam, AbdusAbdus Salam;
Weinberg, StevenSteven Weinberg
Brown, Herbert C.Herbert C. Brown;
Wittig, GeorgGeorg Wittig
Cormack, Allan McLeodAllan McLeod Cormack;
Hounsfield, GodfreyGodfrey Hounsfield
Elytis, OdysseasOdysseas Elytis
Teresa, MotherMother Teresa
Schultz, TheodoreTheodore Schultz;
Lewis, ArthurArthur Lewis

1980
Cronin, JamesJames Cronin;
Fitch, Val LogsdonVal Logsdon Fitch
Berg, PaulPaul Berg;
Gilbert, WalterWalter Gilbert;
Sanger, FrederickFrederick Sanger
Benacerraf, BarujBaruj Benacerraf;
Dausset, JeanJean Dausset;
Snell, George DavisGeorge Davis Snell
Miłosz, CzesławCzesław Miłosz
Esquivel, Adolfo PérezAdolfo Pérez Esquivel
Klein, LawrenceLawrence Klein

1981
Bloembergen, NicolaasNicolaas Bloembergen;
Schawlow, Arthur LeonardArthur Leonard Schawlow;
Siegbahn, KaiKai Siegbahn
Fukui, KenichiKenichi Fukui;
Hoffmann, RoaldRoald Hoffmann
Sperry, Roger WolcottRoger Wolcott Sperry;
Hubel, David H.David H. Hubel;
Wiesel, TorstenTorsten Wiesel
Canetti, EliasElias Canetti
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
Tobin, JamesJames Tobin

1982
Wilson, Kenneth G.Kenneth G. Wilson
Klug, AaronAaron Klug
Bergström, SuneSune Bergström;
Samuelsson, Bengt I.Bengt I. Samuelsson;
Vane, JohnJohn Vane
Márquez, Gabriel GarcíaGabriel García Márquez
Myrdal, AlvaAlva Myrdal;
Robles, Alfonso GarcíaAlfonso García Robles
Stigler, GeorgeGeorge Stigler

1983
Chandrasekhar, SubrahmanyanSubrahmanyan Chandrasekhar;
Fowler, William AlfredWilliam Alfred Fowler
Taube, HenryHenry Taube
McClintock, BarbaraBarbara McClintock
Golding, WilliamWilliam Golding
Wałęsa, LechLech Wałęsa
Debreu, GérardGérard Debreu

1984
Rubbia, CarloCarlo Rubbia;
van der Meer, SimonSimon van der Meer
Merrifield, Robert BruceRobert Bruce Merrifield
Jerne, Niels KajNiels Kaj Jerne;
Köhler, Georges J. F.Georges J. F. Köhler;
Milstein, CésarCésar Milstein
Seifert, JaroslavJaroslav Seifert
Tutu, DesmondDesmond Tutu
Stone, RichardRichard Stone

1985
von Klitzing, KlausKlaus von Klitzing
Hauptman, Herbert A.Herbert A. Hauptman;
Karle, JeromeJerome Karle
Brown, Michael StuartMichael Stuart Brown;
Goldstein, Joseph L.Joseph L. Goldstein
Simon, ClaudeClaude Simon
International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
Modigliani, FrancoFranco Modigliani

1986
Ruska, ErnstErnst Ruska;
Binnig, GerdGerd Binnig;
Rohrer, HeinrichHeinrich Rohrer
Herschbach, Dudley R.Dudley R. Herschbach;
Lee, Yuan T.Yuan T. Lee;
Polanyi, JohnJohn Polanyi
Cohen, StanleyStanley Cohen;
Levi-Montalcini, RitaRita Levi-Montalcini
Soyinka, WoleWole Soyinka
Wiesel, ElieElie Wiesel
Buchanan, James M.James M. Buchanan

1987
Bednorz, Johannes GeorgJohannes Georg Bednorz;
Müller, Karl AlexanderKarl Alexander Müller
Cram, Donald J.Donald J. Cram;
Lehn, Jean-MarieJean-Marie Lehn;
Pedersen, Charles J.Charles J. Pedersen
Tonegawa, SusumuSusumu Tonegawa
Brodsky, JosephJoseph Brodsky
Arias, ÓscarÓscar Arias
Solow, RobertRobert Solow

1988
Lederman, Leon M.Leon M. Lederman;
Schwartz, MelvinMelvin Schwartz;
Steinberger, JackJack Steinberger
Deisenhofer, JohannJohann Deisenhofer;
Huber, RobertRobert Huber;
Michel, HartmutHartmut Michel
Black, James W.James W. Black;
Elion, Gertrude B.Gertrude B. Elion;
Hitchings, George H.George H. Hitchings
Mahfouz, NaguibNaguib Mahfouz
United Nations Peace-Keeping Forces
Allais, MauriceMaurice Allais

1989
Ramsey, Jr., Norman FosterNorman Foster Ramsey, Jr.;
Dehmelt, Hans GeorgHans Georg Dehmelt;
Paul, WolfgangWolfgang Paul
Altman, SidneySidney Altman;
Cech, ThomasThomas Cech
Bishop, J. MichaelJ. Michael Bishop;
Varmus, Harold E.Harold E. Varmus
Cela, Camilo JoséCamilo José Cela
Gyatso (The Dalai Lama), TenzinTenzin Gyatso (The Dalai Lama)
Haavelmo, TrygveTrygve Haavelmo

1990
Friedman, Jerome IsaacJerome Isaac Friedman;
Kendall, Henry WayHenry Way Kendall;
Taylor, Richard E.Richard E. Taylor
Corey, Elias JamesElias James Corey
Murray, JosephJoseph Murray;
Thomas, E. DonnallE. Donnall Thomas
Paz, OctavioOctavio Paz
Gorbachev, MikhailMikhail Gorbachev
Markowitz, HarryHarry Markowitz;
Miller, MertonMerton Miller;
Sharpe, William F.William F. Sharpe

1991
Gennes, Pierre-Gilles dePierre-Gilles de Gennes
Ernst, Richard R.Richard R. Ernst
Neher, ErwinErwin Neher;
Sakmann, BertBert Sakmann
Gordimer, NadineNadine Gordimer
Suu Kyi, Aung SanAung San Suu Kyi
Coase, RonaldRonald Coase

1992
Charpak, GeorgesGeorges Charpak
Marcus, Rudolph A.Rudolph A. Marcus
Fischer, Edmond H.Edmond H. Fischer;
Krebs, Edwin G.Edwin G. Krebs
Walcott, DerekDerek Walcott
Menchú, RigobertaRigoberta Menchú
Becker, GaryGary Becker

1993
Hulse, Russell AlanRussell Alan Hulse;
Taylor, Jr., Joseph HootonJoseph Hooton Taylor, Jr.
Mullis, KaryKary Mullis;
Smith, MichaelMichael Smith
Roberts, Richard J.Richard J. Roberts;
Sharp, Phillip AllenPhillip Allen Sharp
Morrison, ToniToni Morrison
Mandela, NelsonNelson Mandela;
de Klerk, F. W.F. W. de Klerk
Fogel, RobertRobert Fogel;
North, DouglassDouglass North

1994
Brockhouse, BertramBertram Brockhouse;
Shull, CliffordClifford Shull
Olah, George AndrewGeorge Andrew Olah
Gilman, Alfred G.Alfred G. Gilman;
Rodbell, MartinMartin Rodbell
Ōe, KenzaburōKenzaburō Ōe
Arafat, YasserYasser Arafat;
Peres, ShimonShimon Peres;
Rabin, YitzhakYitzhak Rabin
Harsanyi, JohnJohn Harsanyi;
Nash, Jr., John ForbesJohn Forbes Nash, Jr.;
Selten, ReinhardReinhard Selten

1995
Perl, Martin LewisMartin Lewis Perl;
Reines, FrederickFrederick Reines
Crutzen, Paul J.Paul J. Crutzen;
Molina, Mario J.Mario J. Molina;
Rowland, Frank SherwoodFrank Sherwood Rowland
Lewis, Edward B.Edward B. Lewis;
Nüsslein-Volhard, ChristianeChristiane Nüsslein-Volhard;
Wieschaus, Eric F.Eric F. Wieschaus
Heaney, SeamusSeamus Heaney
Rotblat, JosephJoseph Rotblat;
Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
Lucas, Jr., RobertRobert Lucas, Jr.

1996
Lee, DavidDavid Lee;
Osheroff, DouglasDouglas Osheroff;
Richardson, Robert ColemanRobert Coleman Richardson
Curl Jr., Robert F.Robert F. Curl Jr.;
Kroto, HarryHarry Kroto;
Smalley, RichardRichard Smalley
Doherty, Peter C.Peter C. Doherty;
Zinkernagel, Rolf M.Rolf M. Zinkernagel
Szymborska, WisławaWisława Szymborska
Belo, Carlos Filipe XimenesCarlos Filipe Ximenes Belo;
Ramos-Horta, JoséJosé Ramos-Horta
Mirrlees, JamesJames Mirrlees;
Vickrey, WilliamWilliam Vickrey

1997
Chu, StevenSteven Chu;
Cohen-Tannoudji, ClaudeClaude Cohen-Tannoudji;
Phillips, William DanielWilliam Daniel Phillips
Boyer, Paul D.Paul D. Boyer;
Walker, John E.John E. Walker;
Skou, Jens ChristianJens Christian Skou
Prusiner, Stanley B.Stanley B. Prusiner
Fo, DarioDario Fo
International Campaign to Ban Landmines;
Williams, JodyJody Williams
Merton, Robert C.Robert C. Merton;
Scholes, MyronMyron Scholes

1998
Laughlin, Robert B.Robert B. Laughlin;
Störmer, Horst LudwigHorst Ludwig Störmer;
Tsui, Daniel C.Daniel C. Tsui
Kohn, WalterWalter Kohn;
Pople, JohnJohn Pople
Furchgott, Robert F.Robert F. Furchgott;
Ignarro, LouisLouis Ignarro;
Murad, FeridFerid Murad
Saramago, JoséJosé Saramago
Hume, JohnJohn Hume;
Trimble, DavidDavid Trimble
Sen, AmartyaAmartya Sen

1999
Hooft, Gerard 'tGerard 't Hooft;
Veltman, Martinus J. G.Martinus J. G. Veltman
Zewail, AhmedAhmed Zewail
Blobel, GünterGünter Blobel
Grass, GünterGünter Grass
Médecins Sans Frontières
Mundell, RobertRobert Mundell

2000
Alferov, ZhoresZhores Alferov;
Kroemer, HerbertHerbert Kroemer;
Kilby, JackJack Kilby
Heeger, Alan J.Alan J. Heeger;
MacDiarmid, AlanAlan MacDiarmid;
Shirakawa, HidekiHideki Shirakawa
Carlsson, ArvidArvid Carlsson;
Greengard, PaulPaul Greengard;
Kandel, EricEric Kandel
Xingjian, GaoGao Xingjian
Dae-jung, KimKim Dae-jung
Heckman, JamesJames Heckman;
McFadden, DanielDaniel McFadden

2001
Cornell, Eric AllinEric Allin Cornell;
Ketterle, WolfgangWolfgang Ketterle;
Wieman, CarlCarl Wieman
Knowles, William StandishWilliam Standish Knowles;
Noyori, RyōjiRyōji Noyori;
Sharpless, Karl BarryKarl Barry Sharpless
Hartwell, Leland H.Leland H. Hartwell;
Hunt, TimTim Hunt;
Nurse, PaulPaul Nurse
Naipaul, V. S.V. S. Naipaul
United Nations;
Annan, KofiKofi Annan
Akerlof, GeorgeGeorge Akerlof;
Spence, MichaelMichael Spence;
Stiglitz, JosephJoseph Stiglitz

2002
Davis, Jr., RaymondRaymond Davis, Jr.;
Koshiba, MasatoshiMasatoshi Koshiba;
Giacconi, RiccardoRiccardo Giacconi
Fenn, JohnJohn Fenn;
Tanaka, KoichiKoichi Tanaka;
Wüthrich, KurtKurt Wüthrich
Brenner, SydneySydney Brenner;
Horvitz, H. RobertH. Robert Horvitz;
Sulston, JohnJohn Sulston
Kertész, ImreImre Kertész
Carter, JimmyJimmy Carter
Kahneman, DanielDaniel Kahneman;
Smith, Vernon L.Vernon L. Smith

2003
Abrikosov, Alexei AlexeyevichAlexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov;
Ginzburg, VitalyVitaly Ginzburg;
Leggett, Anthony JamesAnthony James Leggett
Agre, PeterPeter Agre;
MacKinnon, RoderickRoderick MacKinnon
Lauterbur, PaulPaul Lauterbur;
Mansfield, PeterPeter Mansfield
Coetzee, J. M.J. M. Coetzee
Ebadi, ShirinShirin Ebadi
Engle, Robert F.Robert F. Engle;
Granger, CliveClive Granger

2004
Gross, DavidDavid Gross;
Politzer, Hugh DavidHugh David Politzer;
Wilczek, FrankFrank Wilczek
Ciechanover, AaronAaron Ciechanover;
Hershko, AvramAvram Hershko;
Rose, IrwinIrwin Rose
Axel, RichardRichard Axel;
Buck, Linda B.Linda B. Buck
Jelinek, ElfriedeElfriede Jelinek
Maathai, WangariWangari Maathai
Kydland, Finn E.Finn E. Kydland;
Prescott, Edward C.Edward C. Prescott

2005
Glauber, Roy J.Roy J. Glauber;
Hall, John L.John L. Hall;
Hänsch, Theodor W.Theodor W. Hänsch
Chauvin, YvesYves Chauvin;
Grubbs, Robert H.Robert H. Grubbs;
Schrock, Richard R.Richard R. Schrock
Marshall, BarryBarry Marshall;
Warren, RobinRobin Warren
Pinter, HaroldHarold Pinter
International Atomic Energy Agency;
ElBaradei, MohamedMohamed ElBaradei
Aumann, RobertRobert Aumann;
Schelling, ThomasThomas Schelling

2006
Mather, John C.John C. Mather;
Smoot, GeorgeGeorge Smoot
Kornberg, Roger D.Roger D. Kornberg
Fire, AndrewAndrew Fire;
Mello, CraigCraig Mello
Pamuk, OrhanOrhan Pamuk
Yunus, MuhammadMuhammad Yunus;
Grameen Bank
Phelps, EdmundEdmund Phelps

2007
Fert, AlbertAlbert Fert;
Grünberg, PeterPeter Grünberg
Ertl, GerhardGerhard Ertl
Capecchi, MarioMario Capecchi;
Evans, MartinMartin Evans;
Smithies, OliverOliver Smithies
Lessing, DorisDoris Lessing
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change;
Gore, AlAl Gore
Hurwicz, LeonidLeonid Hurwicz;
Maskin, EricEric Maskin;
Myerson, RogerRoger Myerson

2008
Nambu, YoichiroYoichiro Nambu;
Kobayashi, MakotoMakoto Kobayashi;
Maskawa, ToshihideToshihide Maskawa
Shimomura, OsamuOsamu Shimomura;
Chalfie, MartinMartin Chalfie;
Tsien, Roger Y.Roger Y. Tsien
zur Hausen, HaraldHarald zur Hausen;
Barré-Sinoussi, FrançoiseFrançoise Barré-Sinoussi;
Montagnier, LucLuc Montagnier
Le Clézio, J. M. G.J. M. G. Le Clézio
Ahtisaari, MarttiMartti Ahtisaari
Krugman, PaulPaul Krugman

2009
Kao, Charles K.Charles K. Kao;
Boyle, Willard S.Willard S. Boyle;
Smith, George E.George E. Smith
Ramakrishnan, VenkatramanVenkatraman Ramakrishnan;
Steitz, Thomas A.Thomas A. Steitz;
Yonath, AdaAda Yonath
Blackburn, ElizabethElizabeth Blackburn;
Greider, Carol W.Carol W. Greider;
Szostak, Jack W.Jack W. Szostak
Müller, HertaHerta Müller
Obama, BarackBarack Obama
Ostrom, ElinorElinor Ostrom;
Williamson, Oliver E.Oliver E. Williamson

2010
Geim, AndreAndre Geim;
Novoselov, KonstantinKonstantin Novoselov
Heck, Richard F.Richard F. Heck;
Negishi, Ei-ichiEi-ichi Negishi;
Suzuki, AkiraAkira Suzuki
Edwards, Robert G.Robert G. Edwards
Vargas Llosa, MarioMario Vargas Llosa
Xiaobo, LiuLiu Xiaobo[F]
Diamond, Peter A.Peter A. Diamond;
Mortensen, Dale T.Dale T. Mortensen;
Pissarides, Christopher A.Christopher A. Pissarides

2011
Perlmutter, SaulSaul Perlmutter;
Riess, Adam G.Adam G. Riess;
Schmidt, BrianBrian Schmidt
Shechtman, DanDan Shechtman
Beutler, BruceBruce Beutler;
Hoffmann, Jules A.Jules A. Hoffmann;
Steinman, Ralph M.Ralph M. Steinman
Tranströmer, TomasTomas Tranströmer
Sirleaf, Ellen JohnsonEllen Johnson Sirleaf;
Gbowee, LeymahLeymah Gbowee;
Karman, TawakelTawakel Karman
Sargent, Thomas J.Thomas J. Sargent;
Sims, Christopher A.Christopher A. Sims

2012
Haroche, SergeSerge Haroche;
J. Wineland, DavidDavid J. Wineland
Kobilka, Brian K.Brian K. Kobilka;
Lefkowitz, Robert J.Robert J. Lefkowitz
Gurdon, John B.John B. Gurdon;
Yamanaka, Shinya Shinya Yamanaka
Yan, MoMo Yan
Union, EuropeanEuropean Union
Roth, Alvin E.Alvin E. Roth;
Shapley, Lloyd S.Lloyd S. Shapley

2013
Englert, FrançoisFrançois Englert;
Higgs, Peter W.Peter W. Higgs
Karplus, MartinMartin Karplus;
Levitt, MichaelMichael Levitt;
Warshel, AriehArieh Warshel
Rothman, James E.James E. Rothman;
Schekman, Randy W.Randy W. Schekman;
Südhof, Thomas C.Thomas C. Südhof
Munro, AliceAlice Munro
for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, OrganisationOrganisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
Fama, Eugene F.Eugene F. Fama;
Hansen, Lars PeterLars Peter Hansen;
Shiller, Robert J.Robert J. Shiller

2014
Akasaki, IsamuIsamu Akasaki;
Amano, HiroshiHiroshi Amano;
Nakamura, ShujiShuji Nakamura
Betzig, EricEric Betzig;
Hell, StefanStefan Hell;
Moerner, WilliamWilliam Moerner
O'Keefe, JohnJohn O'Keefe;
Moser, May-BrittMay-Britt Moser;
Moser, EdvardEdvard Moser
Modiano, PatrickPatrick Modiano
Satyarthi, KailashKailash Satyarthi;
Yousafzai, MalalaMalala Yousafzai
Tirole, JeanJean Tirole

2015
Kajita, TakaakiTakaaki Kajita;
McDonald, Arthur B.Arthur B. McDonald
Lindahl, TomasTomas Lindahl;
Modrich, Paul L.Paul L. Modrich;
Sancar, AzizAziz Sancar
Campbell, William C.William C. Campbell;
Ōmura, SatoshiSatoshi Ōmura;
Youyou, TuTu Youyou
Alexievich, SvetlanaSvetlana Alexievich
National Dialogue Quartet, TunisianTunisian National Dialogue Quartet
Deaton, AngusAngus Deaton

2016[11]
J. Thouless, DavidDavid J. Thouless;
Haldane, DuncanDuncan Haldane;
Kosterlitz, John M.John M. Kosterlitz
Sauvage, Jean-PierreJean-Pierre Sauvage;
Stoddart, FraserFraser Stoddart;
Feringa, BenBen Feringa
Ohsumi, YoshinoriYoshinori Ohsumi
Dylan, BobBob Dylan
Santos, Juan ManuelJuan Manuel Santos
Hart, OliverOliver Hart;
Holmström, Bengt R.Bengt R. Holmström

2017
Weiss, RainerRainer Weiss;
Barish, BarryBarry Barish;
Thorne, KipKip Thorne
Dubochet, JacquesJacques Dubochet;
Frank, JoachimJoachim Frank;
Henderson, RichardRichard Henderson
Hall, Jeffrey C.Jeffrey C. Hall;
Rosbash, MichaelMichael Rosbash;
Young, Michael W.Michael W. Young
Ishiguro, KazuoKazuo Ishiguro
Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons, InternationalInternational Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons
Thaler, RichardRichard Thaler

Year
Physics
Chemistry
Physiology
or Medicine
Literature
Peace
Economics

text: Notes

text:
A In 1938 and 1939, the government of Germany did not allow three German Nobel nominees to accept their Nobel Prizes. The three were Richard Kuhn, Nobel laureate in Chemistry in 1938; Adolf Butenandt, Nobel laureate in Chemistry in 1939; and Gerhard Domagk, Nobel laureate in Physiology or Medicine in 1939. They were later awarded the Nobel Prize diploma and medal, but not the money.[9]
B In 1948, the Nobel Prize in Peace was not awarded. The Nobel Foundation's website suggests that it would have been awarded to Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, however, due to his assassination earlier that year, it was left unassigned in his honor.[12]
C In 1958, Russian-born Boris Pasternak, under pressure from the government of the Soviet Union, was forced to decline the Nobel Prize in Literature.[9]
D In 1964, Jean-Paul Sartre refused to accept the Nobel Prize in Literature, as he had consistently refused all official honors in the past.[9]
E In 1973, Lê Ðức Thọ declined the Nobel Peace Prize. His reason was that he felt he did not deserve it because although he helped negotiate the Paris Peace Accords (a cease-fire in the Vietnam War), there had been no actual peace agreement.[7][9]
F In 2010, Liu Xiaobo was unable to receive the Nobel Peace Prize as he was sentenced to 11 years of imprisonment by the Chinese authorities.[13]


document_title: Descendants 2

question_text: who plays the son of hook in desendants 2

text: Descendants 2

text: Plot[edit]

text: Mal struggles with her new celebrity life as the girlfriend of King Ben, dying her hair blonde, and maintaining a princess-like personality that she is uncomfortable with. She admits her issues to her friends Evie, Carlos, and Jay, but they are content with their new lives in Auradon and do not wish to return to the Isle of the Lost. Evie scolds Mal for relying on her mother's spell book to solve her issues. Carlos, wishing to ask Jane to the upcoming Cotillion dance, turns to Mal for help to be honest with her. Mal gives him a sweet that will make him speak the truth, but his dog Dude eats it, magically speaking the truth in English and very frankly as a result.

text: Ben eventually discovers Mal's reliance on magic, and she comes clean about her insecurities, causing the two to have a falling-out. Mal returns to the Isle, now ruled by her former friend Uma, Ursula's daughter, along with Harry and Gil, the sons of Captain Hook and Gaston. Mal visits hair stylist Dizzy Tremaine, Drizella's daughter, who restores her signature purple hair, saying she felt that Mal's blonde hair was unnatural. Harry discovers Mal has returned and informs Uma.

text: Ben, Evie, Jay, and Carlos learn of Mal's departure and sneak onto the island to find her, but Gil recognizes them. Ben confronts Mal, who rejects his feelings for what she thought was both his sake and Auradon's. Ben leaves dejected, only to be captured by Uma, who orders Mal and her friends to retrieve the Fairy Godmother's wand or Ben dies. Carlos and Jay return to Auradon Prep, where they create a replica of the wand using a 3D printer. They are caught by Lonnie, Mulan's daughter, who blackmails them into letting her come with them, having previously been rejected from Jay's sports team based on her gender.

text: Uma speaks with Ben, bitter that she and the others were not chosen to go to Auradon. Ben takes this into account and invites her to Auradon, but Uma instead plots to make her own way there. Mal's group return, handing over the fake wand in exchange for Ben, but Uma realizes it is a forgery. The group flee back to Auradon, but Mal and Ben's relationship is still on the rocks. The villains' children come to terms that they cannot run from their pasts and agree to be honest with themselves and each other. Carlos confesses to Jane but struggles a little bit, while Jay appoints Lonnie as the captain of his team.

text: Aboard a ship during the Cotillion, Ben stuns everyone by appearing with Uma, who he declares as his true love and announces he will destroy the barrier on the Isle. Jane unveils a stain glass display Ben commissioned to show his affection for Mal, who realizes he loved her for who she was all along. Suspecting Uma has given him a love potion, Mal confesses her love for Ben and kisses him, breaking the spell. Feeling infuriated, Uma leaps into the water, using Ursula's magic seashell to transform into an octopus, Mal fighting back by transforming into a dragon. Ben intervenes, quelling the battle, and Uma returns the ring, that Ben had originally given her, when he had declared her as his true love, and swims away despite his offer still standing.

text: Mal and Ben reunite, Mal surrendering her spell book over to the Fairy Godmother. Mal and Evie request that Dizzy be allowed to attend Auradon Prep. When she is given the offer, Dizzy accepts it immediately. In a post-credit scene, Uma addresses the audience, promising that the story is not over.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Dove Cameron as Mal, the daughter of Maleficent
Cameron Boyce as Carlos de Vil, the son of Cruella de Vil
Sofia Carson as Evie, the daughter of The Evil Queen
Booboo Stewart as Jay, the son of Jafar
Mitchell Hope as Ben, the son of Belle and Beast
Brenna D'Amico as Jane, the daughter of the Fairy Godmother[4]
Melanie Paxson as the Fairy Godmother, the headmistress of Auradon Prep and Jane's mother
Bobby Moynihan as the Voice of Dude, Carlos' dog
Thomas Doherty as Harry Hook, the son of Captain Hook[5]
Dylan Playfair as Gil, the son of Gaston[6]
Dianne Doan as Lonnie, the daughter of Fa Mulan and Li Shang[4]
Jedidiah Goodacre as Chad Charming, the son of Cinderella and Prince Charming[4]
Zachary Gibson as Doug, the son of Dopey the Dwarf[4]
Anna Cathcart as Dizzy Tremaine, the daughter of Drizella Tremaine and granddaughter of Lady Tremaine[7]
Dan Payne as the Beast, Queen Belle's husband and Ben's father[8]
Keegan Connor Tracy as Belle, Beast's wife and Ben's mother[8]
China Anne McClain as Uma, the daughter of Ursula[2]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: At the 2015 D23 Expo, Disney announced that a Descendants sequel film had been ordered.[9] An official announcement was made on Disney Channel's Facebook page on October 15, 2015.[10] Deadline Hollywood reported that Parriott and McGibbon would return as screenwriters and executive producers for the sequel and that the cast from the first film was expected to return.[11]

text: Casting[edit]

text: On June 10, 2016, China Anne McClain, who was already voicing Freddie on the Descendants spinoff series Descendants: Wicked World, was announced to be playing Ursula's daughter, Uma, in Descendants 2.[3] In July 2016 it was revealed that Thomas Doherty would play the role of Harry, the son of Captain Hook.[5] In August 2016, Sarah Jeffery who portrays Audrey revealed that she would not be returning, while Brenna D'Amico revealed that she would be returning in Descendants 2, as were as Dianne Doan, Jedidiah Goodacre, and Zachary Gibson.[4] On July 19, 2017, it was announced on The View that Whoopi Goldberg would be providing the voice for Ursula, the Sea Witch and Uma's mother.[12][13]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: Descendants 2 made its debut on Disney Channel in Canada on July 21, 2017, at the same time as the United States. In the United States, the film premiered simultaneously across six-Disney owned networks: Disney Channel, Disney XD, Freeform, ABC, Lifetime, and Lifetime Movies. On Disney Channel, the film premiere alongside the world premiere of Raven's Home, which premiered immediately after. In the UK, the film premiered on Disney Channel and Disney XD on October 20, 2017.

text: Home media[edit]

text: Descendants 2 was released on DVD on August 15, 2017. In the UK, it was released on DVD on October 23, 2017.

text: Reception[edit]

text: In total, the film was viewed by 8.92 million viewers across six networks on the night of its premiere, up from its predecessor in 2015; at least 13 million people watched a minute of the film.[14] On Disney Channel, the film was watched by 5.33 million viewers, and topped the night on cable television, receiving a 1.20 rating. Although down from the first film, it was the most-viewed telecast on the network since the first film.[15] ABC's broadcast of the film received a 0.6/3 rating/share, drawing 2.41 million viewers; 0.47 million viewers watched the film on Disney XD with a 0.12 rating, 0.30 million viewers watched the film on Lifetime with a 0.09 rating, 0.26 million viewers watched the film on Freeform with a 0.08 rating, and 0.15 million viewers watched the film on Lifetime Movies with a 0.05 rating.[16][17] In delayed viewing, the film rose to a total of 21 million viewers.[18]

text: On Disney Channel, the film placed second in the week of its DVR ratings, jumping 92% to a 2.3 rating, and topped the week in viewer gains, jumping 104% with an additional 5.54 million viewers, the biggest viewer gain on cable television in two years, totaling to 10.90 million viewers on Disney Channel. On Freeform, the film jumped 207% with an additional 0.54 million viewers, totaling to 0.80 million viewers on the network; on Lifetime Movie Network, the film gained 96% with an additional 0.14 million viewers, totaling to 0.29 million viewers on the network.[19]

text: Other media[edit]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Descendants 2
(Original TV Movie Soundtrack)

Soundtrack album by Descendants cast

Released
July 21, 2017[20]

Recorded
July— August 2016

Genre
Pop

Length
32:30

Label
Walt Disney

Descendants soundtracks chronology

Descendants
(2015)Descendants2015
Descendants 2
(2017)

Singles from Descendants 2

"Ways to Be Wicked"
Released: April 14, 2017[21]
"What's My Name"
Released: June 2, 2017[22]

text: Descendants 2 (Original TV Movie Soundtrack) is the soundtrack accompanying the film of the same name. The soundtrack and lead single, "Ways to Be Wicked", was announced on April 12, 2017.[23] The soundtrack was released on July 21, 2017.[24]

text: The soundtrack debuted at number six on the U.S. Billboard 200 after earning 46,000 album-equivalent units, 35,000 of which were pure sales; sales for the soundtrack's debuting week were up from the previous film.[25] It dropped to number nine on the chart for its second week, earning an additional 27,000 units.[26]

text: Singles[edit]

text: "Ways to Be Wicked", performed by Dove Cameron, Sofia Carson, Cameron Boyce and Booboo Stewart, premiered on Radio Disney and then was officially released as first single on April 14 along with the pre-order of the soundtrack.[27] It debuted at number 1 on the Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles. The song is produced by Sam Hollander and Josh Edmondson who wrote the song with Grant Michaels and Charity Daw. "What's My Name", performed by China Anne McClain, Thomas Doherty and Dylan Playfair, premiered on Radio Disney and then was officially released as second single on June 2, 2017.[28]

text: Promotional singles[edit]

text: "Rather Be With You", from "Descendants: Wicked World", performed by Dove Cameron, Sofia Carson, Lauryn McClain and Brenna D'Amico, was released as first promotional single on October 28, 2016.[29] "Evil", from Wicked World, performed by Dove Cameron, was released on December 9, 2016 as second promotional single.[30] "Better Together", from Wicked World, performed by Dove Cameron and Sofia Carson, was released as third and final promotional single on March 3, 2017.[31]

text: Other charted songs[edit]

text: "Chillin' Like a Villain", performed by Sofia Carson, Cameron Boyce, Booboo Stewart and Mitchell Hope, peaked at number 95 on the US Billboard Hot 100. "It's Goin' Down", performed by Dove Cameron, Sofia Carson, Cameron Boyce, Booboo Stewart, China Anne McClain, Mitchell Hope, Thomas Doherty and Dylan Playfair, peaked at number 77 on the Hot 100.[32][33][34] "You and Me", performed by Dove Cameron, Sofia Carson, Cameron Boyce, Booboo Stewart, Mitchell Hope and Jeff Lewis, debuted at number 20 on the Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles.

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
Descendants 2 (Original TV Movie Soundtrack) – Standard edition

No.
Title
Writer(s)
Performer(s)
Length

1.
"Ways to Be Wicked"

Sam Hollander
Josh Edmondson
Grant Michaels
Charity Daw

Dove Cameron
Sofia Carson
Cameron Boyce
Booboo Stewart

3:38

2.
"What's My Name"

Antonina Armato
Tim James
Tom Sturges
Adam Schmalholz

China Anne McClain
Thomas Doherty
Dylan Playfair

3:10

3.
"Chillin' Like a Villain"

Armato
James
Sturges
Schmalholz

Carson
Boyce
Stewart
Mitchell Hope

3:13

4.
"Space Between"

Shayna Mordue
Stephen Mark Conley
Tyler Shamy
Andy Dodd

Cameron
Carson

3:26

5.
"It's Goin' Down"

Armato
James
Sturges
Schmalholz

Cameron
Carson
Boyce
Stewart
McClain
Hope
Doherty
Playfair

4:12

6.
"You and Me"

Mitch Allan
Nikki Leonti

Cameron
Carson
Boyce
Stewart
Hope
Jeff Lewis

3:32

7.
"Kiss the Girl"

Alan Menken
Howard Ashman

Cameron
Carson
Boyce
Stewart
McClain
Doherty

2:44

8.
"Poor Unfortunate Souls"

Menken
Ashman

McClain

2:43

9.
"Better Together" (from Descendants: Wicked World)

Matt Wong
Jack Kugell
Hannah Jones

Cameron
Carson

2:44

10.
"Evil" (from Descendants: Wicked World)

Dan Book
Shelly Peiken

Cameron

2:54

11.
"Rather Be with You" (from Descendants: Wicked World)

Jeannie Lurie
Chen Neeman
Aris Archontis

Cameron
Carson

2:14

Total length:
32:30

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2017)
Peak
position

Australian Albums (ARIA)[35]
64

Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[36]
102

Canadian Albums (Billboard)[37]
25

French Albums (SNEP)[38]
135

New Zealand Heatseekers Albums (RMNZ)[39]
6

Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)[40]
53

US Billboard 200[41]
6

US Kid Albums (Billboard)[42]
1

US Soundtrack Albums (Billboard)[43]
1

text: Novels[edit]

text: Rise of the Isle of the Lost[edit]

text: A prequel novel called Rise of the Isle of the Lost was released on May 23, 2017.[44] The novel details Uma's rise to power and her earlier history with Mal. The main plot details Uma planning to get the migrating trident of King Triton in order to help bring down the barrier surrounding the Isle of the Lost.

text: In addition to the mentioning of Genie, Grumpy, and Merriwether being teachers at Auradon Prep, a third school called the Serpent Preparatory School for the Education of Miscreants is located on the Isle of the Lost which Uma, Harry Hook, and Gil attended. Serpent Prep is a rival of Dragon Hall.

text: The book also introduced Yen Sid's Auradon intern Sophie, Ariel's niece Arrabelle, and Mulan and Shang's son Li'l Shang who is Lonnie's brother. There was a mentioning that the Stabbington Brothers from Tangled are also on the Isle of the Lost where they have Stabbington Cousins. Other information listed here that was later referenced in the film was Audrey and Chad breaking up, the introduction of R.O.A.R., Mal keeping Maleficent's lizard form as a pet, and Evie having her magic mirror placed in the museum.