document_title: Rainbow

question_text: what are the true colors of a rainbow

question_tokens: what are the true colors of a rainbow

text: Rainbow

text: Overview

text: A rainbow is not located at a specific distance from the observer, but comes from an optical illusion caused by any water droplets viewed from a certain angle relative to a light source. Thus, a rainbow is not an object and cannot be physically approached. Indeed, it is impossible for an observer to see a rainbow from water droplets at any angle other than the customary one of 42 degrees from the direction opposite the light source. Even if an observer sees another observer who seems "under" or "at the end of" a rainbow, the second observer will see a different rainbow—farther off—at the same angle as seen by the first observer.

text: Rainbows span a continuous spectrum of colours. Any distinct bands perceived are an artefact of human colour vision, and no banding of any type is seen in a black-and-white photo of a rainbow, only a smooth gradation of intensity to a maximum, then fading towards the other side. For colours seen by the human eye, the most commonly cited and remembered sequence is Newton's sevenfold red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet,[2][3] remembered by the mnemonic, Richard Of York Gave Battle In Vain (ROYGBIV).

text: Rainbows can be caused by many forms of airborne water. These include not only rain, but also mist, spray, and airborne dew.

text: Visibility

text: Rainbows can be observed whenever there are water drops in the air and sunlight shining from behind the observer at a low altitude angle. Because of this, rainbows are usually seen in the western sky during the morning and in the eastern sky during the early evening. The most spectacular rainbow displays happen when half the sky is still dark with raining clouds and the observer is at a spot with clear sky in the direction of the sun. The result is a luminous rainbow that contrasts with the darkened background. During such good visibility conditions, the larger but fainter secondary rainbow is often visible. It appears about 10° outside of the primary rainbow, with inverse order of colours.

text: The rainbow effect is also commonly seen near waterfalls or fountains. In addition, the effect can be artificially created by dispersing water droplets into the air during a sunny day. Rarely, a moonbow, lunar rainbow or nighttime rainbow, can be seen on strongly moonlit nights. As human visual perception for colour is poor in low light, moonbows are often perceived to be white.[4]

text: It is difficult to photograph the complete semicircle of a rainbow in one frame, as this would require an angle of view of 84°. For a 35 mm camera, a wide-angle lens with a focal length of 19 mm or less would be required. Now that software for stitching several images into a panorama is available, images of the entire arc and even secondary arcs can be created fairly easily from a series of overlapping frames.

text: From above the earth such as in an aeroplane, it is sometimes possible to see a rainbow as a full circle. This phenomenon can be confused with the glory phenomenon, but a glory is usually much smaller, covering only 5–20°.

text: The sky inside a primary rainbow is brighter than the sky outside of the bow. This is because each raindrop is a sphere and it scatters light over an entire circular disc in the sky. The radius of the disc depends on the wavelength of light, with red light being scattered over a larger angle than blue light. Over most of the disc, scattered light at all wavelengths overlaps, resulting in white light which brightens the sky. At the edge, the wavelength dependence of the scattering gives rise to the rainbow.[5]

text: Light of primary rainbow arc is 96% polarised tangential to the arch.[6] Light of second arc is 90% polarised.

text: Number of colours in spectrum or rainbow

text: A spectrum obtained using a glass prism and a point source is a continuum of wavelengths without bands. The number of colours that the human eye is able to distinguish in a spectrum is in the order of 100.[7] Accordingly, the Munsell colour system (a 20th-century system for numerically describing colours, based on equal steps for human visual perception) distinguishes 100 hues. The apparent discreteness of main colours is an artefact of human perception and the exact number of main colours is a somewhat arbitrary choice.

text:
Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue
Indigo
Violet

text: Newton, who admitted his eyes were not very critical in distinguishing colours,[8] originally (1672) divided the spectrum into five main colours: red, yellow, green, blue and violet. Later he included orange and indigo, giving seven main colours by analogy to the number of notes in a musical scale.[2][9] Newton chose to divide the visible spectrum into seven colours out of a belief derived from the beliefs of the ancient Greek sophists, who thought there was a connection between the colours, the musical notes, the known objects in the Solar System, and the days of the week.[10][11][12]

text: According to Isaac Asimov, "It is customary to list indigo as a color lying between blue and violet, but it has never seemed to me that indigo is worth the dignity of being considered a separate color. To my eyes it seems merely deep blue."[13]

text: The colour pattern of a rainbow is different from a spectrum, and the colours are less saturated. There is spectral smearing in a rainbow owing to the fact that for any particular wavelength, there is a distribution of exit angles, rather than a single unvarying angle.[14] In addition, a rainbow is a blurred version of the bow obtained from a point source, because the disk diameter of the sun (0.5°) cannot be neglected compared to the width of a rainbow (2°). The number of colour bands of a rainbow may therefore be different from the number of bands in a spectrum, especially if the droplets are particularly large or small. Therefore, the number of colours of a rainbow is variable. If, however, the word rainbow is used inaccurately to mean spectrum, it is the number of main colours in the spectrum.

text: The question of whether everyone sees seven colours in a rainbow is related to the idea of Linguistic relativity. Suggestions have been made that there is universality in the way that a rainbow is perceived.[15][16] However, more recent research suggests that the number of distinct colours observed and what these are called depend on the language that one uses with people whose language has fewer colour words seeing fewer discrete colour bands.[17]

text: Explanation

text: When sunlight encounters a raindrop, part of the light is reflected and the rest enters the raindrop. The light is refracted at the surface of the raindrop. When this light hits the back of the raindrop, some of it is reflected off the back. When the internally reflected light reaches the surface again, once more some is internally reflected and some is refracted as it exits the drop. (The light that reflects off the drop, exits from the back, or continues to bounce around inside the drop after the second encounter with the surface, is not relevant to the formation of the primary rainbow.) The overall effect is that part of the incoming light is reflected back over the range of 0° to 42°, with the most intense light at 42°.[18] This angle is independent of the size of the drop, but does depend on its refractive index. Seawater has a higher refractive index than rain water, so the radius of a "rainbow" in sea spray is smaller than a true rainbow. This is visible to the naked eye by a misalignment of these bows.[19]

text: The reason the returning light is most intense at about 42° is that this is a turning point – light hitting the outermost ring of the drop gets returned at less than 42°, as does the light hitting the drop nearer to its centre. There is a circular band of light that all gets returned right around 42°. If the sun were a laser emitting parallel, monochromatic rays, then the luminance (brightness) of the bow would tend toward infinity at this angle (ignoring interference effects). (See Caustic (optics).) But since the sun's luminance is finite and its rays are not all parallel (it covers about half a degree of the sky) the luminance does not go to infinity. Furthermore, the amount by which light is refracted depends upon its wavelength, and hence its colour. This effect is called dispersion. Blue light (shorter wavelength) is refracted at a greater angle than red light, but due to the reflection of light rays from the back of the droplet, the blue light emerges from the droplet at a smaller angle to the original incident white light ray than the red light. Due to this angle, blue is seen on the inside of the arc of the primary rainbow, and red on the outside. The result of this is not only to give different colours to different parts of the rainbow, but also to diminish the brightness. (A "rainbow" formed by droplets of a liquid with no dispersion would be white, but brighter than a normal rainbow.)

text: The light at the back of the raindrop does not undergo total internal reflection, and some light does emerge from the back. However, light coming out the back of the raindrop does not create a rainbow between the observer and the sun because spectra emitted from the back of the raindrop do not have a maximum of intensity, as the other visible rainbows do, and thus the colours blend together rather than forming a rainbow.[20]

text: A rainbow does not exist at one particular location. Many rainbows exist; however, only one can be seen depending on the particular observer's viewpoint as droplets of light illuminated by the sun. All raindrops refract and reflect the sunlight in the same way, but only the light from some raindrops reaches the observer's eye. This light is what constitutes the rainbow for that observer. The whole system composed by the sun's rays, the observer's head, and the (spherical) water drops has an axial symmetry around the axis through the observer's head and parallel to the sun's rays. The rainbow is curved because the set of all the raindrops that have the right angle between the observer, the drop, and the sun, lie on a cone pointing at the sun with the observer at the tip. The base of the cone forms a circle at an angle of 40–42° to the line between the observer's head and their shadow but 50% or more of the circle is below the horizon, unless the observer is sufficiently far above the earth's surface to see it all, for example in an aeroplane (see above).[21][22] Alternatively, an observer with the right vantage point may see the full circle in a fountain or waterfall spray.[23]

text: Mathematical derivation

text: We can determine the perceived angle which the rainbow subtends as follows.[24]

text: Given a spherical raindrop, and defining the perceived angle of the rainbow as 2φ, and the angle of the internal reflection as 2β, then the angle of incidence of the sun's rays with respect to the drop's surface normal is 2β − φ. Since the angle of refraction is β, Snell's law gives us

text: where n = 1.333 is the refractive index of water. Solving for φ, we get

text: The rainbow will occur where the angle φ is maximum with respect to the angle β. Therefore, from calculus, we can set dφ/dβ = 0, and solve for β, which yields

text: Substituting back into the earlier equation for φ yields 2φmax ≈ 42° as the radius angle of the rainbow.

text: Variations

text: Multiple rainbows

text: Secondary rainbows are caused by a double reflection of sunlight inside the raindrops, and are centred on the sun itself. They are about 127° (violet) to 130° (red) wide. Since this is more than 90°, they are seen on the same side of the sky as the primary rainbow, about 10° above it at apparent angles of 50–53°. As a result of the "inside" of the secondary bow being "up" to the observer, the colours appear reversed compared to the primary bow. The secondary rainbow is fainter than the primary because more light escapes from two reflections compared to one and because the rainbow itself is spread over a greater area of the sky. Each rainbow reflects white light inside its coloured bands, but that is "down" for the primary and "up" for the secondary.[25] The dark area of unlit sky lying between the primary and secondary bows is called Alexander's band, after Alexander of Aphrodisias who first described it.[26]

text: Twinned rainbow

text: Unlike a double rainbow that consists of two separate and concentric rainbow arcs, the very rare twinned rainbow appears as two rainbow arcs that split from a single base.[27] The colours in the second bow, rather than reversing as in a secondary rainbow, appear in the same order as the primary rainbow. A "normal" secondary rainbow may be present as well. Twinned rainbows can look similar to, but should not be confused with supernumerary bands. The two phenomena may be told apart by their difference in colour profile: supernumerary bands consist of subdued pastel hues (mainly pink, purple and green), while the twinned rainbow shows the same spectrum as a regular rainbow. The cause of a twinned rainbow is the combination of different sizes of water drops falling from the sky. Due to air resistance, raindrops flatten as they fall, and flattening is more prominent in larger water drops. When two rain showers with different-sized raindrops combine, they each produce slightly different rainbows which may combine and form a twinned rainbow.[28] A numerical ray tracing study showed that a twinned rainbow on a photo could be explained by a mixture of 0.40 and 0.45 mm droplets. That small difference in droplet size resulted in a small difference in flattening of the droplet shape, and a large difference in flattening of the rainbow top.[29]

text: Meanwhile, the even rarer case of a rainbow split into three branches was observed and photographed in nature.[30]

text: Full-circle rainbow

text: In theory, every rainbow is a circle, but from the ground, only its upper half can be seen. Since the rainbow's centre is diametrically opposed to the sun's position in the sky, more of the circle comes into view as the sun approaches the horizon, meaning that the largest section of the circle normally seen is about 50% during sunset or sunrise. Viewing the rainbow's lower half requires the presence of water droplets below the observer's horizon, as well as sunlight that is able to reach them. These requirements are not usually met when the viewer is at ground level, either because droplets are absent in the required position, or because the sunlight is obstructed by the landscape behind the observer. From a high viewpoint such as a high building or an aircraft, however, the requirements can be met and the full-circle rainbow can be seen.[31][32] Like a partial rainbow, the circular rainbow can have a secondary bow or supernumerary bows as well.[33] It is possible to produce the full circle when standing on the ground, for example by spraying a water mist from a garden hose while facing away from the sun.[34]

text: A circular rainbow should not be confused with the glory, which is much smaller in diameter and is created by different optical processes. In the right circumstances, a glory and a (circular) rainbow or fog bow can occur together. Another atmospheric phenomenon that may be mistaken for a "circular rainbow" is the 22° halo, which is caused by ice crystals rather than liquid water droplets, and is located around the sun (or moon), not opposite it.

text: Supernumerary rainbows

text: In certain circumstances, one or several narrow, faintly coloured bands can be seen bordering the violet edge of a rainbow; i.e., inside the primary bow or, much more rarely, outside the secondary. These extra bands are called supernumerary rainbows or supernumerary bands; together with the rainbow itself the phenomenon is also known as a stacker rainbow. The supernumerary bows are slightly detached from the main bow, become successively fainter along with their distance from it, and have pastel colours (consisting mainly of pink, purple and green hues) rather than the usual spectrum pattern.[35] The effect becomes apparent when water droplets are involved that have a diameter of about 1 mm or less; the smaller the droplets are, the broader the supernumerary bands become, and the less saturated their colours.[36] Due to their origin in small droplets, supernumerary bands tend to be particularly prominent in fogbows.[37]

text: Supernumerary rainbows cannot be explained using classical geometric optics. The alternating faint bands are caused by interference between rays of light following slightly different paths with slightly varying lengths within the raindrops. Some rays are in phase, reinforcing each other through constructive interference, creating a bright band; others are out of phase by up to half a wavelength, cancelling each other out through destructive interference, and creating a gap. Given the different angles of refraction for rays of different colours, the patterns of interference are slightly different for rays of different colours, so each bright band is differentiated in colour, creating a miniature rainbow. Supernumerary rainbows are clearest when raindrops are small and of uniform size. The very existence of supernumerary rainbows was historically a first indication of the wave nature of light, and the first explanation was provided by Thomas Young in 1804.[38]

text: Reflected rainbow, reflection rainbow

text: When a rainbow appears above a body of water, two complementary mirror bows may be seen below and above the horizon, originating from different light paths. Their names are slightly different.

text: A reflected rainbow may appear in the water surface below the horizon.[39] The sunlight is first deflected by the raindrops, and then reflected off the body of water, before reaching the observer. The reflected rainbow is frequently visible, at least partially, even in small puddles.

text: A reflection rainbow may be produced where sunlight reflects off a body of water before reaching the raindrops (see diagram and [1]), if the water body is large, quiet over its entire surface, and close to the rain curtain. The reflection rainbow appears above the horizon. It intersects the normal rainbow at the horizon, and its arc reaches higher in the sky, with its centre as high above the horizon as the normal rainbow's centre is below it. Due to the combination of requirements, a reflection rainbow is rarely visible.

text: Up to eight separate bows may be distinguished if the reflected and reflection rainbows happen to occur simultaneously: The normal (non-reflection) primary and secondary bows above the horizon (1, 2) with their reflected counterparts below it (3, 4), and the reflection primary and secondary bows above the horizon (5, 6) with their reflected counterparts below it (7, 8).[40][41]

text: Monochrome rainbow

text: Occasionally a shower may happen at sunrise or sunset, where the shorter wavelengths like blue and green have been scattered and essentially removed from the spectrum. Further scattering may occur due to the rain, and the result can be the rare and dramatic monochrome or red rainbow.[42]

text: Higher-order rainbows

text: In addition to the common primary and secondary rainbows, it is also possible for rainbows of higher orders to form. The order of a rainbow is determined by the number of light reflections inside the water droplets that create it: One reflection results in the first-order or primary rainbow; two reflections create the second-order or secondary rainbow. More internal reflections cause bows of higher orders—theoretically unto infinity.[43] As more and more light is lost with each internal reflection, however, each subsequent bow becomes progressively dimmer and therefore increasingly harder to spot. An additional challenge in observing the third-order (or tertiary) and fourth-order (quaternary) rainbows is their location in the direction of the sun (about 40° and 45° from the sun, respectively), causing them to become drowned in its glare.[44]

text: For these reasons, naturally occurring rainbows of an order higher than 2 are rarely visible to the naked eye. Nevertheless, sightings of the third-order bow in nature have been reported, and in 2011 it was photographed definitively for the first time.[45][46] Shortly after, the fourth-order rainbow was photographed as well,[47][48] and in 2014 the first ever pictures of the fifth-order (or quinary) rainbow, located in between the primary and secondary bows, were published.[49]

text: In a laboratory setting, it is possible to create bows of much higher orders. Felix Billet (1808–1882) depicted angular positions up to the 19th-order rainbow, a pattern he called a "rose of rainbows".[50][51][52] In the laboratory, it is possible to observe higher-order rainbows by using extremely bright and well collimated light produced by lasers. Up to the 200th-order rainbow was reported by Ng et al. in 1998 using a similar method but an argon ion laser beam.[53]

text: Tertiary and quaternary rainbows should not be confused with "triple" and "quadruple" rainbows—terms sometimes erroneously used to refer to the—much more common—supernumerary bows and reflection rainbows.

text: Rainbows under moonlight

text: Like most atmospheric optical phenomena, rainbows can be caused by light from the Sun, but also from the Moon. In case of the latter, the rainbow is referred to as a lunar rainbow or moonbow. They are much dimmer and rarer than solar rainbows, requiring the Moon to be near-full in order for them to be seen. For the same reason, moonbows are often perceived as white and may be thought of as monochrome. The full spectrum is present, however, but the human eye is not normally sensitive enough to see the colours. Long exposure photographs will sometimes show the colour in this type of rainbow.[54]

text: Fogbow

text: Fogbows form in the same way as rainbows, but they are formed by much smaller cloud and fog droplets that diffract light extensively. They are almost white with faint reds on the outside and blues inside; often one or more broad supernumerary bands can be discerned inside the inner edge. The colours are dim because the bow in each colour is very broad and the colours overlap. Fogbows are commonly seen over water when air in contact with the cooler water is chilled, but they can be found anywhere if the fog is thin enough for the sun to shine through and the sun is fairly bright. They are very large—almost as big as a rainbow and much broader. They sometimes appear with a glory at the bow's centre.[55]

text: Fog bows should not be confused with ice halos, which are very common around the world and visible much more often than rainbows (of any order),[56] yet are unrelated to rainbows.

text: Circumhorizontal and circumzenithal arcs

text: The circumzenithal and circumhorizontal arcs are two related optical phenomena similar in appearance to a rainbow, but unlike the latter, their origin lies in light refraction through hexagonal ice crystals rather than liquid water droplets. This means that they are not rainbows, but members of the large family of halos.

text: Both arcs are brightly coloured ring segments centred on the zenith, but in different positions in the sky: The circumzenithal arc is notably curved and located high above the Sun (or Moon) with its convex side pointing downwards (creating the impression of an "upside down rainbow"); the circumhorizontal arc runs much closer to the horizon, is more straight and located at a significant distance below the Sun (or Moon). Both arcs have their red side pointing towards the sun and their violet part away from it, meaning the circumzenithal arc is red on the bottom, while the circumhorizontal arc is red on top.[57][58]

text: The circumhorizontal arc is sometimes referred to by the misnomer "fire rainbow". In order to view it, the Sun or Moon must be at least 58° above the horizon, making it a rare occurrence at higher latitudes. The circumzenithal arc, visible only at a solar or lunar elevation of less than 32°, is much more common, but often missed since it occurs almost directly overhead.

text: Rainbows on Titan

text: It has been suggested that rainbows might exist on Saturn's moon Titan, as it has a wet surface and humid clouds. The radius of a Titan rainbow would be about 49° instead of 42°, because the fluid in that cold environment is methane instead of water. Although visible rainbows may be rare due to Titan's hazy skies, infrared rainbows may be more common, but an observer would need infrared night vision goggles to see them.[59]

text: Rainbows with different materials

text: Droplets (or spheres) composed of materials with different refractive indices than plain water produce rainbows with different radius angles. Since salt water has a higher refractive index, a sea spray bow doesn't perfectly align with the ordinary rainbow, if seen at the same spot.[60] Tiny plastic or glass marbles may be used in road marking as a reflectors to enhance its visibility by drivers at night. Due to a much higher refractive index, rainbows observed on such marbles have a noticeably smaller radius.[61] One can easily reproduce such phenomena by sprinkling liquids of different refractive indices in the air, as illustrated in the photo.

text:
The displacement of the rainbow due to different refractive indices can be pushed to a peculiar limit. For a material with a refractive index larger than 2, there is no angle fulfilling the requirements for the first order rainbow. For example, the index of refraction of diamond is about 2.4, so diamond spheres would produce rainbows starting from the second order, omitting the first order. In general, as the refractive index exceeds a number n+1, where n is a natural number, the critical incidence angle for n times internally reflected rays escapes the domain

[
0
,

π
2

]

{\displaystyle [0,{\frac {\pi }{2}}]}

. This results in a rainbow of the n-th order shrinking to the antisolar point and vanishing.

text: Scientific history

text: The classical Greek scholar Aristotle (384–322 BC) was first to devote serious attention to the rainbow.[62] According to Raymond L. Lee and Alistair B. Fraser, "Despite its many flaws and its appeal to Pythagorean numerology, Aristotle's qualitative explanation showed an inventiveness and relative consistency that was unmatched for centuries. After Aristotle's death, much rainbow theory consisted of reaction to his work, although not all of this was uncritical."[63]

text: In Book I of Naturales Quaestiones (c. 65 AD), the Roman philosopher Seneca the Younger discusses various theories of the formation of rainbows extensively, including those of Aristotle. He notices that rainbows appear always opposite to the sun, that they appear in water sprayed by a rower, in the water spat by a fuller on clothes stretched on pegs or by water sprayed through a small hole in a burst pipe. He even speaks of rainbows produced by small rods (virgulae) of glass, anticipating Newton's experiences with prisms. He takes into account two theories: one, that the rainbow is produced by the sun reflecting in each water drop, the other, that it is produced by the sun reflected in a cloud shaped like a concave mirror; he favours the latter. He also discusses other phenomena related to rainbows: the mysterious "virgae" (rods), halos and parhelia.[64]

text: According to Hüseyin Gazi Topdemir, the Persian physicist and polymath Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen; 965–1039), attempted to provide a scientific explanation for the rainbow phenomenon. In his Maqala fi al-Hala wa Qaws Quzah (On the Rainbow and Halo), al-Haytham "explained the formation of rainbow as an image, which forms at a concave mirror. If the rays of light coming from a farther light source reflect to any point on axis of the concave mirror, they form concentric circles in that point. When it is supposed that the sun as a farther light source, the eye of viewer as a point on the axis of mirror and a cloud as a reflecting surface, then it can be observed the concentric circles are forming on the axis."[65] He was not able to verify this because his theory that "light from the sun is reflected by a cloud before reaching the eye" did not allow for a possible experimental verification.[66] This explanation was later repeated by Averroes,[65] and, though incorrect, provided the groundwork for the correct explanations later given by Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī (1267–1319) and Theodoric of Freiberg (c.1250–1310).[67]

text: Ibn al-Haytham's contemporary, the Persian philosopher and polymath Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna; 980–1037), provided an alternative explanation, writing "that the bow is not formed in the dark cloud but rather in the very thin mist lying between the cloud and the sun or observer. The cloud, he thought, serves simply as the background of this thin substance, much as a quicksilver lining is placed upon the rear surface of the glass in a mirror. Ibn Sīnā would change the place not only of the bow, but also of the colour formation, holding the iridescence to be merely a subjective sensation in the eye."[68] This explanation, however, was also incorrect.[65] Ibn Sīnā's account accepts many of Aristotle's arguments on the rainbow.[69]

text: In Song Dynasty China (960–1279), a polymath scholar-official named Shen Kuo (1031–1095) hypothesised—as a certain Sun Sikong (1015–1076) did before him—that rainbows were formed by a phenomenon of sunlight encountering droplets of rain in the air.[70] Paul Dong writes that Shen's explanation of the rainbow as a phenomenon of atmospheric refraction "is basically in accord with modern scientific principles."[71]

text: According to Nader El-Bizri, the Persian astronomer, Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi (1236–1311), gave a fairly accurate explanation for the rainbow phenomenon. This was elaborated on by his student, Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī (1267–1319), who gave a more mathematically satisfactory explanation of the rainbow. He "proposed a model where the ray of light from the sun was refracted twice by a water droplet, one or more reflections occurring between the two refractions." An experiment with a water-filled glass sphere was conducted and al-Farisi showed the additional refractions due to the glass could be ignored in his model.[66] As he noted in his Kitab Tanqih al-Manazir (The Revision of the Optics), al-Farisi used a large clear vessel of glass in the shape of a sphere, which was filled with water, in order to have an experimental large-scale model of a rain drop. He then placed this model within a camera obscura that has a controlled aperture for the introduction of light. He projected light unto the sphere and ultimately deduced through several trials and detailed observations of reflections and refractions of light that the colours of the rainbow are phenomena of the decomposition of light.

text: In Europe, Ibn al-Haytham's Book of Optics was translated into Latin and studied by Robert Grosseteste. His work on light was continued by Roger Bacon, who wrote in his Opus Majus of 1268 about experiments with light shining through crystals and water droplets showing the colours of the rainbow.[72] In addition, Bacon was the first to calculate the angular size of the rainbow. He stated that the rainbow summit can not appear higher than 42° above the horizon.[73] Theodoric of Freiberg is known to have given an accurate theoretical explanation of both the primary and secondary rainbows in 1307. He explained the primary rainbow, noting that "when sunlight falls on individual drops of moisture, the rays undergo two refractions (upon ingress and egress) and one reflection (at the back of the drop) before transmission into the eye of the observer."[74][75] He explained the secondary rainbow through a similar analysis involving two refractions and two reflections.

text: Descartes' 1637 treatise, Discourse on Method, further advanced this explanation. Knowing that the size of raindrops did not appear to affect the observed rainbow, he experimented with passing rays of light through a large glass sphere filled with water. By measuring the angles that the rays emerged, he concluded that the primary bow was caused by a single internal reflection inside the raindrop and that a secondary bow could be caused by two internal reflections. He supported this conclusion with a derivation of the law of refraction (subsequently to, but independently of, Snell) and correctly calculated the angles for both bows. His explanation of the colours, however, was based on a mechanical version of the traditional theory that colours were produced by a modification of white light.[76][77]

text: Isaac Newton demonstrated that white light was composed of the light of all the colours of the rainbow, which a glass prism could separate into the full spectrum of colours, rejecting the theory that the colours were produced by a modification of white light. He also showed that red light is refracted less than blue light, which led to the first scientific explanation of the major features of the rainbow.[78] Newton's corpuscular theory of light was unable to explain supernumerary rainbows, and a satisfactory explanation was not found until Thomas Young realised that light behaves as a wave under certain conditions, and can interfere with itself.

text: Young's work was refined in the 1820s by George Biddell Airy, who explained the dependence of the strength of the colours of the rainbow on the size of the water droplets.[79] Modern physical descriptions of the rainbow are based on Mie scattering, work published by Gustav Mie in 1908.[80] Advances in computational methods and optical theory continue to lead to a fuller understanding of rainbows. For example, Nussenzveig provides a modern overview.[81]

text: Experiments

text: Experiments on the rainbow phenomenon using artificial raindrops, i.e. water-filled spherical flasks, go back at least to Theodoric of Freiberg in the 14th century. Later, also Descartes studied the phenomenon using a Florence flask. A flask experiment known as Florence's rainbow is still often used today as an imposing and intuitively accessible demonstration experiment of the rainbow phenomenon.[82][83][84] It consists in illuminating (with parallel white light) a water-filled spherical flask through a hole in a screen. A rainbow will then appear thrown back / projected on the screen, provided the screen is large enough. Due to the finite wall thickness and the macroscopic character of the artificial raindrop, several subtle differences exist as compared to the natural phenomenon,[85][86] including slightly changed rainbow angles and a splitting of the rainbow orders.

text: A very similar experiment consists in using a cylindrical glass vessel filled with water or a solid transparent cylinder and illuminated either parallel to the circular base (i.e. light rays remaining at a fixed height while they transit the cylinder)[87][88] or under an angle to the base. Under these latter conditions the rainbow angles change relative to the natural phenomenon since the effective index of refraction of water changes (Bravais' index of refraction for inclined rays applies).[85][86]

text: Other experiments use small liquid drops,[51][52] see text above.

text: Culture

text: Rainbows occur frequently in mythology, and have been used in the arts. One of the earliest literary occurrences of a rainbow is in the Book of Genesis chapter 9, as part of the flood story of Noah, where it is a sign of God's covenant to never destroy all life on earth with a global flood again. In Norse mythology, the rainbow bridge Bifröst connects the world of men (Midgard) and the realm of the gods (Asgard). Cuchavira was the god of the rainbow for the Muisca in present-day Colombia and when the regular rains on the Bogotá savanna were over, the people thanked him offering gold, snails and small emeralds. The Irish leprechaun's secret hiding place for his pot of gold is usually said to be at the end of the rainbow. This place is appropriately impossible to reach, because the rainbow is an optical effect which cannot be approached.

text: Rainbows sometimes appear in heraldry too, even if its characteristic of multiple colours doesn't really fit into the usual heraldic style.

text: Rainbow flags have been used for centuries. It was a symbol of the Cooperative movement in the German Peasants' War in the 16th century, of peace in Italy, and of gay pride and LGBT social movements since the 1970s. In 1994, Archbishop Desmond Tutu and President Nelson Mandela described newly democratic post-apartheid South Africa as the rainbow nation. The rainbow has even been used in technology product logos including the Apple computer logo.[89] Many political alliances spanning multiple political parties have called themselves a "Rainbow Coalition".

text: Image gallery

text:
Eruption of Castle Geyser, Yellowstone National Park, with double rainbow

Alexander's band visible between the primary and secondary bows.

rainbow formed in kerala


document_title: Clash Royale

question_text: when did clan wars start in clash royale

root

text: Clash Royale

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards, as section. You can help. The discussion page may contain suggestions. (June 2018)

text: Clash Royale is a tower rush video game which pits players in games featuring two and four players (one on one or two on two) in which the objective is to destroy the most amount of opposing towers, with the destruction of the "King tower" being an instantaneous win.[8]

tag: p

text: In Clash Royale, players are ranked by their number of crown points. Players level up by gaining Experience (or King Level) points through donating cards. The highest possible level is level 13.

text: Trophies are won or lost through multiplayer battles, a player wins a battle by destroying more towers than the opponent (each destroyed tower being represented as a 'crown'), or by destroying the opponent's King's Tower, resulting in an automatic "three-crown" victory (unless the King's Tower was destroyed at the same time by both players, resulting in a draw).

text: There are twelve playing arenas in total (excluding the tutorial arena, Training Camp): Goblin Stadium, Bone Pit, Barbarian Bowl, P.E.K.K.A's Playhouse, Spell Valley, Builder's Workshop, Royal Arena, Frozen Peak, Jungle Arena, Hog Mountain, Electro Valley, and Legendary Arena, with each arena corresponding to a certain trophy count range.

text: Cards[edit]

text: Playable units, buildings, and spells are represented as cards. Prior to each battle (with the exception of the first battle in training Camp), players construct a deck of eight cards which they use to attack and defend against their opponent's cards. At the start of each game, both players begin with four randomly chosen cards from their deck of eight.

text: Each card costs a certain amount of elixir to play. Players start the battle with 5 elixir points (0 in Double and Triple Elixir modes), and one elixir point is replenished every 2.8 seconds (or 1.4 seconds in the final 60 seconds of the game and overtime, and every 0.9 seconds during Triple Elixir), with a maximum of 10 elixir points. Once a card is played, a new card is automatically drawn from the player's eight card deck.

text: As of  July 2018[update] there are 87 cards in the game, coming in four ascending rarities: Common, Rare, Epic, and Legendary.

text: In the 2018 Summer (June update), emote deck was added, players can now use up to eight emotes. Players can now choose any eight emotes from their emote collection (36 emotes). Players have to collect their emotes from the shop (excluding the 4 King emotes which were free ).

text: Clans[edit]

text: From level 1, players can form and join clans. Clan members may engage in 1v1 or 2v2 friendly battles with one another,  where the outcome of which does not affect trophies or chests. The friendly battle feature allows live spectating from other clanmates. Clan members may also donate or request cards from one another starting from level three. Joining a clan allows you to take part in the Clan Wars (where you battle with your clan).

text: Clan Wars[edit]

text: During the April 25, 2018 update, a new Clan Wars feature was added. Clan Wars consists of five clans attacking other clans to get better rewards in the form of special chests. The clan with the most wins would win the clan war. Players would receive a Clan war chest in a season of fourteen days. Clan Chests were also removed in the update and replaced with the new Clan War chests.[9]

text: Tournaments[edit]

text: In July 2016, Supercell introduced a new Tournament feature. Tournaments are similar to normal battles, but cards are leveled down so commons are level 9, rares are level 7, epics are level 4, and legendary cards are level 1. This feature is unlocked at Level 5, but can only be played at level 8. Tournaments can only be created by using gems, and the creator can choose to make it password protected or open. Based on tournament performance, players are rewarded with tournament chests. As well as tournaments, there are two types of Victory Challenges in which the goal is to win twelve times while losing no more than three times. A Grand Challenge costs 100 gems to enter, and a Classic Challenge costs 10. Completing (or getting 12 wins on) a Classic Challenge gives you 2000 gold and 100 cards, and completing a Grand Challenge will give you 22,000 gold and 1,100 cards.[10] Supercell has also added various event challenges, for limited periods of time, that add special features to the battles, or allow players to receive special cards. These event challenges can also be played in Friendly Battles.[11] As of the October 2017 update, players would no longer get a refund on gems if no matches take place in their custom tournaments.

text: Leagues[edit]

text: In March 2017, "Leagues" were added to the game. Once above 4000 trophies, players are placed in one of nine different leagues ranging from Challenger I to Ultimate Champion.[12] At the end of each season, players receive rewards based on the highest league achieved during that season. Another feature that was introduced is Clan Battles. Two players get to battle side by side with another member of their clan facing off against two other opponents from another clan. This is the first update to include a new game mode.

text: Release[edit]

text: The game was soft-launched in Canada, Hong Kong, Australia, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Iceland, Finland and New Zealand for iOS platforms on January 4, 2016.[13] The game was soft-launched on Android for those same countries on February 16, 2016 in the form of an Android application package.[14] Both platforms received a global release on March 2, 2016.[5]

text: Upon its release, Clash Royale became the most downloaded and top-grossing app on the U.S. iOS App Store.[15]

text: Reception[edit]

text: ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic86/100[16]Review scorePublicationScoreTouchArcade[4]

text: Clash Royale mainly received positive reviews, with TouchArcade's Eli Hodapp calling it "absolutely phenomenal" in his five-star review.[4] Pocket Gamer's Harry Slater gave the game a score of 9/10, summing up "It's an incredible amount of rewarding fun, it's nail-biting at times, and there's content here that will keep you busy for weeks if not months."[17] Writing for Geek.com, James Plafke criticized "Clash Royale for being genuinely fun—more so than Clash of Clans—while the developer chronically interrupts the player from enjoying it."[18] Clash Royale has received a very positive response from its players, with an average score of 4.5 out of 5 on the Google Play Store and an average score of 4 out of 5 on the Apple App Store.

text: Crown championship[edit]

text: The Clash Royale Crown Championship is the official e-sports world championship of the game, developed by Supercell.[19] The tournament connects the best players all over the world from North America, Asia, Latin America, Europe, and more. The first edition had over 28 million participants all over the world, becoming the world's largest Clash Royale event.[20] The first world champion was Sergio Ramos who beat MusicMaster by 3 games to 1 on the Crown Championship World Finals.[21] The 2018 Clash Royale Crown Championship is scheduled to be held in Asia.[22]

text:
Edition

Year

Venue

Country

Champion

Runner-up

Prize money

Ref

1

2017

Copper Box Arena, London

 England

 Sergioramos:)

 MusicMaster

$150,000

[20]
[23]

text: Asian Games[edit]

text: Clash Royale are part of an e-sport demonstration event during Asian Games 2018 held in Indonesia. Eight countries are able to participate after having qualified from their respective regional qualification with Indonesia automatically qualified as host. [24]

text:
Year

Gold

Silver

Bronze

2018

 Indonesia
Ridel Yesaya Sumarandak (Benzer Ridel)

 China
Huang Chenghui (Lciop)

 Vietnam
Huỳnh Đức Huy (Legend)

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Date

Awards

Category

Result

May 19, 2016

Google Play Awards

Best Game

Won[25]

December 1, 2016

The Game Awards

Best Mobile/Handheld game

Nominated[26]

April 6, 2017

British Academy Games Awards

AMD eSports Audience Award

Won[27]

March 15, 2016

International Mobile Gaming Awards

Best Upcoming Game

Won[28]

February 28, 2017

Best Multiplayer Game

Won[29]

March 1, 2017

Game Developer Choice Awards

Best Mobile/Handheld Game

Nominated[30]

March 16–18, 2017

SXSW Gaming Awards

Mobile Game of the Year

Nominated[31]

April 27, 2017

Finnish Game Awards

The Small Screen Game of the Year 2016

Won[32]

The Main Award – The Finnish Game of the Year 2016

Won[32]

May 17–19, 2017

Nordic Game Awards

Nordic Game of the Year – Small Screen

Nominated[33]

Nordic Game of the Year

Nominated[33]

April 12, 2018

British Academy Games Awards

Evolving Game

Nominated[34]


document_title: Kathy Troccoli

question_text: who wrote the song go light your world

question_tokens: who wrote the song go light your world

text: Kathy Troccoli

text: Early life and family[edit]

text: Born in Brooklyn, New York, Kathy Troccoli was raised in Islip Terrace, Long Island, New York,[1] where she graduated from East Islip High School. Her father died of colon cancer when she was 15; her mother died of breast cancer in 1991, shortly before the release of her album Pure Attraction and its mainstream chart selection, "Everything Changes".

text: Troccoli was raised in a Catholic family that was not very observant.[2] As of 1998, she was a practicing Roman Catholic.[3]

text: Musical career[edit]

text: After graduating high school, Troccoli studied jazz and opera at the Berklee College of Music in Boston for a year, then returned to Long Island to major in voice at Suffolk County Community College (SCCC) also singing with a SCCC-based jazz band and later singing in Long Island clubs. In the summer of 1978, while working a "day job"[clarification needed] to help cover her college expenses, Troccoli formed a friendship with a born again Christian co-worker; this led to Troccoli herself becoming a devout Christian. Troccoli's alto voice gained prominence when she opened for Ed Nalle's group, GLAD, when the group performed at the Long Island church Troccoli attended in 1980. Approximately six months afterwards, Nalle invited Troccoli to record a demo tape, with his band's backing, and Kathy accepted. After she and GLAD had recorded it, the tape was submitted to Michael Blanton and Dan Harrell(Amy Grant's brother-in-law); these two, as a result of hearing it, formed the Reunion Records label, in Nashville, specifically to record Troccoli, and Kathy herself, in turn, moved to Nashville to reside with Harrell and his family.[4]

text: Troccoli's debut album, the 1982 release Stubborn Love, was reportedly the best-selling debut album by a contemporary Christian music female artist. A second album, Heart and Soul, was released in 1984; it led to her receiving her first Grammy nomination a year later, in 1986, in which year Images followed it. Troccoli then withdrew from her musical career returning to Long Island for a six-year sojourn, giving singing lessons and sang at weddings.[5][6] In 1989, Troccoli was prominently featured on the selection "I'll Be Your Shelter", a Diane Warren-penned song which Taylor Dayne recorded for her album Can't Fight Fate. "I'll Be Your Shelter" became a Top Ten single in 1990.[7]

text: After her mother's death, Troccoli returned to the Reunion Records label in 1991 for her secular album debut, Pure Attraction, whose lead single, "Everything Changes", Warren had written and composed for Taylor Dayne. Dayne had turned the selection down, however,[7] and Joe Galante, then president of RCA Records, through which Reunion releases were distributed, offered it to Troccoli, who recalled: "He played it, and I knew I could own it. This was something I wanted to say."[6] Peaking at No. 14 on the Hot 100 in Billboard, "Everything Changes" also charted on the magazine's Adult Contemporary chart reaching No. 6.[8] "Help Myself To You" became Troccoli's first No. 1 hit in her ten-year career, and began a string of GMA Music Awards nominations, including numerous attempts at Female Vocalist.

text: Numerous hit songs came afterwards, including 1994's "My Life is in Your Hands", jointly written and composed with Bill Montvilo, which defined her career and inspired the devotional book of the same title, written in 1997, and 1995's "Go Light Your World", which began the rise of writer Chris Rice and was used for charity efforts that year.

text: In 1996, Troccoli was featured on the Beach Boys's now out-of-print album Stars and Stripes Vol. 1, singing lead vocals on a cover of their 1969 song "I Can Hear Music", itself a cover of a Phil Spector song. The Beach Boys sing on the track as well, providing harmonies and backing vocals.

text: Writing and speaking activities[edit]

text: In addition to her musical activities, Kathy wrote several Christian books in collaboration with Dee Brestin, and also wrote some of her own as well. These books included Hope for a Woman's Heart, Falling in Love With Jesus (with Brestin), Living in Love with Jesus (with Brestin), Forever in Love with Jesus (with Brestin), Am I Not Still God?, My Life Is in Your Hands, and Seven Celebrations for the Soul. She likewise became a frequent popular speaker, and musician, for Christian organizations and at well-known Christian events such as "Women of Faith", "Spaghetti for the Soul" with Ellie Lofaro, "Heritage Keepers", and "Time Out for Women Only", as well as several cruises that are known to take place annually in February. Kathy performed at the 1999 Fiesta Bowl National Championship as well as the 1999 National Day of Prayer. Also, Kathy assisted Chuck Colson and Prison Fellowship in numerous outreaches to prisoners.

text: Media appearances[edit]

text: Over the years, Kathy has appeared on The Tonight Show, Live with Regis and Kathie Lee, The 700 Club, Entertainment Tonight, among others. She also appeared on Focus on the Family's video for teens, Sex, Lies, & The Truth, speaking out on the importance of sexual purity. She has also been a regular co-host of the TV show "Red Letter Christians" with Tony Campolo. In 2010, she co-hosted a one-hour television program called The Mark and Kathy Show with Mark Lowry, on The Inspiration Network (later called INSP).[9]

text: Discography[edit]

text:
1982: Stubborn Love
1984: Heart and Soul
1986: Images
1988: Portfolio
1991: Pure Attraction
1994: Kathy Troccoli
1995: Sounds of Heaven
1997: Love and Mercy
1998: Corner of Eden
1999: Together (with Sandi Patty)
1999: Sentimental Christmas
2000: Love Has a Name
2002: The Heart of Me
2003: Greatest Hits
2004: K.T.'s Groovin' Medleys   (kids album)
2005: Draw Me Close: Songs of Worship
2005: Comfort
2006: The Story of Love
2008: Hope's Alive
2010: Heartsongs   (covers album)
2011: Christmas Songs
2012: 30 Years/Songs: The Kathy Troccoli Collection
2013: Worshipsongs: 'Tis So Sweet
2015: Better Days

tag: ul

text: Singles[edit]

text:
1983: "Stubborn Love"
1984: "I Belong to You"
1985: "Holy Holy"
1986: "Talk It Out"
1987: "All the World Should Know" (with Glad)
1992: "Love was Never Meant to Die"
1992: "Help Myself to You"
1991: "Everything Changes "
1992: "You've Got A Way "
1994: "Tell Me Where It Hurts"
1994: "If I'm Not in Love "
1994: "Mission of Love "
1994: "My Life Is in Your Hands "
1995: "Never My Love "
1995: "Go Light Your World "
1995: "Love One Another "
1996: "He'll Never Leave Me "
1996: "I Call Him Love "
1996: "A Baby's Prayer"

text: GMA Dove Awards[edit]

text:
1998: Inspirational Recorded Song, "A Baby's Prayer" (Two awards: one as artist, the other as writer, shared with co-write Scott Brasher)
1999: Inspirational Album of the Year, Corner of Eden

text: Books[edit]

text:
1997: My Life Is in Your Hands
1999: Different Roads
2002: Am I Not Still God?
2002: Hope for a Woman's Heart
2005: A Love That Won't Walk Away
2005: Seven Celebrations for the Soul
2006: Live Like You Mean It: Engaging in a Life of Passion, Romance, and Adventure

text: With Dee Brestin[edit]

text:
2001: Falling in Love with Jesus (hardback Bible study)
2003: The Colors of His Love (hardback Bible study, softcover version titled Living in Love with Jesus)
2004: Forever in Love with Jesus (Bible study)


document_title: Papa John's Pizza

question_text: where is the original papa john's located

question_tokens: where is the original papa john 's located

text: Papa John's Pizza

text: History[edit]

text: The Papa John's restaurant was founded in 1984 when "Papa" John Schnatter knocked out a broom closet in the back of his father's tavern, Mick's Lounge, in Jeffersonville, Indiana.[4] He then sold his 1971 Camaro Z28 to purchase US$1,600 worth of used pizza equipment and began selling pizzas to the tavern's customers out of the converted closet.[5] His pizzas proved so popular that one year later he was able to move into an adjoining space. Dipping sauce specifically for pizza was invented by Papa John's Pizza that same year, so it is claimed although any number of other pizza places have historically provided pizza sauce for dipping when requested, and has since become popular when eating pizza, especially the crust.[6] In 2009, Schnatter got the Camaro back after offering a reward of $250,000 for the car.[7]

text: As of December 2016 PMQ Pizza Magazine said that the company was the third-largest take-out and pizza delivery restaurant chain in the United States.[8] (According to PMQ, Little Caesars is the third-largest pizza chain; however, it does not deliver.[9]) Company headquarters are in Jeffersontown, Kentucky, a community within the merged government of Louisville.[10][11][12] Its slogan is "Better Ingredients. Better Pizza. Papa John's."

text: Papa John's franchises over 4,700 establishments –– 3,500 in the U.S. and over 1,200 spread amongst 37 other countries and territories.[1] In September 2012 the 4,000th Papa John's Pizza restaurant opened, in New Hyde Park, New York. The company celebrated the event by giving away 4,000 free pizzas to customers throughout New York City.[5][13][14]

text: On December 21, 2017 it was announced that John Schnatter would step down as CEO of Papa John's Pizza as of January 1, 2018 to be replaced as CEO by current company President Steve Ritchie. Schnatter will remain chairman. [15]

text: Operations[edit]

text: Papa John's primarily takes carryout and delivery orders, although some stores have tables and chairs for dining in.

text: Franchise owners pay a one-off franchise fee of $25,000 per restaurant, then a royalty fee of 5% of net sales, plus a charge for advertising of 8% of net sales. The company requires franchisees to have net worth of at least $250,000, the approximate amount of investment needed.[16][17] Corporate operations look over franchisees to ensure brand consistency. As of January 2016[update] there were over 4,700 Papa John's restaurants in all 50 U.S. states and in 37 other countries and territories.[1] Papa John's International is a publicly traded company, with 25% of its shares owned by John Schnatter.[18]

text: In January 2002, Papa John's became the first national pizza chain to make online ordering available to all of its U.S. customers.[19] Most other national chains later added online ordering to their services. On July 10, 2004, Papa John's controlled an estimated 6.6 percent of the market, according to Technomic.[20]

text: In February 2017, it was reported by the Associated Press that the company was testing a "Papa Priority" $2.99 fee that lets people jump to the head of the line for their pizza order.[21]

text: Franchises outside the U.S.[edit]

text: Papa John's has operated in the United Kingdom since 2001. In July 2015 the company had 300 shops in the UK,[22] although in 2010 it had had plans for between 400 and 500 within the next five years.[23]

text: Papa John's operates throughout Ireland, with its head office at Ballybrit, County Galway. The company has over 50 locations and operates mobile units around the country. The franchises are often located adjacent to Supermacs fast food outlets.[24]

text: All the Papa John's restaurants in Portugal are now closed or have changed name. Some of these locations still serve pizza, though the master-franchise Rest-Smart filed for bankruptcy.[25]

text: Sponsorships[edit]

text: On March 30, 2006, Six Flags announced that its parks' pizza would exclusively be from Papa John's. In turn, Six Flags received an annual sponsorship and promotional opportunities from Papa John's. Papa John's is also the official pizza supplier of the Olympic Speedskating Oval in Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

text: In November 2006, Papa John's signed with ESPN Regional Television to become the title sponsor of the annual PapaJohns.com Bowl, a college post-season football bowl game in Birmingham, Alabama, which Papa John's continued to sponsor through 2010.[26]

text: In 2010, Papa John's signed an agreement to be the Official Pizza Sponsor of the National Football League and Super Bowls XLV, XLVI and XLVII.[27] In 2011, Papa John's became the official Pizza Sponsor of the NFL in Canada, Mexico and the United Kingdom.[27] In October 2012, Denver Broncos quarterback Peyton Manning became a franchisee in the Denver area for Papa John's, and also purchased 21 franchises in the area.[28] In July 2013, Papa John's announced it had become the Official Pizza Partner of The Football League in the UK.[29]

text: The company has the naming rights to Papa John's Cardinal Stadium used by the University of Louisville's football team, in exchange for donating $5 million.[30] Schnatter made a further $10 million donation for the stadium's expansion,[30] and extended the naming rights to the year 2040.

text: Media coverage[edit]

text: Papa John's received attention in May 2008 when a Washington, D.C. franchise distributed T-shirts making fun of Cleveland Cavaliers star player LeBron James at a playoff game against the Washington Wizards. Photographs of the shirts quickly spread from the Internet[31] to Cleveland television. Increasing awareness of the controversy prompted an apology from the Papa John's national headquarters on May 5.[32] To apologize, Papa John's offered large single-topping pizzas for 23 cents (matching James' jersey number) at all locations in Greater Cleveland and throughout northern Ohio. The chain sold over 172,000 pizzas at 23 cents a piece, with customers waiting in lines outside of some stores for as long as three hours.[33]

text: Papa John's also received media attention on January 6, 2012, when an employee typed the phrase "lady chinky eyes" on a receipt issued to an Asian American customer at a restaurant in New York City.[34] The employee was fired and the company issued a formal apology.[35] A manager at the restaurant where the incident occurred told the New York Post that the cashier, a teenager, did not intend to offend saying, "It's a busy place, and it was a way to identify her and her order. You know, we do stuff like that sometimes. We'll write 'the lady with the blue eyes' or 'the guy in the green shirt.' I think the lady (chinky eyes) put it out there just to get some attention, some people like that type of attention."[36]

text: Papa John's CEO John Schnatter stated that his business's costs would increase due to the additional expenses associated with the implementation of the Affordable Care Act, and that franchisees would pass those expenses on to the consumer.[37]

text: On November 1, 2017 it was extensively reported that John Schnatter - again in his role as Papa John's CEO - claimed that poor NFL viewer ratings (due to player protests of police actions[38]) had directly led to decreased same-store sales across Papa John's franchises.[39][40] It was estimated that Schattner's personal holdings in the chain had lost millions in value[41].

text: Litigation[edit]

text: In 1997, Pizza Hut filed a lawsuit against Papa John's based on a series of advertisements that compared the ingredients of Papa John's and its competitors. At trial, the court agreed with Pizza Hut's argument that Papa John's slogan did not constitute statements of literal fact – that "fresher ingredients" do not necessarily account for a "better" pizza; this ruling was overturned in 2000 when Papa John's appealed the decision. Although the jury's decision on the misleading advertising was upheld, the appeals court determined that Pizza Hut failed to prove, under the requirements of the Lanham Act, that the misleading advertising and puffery had a material effect on consumers' purchasing decisions.

text: We conclude that (1) the slogan, standing alone, is not an objectionable statement of fact upon which the consumers would be justified in relying, and thus not actionable under section 43(a); and (2) while the slogan, when utilized in connection with some of the post-May 1997 comparative advertising – specifically, the sauce, dough and stuff campaigns – conveyed objectionable and misleading facts, Pizza Hut has failed to adduce any evidence demonstrating that the facts conveyed by the slogan were material to the purchasing decisions of the consumers to which the slogan was directed.[42]

text: In 2012, the company was the subject of a class-action lawsuit for allegedly sending over 500,000 unwanted text messages to customers. The suit sought over $250 million in damages, though the company settled to pay $16.5 million, awarding members of the class up to $50 in damages, and a free, large, one-topping pizza.[43]

text: On October 16, 2014, after a year-long investigation by the New York State Attorney General, Eric Schneiderman, five Manhattan Papa John's pizza locations and their parent company New Majority Holding LLC along with its owner, Ronald Johnson, were all sued in the amount of $2,000,000 for unpaid wages. The company is the first to be sued in the Labor Bureau's ongoing investigations of multiple fast-food employers, with Schneiderman stating, "Nobody who works 40 hours a week should have to live in poverty. My office will combat wage theft whenever and wherever we see it in order to protect the rights of hardworking New Yorkers, including pizza delivery workers and others who toil at fast-food restaurants."[44]

text: In August 2015, Papa John's agreed to pay $12.3 million to settle a class-action lawsuit, filed in 2009, in which the company was accused of undercompensating 19,000 delivery drivers in the states of Arizona, Florida, Illinois, Maryland, Missouri and North Carolina. The complaint, which stated that drivers were typically paid a flat reimbursement amount per delivery that was less than the usual recommended mileage rate, had a "net effect" of the company "willfully fail[ing] to pay the federal minimum wage to their delivery drivers."[45]

text: In July 2016, Panera Bread filed a lawsuit with the U.S. Eastern District Court in Missouri accusing Papa John's of stealing digital trade secrets and proprietary data management strategies by hiring Michael Nettles, a former Panera executive who was in charge of the chain's corporate digital technologies deployment.[46] In August, a Federal judge issued a restraining order, preventing Nettles from reporting to work at Papa John's while the case was active.[47] Later that year, Panera told the Federal court that it had agreed to drop the lawsuit in December 2016. Details that led to the lawsuit being dropped were not made public.[48]


question_text: who played david in the assassination of versace

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Édgar Ramírez as Gianni Versace
Darren Criss as Andrew Cunanan
Ricky Martin as Antonio D'Amico
Penélope Cruz as Donatella Versace

text: Special guest stars[edit]

text:
Judith Light as Marilyn Miglin
Aimee Mann as Bar Singer
Finn Wittrock as Jeff Trail

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Joanna P. Adler as Mary Ann Cunanan
Joe Adler as Jerome Gentes
Annaleigh Ashford as Elizabeth Cote
Jon Jon Briones as Modesto Cunanan
Will Chase as Det. Paul Scrimshaw
Giovanni Cirfiera as Santo Versace
Mike Farrell as Lee Miglin
Jay R. Ferguson as Agent Keith Evans
Cody Fern as David Madson
Max Greenfield as Ronnie Holston
Sophie von Haselberg as Linda Elwell
Edouard Holdener as Young Andrew Cunanan
Christine Horn as Agent Talarah Gruber
John Lacy as Howard Madson
Cathy Moriarty as Vivian Oliva
Michael Nouri as Norman Blachford
Dascha Polanco as Det. Lori Wieder
Terry Sweeney as David Gallo
José Zúñiga as Det. George Navarro

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Razaaq Adoti as Det. Pete Jackson
Vincenzo Amato as Versace Spokesman
Jack Armstrong as J. Paul Beitler
Cullen Douglas as Agent Reynolds
Nico Evers-Swindell as Philip Merrill
Alex Fernandez as Supt. Matt L. Rodriguez
Jacob Fortner as Duke Miglin
Molly Price as Escort Agency Manager
Paul Schneider as Paul Beck
Tara Summers as Laura Trail
Todd Waring as Lincoln Aston
Michael Shamus Wiles as Det. Robert Tichich

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeUS viewers(millions)11"The Man Who Would Be Vogue"Ryan MurphyTom Rob SmithJanuary 17, 2018 (2018-01-17)[a]3WAX012.22[6]
On the morning of July 15, 1997, fashion designer Gianni Versace is shot and killed outside his Miami Beach mansion by wanted spree killer Andrew Cunanan. Seven years earlier, Cunanan meets Versace at a gay nightclub in San Francisco and tells his roommates about the encounter the following morning, albeit with most of the details fabricated. Cunanan later attends a performance of Capriccio as Versace's guest and exchanges origin stories with him after the performance. In the present, Cunanan flees the scene, evading Versace's partner Antonio D'Amico. Versace, meanwhile, is rushed to the hospital and pronounced dead. As local police start to collaborate with the federal authorities, Versace's sister Donatella and brother Santo plan the future of their brother's business empire while Cunanan purchases newspapers covering Versace's death with a remorseless expression.
22"Manhunt"Nelson CraggTom Rob SmithJanuary 24, 2018 (2018-01-24)3WAX021.42[7]
In March 1994, Versace learns that he is HIV positive and Donatella immediately blames Antonio for the illness. Three years later, Cunanan arrives in Miami after fleeing from South Carolina and moves into a motel under an assumed identity. He juggles working as a prostitute, giving his earnings to his homosexual neighbor Ronnie, and feeding his obsession with Versace. Versace, meanwhile, juggles dealing with creative block and reeling from Antonio's proposal of a wedding. While at a nightclub one evening, Cunanan surprises Versace and Antonio and attempts to follow them only to lose them in the crowd.
33"A Random Killing"Gwyneth Horder-PaytonTom Rob SmithJanuary 31, 2018 (2018-01-31)3WAX031.26[8]
In May 1997, Chicago real estate developer Lee Miglin is found dead in his garage by his wife Marilyn. One week earlier, Miglin invites Cunanan, whom he knows as a gay escort, over to his house after Marilyn leaves Chicago to promote her perfume brand. Cunanan proceeds to brutally torture and kill Miglin before stealing his Lexus. In the present, detectives assigned to the case discover gay pornographic magazines surrounding Miglin's dead body. Marilyn insists that the killer owns the magazines and that her husband's murder was nothing more than a random killing. The authorities later use the car's phone in an attempt to track Cunanan, who learns about their plan after it is leaked to the media. He then abandons Miglin's Lexus in Pennsville, New Jersey before gunning down caretaker William Reese and stealing his red pick-up truck. Marilyn, meanwhile, deals with her grief as she continues to promote her perfume.
44"House by the Lake"Daniel MinahanTom Rob SmithFebruary 7, 2018 (2018-02-07)3WAX040.98[9]
In April 1997, Cunanan lures former acquaintance Jeff Trail to the Minneapolis loft-apartment of his former lover, David Madson, and bludgeons him to death with a claw hammer. After forcing Madson to remain complicit, Cunanan decides to flee to Mexico when one of Madson's co-workers visits him. The Minneapolis Police Department, meanwhile, discovers Trail's corpse and suspect Madson to be the killer. They proceed to question Madson's parents, who firmly believe that their son is innocent. When Madson confronts Cunanan about his lies, Cunanan realizes that he has lost his hold on his lover and shoots Madson near a lake outside Rush City.
55"Don't Ask Don't Tell"Daniel MinahanTom Rob SmithFebruary 14, 2018 (2018-02-14)3WAX050.91[10]
In June 1995, Versace ignores Donatella's disapproval and makes his sexuality public in an interview. In November 1995, U.S. Navy lieutenant Jeff Trail is suspected as a homosexual after saving a fellow veteran from being assaulted in San Diego. Following an unsuccessful suicide attempt, Trail goes to a gay bar and meets Cunanan. Trail later agrees to do an interview about homophobia in the military, during which he "makes the decision" to leave the Navy. Two years later, Cunanan runs into Trail and David Madson in Minneapolis. Both men, however, try to avoid him, with Trail staying at his sister's house and Madson stating he has moved on. Abandoned and angry, Cunanan resolves to murder Trail.
66"Descent"Gwyneth Horder-PaytonTom Rob SmithFebruary 28, 2018 (2018-02-28)3WAX071.10[11]
In 1996, Cunanan lives in La Jolla, California with middle-aged businessman Norman Blachford, who handles his finances as part of their arranged relationship. During his twenty-seventh birthday party, Cunanan tries to impress David Madson by fabricating details about his life and boasting that everyone loves him. After an attempt to ask Blachford for more extravagant demands results in him being kicked out of their house, Cunanan spends thousands of dollars in an attempt to win Madson over only for Madson to cut all ties with him. Cunanan then turns to drugs and outs Jeff Trail to his father in a postcard, causing Trail to threaten him before moving to Minneapolis. Following a severe, drug-fueled bout of depression, Cunanan reunites with his mother Mary Ann and tells her he is going to Minneapolis.
77"Ascent"Gwyneth Horder-PaytonTom Rob SmithMarch 7, 2018 (2018-03-07)3WAX060.92[12]
In 1992, Versace pressures Donatella into taking over the company after his death. Following a failed attempt to collaborate on a dress for the Vogue anniversary gala, Versace is diagnosed with ear cancer and travels to Miami to recover, forcing Donatella to take the reins. That same year, Cunanan, who is living with Mary Ann, starts working as a gay escort for older men. He develops a relationship with architect Lincoln Aston, a close friend of Norman Blachford, only for Aston to break up with him after discovering he and David Madson spent the night together. Cunanan's attempt to reconcile with Aston ends with him witnessing Aston's brutal murder. Cunanan then moves out of his mother's apartment following an argument and uses Aston's death to develop a relationship with Blachford, who lets him move into his house.
88"Creator / Destroyer"Matt BomerTom Rob Smith and Maggie CohnMarch 14, 2018 (2018-03-14)3WAX081.00[13]
In 1957 Italy, a young Versace starts designing clothes under tutelage from his dressmaker mother. In 1980, a young Cunanan receives preferential treatment from his stockbroker father Modesto, who abuses his mother and siblings. Seven years later, Cunanan juggles attending private school and secretly dating older men. Modesto, meanwhile, flees to Manila after being fired for embezzling from elderly clients and learning that he is wanted by the FBI, leaving his family penniless. Cunanan tracks him down and confronts him over the charges only to be rejected. Upon returning to the United States, Cunanan applies for a job at a pharmacy, where he tells the manager that Modesto owns pineapple plantations.
99"Alone"Daniel MinahanTom Rob SmithMarch 21, 2018 (2018-03-21)3WAX091.20[14]
On the evening of July 15, 1997, Cunanan hides in a Miami Beach houseboat in an attempt to evade both local and federal authorities. Over the course of the next two days, Cunanan attempts to leave the island city only to continue hiding due to the strong police presence. As the authorities interrogate Mary Ann and Ronnie, Marilyn grapples with the fact that he has gone unpunished. At the same time, Cunanan's friend Elizabeth Cote appeals to him in a television interview, David Madson's father insists his son is a victim, and Modesto uses Cunanan's story in an attempt to get attention. On July 22, 1997, as Versace is buried in his family vault near Lake Como, Italy, Donatella tells Antonio he cannot reside in the house that he was promised. The next morning, the authorities corner Cunanan only for him to shoot himself in the mouth. Cunanan is later buried in a public mausoleum while Donatella prepares to meet with Versace's lawyers and Antonio attempts suicide.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story was picked up on October 18, 2016, and was announced as the third season of the series, following the season about Katrina.[2] The announcement also revealed that English author Tom Rob Smith would be the writer of multiple episodes of the season, including the first two,[2] while executive producer Ryan Murphy would be directing the season premiere.[5] Following the airing of the first season's finale in April 2016, it was revealed that series creators Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski would not be returning for the second season.[15]

text: In June 2017, it was announced that Katrina would not begin production until early 2018 and that Versace would air in early 2018, replacing Katrina as the show's official second installment.[16]

text: On October 2, 2017, American Horror Story veteran Matt Bomer was announced as the director of the eighth episode, making it his directorial debut.[17] During its production, the working title of the season was American Crime Story: Versace/Cunanan.[18][19]

text: In December 2017, after the first public screening, it was revealed that Versace would have nine episodes,[3] despite being originally reported to consist of ten episodes.[2]

text: Casting[edit]

text: In February 2017, Édgar Ramírez and Darren Criss joined the cast of The Assassination of Gianni Versace as Gianni Versace and Andrew Cunanan, respectively.[20] Murphy confirmed the reports announcing Lady Gaga would portray Donatella Versace in The Assassination of Gianni Versace were false;[21][22] Penélope Cruz was later cast in the role.[23] In April 2017, it was announced that Ricky Martin was joining the cast of The Assassination of Gianni Versace as Antonio D'Amico, Versace’s longtime partner.[24] On April 28, 2017, Annaleigh Ashford was seen filming on the set of The Assassination of Gianni Versace with Criss.[25] On June 21, 2017, it was announced through Entertainment Weekly that Ashford's role in the series would be as Elizabeth Cote, a friend of Cunanan's since high school, while Nico Evers-Swindell would play her husband, Philip Merrill.[26]

text: On May 5, 2017, Murphy announced via his Instagram account that Max Greenfield joined the casting, by publishing a photo of Greenfield and Criss on the set.[27] On June 21, 2017, it was announced that Finn Wittrock will star in The Assassination of Gianni Versace, playing Jeffrey Trail, Cunanan's first victim.[28]

text: In November 2017, the official Twitter account for the series revealed that Judith Light and Dascha Polanco are part of the cast.[29][30] In December 2017, the official webpage for the series released cast and character bios revealing that Max Greenfield would play Ronnie, whilst confirming the casting of Judith Light as Marilyn Miglin, Dascha Polanco as Detective Lori Wieder, Jon Jon Briones as Modesto Cunanan, Cody Fern as David Madson, and Mike Farrell as Lee Miglin.[31]

text: Filming[edit]

text: According to multiple set reports and photos, principal photography of season 2 took place at the beginning of May 2017, in Miami.[32] As revealed by Darren Criss via his Twitter account, shooting ended during the week of November 13.[33]

text: Promotion[edit]

text: In September 2017, FX released the first promotional teaser for The Assassination of Gianni Versace, showing doves sitting outside Versace's former mansion and flying away when two gunshots ring out.[34] A second teaser was released that same month, depicting Versace's sister Donatella placing flowers on a casket.[35] In October, a new teaser was released, depicting some police radio communications as a black clothes cover, with the name Versace on it, is being closed.[36] The same month, a second teaser was released, showing Donatella kissing the stairs where Gianni was murdered, before entering in his mansion.[37] On Halloween day, FX aired a new promotional video during a commercial break of the ninth episode of American Horror Story: Cult, which announced that the season would premiere on January 17, 2018.[1]

text: In November 2017, four new teasers were released. The first one shows Versace relaxing next to his pool, as Cunanan comes out of it.[38] The second one depicts D'Amico leaving Gianni's house, as he hears two gunshots (the unseen murder) and runs to see what happened; while a voice-over by Ricky Martin as D'Amico says that he was Gianni's partner and lover.[39] The third one shows Donatella and Gianni hugging and watching themselves in front of a mirror, as the latter tells his sister that she would be Versace without him.[40] The fourth one depicts a running sewing machine, which ends up having some issues and not being able to finish its work.[41]

text: On November 15, 2017, the first full trailer for the season was released via the Twitter account of the series. It shows some moments of Cunanan's unstable past and the first aftermaths of Versace's assassination.[42] The same day, it was announced that the first episode of the season would be available five days before the official premiere for FX+ subscribers.[5] On November 28, 2017, FX released a new short trailer depicting the main cast of the season: Cruz, Ramírez, Martin and Criss; while a voice-over by Criss as Cunanan reveals how he feels the same as Versace.[43]

text: In December 2017, more teasers were released. The first one opposes Versace and Cunanan as they speak about themselves and their past.[44] The second one features a Versace fashion show where models start crying, as news reports about Versace's death are being heard.[45] The third one shows Cunanan trying to convince someone that he really has a date with Versace, while the scene is being cut by shots of the assassination and its aftermaths.[46] The fourth one features Donatella Versace in a black dress for her brother's funeral;[47] the fifth one shows different rooms of Versace's mansion, with multiple voice-overs by different characters;[48] and the sixth one features a showering Cunanan, surrounding his face with duct tape, as Max Greenfield's Ronnie asks him what he is doing.[49] On December 28, a first look at the series was released, with multiple interviews from the crew and the cast.[50] That same day, a new teaser was also revealed, depicting Cunanan as he is about to kill his sexual partner and then Versace.[51]

text: At the start of January 2018, a new teaser was released. It features Cunanan changing the license plate of his car and greeting a young girl, while a voice-over is saying that the police are looking for him and that he is very dangerous.[52] On January 16, 2018, the full red band trailer was released,[53] and a short version premiered the next day.[54]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Reviews[edit]

text: The second season of American Crime Story received generally positive reviews from critics. The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the season an approval rating of 87% based on 83 reviews, with an average rating of 7.09/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "The Assassination of Versace starts with a bang and unfurls slowly, moving backward through an intricate (and occasionally convoluted) murder mystery anchored by a career-defining performance from Darren Criss."[55] On Metacritic, the season has a score of 74 out of 100, based on 35 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews."[56]

text: Reaction from individuals involved[edit]

text: In January 2018, the Versace family released a statement criticizing the series. They explained they have "neither authorized nor had any involvement whatsoever" in the production of the season, before adding that it "should only be considered as a work of fiction."[57] Executive producer Ryan Murphy answered that the series was "not a work of fiction" as it is based on a non-fiction book, Maureen Orth's Vulgar Favors, and that the production team and FX stand by the author and her work. Comparing it to The People v. O. J. Simpson, Murphy added that the season is "a work of non-fiction obviously with docudrama elements," and not a documentary.[57] Following this answer, the Versace family released a second statement, still slamming the series as "a work of fiction" because "the Orth book itself is full of gossip and speculation." They also heavily criticized Orth's work, calling it an "effort to create a sensational story" with "second-hand hearsay that is full of contradictions." They gave the example of Gianni Versace's medical condition, as Orth claims that Versace was HIV positive at the time of his death.[58]

text: Antonio D'Amico also criticized the series, deeming some scenes as "ridiculous" and insisting that "so much has been fictionalised". He also revealed that he does not plan to watch it, but that he would have been happy if Ricky Martin, who plays his role, got in contact to get some insight into his relationship with Versace.[59]

text: According to Ryan Murphy, Donatella Versace was very supportive that Penélope Cruz played her role. As Cruz and Versace are friends, Murphy explained that, when he offered her the role, Cruz asked the permission of Versace before agreeing to do it. He also revealed that, while Cruz was representing the series at the 75th Golden Globe Awards, Versace "very graciously sent [her] a lovely and huge flower arrangement saying 'good luck.'"[57]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.

Title

Air date
Rating/share(18–49)
Viewers(millions)
DVR(18–49)
DVR viewers(millions)
Total(18–49)
Total viewers(millions)

1

"The Man Who Would Be Vogue"

January 17, 2018
0.7
2.22[6]
0.6
1.76
1.3
3.98[60]

2

"Manhunt"

January 24, 2018
0.4
1.42[7]
0.7
1.98
1.1
3.40[61]

3

"A Random Killing"

January 31, 2018
0.4
1.26[8]
0.7
1.94
1.1
3.20[62]

4

"House by the Lake"

February 7, 2018
0.3
0.98[9]
0.6
1.79
0.9
2.77[63]

5

"Don't Ask Don't Tell"

February 14, 2018
0.2
0.91[10]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

6

"Descent"

February 28, 2018
0.3
1.10[11]
0.6
1.58
0.9
2.68[64]

7

"Ascent"

March 7, 2018
0.3
0.92[12]
0.5
1.55
0.8
2.47[65]

8

"Creator / Destroyer"

March 14, 2018
0.3
1.00[13]
0.5
1.57
0.8
2.57[66]

9

"Alone"

March 21, 2018
0.3
1.20[14]
0.6
1.62
0.9
2.82[67]

text: SeasonEpisode numberAverage12345678910The People v. O. J. Simpson5.123.903.343.002.733.002.892.912.763.273.29The Assassination of Gianni Versace2.221.421.260.980.911.100.921.001.20N/A1.22

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year

Association

Category

Nominated artist/work

Result

Ref

2018

2018 MTV Movie & TV Awards

Best Performance in a Show

Darren Criss

Nominated

[70]

70th Primetime Emmy Awards

Outstanding Casting for a Limited Series, Movie or Special

Courtney Bright and Nicole Daniels

Pending

[71]

Outstanding Contemporary Costumes

Lou Eyrich, Allison Leach, Rebecca Guzzi and Nora Pedersen (for "The Man Who Would Be Vogue")

Pending

Outstanding Directing for a Limited Series, Movie or Dramatic Special

Ryan Murphy (for "The Man Who Would Be Vogue")

Pending

Outstanding Hairstyling for a Limited Series or Movie

Chris Clark, Natalie Driscoll, Shay Sanford-Fong and Helena Cepeda

Pending

Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or Movie

Darren Criss

Pending

Outstanding Limited Series

The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story

Pending

Outstanding Makeup for a Limited Series or Movie (Non-Prosthetic)

Eryn Krueger Mekash, Robin Beauchesne, Silvina Knight, David Williams, Ana Lozano and Tym Buacharern

Pending

Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series, Limited Series, Movie or Special

Eryn Krueger Mekash, Michael Mekash, Silvina Knight, Robin Beauchesne, David LeRoy Anderson and Glen Eisner

Pending

Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Limited Series or Movie

Chi-Yoon Chung (for "Manhunt")

Pending

Emily Greene (for "Alone")

Pending

Shelly Westerman (for "House by the Lake")

Pending

Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or Movie

Ricky Martin

Pending

Édgar Ramírez

Pending

Finn Wittrock

Pending

Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie

Penélope Cruz

Pending

Judith Light

Pending

Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Limited Series or Movie

Doug Andham, Joe Earle, John Bauman and Judah Getz (for "The Man Who Would Be Vogue")

Pending

Outstanding Writing for a Limited Series, Movie or Dramatic Special

Tom Rob Smith (for "House by the Lake")

Pending

34th TCA Awards

Outstanding Achievement in Movies, Miniseries and Specials

The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story

Won

[72]

Individual Achievement in Drama

Darren Criss

Nominated

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ This episode was available five days before the official premiere for FX+ subscribers.[5]

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