document_title: List of most expensive paintings

question_text: what is the price of the most expensive painting in the world

text: List of most expensive paintings

text: Background[edit]

text: The world's most famous paintings, especially old master works done before 1803, are generally owned or held at museums, for viewing by patrons. The museums very rarely sell them, and as such, they are quite literally priceless. Guinness World Records lists the Mona Lisa as having the highest insurance value for a painting in history. On permanent display at The Louvre museum in Paris, the Mona Lisa was assessed at US$100 million on December 14, 1962. Taking inflation into account, the 1962 value would be around US$790 million in 2016.[1]

text: The earliest sale on the list below (Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers by Vincent van Gogh) is from March 1987; with a price of £24.75 million (£63.9 million in current value) it tripled the previous record and introduced a new era in top art sales. Before this, the highest absolute price paid for a painting was £8.1 million (£18.0 million in current value) paid by the J. Paul Getty Museum for Mantegna's Adoration of the Magi at Christie's in London on April 18, 1985.[2] In constant dollars, the highest price paid before 1987 was by the National Gallery of Art when in February 1967 they acquired Leonardo da Vinci's Ginevra de' Benci for around $5 million ($36 million in current dollars) from the Princely Family of Liechtenstein. The sale of Van Gogh's Sunflowers was also significant in that for the first time a "modern" (in this case 1888) painting became the record holder, as opposed to the old master paintings which previously had dominated the market. In contrast, there are currently only nine pre-1875 paintings among the listed top 79, and no works painted between 1635 and 1874.

text: An exceptional case is graffiti artist David Choe, who accepted payment in shares for painting graffiti art in the headquarters of a fledgling Facebook. While his shares were of limited value when he was awarded them, by the time of Facebook's IPO they were valued at around $200m.[3]

text: Van Gogh, Picasso, and Warhol[edit]

text: Vincent van Gogh, Pablo Picasso, and Andy Warhol are by far the best represented artists in the list. Whereas Picasso and Warhol became wealthy men, Van Gogh (supposedly) sold only one painting in his lifetime, The Red Vineyard, for 400 francs (about $2000 in 2017) to the impressionist painter and heiress Anna Boch.[4] His seven paintings in the list below alone were sold for over 730 million current dollars.

text: Interactive graph[edit]

text: List of highest prices paid[edit]

text: This list is ordered by consumer price index inflation-adjusted value (in bold) in millions of United States dollars in the current year.[note 1] Where necessary, the price is first converted to dollars using the exchange rate at the time the painting was sold. The inflation adjustment may change as recent inflation rates are often revised. A list in another currency may be in a slightly different order due to exchange rate fluctuations. Paintings are only listed once, i.e. for the highest price sold.

text:
Adjusted price
(in millions)
Original price
(in millions)
Painting
Image
Artist
Year
Date of sale
Rank
at sale
Seller
Buyer
Auction house

$450.3
$450.3
Salvator Mundi

Leonardo da Vinci !Attributed to
Leonardo da Vinci
1490-1519
000000002017-11-15-0000November 15, 2017
1
Dmitry Rybolovlev

Christie's, New York[5]

~$303
~$300
Interchange

de Kooning, Willem !Willem de Kooning
1955
000000002015-09-01-0000September 2015
1
David Geffen Foundation
Kenneth C. Griffin
Private sale[6]

$266 +
$250 + [note 2]
The Card Players

Cezanne, Paul !Paul Cézanne
1892/93
000000002011-04-01-0000April 2011
1
George Embiricos
State of Qatar
Private sale[7][8][9]

$212
$210 [10]
Nafea Faa Ipoipo
(When Will You Marry?)

Gaugin, Paul !Paul Gauguin
1892
000000002014-09-01-0000September 2014
2
Rudolf Staechelin family
State of Qatar
Private sale[11]

~$202
~$200
Number 17A

Pollock, Jackson !Jackson Pollock
1948
000000002015-09-01-0000September 2015
4
David Geffen Foundation
Kenneth C. Griffin
Private sale[6]

$188
$186
(€140)
No. 6 (Violet, Green and Red)

Rothko, Mark !Mark Rothko
1951
000000002014-08-01-0000August 2014
2
Cherise Moueix
Dmitry Rybolovlev
Private sale via
Yves Bouvier[12]

$182
$180
(€160M
for pair)
Pendant portraits of
Maerten Soolmans
and Oopjen Coppit

Rembrandt !Rembrandt
1634
000000002015-09-01-0000September 2015
4
Éric de Rothschild
Rijksmuseum
Louvre
Private sale
[13]

$181.2
$179.4
Les Femmes d'Alger
("Version O")

Picasso, Pablo !Pablo Picasso
1955
000000002015-05-11-0000May 11, 2015
4
Private collection
Hamad bin Jassim bin Jaber Al Thani[14]
Christie's, New York[15]

$172.2
$170.4
Nu Couché

Modigliani, Amedeo !Amedeo Modigliani
1917/18
000000002015-11-09-0000November 9, 2015
6
Laura Mattioli Rossi
Liu Yiqian[16]
Christie's, New York[17]

$166.3
$140
No. 5, 1948

Pollock, Jackson !Jackson Pollock
1948
000000002006-11-02-0000November 2, 2006
1
David Geffen
David Martinez
Private sale via Sotheby's[18]

$165.0
$165.0
Masterpiece

Lichtenstein, Roy !Roy Lichtenstein
1962
January 2017
10
Agnes Gund[19][20]
Steven A. Cohen[21]
Private sale

$163.4
$137.5
Woman III

de Kooning, Willem !Willem de Kooning
1953
000000002006-11-18-0000November 18, 2006
2
David Geffen
Steven A. Cohen
Private sale via Larry Gagosian[22]

$160.4
$135
Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I

Klimt, Gustav !Gustav Klimt
1907
000000002006-06-18-0000June 18, 2006
1
Maria Altmann
Ronald Lauder, Neue Galerie
Private sale via Christie's[23]

$159.4
$155
Le Rêve

Picasso, Pablo !Pablo Picasso
1932
000000002013-03-26-0000March 26, 2013
5
Steve Wynn
Steven A. Cohen
Private sale[24]

$151.2
$82.5
Portrait of Dr. Gachet

Gogh, Vincent van !Vincent van Gogh
1890
000000001990-05-15-0000May 15, 1990
1
Siegfried Kramarsky
family
Ryoei Saito[note 3]
Christie's, New York

$150.0
$150
Adele Bloch-Bauer II

Klimt, Gustav !Gustav Klimt
1912
000000002016-01-01-00002016
14
Oprah Winfrey
unidentified buyer in China
Private sale via Larry Gagosian[27]

$146.4
$142.4
Three Studies of Lucian Freud

Bacon, Francis !Francis Bacon
1969
000000002013-11-12-0000November 12, 2013
7
[note 4]
Elaine Wynn, ex-wife of Steve Wynn[30]
Christie's, New York[31]

$143.2
$78.1
Bal du moulin de la Galette
[note 5]

Renoir, Pierre-Auguste !Pierre-Auguste Renoir
1876
000000001990-05-17-0000May 17, 1990
2
Betsey Whitney
Ryoei Saito [note 6]
Sotheby's, New York

$132.1
$104.2
Garçon à la pipe

Picasso, Pablo !Pablo Picasso
1905
000000002004-05-05-0000May 5, 2004
3
Greentree foundation
(Whitney family)
Barilla Group?[32]
Sotheby's, New York[33]

$125.1
$119.9
The Scream [note 7]

Munch, Edvard !Edvard Munch
1895
000000002012-05-02-0000May 2, 2012
8
Petter Olsen
Leon Black[34]
Sotheby's, New York

$123
$118
Reclining Nude With Blue Cushion

Modigliani, Amedeo !Amedeo Modigliani
1917
000000002012-01-01-00002012
8
Steven A. Cohen
Dmitry Rybolovlev
Private sale via Yves Bouvier[12]

$120.8
$110.0
Flag [note 8]

Johns, Jasper !Jasper Johns
1954
000000002010-03-01-0000March 2010
7
Jean-Christophe Castelli
Steven A. Cohen
Private sale, estimated price[35]

$116.9
$106.5
Nude, Green Leaves and Bust

Picasso, Pablo !Pablo Picasso
1932
000000002010-05-04-0000May 4, 2010
8
Frances Lasker Brody estate
Leonard Blavatnik?[36][37]
Christie's, New York[38]

$115.9
$58 plus
exchange of
works [note 9]
Portrait of Joseph Roulin

Gogh, Vincent van !Vincent van Gogh
1889
000000001989-08-01-0000August 1, 1989
1
Private collection, Zürich
Museum of Modern Art New York
Private sale via
Thomas Ammann,
Fine Art Zurich[39]

$113.6
$53.9
Irises

Gogh, Vincent van !Vincent van Gogh
1889
000000001987-11-11-0000November 11, 1987
1
son of Joan Whitney Payson
Alan Bond [note 10]
Sotheby's, New York

$113.1
$95.2
Dora Maar au Chat

Picasso, Pablo !Pablo Picasso
1941
000000002006-05-03-0000May 3, 2006
5
Gidwitz family
Boris Ivanishvili[40]
Sotheby's, New York[41]

$111.2
$100.0
Eight Elvises

Warhol, Andy !Andy Warhol
1963
000000002008-10-01-0000October 2008
10
Annibale Berlingieri
Possibly the State of Qatar[42][43]
Private sale via Philippe Ségalot[44]

$110.5
$110.5
Untitled

Basquiat !Jean-Michel Basquiat
1982
000000002017-05-18-0000May 18, 2017
28

Yusaku Maezawa
Sotheby’s, New York[45]

$108.7 +
$105.7 + [note 11]
(¥10,300)
Anna's Light

Newman, Barnett !Barnett Newman
1968
000000002013-10-04-0000October 4, 2013
18
DIC Corp.

Private sale[46][47][48]

$108.4
$105.4
Silver Car Crash (Double Disaster)

Warhol, Andy !Andy Warhol
1963
000000002013-11-13-0000November 13, 2013
20

Sotheby's, New York[49]

$105.1
$71.5
Portrait de l'artiste sans barbe

Gogh, Vincent van !Vincent van Gogh
1889
000000001998-11-19-0000November 19, 1998
5
Heirs of Jacques Koerfer (de)

Christie's, New York

$103
$100
La Montagne Sainte-Victoire
vue du bosquet du Château Noir

Cezanne, Paul !Paul Cézanne
1904
000000002013-01-01-00002013 [note 12]
20
Edsel and Eleanor Ford House
State of Qatar [50]
Private sale[51][52]

$102.1
$76.7
(£49.5)
Massacre of the Innocents

Rubens, Peter Paul !Peter Paul Rubens
1611
000000002002-07-10-0000July 10, 2002
6
an Austrian family
Kenneth Thomson[note 13]
Sotheby's, London

$96.4
$95.4
Nurse

Lichtenstein, Roy !Roy Lichtenstein
1964
000000002015-11-09-0000November 9, 2015
30

Christie's, New York[17]

$96.0
$86.3
Triptych, 1976

Bacon, Francis !Francis Bacon
1976
000000002008-05-14-0000May 14, 2008
13
Moueix family [54]
Roman Abramovich[55]
Sotheby's, New York[56]

$95.3
$49.3
(F300)
Les Noces de Pierrette

Picasso, Pablo !Pablo Picasso
1905
000000001989-11-30-0000November 30, 1989
3
Fredrik Roos (sv)[57]
Tomonori Tsurumaki
Binoche et Godeau Paris

$95.0
$80.0
False Start

Johns, Jasper !Jasper Johns
1959
000000002006-10-12-0000October 12, 2006
11
David Geffen
Kenneth C. Griffin
Private sale via Richard Gray[58]

$94.5
$57
A Wheatfield with Cypresses

Gogh, Vincent van !Vincent van Gogh
1889
000000001993-05-01-0000May 1993
6
son of Emil Georg Bührle
Walter H. Annenberg [note 14]
Private sale via Steven Mazoh

$92.5
$47.8
Yo, Picasso

Picasso, Pablo !Pablo Picasso
1901
000000001989-05-09-0000May 9, 1989
2
Wendell Cherry
Stavros Niarchos
Sotheby's, New York

$92.4
$80.0
Turquoise Marilyn

Warhol, Andy !Andy Warhol
1964
000000002007-05-20-0000May 20, 2007
17
Stefan Edlis
Steven A. Cohen
Private sale via Larry Gagosian[59]

$91.1
$70.0
Portrait of Alfonso d'Avalos,
Marquis of Vasto,
in Armor with a Page

Titian
1533
000000002003-11-01-0000November 2003
10
AXA insurance company
Getty Museum
Private sale via
Hervé Aaron[60][61]

$90.6
$86.9
Orange, Red, Yellow

Rothko, Mark !Mark Rothko
1961
000000002012-05-08-0000May 8, 2012
26
Estate of David Pincus

Christie's, New York[62]

$89.6
$80.5
(£40.9)
Le Bassin aux Nymphéas

Monet, Claude !Claude Monet
1919
000000002008-06-24-0000June 24, 2008
20
J. Irwin and Xenia S. Miller

Christie's, London[63]

$87.0
$60.5
Rideau, Cruchon et Compotier

Cezanne, Paul !Paul Cézanne
1894
000000001999-05-10-0000May 10, 1999
9
Whitney Family [note 15]

Sotheby's, New York

$85.1
$84.2
Black Fire I

Newman, Barnett !Barnett Newman
1961
000000002014-05-13-0000May 13, 2014
35
Private Collection
Anonymous
Christie's, New York[65]

$84.1
$72.8
White Center (Yellow, Pink
and Lavender on Rose)

Rothko, Mark !Mark Rothko
1950
000000002007-05-15-0000May 15, 2007
19
David Rockefeller, Sr.
Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al-Thani [66]
Sotheby's, New York[67]

$83.6
$39.7
(£24.75)
Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers

Gogh, Vincent van !Vincent van Gogh
1888
000000001987-03-30-0000March 30, 1987
1
Helen Beatty,
daughter-in-law of
Chester Beatty
Yasuo Goto, Yasuda Comp.
Christie's, London

$82.9
$81.9
Triple Elvis

Warhol, Andy !Andy Warhol
1963
000000002014-11-12-0000November 12, 2014
40
WestSpiel (de) [68]

Christie's, New York[69]

$82.8
$71.7
Green Car Crash
(Green Burning Car I)

Warhol, Andy !Andy Warhol
1963
000000002007-05-16-0000May 16, 2007
21
Private collection, Zürich
Philip Niarchos
Christie's, New York[70]

$82.8
$81.9
No. 10

Rothko, Mark !Mark Rothko
1958
000000002015-05-13-0000May 13, 2015
43

Christie's, New York[71][72]

$81.7
$80.8
Three Studies for a
Portrait of John Edwards

Bacon, Francis !Francis Bacon
1984
000000002014-05-13-0000May 13, 2014
39
Private Collection
Anonymous
Christie's, New York.[65]

$81.4
$81.4
Meule

Monet Claude !Claude Monet
1891
000000002016-11-16-0000November 16, 2016
49

Christie's, New York[73]

$81.3
$81.3
Laboureur dans un champ

Gogh, Vincent van !Vincent van Gogh
1889
000000002017-11-13-0000November 13, 2017
52
Nancy Lee and Perry R. Bass estate

Christie's, New York[74]

~$80
~$75
(€50-60) [note 16]
Darmstadt Madonna

Holbein, Hans !Hans Holbein
1526
000000002011-07-12-0000July 12, 2011
29
Donatus, Landgrave of Hesse
Reinhold Würth
Private sale via
Christoph Graf Douglas[75]

$78.8
$70.6
(£50)
Diana and Actaeon

Titian
1556–1559
000000002009-02-01-0000February 1, 2009
26
Duke of Sutherland
National Galleries of Scotland
& National Gallery, London
Private sale[76][77][78]

$78.6
$40.7
Au Lapin Agile

Picasso, Pablo !Pablo Picasso
1904
000000001989-11-27-0000November 27, 1989
5
daughter of Joan Whitney Payson
Walter H. Annenberg
Sotheby's, New York

$78.5
$68
The Gross Clinic

Eakins, Thomas !Thomas Eakins
1875
000000002007-04-12-0000April 12, 2007
21
Thomas Jefferson University
Philadelphia Museum of Art
Private sale[79]

$78.4
$75.1
No 1 (Royal Red and Blue)

Rothko, Mark !Mark Rothko
1954
000000002012-11-13-0000November 13, 2012
36
John and Anne Marion

Sotheby's, New York[80]

$78.0
$38.5
(£20.9)
Acrobate et jeune arlequin
[note 17]

Picasso, Pablo !Pablo Picasso
1905
000000001988-11-28-0000November 28, 1988
3
Heir of Roger Janssen?
[note 18]
Mitsukoshi
Christie's, London

$76.5
$55.0
Femme aux Bras Croisés

Picasso, Pablo !Pablo Picasso
1902
000000002000-11-08-0000November 8, 2000
13
McCormick family, Chicago

Christie's, New York[81]

$75.7
$69.0
Nude Sitting on a Divan
("La Belle Romaine")

Modigliani, Amedeo !Amedeo Modigliani
1917
000000002010-11-02-0000November 2, 2010
33
Halit Cıngıllıoglu[82]

Sotheby's, New York[83]

$75.4
$63.5
Police Gazette[84]

de Kooning, Willem !Willem de Kooning
1955
000000002006-10-12-0000October 12, 2006
20
David Geffen
Steven A. Cohen
Private sale via Richard Gray.[58]

$74.8
$71.7
(£45)
Diana and Callisto

Titian
1556–1559
000000002012-03-02-0000March 2, 2012
38
Duke of Sutherland
National Galleries of Scotland
& National Gallery, London
Private sale [85]

$71.3
$70.5
Untitled (New York City)

Twombly, Cy !Cy Twombly
1968
000000002015-11-11-0000November 11, 2015
61
Family of Sydney M. Irmas

Christie's, New York[86]

$71.2
$49.5
Femme assise dans un jardin

Picasso, Pablo !Pablo Picasso
1938
000000001999-11-10-0000November 10, 1999
13
Robert Saidenberg [note 19] [88]

Sotheby's, New York

$70.9
$47.5
Peasant Woman Against
a Background of Wheat

Gogh, Vincent van !Vincent van Gogh
1890
000000001997-01-01-00001997
12

Steve Wynn[note 20]
Private sale via
Acquavella Galleries Inc.,
New York[90]

$70.4
$69.6
Untitled

Twombly, Cy !Cy Twombly
1970
000000002014-11-12-0000November 12, 2014
55
Nicola del Roscio [68]

Christie's, New York[91]

$70.4
$69.6
Four Marlons

Warhol, Andy !Andy Warhol
1966
000000002014-11-12-0000November 12, 2014
55
WestSpiel [68]

Christie's, New York[92]

$70.1
$70.1
Contraste de formes

Léger, Fernand !Fernand Léger
1913
000000002017-11-13-0000November 13, 2017
68
Anna-Maria and Stephen Kellen Foundation

Christie's, New York[93]

$69.7
$65.5
(¥425.5)
Eagle Standing on Pine Tree[94]

Qi Baishi
1946
000000002011-05-22-0000May 22, 2011
38
Liu Yiqian
Hunan TV & Broadcast
Intermediary Co[95]
China Guardian Auctions

$69.6
$63.4
Men in Her Life

Warhol, Andy !Andy Warhol
1962
000000002010-11-08-0000November 8, 2010
37
Jose Mugrabi
Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al-Thani [96]
Phillips de Pury & Company[97]

$68.2
$67.45
La Gommeuse

Picasso, Pablo !Pablo Picasso
1901
000000002015-11-05-0000November 5, 2015
63
William I. Koch

Sotheby's, New York.[98][99]

$68.1
$67.4
Buste de femme
(Femme à la résille)

Picasso, Pablo !Pablo Picasso
1938
000000002015-05-11-0000May 11, 2015
59
Steve Wynn
Joseph Lau[100]
Christie's, New York[15]

$68.0
$35.2
Portrait of a Halberdier

Pontormo
1537
000000001989-05-31-0000May 31, 1989
5
Chauncey Stillman
Getty Museum
Christie's, New York

$67.0
$66.3
L’Allée des Alyscamps

Gogh, Vincent van !Vincent van Gogh
1888
000000002015-05-05-0000May 5, 2015
60

Sotheby's, New York[101]

$67.0
$66.2
Untitled

Rothko, Mark !Mark Rothko
1952
000000002014-05-13-0000May 13, 2014
54
Private Collection
Anonymous
Christie's, New York[65]

$66.7
$60.0
Suprematist Composition

Malevich, Kazimir !Kazimir Malevich
1916
000000002008-11-03-0000November 3, 2008
34
Heirs of Kazimir Malevich

Sotheby's, New York[102]

$66.3
$66.3
Untitled XXV

De Kooning !Willem de Kooning
1977
000000002016-11-15-0000November 15, 2016
70

Christie's, New York[103]

$66.1
$62.1
(¥402.5)
Zhichuan Resettlement[104]

Wang Meng
1350
000000002011-06-04-0000June 4, 2011
42

Beijing Poly Auction

$65.9
$65.1
Spring (Le Printemps)

Manet, Edouard !Édouard Manet
1881
000000002014-11-05-0000November 5, 2014
57

Getty Museum
Christie's, New York[105]


document_title: Italy (Everybody Loves Raymond)

question_text: where was everybody loves raymond in italy filmed

root

text: Italy (Everybody Loves Raymond)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Frank (Peter Boyle) and Marie (Doris Roberts) announce to their family that they're all going to Italy for two weeks. The latter reasons that with her birthday coming up, she is using the money she had kept aside for 45 years to pay for the family to meet her cousin Colletta (Silvana De Santis), who lives in a small village outside of Rome. Everyone is excited to go, except Raymond (Ray Romano). Ray informs Debra (Patricia Heaton) that he doesn't want to go on the trip because he has no interest in other cultures. Debra replies that she doesn't want his "dumbness" to ruin the vacation.

tag: p

text: The family arrive at Colleta's home, who welcomes them along with her husband Giorgio. Ray begins developing a cold which he claims he got from the air conditioning on the van they rode. Robert (Brad Garrett), also becomes miserable, due to his "dilemma"; because he plans to marry Amy but keeps focusing on his ex-wife Joanne, he claims that he is unable to sort out his feelings. At a gelato parlor, he becomes attracted to a waitress named Stefania Fogagnolo (Alex Meneses), whose father Signore Focagnolo (David Proval) is also the owner. He visits Rome with Stefania, but she tells him she doesn't want her dad to know she is dating. Meanwhile, Ray also goes to the city with the rest of the family, but while Debra, Frank and Marie are apparently having a great time, Ray is not.

text: After some time visiting Rome, Debra finally bursts out about Ray's attitude towards the trip and compares his behavior to Frank and Marie's; she argues that while his parents are at least trying to make the best out of things, he has been "a grumpy pain-in-the-ass". Angered, Ray tells her he "will not be a pain in anyone's ass anymore" and gets away from the three. Meanwhile, Signore Focagnolo catches Stefania and Robert about to make out in her room, and goes after Robert. It also appears that the trip is starting to go downhill for Frank, Marie and Debra. Marie decides Ray should take a walk with her to lighten him up and release her stress from Debra's behavior towards him moping and not wanting to have fun. It seems with the walk, he is starting to become positive and enjoying the vacation.

text: At lunch, Robert, who confronts Marco again, decides to talk with him so he can convince him to be with Stefania. Meanwhile, Ray gives flowers to some of the women, including Colleta, Marie and Debra. Ray shows Debra that he is starting to enjoy being in the country, which makes Debra happy, and the two go on their own date around Rome, as well and Marie and Frank. Colleta and Giorgio give a farewell to the family, while Robert and Stefania say goodbye to each other with Marco watching them. During the van ride, all the family members together sing "C'è La Luna Mezzo Mare" by Lou Monte.

text: The episode ends with Ray annoying his fellow passengers by singing loudly in Italian on the plane back to New York.

text: Production[edit]

text: After the first season of Everybody Loves Raymond ended in 1997, the series' creator, Philip Rosenthal, asked Ray Romano what he was going to do over the summer. When Rosenthal suggested he go to Italy, Romano did not accept because he was "not really interested in other cultures." According to Rosenthal, "After I got up off the floor, I realized: Here's an episode."[2] Directed by Gary Halvorson, "Italy" guest stars Silvana De Santis as Colletta, Pierrino Mascarino as Giorgio, Alex Meneses as Stefania, David Proval as Signore Fogagnolo, Enzo Vitagliano as the Bocce player, Sergio Sivori, Vanni Bramat, Luca Francucci and Alessandro Francucci.[1] It was filmed in July 2000 in the town Anguillara Sabazia outside of Rome.[2] Romano first hinted of the episode in an interview published that same month in the Rome News-Tribune.[3]

text: According to the Los Angeles Times, Brad Garrett threatened not to participate in the two-part episode unless he got a raise, which he was given.[4]

text: Release and reception[edit]

text: "Italy" initially aired on the American television network CBS, part one on October 2, 2000 and part two on October 9.[5] In 2005, it was released to DVD as part of the official DVD release for the fifth season, which also came with an audio commentary for both parts of the episode by Phil Rosenthal and Ray Romano.[6] "Italy" has been positively received by critics. Former DVD Verdict writer Russell Engebretson said that while the episode "veers into sentimentality, it provides a dose of sweetness to counter a few of the more darkly comic episodes [of season five], especially the funny but bitter "Christmas Present." He also praised the impressive cinematography.[7] DVD Talk's Jeffrey Robinson called it "a fun way to start the season. It was a nice change of pace after the same settings and atmospheres." He also highlighted the introduction of a new love interest for Robert.[6] However, in a mixed review published in The Gadsden Times, David Kronke opined that in keeping with the nature of usual "special" episodes, "it's not quite up to the series' usual laugh quotient."[8] On March 2, 2002, Rosenthal won the Writers Guild of America Award for Episodic Comedy for writing "Italy".[9] He has cited the episode to be one of his favorites of Everybody Loves Raymond.[10]


document_title: Nice for What

question_text: who sings the hook on nice for what

question_tokens: who sings the hook on nice for what

text: Nice for What

text: Background[edit]

text: On March 14, 2018, Lauryn Hill's son Joshua Omaru Marley posted a snippet of the song on Snapchat.[3] Drake later confirmed an upcoming Murda Beatz-produced single during an Instagram Live session.[4] On April 5, Drake made a surprise appearance during a Majid Jordan concert in Toronto.[5][6][7] "The reason I'm here tonight is because I'm back in the city finishing my album," he told the audience. "I've got a new single dropping tomorrow night, too, just in case you got some free time."[8][9][10][11]

text: Composition[edit]

text: "Nice for What" is an upbeat bounce song which contains elements of early 2000s R&B,[12][13][14] with a length of three minutes thirty seconds.[15] It samples Lauryn Hill's song "Ex-Factor" (1998), "Drag Rap" by the Showboys (1986), "Get Your Roll On" by Big Tymers (2000), and also features clips from performances by Big Freedia.[16][17][18] Lyrically, the hook of Drake's song samples Lauryn Hill singing about "cutting loose in the midst of a relationship".[19]

text: Music video[edit]

text: Directed by Karena Evans, the accompanying music video focuses on women carrying out various activities, including swimming, dancing, modeling and riding horses.[20] It features guest appearances from, in order of appearance,[21] Olivia Wilde, Misty Copeland, Issa Rae, Rashida Jones, Jourdan Dunn, Tracee Ellis Ross, Tiffany Haddish, Yara Shahidi, Zoe Saldana, Elizabeth and Victoria Lejonhjärta, Letitia Wright, Bria Vinaite, Emma Roberts, Syd, Michelle Rodriguez and Drake himself.[22][23][24][25] Evans called it an honour to work on the video, writing on Instagram that it was "a privilege and a blessing to have told this story with every single one of you revolutionary women, both in front and behind the camera".[26]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: "Nice for What" received positive reviews from music critics, with many praising its promotion of female empowerment.[27][28] Hugh McIntyre of Forbes regarded the "perfectly-pitched" song as "another perfect delivery from the biggest artist in hip-hop", writing that the "vocal sample helps the track stand out from much of the rest of his discography".[20] Kevin Lozano of Pitchfork awarded the song "Best New Track", praising Drake for "smoothly handling the impeccable production from Murda Beatz", and lauding the song as "a fantastic piece of hip-hop machinery" and "one of Drake's most complete releases in some time".[29]

text: Chris DeVille of Stereogum deemed the song "a big, brash, almost obnoxiously loud New Orleans bounce-inspired production", describing it as "extremely poppy and sounds like a bid for continued commercial dominance".[30]

text: Commercial performance[edit]

text: In the United States, Drake became the first artist to have a new number-one debut replace his former number-one debut ("God's Plan") at the top of the Hot 100. It debuted with 88,000 downloads sold and 60.4 million streams. "Nice for What" became the 30th song in Billboard history to enter at number one. It also became Drake's fifth US number-one song overall and third as a lead artist.[1] The song also became the first song to debut on the Mainstream R&B/Hip-Hop chart in the top 10. [31] "Nice for What" topped the Hot 100 for four consecutive weeks before it was dethroned on May 14, 2018 by Childish Gambino's "This Is America".[32][33][34] It then returned for a fifth non-consecutive week at the number one spot on the issue date June 2, 2018.[35] On the issue dated July 14, 2018, "Nice for What" became the first song to reach number one in four nonconsecutive runs. It has topped the Hot 100 for eight nonconsecutive weeks.[36]

text: Personnel[edit]

text: Credits adapted from Tidal and Qobuz.[15][37]

text:
Murda Beatz – production
Blaqnmild – co-production
Noah "40" Shebib – additional production, mixing
Corey Litwin – additional production
Harley Arsenault – mixing assistance
Greg Moffet – mixing assistance
Ronald Moonoo – mixing assistance
Chris Quock – recording engineering assistance
Noel "Gadget" Campbell – mixing
Mike Gaydusek – record engineering
Big Freedia – additional vocals
5thward Weebie – additional vocals
Glenishe "Bobby Jean" Rowe – additional vocals

tag: ul

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2018)

Peak position

Australia (ARIA)[38]

1

Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[39]

6

Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[40]

20

Belgium (Ultratip Wallonia)[41]

6

Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[42]

1

Canada CHR/Top 40 (Billboard)[43]

3

Czech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100)[44]

23

Denmark (Tracklisten)[45]

3

Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[46]

13

France (SNEP)[47]

28

Germany (Official German Charts)[48]

9

Greece (IFPI)[49]

3

Hungary (Single Top 40)[50]

29

Hungary (Stream Top 40)[51]

11

Ireland (IRMA)[52]

2

Italy (FIMI)[53]

53

Netherlands (Single Top 100)[54]

6

New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[55]

1

Norway (VG-lista)[56]

5

Portugal (AFP)[57]

7

Scotland (Official Charts Company)[58]

10

Slovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100)[59]

13

Spain (PROMUSICAE)[60]

62

Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[61]

4

Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[62]

7

UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[2]

1

UK R&B (Official Charts Company)[63]

1

US Billboard Hot 100[64]

1

US Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[65]

30

US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[66]

1

US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[67]

11

US Rhythmic (Billboard)[68]

1

tag: table

text: Certifications[edit]

text:
Region

Certification
Certified units/Sales

Australia (ARIA)[69]

2× Platinum

140,000^

Canada (Music Canada)[70]

4× Platinum

320,000^

Denmark (IFPI Denmark)[71]

Gold

45,000^

New Zealand (RMNZ)[72]

Platinum

30,000*

United Kingdom (BPI)[73]

Platinum

600,000

United States (RIAA)[74]

3× Platinum

378,000[75]

*sales figures based on certification alone^shipments figures based on certification alonesales+streaming figures based on certification alone

text: Release history[edit]

text:
Region

Date

Format

Label

Ref.

Various

April 6, 2018

Digital download

Young MoneyCash Money

[15]

United States

April 10, 2018

Rhythmic contemporary radio

Young MoneyCash MoneyRepublic

[76]


document_title: Spontaneous human combustion

question_text: when was the last reported case of spontaneous human combustion

text: Spontaneous human combustion

text: Overview[edit]

text: "Spontaneous human combustion" refers to the death from a fire originating without an apparent external source of ignition; the fire is believed to start within the body of the victim. This idea and the term 'spontaneous human combustion' were first both proposed in 1746 by Paul Rolli in an article published in the Philosophical Transactions.[1] Writing in the British Medical Journal in 1938, coroner Gavin Thurston describes the phenomenon as having "attracted the attention not only of the medical profession but of the laity" as early as 1834 (more than one hundred years prior to Thurston's article).[2] In his 1995 book Ablaze!, Larry E. Arnold wrote that there had been about 200 cited reports of spontaneous human combustion worldwide over a period of around 300 years.[3]

text: Characteristics[edit]

text: The topic received coverage in the British Medical Journal in 1938. An article by L. A. Parry cited an 1823-published book Medical Jurisprudence,[4] which stated that commonalities among recorded cases of spontaneous human combustion included the following characteristics:

text: "[...]the recorded cases have these things in common:

text:
the victims are chronic alcoholics;
they are usually elderly females;
the body has not burned spontaneously, but some lighted substance has come into contact with it;
the hands and feet usually fall off;
the fire has caused very little damage to combustible things in contact with the body;
the combustion of the body has left a residue of greasy and fetid ashes, very offensive in odour."[5]

tag: ol

text: Alcoholism is a common theme in early SHC literary references, in part because some Victorian era physicians and writers believed spontaneous human combustion was the result of alcoholism.[6]

text: Forensic investigation[edit]

text: An extensive two-year research project, involving thirty historical cases of alleged SHC, was conducted in 1984 by science investigator Joe Nickell and forensic analyst John F. Fischer. Their lengthy, two-part report was published in the journal of the International Association of Arson Investigators,[7]:3–11 as well as part of a book.[8] Nickell has written frequently on the subject,[7][8] appeared on television documentaries, conducted additional research, and lectured at the New York State Academy of Fire Science at Montour Falls, New York, as a guest instructor.

text: Nickell and Fischer's investigation, which looked at cases in the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries, showed that the burned bodies were near plausible sources for the ignition: candles, lamps, fireplaces, and so on. Such sources were often omitted from published accounts of these incidents, presumably to deepen the aura of mystery surrounding an apparently "spontaneous" death. The investigations also found that there was a correlation between alleged SHC deaths and the victim's intoxication (or other forms of incapacitation) which could conceivably have caused them to be careless and unable to respond properly to an accident. Where the destruction of the body was not particularly extensive, a primary source of combustible fuel could plausibly have been the victim's clothing or a covering such as a blanket or comforter.

text: However, where the destruction was extensive, additional fuel sources were involved, such as chair stuffing, floor coverings, the flooring itself, and the like. The investigators described how such materials helped retain melted fat to burn and destroy more of the body, yielding still more liquified fat, in a cyclic process known as the "wick effect" or the "candle effect".

text: According to Nickell and Fischer's investigation, nearby objects often went undamaged because fire tends to burn upward, and it burns laterally with some difficulty. The fires in question are relatively small, achieving considerable destruction by the wick effect, and relatively nearby objects may not be close enough to catch fire themselves (much as one can get rather close to a modest campfire without burning). As with other mysteries, Nickell and Fischer cautioned against "single, simplistic explanation for all unusual burning deaths" but rather urged investigating "on an individual basis".[8]:169

text: Neurologist Steven Novella has said that skepticism about human spontaneous combustion is now bleeding over into becoming popular skepticism about spontaneous combustion.[9]

text: A 2002 study by Angi M. Christensen of the University of Tennessee cremated both healthy and osteoporotic samples of human bone and compared the resulting color changes and fragmentation. The study found that osteoporotic bone samples "consistently displayed more discoloration and a greater degree of fragmentation than healthy ones." The same study found that when human tissue is burned, the resulting flame produces a small amount of heat, indicating that fire is unlikely to spread from burning tissue.[10]

text: Suggested explanations[edit]

text: Some hypothesis attempt to explain how SHC might occur without an external flame source, while other hypotheses suggest incidents that might appear as spontaneous combustion actually had an external source of ignition – and that the likelihood of spontaneous human combustion without an external ignition source is quite low.[11] Benjamin Radford, science writer and deputy editor of the science magazine Skeptical Inquirer, casts doubt on the plausibility of spontaneous human combustion, "If SHC is a real phenomenon (and not the result of an elderly or infirm person being too close to a flame source), why doesn't it happen more often? There are 5 billion [The world's population reached 5 billion in 1987] people in the world, and yet we don't see reports of people bursting into flame while walking down the street, attending football games, or sipping a coffee at a local Starbucks."[12] Paranormal researcher Brian Dunning states that SHC stories "are simply the rare cases where a natural death in isolation has been followed by a slow combustion from some nearby source of ignition." He further suggested that reports of people suddenly aflame should be called "Unsolved deaths by fire", stating that an unknown cause did not necessarily imply that the fire lacked an external ignition source.[13]

text: Natural explanations[edit]

text:
Almost all cases of SHC involve persons with low mobility due to advanced age or obesity, along with poor health.[13] Victims show a high likelihood of having died in their sleep, or of being unable to move once they had caught fire.
Cigarettes are often seen as the source of fire, as the improper disposal of smoking materials causes one of every four fire deaths in the United States.[14] Natural causes such as heart attacks may lead to the victim dying, subsequently dropping the cigarette, which after a period of smouldering can ignite the victim's clothes.[15]
The "wick effect" hypothesis suggests that a small external flame source, such as a burning cigarette, chars the clothing of the victim at a location, splitting the skin and releasing subcutaneous fat, which is in turn absorbed into the burned clothing, acting as a wick. This combustion can continue for as long as the fuel is available. This hypothesis has been successfully tested with animal tissue (pig) and is consistent with evidence recovered from cases of human combustion.[16][17] The human body typically has enough stored energy in fat and other chemical stores to fully combust the body; even lean people have several pounds of fat in their tissues. This fat, once heated by the burning clothing, wicks into the clothing much as candle wax (which typically was originally made of animal fat) wicks into a lit candle wick to provide the fuel needed to keep the wick burning.[18] The protein in the body also burns, but provides less energy than fat, with the water in the body being the main impediment to combustion. However, slow combustion, lasting hours, gives the water time to evaporate slowly. In an enclosed area, such as a house, this moisture will recondense nearby, such as on windows.[citation needed] Note that feet often have the least fat, so don't typically burn. (Hands also have little fat, but may burn if on the abdomen, which provides all the needed fat.)
John Abrahamson suggested that ball lightning could account for spontaneous human combustion. "This is circumstantial only, but the charring of human limbs seen in a number of ball lightning cases are very suggestive that this mechanism may also have occurred where people have had limbs combusted," says Abrahamson.[19]
Scalding can cause burn-like injuries, including death, without setting fire to clothing. Although not applicable in cases where the body is charred and burnt, this has been suggested as a cause in at least one claimed SHC-like event.[20]
Brian J. Ford has suggested that ketosis, possibly caused by alcoholism or low-carb dieting, produces acetone, which is highly flammable and could therefore lead to apparently spontaneous combustion.[21][22]
SHC can be confused with self-immolation as a form of suicide. In the West, self-immolation accounts for 1% of suicides,[23] while Radford claims in developing countries the figure can be as high as 40%.[24]
Sometimes there are reasonable explanations for the deaths, but proponents ignore official autopsies and contradictory evidence, in favor of anecdotal accounts and personal testimonies.[15][20][25]

text: Unverified natural phenomena[edit]

text:
Larry E. Arnold in his 1995 book Ablaze! proposed a pseudoscientific new subatomic particle, which he called "pyrotron".[3]:99–106[20] Arnold also wrote that the flammability of a human body could be increased by certain circumstances, like increased alcohol in the blood.[3]:84[20] He also wrote that extreme stress could be the trigger that starts many combustions.[3]:163[20] This process may use no external oxygen to spread throughout the body, since it may not be an "oxidation-reduction" reaction;[citation needed] however, no reaction mechanism has been proposed. Researcher Joe Nickell has criticized Arnold's hypotheses as based on selective evidence and argument from ignorance.[20]
In his 1976 book Fire From Heaven, UK writer Michael Harrison suggests that SHC is connected to poltergeist activity because, he argues "the force which activates the 'poltergeist' originates in, and is supplied by, a human being". Within the concluding summary, Harrison writes: "SHC, fatal or non-fatal, belongs to the extensive range of poltergeist phenomena."[citation needed]

text: Notable examples[edit]

text: On July 2, 1951, Mary Reeser, a 67-year-old woman, was found burned to death in her house after her landlady realized that the house's doorknob was extremely hot. The landlady notified the police, and upon entering the home, they found Reeser's remains completely burned into ash, with only one leg remaining. The chair she was sitting in was also destroyed. During the investigation, detectives found that Reeser's temperature was around 3500 degrees Fahrenheit, which puzzled the investigators due to such hot temperatures leaving almost all the room Reeser was in intact. Reeser was a user of sleeping pills, as well as a smoker. A common theory was that she was smoking a cigarette after taking sleeping pills, and then fell asleep while still having a lit cigarette, which would have burned her gown, leading to her death. Investigators also found that the fire had burned a socket, which stopped a clock at 2:26am, suggesting that Reeser had been burned at around that time.

text: Henry Thomas, a 73-year-old man, was found burned to death in the living room of his council house on the Rassau estate in Ebbw Vale, South Wales, in 1980. His entire body was incinerated, leaving only his skull and a portion of each leg below the knee. The feet and legs were still clothed in socks and trousers. Half of the chair in which he had been sitting was also destroyed. Police forensic officers decided that the incineration of Thomas was due to the wick effect. His death was ruled 'death by burning', as he had plainly inhaled the contents of his own combustion.[26]

text: In December 2010, the death of Michael Faherty in County Galway, Ireland, was recorded as "spontaneous combustion" by the coroner. The doctor, Ciaran McLoughlin, made this statement at the inquiry into the death: "This fire was thoroughly investigated and I'm left with the conclusion that this fits into the category of spontaneous human combustion, for which there is no adequate explanation."[27]

text: Cultural references[edit]

text:
In the comic story "The Glenmutchkin Railway" by William Edmondstoune Aytoun, published in 1845 in Blackwood's Magazine, one of the railway directors, Sir Polloxfen Tremens, is said to have died of spontaneous combustion.[28]
In the novel Bleak House (1853) by Charles Dickens, the character Krook, a disreputable rag-and-bottle merchant who lives largely on gin, Mrs Smallweed's only brother, is the apparent victim of spontaneous human combustion.[29]
In the episode Spontaneous Combustion (April 1999) of the American cartoon show South Park, several characters died by spontaneous human combustion.
Two former drummers of the fictional heavy metal band Spinal Tap are said to have died in separate on-stage spontaneous human combustion incidents.


document_title: Mamma Mia! (film)

question_text: where is mama mia supposed to be set

question_tokens: where is mama mia supposed to be set

text: Mamma Mia! (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: On the Greek island of Kalokairi, 20-year-old bride-to-be Sophie Sheridan reveals to her bridesmaids, Ali and Lisa, that she has secretly invited three men to her wedding without telling her mother, Donna. They are the men that her mother's diary reveals could have been her father: Irish-American architect Sam Carmichael, Swedish adventurer and writer Bill Anderson, and British banker Harry Bright. She dreams of being given away by her father at her wedding, and believes that after she spends time with them she will know which is her father.

text: Sophie's mother Donna, who owns a villa and runs it not very successfully as a hotel, is ecstatic to reunite with her former Dynamos bandmates, wisecracking author Rosie Mulligan and wealthy multiple divorcée Tanya Chesham-Leigh, and reveals her bafflement at her daughter's desire to get married. Donna shows off the villa to Rosie and Tanya. The three men arrive and Sophie smuggles them to their room. She doesn't reveal that she believes one of them is her father, but does explain that she and not her mother sent the invitations. She begs them to hide so Donna will be surprised by the old friends of whom she "so often" favorably speaks. They overhear Donna working and swear not to reveal Sophie's secret.

text: Donna spies them and is dumbfounded to find herself facing former lovers, demanding they leave. She confides in Tanya and Rosie that she truly does not know which of the three fathered Sophie. Tanya and Rosie rally her spirits by getting her to dance with an all female ensemble of staff and islanders. Sophie finds the men aboard Bill's yacht, and they sail around Kalokairi, telling stories of Donna's carefree youth. Sophie plans to tell her fiancé Sky about her ploy, but loses her nerve. Sky and Sophie sing to each other, but Sky is abducted for his bachelor party.

text: At Sophie's bachelorette party, Donna, Tanya, and Rosie perform. When Sam, Bill, and Harry arrive, Sophie decides to talk with each of them alone. While her girlfriends dance with the men, Sophie learns from Bill that Donna received the money for her villa from his great-aunt Sofia. Sophie guesses she must be Sofia's namesake. She asks him to give her away and keep their secret until the wedding. Sophie's happiness is short-lived as Sam and Harry each pull her aside to tell her they are her father and will give her away. Sophie, overwhelmed by the consequences of raising the hopes of all three "fathers", faints.

text: In the morning, Rosie and Tanya assure Donna they will take care of the men. Bill and Harry intend to tell each other what they learned the previous night, but Rosie interrupts them. Donna confronts Sophie, believing Sophie wants the wedding stopped. Sophie says that all she wants is to avoid her mother's mistakes. Sam accosts Donna, concerned about Sophie getting married so young. Donna confronts him and they realize they still have feelings for each other. Tanya and young Pepper continue flirtations from the previous night. Sophie confesses to Sky and asks for his help. He reacts angrily to Sophie's deception and she turns to her mother for support. As Donna helps her daughter dress for the wedding, their rift is healed and Donna reminisces about Sophie's childhood. Donna admits her mother disowned her when she became pregnant. Sophie asks Donna to give her away. As the bridal party walks to the chapel, Sam intercepts Donna, who reveals the pain she felt over losing him.

text: Sophie and Donna walk down the aisle as the band plays. Donna tells Sophie and all gathered that her father could be any of the three men. Sam reveals that while he left Donna to get married, he did not go through with it, but returned to find Donna with another man. The men do not want paternity confirmed, each agreeing to be one-third of a father for Sophie. She tells Sky they should postpone their wedding and travel the world. Sam proposes to Donna. She accepts and they are married. At the reception, Sam sings to Donna and Rosie makes a play for Bill. The couples proclaim their love. Sophie and Sky sail away.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Meryl Streep as Donna Sheridan, Sophie's mother, owner of the hotel Villa Donna.
Amanda Seyfried  as Sophie Sheridan, Donna's 20-year-old daughter, Sky's fiancée.
Pierce Brosnan as Sam Carmichael, Sophie's possible father and an architect.
Colin Firth as Harry Bright, Sophie's possible father and a British banker.
Stellan Skarsgård as Bill Andersson, Sophie's possible father, a Swedish sailor and travel writer.
Dominic Cooper as Sky, Sophie's fiancé who is designing a website for the hotel.
Julie Walters as Rosie Mulligan, one of Donna's former bandmates in Donna and the Dynamos; an unmarried fun-loving author.
Christine Baranski as Tanya Chesham-Leigh, Donna's other former bandmate; a rich three-time divorcee.
Philip Michael as Pepper, Sky's best man who likes Tanya; a bartender
Juan Pablo Di Pace as Petros
Ashley Lilley as Ali, close friend of Sophie and her bridesmaid.
Rachel McDowall as Lisa, close friend of Sophie and her bridesmaid.
Enzo Squillino as Gregoris, one of Donna's employees.
Niall Buggy as Father Alex, the wedding priest.
Chris Jarvis as Eddie, a friend of Sky and Pepper.

text:
Benny Andersson as "Dancing Queen" piano player
Björn Ulvaeus as Greek god
Rita Wilson as Greek goddess

text: Musical numbers[edit]

text: A soundtrack album was released on July 7, 2008 by Decca and Polydor in the United States and internationally, respectively. The recording was produced by Benny Andersson. The album features sixteen musical numbers within the film, including a hidden track. The album was nominated at the 51st Annual Grammy Awards for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media. The deluxe edition of the soundtrack album was released on November 25, 2008.

text:
"I Have a Dream" – Sophie
"Honey, Honey" – Sophie, Ali and Lisa
"Money, Money, Money" – Donna, Tanya and Rosie
"Mamma Mia" – Donna
"Chiquitita" – Rosie, Tanya and Donna†
"Dancing Queen" – Tanya, Rosie and Donna
"Our Last Summer" – Harry, Bill, Sam, Sophie and Donna
"Lay All Your Love on Me" – Sky and Sophie
"Super Trouper" – Donna, Tanya and Rosie
"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)" – Sophie, Ali and Lisa
"Voulez-Vous" – Donna, Sam, Tanya, Rosie, Harry, Bill, Sky, Ali, Lisa and Pepper
"The Name of the Game" – Sophie‡
"SOS" – Sam and Donna
"Does Your Mother Know" – Tanya and Pepper
"Slipping Through My Fingers" – Donna and Sophie
"The Winner Takes It All" – Donna
"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do" – Sam and Donna†
"When All Is Said and Done"  – Sam and Donna
"Take a Chance on Me" – Rosie, Bill, Tanya, Pepper and Harry
"Waterloo" – Donna, Rosie, Tanya, Sam, Bill, Harry, Sky and Sophie†
"Thank You for the Music" – Sophie§

text:
† Featured in the film, but omitted from the soundtrack album.
‡ Included in the soundtrack album, but omitted from the film.
§ Included on the soundtrack album as a hidden track.

text: Production[edit]

text: Most of the outdoor scenes were filmed on location at the small Greek island of Skopelos (during August/September 2007),[3] and the seaside hamlet of Damouchari in the Pelion area of Greece. On Skopelos, Kastani beach on the south west coast was the film's main location site.[3] The producers built a beach bar and jetty along the beach, but removed both set pieces after production wrapped.[3] A complete set for Donna's Greek villa was built at the 007 stage at Pinewood Studios and most of the film was shot there. Real trees were utilised for the set, watered daily through an automated watering system and given access to daylight in order to keep them growing.

text: The part of the film where Brosnan's character, Sam, leaves his New York office to go to the Greek Island was actually filmed at the Lloyd's Building on Lime Street in the City of London. He dashes down the escalators and through the porte-cochere, where yellow cabs and actors representing New York mounted police were used for authenticity.[4]

text: The Fernando, Bill Anderson's yacht (actually a ketch) in the film was the Tai-Mo-Shan built in 1934 by H. S. Rouse at the Hong Kong and Whampoa dockyards.[5][6]

text: Meryl Streep took opera singing lessons as a child, and as an adult, she previously sang in several films, including Postcards from the Edge, Silkwood, Death Becomes Her, and A Prairie Home Companion.[7] She was a fan of the stage show Mamma Mia! after seeing it on Broadway in September 2001, when she found the show to be an affirmation of life in the midst of the destruction of 9/11.[8]

text: Release[edit]

text: Though the world premiere of the film occurred elsewhere, most of the media attention was focused on the Swedish premiere, where Anni-Frid Lyngstad and Agnetha Fältskog joined Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson with the cast at the Rival Theatre in Mariatorget, Stockholm, owned by Andersson, on July 4, 2008. It was the first time all four members of ABBA had been photographed together since 1986.[9]

text: Home media[edit]

text: In November 2008, Mamma Mia! became the fastest-selling DVD of all time in the UK, according to Official UK Charts Company figures. It sold 1,669,084 copies on its first day of release, breaking the previous record (held by Titanic) by 560,000 copies. By the end of 2008, the Official UK Charts Company declared that it had become the biggest selling DVD ever in the UK, with one in every four households owning a copy (over 5 million copies sold).[10] The record was previously held by Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl with sales of 4.7 million copies.

text: In the United States, the DVD made over $30 million on its first day of release.[11] By December 31, 2008, Mamma Mia! became the best-selling DVD of all time in Sweden with 545,000 copies sold.[12]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Mamma Mia! grossed $144.1 million in the United States and $471.6 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $615.7 million, against a production budget of $52 million.[2] It became the highest grossing live-action musical of all time, until it was surpassed by Bill Condon's Beauty and the Beast in 2017. It was also the highest-grossing movie directed by a woman, until it was surpassed by Patty Jenkins' Wonder Woman in 2017.[13]  It is the third highest-grossing film of 2008 internationally (i.e., outside North America) with an international total of $458.4 million and the thirteenth highest gross of 2008 in North America (the US and Canada) with $144.1 million.

text: In the United Kingdom, Mamma Mia! has grossed £69.2 million as of January 23, 2009, and is the ninth highest-grossing film of all time at the UK box office.[14] The film opened at #1 in the U.K, taking £6.6 million on 496 screens. It managed to hold onto the top spot for 2 weeks, narrowly keeping Pixar's WALL-E from reaching #1 in its second week.[citation needed]

text: When released on July 3 in Greece, the film grossed $1.6 million in its opening weekend, ranking #1 at the Greek box office.[15]

text: The film made $9.6 million in its opening day in the United States and Canada, and $27.6 million in its opening weekend, ranking #2 at the box office, behind The Dark Knight.[16] At the time, it made Mamma Mia! the record-holder for the highest grossing opening weekend for a movie based on a Broadway musical, surpassing Hairspray's box office record in 2007 and later surpassed by Into the Woods.[17]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 54% based on 179 reviews, with an average rating of 5.5/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "This jukebox musical is full of fluffy fun but rough singing voices and a campy tone might not make you feel like 'You Can Dance' the whole 90 minutes."[18] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 51 out of 100, based on 37 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[19] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[citation needed]

text: BBC Radio 5 Live's film critic Mark Kermode admitted to enjoying the film, despite describing the experience as 'the closest you get to see A-List actors doing drunken karaoke'.[20] Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian was more negative, giving it one star, and expressed a "need to vomit".[21] Bob Chipman of Escape to the Movies said it was "so base, so shallow and so hinged on meaningless spectacle, it's amazing it wasn't made for men".[22] The Daily Telegraph stated that it was enjoyable but poorly put together: "Finding the film a total shambles was sort of a shame, but I have a sneaking suspicion I'll go to see it again anyway."[23][dead link] Angie Errigo of Empire said it was "cute, clean, camp fun, full of sunshine and toe tappers."[24]

text: The casting of actors not known for their singing abilities led to some mixed reviews. Variety stated that "some stars, especially the bouncy and rejuvenated Streep, seem better suited for musical comedy than others, including Brosnan and Skarsgård."[25] Brosnan, especially, was savaged by many critics: his singing was compared to "a water buffalo" (New York Magazine),[26] "a donkey braying" (The Philadelphia Inquirer)[27] and "a wounded raccoon" (The Miami Herald),[28] and Matt Brunson of Creative Loafing Charlotte said he "looks physically pained choking out the lyrics, as if he's being subjected to a prostate exam just outside of the camera's eye."[29]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award

Date of ceremony

Category

Recipient(s) and nominee(s)

Result

Ref.

ACE Eddie Awards

February 15, 2009

Best Edited Feature Film – Comedy or Musical

Lesley Walker

Nominated

[30]

British Academy Film Awards

February 8, 2009

Outstanding British Film

Mamma Mia!

Nominated

[31]

Best Film Music

Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus

Nominated

Carl Foreman Award for Special Achievement by a British Director, Writer or Producer for their First Feature Film

Judy Craymer

Nominated

Costume Designers Guild Awards

February 17, 2009

 Excellence in Contemporary Film

Ann Roth

Nominated

[32]

Empire Awards

March 29, 2009

Best Soundtrack

Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus

Won

[33]

Golden Globe Awards

January 11, 2009

Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy

Mamma Mia!

Nominated

[34]

Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical

Meryl Streep

Nominated

Golden Raspberry Awards

February 21, 2009

Worst Supporting Actor

Pierce Brosnan

Won

[35]

Golden Reel Awards

February 21, 2009

Best Sound Editing – Music in a Musical Feature Film

Tony Lewis, Martin Lowe, Robert Houston

Won

[36]

Grammy Awards

February 8, 2009

Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media

Various Artists

Nominated

[37]

Irish Film and Television Awards

February 14, 2009

Best International Actress

Meryl Streep

Won

[38]

MTV Movie Awards

May 31, 2009

Best Breakthrough Female Performance

Amanda Seyfried

Nominated

[39]

National Movie Awards

September 8, 2008

Best Musical[40]

Mamma Mia!

Won

[40]

Best Female Performance

Meryl Streep

Won

Best Male Performance

Pierce Brosnan

Nominated

Colin Firth

Nominated

People's Choice Awards

January 7, 2009

Favorite Movie Comedy

Mamma Mia!

Nominated

[41]

Favorite Cast

Mamma Mia!

Nominated

Favorite Song from a Soundtrack

"Mamma Mia"

Won

Rembrandt Awards

March 9, 2009

Best Female Actress

Meryl Streep

Won

[42]

Best International Actress

Won

Best International Film

Phyllida Lloyd

Won

Satellite Awards

December 14, 2008

Best Actress in a Motion Picture, Comedy or Musical

Meryl Streep

Nominated

[43]

text: Sequel[edit]

text:
Because of the film's financial success, Hollywood studio chief David Linde, the co-chairman of Universal Studios, said that it would take a while, but there would be a sequel. He stated that he would be delighted if Judy Craymer, Catherine Johnson, Phyllida Lloyd, Benny Andersson, and Björn Ulvaeus agreed to the project, noting that there were still plenty of ABBA songs to use.[44]
Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again was announced on May 19, 2017, with a planned release date of July 20, 2018.[45] It was written and directed by Ol Parker.[46] It was announced that Seyfried,[47] Cooper, Streep, Firth and Brosnan would be returning.[48] In July 2017, Lily James was confirmed to portray young Donna.[49]


document_title: FIFA Women's World Cup

question_text: who won the first women's fifa world cup

question_tokens: who won the first women 's fifa world cup

text: FIFA Women's World Cup

text: History[edit]

text: In 1988 – 58 years after the first Men's FIFA World Cup tournament in 1930 and approximately 17 years after the FA ban on women's football was eliminated in 1971[1] – FIFA hosted an invitational in China as a test to see if a global women's World Cup was feasible. Twelve national teams took part in the competition – four from UEFA, three from AFC, two from CONCACAF and one each from CONMEBOL, CAF and OFC. The tournament saw European champion Norway defeat Sweden 1–0 in the final to win the tournament, while Brazil clinched third place by beating the hosts in a penalty shootout. The competition was deemed a success and on 30 June FIFA approved the establishment of an official World Cup, which was to take place in 1991 again in China.[2] Again, twelve teams competed, this time culminating in the United States beating Norway in the final 2-1.

text: In the 1999 edition, one of the most famous moments of the tournament was American defender Brandi Chastain's victory celebration after scoring the Cup-winning penalty kick against China. She took off her jersey and waved it over her head (as men frequently do), showing her muscular torso and sports bra as she celebrated. The 1999 final in the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California had an attendance of 90,185, a world record for a women's sporting event.[3]

text: The 1999 and 2003 Women's World Cups were both held in the United States; in 2003 China was supposed to host it, but the tournament was moved because of SARS.[4] As compensation, China retained its automatic qualification to the 2003 tournament as host nation, and was automatically chosen to host the 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup. Germany hosted the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup, as decided by vote in October 2007. In March 2011, FIFA awarded Canada the right to host the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup. The 2015 edition saw the field expand from 16 to 24 teams.[5]

text: During the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup, both Formiga of Brazil and Homare Sawa of Japan made a record of appearing in six World Cups,[6] a feat that had never been achieved before by either female or male players. Christie Rampone is the oldest player to ever play in a Women's World Cup match, at the age of 40 years.[7]

text: In March 2015, FIFA awarded France the right to host the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup over South Korea.[8] The tournament will begin on 1 June 2019 and the final will be played on 30 June 2019;[9] both the opening and final matches will be played at Parc Olympique Lyonnais, a venue with a capacity of 58,000 in the Lyon suburb of Décines.

text: Format[edit]

text: Qualification[edit]

text: Qualifying tournaments are held within the six FIFA continental zones (Africa, Asia, North and Central America and Caribbean, South America, Oceania, Europe), and are organised by their respective confederations: Confederation of African Football (CAF), Asian Football Confederation (AFC), Confederation of North, Central America and Caribbean Association Football (CONCACAF), South American Football Confederation CONMEBOL, Oceania Football Confederation (OFC), and Union of European Football Associations UEFA). For each tournament, FIFA decides beforehand the number of berths awarded to each of the continental zones, based on the relative strength of the confederations' teams. The hosts of the World Cup receive an automatic berth in the finals. Since the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup, the number of finalists increased from 16 to 24.[10]

text: Final tournament[edit]

text: The final tournament has featured between twelve and twenty-four national teams competing over about one month in the host nation(s). There are two stages: the group stage followed by the knockout stage.[11]

text: In the group stage, teams are drawn into groups of four teams each. Each group plays a round-robin tournament, in which each team is scheduled for three matches against other teams in the same group. The last round of matches of each group is scheduled at the same time to preserve fairness among all four teams. In the 2015 24-team format, the two teams finishing first and second in each group and the four best teams among those ranked third qualify for the round of 16, also called the knockout stage. Points are used to rank the teams within a group. Since 1994, three points have been awarded for a win, one for a draw and none for a loss (before, winners received two points).

text: The ranking of each team in each group is determined as follows:[11]

text:
Greatest number of points in group matches
Greatest goal difference in group matches
Greatest number of goals scored in group matches
If more than one team remain level after applying the above criteria, their ranking will be determined as follows:
Greatest number of points in head-to-head matches among those teams
Greatest goal difference in head-to-head matches among those teams
Greatest number of goals scored in head-to-head matches among those teams
If any of the teams above remain level after applying the above criteria, their ranking will be determined by the drawing of lots

text: The knockout stage is a single-elimination tournament in which teams play each other in one-off matches, with extra time and penalty shootouts used to decide the winner if necessary. It begins with the round of 16. This is followed by the quarter-finals, semi-finals, the third-place match (contested by the losing semi-finalists), and the final.[11]

text: Hosts and results[edit]

text:
#

Year

Host

Champions

Score

Runners-up

Third place

Score

Fourth place

Teams

1

1991

  China

United States

2–1

Norway

Sweden

4–0

Germany

12

2

1995

  Sweden

Norway

2–0

Germany

United States

2–0

China PR

12

3

1999

  United States

United States

0–0 (a.e.t.)(5–4 p)

China PR

Brazil

0–0[A](5–4 p)

Norway

16

4

2003

  United States

Germany

2–1 (a.g.g.e.t.)

Sweden

United States

3–1

Canada

16

5

2007

  China

Germany

2–0

Brazil

United States

4–1

Norway

16

6

2011

  Germany

Japan

2–2 (a.e.t.)(3–1 p)

United States

Sweden

2–1

France

16

7

2015

  Canada

United States

5–2

Japan

England

1–0 (a.e.t.)

Germany

24

8

2019

  France

24

text: A  No extra time was played.[12]

text: All-time performance[edit]

text:
#

Team

Titles

Runners-up

Third Place

Fourth Place

Total

1

 United States

3 (1991, 1999, 2015)

1 (2011)

3 (1995, 2003, 2007)

–
7

2

 Germany

2 (2003, 2007)

1 (1995)

–

2 (1991, 2015)
5

3

 Norway

1 (1995)

1 (1991)

–

2 (1999, 2007)
4

4

 Japan

1 (2011)

1 (2015)

–

–
2

5

 Sweden

–

1 (2003)

2 (1991, 2011)

–
3

6

 Brazil

–

1 (2007)

1 (1999)

–
2

7

 China PR

–

1 (1999)

–

1 (1995)
2

8

 England

–

–

1 (2015)

–
1

9

 Canada

–

–

–

1 (2003)
1

 France

–

–

–

1 (2011)
1

text: Overall team records[edit]

text: As per statistical convention in football, matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses, while matches decided by penalty shoot-outs are counted as draws. 3 points per win, 1 point per draw and 0 points per loss.

text:
Rank

Team

Part

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Points

1

 United States

7
43
33
6
4
112
35
+77
105

2

 Germany

7
39
26
5
8
111
37
+74
83

3

 Norway

7
35
22
3
10
86
45
+41
69

4

 Sweden

7
33
18
5
10
59
42
+17
59

5

 Brazil

7
30
18
4
8
59
35
+24
58

6

 China PR

6
29
15
6
8
52
29
+23
51

7

 Japan

7
29
13
3
13
36
54
-18
42

8

 England

4
19
10
4
5
30
25
+5
34

9

 Canada

6
23
6
5
12
30
49
-19
23

10

 France

3
14
6
3
5
22
16
+6
21

11

 Australia

6
22
5
5
12
29
44
-15
20

12

 Russia

2
8
4
0
4
16
14
+2
12

13

 Nigeria

7
22
3
3
16
18
56
-38
12

14

 North Korea

4
13
3
2
8
12
20
-8
11

15

 Italy

2
7
3
1
3
11
8
+3
10

16

 Denmark

4
14
3
1
10
19
26
-7
10

17

 Cameroon

1
4
2
0
2
9
4
+5
6

18

 Colombia

2
7
1
2
4
4
9
-5
5

19

 Netherlands

1
4
1
1
2
3
4
-1
4

20

 South Korea

2
7
1
1
5
5
19
-14
4

21

 Ghana

3
9
1
1
7
6
30
-24
4

22

  Switzerland

1
4
1
0
3
11
5
+6
3

23

 Thailand

1
3
1
0
2
3
10
-7
3

24

 Chinese Taipei

1
4
1
0
3
2
15
-13
3

25

 New Zealand

4
12
0
3
9
7
29
-22
3

26

 Mexico

3
9
0
3
6
6
30
-24
3

27

 Costa Rica

1
3
0
2
1
3
4
-1
2

28

 Spain

1
3
0
1
2
2
4
-2
1

29

 Equatorial Guinea

1
3
0
0
3
2
7
-5
0

30

 Ivory Coast

1
3
0
0
3
3
16
-13
0

31

 Ecuador

1
3
0
0
3
1
17
-16
0

32

 Argentina

2
6
0
0
6
2
33
-31
0

33

 Chile

-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

text: Attendance[edit]

text:
Tournament

Matches

Attendance

Ref

Total

Average

Highest

1

 1991 China

26

510,000

18,344

65,000

[13]

2

 1995 Sweden

26

112,213

4,316

17,158

[13]

3

 1999 USA

32

1,214,209

37,944

90,185

[13]

4

 2003 USA

32

679,664

21,240

34,144

[13]

5

 2007 China

32

1,190,971

37,218

55,832

[13]

6

 2011 Germany

32

845,751

26,430

73,680

[13][14]

7

 2015 Canada

52

1,353,506

26,029

54,027

[15]

text: Notes:

text:
The 2003 Women's World Cup was originally scheduled for China but re-located in May 2003 to the United States after a SARS outbreak in China.
The 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup set a new attendance record for all previous FIFA competitions other than the men's FIFA World Cup.[15]

text: Broadcasting[edit]

text: As of  2017[update], the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup Final was the most watched soccer match in American history with nearly 23 million viewers until this summer where even more people watched a friendly between Manchester United and Real Madrid,[16] more than the 2015 NBA Finals and Stanley Cup.[17] It was also the most watched Spanish-language broadcast in tournament history.[16] More than 750 million viewers were reported to have watched the tournament worldwide.[18]

text: Awards[edit]

text: At the end of each World Cup, awards are presented to select players and teams for accomplishments other than their final team positions in the tournament. There are currently seven awards:

text:
The Golden Ball for the best player, determined by a vote of media members (first awarded in 1991); the Silver Ball and the Bronze Ball are awarded to the players finishing second and third in the voting respectively.
The Golden Boot (also known as the Golden Shoe) for the top goalscorer (first awarded in 1991). The Silver Boot and the Bronze Boot have been awarded to the second and third top goalscorers respectively.
If two or more players finish the tournament with the same number of goals, tiebreakers are used in the following order:
Most assists.
Fewest minutes played.
The Golden Glove Award for the best goalkeeper, decided by the FIFA Technical Study Group. First awarded in 2007 as "Best Goalkeeper"; current award name adopted in 2011.
The Best Young Player Award for the best player no older than age 21 as of 1 January of the year of the final tournament, decided by the FIFA Technical Study Group (first awarded in 2011).
The FIFA Fair Play Award for the team with the best record of fair play, according to the points system and criteria established by the FIFA Fair Play Committee (first awarded in 1991).
The All-Star Team, consisting of the best players of the tournament as determined by the FIFA Technical Study Group (first selected in 1999).
The Dream Team, consisting of the best players of the tournament as chosen by users of fifa.com (first selected in 2015).

text: Another award is presented a week after the final match:

text: The Goal of the Tournament, consisting of the tournament's best goal, as chosen by users of fifa.com from a shortlist of 12 goals selected by FIFA's web administrators (first awarded in 2015).

text: One past award is no longer presented:

text: The Most Entertaining Team Award for the team that has entertained the public the most during the World Cup, determined by a poll of the general public (awarded in 2003 and 2007).

text: Player records[edit]

text: Most goals[edit]

text:
Rank

Name

World Cup

Total

 '91
 '95
 '99
 '03
 '07
 '11
 '15

1
 Marta

3
7
4
1
15

2
 Birgit Prinz

1
1
7
5
0

14

 Abby Wambach

3
6
4
1
14

4
 Michelle Akers
10
0
2

12

5
 Sun Wen
1
2
7
1

11

 Bettina Wiegmann
3
3
3
2

11

7
 Ann Kristin Aarønes

6
4

10

 Heidi Mohr
7
3

10

9
 Linda Medalen
6
2
1

9

 Hege Riise
1
5
3
0

9

 Christine Sinclair

3
3
1
2
9

text: Most tournaments[edit]

text:
#

Player

Appearances

1

 Formiga

6 (1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015)

 Homare Sawa

6 (1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015)

3

 Kristine Lilly

5 (1991, 1995, 1999, 2003, 2007)

 Bente Nordby

5 (1991*, 1995, 1999, 2003, 2007)

 Birgit Prinz

5 (1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011)

 Karina LeBlanc

5 (1999*, 2003, 2007*, 2011, 2015*)

 Nadine Angerer

5 (1999*, 2003*, 2007, 2011, 2015)

 Christie Rampone

5 (1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015)

text: *Did not play but was part of the squad.

text: Most matches[edit]

text:
#

Player

Matches

1

 Kristine Lilly

30

2

 Abby Wambach

25

3

 Formiga

24

 Julie Foudy

24

 Birgit Prinz

24

 Homare Sawa

24

7

 Joy Fawcett

23

 Mia Hamm

23

9

 Bente Nordby

22

 Hege Riise

22

 Bettina Wiegmann

22