document_title: Fallen angel

question_text: who was the leader of the fallen angels

question_tokens: who was the leader of the fallen angels

text: Fallen angel

text: Judaism[edit]

text: The concept of angels sinning against God and being expelled from Heaven is mainly a Jewish concept, since it was mainly developed and found in Judaism during the Second Temple period, referring to Satan and his followers. This concept is mainly found in Jewish apocrypha, such as the First Book of Enoch, the Second Book of Enoch, and the Book of Jubilees.

text: Sons of God[edit]

text: In the period immediately preceding the composition of the New Testament, some sects of Judaism identified the "sons of God" (בני האלהים) of Genesis 6:1–4 as fallen angels.[6] Some scholars consider it most likely that this Jewish tradition of fallen angels predates, even in written form, the composition of Gen 6:1–4.[7][8] Lester L. Grabbe calls the story of the sexual intercourse between angels and women "an old myth in Judaism".[9] Until the mid-2nd evidence that some early Christians accepted this Jewish Enochic pseudepigraphy and the application of the angelic descent myth to the "sons of God" passage in Genesis 6:1–4.[10] Its presence not only in the East but also in the Latin-speaking West is attested by the polemic of Augustine of Hippo (354–430) against the motif of giants born of the union between fallen angels and human women.[11] Rabbinic Judaism and Christian authorities rejected the tradition.[12] Those who adopted the tradition viewed the "sons of God" as fallen angels who married human women and begot the Nephilim through unnatural unions.[13]

text: Watchers[edit]

text: The reference to heavenly beings called "Watchers" originates in Daniel 4, in which there are three mentions, twice in the singular (v. 13, 23), once in the plural (v. 17), of "watchers, holy ones". The Ancient Greek word for watchers is ἐγρήγοροι (egrḗgoroi, plural of egrḗgoros), literally translated as "wakeful".[14] Note that, beginning by AD 150, the Greek letter eta (η) was iotacized to sound the same as iota (ι); and the Old Slavonic alphabets, both Cyrillic and Glagolitic, made no phonetic distinction between the letters they derived from Greek η and ι.[15] The Greek term was transcribed in the Jewish pseudepigraphon the Second Book of Enoch (Slavonic Enoch) as Grigori, referring to the same beings as those called Watchers of the (First) Book of Enoch.[16]

text: First Enoch[edit]

text: The concept of fallen angels is mostly found in the Book of Enoch, verses 6–9; the Qumran Book of Giants; and perhaps in Genesis 6:1–4.[17] These Watchers became "enamored" with human women (1 Enoch 7.2),[18] and had intercourse with them. The offspring of these unions, and the knowledge they were given, corrupted human beings and the earth (1 Enoch 10.11–12).[18] A number of apocryphal works, including 1 Enoch (10.4),[18] link this transgression with the Great Deluge.[19] This fact was adopted by early Christianity, but abandoned by Rabbinic Judaism and later Christianity.[20] During the period immediately before the rise of Christianity, the intercourse between these Watchers and human women was often seen as the first fall of the angels.[21]

text: Second Enoch[edit]

text: The concept of fallen angels is also mostly found in the Second Book of Enoch, which is sequel to the First Book of Enoch.

text: 2 Enoch 29:3 "Here Satanail was hurled from the height together with his angels"—a probable Christian interpolation according to Charlesworth's Old Testament Pseudepigrapha

text: The text refers to "the Grigori, who with their prince Satanail rejected the Lord of light". The Grigori are identified with the Watchers of 1 Enoch.[22][23] The Grigori who "went down on to earth from the Lord's throne", married women and "befouled the earth with their deeds", resulting in confinement under earth (2 Enoch 18:1–7) In the longer recension of 2 Enoch, chapter 29 refers to angels who were "thrown out from the height" when their leader tried to become equal in rank with the Lord's power (2 Enoch 29:1–4).

text: Most sources quote 2 Enoch as stating that those who descended to earth were three,[24] but Andrei A. Orlov, while quoting 2 Enoch as saying that three went down to the earth,[25] remarks in a footnote that some manuscripts put them at 200 or even 200 myriads.[22] In The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha: Apocalypic Literature and Testaments edited by James H. Charlesworth, manuscript J—taken as the best representative of the longer recension—has "and three of them descended" (p. 130); while manuscript A—taken as the best representative of the shorter recension—has "and they descended", which might indicate that all the Grigori descended, or 200 princes of them, or 200 princes and 200 followers, since it follows the phrase that "[t]hese are the Grigori, 200 princes of whom turned aside, 200 walking in their train" (p. 131).

text: Chapter 29, referring to the second day of creation (before the creation of human beings), says that "one from out the order of angels"[26] or, according to other versions of 2 Enoch, "one of the order of archangels"[27] or "one of the ranks of the archangels"[28] "conceived an impossible thought, to place his throne higher than the clouds above the earth, that he might become equal in rank to [the Lord's] power. And [the Lord] threw him out from the height with his angels, and he was flying in the air continuously above the bottomless." In this chapter, the name "Satanail" is mentioned only in a heading added in a single manuscript,[29][30] the GIM khlyudov manuscript,[31] which is a representative of the longer recension and was used in the English translation by R. H. Charles.

text: Tanakh[edit]

text: The Hebrew Bible personifies Satan as a character in only three places, always inferior to God's power: it portrays him as an accuser (Zechariah 3:1–2), a tempter (1 Chronicles 21:1), and a heavenly persecutor (Job 2:1). It uses the Hebrew word, which means "adversary", elsewhere to speak of human opponents or some evil influence[32] and does not explicitly say that Satan is an angel nor that he is fallen.[32] However, the Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion states that Satan appears in Jewish pseudepigrapha—especially apocalypses—as "ruler of a demonic host, influencing events throughout the world, cast out of heaven as a fallen angel", and ascribes the idea of Satan as a fallen angel to a misinterpretation of Isaiah 14:12.[32] Some also say that Lucifer is one of the archangels before he fell from Heaven. He thought that God's order to "love human kind more than God himself" was ridiculous, which made him hate humanity and that lead to his fall.

text: Christianity[edit]

text: In Christianity, Satan is often seen as the leader of the fallen angels.[33] The New Testament mentions Satan 36 times in 33 verses, and the Book of Revelation tells of "that ancient serpent, who is called the devil and Satan, the deceiver of the whole world", being thrown down to the Earth together with his angels.[34] In Luke 10:18, Jesus says: "I saw Satan fall like lightning from heaven." While the New Testament thus mentions Satan falling from Heaven, it never says that he was an angel, only that he masquerades as one in 2 Corinthians 11:14. The concept of fallen angels is not foreign to the New Testament, though; both 2 Peter 2:4 and Jude 1:6 refer to angels who have sinned against God and await punishment on Judgement Day.

text: Dragon and his angels[edit]

text: In the New Testament, Revelation 12:3–14 speaks of a great red dragon whose tail swept a third part of the stars of heaven and cast them to the earth. In verses 7–9, after defeat in a War in Heaven in which the dragon and his angels fought against Michael and his angels, "the great dragon was thrown down, that ancient serpent, who is called the devil and Satan, the deceiver of the whole world—he was thrown down to the earth, and his angels were thrown down with him".[35]

text: Fall of Lucifer[edit]

text: The Fall of Lucifer finds its earliest identification with a fallen angel in Origen,[citation needed] based on an interpretation of Isaiah 14:1–17, which describes a king of Babylon as the fallen "morning star" (in Hebrew, הילל). This description was interpreted typologically as an angel in addition to its literal application to a human king: the image of the fallen morning star or angel was thereby applied to Satan in both in Jewish pseudepigrapha[32] and by early Christian writers,[36][37] following the transfer of Lucifer to Satan in the pre-Christian century.[38]

text: Origen and other Christian writers linked the fallen morning star of Isaiah 14:12 to Jesus' statement in Luke 10:18 that "I saw Satan fall like lightning from heaven" and to the mention of a fall of Satan in Revelation 12:8–9.[39] In Latin-speaking Christianity, the Latin word "lucifer" as employed in the late 4th-century AD Vulgate to translate הילל, gave rise to the name "Lucifer" for the person believed to be referred to in the text. Orthodox Judaism does not believe the name Lucifer is a reference to Satan, but rather the text in chapter four indicates that it is a literal taunt against the King of Babylon.

text: Christian interpretation of Ezekiel 28[edit]

text: Indeed, Christian tradition has applied to Satan not only the image of the morning star in Isaiah 14:12, but also the denouncing in Ezekiel 28:11–19 of the king of Tyre, who is spoken of as having been a "cherub". Rabbinic literature saw these two passages as in some ways parallel, even if it perhaps did not associate them with Satan, and the episode of the fall of Satan appears not only in writings of the early Church Fathers and in apocryphal and pseudepigraphic works, but also in rabbinic sources.[40] However, "no modern evangelical commentary on Isaiah or Ezekiel sees Isaiah 14 or Ezekiel 28 as providing information about the fall of Satan".[41]

text: Islam[edit]

text: In Islam, the concept of fallen angels is the same as the concept in Judaism and Christianity. However Islamic view of the rebellion of fallen angels differs from the Jewish and Christian views, where fallen angels did not try to usurp the throne of God, a concept alien to Islam. Instead they refused to bow down to Adam.

text: In Quran[edit]

text: Three entities are mentioned in Qur'an, who are sometimes identified as fallen angels: Iblis, Harut and Marut. The story of their fall are found in Islamic narrations, but not in the Quran.[42] Alternatively Iblis is rather thought as being a Jinni, another entity apart from the angels, supported by the fact, he is created from fire. Those who distinguish between Iblis as a fiery angel and the jinn, differentiate the jinn made out of smokeless fire, and the fire these angels are held to be composed of (according to Ibn Abbas from the fire of samum).[43] Those who reject the angelic origin of Harut and Marut prefer to view them as kings (malikayn) than angels (malak).[44]

text: Harut and Marut[edit]

text: The Quranexegete Tabari attributed a story to Ibn Masud and Ibn Abbas[45] about Harut and Marut complaining about the mischievousness of mankind and made a request to destroy them. Consequently, God offered a test determine whether or not the angels would do better than humans for long, then they are endowed with humanlike urges and Satan would have authority over them. However on Earth, they entertained and acted upon sexual desires and were guilty of idol worship, whereupon they even killed an innocent witness. For their deeds, they were not allowed to ascend to Heaven again.[46]

text: The Devil and Demons[edit]

text: Another extra-quranic narrative states that Iblis was once send by God to battle a pre-adamite race, who shed blood and caused corruption on earth. After Iblis defeated them, he returned to heaven. Then God created human, Iblis and some angels argued, why God should create a human being, who will shed blood and confusion like those, whom they had just defeated before, while the angels prostrate before God and sing his glory day and night, never failing God's orders.[47] Since Iblis insisted on being superior than any other creature, even compared to other angels,[48] his status was reduced and he was turned away from heaven, endowed with the task to lead beings towards evil and wrong actions.[49] Those creatures from heaven, who followed Iblis, became demons,[50] not to be confused with the Jinn (another creature that is, unlike a demon, accessible to the good).[51]

text: Further narrations[edit]

text: Further references to fallen angels can be found in some Shia accounts. In a narrative from Ja'far al-Sadiq, Idris met an angel, which the wrath of God fell upon, and his wings and hair were cut off; after Idris prayed for him to God, his wings and hair were restored. In return they become friends and in request the angel took Idris to the Heavens to meet the angel of death.[52]

text: In Umm al-Kitab, a 8th century work of a Ghulat sect, the universe cames into existence because Azazil claims to be like God, but since there can just be one god, Azazil fell into lower spheres until he ends up on earth.[53]

text: Religious views[edit]

text: Judaism[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The concept of fallen angels originated in Judaism from the Jewish texts from the Second Temple Period, being applied in particular to Satan and his followers. Since the Middle Ages certain Jewish scholars have rejected the belief in fallen angels; however, the concept of fallen angels persists within Judaism.

text: Christianity[edit]

text: This article relies too much on references to primary sources. Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources. (March 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Christianity adopted the concept of fallen angels from Judaism, mainly based on their interpretations of the Book of Revelation Chapter 12,[1] which plainly states that Satan and his team fought against Michael and his team, and Matthew 25:41, which states that eternal fire was prepared for Satan and his followers.

text: Catholicism[edit]

text: In Catholicism, the Catechism of the Catholic Church speaks of "the fall of the angels" not in spatial terms but as a radical and irrevocable rejection of God and his reign by some angels who, though created as good beings, freely chose evil, their sin being unforgivable because of the irrevocable character of their choice, not because of any defect in the infinite divine mercy.[54]

text: Universalism[edit]

text: In 19th century Universalism, Universalists such as Thomas Allin (1891)[55] claimed that Clement of Alexandria, Origen, and Gregory of Nyssa taught that even the Devil and fallen angels will eventually be saved.[56]

text: Unitarianism[edit]

text: In Unitarianism, Joseph Priestley suggested that the passages refer to the Korah.[57] William Graham (1772) suggested that they referred to the spies in Canaan.[58] These passages are generally held today to be commentary, positive, neutral, or negative, on Jewish traditions concerning Enoch circulating in the Early Church.[59]

text: Islam[edit]

text: In Islamic tradition, the rebellion of Angels rather resulted from their displeasure towards humanity. Accordingly, they held their way of serving God superior to the service of mankind.[60][61] The Islamic view of the fallen angels' rebellion against God differs from the Christian views in that the rebellion is seen as Satan's refusal to prostrate himself before Adam, not as an attempt to usurp God's throne.

text: Influence[edit]

text: In literature, John Milton's Paradise Lost (7.131–134, etc.), refers to the Devil as being "brighter once amidst the host of Angels, than the sun amidst the stars".[62]

text: Footnotes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b Davidson 1994, p. 111
Jump up ^ Douglas 2011, p. 350
Jump up ^ Reed 2005, p. 1
Jump up ^ https://www.al-islam.org/nahjul-balagha-part-1-sermons/sermon-192-praise-be-allah-who-wears-apparel-honour-and-dignity
Jump up ^ Robert Lebling Legends of the Fire Spirits: Jinn and Genies from Arabia to Zanzibar I.B.Tauris 2010 ISBN 978-0-857-73063-3
Jump up ^ Gregory A. Boyd, God at War: The Bible & Spiritual Conflict (InterVarsity Press 1997 ISBN 9780830818853), p. 138
Jump up ^ Lester L. Grabbe, A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period (Continuum 2004 ISBN 9780567043528), p. 344
Jump up ^ Matthew Black, The Book of Enoch or I Enoch: A New English Edition with Commentary and Textual Notes (Brill 1985 ISBN 9789004071001), p. 14
Jump up ^ Grabbe 2004, p. 101
Jump up ^ Reed 2005, pp. 14, 15
Jump up ^ Heinz Schreckenberg, Kurt Schubert, Jewish Historiography and Iconography in Early and Medieval Christianity (Van Gorcum, 1992, ISBN 9789023226536), p. 253
Jump up ^ Reed 2005, p. 218
Jump up ^ Douglas 2011, p. 1384
Jump up ^ ἐγρήγορος. Henry George Liddell. Robert Scott. A Greek–English Lexicon revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie. Oxford. Clarendon Press. 1940. p. 474. Available online at the Perseus Project Texts Loaded under PhiloLogic (ARTFL project) at the University of Chicago.
Jump up ^ W. Sidney Allen, Vox Graeca: a guide to the pronunciation of classical Greek (third edition), Cambridge University Press 1987 ISBN 0-521-33555-8), pp. 74–75
Jump up ^ Andrei A. Orlov, Dark Mirrors: Azazel and Satanael in Early Jewish Demonology (SUNY Press 2011 ISBN 978-1-43843951-8), p. 164
Jump up ^ Lester L. Grabbe, An Introduction to First Century Judaism: Jewish Religion and History in the Second Temple Period (Continuum International Publishing Group 1996 ISBN 9780567085061), p. 101
^ Jump up to: a b c Laurence, Richard (1883). "The Book of Enoch the Prophet".
Jump up ^ Biblica (Vol. 58 ed.). St. Martin's Press. 1977. p. 586.
Jump up ^ Reed 2005, p. 2
Jump up ^ Gregory A. Boyd, God at War: The Bible & Spiritual Conflict, InterVarsity Press 1997 ISBN 9780830818853, p.138
^ Jump up to: a b Orlov 2011, p. 164
Jump up ^ Anderson 2000, p. 64: "In 2 Enoch 18:3... the fall of Satan and his angels is talked of in terms of the Watchers (Grigori) story, and connected with Genesis 6:1–4."
Jump up ^ Sources presenting one version of 2 Enoch and sources using a different version
Jump up ^ Andrei A. Orlov, Dark Mirrors SUNY Press 2011 ISBN 9781438439518, p.93
Jump up ^ "Most sources". Google.com. Retrieved 2014-03-11.
Jump up ^ Marc Michael Epstein, Dreams of Subversion in Medieval Jewish Art and Literature Penn State University Press 1997 ISBN 9780271016054, p. 141

and other sources

Jump up ^ James Hastings, A Dictionary of the Bible 1898 edition reproduced 2004 by the University Press of the Pacific ISBN 9781410217288, vol. 4, p. 409
Jump up ^ James H. Charlesworth, Old Testament Pseudepigrapha-set Hendrickson 2010 ISBN 9781598564891, p. 149
Jump up ^ Robert Charles Branden, Satanic Conflict and the Plot of Matthew Peter Lang 2006 ISBN 9780820479163, p. 30
Jump up ^ Charlesworth 2011, pp. 149, 92
^ Jump up to: a b c d Adele Berlin; Maxine Grossman, eds. (2011). The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion. Oxford University Press. p. 651. ISBN 9780199730049. Retrieved 2012-07-03.
Jump up ^ Packer, J.I. (2001). "Satan: Fallen angels have a leader". Concise theology : a guide to historic Christian beliefs. Carol Stream, Ill.: Tyndale House. ISBN 0842339604.
Jump up ^ Revelation 12:9
Jump up ^ Revelation 12:9
Jump up ^ Charlesworth 2010, p. 149
Jump up ^ Schwartz 2004, p. 108
Jump up ^ "Lucifer". Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2014-03-11.
Jump up ^ John N. Oswalt (1986). "The Book of Isaiah, Chapters 1–39". The International Commentary on the Old Testament. Eerdmans. p. 320. ISBN 978-0802825292. Retrieved 2012-07-03.
Jump up ^ Hector M. Patmore, Adam, Satan, and the King of Tyre (BRILL 2012), ISBN 978-9-00420722-6, pp. 76–78
Jump up ^ Paul Peterson, Ross Cole (editors), Hermeneutics, Intertextuality and the Contemporary Meaning of Scripture (Avondale Academic Press 2013 ISBN 978-1-92181799-1), p. 246
Jump up ^ مصباح المنير في تهذيب تفسير إبن كثير Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar Ibn Kathīr, Shaykh Safiur Rahman Al Mubarakpuri, Ṣafī al-Raḥmān Mubārakfūrī / The Meaning And Explanation Of The Glorious Qur'an: 1-203 Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman "The Story of Harut and Marut, and the Explanation That They Were Angels [[God said]]
Jump up ^ Brannon Wheeler Prophets in the Quran: An Introduction to the Quran and Muslim Exegesis A&C Black 2002 ISBN 9780826449566 Page 16
Jump up ^ Al-Saïd Muhammad Badawi Arabic–English Dictionary of Qurʾanic Usage M. A. Abdel Haleem ISBN 978-9-004-14948-9, p. 864
Jump up ^ Amira El-Zein Islam, Arabs, and the Intelligent World of the Jinn Syracuse University Press 2009 ISBN 9780815650706 page 40
Jump up ^ Hussein Abdul-Raof Theological Approaches to Qur'anic Exegesis: A Practical Comparative-Contrastive Analysis Routledge 2012 ISBN 978-1-136-45991-7 page 155
Jump up ^ Daniel I. Ilega Studies in World Religions Hamaz Global Publishing ISBN 978-9-783-57580-6 page 83
Jump up ^ Stephen J. Vicchio Biblical Figures in the Islamic Faith Wipf and Stock Publishers 2008 ISBN 978-1-556-35304-8 page 184
Jump up ^ Hazrat Inayat Khan A Sufi Message of Spiritual Liberty II Library of Alexandria ISBN 978-1-613-10656-3 section 8
Jump up ^ name="Robert Lebling ">Robert Lebling Legends of the Fire Spirits: Jinn and Genies from Arabia to Zanzibar I.B.Tauris 2010 ISBN 978-0-857-73063-3 page 141
Jump up ^ Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman The Meaning and Explanation of the Glorious Qur'an (Vol 10) MSA Publication Limited 2009 ISBN 9781861796707 Page 257
Jump up ^ Muham Sakura Dragon The Great Tale of Prophet Enoch (Idris) In Islam Sakura Dragon SPC ISBN 978-1-519-95237-0
Jump up ^ Christoph Auffarth, Loren T. Stuckenbruck The Fall of the Angels BRILL 2004 ISBN 978-9-004-12668-8 page 161
Jump up ^ "Catechism of the Catholic Church, "The Fall of the Angels" (391-395)". Vatican.va. Archived from the original on 2012-09-04. Retrieved 2012-07-03.
Jump up ^ Allin, Thomas (1891). Christ Triumphant or Universalism Asserted as the Hope of the Gospel on the Authority of Reason, the Fathers, and Holy Scripture. [page needed]
Jump up ^ Itter on Clement, Crouzel & Norris on Origen, etc.
Jump up ^ The theological and miscellaneous works of Joseph Priestley, Vol.2
Jump up ^ William Graham, An enquiry into the scripture meaning of the word Satan, and its synonymous terms, the devil, or the adversary, and the wicked one. Wherein the notions concerning devils or demons are brought... MA 8vo. is. 6d. Johnson. 1772
Jump up ^ The Jewish apocalyptic heritage in early Christianity p 66 ed. James C. VanderKam, William Adler - 1996 "... who would not bring forth fruit to God. since the angels that sinned had commingled with them. ... 206 The translation is from Bauckham, "The Fall of the Angels', 320. 207 'Enoch says that the angels who transgressed taught mankind "
Jump up ^ Sa'diyya Shaikh Sufi Narratives of Intimacy: Ibn Arabi, Gender, and Sexuality Univ of North Carolina Press 2012 ISBN 978-0-807-83533-3 page 114
Jump up ^ Christian Krokus The Theology of Louis Massignon CUA Press 2017 ISBN 978-0-813-22946-1 page 89
Jump up ^ "Online-Literature.com". Online-Literature.com. Retrieved 2012-07-03.

tag: ol


document_title: Sugarcane

question_text: where is sugar cane grown in the united states

root

text: Sugarcane

text: Description[edit]

text: Sugarcane is a tropical, perennial grass that forms lateral shoots at the base to produce multiple stems, typically three to four m (10 to 13 ft) high and about 5 cm (2 in) in diameter. The stems grow into cane stalk, which when mature constitutes around 75% of the entire plant. A mature stalk is typically composed of 11–16% fiber, 12–16% soluble sugars, 2–3% nonsugars, and 63–73% water. A sugarcane crop is sensitive to the climate, soil type, irrigation, fertilizers, insects, disease control, varieties, and the harvest period. The average yield of cane stalk is 60–70 tonnes per hectare (24–28 long ton/acre; 27–31 short ton/acre) per year. However, this figure can vary between 30 and 180 tonnes per hectare depending on knowledge and crop management approach used in sugarcane cultivation. Sugarcane is a cash crop, but it is also used as livestock fodder.[6]

tag: p

text: History[edit]

text: Sugarcane is indigenous to tropical South and Southeast Asia.[8] Different species likely originated in different locations, with Saccharum barberi originating in India and S. edule and S. officinarum in New Guinea.[8] The earliest known production of crystalline sugar began in northern India. The exact date of the first cane sugar production is unclear. The earliest evidence of sugar production comes from ancient Sanskrit and Pali texts.[9]

text: Around the 8th century, Muslim and Arab traders introduced sugar from South Asia to the other parts of the Abbasid Caliphate in the Mediterranean, Mesopotamia, Egypt, North Africa, and Andalusia. By the 10th century, sources state that no village in Mesopotamia did not grow sugarcane.[7] It was among the early crops brought to the Americas by the Spanish, mainly Andalusians, from their fields in the Canary Islands, and the Portuguese from their fields in the Madeira Islands.

text: Christopher Columbus first brought sugarcane to the Caribbean during his second voyage to the Americas; initially to the island of Hispaniola (modern day Haiti and the Dominican Republic). In colonial times, sugar formed one side of the triangle trade of New World raw materials, along with European manufactured goods, and African slaves. Sugar (often in the form of molasses) was shipped from the Caribbean to Europe or New England, where it was used to make rum. The profits from the sale of sugar were then used to purchase manufactured goods, which were then shipped to West Africa, where they were bartered for slaves. The slaves were then brought back to the Caribbean to be sold to sugar planters. The profits from the sale of the slaves were then used to buy more sugar, which was shipped to Europe.

text: France found its sugarcane islands so valuable that it effectively traded its portion of Canada, famously dubbed "a few acres of snow", to Britain for their return of Guadeloupe, Martinique and St. Lucia at the end of the Seven Years' War. The Dutch similarly kept Suriname, a sugar colony in South America, instead of seeking the return of the New Netherlands (New York).

text: Boiling houses in the 17th through 19th centuries converted sugarcane juice into raw sugar. These houses were attached to sugar plantations in the Western colonies. Slaves often ran the boiling process under very poor conditions. Rectangular boxes of brick or stone served as furnaces, with an opening at the bottom to stoke the fire and remove ashes. At the top of each furnace were up to seven copper kettles or boilers, each one smaller and hotter than the previous one. The cane juice began in the largest kettle. The juice was then heated and lime added to remove impurities. The juice was skimmed and then channeled to successively smaller kettles. The last kettle, the "teache", was where the cane juice became syrup. The next step was a cooling trough, where the sugar crystals hardened around a sticky core of molasses. This raw sugar was then shoveled from the cooling trough into hogsheads (wooden barrels), and from there into the curing house.

text: In the British Empire, slaves were liberated after 1833 and many would no longer work on sugarcane plantations when they had a choice. British owners of sugarcane plantations therefore needed new workers, and they found cheap labour in China, Portugal and India.[10][11] The people were subject to indenture, a long-established form of contract which bound them to forced labour for a fixed term; apart from the fixed term of servitude, this resembled slavery.[12] The first ships carrying indentured labourers from India left in 1836.[13] The migrations to serve sugarcane plantations led to a significant number of ethnic Indians, southeast Asians and Chinese settling in various parts of the world.[14] In some islands and countries, the South Asian migrants now constitute between 10 and 50 percent of the population. Sugarcane plantations and Asian ethnic groups continue to thrive in countries such as Fiji, Natal, Burma, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, British Guiana, Jamaica, Trinidad, Martinique, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Grenada, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, St. Kitts, St. Croix, Suriname, Nevis, and Mauritius.[13][15]

text: The then British colony of Queensland, now a state of Australia, coerced (or "blackbirded") between 55,000 and 62,500 (estimates vary) people from the South Pacific Islands to work on sugarcane plantations between 1863 and 1900.[16]

text: Cuban sugar derived from sugarcane was exported to the USSR, where it received price supports and was ensured a guaranteed market. The 1991 dissolution of the Soviet state forced the closure of most of Cuba's sugar industry.

text: Sugarcane remains an important part of the economy of Guyana, Belize, Barbados, and Haiti, along with the Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, and other islands.

text: About 70% of the sugar produced globally comes from S. officinarum and hybrids using this species.[17]

text: Cultivation[edit]

text: Sugarcane cultivation requires a tropical or temperate climate, with a minimum of 60 cm (24 in) of annual moisture. It is one of the most efficient photosynthesizers in the plant kingdom. It is a C4 plant, able to convert up to 1% of incident solar energy into biomass.[18] In prime growing regions, such as Mauritius, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, India, Guyana, Indonesia, Pakistan, Peru, Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Australia, Ecuador, Cuba, the Philippines, El Salvador, Jamaica, and Hawaii, sugarcane crops can produce over 15 kg/m2 of cane. Once a major crop of the southeastern region of the United States, sugarcane cultivation has declined there in recent decades, and is now primarily confined to Florida, Louisiana, and South Texas.

text: Sugarcane is cultivated in the tropics and subtropics in areas with a plentiful supply of water for a continuous period of more than six to seven months each year, either from natural rainfall or through irrigation. The crop does not tolerate severe frosts. Therefore, most of the world's sugarcane is grown between 22°N and 22°S, and some up to 33°N and 33°S.[19] When sugarcane crop is found outside this range, such as the Natal region of South Africa, it is normally due to anomalous climatic conditions in the region, such as warm ocean currents that sweep down the coast. In terms of altitude, sugarcane crop is found up to 1,600 metres or 5,200 feet close to the equator in countries such as Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.[20]

text: Sugarcane can be grown on many soils ranging from highly fertile well-drained mollisols, through heavy cracking vertisols, infertile acid oxisols, peaty histosols, to rocky andisols. Both plentiful sunshine and water supplies increase cane production. This has made desert countries with good irrigation facilities such as Egypt some of the highest-yielding sugarcane-cultivating regions.

text: Although some sugarcanes produce seeds, modern stem cutting has become the most common reproduction method.[21] Each cutting must contain at least one bud, and the cuttings are sometimes hand-planted. In more technologically advanced countries like the United States and Australia, billet planting is common. Billets harvested from a mechanical harvester are planted by a machine that opens and recloses the ground. Once planted, a stand can be harvested several times; after each harvest, the cane sends up new stalks, called ratoons. Successive harvests give decreasing yields, eventually justifying replanting. Two to 10 harvests are usually made depending on the type of culture. In a country with a mechanical agriculture looking for a high production of large fields, like in North America, sugar canes are replanted after two or three harvests to avoid a lowering in yields. In countries with a more traditional type of agriculture with smaller fields and hand harvesting, like in the French island la Réunion, sugar canes are often harvested up to 10 years before replanting.

text: Sugarcane is harvested by hand and mechanically. Hand harvesting accounts for more than half of production, and is dominant in the developing world. In hand harvesting, the field is first set on fire. The fire burns dry leaves, and chases away or kills any lurking venomous snakes, without harming the stalks and roots. Harvesters then cut the cane just above ground-level using cane knives or machetes. A skilled harvester can cut 500 kg (1,100 lb) of sugarcane per hour.[citation needed]

text: Mechanical harvesting uses a combine, or sugarcane harvester.[22] The Austoft 7000 series, the original modern harvester design, has now been copied by other companies, including Cameco / John Deere.[citation needed] The machine cuts the cane at the base of the stalk, strips the leaves, chops the cane into consistent lengths and deposits it into a transporter following alongside. The harvester then blows the trash back onto the field. Such machines can harvest 100 long tons (100 t) each hour; however, harvested cane must be rapidly processed. Once cut, sugarcane begins to lose its sugar content, and damage to the cane during mechanical harvesting accelerates this decline. This decline is offset because a modern chopper harvester can complete the harvest faster and more efficiently than hand cutting and loading. Austoft also developed a series of hydraulic high-lift infield transporters to work alongside their harvesters to allow even more rapid transfer of cane to, for example, the nearest railway siding. This mechanical harvesting doesn't require the field to be set on fire; the remains left in the field by the machine consist of the top of the sugar cane and the dead leaves, which act as mulch for the next round of planting.

text: Pests[edit]

text: The cane beetle (also known as cane grub) can substantially reduce crop yield by eating roots; it can be controlled with imidacloprid (Confidor) or chlorpyrifos (Lorsban). Other important pests are the larvae of some butterfly/moth species, including the turnip moth, the sugarcane borer (Diatraea saccharalis), the African sugarcane borer (Eldana saccharina), the Mexican rice borer (Eoreuma loftini); leaf-cutting ants, termites, spittlebugs (especially Mahanarva fimbriolata and Deois flavopicta), and the beetle Migdolus fryanus. The planthopper insect Eumetopina flavipes acts as a virus vector, which causes the sugarcane disease ramu stunt.[23]

text: Pathogens[edit]

text: Numerous pathogens infect sugarcane, such as sugarcane grassy shoot disease caused by Phytoplasma, whiptail disease or sugarcane smut, pokkah boeng caused by Fusarium moniliforme, Xanthomonas axonopodis bacteria causes Gumming Disease, and red rot disease caused by Colletotrichum falcatum. Viral diseases affecting sugarcane include sugarcane mosaic virus, maize streak virus, and sugarcane yellow leaf virus.

text: Nitrogen fixation[edit]

text: Some sugarcane varieties are capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen in association with the bacterium Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus.[24] Unlike legumes and other nitrogen-fixing plants that form root nodules in the soil in association with bacteria, G. diazotrophicus lives within the intercellular spaces of the sugarcane's stem.[25][26] Coating seeds with the bacteria is a newly developed technology that can enable every crop species to fix nitrogen for its own use.[27]

text: Conditions for sugarcane workers[edit]

text: At least 20,000 people are estimated to have died of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Central America in the past two decades – most of them sugar cane workers along the Pacific coast. This may be due to working long hours in the heat without adequate fluid intake.[28]

text: Processing[edit]

text: Traditionally, sugarcane processing requires two stages. Mills extract raw sugar from freshly harvested cane and "mill-white” sugar is sometimes produced immediately after the first stage at sugar-extraction mills, intended for local consumption. Sugar crystals appear naturally white in color during the crystallization process. Sulfur dioxide is added to inhibit the formation of color-inducing molecules as well as to stabilize the sugar juices during evaporation.[29][30] Refineries, often located nearer to consumers in North America, Europe, and Japan, then produce refined white sugar, which is 99 percent sucrose. These two stages are slowly merging. Increasing affluence in the sugar-producing tropics increased demand for refined sugar products, driving a trend toward combined milling and refining.

text: Milling[edit]

text: Sugarcane processing produces cane sugar (sucrose) from sugarcane. Other products of the processing include bagasse, molasses, and filtercake.

text: Bagasse, the residual dry fiber of the cane after cane juice has been extracted, is used for several purposes:[31]

text:
fuel for the boilers and kilns,
production of paper, paperboard products, and reconstituted panelboard,
agricultural mulch, and more,
as a raw material for production of chemicals.

tag: ul

text: The primary use of bagasse and bagasse residue is as a fuel source for the boilers in the generation of process steam in sugar plants. Dried filtercake is used as an animal feed supplement, fertilizer, and source of sugarcane wax.

text: Molasses is produced in two forms: Blackstrap, which has a characteristic strong flavor, and a purer molasses syrup. Blackstrap molasses is sold as a food and dietary supplement. It is also a common ingredient in animal feed, is used to produce ethanol and rum, and in the manufacturing of citric acid. Purer molasses syrups are sold as molasses, and may also be blended with maple syrup, invert sugars, or corn syrup. Both forms of molasses are used in baking.

text: Refining[edit]

text: Sugar refining further purifies the raw sugar. It is first mixed with heavy syrup and then centrifuged in a process called "affination". Its purpose is to wash away the sugar crystals' outer coating, which is less pure than the crystal interior. The remaining sugar is then dissolved to make a syrup, about 60 percent solids by weight.

text: The sugar solution is clarified by the addition of phosphoric acid and calcium hydroxide, which combine to precipitate calcium phosphate. The calcium phosphate particles entrap some impurities and absorb others, and then float to the top of the tank, where they can be skimmed off. An alternative to this "phosphatation" technique is "carbonatation", which is similar, but uses carbon dioxide and calcium hydroxide to produce a calcium carbonate precipitate.

text: After filtering any remaining solids, the clarified syrup is decolorized by filtration through activated carbon. Bone char or coal-based activated carbon is traditionally used in this role.[32] Some remaining color-forming impurities adsorb to the carbon. The purified syrup is then concentrated to supersaturation and repeatedly crystallized in a vacuum, to produce white refined sugar. As in a sugar mill, the sugar crystals are separated from the molasses by centrifuging.[33] Additional sugar is recovered by blending the remaining syrup with the washings from affination and again crystallizing to produce brown sugar. When no more sugar can be economically recovered, the final molasses still contains 20–30 percent sucrose and 15–25 percent glucose and fructose.

text: To produce granulated sugar, in which individual grains do not clump, sugar must be dried, first by heating in a rotary dryer, and then by blowing cool air through it for several days.

text: Ribbon cane syrup[edit]

text: Ribbon cane is a subtropical type that was once widely grown in the southern United States, as far north as coastal North Carolina. The juice was extracted with horse or mule-powered crushers; the juice was boiled, like maple syrup, in a flat pan, and then used in the syrup form as a food sweetener.[34] It is not currently a commercial crop, but a few growers find ready sales for their product.[citation needed]

text: Pollution from sugarcane processing[edit]

text: Particulate matter, combustion products, and volatile organic compounds are the primary pollutants emitted during the sugarcane processing.[31] Combustion products include nitrogen oxides (NOX), carbon monoxide (CO), CO2, and sulfur oxides (SOX). Potential emission sources include the sugar granulators, sugar conveying and packaging equipment, bulk loadout operations, boilers, granular carbon and char regeneration kilns, regenerated adsorbent transport systems, kilns and handling equipment (at some facilities), carbonation tanks, multi-effect evaporator stations, and vacuum boiling pans. Modern pollution prevention technologies are capable of addressing all of these potential pollutants.[citation needed]

text: Production[edit]

text:
Top ten sugarcane producers — 2015[1]

Country
Production
(thousand metric tons, TMT)

 Brazil
739,267

 India
341,200

 China
*125,536

 Thailand
100,096

 Pakistan
63,750

 Mexico
61,182

 Colombia
34,876

 Indonesia
*33,700

 Philippines
31,874

 United States
27,906

 World
1,877,105

P = official figure, F = FAO estimate, * = Unofficial/Semi-official/mirror data, C = Calculated figure
A = Aggregate (may include official, semi-official or estimates);
Source: Food And Agricultural Organization of United Nations: Economic And Social Department: The Statistical Division

tag: table

text: Brazil led the world in sugarcane production in 2013 with a 739,267 TMT harvest.[1] India was the second largest producer with 341,200 TMT tons, and China the third largest producer with 125,536 TMT tons harvest.

text: The average worldwide yield of sugarcane crops in 2013 was 70.77 tons per hectare.[1] The most productive farms in the world were in Peru with a nationwide average sugarcane crop yield of 133.71 tons per hectare.

text: The theoretical possible yield for sugar cane, according to 1983 study of Duke, is about 280 metric tons per hectare per year, and small experimental plots in Brazil have demonstrated yields of 236–280 metric tons of fresh cane per hectare.[35][36] The most promising region for high yield sugarcane production were in sun drenched, irrigated farms of northern Africa, and other deserts with plentiful water from river or irrigation canals.

text: In the United States, sugarcane is grown commercially in Florida, Hawaii, Louisiana, and Texas.[37]

text: Brazil uses sugarcane to produce sugar and ethanol for gasoline-ethanol blends (gasohol), a locally popular transportation fuel. In India, sugarcane is used to produce sugar, jaggery and alcoholic beverages.

text: Ethanol[edit]

text: Ethanol is generally available as a byproduct of sugar production. It can be used as a biofuel alternative to gasoline, and is widely used in cars in Brazil. It is an alternative to gasoline, and may become the primary product of sugarcane processing, rather than sugar.

text: In Brazil, gasoline is required to contain at least 22 percent bioethanol.[38] This bioethanol is sourced from Brazil's large sugarcane crop.

text: The production of ethanol from sugar cane is more energy efficient than from corn or sugar beets or palm/vegetable oils, particularly if cane bagasse is used to produce heat and power for the process. Furthermore, if biofuels are used for crop production and transport, the fossil energy input needed for each ethanol energy unit can be very low. EIA estimates that with an integrated sugar cane to ethanol technology, the well-to-wheels CO2 emissions can be 90 percent lower than conventional gasoline.[38]

text: A textbook on renewable energy[39] describes the energy transformation:

text: Presently, 75 tons of raw sugar cane are produced annually per hectare in Brazil. The cane delivered to the processing plant is called burned and cropped (b&c), and represents 77% of the mass of the raw cane. The reason for this reduction is that the stalks are separated from the leaves (which are burned and whose ashes are left in the field as fertilizer), and from the roots that remain in the ground to sprout for the next crop. Average cane production is, therefore, 58 tons of b&c per hectare per year.

text: Each ton of b&c yields 740 kg of juice (135 kg of sucrose and 605 kg of water) and 260 kg of moist bagasse (130 kg of dry bagasse). Since the lower heating value of sucrose is 16.5 MJ/kg, and that of the bagasse is 19.2 MJ/kg, the total heating value of a ton of b&c is 4.7 GJ of which 2.2 GJ come from the sucrose and 2.5 from the bagasse.

text: Per hectare per year, the biomass produced corresponds to 0.27 TJ. This is equivalent to 0.86 W per square meter. Assuming an average insolation of 225 W per square meter, the photosynthetic efficiency of sugar cane is 0.38%.

text: The 135 kg of sucrose found in 1 ton of b&c are transformed into 70 litres of ethanol with a combustion energy of 1.7 GJ. The practical sucrose-ethanol conversion efficiency is, therefore, 76% (compare with the theoretical 97%).

text: One hectare of sugar cane yields 4,000 litres of ethanol per year (without any additional energy input, because the bagasse produced exceeds the amount needed to distill the final product). This, however, does not include the energy used in tilling, transportation, and so on. Thus, the solar energy-to-ethanol conversion efficiency is 0.13%.

text: Bagasse applications[edit]

text: Sugarcane is a major crop in many countries. It is one of the plants with the highest bioconversion efficiency. Sugarcane crop is able to efficiently fix solar energy, yielding some 55 tonnes of dry matter per hectare of land annually. After harvest, the crop produces sugar juice and bagasse, the fibrous dry matter. This dry matter is biomass with potential as fuel for energy production. Bagasse can also be used as an alternative source of pulp for paper production.[40]

text: Sugarcane bagasse is a potentially abundant source of energy for large producers of sugarcane, such as Brazil, India and China. According to one report, with use of latest technologies, bagasse produced annually in Brazil has the potential of meeting 20 percent of Brazil’s energy consumption by 2020.[41]

text: Electricity production[edit]

text: A number of countries, in particular those devoid of any fossil fuel, have implemented energy conservation and efficiency measures to minimize energy used in cane processing and furthermore export any excess electricity to the grid. Bagasse is usually burned to produce steam, which in turn creates electricity. Current technologies, such as those in use in Mauritius, produce over 100 kWh of electricity per tonne of bagasse. With a total world harvest of over 1 billion tonnes of sugar cane per year, the global energy potential from bagasse is over 100,000 GWh.[42] Using Mauritius as a reference, an annual potential of 10,000 GWh of additional electricity could be produced throughout Africa.[43] Electrical generation from bagasse could become quite important, particularly to the rural populations of sugarcane producing nations.

text: Recent cogeneration technology plants are being designed to produce from 200 to over 300 kWh of electricity per tonne of bagasse.[44][45] As sugarcane is a seasonal crop, shortly after harvest the supply of bagasse would peak, requiring power generation plants to strategically manage the storage of bagasse.

text: Biogas production[edit]

text: A greener alternative to burning bagasse for the production of electricity is to convert bagasse into biogas. Technologies are being developed to use enzymes to transform bagasse into advanced biofuel and biogas.[41]

text: Medicinal usage[edit]

text: In āyurveda, the Indian system of medicine, the sugarcane is most commonly known in Sanskrit as Ikṣu, having characteristics such as improving strength and acting as an aphrodisiac. It has the following synonyms: Dīrghachada, Bhūrirasa, Guḍamūla, Asipatra, Madhutṛṇa. These synonyms, along with its main varieties and characteristics are described in nighaṇṭus such as the Bhāvaprakāśa (1.6.23, group of sugarcanes). The juice of the sugarcane is known as Phāṇita.[46]

text: Sugarcane as food[edit]

text:
Cane juice[47]

Freshly squeezed sugarcane juice.

Nutritional value per 28.35 grams

Energy
111.13 kJ (26.56 kcal)

Carbohydrates

27.51 g

Sugars
26.98 g

Protein

0.27 g

Minerals

Calcium

(1%)
11.23 mg

Iron

(3%)
0.37 mg

Potassium

(1%)
41.96 mg

Sodium

(1%)
17.01 mg

Nutrient Information from ESHA Research

Units
μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams
IU = International units

Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient Database

text: In most countries where sugarcane is cultivated, there are several foods and popular dishes derived directly from it, such as:

text:
Raw sugarcane: chewed to extract the juice
Sayur nganten: an Indonesian soup made with the stem of trubuk (Saccharum edule), a type of sugarcane.
Sugarcane juice: a combination of fresh juice, extracted by hand or small mills, with a touch of lemon and ice to make a popular drink, known variously as air tebu, usacha rass, guarab, guarapa, guarapo, papelón, aseer asab, ganna sharbat, mosto, caldo de cana, nước miá.
Syrup: a traditional sweetener in soft drinks, now largely supplanted in the US by high fructose corn syrup, which is less expensive because of corn subsidies and sugar tariffs.[48]
Molasses: used as a sweetener and a syrup accompanying other foods, such as cheese or cookies
Jaggery: a solidified molasses, known as gur or gud or gul in India, is traditionally produced by evaporating juice to make a thick sludge, and then cooling and molding it in buckets. Modern production partially freeze dries the juice to reduce caramelization and lighten its color. It is used as sweetener in cooking traditional entrees, sweets and desserts.
Falernum: a sweet, and lightly alcoholic drink made from sugarcane juice
Cachaça: the most popular distilled alcoholic beverage in Brazil; a liquor made of the distillation of sugarcane juice.
Rum: is a liquor made from sugarcane products, typically molasses but sometimes also cane juice. It is most commonly produced in the Caribbean and environs.
Basi: is a fermented alcoholic beverage made from sugarcane juice produced in the Philippines and Guyana.
Panela: solid pieces of sucrose and fructose obtained from the boiling and evaporation of sugarcane juice; a food staple in Colombia and other countries in South and Central America
Rapadura: a sweet flour that is one of the simplest refinings of sugarcane juice, common in Latin American countries such as Brazil, Argentina and Venezuela (where it is known as papelón) and the Caribbean.
Rock candy: crystallized cane juice
Gâteau de Sirop


document_title: Where Are You, Christmas?

question_text: who sings where are you christmas on the grinch

text: Where Are You, Christmas?

text:
"Where Are You Christmas?"

Single by Faith Hill

from the album How the Grinch Stole Christmas soundtrack

Released
2000

Format
CD

Genre

Christmas
country
pop

Length
4:07

Label
Warner Bros. Nashville

Songwriter(s)

Mariah Carey
James Horner
Will Jennings

Faith Hill singles chronology

"Let's Make Love"
(String Module Error: Match not found)
"Where Are You Christmas?"
(2000)
"If My Heart Had Wings"
(String Module Error: Match not found)

"Let's Make Love"
(2000)
"Where Are You Christmas?"
(2000)
"If My Heart Had Wings"
(2001)

text: "Christmas, Why Can't I Find You?" is a song co-written by James Horner and Will Jennings for the movie How the Grinch Stole Christmas in 2000.[1] In the movie, it is first sung by Taylor Momsen, who played Cindy Lou Who.

text: A longer version of this song, called "Where Are You, Christmas?", was co-written by James Horner, Will Jennings and Mariah Carey. The song was originally recorded by Carey, but because of a legal case with her ex-husband Tommy Mottola, it could not be released, so it was re-recorded and released by Faith Hill. A video was released featuring Hill singing from the Grinch's mountaintop home, interspersed with clips from the film and a cameo appearance by Taylor Momsen as Cindy Lou Who.

text: As of November 25, 2016, total single sales of the Faith Hill recording studio at 897,000 downloads according to Nielsen SoundScan, placing it seventh on the list of all-time best-selling Christmas/holiday digital singles in SoundScan history.[2]

text: Chart positions[edit]

text:
Chart (2000)
Peak
position

US Billboard Hot 100
65

US Billboard Country Songs
26

US Billboard Adult Contemporary
10

US Billboard Adult Pop Songs
40

Chart (2011)
Peak
position

US Billboard Holiday Songs
15

Chart (2012)
Peak
position

US Billboard Holiday Songs
30

Chart (2013)
Peak
position

US Billboard Holiday Digital Songs
2

US Billboard Holiday Songs (Holiday 100)
36

text: Other versions[edit]

text: In 2008, the song was performed by Kaitlyn Maher in a live show at The White House, at the lighting of the National Christmas Tree on December 4, 2008 which was attended by President George W. Bush.

text: In 2009, "Where Are You, Christmas"[3] was covered by Hollie Steel, the child soprano from Britain Got Talent finals.

text: On October 29, 2009, Then There Were None released a cover of the Christmas single.

text: During a Christmas concert in 2011, a cover of the song was performed by The Piano Guys (Jon Schmidt, Steven Sharp Nelson),[4] featuring Jon's young daughter Sarah Schmidt.


document_title: Mike Ehrmantraut

question_text: who did hector kill in better call saul

question_tokens: who did hector kill in better call saul

text: Mike Ehrmantraut

text: Character biography[edit]

text: Given the "half measures" story he told Walt about missing a chance to kill an abusive perpetrator who eventually murdered a victim Mike was trying to help, and Hank's refusal during an interrogation to bring up the reason for Mike's discharge from the police force, it is implied in Breaking Bad that Mike decided to take revenge against the abusive perpetrator, which resulted in his departure from law enforcement. As a result of this experience, one of the lessons Mike employed in his post-police activities was to not take "half measures". However, the prequel series Better Call Saul revealed that Mike, a crooked cop himself, murdered two other crooked cops who had killed his son Matt, an honest cop who hesitated to involve himself in corruption.  Mike's daughter-in-law Stacy and granddaughter Kaylee had relocated to Albuquerque after Matt's death, and the day after Mike killed the two corrupt police officers (circa 2002), he fled to  Albuquerque to be close to them. He took a job as an attendant at the parking lot for the Albuquerque Courthouse, where the evening and night hours often facilitated his ability to conduct illegal activities during the day.  He is a notably calm and calculating individual who efficiently performed his duties for Gus, using his extensive knowledge of law enforcement procedures to do so without detection. He is shown to avoid targeting or involving innocent bystanders in his criminal activities.

text: Appearances[edit]

text: Breaking Bad[edit]

text: Season 2[edit]

text: Mike first appears after he is sent to remove all evidence of drugs from Jesse's apartment and to coach him on how to interact with authorities after Jesse wakes from his heroin-induced sleep to find his girlfriend Jane dead, having choked on her own vomit.

text: Season 3[edit]

text: Saul hires Mike to spy on Skyler White, which he is doing when Tuco Salamanca's dangerous cousins, Leonel and Marco, show up to murder Walt.  Mike calls Victor and has him tell Gus to intervene with the cartel.  The cousins then receive a text message reading "Pollos", which they understand as an instruction not to act, sent at Gus's behest, so they leave without Walt knowing they had been in his house.  Walt intends to kill Gale, knowing that with Gale in possession of Walt's meth formula, Gus considers Walt expendable.  Gus hires Mike to protect Gale, but Jesse succeeds in killing Gale in order to save Walt.

text: Season 4[edit]

text: In the aftermath of Gale's murder, Victor finds Jesse in shock sitting in his car but, while Jesse was unobserved at the crime scene by neighbors, Victor was seen and acted very suspiciously to many of the onlookers. Forcing Jesse back to the lab at gunpoint, an enraged Victor informs Mike of Gale's death and of his being noticed at the crime scene. Walt asks Mike to allow him to cook, since Gus will be even angrier if they fall further behind on production. Victor dons a gas mask and informs Walt that he knows Walt's exact cooking method from watching him at the lab and Walt had only made his and Jesse's fate worse by murdering Gale. Victor seemingly knows Walt's method, a fact that Walt had never foreseen and is busy cooking when Gustavo Fring enters the lab. Gus calmly and silently descends the stairs and begins to change into a hazmat suit as Walt becomes increasing frantic trying to justify his actions and argue that Victor may know the steps but could never operate such a large and complex lab, problems would invariably arise that only Walt would be able to recognize and cope with. Gus all the while silently changes and now stands directly in front of both Walt and Jesse and, in a gruesome show of force, suddenly grabs and fatally slashes Victor's throat with a box cutter, spraying Walter and Jesse with Victor's blood, and staring unemotionally into their eyes as Victor struggles and bleeds to death. Gustavo then redresses in the same manner speaking only once before leaving, saying "get back to work". Walter knows that he has fallen out of favor with Gus and fears that he will eventually be killed. Walter decides to pre-emptively strike against Gus, illegally purchasing from Lawson (Jim Beaver) an untraceable .38 Ruger LCR revolver for the task.

text: In response to Mike's concerns that Jesse's guilt-ridden recklessness could attract unwanted attention, Gus instructs Mike to take Jesse along as a passenger on a series of seemingly mundane pick-up runs around New Mexico. Aware that Jesse can't be scared into behaving, Gus instead orchestrates a fake robbery for Jesse to foil, thereby boosting his loyalty and self-esteem. Later, Jesse helps Mike retrieve stolen meth from a pair of junkies. Impressed with Jesse's mettle, Gus deems him ready to take on a greater role in the operation.

text: In an attempt to defuse tensions with the Cartel, Gus agrees to share Walter's formula. Because he does not trust Walter, Gus and Mike take Jesse to Mexico, where Jesse cooks a batch of "blue sky" in the cartel's own superlab. To Jesse's alarm, Gus seemingly agrees to have Jesse work for the Cartel on a permanent basis. However, during a party celebrating the agreement, Gus kills Don Eladio and the rest of the Cartel's leadership with a poisoned bottle of tequila. To convince Don Eladio and his crew that the tequila is safe, Gus drinks the first shot, having taken capsules that delayed the poison and allowed him to purge. Gus, Jesse, and Mike shoot their way out of Don Eladio's compound.  Mike is wounded in the shootout.  Jesse drives himself, Gus and Mike to an elaborate medical tent that Gus arranged for in advance. There, Gus is treated by his private doctors and quickly recovers.  Mike remains in the medical tent as he is unable to travel.

text: Season 5[edit]

text: Part 1[edit]

text: Mike, still recovering at Gus' makeshift clinic in Mexico, is told by a doctor that Gus has died. Furious, Mike attempts to drive across the border, and he comes across Walt and Jesse. Mike prepares to shoot Walt, but Jesse persuades him to stand down as Walt explains that the security footage collected from the lab stands to incriminate Mike as well as Jesse and himself. Mike discloses that the feed went to Gus's laptop computer in his office at Los Pollos Hermanos. He repeatedly urges Walt and Jesse to take their money and flee the area while they still can, but his pleas are ignored. The trio manages to acquire a truck fitted with an industrial electromagnet from junkyard owner Old Joe and drive it to the outpost. Once activated, the magnet destroys the evidence room and, presumably, the information on Gus's laptop. Despite being forced to abandon the truck, the three escape.

text: Walt and Jesse offer Mike an equal, three-way partnership in a new meth operation. Mike refuses, explaining that Walt is a dangerous "time bomb." A Houston-based Madrigal executive named Lydia Rodarte-Quayle asks Mike to kill eleven men from Gus's operation in order to tie up loose ends. Mike refuses, as Gus paid them enough to keep quiet. However, when he is called in to meet with Hank and Gomez, Mike learns the authorities have seized all of the offshore accounts Gus had set up for key underlings in his meth ring. Mike is affected as well, since his account (set up in his 10-year-old granddaughter's name) was worth $2 million. Mike breaks into Lydia's house in Houston. As he is about to execute her, Lydia's panicked pleas about her daughter affect him. He decides to spare Lydia in exchange for her becoming Walt's new methylamine supplier. Mike calls Walt and accepts a partnership in the new meth operation. Mike meets with Walt, Jesse, and Saul, where he declares that he will handle the business end of their operation while Walt and Jesse remain cooks. Walt agrees, but still asserts himself as the leader.

text: At Madrigal's Houston branch, Lydia receives a call from Mike, who warns her that the police are about to arrive. She escorts Hank, Gomez, and other officers to the Madrigal warehouse and points out foreman Ron, who was supplying her with methylamine. Mike reassures Lydia that Ron will not talk, adding that she will have a new guy in the warehouse soon. Walt presents Skyler with a stack of newly-earned drug money, saying they have to recoup the lost $600,000. After her suggestion of sending the kids to boarding school is struck down by Walter, he mentions that she should throw him a party for his 51st birthday. The next day at Vamonos Pest, Mike is skeptical that the tracker was planted by the DEA because of its crude placement on the bottom of the barrel. When informed by Jesse that it was Lydia who spotted it first, Mike concludes that Lydia planted it herself in order to get out of their deal and vows to kill her. Jesse pleads for Mike to show mercy and asks for Walt's opinion. Walt votes to keep her alive so no time is lost finding a new precursor supplier. Jesse later gives Walt a TAG Heuer Monaco wristwatch as a birthday present, which pleases Walt.

text: At home, Walt informs a chain-smoking Skyler that more money is coming. He shows off Jesse's gift as proof that Skyler will eventually accept him, as "the person who gave me this present wanted me dead, too. He changed his mind about me, Skyler, and so will you." Walt goes to bed with time on the watch ticking away. Walt and Mike understand that robbing the train necessitates killing the engineer and conductor, so no witnesses are left behind. Jesse, eager to avoid bloodshed, devises an alternate plan. The crew measures the track and buries two 1000-gallon tanks next to a trestle in preparation for the heist, leaving one of the tanks empty while filling the other with water. They enlist the help of Todd, a Vamonos Pest employee. Elsewhere, Walt Jr. and Holly remain with Hank and Marie. Walt Jr., who goes back to using the name "Flynn," tries to return home, only to be curtly persuaded to leave by Walt. Skyler emphasizes her desire to keep the kids out of the house, reminding Walt of his near-fatal encounter with Jesse before Gus's death; her argument seems to get through to him. Skyler also promises to continue laundering Walt's drug money as long as the children stay away. As Walt leaves, Skyler notices his dirty pants and asks if he was "out burying bodies," to which he candidly replies "robbing a train." Upon viewing the final manifest from her computer at home, Lydia informs Mike of the shipment information.

text: On the day of the heist, Walt's crew manages to stop the train by blocking a railroad crossing with a "broken-down" dump truck driven by Kuby. When the engineer and conductor exit the locomotive to assist him, Mike acts as a lookout while Walt, Jesse, and Todd drain methylamine from the train into the empty buried tank, simultaneously pumping water back in to ensure its weight remains unchanged. The robbery is threatened when a good samaritan arrives on the scene and pushes the dump truck off the tracks earlier than expected. Despite being told by Mike to stop, Walt recklessly makes Jesse and Todd complete the job, putting them in danger; as the train rolls away, Jesse is forced to lie underneath it and Todd has to jump from on top of it. Upon returning from the train heist, Walt, Mike, and Todd dismantle the dirt bike belonging to the boy that Todd killed, dissolving the pieces in barrels filled with hydrofluoric acid. They prepare another barrel for the boy. While Todd and Jesse are smoking outside, Todd glibly dismisses the tragedy, leading an incensed Jesse to punch him. After a heated debate, Walt, Jesse, and Mike agree to spare Todd's life and keep him on the payroll with Vamonos Pest, in order to monitor him.

text: While visiting a park with his granddaughter, Mike detects a DEA stakeout and taunts them by faking a dead drop and leaving a vulgar message placed under a garbage can. Mike, under pressure from the increased surveillance, and Jesse, still shaken over the boy's death, decide to leave Walt's meth operation and sell their shares of the stolen methylamine to Declan, a Phoenix-based competitor, for $5 million apiece. However, Declan insists on buying the entire lot — including Walt's share — and remove the competing blue meth from the market. Walt, Mike, and Jesse meet with Declan, their Phoenix-based competitor. Instead of agreeing to Declan's offer to purchase the heisted methylamine for $15 million in exchange for removing Walt's blue meth from the drug market, Walt offers a counterproposal: to sell his superior product through Declan's distribution network in exchange for a substantial share of the business and a one-time, $5 million payment to Mike for his share. Frustrated with having to negotiate with Walt, Declan demands to know who he is. Refusing to back down, Walt insists that Declan already knows his name and demands that he say it. When Walt informs him that it was he who killed Gus, Declan resignedly realizes and acknowledges Walt as Heisenberg.

text: As Mike leaves with his $5 million, he informs Walt that he will continue making hazard payments to Gus's men out of his own money, but that Walt must remove the bugs planted earlier in Hank's office before a sweep is performed by the DEA. Walt avoids Jesse's attempts to leave with his share of the money. Meanwhile, Mike learns through the bugs that the DEA has a search warrant for his house. He stashes a go bag with cash, a passport, and a gun in an airport parking lot. When Hank and Gomez search his house, they find nothing. Later, Hank is told to end his surveillance of Mike due to budgetary considerations. Not being instructed otherwise, he decides to have Gomez follow Mike's attorney, Dan, who has been placing cash in various safe deposit boxes to facilitate the transfer of the hazard payments and to set aside money for Mike's granddaughter Kaylee. Gomez catches Dan in the act and apprehends him. Jesse confronts Walt and demands his share of the money. Walt becomes hostile and accuses Jesse of having nothing in his life, but his attempts to manipulate Jesse fail and he ultimately leaves without his money, angering Walt further. Walt is forced to cook his next batch of meth with Todd, who proves to be much more subordinate and better at following orders than Jesse.

text: Pretending to be distraught over Skyler, Walt visits Hank at his office and manages to remove the bugs, but overhears Gomez telling Hank that they have arrested Dan and that he plans on telling everything he knows about Mike. Walt frantically calls Mike, who is at a park with Kaylee, and tells him the DEA is coming for him. Upon the arrival of the police, Mike is forced to flee the park without saying goodbye to his granddaughter. Mike asks Saul to retrieve the go bag for his getaway, but Saul fears the DEA will follow him. When Jesse volunteers to help, Mike refuses his assistance out of concern that Jesse would be spotted, leaving Walt to retrieve the bag. When Walt meets with Mike, he refuses to hand over the bag unless Mike tells him the names of the nine men he is paying off. Mike refuses and angered by Walt's insistence that Mike owes him gratitude, proceeds to attack Walt's ego, insisting the entire situation could have been avoided if he had continued to work for Gus and had not killed him. Walt storms off momentarily, but then approaches Mike's car. Mike realizes his gun is missing from the go bag, just as Walt uses it to shoot him through his car window. Mike tries to get away, but - mortally wounded - ultimately resigns himself to sitting on a log by the river. After Walt catches up to him, Walt realizes he could have just asked Lydia for the names and that shooting Mike was unnecessary. As Walt stammers an apology, Mike tells him to shut up and let him die in peace; after a moment of silence, he falls off the log, dead.[2]

text: Better Call Saul[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text: Mike, a former Philadelphia police officer now relocated to Albuquerque to be close to his daughter-in-law and granddaughter, works as a parking lot attendant at the courthouse, where he meets Jimmy.  He also does security and "muscle" jobs on the side, including helping Jimmy out with the Kettlemans, a family involved in embezzlement. After serving as a bodyguard for Pryce, a naïve drug company employee who wants to sell pills stolen from his employer, he finds himself dealing with Pryce's buyer Nacho, a key figure within the Salamanca drug gang.

text: Season 2[edit]

text: Impressed by Mike's work for Pryce, Nacho approaches him with a request to kill Tuco Salamanca, Hector's nephew, because his erratic actions are drawing unnecessary attention to the Salamanca's operations.  Mike fears the cartel will find out and kill him.  Instead, he fakes an altercation with Tuco that leads to Tuco being imprisoned for assault with a deadly weapon.  Hector doesn't object to Tuco spending a small amount of time in prison as a learning experience, but bribes Mike to say the gun was his, which reduces Tuco's sentence.  Mike's dealings with Hector make him think Hector suspects he intentionally caused Tuco's arrest, causing Mike to feel uneasy about the safety of his daughter-in-law and granddaughter.  He attempts to draw the police into investigating Hector's drug business by causing one of Hector's cargo trucks to crash and stealing the $250,000 hidden inside one of the tires, while leaving the driver tied up by the side of the road.  Mike intended for a passer-by to call the police, but finds out from Nacho that when a passing motorist stopped and aided the driver, the driver called Hector.  Hector then dispatched a crew to clean up the scene, including killing the good Samaritan so that the drug ring wouldn't be exposed.  Mike then prepares to assassinate Hector, but an unseen third party disrupts his plan.

text: Season 3[edit]

text: Mike discovers that it was Gus Fring who warned him not to kill Hector, because Gus wants to take over Hector's drug business and believes the time is not yet right.  Mike continues surreptitious disruption of Hector's drug shipments, while Nacho, who wants to save his father from Hector's plans to use the family's upholstery business as a drug front, switches Hector's heart medication with ibuprofen in the hopes of killing him without detection by inducing a fatal heart attack.  Gus agrees to help Mike launder the $250,000 he stole from Hector by taking the cash and arranging for Madrigal Electromotive, a front company involved in Gus's drug business, to pay it back to Mike as monthly contracted security consultant fees. In a sign of Gus's respect for Mike and expectation of a future working relationship, he absorbs the cost of the withholding taxes Mike will have to pay, so that Mike won't sustain a financial loss as a result of the laundering.

text: Season 4[edit]

text: In season premiere "Smoke", Mike leaves his job as a parking lot attendant at the courthouse and performs actual security consulting for Madrigal.  Beginning by stealing an employee's ID badge and disabling his car so he'll be late for work, Mike enters the company's facility without being stopped.  He acts like an employee while looking to see if any actual employees question his presence on site.  He eventually reveals himself and begins to list the security violations he's uncovered.  In episode two, "Breathe", Lydia attempts to convince Mike not to continue his inspections, but Mike indicates that he'll keep doing them as a plausible cover for the payments he's receiving.  When Lydia complains to Gus, he gives his tacit approval for Mike to continue.  At a job interview, Jimmy spots an opportunity to steal a valuable Hummel figurine, and calls Mike to enlist his aid. Mike refuses, forcing Jimmy to look elsewhere for assistance.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The Breaking Bad fifth season episode "Say My Name" received highly positive reviews, with many critics singling out Jonathan Banks and Bryan Cranston for particular praise. The episode is recognized by many television critics as one of the best in the series, with TV Fanatic's Matt Richenthal giving "Say My Name" a five-star rating, and calling it "one of the best in series history."[3] Seth Amitin of IGN gave the episode a 9 out of 10 rating, calling it "mind-blowing", but stating that "I hate to see Mike go out like that. He deserved more. I literally can't give this higher than a 9.0, it was just too sad of an ending."[4] Alan Sepinwall of HitFix thought the episode was "a mostly tremendous episode of a drama", adding the death of Mike "is just a gorgeous, devastating scene", but he was unimpressed by the plotting that led to Mike showing any trust for Walt in that situation, writing that it was a contrived way to ensure that Walt would be in a position to kill Mike per the requirements of the overall show story.[5]

text: Jonathan Banks has received several awards and nominations for his portrayal as Mike Ehrmantraut in both Breaking Bad and Better Call Saul. In 2012, He received a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series for his role in Breaking Bad.[6] In 2013, he received a Critics' Choice Television Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series[7], a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series[8], a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor on Television[9] and a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series for Breaking Bad.[10]

text: In 2015, he received a Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series and a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series for Better Call Saul. In 2016, he received a Satellite Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film and a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series. In 2017, he received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series and a Satellite Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film.


document_title: Operation Cartwheel

question_text: how did operation cartwheel influence subsequent operations in the pacific

text: Operation Cartwheel

text: Background[edit]

text: Japanese forces had captured Rabaul, on New Britain, in the Territory of New Guinea, from Australian forces in February 1942 and turned it into their major forward base in the South Pacific, and the main obstacle in the two Allied theatres. MacArthur formulated a strategic outline, the Elkton Plan, to capture Rabaul from bases in Australia and New Guinea. Admiral Ernest J. King, the Chief of Naval Operations, proposed a plan with similar elements but under Navy command. Army Chief of Staff George C. Marshall, whose main goal was for the US to concentrate its efforts against Nazi Germany in Europe and not against the Japanese in the Pacific, proposed a compromise plan in which the task would be divided into three stages, the first under Navy command and the other two under MacArthur's direction and the control of the Army. This strategic plan, which was never formally adopted by the US Joint Chiefs of Staff but was ultimately implemented, called for the following:

text:
Capturing Tulagi (later Guadalcanal) and the Santa Cruz Islands (Operation Watchtower)
Capturing the northeastern coast of New Guinea and the central Solomons[1]
Reducing Rabaul and related bases[1]

text: The protracted battle for Guadalcanal, followed by the unopposed seizure of the Russell Islands (Operation Cleanslate) on 21 February 1943, resulted in Japanese attempts to reinforce the area by sea. MacArthur's air forces countered in the Battle of the Bismarck Sea from 2–5 March 1943. The disastrous losses suffered by the Japanese prompted Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto to initiate Operation I-Go, a series of air attacks against Allied airfields and shipping at both Guadalcanal and New Guinea, which ultimately resulted in his death, on 18 April 1943.

text: Implementation[edit]

text: MacArthur had presented Elkton III, his revised plan for taking Rabaul before 1944, on 12 February 1943. It called for him to attack northeastern New Guinea and western New Britain and for Admiral William F. Halsey, Jr., then in command of the South Pacific Area, to attack the central Solomons. The plan required seven more divisions than were already in the theatre, which raised objections from the British. The Joint Chiefs responded with a directive that approved the plan if forces already in the theatre or en route were used and the implementation was delayed by 60 days. Elkton III then became Operation Cartwheel.

text: Operations[edit]

text: Cartwheel identified 13 proposed subordinate operations and set a timetable for their launching. Of the 13, Rabaul, Kavieng, and Kolombangara were eventually eliminated as too costly and unnecessary, and only 10 were actually undertaken:

text:
Operation Chronicle – 30 June 1943

Woodlark Island (112th Cavalry Regiment)
Kiriwina (158th Regimental Combat Team RCT US)

Operation Toenails – 30 June 1943

New Georgia (43d Infantry Division US) – 30 June 1943
Segi Point, New Georgia (4th Marine Raider Battalion US) – 21 June 1943
Rendova (169th and 172nd RCT's US) – 30 June 1943
Zanana, New Georgia (169th and 172nd RCT's US) – 5 July 1943
Bairoko, New Georgia (4th Marine Raider Battalion US) – 5 July 1943
Arundel Island (172nd RCT, 43rd Infantry Division US) – 27 August 1943

Vella Lavella (35th RCT, 25th Infantry Division US, 3rd Division New Zealand) – 15 August 1943
Operation Postern – 5 September 1943

Lae, New Guinea (9th and 7th Division Australia, 503rd Parachute Infantry Regiment US)

Operation Goodtime – 27 October 1943

Treasury Islands (8th Brigade New Zealand)

Operation Blissful – 28 October 1943

Choiseul Island (2nd Marine Parachute Battalion US)

Operation Cherryblossom – 1 November 1943

Bougainville (3d Marine Division US, 37th Infantry Division US)

Operation Dexterity

Arawe, New Britain (112th Cavalry US) – 15 December 1943
Cape Gloucester (1st Marine Division US) – 26 December 1943
Saidor (32nd Infantry Division US) – 2 January 1944

Admiralty Islands – 29 February 1944 (1st Cavalry Division US)
Emirau Island – 20 March 1944 (4th Marine Regiment US)

text: The New Guinea Force, under General Thomas Blamey, was assigned responsibility for the eastward thrusts on mainland New Guinea. The 6th Arm, under General Walter Krueger, was to take Kiriwina, Woodlark, and Cape Gloucester. The land forces would be supported by Allied air units under Lieutenant General George Kenney and naval units under Vice Admiral Arthur S. Carpender.

text: In the midst of Operation Cartwheel, the Joint Chiefs met with President Franklin Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill at the Quadrant Conference in Quebec City in August 1943. There, the decision was made to bypass and isolate Rabaul, rather than attempting to capture the base, and to attack Kavieng instead. Soon afterward, the decision was made to bypass Kavieng as well. Although initially objected to by MacArthur, the bypassing of Rabaul, instead of its neutralisation, meant that his Elkton plan had been achieved, and after invading Saidor, he then moved into his Reno Plan, an advance across the north coast of New Guinea to Mindanao.

text: The campaign, which stretched into 1944, showed the effectiveness of a strategy of avoiding major concentrations of enemy forces and instead aiming to sever the Japanese lines of supply and communication.


document_title: Société Honoraire de Français

question_text: what do you do in french honor society

question_tokens: what do you do in french honor society

text: Société Honoraire de Français

text: Induction[edit]

text: At induction, the SHF history is usually read, culminating with the lighting of candles. Each student holds a candle, and the student next to him or her recites the motto, L'homme qui sait deux langues en vaut deux, which means The man who knows two languages is worth two men. All the members are considered inducted when the last candle is lit.

text: Duties[edit]

text: Community service is mandatory for the organization, as well as a high grade point average overall (at least a B average in all other courses), in addition to an A in French classes during the semester of selection.[1]


question_text: according to the sq3r method to survey a chapter means to

text: Process[edit]

text:
Survey

The first step, survey or skim, advises that one should resist the temptation to read the book and instead first go through a chapter and note headings, sub-headings and other outstanding features, such as figures, tables, and summary paragraphs. This survey step only takes 3-5 minutes, but it provides an outline or framework for what will be presented. The reader should identify ideas and formulate questions about the content of the chapter.

Question

Generate questions about the content of the reading. For example, convert headings and sub-headings into questions, and then look for answers in the content of the text. Other more general questions may also be formulated:

What is this chapter about?
What question is this chapter trying to answer?
How does this information help me?
The Question step again only takes 3-5 minutes to complete, but it will motivate the reader to seek answers to the questions.

Read (R1)

Use the background work done with "S" and "Q" in order to begin reading actively. This means reading in order to answer the questions raised under "Q". Passive reading, in contrast, results in merely reading without engaging with the study material.

Recite (R2)

The second "R" refers to the part known as "Recite." The reader should try to retrieve from memory what was learned in the same manner as telling someone else about the information. It is important that the reader use his/her own words in order to formulate and conceptualize the material. Try recalling and identifying major points (heading/subheadings) and answers to questions from the "Q" step. This recital step may be done either in an oral or written format and is related to the benefits of retrieval (testing effect) in boosting long-term memory for the material.

Review (R3)

The final "R" is "Review." Once you reach the end of the passage, say back to yourself what the point of the whole passage is - again, using your own words.[4]

text: Six stages of effective comprehension[edit]

text: Best's process of effective comprehension suggests six stages for better understanding a topic while in a learning process.

text:
Knowing vs Understanding what the passage says (Fact finding vs Making meaning with time management).
Reflecting (Bringing the information to life in your own words to personalize and consolidate).
Interpersonal understanding (Checking whether the reader understood the topic e.g. Explaining the idea to someone, doing seminars...etc.)
Intrapersonal understanding (Finding personal significance (interpret, compare & conclude tentatively) of the topic in real world aspects)
Visualisation (Tony Buzan's Mind Mapping)
Mindfulness and Acceptance