document_title: Fredericton

question_text: when did fredericton become the capital of new brunswick

question_tokens: when did fredericton become the capital of new brunswick

text: Fredericton

text: History[edit]

text: The earliest known inhabitation of the area dates back 12,000 years, according to archaeologists, evidenced by recent finds.  Excavations unearthed a campsite with firepit and more than 600 artifacts including stone tool fragments and arrowheads.[6]

tag: p

text: The area of the present-day city of Fredericton was first used for seasonal farming by the Maliseet peoples. Maliseet cultivated food plants including: beans, pumpkins, Jerusalem artichokes, ground nuts, and maize on the river banks and islands of the Saint John River.  In the mid-18th century their principal village of Aucpaque was located several kilometres upriver from the site of present-day Fredericton.[7]

text: Colonial history (1690–1867)[edit]

text: The first European contact was by the French in the late 17th century. Joseph Robineau de Villebon received a land grant and was appointed  governor of Acadia. During King William's War, Villebon built Fort Nashwaak on the north side of the Saint John River, at the mouth of the Nashwaak River. For most of the war, Fort Nashwaak served as the capital of the French colony of Acadia; forces from here conducted numerous military raids on English settlers on the New England/ Acadia border.

text: French and English hostilities continued along the border. Within weeks of an attack of French and Indigenous forces launched from Fort Nashwaak on Pemaquid, Maine (present day Bristol, Maine), the New Englanders struck back. In 1696, an expedition under command of Major Benjamin Church set out to destroy Fort Nashwaak (present-day Fredericton). Commander Villebon had been alerted and prepared his defences. On 18 October, the British troops arrived near the fort, landed three cannons, and assembled earthworks on the south bank of the Nashwaak River.[8]  The siege of Fort Nashwaak last for two days gunfire was fiercely exchanged, with the advantage going to the better-sited Acadian guns. The New Englanders were defeated, with 8 soldiers killed and 17 wounded. The Acadians sustained losses of one killed and two wounded.[9]

text: After Villebon's death in 1700 and a devastating flood that destroyed several French farms in the area, the fort was abandoned. The Fredericton area was first permanently settled and named Pointe-Sainte-Anne (later often anglicized to "Ste. Anne's Point") in 1732 by Acadians fleeing Nova Scotia after the British took over the territory (1710). Their townsite was on the south side of the river, approximately a mile upriver from Fort Nashwaak.[10]

text: The British captured Ste. Anne's Point during the expulsion of the Acadians, burning the settlement to the ground in the St. John River Campaign (1759) during the French and Indian War, the North American front of their Seven Years' War in Europe against France.

text: A 1762 settlement attempt by the British was unsuccessful due to the hostility of local Acadian and Aboriginal populations. These settlers eventually erected a community downriver at what is today the town of Maugerville (pronounced "majorville"). However, three fur traders settled permanently here in 1768.

text: In 1783, United Empire Loyalists were settled in Ste. Anne's Point after the American Revolution, having left their properties in the United States. They were granted land in compensation in British North America by the Crown. Many died during the harsh and long first winter in Fredericton. The dead were buried in what became the Loyalist cemetery, which is still found on the south bank of the Saint John River. When spring came, more Loyalists left the new settlement to take up land grants in other areas.

text: When New Brunswick became a separate colony from Nova Scotia in 1784, Ste. Anne's Point became the provincial capital, winning out over Parrtown (present-day Saint John) due to its central inland location. This made it less prone to American attack from the sea. A street plan was laid out to the west of the original townsite, King's College (now the University of New Brunswick) was founded, and the locale was renamed "Frederick's Town", in honour of the second son of King George III of the United Kingdom, Prince Frederick Augustus, Duke of York. The name was shortened to Fredericton shortly after the city became the official provincial capital of New Brunswick on 25 April 1785.  Thus, in a period of less than three years, the area of Fredericton went from being a sparsely populated region to being the capital of the new colony of New Brunswick.

text: The same attributes that made Fredericton the capital city also made it an ideal spot for a military installation. Many of the original military buildings downtown still stand, and are now tourist attractions.

text: Modern history (1867–present)[edit]

text: The building constructed to house the colonial-era legislative assembly in 1788 was destroyed by a fire in 1880. Two years later, the present Legislature Building was constructed.

text: The first major expansion of the city occurred on 1 July 1945 when it amalgamated with the town of Devon. Today the city of Fredericton comprises Fredericton proper, and the boroughs of Silverwood, Nashwaaksis, Barker's Point and Marysville, which were incorporated into the city in 1973.

text: The commemorative brass cenotaph plaques were stolen in October 2015, and were replaced by replicas cast by an Amherst foundry called Liberty Enterprises.[11]

text: One of the communities amalgamated into Fredericton in 1973, Marysville, has a unique and distinctive history of its own.  Marysville is located on the Nashwaak River,  a tributary of the Saint John River, just north of pre-1973 Fredericton.  The community is distinguished by its 19th-century mill and historic buildings, which include 19th-century company houses and buildings patterned after those of British industrial towns.

text: Marysville can be described as a prime example of a 19th-century mill town. In the 1830s a sawmill was built on the site of Marysville by two local entrepreneurs. However, the mill frequently changed ownership and never showed a profit.  Alexander Gibson (popularly referred to as "Boss Gibson") turned this situation around and built a prosperous industrial town. In 1883, under the direction of Gibson, construction began of a cotton mill, which was state-of-the-art for its time. "Boss" Gibson named the company town that grew up around the mill Marysville in honour of his wife.

text: In 1908, having faced financial problems, Gibson sold the mill to a Montreal-based company which, in turn, sold it to Canadian Cottons Ltd. After World War II, foreign competition devastated the mill's business; jobs moved offshore and it ceased operations in 1954. There were numerous attempts to re-open the mill; however, in 1980, it closed its doors permanently. The mill was renovated and re-opened in 1985 for use as provincial government offices. The mill remains the dominant feature in the Marysville skyline.

text: On August 10, 2018, a mass shooting took place on Brookside Drive that left four people dead, including two police officers.

text: Geography[edit]

text:
Fredericton

Climate chart (explanation)

JFMAMJJASOND

95

−4
−15

73

−2
−14

93

3
−8

86

10
−1

96

18
5

82

23
10

88

26
13

86

25
12

88

20
7

89

13
2

106

6
−3

95

1
−11

Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mmSource: Environment Canada[12]

showImperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND

3.8

25
5

2.9

28
7

3.7

37
18

3.4

50
30

3.8

64
40

3.2

73
49

3.5

78
55

3.4

77
54

3.4

68
45

3.5

56
35

4.2

43
27

3.7

33
13

Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches

text: The Saint John River runs through Fredericton,  with most of the city's post-war suburban development occurring on the gently sloping hills on either side of the river (although the downtown core is flat and lies low to the river).

text: At an altitude of about 17 metres above sea level, Fredericton is nestled in the Pennsylvanian Basin. It differs markedly from the geologically older parts of the province. There are prominently two distinct areas in the region that are divided around the area of Wilsey Road, in the east end of the city. In the west side, the bedrock underneath the earth is topographically dominant, whereas the other is controlled by Pleistocene and recent deposits leading to the rivers (resulting in the area being shallow and wide). Fredericton and its surroundings are rich in water resources, which, coupled with highly arable soil, make the Fredericton region ideal for agriculture. The Saint John River and one of its major tributaries, the Nashwaak River, come together in Fredericton.  The uninhabited parts of the city are heavily forested.

text: Fredericton has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb). The average January low temperature is -16 °C, while the average high in July high is 26 °C.[13] On average, Fredericton receives approximately 1100 mm of precipitation per year. Snowfall is common between late November and early April, and snow usually stays on the ground beginning in December. Flooding occurs during the spring of most years on area rivers and affects the city's low-lying neighbourhoods. Its climate is somewhat influenced by its inland position, with warmer summers and colder winter nights than expected for coastal areas of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia.

text: The highest temperature ever recorded in Fredericton was 38.9 °C (102 °F) on 18 August 1935.[14] The coldest temperature ever recorded was −38.9 °C (−38 °F) on 19 January 1925.[14]

text:
hideClimate data for Fredericton CDA, 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1871–present[a]

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Record high °C (°F)

15.0 (59)

19.0 (66.2)

26.5 (79.7)

30.5 (86.9)

35.5 (95.9)

35.6 (96.1)

36.1 (97)

38.9 (102)

33.7 (92.7)

28.9 (84)

21.7 (71.1)

16.1 (61)

38.9 (102)

Average high °C (°F)

−4.4 (24.1)

−2.1 (28.2)

2.8 (37)

9.9 (49.8)

17.6 (63.7)

22.7 (72.9)

25.4 (77.7)

24.5 (76.1)

19.6 (67.3)

12.8 (55)

5.5 (41.9)

−1.0 (30.2)

11.1 (52)

Daily mean °C (°F)

−9.4 (15.1)

−7.5 (18.5)

−2.2 (28)

4.8 (40.6)

11.3 (52.3)

16.4 (61.5)

19.4 (66.9)

18.6 (65.5)

14.0 (57.2)

7.8 (46)

1.8 (35.2)

−5.3 (22.5)

5.8 (42.4)

Average low °C (°F)

−14.4 (6.1)

−12.8 (9)

−7.2 (19)

−0.4 (31.3)

5.1 (41.2)

10.1 (50.2)

13.3 (55.9)

12.6 (54.7)

8.3 (46.9)

2.8 (37)

−2.0 (28.4)

−9.5 (14.9)

0.5 (32.9)

Record low °C (°F)

−38.9 (−38)

−38.3 (−36.9)

−32.8 (−27)

−20.0 (−4)

−6.7 (19.9)

−2.2 (28)

1.7 (35.1)

1.7 (35.1)

−4.4 (24.1)

−11.1 (12)

−26.7 (−16.1)

−35.6 (−32.1)

−38.9 (−38)

Average precipitation mm (inches)

101.9 (4.012)

70.1 (2.76)

90.1 (3.547)

81.6 (3.213)

103.8 (4.087)

86.3 (3.398)

89.0 (3.504)

85.9 (3.382)

94.7 (3.728)

89.7 (3.531)

109.9 (4.327)

91.8 (3.614)

1,094.7 (43.098)

Average rainfall mm (inches)

42.4 (1.669)

31.7 (1.248)

45.2 (1.78)

68.1 (2.681)

103.1 (4.059)

86.3 (3.398)

89.0 (3.504)

85.9 (3.382)

94.7 (3.728)

89.3 (3.516)

96.3 (3.791)

54.0 (2.126)

885.9 (34.878)

Average snowfall cm (inches)

63.6 (25.04)

39.1 (15.39)

42.4 (16.69)

13.5 (5.31)

0.6 (0.24)

0.0 (0)

0.0 (0)

0.0 (0)

0.0 (0)

0.4 (0.16)

13.9 (5.47)

41.4 (16.3)

214.8 (84.57)

Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm)

12.6

10.2

12.4

12.6

14.9

13.6

14.5

12.7

13.7

13.5

13.8

12.5

156.7

Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm)

4.5

4.2

7.1

10.8

14.8

13.6

14.5

12.7

13.7

13.5

11.7

6.0

126.9

Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm)

9.4

7.2

7.0

2.4

0.3

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.11

3.2

7.5

37.0

Mean monthly sunshine hours

119.5

130.8

148.9

162.2

206.9

224.3

239.7

226.2

172.4

142.5

95.8

102.2

1,971.2

Percent possible sunshine

42.4

44.8

40.4

40.0

44.7

47.7

50.4

51.6

45.7

41.9

33.6

37.8

43.4

Source: Environment Canada [14][15][16][17]

text:
showClimate data for Fredericton Airport, 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1951–present

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Record high humidex

17.1

17.3

28.0

33.3

38.1

43.5

44.5

43.3

39.6

32.0

25.0

19.5

44.5

Record high °C (°F)

14.6 (58.3)

18.6 (65.5)

27.2 (81)

30.3 (86.5)

35.2 (95.4)

35.3 (95.5)

36.7 (98.1)

37.2 (99)

34.1 (93.4)

27.8 (82)

21.1 (70)

15.9 (60.6)

37.2 (99)

Average high °C (°F)

−3.8 (25.2)

−2.0 (28.4)

3.0 (37.4)

10.0 (50)

17.6 (63.7)

22.7 (72.9)

25.5 (77.9)

24.8 (76.6)

20.0 (68)

13.2 (55.8)

6.0 (42.8)

−0.7 (30.7)

11.4 (52.5)

Daily mean °C (°F)

−9.4 (15.1)

−7.9 (17.8)

−2.4 (27.7)

4.5 (40.1)

11.1 (52)

16.2 (61.2)

19.3 (66.7)

18.4 (65.1)

13.6 (56.5)

7.5 (45.5)

1.5 (34.7)

−5.7 (21.7)

5.6 (42.1)

Average low °C (°F)

−15.0 (5)

−13.7 (7.3)

−7.8 (18)

−1.0 (30.2)

4.6 (40.3)

9.7 (49.5)

13.0 (55.4)

12.1 (53.8)

7.1 (44.8)

1.6 (34.9)

−3.0 (26.6)

−10.7 (12.7)

−0.2 (31.6)

Record low °C (°F)

−35.6 (−32.1)

−37.2 (−35)

−28.9 (−20)

−15.1 (4.8)

−6.7 (19.9)

−0.6 (30.9)

1.7 (35.1)

1.3 (34.3)

−3.9 (25)

−8.9 (16)

−20.2 (−4.4)

−33.8 (−28.8)

−37.2 (−35)

Record low wind chill

−45.1

−46.4

−38.0

−26.1

−12.5

−4.3

0.0

0.0

−6.6

−13.1

−26.5

−42.2

−46.4

Average precipitation mm (inches)

95.3 (3.752)

73.1 (2.878)

93.2 (3.669)

85.9 (3.382)

96.2 (3.787)

82.4 (3.244)

88.3 (3.476)

85.6 (3.37)

87.5 (3.445)

89.1 (3.508)

106.3 (4.185)

94.9 (3.736)

1,077.7 (42.429)

Average rainfall mm (inches)

38.0 (1.496)

31.4 (1.236)

46.7 (1.839)

68.3 (2.689)

94.5 (3.72)

82.4 (3.244)

88.3 (3.476)

85.6 (3.37)

87.5 (3.445)

88.2 (3.472)

92.9 (3.657)

55.3 (2.177)

859.1 (33.823)

Average snowfall cm (inches)

69.9 (27.52)

47.5 (18.7)

49.4 (19.45)

18.6 (7.32)

1.4 (0.55)

0.0 (0)

0.0 (0)

0.0 (0)

0.0 (0)

0.8 (0.31)

14.3 (5.63)

50.5 (19.88)

252.3 (99.33)

Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm)

14.2

11.3

13.0

13.2

13.9

12.2

12.3

10.6

10.3

11.4

13.2

13.4

148.9

Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm)

5.1

4.3

7.3

10.8

13.8

12.2

12.3

10.6

10.3

11.3

11.1

6.3

115.4

Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm)

11.7

9.1

8.5

4.7

0.38

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.42

4.2

10.0

48.9

Average relative humidity (%)

75.1

74.9

77.1

80.6

83.6

86.4

89.5

90.4

91.1

87.6

83.8

80.0

83.3

Source: Environment Canada [18][19][20]

text: Administration[edit]

text: Municipal[edit]

text: Fredericton has a mayor-council and non-partisan form of government, with the mayor and council serving fixed four-year terms (three years until 2004), and elections held in May. The current mayor is Mike O'Brien, who was elected in 2016.[4] The city is divided into twelve wards (six on each side of the Saint John River), with each ward electing one councillor.

text: The Boyce Farmers Market, open on Saturday mornings, is a place where municipal, provincial and federal politicians frequently visit to mingle with their electorate - something which has evolved into a political tradition.

text: Federal and provincial[edit]

text: Provincially, Fredericton elected Progressive Conservatives from 1952 until electoral sweep of the Liberal Party in 1987 when they won every seat in New Brunswick under Frank McKenna. Since then there has been greater political alteration in the provincial electoral landscape in Fredericton.

text: In 1991, the right-wing Confederation of Regions Party won the riding of Fredericton North (along with several other nearby ridings). In 1999 Progressive Conservatives swept all three Fredericton area seats; however, in 2003, Fredericton-North and Fredericton-Fort Nashwaak returned to the Liberals.[21]

text: Federally, the city forms most of the riding of Fredericton. This riding was known as Fredericton-York-Sunbury but was redistributed prior to the 1997 general election.  From 1957 until 1993 Fredericton returned Progressive Conservatives. In the 2008 federal election, the candidate of the Conservative Party of Canada, former New Maryland MLA Keith Ashfield, won this seat with 42% of the popular vote.

text: Cityscape[edit]

text: Architecturally, Fredericton spans more than two centuries. The city features an eclectic mix of buildings and residences ranging from classical Victorian style to modern office buildings and architecture. Fredericton’s skyline is also distinguished by many historic churches.  There are 12 National Historic Sites of Canada in Fredericton.[22]

text: Neighbourhoods in Fredericton include:

text:
Barker's Point
Brookside West
Devon
Douglas
Downtown Frederiction (CBD)
Hanwell
Lincoln Heights
Marysville
Nashwaaksis
North Brook
Silverwood
Skyline Acres
Southwood Park
St. Mary's
Sunset Acres
Sunshine Gardens
Town Platt
West Platt

tag: ul

text: The City of Fredericton is bisected by the Saint John River. This has created two distinctive regions of the city characterized as the "Northside" and the "Southside". The Southside is characterized by a downtown core consisting of provincial government departments, historical buildings, and numerous business establishments, banks, and law firms.  Downtown also hosts many of the city's cultural attractions, such as The Playhouse, the Fredericton Region Museum (formerly the York-Sunbury Museum), the Beaverbrook Art Gallery and Science East, New Brunswick's science centre.  Many notable historical buildings are also located in or near downtown, including grand Victorian-era residences, the New Brunswick Legislative Building, and Christ Church Cathedral. South of downtown, the city's elevation rises along a sloping hill (part of the river valley feature of the city).

text: "The Hill", as it is called, includes an area known as "College Hill", where the adjoining campuses of the University of New Brunswick and St. Thomas University are located, slightly southeast of the downtown area. Southwest of the universities on the crest of the hill, near the highway interchange between Route 8 and Route 7, is the Dr. Everett Chalmers Regional Hospital. East of the universities is the Skyline Acres/Southwood Park area, consisting of a core of older established suburbs, and newer, more affluent areas such as Poets Hill.

text: Occupying the hill southwest of downtown is Odell Park, a large preserved forest area. Its trails and wooded areas are a favourite for hiking, jogging, dog walking, and cross-country skiing for city residents. Odell Park borders on the Fredericton Botanic Garden. West of the park and garden is Hanwell Road, Golf Club Road, and Silverwood neighbourhoods consisting largely of suburban residences.

text: South of the "Hill Area", where it plateaus, is a sizeable shopping district consisting of the city's largest mall, the Regent Mall; two big-box retail complexes, Corbett Centre and Uptown Centre;  and numerous adjacent strip malls and restaurants.

text: The city's "Northside" consists of several boroughs which were, at one time, separate communities. These include Devon, Nashwaaksis, Marysville and Barker's Point. These communities are largely suburban neighbourhoods and retail outlets. Main Street (in Nashwaaksis) which becomes Union Street in Devon, runs along the northern bank of the Saint John River. It includes numerous retail outlets as well as an eclectic array of businesses including IT firms, law firms, and real estate agents.  Also located on the Northside is the Brookside Mall, a retail mall anchored by Sobeys, Alcool NB Liquor and a Lawtons Drugs store as well as government offices. A new retail "power centre" development including Canadian Tire/Marks Work Warehouse, Kent Building Supplies and a Wal-Mart, is located at Two-Nations Crossing. Willie O'Ree Place - a new multimillion-dollar hockey complex - opened in the same area in 2007.

text: The Northside is also home to the Saint Mary's First Nation Indian reserve, which includes a community centre and a shopping centre. During the Christmas season, the neighbourhood has some of the most spectacular and creative decorations in the city.

text: Culture[edit]

text: Due to the presence of the universities, Fredericton is more cosmopolitan than many cities its size.[citation needed]  This is reflected in cuisine offered by local ethnic restaurants (which include Caribbean, Chinese, Greek, Indian, Korean, Italian, Japanese, Lebanese, Mexican, Pakistani and Vietnamese foods). There are also several retail outlets that sell ethnic products and artifacts. The federal government named Fredericton the "Cultural Capital of Canada" for the year 2009.  Officers' Square is an outdoor public space located at the centre of the city. It serves as a venue for outdoor concerts during the summer, featuring a variety of local and national talent. During the winter, Officers' Square is transformed into an outdoor skating rink.

text: Arts[edit]

text: Fredericton is an important cultural centre of the region featuring art galleries, the New Brunswick College of Craft and Design, museums and theatres which promote local artistic and literary talent. The Beaverbrook Art Gallery is New Brunswick's provincial art gallery. It was established in 1959 by Lord Beaverbrook as a gift to his native province. Fredericton is also home to several commercial art galleries.

text: The Playhouse hosts plays and musicals throughout the year, as well as presenting visiting comedians and musical performances by both Canadian and international artists. The Playhouse is the main venue for Theatre New Brunswick (TNB). TNB was founded by prominent Canadian director Walter Learning in 1969, and is the province’s largest professional theatre company.

text: Every fall Fredericton hosts the Harvest Jazz & Blues Festival. The week-long festival draws artists from all over North America. Since its inception in 1991, the event has grown into a large, diverse festival which has attracted artists from around the world including Buddy Guy, Warren Haynes, Oscar Peterson, and Parliament.

text: Fredericton is home to the New Brunswick Summer Music Festival, which, each August, features professional chamber music by top local players and nationally renowned performers. Motion Ensemble, NB’s contemporary music organization, is also based here. In addition, Symphony New Brunswick performs most of its season in Fredericton.

text: Every November Fredericton hosts the Silver Wave Film Festival. Originally called the Tidal Wave Film Festival, it has been running since 2001. Each year attendance and interest in the festival has risen. Because of the its relationship with the Toronto International Film Festival, the Silver Wave Festival offers Frederictonians the opportunity to see films that would otherwise be overlooked in their smaller market. Films created by New Brunswickers are also screened at the festival. Many of the local films come from shorts created through the University of New Brunswick and the New Brunswick Filmmaker's Co-operative.

text: Fredericton has been called the Poets' Corner of Canada, because it was the birthplace of Bliss Carman, Charles G. D. Roberts and Francis Joseph Sherman. For many years, it was the home of the acclaimed Governor General's Award-winning poet, playwright, and journalist Alden Nowlan.

text: Prominent writers and poets living in Fredericton include Raymond Fraser, Robert Gibbs, M.T. Dohaney, Herb Curtis, Wayne Curtis, David Adams Richards, Robert Hawkes, Shari Andrews, Mark Anthony Jarman, Gerard Beirne and Joe Blades.

text: Attractions[edit]

text: Museums and historic buildings[edit]

text:
Beaverbrook Art Gallery
New Brunswick Legislative Building
Old Government House
Historic Garrison District
York Sunbury Museum
Boyce Farmers Market
Christ Church Cathedral
New Brunswick Sports Hall of Fame
Gallery 78
Science East
Loyalist Cemetery
Old Burial Ground
Sir Howard Douglas Hall (Old Arts Building)

text: Parks and public spaces[edit]

text: Fredericton contains many public parks featuring preserved forest lands - such as Odell Park and Reading Park. Odell Park is adjacent to the Fredericton Botanic Garden. Furthermore, Fredericton features tree-lined streets and elm trees in particular which have earned the city its nickname "The City of Stately Elms".  Fredericton's parks and public spaces include:

text:
Carleton Park - A part of the Northside Riverfront Trail, Carleton Park boasts a large open field and a boat launching area. The park, which was once the site of Alexander "Boss" Gibson's rail yard, is adjacent to the Bill Thorpe Walking Bridge, which provides easy access to the Southside of the City.
The Green - along the north and south banks of the Saint John River, the green is primarily a walking and biking trail flanked by grassy areas for picnics and sun bathing. Along Waterloo Row, the Green becomes Morrell Park which features two football/soccer fields and a baseball field. Closer to the Downtown, across Saint Annes Point Drive from Officers' Square is the Lighthouse which is an ice cream parlour and tourist attraction, as well as hosting a Tourism Fredericton Information Desk.
Killarney Lake Park - A lakeside park with a beach and picnic spots as well as an extensive network of nature trails
Odell Park - features preserved forested areas and well groomed trails, as well as recreational spaces for picnics and outdoor gatherings. In the lower centre of the park is a lodge for events such as wedding receptions and adjacent to Prospect street at the top of the park is the Fredericton Botanic Garden and the Prospect Street Softball Fields.
Officers' Square - Officers' Square is adjacent to the former Officers' Quarters, which houses the Fredericton Region Museum. The Calithumpians Theatre Company holds daily shows on a permanent stage every weekday throughout the summer. As well, the Fredericton City Guard holds a parade in the Square several times a day throughout the summer. The Square is also a popular venue for outdoor concerts and boasts an outdoor skating rink in the winter.
Queen Square Park - this popular park, located in the heart of Downtown Fredericton, features a new pool (a hybrid of a kids wading pool with fun water toys and a lap pool), playground, tennis courts and 2 baseball fields.
Reading Park - a 33-acre (130,000 m2) passive use park incorporating an open meadow, and a 1.1 kilometre walking trail through a beautiful old-growth forest.
Wilmot Park - a recreational park in the downtown, across from Old Government House featuring a splash pad, playground, outdoor basketball and tennis courts and the Fredericton Lawn Bowling Centre.

text: Sports[edit]

text: There are no professional sports teams in Fredericton, although both universities have extensive athletic programs. The UNB Varsity Reds and St. Thomas Tommies are rivals in most sports. When their men's hockey teams play (UNB has no women's hockey program in the AUS), the matches are called the "Battle of the Hill". The first National Champions ever produced at UNB was in the fall of 1980. The men's soccer team under the leadership of Coaches Gary Brown and Robin Hopper defeated Sir Wilfred Laurier 3-1 on a frigid day in November. The UNB Varsity Reds men hockey team has experienced recent success in national competition, winning the Canadian Interuniversity Sport (CIS) championships in the 2008–2009, 2010–2011, 2015-2016, and 2016-2017 seasons.  They also finished in second place to the University of Alberta during the 2007–2008 championship. Other varsity (AUS) sports at UNB include women's soccer and swimming, along with men's and women's cross country, track and field, basketball and volleyball. Club sports (non-varsity) include baseball, cheerleading, cricket, fencing, football, golf, rowing, wrestling and men's rugby.

text: At St. Thomas University, their men's and women's hockey and cross country teams compete in the AUS conference of the CIS, while their other sports teams (which include men's and women's soccer, rugby, golf, basketball, and volleyball) play in the Atlantic Collegiate Athletic Association (ACAA) conference of the Canadian Collegiate Athletic Association (CCAA). The Tommies men's volleyball team has won four ACAA titles, including in 2012, while the men's and women's basketball teams were both 2012 CCAA bronze medalists.

text:
The American Hockey League was once represented in Fredericton, with the Fredericton Express playing between 1981 and 1988, and the Fredericton Canadiens between 1990 and 1999.
Fredericton has 5 permanent rink facilities which have a combined seven ice surfaces. On the Northside, the York Arena, opened in 1947, is the oldest arena still in use in the city. Also on the Northside is Willie O'Ree Place, the building is named after Fredericton-born Willie O'Ree, the first black player in the National Hockey League. The building, which serves as the home for the Leo Hayes High School Lions, opened in 2008. It houses two NHL-sized ice surfaces, as well as meeting facilities, an indoor track and a small YMCA workout centre, while outside in Scotiabank Park North there is a soccer field and beach volleyball courts.

text: On the Southside, the Lady Beaverbrook Rink (opened in 1954), the home the Fredericton High School Black Kats, and the Aitken University Centre (opened in 1976 and owned by the University of New Brunswick) were joined in 2012 by the new Grant-Harvey Centre, named after Fredericton-born NHL alumni Danny Grant and Buster Harvey, which is another two rink complex; one is NHL sized and the other Olympic. The Grant-Harvey Centre also houses a walking track and meeting facilities. Behind the arena is the new Abony Family Tennis Centre, a six court indoor tennis facility and to the South is Scotiabank Park South has an artificial turf soccer pitch as well as a two-acre, fenced dog park. As of  2012[update], the Grant-Harvey Centre replaced the Lady Beaverbrook Rink as the home of the St. Thomas Tommies.

text: Fredericton has a strong Rugby history with the Fredericton Loyalists RFC.  Each summer the Loyalists host the New Brunswick Black Spruce team which competes in the Rugby Canada Super League.

text: There are healthy programs in both baseball and softball at all age levels around the city. The Fredericton U18 Twins hosted the Canadian U18 Softball Fast Pitch Championships in 2011 and 2012, while the Senior Twins hosted the National Senior Fast Pitch Championships in 2012. In baseball, the Fredericton Senior Royals celebrated their 100th anniversary in 2011 and their 11th (17th including when the team was the Marysville Royals) New Brunswick Senior Baseball League Championship in 2012. That same Royals program produced Matt Stairs, a Major League baseball player who played for Team Canada in the 1988 Summer Olympics and won the World Series with the Philadelphia Phillies in 2008.

text: Fredericton has several large parks, including Odell Park, Reading Park, Queen's Square, Officer's Square, Carleton Park and Wilmot Park. Killarney Lake and nearby Mactaquac Provincial Park have small beaches which are popular in the summer. These, along with the river, provide excellent venues for water sports. Skiing and snowboarding at nearby Crabbe Mountain are also common winter activities among city residents, as is skating on the outdoor rinks at Officer's and Queen's Squares. There are also several trails within the city which are used in the winter for cross-country skiing. Fredericton also boasts public and private facilities for archery, soccer, track and field, golf, football, fencing, rowing, sailing, swimming, curling, martial arts, bowling, paintball, and lawn bowling.

text: Demographic[edit]

text:
Historical populations

Censusyear
Population

1861
6,000

1871
6,006

1881
6,218

1891
6,502

1901
7,117

1911
7,208

1921
8,114

1931
8,830

1941
10,062*

1951
16,018

1956
18,303

1961
19,683

1966
22,460

1971
24,254

1976
45,248**

1981
43,723

1986
44,352

1991
47,510

2001
48,560

2006
50,535

2011
56,224

2016
58,220

* Boundary change

** City amalgamated with surroundings in 1973

text: The population of Fredericton is 56,224 (2011 Census). Along with Moncton and Halifax, Fredericton is one of three Maritime cities to register a population increase in recent years.

text: Ethnicity[edit]

text: Fredericton's population is predominantly white.  However, a black minority has had a long presence in the city, primarily in the Barker's Point borough. Willie O'Ree, the first black player in the NHL, is from Fredericton. The largest non-white segment of Fredericton's population is made up of First Nations people, who live primarily on the Saint Mary's Reserve located in the city's north side.

text: In the 1960s and 1970s, an influx of immigrants from Asia and the Middle East began, although their numbers remain small. Since 2000, the city's universities, Saint Thomas University and the University of New Brunswick, have seen a growing number of students from overseas attending. Visible minorities comprise 9.9% of the city's population. [23]

text: As of 2017, over 500 refugees from the Syrian Civil War have immigrated to the Fredericton area, more per capita than anywhere else in Canada, and equal to approximately 1% of the city's population.[24]

text: Language[edit]

text: While a predominantly Anglophone city, the civil service has seen an increase in the city's Francophone population.  This population is served by the Centre Communautaire Sainte-Anne (which includes K-12 schooling, a radio station, a public library, and cultural centre).  In addition, Fredericton is served by a Francophone church located on Regent Street.

text: The linguistic breakdown of Fredericton is as follows:

text:
75.6% English only
23.6% bilingual (French and English)
0.5% French only
0.3% other

text: Religion[edit]

text: The residents of Fredericton are predominantly Christian, with Protestants forming the largest denomination. The city is notable for its many churches, a high number per capita in comparison to most other Canadian cities.[citation needed] The small Pentecostal Northeast Christian College is located on the city's north side. While the Roman Catholic population is not as large, the city does have the province's only Roman Catholic university, St. Thomas University.

text: Fredericton has a synagogue, a mosque, and a Hindu temple as well. The importance of these institutions has been growing in recent years warranting visits by prominent politicians in the area seeking election. On 9 October 2011, a swastika was scrawled on the front door of the community's synagogue, and was investigated as a potential hate crime.[25] A Unitarian fellowship has been serving Fredericton since 1960 as a place for people to find a liberal religious home.  Fredericton also hosts a Shambhala Buddhist meditation centre.[26]

text:
Main religious denominations in Fredericton [27][28]

2001

20111

Number
%
Number
%

Total population
47,005
100
55,145
100

Christian
38,875
82.7
38,940
70.6

Total Catholic2
13,565
28.8
13,740
24.9

Total Protestant
25,090
53.3
24,985
45.3

- Baptist

6,290
11.4

United Church of Canada

5,995
10.9

Protestant, other3
930
2.0
5,265
9.5

Anglican Church of Canada

5,160
9.4

Pentecostal

1,390
2.5

Presbyterian

785
1.4

Lutheran

100
0.2

Christian Orthodox4
220
0.5
205
0.4

No religious affiliation
6,975
14.8
14,460
26.2

Other
1155
2.5
2,090
3.8

Muslim
455
1.0
685
1.2

Other religions5
185
0.4
335
0.6

Hindu
200
0.4
330
0.6

Buddhist
135
0.3
255
0.4

Jewish
180
0.4
125
0.2

1 The 2011 data is from the National Household Survey[27] and so numbers are estimates.
2Includes Roman Catholic and Ukrainian Catholic
3 Includes persons who report only "Protestant" and those who report “Christian”, and those who report “Apostolic”, “Born-again Christian” and “Evangelical” and those who report from all Protestant denominations with less than 0.05% of the population including those who report "Christian Reformed Church and those who report "Methodist" and those who report "Mennonite" and those who report "Christian Missionary Alliance" and those who report "Brethren in Christ" and those who report "Evangelical Missionary Church"
4 Includes persons who report "Orthodox". Also includes Greek Orthodox, Ukrainian Orthodox, Serbian Orthodox, Armenian Apostolic, Bulgarian Orthodox, Ethiopian Orthodox and Macedonian Orthodox
5 Includes persons who report all Religions with less than 0.05% of the population including Pagan, Wiccan and Sikh as well as persons who report only "non-denominational".

text: Economy[edit]

text: The 19th and early 20th centuries, the lumber industry, with its corresponding mills, was a primary sector of Fredericton's economy. Over the course of the 20th century, this industry declined and gave way to the provincial government and the universities becoming the primary employers in the city.

text: The policies of centralizing provincial government functions during the 1960s under New Brunswick Premier Louis Robichaud - along with the expanded role of the public sector characteristic of the 1960s/70s - led to a sizeable expansion of the city's population. It was during these decades that the Hill area on the city's Southside was largely developed and bedroom communities such as New Maryland emerged.

text: The 1960s also saw an expansion of the University of New Brunswick due to increased post-war university enrolment, as well as the construction of the Fredericton campus of Saint Thomas University. Also contributing to this expansion was the move of the Law School from Saint John to the Fredericton area. This expansion of the post-secondary sector also contributed to Fredericton's population growth during the 1960s and 1970s. Since then, the city's population has continued to grow though at a slower rate due to slower growth of the government sector, along with hiring freezes and in some cases layoffs, during the Frank McKenna and Bernard Lord governments.

text: In recent years, increased student enrolment at the city's universities has led to greater demand for rental property. This has led to the construction of new university residences and apartment buildings in the city, and increased rates of rent, making them the highest rental rates in the province.

text: The predominance of the universities and government provide Fredericton with a measure of economic stability. The city has not been subject to the uncertainty and hardships faced by Atlantic Canadian cities dealing with mill shutdowns and the decline of the mining and fishing industries. For this reason, Fredericton is one of the few Atlantic Canadian cities that has actually reported a population increase in recent years.

text: The city has been investing actively in IT infrastructure. The City of Fredericton won the "Judges Innovation Award" at the 2004 Canadian Information Productivity Awards due to their "Fred-eZone" free municipality wide WiFi network initiative. This and other innovations by the city's utelco, e-Novations, led Intel to do a case study on their successes. Fred-eZone spans much of the city’s downtown and parts of surrounding residential areas, as well as peripheral commercial areas such as Fredericton's Regent Mall. In 2008 and 2009 the Intelligent Community Forum selected Fredericton as a Top 7 Intelligent Community, based partly on the city's work in the IT sector.[29]

text: The Greater Fredericton region has also established an investment attraction program called Invest Greater Fredericton. The purpose is to provide investors and site selectors with one central source for economic information such as real estate, demographics, key industries and more.

text: Education[edit]

text: Primary and secondary education[edit]

text: Fredericton's public schools are located in either the Anglophone West School District (formerly known as District 18, and prior to that, District 26) or the District Scolaire Francophone Sud (District 1). Fredericton is home to three public high schools, two operating in the English language and one in the French language. Fredericton High School, which was once the largest school in the Commonwealth of Nations, operates in English and primarily serves students living on Fredericton's south side. It is also one of the oldest public high schools in Canada, tracing its beginnings to 1785 – having celebrated its bicentennial in 1985. Fredericton High School is home to several sports teams – including basketball, hockey, soccer, and football – which dominated New Brunswick provincial high school sports championships during much of the 1980s and 1990s. The school motto is "Palma Non Sine Pulvere", Latin for "No Reward Without Effort" (literally "no palm without dust").

text: Leo Hayes High School, which opened in 1999, also operates in English and primarily serves students living on Fredericton's north side. The high school is a Public Private Partnership, known as a P3. Leo Hayes' current principal is Brad Sturgeon. The motto of the school is "Somnia Sunt Circuli Veritatis", Latin for "Dreams are the Seedlings of Reality". Leo Hayes High School places priority on both Arts and Athletics, in addition to Academia. In addition, there are four middle schools, fourteen elementary schools and three private schools in the city. A recent issue with middle schools in the city has been the location of George Street Middle School and Albert Street Middle School close to the city centre. This fails to account for the city's changing demographic which has seen the growth of suburban neighbourhoods. In 2009 Albert Street Middle School was replaced by Bliss Carman Middle School, located in the Kimble Road Park area of Skyline Acres. Albert Street Middle School has since been demolished, with a new YMCA having been erected in its place.

text: Fredericton is also served by École Sainte-Anne (ESA), which provides French language education for grades 6-12, and École des Bâtisseurs (opened in 2007) and École Les Éclaireurs (opened in 2015), which provide K-5 education on the north and south side, respectively. École Sainte-Anne is in the same building as that used by the French community centre - the Centre communautaire Sainte-Anne, which also houses the French public library, the Dr. Marguérite Michaud Library, and an amphitheatre.  The current principal of ESA is Gabrielle McLaughlin.

text: Fredericton is also home to a private Christian school, Fredericton Christian Academy, which is located on the Northside. Its current principal is Jonathan McAloon.

text: Post-secondary institutions[edit]

text: Universities[edit]

text: Fredericton's status as an educational centre is evident in the city's two degree-granting universities: the University of New Brunswick and St. Thomas University. The University of New Brunswick (UNB) was founded in 1785, making it the oldest public university in North America, compared to the oldest private university, Harvard University, in 1636. Built in 1826, UNB's Old Arts Building is the oldest university building still in use in Canada. UNB also houses Renaissance College, which is a leading leadership training institution in New Brunswick. UNB houses a Faculty of Law which is one of two Anglophone common-law schools in Atlantic Canada.

text: St. Thomas University (STU) is the province's only Catholic university and has been located in Fredericton since 1964, when it moved from its Chatham, New Brunswick campus. It is a liberal arts university with programs in gerontology, criminology, journalism, social work, native studies, and education. STU offers an excellent program in Human Rights and is the home of the Atlantic Human Rights Research and Development Centre.

text: Colleges[edit]

text: Fredericton is also home to several colleges and similar institutions. The New Brunswick College of Craft and Design houses the province's leading programs in photography and visual arts. The Fredericton location of the New Brunswick Community College is on the campus of the University of New Brunswick. The Maritime College of Forest Technology maintains its English-language campus in the city. MCFT is a small post-secondary school training students from across the Maritime provinces.

text: Other institutions include 3D and 2D animation schools such as da Vinci College and the Gaming and Animation Institute of Fredericton. Located on the north side is a small Pentecostal College, the Northeast Christian College, which trains and certifies Pentecostal ministers.[30]

text: Other institutions[edit]

text: Alongside Fredericton's more established universities, the city also is home to several online for-profit universities. University of Fredericton (UFred) and Yorkville University are operational. The University of Fredericton was founded in 2006, making it the youngest private university in Canada. It is a degree-granting online university providing certificate and graduate degree programs in business leadership. UFred offers MBA and EMBA Programs under Section 3 of the Degree Granting Act of the Province of New Brunswick in Canada.[31] Yorkville offers graduate programs in counselling psychology and adult education. Meritus closed in 2012. These universities typically have offices downtown.

text: Research[edit]

text: Fredericton hosts several major research centres - dealing with policy development, agriculture, forestry, and engineering. These research institutions are connected to the city's two universities as well as the provincial and federal governments.

text: The Hugh John Flemming Forestry Centre (including Provincial and Federal Departments) is the leading forestry research centre in Atlantic Canada. This Centre carries out major research endeavours in forestry management and scientific research. The Centre closely collaborates with the Forestry Department at the University of New Brunswick which is one of the top Forestry Departments in Canada.  As well, research and development in agriculture and crop development is carried out at the Agricultural Research Station in Lincoln.

text: The University of New Brunswick is the site of several major research centres in social science, forestry, geomatics and biomedical engineering, and policy development. These include the Centre for Conflict Studies, which carries out research on military and strategic issues and the Muriel McQueen Fergusson Centre for Family Violence Research, which carries out multi-disciplinary research on family violence issues. Furthermore, the Institute of Biomedical Engineering has completed groundbreaking work on prosthetic limbs to aid war amputees in developing countries.

text: As well, the city's growing IT sector has been the basis for new research on IT and computer programming development, including the October 2002 opening of the National Research Council of Canada Institute for Information Technology – e-Business facility, located on the University of New Brunswick campus.

text: Fredericton is also the home of New Brunswick's Provincial Research Organization (PRO), RPC. RPC specializes in applied research and technical services in support of New Brunswick industry.  Specializations include capabilities in aquaculture, mining, manufacturing, energy and the environment.[32]

text: Transportation[edit]

text: Air[edit]

text: Air service is provided out of the Fredericton International Airport, located approximately 15 kilometres east of downtown in Lincoln. It is served by Air Canada Express, which operates direct flights to Toronto, Ottawa, Montreal and Halifax. Seasonal direct flights are also offered to Cuba and the Caribbean during the late winter and early spring months. As of May 2015, WestJet Encore provides daily Q400 Turboprop service to Toronto.

text: Public transit[edit]

text: Fredericton Transit provides bus transit service to most areas of the city.  All city buses feature bike racks so that cyclists can take advantage of bus services as well. Fredericton is also served by several taxi companies. The major companies in alphabetical order are: ABC Car Services, Checker Cab, George's Skycab, Loyal Taxi, Standard Taxi and Trius Taxi.[citation needed] Fredericton started installing bicycle lanes in July 2008, with a plan to establish 45 kilometres of on-street painted bicycle lanes and 39 kilometres of signed bicycle routes by 2011.[33]

text: There is no rail service into Fredericton. Passenger service started in 1869 and ended in the 1960s. Via Rail's "Atlantic" passenger train ran for many years between Saint John and Montreal, stopping at Fredericton Junction, about 28 kilometers south of Fredericton, and passing through Maine. The service was cancelled in the Via Rail cuts of 1981, but it was resumed in 1985. In 1994, Canadian Pacific announced that it would abandon its railway line through Maine and New Brunswick, thus leading to VIA Rail's decision to cancel the Atlantic train service. The last passenger train left Fredericton Junction in November 1994.[34] Freight service to Fredericton ended in 1996 and all railway tracks have been abandoned and removed. The city joined St. John's and Charlottetown as Canada's only provincial capitals without rail service. Since 1 December 2012, Fredericton has been served by Maritime Bus connections to points throughout Eastern Canada.[35]

text: Roads[edit]

text: Fredericton is located on the Trans-Canada Highway, which passes along the southern municipal boundary. Routes 7 and 8 (the latter being a former alignment of the Trans-Canada) also pass through the city. Two highway bridges, the Westmorland Street Bridge and the Princess Margaret Bridge, cross the Saint John River. Those bridges feed into controlled-access roads (Routes 8 and 105 serving the city's north side.) The city's highway system is mostly complete, and traffic jams rarely occur.

text: Streets in downtown follow a grid pattern. In residential areas of downtown, some neighbourhoods are traffic-calmed and include traffic circles at intersections to slow the speed of cars and discourage thoroughfare traffic. Northumberland Street and Odell Avenue have adopted speedbumps to slow fast moving traffic. The pattern of streets in the rest of the city varies including straight thoroughfares (such as Smythe Street, Prospect Street and Regent Street), to curved streets and cul-de-sacs in primarily residential areas.

text: Trail system[edit]

text: Fredericton has a network of 25 trails totalling more than 85 kilometres (53 mi) on both sides of the Saint John and Nashwaak Rivers. Many of the city trails are rail trails that follow old railway lines. These include the Old Train Bridge that spans 0.6 km across the Saint John River, providing a panoramic view of downtown Fredericton. The rail trail system in Fredericton is part of the Sentier NB Trail system and some of these trails are also part of the larger Trans-Canada Trail network. Some sections of the trail system are being paved to make it more accessible to non-motorized vehicles such as bicycles and wheelchairs.

text: Railway service through Fredericton was discontinued by CP Rail in fall 1993 and CN Rail in spring 1996. Following abandonment, both companies sold their right-of-ways to the provincial government which developed the trail network in partnership with the city and volunteer trail organizations. The trails are used by residents for walking, biking, and jogging and boast several scenic vistas along the Saint John and Nashwaak rivers as well as a mix of urban and wooded/natural scenery.

text: On the south side of the city, CP Rail's Fredericton Subdivision enters the city from Rusagonis-Waasis to the south, following the Wilsey Road and Beaverbrook Street to the former railway yard where a Sobeys supermarket has been built along Regent Street. The former CP passenger station (York Street Railway Station) is located at the end of the Fredericton Subdivision and, after sitting abandoned for decades, was renovated into a winery and liquor store in 2011.

text: On the north side of the city, CP Rail's Gibson Subdivision enters the city from Douglas in the west, following the Saint John River through Nashwaaksis to South Devon. CP Rail's Minto Subdivision enters the city from Barker's Point in the east and follows the Saint John River to South Devon and crossing the Nashwaak River. CP Rail's Marysville Spur runs from Barker's Point to Marysville along the east bank of the Nashwaak River.

text: On the south side, CN Rail's Oromocto Subdivision enters the city from Lincoln in the east and parallels the former CP line to the downtown rail yard and York Street Station. CN's former Centreville Subdivision continues beyond the station to Silverwood in the west; this rail line was abandoned west of the Hanwell Road after the Mactaquac Dam opened in 1968 and flooded the right-of-way through to Woodstock. CN Rail's Nashwaak Subdivision joined the Oromocto Subdivision at Una Junction, immediately north of Beaverbrook Street opposite the University of New Brunswick campus. The line proceeds north, crossing the Saint John River on the Fredericton Railway Bridge, to the former railway yard in South Devon where CP Rail's Gibson and Minto subdivisions join. The Nashwaak Subdivision continues up the Nashwaak River valley to McGivney.

text: Reading Park Trail (/ˈrɛdɪŋ/ ( listen) RED-ing) is a 1.1 km forested trail going through Reading Park in Skyline Acres on the City's south side. Protected by trees, and constructed in a loop, Reading Park Trail is very popular with city residents for walking their dogs. It's also a destination for bird watchers, as the park's old-growth forest is one of the city's last remaining habitats for the pileated woodpecker.

text: Media[edit]

text: Notable people[edit]

text: Partner cities[edit]

text: Gangnam-gu, South Korea


question_text: who won the champions league final last year

root

text: List of finals[edit]

text:
Key

Match was won during extra time

*
Match was won on a penalty shoot-out

&
Match was won after a replay

tag: table

text:
The "Season" column refers to the season the competition was held, and wikilinks to the article about that season.
The wikilinks in the "Score" column point to the article about that season's final game.

text:
List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League finals

Season
Nation
Winners
Score
Runners-up
Nation
Venue
Attendance[11]

1955–56
 Spain
Real Madrid
4–3
Stade de Reims
 France
 Parc des Princes, Paris
38,239

1956–57
 Spain
Real Madrid
2–0
Fiorentina
 Italy
 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, Madrid
124,000

1957–58
 Spain
Real Madrid
3–2
Milan
 Italy
 Heysel Stadium, Brussels
67,000

1958–59
 Spain
Real Madrid
2–0
Stade de Reims
 France
 Neckarstadion, Stuttgart
72,000

1959–60
 Spain
Real Madrid
7–3
Eintracht Frankfurt
 West Germany
 Hampden Park, Glasgow
127,621

1960–61
 Portugal
Benfica
3–2
Barcelona
 Spain
 Wankdorf Stadium, Bern
26,732

1961–62
 Portugal
Benfica
5–3
Real Madrid
 Spain
 Olympisch Stadion, Amsterdam
61,257

1962–63
 Italy
Milan
2–1
Benfica
 Portugal
 Wembley Stadium, London
45,715

1963–64
 Italy
Internazionale
3–1
Real Madrid
 Spain
 Prater Stadium, Vienna
71,333

1964–65
 Italy
Internazionale
1–0
Benfica
 Portugal
 San Siro, Milan
89,000

1965–66
 Spain
Real Madrid
2–1
Partizan
 Yugoslavia
 Heysel Stadium, Brussels
46,745

1966–67
 Scotland
Celtic
2–1
Internazionale
 Italy
 Estádio Nacional, Lisbon
45,000

1967–68
 England
Manchester United
4–1
Benfica
 Portugal
 Wembley Stadium, London
92,225

1968–69
 Italy
Milan
4–1
Ajax
 Netherlands
 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, Madrid
31,782

1969–70
 Netherlands
Feyenoord
2–1
Celtic
 Scotland
 San Siro, Milan
53,187

1970–71
 Netherlands
Ajax
2–0
Panathinaikos
 Greece
 Wembley Stadium, London
83,179

1971–72
 Netherlands
Ajax
2–0
Internazionale
 Italy
 De Kuip, Rotterdam
61,354

1972–73
 Netherlands
Ajax
1–0
Juventus
 Italy
 Red Star Stadium, Belgrade
89,484

1973–74
 West Germany
Bayern Munich
4–0&[A]
Atlético Madrid
 Spain
 Heysel Stadium, Brussels
72,047

1974–75
 West Germany
Bayern Munich
2–0
Leeds United
 England
 Parc des Princes, Paris
48,374

1975–76
 West Germany
Bayern Munich
1–0
Saint-Étienne
 France
 Hampden Park, Glasgow
54,864

1976–77
 England
Liverpool
3–1
Borussia Mönchengladbach
 West Germany
 Stadio Olimpico, Rome
52,078

1977–78
 England
Liverpool
1–0
Club Brugge
 Belgium
 Wembley Stadium, London
92,500

1978–79
 England
Nottingham Forest
1–0
Malmö FF
 Sweden
 Olympiastadion, Munich
57,500

1979–80
 England
Nottingham Forest
1–0
Hamburg
 West Germany
 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, Madrid
51,000

1980–81
 England
Liverpool
1–0
Real Madrid
 Spain
 Parc des Princes, Paris
48,360

1981–82
 England
Aston Villa
1–0
Bayern Munich
 West Germany
 De Kuip, Rotterdam
46,000

1982–83
 West Germany
Hamburg
1–0
Juventus
 Italy
 Olympic Stadium, Athens
73,500

1983–84
 England
Liverpool
1–1*[B]
Roma
 Italy
 Stadio Olimpico, Rome
69,693

1984–85
 Italy
Juventus
1–0
Liverpool
 England
 Heysel Stadium, Brussels
58,000

1985–86
 Romania
Steaua București
0–0*[C]
Barcelona
 Spain
 Estadio Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán, Seville
70,000

1986–87
 Portugal
Porto
2–1
Bayern Munich
 West Germany
 Prater Stadium, Vienna
57,500

1987–88
 Netherlands
PSV Eindhoven
0–0*[D]
Benfica
 Portugal
 Neckarstadion, Stuttgart
68,000

1988–89
 Italy
Milan
4–0
Steaua București
 Romania
 Camp Nou, Barcelona
97,000

1989–90
 Italy
Milan
1–0
Benfica
 Portugal
 Prater Stadium, Vienna
57,558

1990–91
 Yugoslavia
Red Star Belgrade
0–0*[E]
Marseille
 France
 Stadio San Nicola, Bari
56,000

1991–92
 Spain
Barcelona
1–0
Sampdoria
 Italy
 Wembley Stadium, London
70,827

1992–93
 France
Marseille
1–0
Milan
 Italy
 Olympiastadion, Munich
64,400

1993–94
 Italy
Milan
4–0
Barcelona
 Spain
 Olympic Stadium, Athens
70,000

1994–95
 Netherlands
Ajax
1–0
Milan
 Italy
 Ernst-Happel-Stadion, Vienna
49,730

1995–96
 Italy
Juventus
1–1*[F]
Ajax
 Netherlands
 Stadio Olimpico, Rome
70,000

1996–97
 Germany
Borussia Dortmund
3–1
Juventus
 Italy
 Olympiastadion, Munich
59,000

1997–98
 Spain
Real Madrid
1–0
Juventus
 Italy
 Amsterdam Arena, Amsterdam
48,500

1998–99
 England
Manchester United
2–1
Bayern Munich
 Germany
 Camp Nou, Barcelona
90,245

1999–2000
 Spain
Real Madrid
3–0
Valencia
 Spain
 Stade de France, Saint-Denis
80,000

2000–01
 Germany
Bayern Munich
1–1*[G]
Valencia
 Spain
 San Siro, Milan
71,500

2001–02
 Spain
Real Madrid
2–1
Bayer Leverkusen
 Germany
 Hampden Park, Glasgow
50,499

2002–03
 Italy
Milan
0–0*[H]
Juventus
 Italy
 Old Trafford, Manchester
62,315

2003–04
 Portugal
Porto
3–0
Monaco
 France
 Arena AufSchalke, Gelsenkirchen
53,053

2004–05
 England
Liverpool
3–3*[I]
Milan
 Italy
 Atatürk Olympic Stadium, Istanbul
69,000

2005–06
 Spain
Barcelona
2–1
Arsenal
 England
 Stade de France, Saint-Denis
79,610

2006–07
 Italy
Milan
2–1
Liverpool
 England
 Olympic Stadium, Athens
63,000

2007–08
 England
Manchester United
1–1*[J]
Chelsea
 England
 Luzhniki Stadium, Moscow
67,310

2008–09
 Spain
Barcelona
2–0
Manchester United
 England
 Stadio Olimpico, Rome
62,467

2009–10
 Italy
Internazionale
2–0
Bayern Munich
 Germany
 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, Madrid
73,490

2010–11
 Spain
Barcelona
3–1
Manchester United
 England
 Wembley Stadium, London
87,695

2011–12
 England
Chelsea
1–1*[K]
Bayern Munich
 Germany
 Allianz Arena, Munich
62,500

2012–13
 Germany
Bayern Munich
2–1
Borussia Dortmund
 Germany
 Wembley Stadium, London
86,298

2013–14
 Spain
Real Madrid
4–1
Atlético Madrid
 Spain
 Estádio da Luz, Lisbon
60,976

2014–15
 Spain
Barcelona
3–1
Juventus
 Italy
 Olympiastadion, Berlin
70,442

2015–16
 Spain
Real Madrid
1–1*[L]
Atlético Madrid
 Spain
 San Siro, Milan
71,942

2016–17
 Spain
Real Madrid
4–1
Juventus
 Italy
 Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
65,842

Upcoming finals

Season
Nation
Finalist
Match
Finalist
Nation
Venue

2017–18

–

 NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium, Kiev

2018–19

–

 Wanda Metropolitano, Madrid

text: Performances[edit]

text: By club[edit]

text:
Performance in the European Cup and UEFA Champions League by club

v
t
e

Club
Winners
Runners-up
Years won
Years runner-up

 Real Madrid
12
3
1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1966, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2014, 2016, 2017
1962, 1964, 1981

 Milan
7
4
1963, 1969, 1989, 1990, 1994, 2003, 2007
1958, 1993, 1995, 2005

 Bayern Munich*
5
5
1974, 1975, 1976, 2001, 2013
1982, 1987, 1999, 2010, 2012

 Barcelona
5
3
1992, 2006, 2009, 2011, 2015
1961, 1986, 1994

 Liverpool
5
2
1977, 1978, 1981, 1984, 2005
1985, 2007

 Ajax*
4
2
1971, 1972, 1973, 1995
1969, 1996

 Internazionale
3
2
1964, 1965, 2010
1967, 1972

 Manchester United*
3
2
1968, 1999, 2008
2009, 2011

 Juventus*
2
7
1985, 1996
1973, 1983, 1997, 1998, 2003, 2015, 2017

 Benfica
2
5
1961, 1962
1963, 1965, 1968, 1988, 1990

 Nottingham Forest
2
0
1979, 1980
—

 Porto
2
0
1987, 2004
—

 Celtic
1
1
1967
1970

 Hamburg
1
1
1983
1980

 Steaua București
1
1
1986
1989

 Marseille
1
1
1993
1991

 Borussia Dortmund
1
1
1997
2013

 Chelsea*
1
1
2012
2008

 Feyenoord
1
0
1970
—

 Aston Villa
1
0
1982
—

 PSV Eindhoven
1
0
1988
—

 Red Star Belgrade
1
0
1991
—

 Atlético Madrid
0
3
—
1974, 2014, 2016

 Reims
0
2
—
1956, 1959

 Valencia
0
2
—
2000, 2001

 Fiorentina
0
1
—
1957

 Eintracht Frankfurt
0
1
—
1960

 Partizan
0
1
—
1966

 Panathinaikos
0
1
—
1971

 Leeds United
0
1
—
1975

 Saint-Étienne
0
1
—
1976

 Borussia Mönchengladbach
0
1
—
1977

 Club Brugge
0
1
—
1978

 Malmö FF
0
1
—
1979

 Roma
0
1
—
1984

 Sampdoria
0
1
—
1992

 Bayer Leverkusen
0
1
—
2002

 Monaco
0
1
—
2004

 Arsenal
0
1
—
2006

text: * Club has won all three major UEFA competitions

text: By nation[edit]

text:
Performance by nation

Nation
Winners
Runners-up

 Spain
17
11

 Italy
12
16

 England
12
7

 Germany
7
10

 Netherlands
6
2

 Portugal
4
5

 France
1
5

 Scotland
1
1

 Romania
1
1

 Yugoslavia
1
1

 Greece
0
1

 Belgium
0
1

 Sweden
0
1

text: Venues[edit]

text:
Multiple guest and neutral hosts

Ground
Hosts
Years

 Wembley Stadium, London
7
1963, 1968, 1971, 1978, 1992, 2011, 2013

 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, Madrid
4
1957, 1969, 1980, 2010

 King Baudouin Stadium, Brussels
4
1958, 1966, 1974, 1985

 Ernst-Happel-Stadion, Vienna
4
1964, 1987, 1990, 1995

 San Siro, Milan
4
1965, 1970, 2001, 2016

 Stadio Olimpico, Rome
4
1977, 1984, 1996, 2009

 Parc des Princes, Paris
3
1956, 1975, 1981

 Hampden Park, Glasgow
3
1960, 1976, 2002

 Olympiastadion, Munich
3
1979, 1993, 1997

 Olympic Stadium, Athens
3
1983, 1994, 2007

 Mercedes-Benz Arena, Stuttgart
2
1959, 1988

 De Kuip, Rotterdam
2
1972, 1982

 Camp Nou, Barcelona
2
1989, 1999

 Stade de France, Saint-Denis
2
2000, 2006

 Wankdorf Stadium, Bern
1
1961

 Olympisch Stadion, Amsterdam
1
1962

 Estádio Nacional, Lisbon
1
1967

 Red Star Stadium, Belgrade
1
1973

 Estadio Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán, Seville
1
1986

 Stadio San Nicola, Bari
1
1991

 Amsterdam Arena, Amsterdam
1
1998

 Old Trafford, Manchester
1
2003

 Veltins-Arena, Gelsenkirchen
1
2004

 Atatürk Olympic Stadium, Istanbul
1
2005

 Luzhniki Stadium, Moscow
1
2008

 Allianz Arena, Munich
1
2012

 Estádio da Luz, Lisbon
1
2014

 Olympiastadion, Berlin
1
2015

 Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
1
2017

text: Notes[edit]

text: A. ^ The first final, played two days earlier, ended 1–1 after extra time.[12]

text: B. ^ Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes and extra time. Liverpool won the penalty shoot-out 4–2.[13]

text: C. ^ Score was 0–0 after 90 minutes and extra time. Steaua București won the penalty shoot-out 2–0.[14]

text: D. ^ Score was 0–0 after 90 minutes and extra time. PSV Eindhoven won the penalty shoot-out 6–5.[15]

text: E. ^ Score was 0–0 after 90 minutes and extra time. Red Star Belgrade won the penalty shoot-out 5–3.[16]

text: F. ^ Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes and extra time. Juventus won the penalty shoot-out 4–2.[17]

text: G. ^ Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes and extra time. Bayern Munich won the penalty shoot-out 5–4.[18]

text: H. ^ Score was 0–0 after 90 minutes and extra time. Milan won the penalty shoot-out 3–2.[19]

text: I. ^ Score was 3–3 after 90 minutes and extra time. Liverpool won the penalty shoot-out 3–2.[20]

text: J. ^ Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes and extra time. Manchester United won the penalty shoot-out 6–5.[21]

text: K. ^ Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes and extra time. Chelsea won the penalty shoot-out 4–3.[22]

text: L. ^ Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes and extra time. Real Madrid won the penalty shoot-out 5–3.[23]


document_title: Michael Ray (singer)

question_text: when does michael ray's album come out

question_tokens: when does michael ray 's album come out

text: Michael Ray (singer)

text: Discography[edit]

text: Studio albums[edit]

text:
Title
Album details
Peak chart
positions
Sales

US Country
US
AUS
[4]

Michael Ray[5]

Release date: 2010
Label: Self-released
Formats: CD, digital download

—
—
—

Michael Ray

Release date: August 7, 2015
Label: Atlantic Nashville
Formats: CD, digital download

4
21
60

US: 51,000[6]

"—" denotes releases that did not chart

text: Extended plays[edit]

text:
Title
Album details
Peak chart
positions

US Country
US Heat

Tour Bootleg

Release date: November 2014
Label: Warner Bros. Nashville
Formats: Digital download

—
—

Kiss You in the Morning EP

Release date: April 28, 2015
Label: Warner Bros. Nashville
Formats: CD, digital download

37
15

"—" denotes releases that did not chart

text: Singles[edit]

text:
Year
Single
Peak chart positions
Sales
Album

US Country
[7]
US Country Airplay
[8]
US
[9]
CAN Country
[10]
CAN
[11]

2015
"Kiss You in the Morning"
10
1
55
13
73

US: 308,000[12]
US: Gold[13]
CAN: Gold[14]

Michael Ray

"Real Men Love Jesus"
28
17
—
44
—

US: 66,000[15]

2016
"Think a Little Less"
3
2
54
—
—

US: 278,000[16]
US: Gold[17]

2017
"Get to You"
27
23
—
—
—

US: 7,000[18]

TBA

"—" denotes releases that did not chart

text: Other charted songs[edit]

text:
Year
Single
Peak
positions
Album

US Country
[7]

2015
"Another Girl"
50
Michael Ray

text: Music videos[edit]

text:
Year
Video
Director

2015
"Kiss You in the Morning"[19]
Edgar Esteves

"Real Men Love Jesus"[20]
Sam Siske

2016
"Think a Little Less"[21]
Cody Kern

2017
"Think a Little Less"[22]
Jack Guy

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award show
Category
Result

2016
American Country Countdown Awards
Breakthrough Male of the Year
Nominated

text: Band members[edit]

text:
Michael Ray – lead vocals, guitar
Andrew Beselica – drums
Lucas Chamberlain – lead guitar
Jonathan Sepulveda – bass guitar
Kurt Ozan – guitar, utility player
Matthew Ray Gatch -piano, guitar, vocals

text: Tours[edit]

text:
Chase Rice – Ignite the Night (2014)
Sam Hunt – Lipstick Graffiti (2015)
Kip Moore – Wild Ones (2015)
Brantley Gilbert – The Blackout (2015–2016)
Darius Rucker – Good for a Good Time (2016)
Dustin Lynch - Ride or Die (2017)
Dallas Smith - Side Effects Tour (2017)


document_title: Seniority in the United States Senate

question_text: who is the top ranking member in the senate

text: Seniority in the United States Senate

text: Benefits of seniority[edit]

text: The United States Constitution does not mandate differences in rights or power, but Senate rules give more power to senators with more seniority. Generally, senior senators will have more power, especially within their own caucuses. In addition, by custom, senior senators from the president's party control federal patronage appointments in their states.

text: There are several benefits, including the following:

text:
The president pro tempore of the Senate is traditionally the most senior member of the majority party.
Senators are given preferential treatment in choosing committee assignments based on seniority. Seniority on a committee is based on length of time serving on that committee, which means a senator may rank above another in committee seniority but be more junior in the full Senate. Although the committee chairmanship is an elected position, it is traditionally given to the most senior senator of the majority party serving on the committee, and not already holding a conflicting position such as chairmanship of another committee. The ranking member of a committee (called the vice-chairman in some select committees) is elected in the same way.
Greater seniority enables a senator to choose a desk closer to the front of the Senate Chamber.
Senators with higher seniority may choose to move into better office space as those offices are vacated.
Seniority determines the ranking in the United States order of precedence although other factors, such as being a former president or First Spouse, can place an individual higher in the order of precedence.

text: Determining the beginning of a term[edit]

text: The beginning of an appointment does not necessarily coincide with the date the Senate convenes or when the new senator is sworn in.[citation needed] In the case of senators first elected in a general election for the upcoming Congress, their terms begin on the first day of the new Congress. Since 1935, that means January 3 of odd-numbered years. The seniority date for an appointed senator is usually the date of the appointment, although the actual term does not begin until they take the oath of office. An incoming senator who holds another office, including membership in the U.S. House of Representatives, must resign from that office before becoming a senator.

text: Determining length of seniority[edit]

text: A senator's seniority is primarily determined by length of continuous service; for example, a senator who has served for 12 years is more senior than one who has served for 10 years. Because several new senators usually join at the beginning of a new Congress, seniority is determined by prior federal or state government service and, if necessary, the amount of time spent in the tiebreaking office. These tiebreakers in order are:[1]

text:
Former senator
Former Vice President
Former House member
Former Cabinet secretary
Former state Governor
Population of state based on the most recent census when the senator took office
Alphabetical by last name (in case two senators came from the same state on the same day and have identical credentials)

tag: ol

text: When more than one senator has served in the same previous role, length of time in that prior office is used to break the tie. For instance,  Ben Cardin, Bernie Sanders, Sherrod Brown, Bob Casey, Bob Corker, Claire McCaskill, Amy Klobuchar, Sheldon Whitehouse and Jon Tester took office on January 3, 2007, and the first three senators mentioned had previously served in the House of Representatives. Cardin, having served 20 years, is more senior than Sanders, who served 16 years, who in turn is more senior than Brown who served 14 years. Casey, Corker, McCaskill, Klobuchar, Whitehouse, and Tester rank in that order because as of the 2000 census, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Missouri, Minnesota, Rhode Island, and Montana had populations that ranked in that order, so Tester was ranked 100th in seniority when the 110th Congress convened.

text: Current seniority list[edit]

text: Only relevant factors are listed below. For senators whose seniority is based on their state's respective population, the state population ranking is given as determined by the relevant United States Census current at the time that they first took their seat.[2][3][4]

text:
Republican R (51)

   Democratic D (47)

   Independent I (2)

Currentrank

Historicalrank[5][1]

Senatorparty-state

Seniority date

First tie-breaker

Second tie-breaker

Committee and leadership positions

1

1692

Patrick LeahyD – Vermont

January 3, 1975

Ranking Member: AppropriationsPresident pro tempore emeritus

2

1708

Orrin HatchR – Utah

January 3, 1977

President pro temporeChair: Finance

3

1745

Chuck GrassleyR – Iowa

January 3, 1981

Chair: Judiciary

4

1766

Mitch McConnellR – Kentucky

January 3, 1985

Majority Leader

5

1775

Richard ShelbyR[n 1] – Alabama

January 3, 1987

Chair: Appropriations

6

1801

Dianne FeinsteinD – California

November 4, 1992

Ranking Member: Judiciary

7

1810

Patty MurrayD – Washington

January 3, 1993

Ranking Member: HELPAssistant Minority Leader

8

1816

Jim InhofeR – Oklahoma

November 16, 1994

Chair: Armed Services

9

1827

Ron WydenD – Oregon

February 6, 1996

Ranking Member: Finance

10

1830

Pat RobertsR – Kansas

January 3, 1997

Former representative (16 years)

Chair: Agriculture

11

1831

Dick DurbinD – Illinois

Former representative (14 years)

Minority Whip

12

1835

Jack ReedD – Rhode Island

Former representative (6 years)

Ranking Member: Armed Services

13

1842

Susan CollinsR – Maine

Maine 38th in population (1990)

Chair: Aging

14

1843

Mike EnziR – Wyoming

Wyoming 50th in population (1990)

Chair: Budget

15

1844

Chuck SchumerD – New York

January 3, 1999

Former representative (18 years)

Minority Leader

16

1846

Mike CrapoR – Idaho

Former representative (6 years)

Chair: Banking

17

1854

Bill NelsonD – Florida

January 3, 2001

Former representative (12 years)

Ranking Member: Commerce

18

1855

Tom CarperD – Delaware

Former representative (10 years)

Ranking Member: Environment

19

1856

Debbie StabenowD – Michigan

Former representative (4 years)

Ranking Member: AgricultureDemocratic Policy Committee Chair

20

1859

Maria Cantwell[n 2]D – Washington

Former representative (2 years)

Ranking Member: Energy

21

1867

Lisa MurkowskiR – Alaska

December 20, 2002[n 3]

Chair: Energy

22

1869

Lindsey GrahamR – South Carolina

January 3, 2003

Former representative

23

1871

Lamar AlexanderR – Tennessee

Former Cabinet member

Chair: HELP

24

1873

John Cornyn[n 4]R – Texas

Majority Whip

25

1876

Richard BurrR – North Carolina

January 3, 2005

Former representative (10 years)

Chair: Intelligence

26

1879

John ThuneR – South Dakota

Former representative (6 years)

Chair: CommerceRepublican Conference Chair

27

1880

Johnny IsaksonR – Georgia

Former representative (5 yrs., 10 mos.)

Chair: Veterans' AffairsChair: Ethics

28

1885

Bob MenendezD – New Jersey

January 17, 2006[n 3]

Ranking Member: Foreign Relations

29

1886

Ben CardinD – Maryland

January 3, 2007

Former representative (20 years)

Ranking Member: Small Business

30

1887

Bernie SandersI – Vermont

Former representative (16 years)

Ranking Member: Budget

31

1888

Sherrod BrownD – Ohio

Former representative (14 years)

Ranking Member: Banking

32

1890

Bob Casey Jr.D – Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania 6th in population (2000)

Ranking Member: Aging

33

1891

Bob CorkerR – Tennessee

Tennessee 16th in population (2000)

Chair: Foreign Relations

34

1892

Claire McCaskillD – Missouri

Missouri 17th in population (2000)

Ranking Member: Homeland Security

35

1893

Amy KlobucharD – Minnesota

Minnesota 21st in population (2000)

Ranking Member: Rules

36

1894

Sheldon WhitehouseD – Rhode Island

Rhode Island 43rd in population (2000)

37

1895

Jon TesterD – Montana

Montana 44th in population (2000)

Ranking Member: Veterans' Affairs

38

1896

John BarrassoR – Wyoming

June 22, 2007[n 3]

Chair: EnvironmentRepublican Policy Committee Chair

39

1897

Roger WickerR – Mississippi

December 31, 2007[n 3]

40

1899

Tom UdallD – New Mexico

January 3, 2009

Former representative

Vice Chair: Indian Affairs

41

1901

Jeanne ShaheenD – New Hampshire

Former governor (6 years)

42

1902

Mark WarnerD – Virginia

Former governor (4 years)

Vice Chair: IntelligenceDemocratic Caucus Vice Chair

43

1903

Jim RischR – Idaho

Former governor (7 months)

Chair: Small Business

44

1905

Jeff MerkleyD – Oregon

45

1909

Michael BennetD – Colorado

January 21, 2009[n 3]

46

1910

Kirsten GillibrandD – New York

January 26, 2009[n 3]

47

1916

Joe ManchinD – West Virginia

November 15, 2010

Former governor

48

1917

Chris CoonsD – Delaware

Vice Chair: Ethics

49

1919

Roy BluntR – Missouri

January 3, 2011

Former representative (14 years)

Missouri 17th in population (2000)

Chair: RulesRepublican Conference Vice Chair

50

1920

Jerry MoranR – Kansas

Kansas 33rd in population (2000)

51

1921

Rob PortmanR – Ohio

Former representative (12 years)

52

1922

John BoozmanR – Arkansas

Former representative (10 years)

53

1923

Pat ToomeyR – Pennsylvania

Former representative (6 years)

54

1924

John HoevenR – North Dakota

Former governor

Chair: Indian Affairs

55

1925

Marco RubioR – Florida

Florida 4th in population (2000)

56

1926

Ron JohnsonR – Wisconsin

Wisconsin 20th in population (2000)

Chair: Homeland Security

57

1927

Rand PaulR – Kentucky

Kentucky 25th in population (2000)

58

1928

Richard BlumenthalD – Connecticut

Connecticut 29th in population (2000)

59

1929

Mike LeeR – Utah

Utah 34th in population (2000)

60

1931

Dean HellerR – Nevada

May 9, 2011[n 3]

61

1932

Brian SchatzD – Hawaii

December 26, 2012[n 3]

62

1933

Tim ScottR – South Carolina

January 2, 2013[n 3]

63

1934

Tammy BaldwinD – Wisconsin

January 3, 2013

Former representative (14 years)

Democratic Caucus Secretary

64

1935

Jeff FlakeR – Arizona

Former representative (12 years)

65

1936

Joe DonnellyD – Indiana

Former representative (6 years)

Indiana 15th in population (2010)

66

1937

Chris MurphyD – Connecticut

Connecticut 29th in population (2010)

67

1938

Mazie HironoD – Hawaii

Hawaii 40th in population (2010)

68

1939

Martin HeinrichD – New Mexico

Former representative (4 years)

69

1940

Angus KingI – Maine

Former governor (8 years)

70

1941

Tim KaineD – Virginia

Former governor (4 years)

71

1942

Ted CruzR – Texas

Texas 2nd in population (2010)

72

1943

Elizabeth WarrenD – Massachusetts

Massachusetts 14th in population (2010)

Democratic Caucus Vice Chair

73

1944

Deb FischerR – Nebraska

Nebraska 38th in population (2010)

74

1945

Heidi HeitkampD – North Dakota

North Dakota 48th in population (2010)

75

1948

Ed MarkeyD – Massachusetts

July 16, 2013

76

1949

Cory BookerD – New Jersey

October 31, 2013

77

1951

Shelley Moore CapitoR – West Virginia

January 3, 2015

Former representative (14 years)

78

1952

Gary PetersD – Michigan

Former representative (6 years)

Michigan 8th in population (2010)

79

1953

Bill Cassidy[n 5]R – Louisiana

Louisiana 25th in population (2010)

80

1954

Cory GardnerR – Colorado

Former representative (4 years)

Colorado 22nd in population (2010)

NRSC Chair

81

1955

James LankfordR – Oklahoma

Oklahoma 28th in population (2010)

82

1956

Tom CottonR – Arkansas

Former representative (2 years)

Arkansas 32nd in population (2010)

83

1957

Steve DainesR – Montana

Montana 44th in population (2010)

84

1958

Mike RoundsR – South Dakota

Former governor

85

1959

David PerdueR – Georgia

Georgia 9th in population (2010)

86

1960

Thom TillisR – North Carolina

North Carolina 10th in population (2010)

87

1961

Joni ErnstR – Iowa

Iowa 30th in population (2010)

88

1962

Ben SasseR – Nebraska

Nebraska 38th in population (2010)

89

1963

Dan SullivanR – Alaska

Alaska 47th in population (2010)

90

1964

Chris Van HollenD – Maryland

January 3, 2017

Former representative (14 years)

DSCC Chair

91

1965

Todd YoungR – Indiana

Former representative (6 years)

92

1966

Tammy DuckworthD – Illinois

Former representative (4 years)

93

1967

Maggie HassanD – New Hampshire

Former governor

94

1968

Kamala HarrisD – California

California 1st in population (2010)

95

1969

John Neely KennedyR – Louisiana

Louisiana 25th in population (2010)

96

1970

Catherine Cortez MastoD – Nevada

Nevada 35th in population (2010)

97

1972

Tina SmithD – Minnesota

January 3, 2018

Minnesota 21st in population (2010)

98

1973

Doug JonesD – Alabama

Alabama 23rd in population (2010)

99

1974

Cindy Hyde-SmithR – Mississippi

April 2, 2018[n 3]

100

1819[n 6]

Jon KylR – Arizona

September 4, 2018[n 3]

Rank

Historicalrank

Senatorparty-state

Seniority date

First tie-breaker

Second tie-breaker

Committee and leadership positions


document_title: Sympathetic nervous system

question_text: where do the cell bodies of preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system originate

text: Sympathetic nervous system

text: Structure[edit]

text: There are two kinds of neurons involved in the transmission of any signal through the sympathetic system: pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic. The shorter preganglionic neurons originate from the thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord specifically at T1 to L2~L3, and travel to a ganglion, often one of the paravertebral ganglia, where they synapse with a postganglionic neuron. From there, the long postganglionic neurons extend across most of the body.[4]

text: At the synapses within the ganglia, preganglionic neurons release acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that activates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on postganglionic neurons. In response to this stimulus, the postganglionic neurons release norepinephrine, which activates adrenergic receptors that are present on the peripheral target tissues. The activation of target tissue receptors causes the effects associated with the sympathetic system. However, there are three important exceptions:[5]

text:
Postganglionic neurons of sweat glands release acetylcholine for the activation of muscarinic receptors, except for areas of thick skin, the palms and the plantar surfaces of the feet, where norepinephrine is released and acts on adrenergic receptors.
Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla are analogous to post-ganglionic neurons; the adrenal medulla develops in tandem with the sympathetic nervous system and acts as a modified sympathetic ganglion. Within this endocrine gland, pre-ganglionic neurons synapse with chromaffin cells, triggering the release of two transmitters: a small proportion of norepinephrine, and more substantially, epinephrine. The synthesis and release of epinephrine as opposed to norepinephrine is another distinguishing feature of chromaffin cells compared to postganglionic sympathetic neurons.[6]
Postganglionic sympathetic nerves terminating in the kidney release dopamine, which acts on dopamine D1 receptors of blood vessels to control how much blood the kidney filters. Dopamine is the immediate metabolic precursor to norepinephrine, but is nonetheless a distinct signaling molecule.[7]

text: Organization[edit]

text: Sympathetic nerves arise from near the middle of the spinal cord in the intermediolateral nucleus of the lateral grey column, beginning at the first thoracic vertebra of the vertebral column and are thought to extend to the second or third lumbar vertebra. Because its cells begin in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord, the sympathetic nervous system is said to have a thoracolumbar outflow. Axons of these nerves leave the spinal cord through the anterior root.  They pass near the spinal (sensory) ganglion, where they enter the anterior rami of the spinal nerves. However, unlike somatic innervation, they quickly separate out through white rami connectors (so called from the shiny white sheaths of myelin around each axon) that connect to either the paravertebral (which lie near the vertebral column) or prevertebral (which lie near the aortic bifurcation) ganglia extending alongside the spinal column.

text: To reach target organs and glands, the axons must travel long distances in the body, and, to accomplish this, many axons relay their message to a second cell through synaptic transmission. The ends of the axons link across a space, the synapse, to the dendrites of the second cell.  The first cell (the presynaptic cell) sends a neurotransmitter across the synaptic cleft where it activates the second cell (the postsynaptic cell). The message is then carried to the final destination.

text: Presynaptic nerves' axons terminate in either the paravertebral ganglia or prevertebral ganglia. There are four different paths an axon can take before reaching its terminal. In all cases, the axon enters the paravertebral ganglion at the level of its originating spinal nerve. After this, it can then either synapse in this ganglion, ascend to a more superior or descend to a more inferior paravertebral ganglion and synapse there, or it can descend to a prevertebral ganglion and synapse there with the postsynaptic cell.

text: The postsynaptic cell then goes on to innervate the targeted end effector (i.e. gland, smooth muscle, etc.).  Because paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia are relatively close to the spinal cord, presynaptic neurons are generally much shorter than their postsynaptic counterparts, which must extend throughout the body to reach their destinations.

text: A notable exception to the routes mentioned above is the sympathetic innervation of the suprarenal (adrenal) medulla.  In this case, presynaptic neurons pass through paravertebral ganglia, on through prevertebral ganglia and then synapse directly with suprarenal tissue. This tissue consists of cells that have pseudo-neuron like qualities in that when activated by the presynaptic neuron, they will release their neurotransmitter (epinephrine) directly into the bloodstream.

text: In the sympathetic nervous system and other components of the peripheral nervous system, these synapses are made at sites called ganglia. The cell that sends its fiber is called a preganglionic cell, while the cell whose fiber leaves the ganglion is called a postganglionic cell. As mentioned previously, the preganglionic cells of the sympathetic nervous system are located between the first thoracic segment and third lumbar segments of the spinal cord. Postganglionic cells have their cell bodies in the ganglia and send their axons to target organs or glands.

text: The ganglia include not just the sympathetic trunks but also the cervical ganglia (superior, middle and inferior), which sends sympathetic nerve fibers to the head and thorax organs, and the celiac and mesenteric ganglia (which send sympathetic fibers to the gut).

text:
Autonomic nervous supply to organs in the human body edit

Organ
Nerves[8]
Spinal column origin[8]

stomach

PS: anterior and posterior vagal trunks
S: greater splanchnic nerves

T5,T6, T7, T8, T9, sometimes T10

duodenum

PS: vagus nerves
S: greater splanchnic nerves

T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, sometimes T10

jejunum and ileum

PS: posterior vagal trunks
S: greater splanchnic nerves

T5, T6, T7, T8, T9

spleen

S: greater splanchnic nerves

T6, T7, T8

gallbladder and liver

PS: vagus nerve
S: celiac plexus
right phrenic nerve

T6, T7, T8, T9

colon

PS: vagus nerves and pelvic splanchnic nerves
S: lesser and least splanchnic nerves

T10, T11, T12 (proximal colon)
L1, L2, L3,  (distal colon)

pancreatic head

PS: vagus nerves
S: thoracic splanchnic nerves

T8, T9

appendix

nerves to superior mesenteric plexus

T10

kidneys and ureters

PS: vagus nerve
S: thoracic and lumbar splanchnic nerves

T11, T12

text: Information transmission[edit]

text: Messages travel through the sympathetic nervous system in a bi-directional flow. Efferent messages can trigger changes in different parts of the body simultaneously. For example, the sympathetic nervous system can accelerate heart rate; widen bronchial passages; decrease motility (movement) of the large intestine; constrict blood vessels; increase peristalsis in the oesophagus; cause pupillary dilation, piloerection (goose bumps) and perspiration (sweating); and raise blood pressure. One exception is with certain blood vessels such as those in the cerebral and coronary arteries, which dilate (rather than constrict) with an increase in sympathetic tone. This is because of a proportional increase in the presence of β2 adrenergic receptors rather than α1 receptors. β2 receptors promote vessel dilation instead of constriction like α1 receptors. An alternative explanation is that the primary (and direct) effect of sympathetic stimulation on coronary arteries is vasoconstriction followed by a secondary vasodilation caused by the release of vasodilatory metabolites due to the sympathetically increased cardiac inotropy and heart rate. This secondary vasodilation caused by the primary vasoconstriction is termed functional sympatholysis, the overall effect of which on coronary arteries is dilation.[9]

text: The target synapse of the postganglionic neuron is mediated by adrenergic receptors and is activated by either norepinephrine (noradrenaline) or epinephrine (adrenaline).

text: Function[edit]

text:
Examples of sympathetic system action on various organs[6] except where otherwise indicated.

Organ

Effect

Eye

Dilates

Heart

Increases rate and force of contraction

Lungs

Dilates bronchioles via circulating adrenaline[10]

Blood vessels

Dilate in skeletal muscle (in animals).[11]

Constricts in gastrointestinal organs

Sweat glands

Activates sweat secretion

Digestive tract

Inhibits peristalsis

Kidney

Increases renin secretion

Penis

Inhibits Tumescence

Ductus deferens

Promotes emission prior to ejaculation

text: The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for up- and down-regulating many homeostatic mechanisms in living organisms. Fibers from the SNS innervate tissues in almost every organ system, providing at least some regulation of functions as diverse as pupil diameter, gut motility, and urinary system output and function.[12] It is perhaps best known for mediating the neuronal and hormonal stress response commonly known as the fight-or-flight response. This response is also known as sympatho-adrenal response of the body, as the preganglionic sympathetic fibers that end in the adrenal medulla (but also all other sympathetic fibers) secrete acetylcholine, which activates the great secretion of adrenaline (epinephrine) and to a lesser extent noradrenaline (norepinephrine) from it. Therefore, this response that acts primarily on the cardiovascular system is mediated directly via impulses transmitted through the sympathetic nervous system and indirectly via catecholamines secreted from the adrenal medulla.

text: The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for priming the body for action, particularly in situations threatening survival.[13] One example of this priming is in the moments before waking, in which sympathetic outflow spontaneously increases in preparation for action.

text: Sympathetic nervous system stimulation causes vasoconstriction of most blood vessels, including many of those in the skin, the digestive tract, and the kidneys. This occurs as a result of activation of alpha-1 adrenergic receptors by norepinephrine released by post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons. These receptors exist throughout the vasculature of the body but are inhibited and counterbalanced by beta-2 adrenergic receptors (stimulated by epinephrine release from the adrenal glands) in the skeletal muscles, the heart, the lungs, and the brain during a sympathoadrenal response. The net effect of this is a shunting of blood away from the organs not necessary to the immediate survival of the organism and an increase in blood flow to those organs involved in intense physical activity.

text: Sensation[edit]

text: The afferent fibers of the autonomic nervous system, which transmit sensory information from the internal organs of the body back to the central nervous system (or CNS), are not divided into parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers as the efferent fibers are.[14]  Instead, autonomic sensory information is conducted by general visceral afferent fibers.

text: General visceral afferent sensations are mostly unconscious visceral motor reflex sensations from hollow organs and glands that are transmitted to the CNS.  While the unconscious reflex arcs normally are undetectable, in certain instances they may send pain sensations to the CNS masked as referred pain. If the peritoneal cavity becomes inflamed or if the bowel is suddenly distended, the body will interpret the afferent pain stimulus as somatic in origin. This pain is usually non-localized. The pain is also usually referred to dermatomes that are at the same spinal nerve level as the visceral afferent synapse.[citation needed]

text: Relationship with the parasympathetic nervous system[edit]

text: Together with the other component of the autonomic nervous system, the parasympathetic nervous system, the sympathetic nervous system aids in the control of most of the body's internal organs. Reaction to stress—as in the flight-or-fight response—is thought to counteract the parasympathetic system, which generally works to promote maintenance of the body at rest. The comprehensive functions of both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems are not so straightforward, but this is a useful rule of thumb.[3][15]

text: Disorders[edit]

text: In heart failure, the sympathetic nervous system increases its activity, leading to increased force of muscular contractions that in turn increases the stroke volume, as well as peripheral vasoconstriction to maintain blood pressure. However, these effects accelerate disease progression, eventually increasing mortality in heart failure.[16]

text: Sympathicotonia is a stimulated[17] condition of the sympathetic nervous system, marked by vascular spasm,[18] elevated blood pressure,[18] and goose bumps.[18] A recent study has shown the expansion of Foxp3+ natural Treg in the bone marrow of mice after brain ischemia and this myeloid Treg expansion is related to sympathetic stress signaling after brain ischemia.[19]

text: History and etymology[edit]

text: The name of this system can be traced to the concept of sympathy, in the sense of "connection between parts", first used medically by Galen.[20] In the 18th century, Jacob B. Winslow applied the term specifically to nerves.[21]