document_title: Roo Stewart

question_text: who plays roos mum in home snd away

question_tokens: who plays roos mum in home snd away

root

text: Roo Stewart

text: Casting[edit]

text: In 1987, Clarke auditioned for the roles of Carly Morris, Lynn Davenport and Bobby Simpson; but was unsuccessful each time. After the series had finished filming their pilot episode, producers changed their minds and invited Clarke to audition for the role of Roo, which she won. Clarke told a reporter from TV Life that she was "really pleased" because she thought Roo was a "great character".[1]

tag: p

text: Character development[edit]

text: Characterisation[edit]

text:
“
Roo is the much-hated character who attempts to sabotage her father's marriage to Ailsa and who nearly fools Frank into marrying her by claiming that she is carrying his baby. There are two sides to her personality; to the adults she is charming and personable. To people her own age she is boy-crazy and scheming.
”

— Kesta Desmond on Roo (1990).[2]

tag: table

text: Roo's personality gained an unwelcome reception amongst viewers. Clarke said that "everyone" hated Roo and revealed that people would "boo" at her while attending promotional appearances.[3] On one occasion Clarke had to leave a shopping centre because females were shouting "slut" at her.[4] Clarke said that Roo is "a cow" but defended her because Roo ultimately ends up suffering.[5]

text: Teenage pregnancy[edit]

text: In the serial's first season, Alan Bateman wanted Home and Away to tackle serious social issues and a few months later Roo became the first character to have a teenage pregnancy.[6] The production team felt that Roo's pregnancy was "risque" because Home and Away was aired in an early evening time-slot. Clarke said she did not know what it was like to be pregnant and had to carry out research. While filming the storyline, Clarke was required to wear a bag filled with lentils beneath her clothing. This was to give the impression that Roo was pregnant, and as her pregnancy progressed more lentils were added to the bag to maintain continuity.[7] Clarke remained unaware of how to portray a convincing birth scene. The wife of the episode's director had previously given birth during a complicated labour. She helped Clarke with her research, which also included watching child birth videos. Clarke said that while she had learned most aspects of labour, not experiencing the actual pain of birth resulted in her feeling unprepared for the scenes. The birth scenes were filmed over the period of one day, consisting of more than fifteen shoots. Clarke said the dramatic breathing left her "dizzy" and even caused her to hyperventilate.[7]

text: Departure and return[edit]

text: Clarke played the role of Roo from 1988, until the character was written out a year later after Clarke quit the show.[8][9] Clarke has been asked to return to the show and reprise her role as Roo many times, but she has never agreed.[10]

text: In August 2010, it was announced that Roo would be returning to Home and Away.[8] Producers decided to recast the role after Clarke became busy with other television shows and her career as a children's singer.[10] Former All Saints actress, Georgie Parker was given the role and she began filming her first scenes in the same month.[8][11] Of her casting, Parker said "I'm thrilled to be back at Channel Seven and to be part of Home and Away. Working with Ray is a joy. We are having a fantastic time together. The whole cast and crew have been wonderful".[8] Of the decision to bring the character back, series producer Cameron Welsh said "We had such a positive reaction to Emily Symons's return as Marilyn; we trust the fans will love having an original character such as Roo back in the Bay. Securing Georgie Parker to bring her back to our screens is a real coup for the show".[8]

text: Parker called her "a colourful character who has a strong history with the origin of the show".[10] Parker has said the grown up Roo is very different from the teenager. She said "She was a colourful character when she left. She lost her mother when she was very young, and I think that when girls lose their mothers, they can go off the rails - and that's exactly what Roo did".[10] Parker added that she gets to play the adult who may have learned from past mistakes.[10] During an interview, Meagher said the adult Roo is "still full of energy, bluff and bravado. She's had a few financial problems and is possibly running away from a bloke."[12] He added that Alf has trouble getting her to tell him the truth, but he is "pleased to see her back in the Bay."[12]

text: Meningitis[edit]

text: In July 2014, the character was diagnosed with meningitis.[13] After returning from an extended trip to Las Vegas to look after her injured aunt Colleen Smart (Lyn Collingwood), Roo was very secretive about her times away. Within a day, Roo started showing symptoms of an illness.[13] Parker explained "This illness hits her fast and hard. She's lethargic, but thinks it's just jetlag. She also has a splitting headache that affects her eyes, and she's low on energy. It's all very out of character."[13] Roo's decision to keep quiet about her trip meant that nobody had any idea what was wrong with her. Roo fell unconscious at home and the situation became very serious.[13] Roo was eventually diagnosed with meningitis. Her condition later took a turn for the worse and she suffered a seizure.[14] In order to treat her, the doctors needed to know about her trip and her foster-daughter Maddy Osborne (Kassandra Clementi) found her passport, which revealed that she had been to Peru. With the information, the doctors were able to treat Roo and save her life.[14]

text: Storylines[edit]

text: Roo begins to resent her father's relationship with Ailsa Hogan (Judy Nunn) out of loyalty to her late mother, Martha (Alison Mulvaney). Roo begins dating Frank Morgan (Alex Papps) and they start a band with Lance Smart (Peter Vroom) and Martin Dibble (Craig Thompson). Roo's continued obsession with Ailsa drives a rift between her and Frank, despite nearly sleeping with him as an act of rebellion over Ailsa staying over. Roo contacts her aunt, Morag Bellingham (Cornelia Frances), who is a judge and asks her to do a background check on Ailsa. At Alf and Ailsa's engagement party, Roo reveals Ailsa went to prison for killing her abusive father. However, Ailsa's friends and Frank, side with her. Roo begins a feud with Bobby Simpson (Nicolle Dickson), Ailsa's friend. Tired of her behaviour, Alf sends Roo to boarding school in Sydney.

text: Roo begins dating Brett Macklin (Gerry Sont) and she gets pregnant. Brett's reaction to this to book an abortion for her. Roo returns to Summer Bay and tries convincing Frank that he is the baby's father. She pretends to accept Alf and Ailsa's relationship so she will be allowed to stay. Roo sleeps with Frank and arranges for Alf to catch them together. She tells her aunt, Celia Stewart (Fiona Spence), that she is pregnant with Frank's baby. Frank agrees to marry her and Roo tries to accept Alf and Ailsa's marriage. Brett turns up and tells Roo the mumps has left him infertile and that he now wants the baby. She refuses to let him back into her life, so Brett goes to Morag, who tries to talk Roo into changing her mind. In the middle of her wedding, she reveals that Frank is not the father of her baby. Frank drives off in anger and swerves off the road to avoid Bobby and the car falls into a ditch, almost killing him.

text: The incident leaves Roo an outcast within the town. Morag tries to persuade her to move to the city with her, but Celia talks her out of it. Brett applies for custody, but Roo suggests they sort it out between themselves. She begins helping Brett's family as they set up a business in the Bay. She is pleased when Alf and Ailsa's differences over the development causes them to split up. With Ailsa returning to town to be Christopher Fletcher's (Ashleigh Bell-Weir) godmother, Roo fakes stomach pains to stop Alf attending the christening. However, by hyperventilating she sends herself into premature labour and gives birth to a baby girl, who she names, Martha (Burcin Kapkin). She is pleased when Frank seems to take an interest, until she learns that he is dating Bobby. Brett tries to force Roo into giving him custody of Martha. He kidnaps the baby and Roo considered suicide, before she is informed that Brett had returned Martha. Roo refuses to press charges and the couple realise that they cannot raise Martha, so they give her up for adoption. Roo then begins to accept Ailsa, when she and Alf reconcile.

text: Roo decides to take a break from the Bay and when she returns, she reveals that she has a new boyfriend, David Lee (Anthony Wong). Alf and Celia are slightly shocked as David is Chinese and they are uncomfortable with Roo being in a mixed race relationship. Alf eventually gives the pair his blessing, but David later leaves town. Frank and Bobby marry and Roo is stunned to learn Bobby is Morag's daughter and thus her cousin. Roo takes a job at the Macklin Corporation. Her manager, Nicholas Walsh (Robert Taylor), sends nasty letters to Ailsa and frames Roo, with help from Morag. With Alf and Ailsa believing the letters are from her, Roo moves in with Celia and then with Morag. When Alf discovers the truth, he apologises and Roo moves back in. She then starts dating Simon Yates (Christopher Saunders).

text: Ailsa becomes pregnant, which pleases Roo. Alf and Tom Fletcher (Roger Oakley) go missing on a fishing trip and Ailsa goes into premature labour. Roo stays as her half-brother Duncan (Allana Ellis) is born, shortly before Alf is found. Roo finds herself working closely with Frank and when he is offered a promotion in the city, he celebrates by kissing Roo. She feels guilty about the kiss and when Frank goes to the city without Bobby, everyone assumes he and Roo had an affair. Roo is upset when Sally Fletcher (Katie Ritchie) blames her for the break-up. Bobby tells her that she and Frank would have broken up anyway and gives them her blessing. Roo then goes to the city to meet Frank and tells him she wants to give their relationship another go. Frank and Roo marry, but they split by the time Frank returns to town. Roo later moves to New York, where she is joined for a time by both Martha and Duncan. In 2005, Roo has a near fatal car-accident and Alf and Morag fly to New York to be with her while she recovers.

text: Five years later, Roo returns to Summer Bay. Alf is shocked to see her and Roo tells him that she has come for a visit as a job fell through and she had some frequent-flyer miles to use up. Roo starts receiving texts and calls from her boyfriend, Tim, and her bank manager. Colleen Smart is also shocked to see Roo and starts mentioning all the bad things she did in the past, until Alf tells her to stop. Robert Robertson (Socratis Otto) questions Roo about Martha and Hugo Austin (Bernard Curry) for the Federal Police and she states that she has not been in contact with them. Roo later tries to persuade Hugo's mother, Gina (Sonia Todd), to give them the money Hugo left behind, but Gina is reluctant. Gina runs a credit check on Roo and discovers that she is broke. Roo denies wanting the money for herself. Roo advises Alf to get a lawyer when rumours begin to circulate that he killed Penn Graham (Christian Clark). Gina gets Roo to take a job with John Palmer (Shane Withington), who pays her with Hugo's money. Roo attends Bianca Scott's (Lisa Gormley) bridal shower and wedding, before leaving for the States.

text: On her return, Roo finds Alf has gone travelling and her aunt Morag has been placed in charge of the caravan park. Roo goes to the relaunch of Angelo Rosetta's (Luke Jacobz) restaurant where she gets drunk and wakes up in bed with Miles Copeland (Josh Quong Tart). Angelo offers Roo a room at his place and tries to make a pass at her. John hires Roo to organise sponsorship for the upcoming surf carnival. Roo becomes close friends with Nicole Franklin (Tessa James) and Marilyn Chambers (Emily Symons). She also gets on well with Marilyn's partner, Sid Walker (Robert Mammone). Roo supports Nicole during her pregnancy and she asks her to be present at the birth. Roo also supports Romeo Smith's (Luke Mitchell) attempts to start a charter business. Laura Carmody (Roxanne Wilson) arrives in the Bay and reveals she and Roo are old friends. Roo invites Laura to stay with her and they work together on a hospital fundraiser. Roo invites Romeo to accompany her on a business trip to Hawaii and he brings Indigo Walker (Samara Weaving) with them. When they announce that they are getting married, Roo calls Sid and he flies over. Sid kisses Roo, but she rejects him because he is with Marilyn. However, she runs after his taxi, but fails to stop him leaving.

text: When she returns home, Roo is shocked to learn Marilyn and Sid have broken up. She and Sid kiss again and agree to be a couple. Roo and Laura organise a ball at Sid's farm and Roo tries to make peace with Marilyn. Bianca is raped at the ball and Roo criticises Laura for selling tickets to the River Boys. Alf disapproves of Roo's relationship with Sid, as he is worried about how he will treat her. Roo and Marilyn eventually become friends again and Roo breaks up with Sid when she realises his family will always be a priority over her. Roo takes over the running of the Diner due to staff shortages and she starts dating Harvey Ryan (Marcus Graham), despite being warned not to by Romeo, Indi and Sid. Roo and Harvey break up when she learns he sabotaged Alf's boat. Roo is disgusted when Harvey tries to blackmail John and she persuades Alf to stand against him during the council elections. Roo later takes a job alongside Harvey and becomes jealous of him and his girlfriend, Fleur Simpson (Alys Daroy). Roo and Harvey later get back together and she is surprised when his ex-wife, Mel (Allison Cratchley), and daughter, Lottie (Morgan Weaving), arrive in Summer Bay.

text: Sid tells Roo that Harvey had a young son who drowned and she becomes upset that Harvey did not tell her. Harvey admits to Roo that he and the Mayor rigged the election, so he would win. Harvey is arrested and Roo stands by him. She later tells Harvey that she loves him. Roo bonds with Lottie and agrees that she can move in with her and Harvey, when Mel goes to the city. Lottie and Mel eventually leave the Bay and Harvey asks Roo to marry him. Roo's ex-boyfriend, Tim (Jonny Pasvolsky), comes to the Bay and tries to win Roo back. Harvey and Roo marry and they take in teen runaways Maddy Osborne and Spencer Harrington (Andrew Morley). Harvey sails around the world with his best friend, Winston Markman (John Batchelor). Winston returns a few months later to tell Roo that he lost Harvey. Roo holds a memorial service for Harvey and says goodbye. Roo is delighted when Harvey eventually returns. However, he cannot cope being back in the Bay, causing problems with his marriage. Roo decides the best thing for them to do is get divorced. Harvey agrees and leaves the Bay.

text: When Colleen has an accident, Roo flies to Las Vegas to care for her. On her return, she becomes ill and collapses. She is diagnosed with meningitis and has to have fluid removed from her brain, but she shows no improvement. Nate Cooper (Kyle Pryor) discovers growths on her brain and her family learn that Roo went to Peru, where she had suffered a reaction to her inoculations. Roo is given antiviral drugs and recovers. Roo plans Marilyn and John's wedding. At the reception, she is informed that Maddy has stolen her credit card to buy clothes. Maddy is later fired from the gym for stealing and Roo pays off her debt, preferring that Maddy owes her instead. When Maddy learns that she has ovarian cancer, Roo supports her through her treatment. Alf collapses during a school field trip to a war memorial and he is diagnosed with post traumatic stress disorder. He experiences mood swings and Roo encourages him to speak to a therapist. James Edmunds (Myles Pollard) returns to the Bay and offers Roo a job as a lecturer at the university. She and James get on well and begin dating. Roo and Maddy then move in with James. He later proposes to her and she accepts. James and Roo try to get married quickly, but their wedding is stopped by Alf who thinks James lied about where he used to work. James and Roo then decide to put the wedding on hold. Roo later discovers James is already married with children, and has been lying to her all along. She calls off their engagement, but continues her relationship with him. After James confesses to Roo that he also lied to her about his parents being alive, she finally breaks up with him.

text: When Roo visits her brother Duncan in Hawaii, she meets James Mayvers (Tim Ross) and they begin a relationship. Roo initially tries to keep the relationship a secret due to the age gap between them, but Morag soon catches them together. Roo faints and is convinced by Morag that she is going through the menopause. However, she soon learns she is pregnant. James tells Roo that he does not want children and asks her to have an abortion, but she refuses and decides to the raise the child as a single parent. James's father David Mayvers (Noel Hodda) offers Roo $250,000 with the condition that she or her child does not contact James. Roo turns the offer down. While driving back from the pharmacy, she collapses in pain. Nate and Tori Morgan (Penny McNamee) find her and diagnose a ruptured ectopic pregnancy. She undergoes surgery, but loses the baby. Roo leaves town to try and find Martha, but she is unsuccessful and returns home.

text: Reception[edit]

text: A writer for Ausculture named Roo fifth on their Top Ten Aussie Soap Villains list.[15] They called Roo "evil" for trying to break up Alf's relationship with Ailsa, lying to and trying to marry Frank, leaving him at the altar and later having an affair with him.[15] They added "If she hadn't already left town, I wouldn't have been surprised to hear that she was driving the speedboat that struck down Summer Bay's beloved butch Bobby and killed her. On the plus side, she does have the rather hilarious name of 'Roo'."[15] Andrew Mercado described Roo as Alf Stewart's (Ray Meagher) "Minxy teenage daughter" in his book, Super Aussie soaps: behind the scenes of Australia's best loved TV shows.[16] A TV Week columnist describe Roo as "Summer Bay's original spoilt brat" who was never very far from drama.[10]

text: A Holy Soap writer stated that Roo's most memorable moment was "Bowling over her dad Alf by unexpectedly arriving back in Summer Bay after more than two decades away."[17] The Herald Sun said Roo is "Manipulative, mysterious and returned from living what she claims was the high life in New York", they predicted that her motives for returning to the Bay would puzzle viewers.[18] When she slept with Miles, The Sun's television magazine Buzz said: "Will she ever give up her wild-child way?"[19] Jaci Stephen writing for the Daily Mail highlighted the fact that Roo and Sid were fighting an attraction for one another. She said she could guess they would give into their desires in a number of "days rather than weeks."[20] Laura Morgan writing for All About Soap hoped Roo would not steal Sid from Marilyn and said: "Keep your hands off that Sid, Roo!"[21] When Roo finds happiness with Harvey, Stephen predicted that it would take one week before Roo became unhappy again.[22]


document_title: Paul Walker

question_text: when did paul walker die in furious 7

question_tokens: when did paul walker die in furious 7

text: Paul Walker

text: Early life

text: Walker was born in Glendale, California, and was the son of Cheryl (née Crabtree), a fashion model, and Paul William Walker III, a sewer contractor and boxer who was a two-time Golden Gloves champion.[9][10][11] Paul's paternal grandfather had a boxing career as "'Irish' Billy Walker". Paul's ancestry was mostly English, with some German, Swiss, and Irish.[12] One of his grandfathers raced factory cars for Ford in the 1960s.[9] The oldest of five siblings, Walker was raised primarily in the Sunland community of Los Angeles and attended high school in the San Fernando Valley, graduating from Sun Valley's Village Christian School in 1991.[13][14] He was raised as a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.[10] After high school, Walker attended several community colleges in Southern California, majoring in marine biology.[15]

text: Career

text: Walker began his small screen career as a toddler, when he starred in a television commercial for Pampers. He began modeling at the age of two and began working on television shows in 1985, with roles in shows such as Highway to Heaven, Who's the Boss?, The Young and the Restless, and Touched by an Angel. That year he starred in a commercial for Showbiz Pizza.[16] Walker's film career began in 1986, with the horror/comedy film Monster in the Closet. In 1987 he appeared in The Retaliator (aka Programmed to Kill), a low budget cyborg action film, with Robert Ginty. He and his sister Ashlie were contestants on a 1988 episode of the game show I'm Telling!; they finished in second place. In 1993 he played Brandon Collins on the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless. He and his co-star Heather Tom, who played Victoria Newman, were nominated for Outstanding Lead Actor and Actress in a soap opera at the Youth in Film Awards. In 1998, Walker made his feature film debut in the comedy Meet the Deedles, which finally gained him fame. This subsequently led to supporting roles in the movies Pleasantville (1998), Varsity Blues (1999), She's All That (1999), and The Skulls (2000).

text: In 2001, Walker's breakthrough role arrived when he starred opposite actor Vin Diesel in the successful action film The Fast and the Furious, the first film in the franchise. The film established Walker as a notable film star and leading man and led to his reprise of the role in the 2003 sequel 2 Fast 2 Furious. He continued his career with leading roles in films such as Joy Ride (2001), Timeline (2003), and Into the Blue (2005). He had a supporting role in Clint Eastwood's adaptation of Flags of Our Fathers (2006).

text: Walker then starred in the crime thriller Running Scared and Walt Disney Pictures' Eight Below, both released in 2006. Eight Below garnered critical-acclaim and opened in first place at the box office, grossing over US$20 million during its first weekend.[17] During the filming of Running Scared, director Wayne Kramer stated that "[Walker] is that guy on some level"[18] when comparing Walker with his character in the movie, Joey Gazelle. Kramer continued on to say that he "loved working with [Walker] because as a director he's completely supportive of my vision of what the film is. And even better, he's completely game for it."[18]

text: Walker starred in the independent film The Lazarus Project, which was released on DVD on October 21, 2008. He subsequently returned to The Fast and the Furious franchise, reprising his role in Fast & Furious, which was released on April 3, 2009.[19] Walker then appeared in the crime drama Takers, which began filming in September 2008 and was released in August 2010.[20]

text: The Coty Prestige fragrance brand Davidoff Cool Water for Men announced in January 2011 that Walker was going to be the new face of the brand as of July 2011.[21] He reprised his role in the fifth installment of The Fast and the Furious series, Fast Five (2011), and again in Fast & Furious 6 (2013). For this film, he won the 2014 MTV Movie Award as best on-screen duo, with Vin Diesel. He was part of an ensemble cast in Wayne Kramer's Pawn Shop Chronicles (2013), which was Walker's last film released before his death.

text: Shortly after his death, the Hurricane Katrina based film Hours, which he had completed earlier in 2013, was released on December 13, 2013. He had also completed the action film Brick Mansions, a remake of the French film District 13, which was released in April 2014. At the time of his death, Walker had been filming Furious 7, which was slated for release in July 2014. The film was completed by using his brothers Caleb and Cody as his body doubles/stand-ins, and CGI, and was released in April 2015.[22] Walker was also set to play Agent 47 in the video game adaptation Hitman: Agent 47, but died before production began.[23]

text: Personal life

text: Walker lived in Santa Barbara with his dogs.[10][24] He and Rebecca McBrain, a one-time girlfriend, had a daughter named Meadow Rain Walker,[25] who lived with her mother in Hawaii for 13 years and then moved to California to live with Walker in 2011.[26] Her godfather is Vin Diesel. At the time of his death, Walker was dating Jasmine Pilchard-Gosnell.[27]

text: He held a brown belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu under Ricardo "Franjinha" Miller at Paragon Jiu-Jitsu[28] and was awarded his black belt by Miller posthumously.[29]

text: Walker held an interest in marine biology; he joined the board of directors of The Billfish Foundation in 2006.[30] He fulfilled a lifelong dream by starring in a National Geographic Channel series Expedition Great White (later retitled Shark Men), which premiered in June 2010.[31][32] He spent 11 days as part of the crew, catching and tagging seven great white sharks off the coast of Mexico. The expedition, led by Chris Fischer, founder and CEO of Fischer Productions, along with Captain Brett McBride and Dr. Michael Domeier of the Marine Conservation Science Institute, took measurements, gathered DNA samples, and fastened real-time satellite tags to the great white sharks. This allowed Dr. Domeier to study migratory patterns, especially those associated with mating and birthing, over a five-year period.[33]

text: In March 2010, Walker went to Constitución, Chile, to offer his help and support to the people injured in the 8.8 magnitude earthquake that struck on February 27. He flew with his humanitarian aid team, Reach Out Worldwide, to Haiti to lend a helping hand to the 2010 Haiti earthquake victims.[34]

text: A car enthusiast, he competed in the Redline Time Attack racing series in which he raced an M3 E92 and was on the AE Performance Team. His car was sponsored by Etnies, Brembo Brakes, Ohlins, Volk, OS Giken, Hankook, Gintani, and Reach Out Worldwide.[35] Walker had been preparing for an auto show prior to his death.[36]

text: Roger Rodas became Walker's financial adviser[37] in 2007 and helped to establish Reach Out Worldwide.[38] Rodas, a pro-am racer[39] was the CEO of Always Evolving, a Valencia high-end vehicle performance shop owned by Walker.[40]

text: Walker was a close friend of his 2 Fast 2 Furious co-star Tyrese Gibson.[41] Vin Diesel considered Walker to be like a brother, both on and off screen, and affectionately called him "Pablo".[42] Walker's mother referred to her son as Diesel's "other half".[43]

text: Walker, who was raised in a Mormon household, later became a non-denominational Christian.[44]

text: Death and legal repercussions

text: On November 30, 2013, at about 3:30 p.m. PST, Walker and Roger Rodas, 38, left an event for Walker's charity Reach Out Worldwide for victims of Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda),[45] with Rodas driving[46] his Porsche Carrera GT. In a 45 miles per hour (72 km/h) speed zone on Hercules Street near Kelly Johnson Parkway in Valencia, Santa Clarita, California, the car crashed into a concrete lamp post and two trees and caught fire.[45][47] Rodas died of multiple trauma while Walker died from the combined effects of trauma and burns. Both of their bodies were burned beyond recognition.[46]

text: The curve where Walker and Rodas were killed is a popular spot for drifting cars.[48] No alcohol or other drugs were found in either man's system,[49] and neither mechanical failure nor road conditions appeared to play a role.[50] Police found no evidence of drag racing.[51] The investigation concluded that the car's speed – between 80 mph (130 km/h) and 93 mph (150 km/h) – and age of the tires were the primary reasons for the crash.[52]

text: With Furious 7 in the middle of filming at the time of Walker's death, Universal announced an indeterminate hiatus on the production, citing a desire to speak with his family before determining what to do with the film.[53]

text: Numerous friends and movie stars posted tributes to Walker on social media.[54] His body was cremated and his ashes were buried in a non-denominational ceremony at Forest Lawn Memorial Park.[55]

text: In December 2014, Walker's father, Paul III, filed a wrongful death claim against Rodas's estate seeking the return of, or "a proportionate share" of revenue generated by a group of automobiles that were jointly owned by both Walker and Rodas.[56]

text: In September 2015, Walker's daughter Meadow filed a wrongful death lawsuit against Porsche for the death of her father, claiming that the Porsche Carrera GT had numerous design defects including a history of instability, and that its seat belt placement can cause harm upon impact.[57] Porsche's response denied any wrongdoing and blamed Walker himself, stating: "The perils, risk, and danger were open and obvious and known to him, and he chose to conduct himself in a manner so as to expose himself to such perils, dangers, and risks, thus assuming all the risks involved in using the vehicle."[58] In April 2016, U.S. District Court Judge Philip S. Gutierrez ruled in favor of Porsche in a separate lawsuit filed by Roger Rodas' widow, Kristine.[59][60] The ruling had no bearing on two other cases against Porsche which have been filed by Walker's father, who is also the executor of the actor's estate, and his daughter.[60] Walker's father and daughter both reached an agreement with Porsche.[61]

text: Filmography

text: Film

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1986
Monster in the Closet
"Professor" Bennett

1987
Programmed to Kill
Jason
Credited as Paul W. Walker

1994
Tammy and the T-Rex
Michael

1998
Meet the Deedles
Phil Deedle
First lead role

Pleasantville
Skip Martin

1999
Varsity Blues
Lance Harbor

She's All That
Dean Sampson

Brokedown Palace
Jason

2000
The Skulls
Caleb Mandrake

2001
The Fast and the Furious
Brian O'Conner

Joy Ride
Lewis Thomas

2002
Life Makes Sense If You're Famous
Mikey

2003
The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious
Brian O'Conner
Short film

2 Fast 2 Furious

Timeline
Chris Johnston

2004
Noel
Mike Riley

2005
Into the Blue
Jared Cole

2006
Eight Below
Jerry Shepard

Running Scared
Joey Gazelle

Flags of Our Fathers
Hank Hansen

2007
The Death and Life of Bobby Z
Tim Kearney

Stories USA
Mikey

2008
The Lazarus Project
Ben Garvey

2009
Fast & Furious
Brian O'Conner

2010
Takers
John Rahway

2011
Fast Five
Brian O'Conner

2013
Vehicle 19
Michael Woods

Fast & Furious 6
Brian O'Conner

Pawn Shop Chronicles
Raw Dog

Hours
Nolan Hayes
Released two weeks after Walker's death

2014
Brick Mansions
Damien Collier
Released five months after Walker's death

2015
Furious 7
Brian O'Conner
Walker's last performance in a film

text: Television

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1984–1994
CBS Schoolbreak Special
Dill
Episodes: "Dead Wrong: The John Evans Story" and "Love in the Dark Ages"

1985–1986
Highway to Heaven
Todd Bryant/Eric Travers
Episodes: "Birds of a Feather" and "A Special Love" (Parts 1 & 2)

1987
Throb
Jeremy Beatty
23 episodes

1990
Charles in Charge
Russell Davis
Episode: "Dead Puck Society"

1991
Who's the Boss?
Michael Haynes
Episode: "You Can Go Home Again"

1991
What a Dummy
Rick
Episode: "Bringing Up Baby"

1992
The Young and the Restless
Brandon Collins

1996
Touched by an Angel
Jonathan

2010
Shark Men
Himself
3 episodes, aka Expedition Great White

2013
Shark Week
Himself
1 episode

text: Music videos

text:
Year
Artists
Song
Notes

1997
The Mighty Mighty Bosstones
"Wrong Thing Right Then"

2003
Ludacris
"Act a Fool"

2013
2 Chainz & Wiz Khalifa
"We Own It"
Archival footage

2015
Wiz Khalifa & Charlie Puth
"See You Again"
Archival footage

text: Awards and nominations

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominated work
Result

2002
MTV Movie Award
Best On-Screen Team (shared with Vin Diesel)

The Fast and the Furious

Won

2011
Teen Choice Awards
Choice Movie Actor – Action

Fast Five

Nominated

2013
Choice Movie: Chemistry (shared with Vin Diesel and Dwayne Johnson)

Fast & Furious 6

Nominated

2014
MTV Movie Award
Best On-Screen Duo (shared with Vin Diesel)
Won

2015
Teen Choice Awards
Choice Movie Actor: Action

Furious 7

Won

Choice Movie: Chemistry (shared with Vin Diesel, Michelle Rodriguez, Tyrese Gibson, Dwayne Johnson, Ludacris)
Nominated


document_title: List of NBA champions

question_text: who won the nba finals in the last four years

text: List of NBA champions

text: Champions

text: The first brackets in the Western Champion and Eastern Champion columns indicate the teams' playoff seed. The second brackets indicate the number of times that teams have appeared in an NBA Finals as well as each respective team's NBA Finals record to date.

tag: ul

text:
Bold

Winning team of the NBA Finals

text:
Year

Western Champion

Coach

Result

Eastern Champion

Coach

Reference

1947
Chicago Stags (1) (1, 0–1)
Harold Olsen
1–4
Philadelphia Warriors (2) (1, 1–0)
Eddie Gottlieb
[14]

1948
Baltimore Bullets (2) (1, 1–0)
Buddy Jeannette
4–2
Philadelphia Warriors (1) (2, 1–1)
Eddie Gottlieb
[15]

1949
Minneapolis Lakers (2) (1, 1–0)
John Kundla
4–2
Washington Capitols (1) (1, 0–1)
Red Auerbach
[16]

1950
Minneapolis Lakers (1) [a] (2, 2–0)
John Kundla
4–2
Syracuse Nationals (1) (1, 0–1)
Al Cervi
[17][18]

1951
Rochester Royals (2) (1, 1–0)
Les Harrison
4–3
New York Knicks (3) (1, 0–1)
Joe Lapchick
[19]

1952
Minneapolis Lakers (2) (3, 3–0)
John Kundla
4–3
New York Knicks (3) (2, 0–2)
Joe Lapchick
[20]

1953
Minneapolis Lakers (1) (4, 4–0)
John Kundla
4–1
New York Knicks (1) (3, 0–3)
Joe Lapchick
[21]

1954
Minneapolis Lakers (1) (5, 5–0)
John Kundla
4–3
Syracuse Nationals (1) (3, 0–3)
Al Cervi
[22]

1955
Fort Wayne Pistons (1) (1, 0–1)
Charles Eckman
3–4
Syracuse Nationals (1) (3, 1–2)
Al Cervi
[23]

1956
Fort Wayne Pistons (1) (2, 0–2)
Charles Eckman
1–4
Philadelphia Warriors (1) (3, 2–1)
George Senesky
[24]

1957
St. Louis Hawks (1) (1, 0–1)
Alex Hannum
3–4
Boston Celtics (1) (1, 1–0)
Red Auerbach
[25]

1958
St. Louis Hawks (1) (2, 1–1)
Alex Hannum
4–2
Boston Celtics (1) (2, 1–1)
Red Auerbach
[26]

1959
Minneapolis Lakers (2) (6, 5–1)
John Kundla
0–4
Boston Celtics (1) (3, 2–1)
Red Auerbach
[27]

1960
St. Louis Hawks (1) (3, 1–2)
Ed Macauley
3–4
Boston Celtics (1) (4, 3–1)
Red Auerbach
[28]

1961
St. Louis Hawks (1) (4, 1–3)
Paul Seymour
1–4
Boston Celtics (1) (5, 4–1)
Red Auerbach
[29]

1962
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (7, 5–2)
Fred Schaus
3–4
Boston Celtics (1) (6, 5–1)
Red Auerbach
[30]

1963
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (8, 5–3)
Fred Schaus
2–4
Boston Celtics (1) (7, 6–1)
Red Auerbach
[31]

1964[b]
San Francisco Warriors (1) (4, 2–2)
Alex Hannum
1–4
Boston Celtics (1) (8, 7–1)
Red Auerbach
[32]

1965
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (9, 5–4)
Fred Schaus
1–4
Boston Celtics (1) (9, 8–1)
Red Auerbach
[33]

1966
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (10, 5–5)
Fred Schaus
3–4
Boston Celtics (2) (10, 9–1)
Red Auerbach
[34]

1967
San Francisco Warriors (1) (5, 2–3)
Bill Sharman
2–4
Philadelphia 76ers (1) (4, 2–2)
Alex Hannum
[35]

1968
Los Angeles Lakers (2) (11, 5–6)
Butch van Breda Kolff
2–4
Boston Celtics (2) (11, 10–1)
Bill Russell
[36]

1969
Los Angeles Lakers (1)  (12, 5–7)
Butch van Breda Kolff
3–4
Boston Celtics (4) (12, 11–1)
Bill Russell
[37]

1970
Los Angeles Lakers (2) (13, 5–8)
Joe Mullaney
3–4
New York Knicks (1) (4, 1–3)
Red Holzman
[38]

1971
Milwaukee Bucks (1) (1, 1–0)
Larry Costello
4–0
Baltimore Bullets (1) (1, 0–1)
Gene Shue
[39]

1972
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (14, 6–8)
Bill Sharman
4–1
New York Knicks (2) (5, 1–4)
Red Holzman
[40]

1973
Los Angeles Lakers (2) (15, 6–9)
Bill Sharman
1–4
New York Knicks (2) (6, 2–4)
Red Holzman
[41]

1974
Milwaukee Bucks (1) (2, 1–1)
Larry Costello
3–4
Boston Celtics (1) (13, 12–1)
Tom Heinsohn
[42]

1975
Golden State Warriors (1) (6, 3–3)
Al Attles
4–0
Washington Bullets (2) (2, 0–2)
K.C. Jones
[43]

1976
Phoenix Suns (3) (1, 0–1)
John MacLeod
2–4
Boston Celtics (1) (14, 13–1)
Tom Heinsohn
[44]

1977[c]
Portland Trail Blazers (3) (1, 1–0)
Jack Ramsey
4–2
Philadelphia 76ers (1) (5, 2–3)
Gene Shue
[47]

1978
Seattle SuperSonics (4) (1, 0–1)
Lenny Wilkens
3–4
Washington Bullets (3) (3, 1–2)
Dick Motta
[48]

1979
Seattle SuperSonics (1) (2, 1–1)
Lenny Wilkens
4–1
Washington Bullets (1) (4, 1–3)
Dick Motta
[49]

1980
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (16, 7–9)
Paul Westhead
4–2
Philadelphia 76ers (3) (6, 2–4)
Billy Cunningham
[50]

1981
Houston Rockets (6) (1, 0–1)
Del Harris
2–4
Boston Celtics (1) (15, 14–1)
Bill Fitch
[51]

1982
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (17, 8–9)
Pat Riley
4–2
Philadelphia 76ers (3) (7, 2–5)
Billy Cunningham
[52]

1983
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (18, 8–10)
Pat Riley
0–4
Philadelphia 76ers (1) (8, 3–5)
Billy Cunningham
[53]

1984[d]
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (19, 8–11)
Pat Riley
3–4
Boston Celtics (1) (16, 15–1)
K.C. Jones
[54]

1985
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (20, 9–11)
Pat Riley
4–2
Boston Celtics (1) (17, 15–2)
K.C. Jones
[55]

1986
Houston Rockets (2) (2, 0–2)
Bill Fitch
2–4
Boston Celtics (1) (18, 16–2)
K.C. Jones
[56]

1987
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (21, 10–11)
Pat Riley
4–2
Boston Celtics (1) (19, 16–3)
K.C. Jones
[57]

1988
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (22, 11–11)
Pat Riley
4–3
Detroit Pistons (2) (3, 0–3)
Chuck Daly
[58]

1989
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (23, 11–12)
Pat Riley
0–4
Detroit Pistons (1) (4, 1–3)
Chuck Daly
[59]

1990
Portland Trail Blazers (3) (2, 1–1)
Rick Adelman
1–4
Detroit Pistons (1) (5, 2–3)
Chuck Daly
[60]

1991
Los Angeles Lakers (3) (24, 11–13)
Mike Dunleavy
1–4
Chicago Bulls (1) (1, 1–0)
Phil Jackson
[61]

1992
Portland Trail Blazers (1) (3, 1–2)
Rick Adelman
2–4
Chicago Bulls (1) (2, 2–0)
Phil Jackson
[62]

1993
Phoenix Suns (1) (2, 0–2)
Paul Westphal
2–4
Chicago Bulls (2) (3, 3–0)
Phil Jackson
[63]

1994
Houston Rockets (2) (3, 1–2)
Rudy Tomjanovich
4–3
New York Knicks (2) (7, 2–5)
Pat Riley
[64]

1995
Houston Rockets (6) (4, 2–2)
Rudy Tomjanovich
4–0
Orlando Magic (1) (1, 0–1)
Brian Hill
[65]

1996
Seattle SuperSonics (1) (3, 1–2)
George Karl
2–4
Chicago Bulls (1) (4, 4–0)
Phil Jackson
[66]

1997
Utah Jazz (1) (1, 0–1)
Jerry Sloan
2–4
Chicago Bulls (1) (5, 5–0)
Phil Jackson
[67]

1998
Utah Jazz (1) (2, 0–2)
Jerry Sloan
2–4
Chicago Bulls (1) (6, 6–0)
Phil Jackson
[68]

1999[e]
San Antonio Spurs (1) (1, 1–0)
Gregg Popovich
4–1
New York Knicks (8) (8, 2–6)
Jeff Van Gundy
[70]

2000
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (25, 12–13)
Phil Jackson
4–2
Indiana Pacers (1) (1, 0–1)
Larry Bird
[71]

2001
Los Angeles Lakers (2) (26, 13–13)
Phil Jackson
4–1
Philadelphia 76ers (1) (9, 3–6)
Larry Brown
[72]

2002
Los Angeles Lakers (3) (27, 14–13)
Phil Jackson
4–0
New Jersey Nets (1) (1, 0–1)
Byron Scott
[73]

2003
San Antonio Spurs (1) (2, 2–0)
Gregg Popovich
4–2
New Jersey Nets (2) (2, 0–2)
Byron Scott
[74]

2004
Los Angeles Lakers (2) (28, 14–14)
Phil Jackson
1–4
Detroit Pistons (3) (6, 3–3)
Larry Brown
[75]

2005
San Antonio Spurs (2) (3, 3–0)
Gregg Popovich
4–3
Detroit Pistons (2) (7, 3–4)
Larry Brown
[76]

2006
Dallas Mavericks (4) (1, 0–1)
Avery Johnson
2–4
Miami Heat (2) (1, 1–0)
Pat Riley
[77]

2007
San Antonio Spurs (3) (4, 4–0)
Gregg Popovich
4–0
Cleveland Cavaliers (2) (1, 0–1)
Mike Brown
[78]

2008
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (29, 14–15)
Phil Jackson
2–4
Boston Celtics (1) (20, 17–3)
Doc Rivers
[79]

2009
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (30, 15–15)
Phil Jackson
4–1
Orlando Magic (3) (2, 0–2)
Stan Van Gundy
[80]

2010
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (31, 16–15)
Phil Jackson
4–3
Boston Celtics (4) (21, 17–4)
Doc Rivers
[81]

2011
Dallas Mavericks (3) (2, 1–1)
Rick Carlisle
4–2
Miami Heat (2) (2, 1–1)
Erik Spoelstra
[82]

2012[f]
Oklahoma City Thunder (2) (4, 1–3)
Scott Brooks
1–4
Miami Heat (2) (3, 2–1)
Erik Spoelstra
[85]

2013
San Antonio Spurs (2) (5, 4–1)
Gregg Popovich
3–4
Miami Heat (1) (4, 3–1)
Erik Spoelstra
[86]

2014
San Antonio Spurs (1) (6, 5–1)
Gregg Popovich
4–1
Miami Heat (2) (5, 3–2)
Erik Spoelstra
[87]

2015
Golden State Warriors (1) (7, 4–3)
Steve Kerr
4–2
Cleveland Cavaliers (2) (2, 0–2)
David Blatt
[88]

2016
Golden State Warriors (1) (8, 4–4)
Steve Kerr
3–4
Cleveland Cavaliers (1) (3, 1–2)
Tyronn Lue
[89]

2017
Golden State Warriors (1) (9, 5–4)
Steve Kerr
4–1
Cleveland Cavaliers (2) (4, 1–3)
Tyronn Lue
[90]

2018
Golden State Warriors (2) (10, 6–4)
Steve Kerr
4–0
Cleveland Cavaliers (4) (5, 1–4)
Tyronn Lue
[91]

text: Results by teams

text:
Teams
Win
Loss
Total
Year(s) won
Year(s) lost

Boston Celtics
17
4
21
1957, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1974, 1976, 1981, 1984, 1986, 2008
1958, 1985, 1987, 2010

Minneapolis/Los Angeles Lakers
16
15
31
1949, 1950, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1972, 1980, 1982, 1985, 1987, 1988, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2009, 2010
1959, 1962, 1963, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1973, 1983, 1984, 1989, 1991, 2004, 2008

Philadelphia/San Francisco/Golden State Warriors
6
4
10
1947, 1956, 1975, 2015, 2017, 2018
1948, 1964, 1967, 2016

Chicago Bulls
6
0
6
1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998
—

San Antonio Spurs
5
1
6
1999, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2014
2013

Syracuse Nationals/Philadelphia 76ers
3
6
9
1955, 1967, 1983
1950, 1954, 1977, 1980, 1982, 2001

Fort Wayne/Detroit Pistons
3
4
7
1989, 1990, 2004
1955, 1956, 1988, 2005

Miami Heat
3
2
5
2006, 2012, 2013
2011, 2014

New York Knicks
2
6
8
1970, 1973
1951, 1952, 1953, 1972, 1994, 1999

Houston Rockets
2
2
4
1994, 1995
1981, 1986

Cleveland Cavaliers
1
4
5
2016
2007, 2015, 2017, 2018

St. Louis/Atlanta Hawks
1
3
4
1958
1957, 1960, 1961

Baltimore/Washington Bullets/Washington Wizards
1
3
4
1978
1971, 1975, 1979

Seattle SuperSonics/Oklahoma City Thunder
1
3
4
1979
1978, 1996, 2012

Portland Trail Blazers
1
2
3
1977
1990, 1992

Milwaukee Bucks
1
1
2
1971
1974

Dallas Mavericks
1
1
2
2011
2006

Baltimore Bullets (original) (folded in 1954)[g]
1
0
1
1948
—

Rochester/Cincinnati Royals/Kansas City/Sacramento Kings
1
0
1
1951
—

Phoenix Suns
0
2
2
—
1976, 1993

New Orleans/Utah Jazz
0
2
2
—
1997, 1998

New Jersey/Brooklyn Nets
0
2
2
—
2002, 2003

Orlando Magic
0
2
2
—
1995, 2009

Chicago Stags (folded in 1950)
0
1
1
—
1947

Washington Capitols (folded in 1951)
0
1
1
—
1949

Indiana Pacers
0
1
1
—
2000

Buffalo Braves/San Diego/Los Angeles Clippers
—
—
—

Charlotte Hornets/Bobcats
—
—
—

Denver Nuggets
—
—
—

Minnesota Timberwolves
—
—
—

New Orleans Hornets/Pelicans
—
—
—

Toronto Raptors
—
—
—

Vancouver/Memphis Grizzlies
—
—
—

text: Notes

text:
Jump up ^ Due to the NBA's realignment into three divisions, the team with the best regular season record after the Divisional Finals advanced automatically to the NBA Finals while the other two teams faced off in the NBA Semifinals to determine the other finalist. Eastern Division champion Syracuse had the best regular season record among the division champions, causing Central Division (no relation to the current Central Division) champion Minneapolis to face Western Division champion Anderson Packers in the NBA Semifinals.[17]

Jump up ^ The trophy was renamed for Walter A. Brown.

Jump up ^ The trophy was replaced by a new design.[45][46]

Jump up ^ The trophy was renamed for Larry O'Brien.

Jump up ^ Due to a lockout, the season did not start until February 5, 1999, and all 29 teams played a shortened 50 game regular season schedule.[69]

Jump up ^ Due to a lockout, the season did not start until December 25, 2011 and all 30 teams played a shortened 66-game regular season schedule.[83][84]

Jump up ^ Not affiliated with the present-day Washington Wizards who were known as the Baltimore/Capital/Washington Bullets from 1963 to 1997.

tag: ol


document_title: Ring finger

question_text: where do you put your wedding ring..left hand or right hand

question_tokens: where do you put your wedding ring. . left hand or right hand

text: Ring finger

text: Etymology[edit]

text:
The origin of the selection of the fourth finger as the ring finger is not definitively known. According to László A. Magyar, the names of the ring finger in many languages reflect an ancient belief that it is a magical finger. It is named after magic or rings, or called nameless (for example, in Chinese: 無名指, unnamed finger).[1]
In Sanskrit and other languages like Finnish or Russian, the ring finger is called respectively - "Anamika", "Nimetön" and "Безымянный" ("nameless"). In Arabic and Hebrew, the ring finger is called respectively - bansur (meaning "victory") - and kmitsa (meaning "taking a handful").

text: In anatomy, the ring finger is called digitus medicinalis, the fourth finger, digitus annularis, digitus quartus, or digitus IV. It may also be referred to as the third finger,[2] excluding the thumb. In Latin, the word anulus means "ring", digitus means "finger", and quartus means "fourth".

text: History[edit]

text: Before medical science discovered how the circulatory system functioned, people believed that a vein ran directly from the fourth finger on the left hand to the heart.[3] Because of the hand–heart connection, they chose the descriptive name vena amoris, Latin for the vein of love, for this particular vein.[4]

text: Based upon this name, their contemporaries, purported experts in the field of matrimonial etiquette, wrote that it would only be fitting that the wedding ring be worn on this finger.[citation needed] By wearing the ring on the fourth finger of the left hand, a married couple symbolically declares their eternal love for each other.

text: In Britain, only women tended to wear a wedding ring until the 1st and 2nd World Wars, when married male soldiers started to wear rings to remind them of their partner.

text: Contemporary customs[edit]

text: Western customs[edit]

text: In Western cultures, a wedding ring is traditionally worn on the ring finger. This developed from the Roman "anulus pronubis" when a man would give a ring to the woman at their betrothal ceremony. Blessing the wedding ring and putting it on the bride's finger dates from the 11th century. In medieval Europe, during the Christian wedding ceremony the ring was placed in sequence on the thumb, index, middle, and ring fingers of the left hand. The ring was then left on the ring finger. In a few European countries, the ring is worn on the left hand prior to marriage, then transferred to the right during the ceremony. For example, a Greek Orthodox bride wears the ring on the left hand prior to the ceremony, then moves it to the right hand after the wedding. In England, the 1549 Prayer Book declared "the ring shall be placed on the left hand". By the 17th and 18th centuries the ring could be found on any finger after the ceremony — even on the thumb.

text: The wedding ring is generally worn on the ring finger of the left hand in the former British Empire, certain parts of Western Europe, certain parts of Catholic Central and Eastern Europe (and some not so), Mexico and Bolivia. These include: Australia, Botswana, Canada, Egypt, Ireland, New Zealand, South Africa, the UK, and the US; France, Italy, Portugal, Sweden, and Finland; Czech Republic, Slovakia, Switzerland, Croatia, Slovenia, and Romania.

text: The wedding ring is worn on the ring finger of the right hand in some Orthodox and a small number of Catholic European countries, some Protestant Western European, as well as some Central and South American Catholic countries.[5] In Eastern Europe, these include:  Bulgaria, Greece, Georgia, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Russia, and Serbia.  In Central or Western Europe, these include: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Netherlands [if not Catholic], Norway, and (Catholic) Spain. In Central or South America, these include: Colombia, Cuba, Peru, Venezuela.

text: The ring is worn on the right hand until the actual wedding day, when it is moved to the left hand in Turkey, Lebanon, and Syria as well as in Romania and Brazil.

text: Non-Western customs[edit]

text: In Sinhala and Tamil culture, the groom wears the wedding ring on his right hand and bride wears it on her left hand ring finger. This can be seen in countries like Sri Lanka where there is a rich Sinhala and Tamil cultural influence in the society.[6]

text: A wedding ring is not a traditional part of the religious Muslim wedding and wedding rings are not included in most Islamic countries, However, if a wedding ring is worn in an Islamic country, it may be worn on either the left (such is the custom in Iran) or the right ring finger (as in Jordan).  As opposed to the wedding ring, use of a ring to denote betrothal or engagement is quite prevalent in Muslim countries, especially those in West and South Asia. Muslim engagement rings are typically worn on the right finger by men, and the left finger by women.

text: In a traditional Jewish wedding ceremony, the wedding ring is placed on the bride's righthand index finger[7], but other traditions place it on the middle finger or the thumb, most commonly in recent times.[8] Today, the ring usually is moved to the left hand ring finger after the ceremony. Some Jewish grooms have adopted wearing a wedding ring.

text: Rings are not traditional in an Indian wedding. However, in modern society it is becoming a practice to wear rings for engagements and not for actual marriage. Though the left hand is considered inauspicious for religious activities, a ring (not to be called wedding ring) is still worn on the left hand. Men generally wear the rings on the right hand and the women on the left hands.


document_title: Chris Tate

question_text: who was married to chris tate in emmerdale

text: Chris Tate

text:
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text:
Chris Tate

Peter Amory as Chris Tate (1999)

Emmerdale character

Portrayed by
Peter Amory

Duration
1989–2003

First appearance
14 November 1989

Last appearance
18 September 2003

Introduced by
Stuart Doughty

Classification
Former; regular

Profile

Occupation
Businessman

[show]Family

Father
Frank Tate

Mother
Jean Tate, Sr.

Sisters
Zoe Tate

Half-brothers
Liam Hammond
James Tate

Wife
Kathy Tate (1991–1994)
Rachel Tate (1995–1997)
Charity Tate (2001–2003)

Sons
Joseph Tate
Noah Tate

Stepdaughters
Debbie Dingle (2001–2003)

Nieces
Jean Tate

text: Christopher Francis Tate is a fictional character from the British ITV soap opera, Emmerdale, played by Peter Amory. The character made his first appearance on 14 November 1989, when he arrived in the village alongside the rest of the Tate family - his father Frank, stepmother Kim and younger sister, Zoe. Initially, Chris was a good man who ran his business fairly, but was left permanently resentful of his life when he was maimed in a plane crash in 1993, which left him paralyzed from the waist down. The character then became much more jaded and bitter, often using his intelligence and assets to exact revenge on those he perceived to have hurt him. The resulting disabilities he was left with made him realize that his wife Kathy only remained with him to fulfill the role of his carer, leading to their divorce. He went on to marry Rachel Hughes in 1995, but his growing lust for money and indifference for everyone else's feelings lead to marital breakdown and divorce. Chris then married former prostitute Charity Dingle in 2001, despite a 12-year age gap and the disapproval of Zoe, but Charity's selfishness and cheating behaviour ultimately lead to the deterioration of their relationship. Chris soon learned he had an inoperable brain tumour, and rather than wait to die, decided to take revenge on Charity. After ensuring Charity would be left with nothing, he made his final appearance on 18 September 2003, when he committed suicide so as to frame her for his murder. Although Charity claimed she was sorry, Chris's last words consisted of a tirade of insults towards her, before the poison he had taken killed him.

text: Storylines[edit]

text: Chris first appeared in November 1989 when his father Frank and stepmother Kim bought Home Farm. He was the managing director of his father's haulage firm. He had owned a flat in Skipdale, but moved into Home Farm soon afterwards to be closer to love interest Kathy Merrick. He had a tense relationship with his father Frank Tate (Norman Bowler), partly due to the death of Chris's mother Jean, who had died five years ago from cancer, and Frank's remarriage to his secretary Kim, who was only a few years older than Chris and had been having an affair with Frank whilst Jean was ill. Despite the turbulence between father and son, Chris was close to his younger sister, Zoe Tate. When Frank admitted he had helped Jean die when she was terminally ill, Chris initially accused Frank and Kim of plotting his mother's death. Chris was also unimpressed when Kim persuaded Frank to have an operation to reverse his vasectomy.

text: Chris and Kathy began dating and Chris wrote a song for Kathy to sing at a village concert, 'Just This Side of Love' (which was released as a single sung by Malandra Burrows). They briefly split up over Chris's gambling habits after he lost his motorbike in a poker match to Alan Turner, but reunite and marry on 5 November 1991. The marriage began to break down a year later when Chris found out Kathy knew that Kim was having an affair with village toff Rt. Hon. Neil Kincaid (Brian Deacon). In the row that follows, Chris nearly hit Kathy, and later confides in Zoe that he is worried that he has inherited their father's temper. He also admitted that although he wanted children, Kathy didn't. When former alcoholic Frank relapses into drinking again, Chris sees an opportunity to gain control of the business by buying Kim's shares, mortgaging his and Kathy's cottage to do so, Kathy only finding out when Frank confronts her. As it turned out, Zoe joined forces with Frank to vote down Chris. Kathy, angry at his actions, begins an affair with American wine merchant Josh Lewis (Peter Warnock), and plans to leave Chris.

text: On 30 December 1993, Chris spent the evening in Skipdale with a friend, unaware Kathy was planning to leave him that night. He was supposed to pick up Kathy and meet Zoe in the Woolpack but went straight to the pub and was there when a plane crashed into the village. Chris was trapped in the wreckage of the wine bar with his family thinking he was still in Skipdale. He was eventually discovered by Kathy's lover, Josh, and was dug out overnight. He suffered spinal injuries and was left paraplegic.

text: Chris was very bitter about being disabled and realised that Kathy was only with him out of duty. He formed a bond with Rachel Hughes, whose brother, Mark, died in the plane crash, and she began giving him swimming lessons. The friendship became an affair and Kathy found out when she saw them kissing on their third wedding anniversary. When Kathy found out Rachel was expecting Chris's child, she threw Chris out of his wheelchair.

text: Rachel went into labour prematurely after discovering that her stepfather Joe Sugden had died. She gave birth to a baby boy named Joseph Mark after her stepfather and brother. Chris and Rachel soon fell out with Frank over his interference with Joseph.

text: Chris and Rachel got married on 7 December 1995 with only Jack and Sarah Sugden as witnesses. The marriage lasted less than a year because of Chris's increasingly selfish and money-grabbing ways. Rachel later died, leaving Chris custody of Joseph.

text: When Frank died of a heart attack in 1997. Chris was convinced that Kim had killed him. Kim admitted to Chris that she had watched his father die. When Chris tried to blackmail her into giving him custody of his half-brother James, Kim hit Chris over the head and tipped him out of his wheelchair, pouring whisky over him before escaping with James by helicopter.

text: In 1999, Chris was held hostage by an employee, Liam, who revealed that he was Frank's illegitimate son and Chris's half-brother. Chris eventually formed a bond with Liam and was upset when he was shot dead by Zoe 'rescuing' Chris

text: In 2001 Chris married for a third time, to prostitute Charity Dingle. However, Zoe didn't like Charity and told Charity it was because of her history, but it soon transpired that Zoe fancied Charity herself. She offered Charity money to leave Chris and Charity responded by kissing her. The two then famously had a lesbian affair, which lasted for several months. Charity became alarmed by Zoe's obsessive behaviour and tried to end the fling, but Zoe secretly recorded Charity confessing to the affair on tape and blackmailed her into signing a prenuptial agreement, so she would always have a hold over her. Charity then confessed all to Chris, and he surprised her by forgiving her and ripping up the prenup. He later forgave Zoe after she was diagonised with Schizophrenia.

text: In 2003 Chris discovered that Charity had had a baby when she was 13 and given it up adoption, after Emily and Paddy Kirk's 13-year-old foster child Debbie Jones claimed she was Charity's daughter. He was shocked to discover that Debbie's father was Charity's cousin Cain Dingle. In later 2003 he threw Charity out after discovering that she had been having an affair with Cain. Learning that he had an inoperable brain tumour and only months to live, Chris began frittering away all his money to ensure Charity would be left with nothing. He said a tearful goodbye to Zoe and Joseph and then arranged a meeting with Charity where he poisoned himself in order to frame his wife for his murder. He died on the floor of Home Farm in the same spot where his father had died six years previously. His last word was 'whore'.

text: In 2017, Chris's son Joseph Tate returns to the village under the false name Tom Waterhouse to take revenge on Charity Dingle


document_title: Axial Age

question_text: what were the main areas of axial age thinking in eurasia

text: Axial Age

text: Definition[edit]

text:
Jaspers introduced the concept of an Axial Age in his book Vom Ursprung und Ziel der Geschichte (The Origin and Goal of History[2]), published in 1949. The simultaneous appearance of thinkers and philosophers in different areas of the world had been remarked by numerous authors since the 18th century, notably by the French Indologist Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron.[3] Jaspers explicitly cited some of these authors, including Victor von Strauß (1859) and Peter Ernst von Lasaulx (1870).[3]
Jasper's contribution was to claim that the Axial Age should be viewed as an objective empirical fact of history, independently of religious considerations.[4] He argued that during the Axial Age, "the spiritual foundations of humanity were laid simultaneously and independently in China, India, Persia, Judea, and Greece. And these are the foundations upon which humanity still subsists today".[5]

text: He identified a number of key thinkers as having had a profound influence on future philosophies and religions, and identified characteristics common to each area from which those thinkers emerged. Jaspers held up this age as unique, and one to which the rest of the history of human thought might be compared.

text: Characteristics[edit]

text: Jaspers presented his first outline of the Axial age by a series of examples:

text: Confucius and Lao-Tse were living in China, all the schools of Chinese philosophy came into being, including those of Mo Ti, Chuang Tse, Lieh Tzu and a host of others; India produced the Upanishads and Buddha and, like China, ran the whole gamut of philosophical possibilities down to materialism, scepticism and nihilism; in Iran Zarathustra taught a challenging view of the world as a struggle between good and evil; in Palestine the prophets made their appearance from Elijah by way of Isaiah and Jeremiah to Deutero-Isaiah; Greece witnessed the appearance of Homer, of the philosophers – Parmenides, Heraclitus and Plato, – of the tragedians, of Thucydides and Archimedes. Everything implied by these names developed during these few centuries almost simultaneously in China, India and the West.

text: Jaspers described the Axial Age as "an interregnum between two ages of great empire, a pause for liberty, a deep breath bringing the most lucid consciousness".[6] It has also been suggested that the Axial Age was a historically liminal period, when old certainties had lost their validity and new ones were still not ready.[7]

text: Jaspers had a particular interest in the similarities in circumstance and thought of its figures. Similarities included an engagement in the quest for human meaning[8] and the rise of a new elite class of religious leaders and thinkers in China, India and the Occident.[9]

text:
These spiritual foundations were laid by individual thinkers within a framework of a changing social environment. Jaspers argues that the characteristics appeared under similar political circumstances: China, India, the Middle East and the Occident each comprised multiple small states engaged in internal and external struggles.
The three regions all gave birth to, and then institutionalized, a tradition of travelling scholars, who roamed from city to city to exchange ideas. After the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, Taoism and Confucianism emerged in China. In other regions, the scholars were largely from extant religious traditions; in India, from Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism; in Persia, from Zoroastrianism; in The Levant, from Judaism; and in Greece, from Sophism and other classical philosophies.

text: Many of the cultures of the axial age were considered second-generation societies because they were built on the societies that preceded them.[10]

text: Thinkers and movements[edit]

text: Parshvanatha[11][12] (23rd Tirthankara in the 9th century BCE) and Mahavira (24th Tirthankara in the 6th century BCE), known as the fordmakers of Jainism lived during this age.[13][14] They propagated the religion of sramanas (previous Tirthankaras) and influenced Indian philosophy by propounding the principles of ahimsa (non-violence), karma,  samsara and asceticism.[15]

text: Buddhism, also of the sramana tradition of India, was another of the world's most influential philosophies, founded by Siddhartha Gautama, or the Buddha, who lived during this period; its spread was aided by Ashoka, who lived late in the period.

text: In China, the Hundred Schools of Thought were in contention and Confucianism and Taoism arose during this era, and in this area it remains a profound influence on social and religious life.

text: Zoroastrianism, another of Jaspers' examples, is one of the first monotheistic religions and some believe it greatly influenced modern Abrahamic religions with such conceptions as the devil and Heaven/Hell.[16] The exact date of Zoroaster's life is debated by scholars, with some, such as Mary Boyce, arguing that Zoroastrianism itself is significantly older.[16] Others, such as William W Malandra and RC Zaehner, suggest that he may indeed have been an early contemporary of Cyrus living around 600 BC.[17]  However, Boyce and other leading scholars who once supported much earlier dates for Zarathustra/Zoroaster have recently changed their position on the time when he likely lived, so that there is an emerging consensus regarding him as a contemporary or near-contemporary of Cyrus the Great.[18]

text: Jaspers' axial shifts included the rise of Platonism, which would later become a major influence on the Western world through both Christianity and secular thought throughout the Middle Ages and into the Renaissance.

text: Reception[edit]

text: In addition to Jaspers, the philosopher Eric Voegelin referred to this age as The Great Leap of Being, constituting a new spiritual awakening and a shift of perception from societal to individual values.[19] Thinkers and teachers like the Buddha, Pythagoras, Heraclitus, Parmenides, and Anaxagoras contributed to such awakenings which Plato would later call anamnesis, or a remembering of things forgotten.

text: David Christian notes that the first "universal religions" appeared in the age of the first universal empires and of the first all-encompassing trading networks.[20]

text: Anthropologist David Graeber has pointed out that "the core period of Jasper's Axial age [...] corresponds almost exactly to the period in which coinage was invented.  What's more, the three parts of the world where coins were first invented were also the very parts of the world where those sages lived; in fact, they became the epicenters of Axial Age religious and philosophical creativity."[21] Drawing on the work of classicist Richard Seaford and literary theorist Marc Shell on the relation between coinage and early Greek thought, Graeber argues that an understanding of the rise of markets is necessary to grasp the context in which the religious and philosophical insights of the Axial age arose. The ultimate effect of the introduction of coinage was, he argues, an "ideal division of spheres of human activity that endures to this day: on the one hand the market, on the other, religion."[22]

text: German sociologist Max Weber played an important role in Jaspers' thinking.[23][24][25] Shmuel Eisenstadt argues in the introduction to The Origins and Diversity of Axial Age Civilizations that Weber's work in his The Religion of China: Confucianism and Taoism, The Religion of India: The Sociology of Hinduism and Buddhism and Ancient Judaism provided a background for the importance of the period, and notes parallels with Eric Voegelin's Order and History.[9] Wider acknowledgement of Jaspers' work came after it was presented at a conference and published in Dædalus in 1975, and Jaspers' suggestion that the period was uniquely transformative generated important discussion amongst other scholars, such as Johann Arnason.[25] In literature, Gore Vidal in his novel Creation covers much of this Axial Age through the fictional perspective of a Persian adventurer.

text: Shmuel Eisenstadt analyses economic circumstances relating to the coming of the Axial Age in Greece.[26]

text: Religious historian Karen Armstrong explored the period in her The Great Transformation,[27] and the theory has been the focus of academic conferences.[28] Usage of the term has expanded beyond Jaspers' original formulation. Armstrong argues that the Enlightenment was a "Second Axial Age", including thinkers such as Isaac Newton, Sigmund Freud, and Albert Einstein. It has also been suggested that the modern era is a new axial age, wherein relationships between religion, secularity, and traditional thought are changing.[29]

text: The validity of the concept has been called into question.[30] In 2006 Diarmaid MacCulloch called the Jaspers thesis "a baggy monster, which tries to bundle up all sorts of diversities over four very different civilisations, only two of which had much contact with each other during the six centuries that (after adjustments) he eventually singled out, between 800 and 200 BCE".[31] A comprehensive critique appears in Iain Provan's 2013 book Convenient Myths: The Axial Age, Dark Green Religion, and the World That Never Was.[32]


document_title: My Mad Fat Diary

question_text: who plays tix in my mad fat diary

question_tokens: who plays tix in my mad fat diary

text: My Mad Fat Diary

text: Plot[edit]

text: Set in Stamford, Lincolnshire in the mid-1990s, My Mad Fat Diary follows the story of 16-year-old, 16 stone (105 kg) (224 lb) girl, Rae Earl, who has just left a psychiatric hospital, where she has spent four months.[4] She begins to reconnect with her best friend, Chloe, who is unaware of Rae's mental health and body image problems, believing she was in France for the past four months. Rae attempts to keep this information from her while also trying to impress Chloe's friends Finn, Archie, Izzy and Chop.[5]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Sharon Rooney as Rachel 'Rae' Earl, a 16-year-old who has spent four months in a psychiatric hospital. She struggles to hide her mental health and body image problems from her new friends and finds it hard to fit in. She becomes romantically involved with Finn Nelson, whom she dates in the second series.
Claire Rushbrook as Linda Earl-Bouchtat, Rae's mum.[6] She marries Karim Bouchtat in the finale of series 1. She becomes pregnant during the second series and gives birth to a girl in the series finale.
Ian Hart as Dr. Kester, Rae's therapist who helps her deal with her issues.
Nico Mirallegro as Finley "Finn" Nelson, a boy whom Rae clashes with at first, but who later becomes her main love interest. Finn and Rae are in a relationship for most of the second series, before breaking up. They reunite after the birth of Rae's baby sister at the end of Series 2. In Series 3, they separate again, although Rae says to Finn that it "could happen again one day".
Jodie Comer as Chloe Gemell, Rae's attractive, popular best friend from childhood.
Dan Cohen as Archie, Rae's close friend. He is later revealed to be gay and is victim of homophobia and bullying.
Jordan Murphy as Arnold "Chop" Peters, the party animal of their group of friends. He begins a relationship with Izzy at the end of series one. Initially uncomfortable with Archie's homosexuality, but the two reconcile when Chop stands up for Archie when the latter gets picked on at the pub.
Ciara Baxendale as Izzy, the sweet but ditzy girl of the group. Often cheerful and optimistic, Rae describes her as never having a negative thought. She is in a relationship with Chop.
Darren Evans as Danny Two Hats, a resident of the psychiatric hospital and later, due to the death of Tix at the end of series one, Rae's friend.
Sophie Wright as Tix (series 1 & 3), a resident of the psychiatric hospital and Rae's other best friend. In the series 2 opener, it is revealed that she died due to over-exercising and refusing to eat at the end of the previous series. She makes a cameo appearance in the final episode of series 3 as Rae reflects on her teenage years and when rae sees everyone in the reflection of the train window.
Turlough Convery as Liam Owen (series 2 & 3), Rae's new friend/love interest who attends group therapy with her in Series 2. He makes a cameo appearance in the final episode of series 3 When rae sees everyone in the reflection of the train window.
Faye Marsay as Katie Springer (series 3), a former student at Rae's school who comes back to Stamford to speak about her experiences at university

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Bamshad Abedi-Amin as Karim Bouchtat, the Tunisian illegal immigrant boyfriend, and later husband, of Rae's mum.
Shazad Latif as Dr. Nick Kassar (series 1), a doctor at the psychiatric hospital.
Eliot Otis Brown Walters as Big G (series 1), a bully who often picks on Rae, calling her Jabba.[7][8]
Keith Allen as Victor Earl (series 2-3), Rae's father.
Sacha Parkinson as Stacey Stringfellow (series 2), a popular girl who used to date Finn and bullies other girls.
Susie Potter as Amy Malone, a tough girl in Stacey's clique. She falls out with Stacey after she said she looked 'proper rough'. She later ends up dating Liam, and even threatens Rae whenever she sees her with Liam.
Jodie Hamblet as Vicky, a popular girl in Stacey's clique. She has a skin condition, although she dislikes talking about it. She later becomes an enemy of Rae and Chloe, regularly insulting them at school.
Kirsty Armstrong as Lois, a sweet girl in Stacey's clique. She is revealed to be Archie's 'girlfriend'. After Rae "outs" Archie to Lois, she threatens to tell her friends that Archie is gay if he doesn't tell everyone first.
Cameron Moore as Stephen Carrisford, a PE Teacher in Rae's school.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Throughout its run, My Mad Fat Diary received critical acclaim, particularly for its accurate and honest portrayal of mental illness and Sharon Rooney's performance. The Guardian's Sam Wollaston called it a "lovely drama – honest and painful, real, and very funny," going on to say "Sharon Rooney's performance in the lead is natural, effortless and utterly believable; she should win something for it."[9] The Stage called it "a comedy drama that actually satisfies the criteria of both genres, My Mad Fat Diary offers a unique and uncompromising perspective on adolescent angst that distresses and delights by turns. Visual gimmicks – flashbacks, fantasies and animated squiggles leaping from the page – are used sparingly but effectively, allowing the focus to stay fixed on Rae and Rooney’s commanding and engagingly natural central performance."[10] The Art Desk said "the first episode of this six-part comedy drama is touching, hilarious and perfectly cast." Claire Webb of the Radio Times said the plot is "as uplifting as it is moving, although the banter and gimmicks won't be to everybody's taste."[11]

text: The show also received praise for its honest portrayal of mental health. Brian Semple of The Independent calls the show "surprisingly honest, funny and even moving account of what it’s like for a teenage girl to live with serious mental health problems, free of many of the clichés that often inform how mental illness is portrayed on TV," going on to say that Rae "has a mental illness, but it doesn’t define her. It’s just something that she has to deal with and try to manage on a daily basis, just like the one in ten young people in the UK who have a mental illness." Semple refers to My Mad Fat Diary as a "breath of fresh air and will do a lot to change the way young people think about mental health."[12] The mental health charity Mind praised the My Mad Fat Diary, with the show's depiction of mental health leading it to win the Drama category at their annual Media Awards in both 2014[13] and 2016[14][15].

text: In a more mixed review, Robert Epstein of The Independent criticised E4 for relating the programme to its other teen shows: "If such comparisons are unfair, blame it on E4, whose continuity announcer declared: 'If you like Skins, The Inbetweeners and Misfits, you'll like this.' Well, sorry, I do like those three shows, but, even with a great soundtrack (if only the Mack really would return …) and the odd nice line, My Mad Fat Diary is a long way from the equal of that trio in invention, edge or humour."[16]

text: My Mad Fat Diary star Sharon Rooney was chosen as one of the first group of BAFTA "Breakthrough Brits" in 2013.[17]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: The first episode of the third and final series attracted 548,000 viewers on E4, whilst the second episode attracted 537,000 viewers. The final episode of the series attracted 450,000 viewers. All viewing figures exclude those who watched on All 4 and on E4+1.

text: American remake[edit]

text: Tom Bidwell, the writer of the show, mentioned in April 2014 in an interview with the Chorley Guardian that MTV has commissioned him to work on an American remake of the show.[18]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipient
Result

2013
British Academy Scotland Awards
Best Actor/Actress - Television
Sharon Rooney
Nominated

2014
British Academy Television Awards
Best Drama Series
My Mad Fat Diary
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress
Claire Rushbrook
Nominated

British Academy Scotland Awards
Best Actress - Television
Sharon Rooney
Nominated

Broadcasting Press Guild Awards
Breakthrough Award
Nominated

Mind Media Awards
Drama
My Mad Fat Diary
Won

Royal Television Society
Best Drama Series
Nominated

Best Actress
Sharon Rooney
Nominated

2015
British Academy Scotland Awards
Best Actress - Television
Won

International Emmy Awards
Drama Series
My Mad Fat Diary
Nominated

2016
Mind Media Awards
Drama
Won


document_title: Night of the Big Heat (1967 film)

question_text: where was night of the big heat filmed

question_tokens: where was night of the big heat filmed

text: Night of the Big Heat (1967 film)

text: Story[edit]

text: Jeff and Frankie Callum run the Swan, an inn and tavern on the remote Scottish island of Fara. Jeff, a novelist in his spare time, hires a secretary named Angela Roberts. Unknown to Frankie, Jeff and Angela are former lovers.

text: The Callums moved to Fara Island so that Jeff could escape Angela's amorous advances (although as far as Frankie knows, it was to escape the tedium of city life on the mainland). Angela wants to resume her fling with Jeff, despite Jeff wanting nothing to do with her.

text: Not helping matters much is the fact that despite the fact it's the middle of November, Fara Island is experiencing a stifling and inexplicable heat wave, with temperatures in the 90s and rising daily. It has become so hot that cars stall, beer bottles shatter, televisions explode, and telephones have ceased to work.

text: Into this tense situation comes Dr. Godfrey Hanson, a mysterious scientist from the mainland who rents a room at the Swan. Hanson spends his time exploring the island, setting up motion-sensitive cameras and taking soil samples.

text: The locals, including the Callums, find this suspicious, especially since quite a lot more is happening on Fara than just the heat and Hanson's snooping.

text: A homeless man is burned to death in a cave by something emitting a high-pitched whirring sound. Later, farmer Ben Siddle claims his sheep are all dead. Hanson examines the dead sheep and finds their corpses are badly burnt.

text: Swan regular Bob Hayward, is attacked by something on the road while driving into town. He crashes after being blinded by a bright light, which also creates enough heat to ignite the car's petrol tank.

text: Jeff finally corners Hanson and demands answers from him. According to the scientist, Fara Island is the site of an invasion by extraterrestrials, whose high body heat burns any living creature that gets too close to them. Jeff and Hanson attempt to stop the aliens with the help of local physician Dr. Vernon Stone.

text: Stone tries to get to Fara's radar station so he can alert the mainland of the invasion, but is waylaid by the aliens and killed. Hanson tries to makes it next, but witnesses the death of Stella Hayward, Bob's wife, and realises the aliens are attracted to light. At the radar station, he learns that the aliens already destroyed all their communications equipment, making it impossible to call for help.

text: Quickly formulating a plan, Hanson summons Jeff, Frankie and Angela up to the radar station. He and Foster will set fire to bales of hay in a field, attracting the aliens. The others will lob dynamite into the field, hopefully destroying the aliens.

text: This plan fails. Foster is killed. Surrounded by the deadly aliens, the situation looks hopeless. Lightning is flashing, thunder is heard, and it begins to rain. The rain brings death to the aliens.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Actor/Actress
Role

Christopher Lee
Dr. Godfrey Hanson

Patrick Allen
Jeff Callum

Peter Cushing
Dr. Vernon Stone

Sarah Lawson
Frankie Callum

Jane Merrow
Angela Roberts

William Lucas
Ken Stanley

Kenneth Cope
Tinker Mason

Percy Herbert
Gerald Foster

Thomas Heathcote
Bob Hayward

Anna Turner
Stella Hayward

Jack Bligh
Ben Siddle

Sydney Bromley
Old Tramp

text: Production[edit]

text: The film is based on a novel which had been adapted for television by ITV in 1960. It was intended to use the TV script with some embellishing, but investors required several changes and a number of writers had to work on it. Filming took place at Pinewood Studios.[2]


document_title: Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves

question_text: who played maid marian in robin hood prince of thieves

text: Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves

text: Plot[edit]

text: Robin of Locksley — an English nobleman who joined Richard the Lionheart, King of England in the Third Crusade — is imprisoned in Jerusalem along with his comrade, Peter Dubois. Facing the amputation of Peter's hand by the Ayyubid prison guards, Robin escapes with Peter, saving the life of a Moor named Azeem in the process. Robin, Peter, and Azeem escape through a sewer and into an alley, but Peter is shot and mortally wounded by an archer. Before making his last stand against the approaching guards, Peter has Robin swear to protect his sister, Marian. Robin returns to England with Azeem, who has vowed to accompany him until Azeem's life-debt to Robin is repaid.

text: In England, with King Richard away in France, the cruel Sheriff of Nottingham rules over the land, aided by his cousin Guy of Gisbourne, the witch Mortianna, and the corrupt Bishop of Hereford. At Locksley Castle, Robin's father, who is loyal to King Richard, is killed by the Sheriff's men after refusing to join them.

text: Robin returns to England to find his father dead, his home in ruins, and the Sheriff and his men oppressing the people. After telling Marian of Peter's demise, and while fleeing the Sheriff's forces afterwards, Robin and Azeem encounter a band of outlaws hiding in Sherwood Forest, led by Little John. Among the band is Will Scarlett, who holds a belligerent grudge against Robin. Robin assumes command of the group, training them to defend themselves and fight against Nottingham. They rob soldiers and convoys that pass through the forest, then distribute the stolen wealth among the poor. One of their early targets is Friar Tuck, who subsequently joins these Merry Men. Marian begins to sympathize with the band and renders Robin any aid she can muster, as the two grow closer to one another and gradually begin to fall in love. Robin's successes infuriate the Sheriff, who increases the mistreatment of the people, resulting in greater local support for Robin Hood.

text: The Sheriff kills Gisbourne for his failure to prevent the looting of several convoys, and hires Celtic warriors from Scotland to assist his forces in assaulting the hideout. The Sheriff manages to locate the outlaws' hideout and launches an attack, destroying the refuge and capturing most of the outlaws. With the Bishop's help, the Sherrif has Marian confined when she tries to summon help from France. To consolidate his claim to the throne, the Sheriff proposes to Marian (who is Richard's cousin), claiming that if she accepts, he will spare the lives of the captured outlaws. Nevertheless, several of the rebels are due to be executed by hanging as part of the wedding celebration. Among the captured is Will Scarlett, who makes a deal with the Sheriff to find and kill Robin in exchange for his freedom.

text: Will meets up with Robin and a handful of his aides who survived the Celts' assault. Will informs Robin of the Sheriff's plans to marry Marian and execute Robin's men. Will continues to display anger against Robin, which motivates Robin to question why Will hates him so much. Will then reveals himself to be Robin's younger illegitimate half-brother; Will's mother was a peasant woman with whom Robin's father took comfort after Robin's mother died. Robin's anger toward his father caused him to separate from her and leave Will fatherless. Despite his anger, Robin is overjoyed to learn that he has a brother, and reconciles with Will.

text: On the day of the wedding and hangings, Robin and his men infiltrate Nottingham Castle, freeing the prisoners. Although Robin's band originally planned to free their friends and retreat, Azeem reveals himself and his willingness to fight the Sheriff, inciting the peasants to revolt. After a fierce fight, Robin kills the Sheriff, but is attacked by Mortianna with a spear. Azeem slays Mortianna, fulfilling his life-debt to Robin. Tuck kills the Bishop by burdening him with treasure and throwing him out a window.

text: Robin and Marian profess their love for each other and are married in the forest. Their wedding is briefly interrupted by King Richard, who blesses the marriage and thanks Robin for his deeds.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Kevin Costner as Robin of Locksley[6]
Morgan Freeman as Azeem
Christian Slater as Will Scarlett
Alan Rickman as Sheriff of Nottingham[7]
Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio as Marian
Geraldine McEwan as Mortianna
Micheal McShane [sic] as Friar Tuck
Brian Blessed as Lord Locksley
Michael Wincott as Guy of Gisborne
Nick Brimble as Little John
Harold Innocent as the Bishop of Hereford
Walter Sparrow as Duncan
Daniel Newman as Wulf
Sean Connery (uncredited) as King Richard
Jack Wild as Much
Daniel Peacock as Bull

text: Production[edit]

text: Rickman turned down the role of the sheriff twice before he was told he could have carte blanche with his interpretation of the character.

text: On the DVD commentary for ITV's Robin of Sherwood television series, which ran from 1983 to 1986, writer and creator Richard Carpenter explains that the stunt coordinator from the Robin of Sherwood series, Terry Walsh, was hired to do stunt work for Prince of Thieves. While on set, Walsh noticed  a Saracen assassin character named Nasir was in the film. That character was a creation of Carpenter and is exclusive to the Robin of Sherwood series. Once the creators of Prince of Thieves realized a potential for copyright infringement, they changed the character's name from Nasir to Azeem. Carpenter also explains that Costner and others involved in Prince of Thieves have admitted to watching Robin of Sherwood as inspiration for their film.[citation needed]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal exteriors were shot on location in the United Kingdom. A second unit filmed the medieval walls and towers of the Cité de Carcassonne in the town of Carcassonne in Aude, France, for the portrayal of Nottingham and its castle. Locksley Castle was Wardour Castle in Wiltshire – restored in an early shot using a matte painting. Marian's manor was filmed at Hulne Priory in Northumberland. Scenes set in Sherwood Forest were filmed throughout England: Burnham Beeches in Buckinghamshire was used for the outlaws' encampment, Aysgarth Falls in Yorkshire for the fight scene between Robin and Little John, and Hardraw Force in North Yorkshire was the location where Marian sees Robin bathing.[9] Sycamore Gap on Hadrian's Wall was used for the scene when Robin first confronts the sheriff's men.[10] Chalk cliffs at Seven Sisters, Sussex were used as the locale for Robin's return to England from the Crusades.[11]

text: Interior scenes were completed at Shepperton Studios in Surrey.[9]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (Original Soundtrack)Film score by Michael KamenReleased
July 2, 1991Length
60:22Label
Morgan Creek Productions

text: The original music score was composed, orchestrated and conducted by Michael Kamen. An excerpt from the main title music was subsequently used as the logo music for Morgan Creek,[12] and has been used by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment in intros for trailers on DVD/Blu-ray.[13]

text: No.TitleLength1."Overture" / "A Prisoner of the Crusades"8:272."Sir Guy of Gisborne" / "The Escape to Sherwood"7:273."Little John" / "The Band in the Forest"4:524."The Sheriff and His Witch"6:035."Maid Marian"2:576."Training" / "Robin Hood, Prince of Thieves"5:157."Marian at the Waterfall"5:348."The Abduction" / "The Final Battle at the Gallows"9:539."(Everything I Do) I Do It for You" (sung by Bryan Adams)6:3310."Wild Times" (sung by Jeff Lynne)3:12

text: Release[edit]

text: Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves was submitted for classification from the British Board of Film Classification and required 14 seconds to be cut from the film to obtain a PG rating.[2]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Chicago Sun-Times critic Roger Ebert praised Freeman's performance as well as Rickman's, but ultimately decried the film as a whole, giving it two stars and stating, "Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves is a murky, unfocused, violent, and depressing version of the classic story... The most depressing thing about the movie is that children will attend it expecting to have a good time."[14] The New York Times gave the film a negative review, with Vincent Canby writing that the movie is "a mess, a big, long, joyless reconstruction of the Robin Hood legend that comes out firmly for civil rights, feminism, religious freedom, and economic opportunity for all."[15] The Los Angeles Times found the movie unsatisfactory, as well.[16] Costner was criticised for not attempting an English accent.[17]

text: Lanre Bakare, writing in The Guardian, calls Rickman's Sheriff, for which he won a BAFTA, a "genuinely great performance".[18]  Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes retrospectively collected reviews from 52 critics to give the film a score of 50%.[19]

text: Prince of Thieves was nominated for two Golden Raspberry Awards: Kevin Costner won the Worst Actor award for his performance as Robin Hood, while Christian Slater received a nomination for Worst Supporting Actor for his performances in this film and Mobsters, but lost to Dan Aykroyd for Nothing but Trouble.[20]

text: In 2005, the American Film Institute nominated this film for AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores.[21]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film grossed $25 million in its opening weekend and $18.3 million in its second. The film  eventually made $390,493,908 at the global box office, making it the second-highest grossing film of 1991, immediately behind Terminator 2: Judgment Day. It enjoyed the second-best opening for a nonsequel, at the time.[22][23][24][25]

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: A tie-in video game of the same name was released in 1991 for the Nintendo Entertainment System and Game Boy. Developed by Sculptured Software Inc. and Bits Studios, respectively, and published by Virgin Games, Inc., it was featured as the cover game for the July 1991 issue of Nintendo Power magazine.[26]

text: A toy line was released by Kenner, consisting of action figures and playsets. Notably, all but one of the figures were slightly modified from Kenner's well known Super Powers line, while Friar Tuck, as well as the vehicles and playset, were modified from Star Wars: Return of the Jedi toys.[27]


document_title: Buckwheat Boyz

question_text: where did peanut butter and jelly time come from

text: Buckwheat Boyz

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Buckwheat Boyz

Origin
Miami, Florida, United States

Genres
Baltimore club

Years active
1997–2002

Labels
Koch Records

Past members
Marcus Bowens, Jermaine Fuller, J.J. O'Neal, Dougy Williams

text: The Buckwheat Boyz was an American musical group founded by Marcus Bowens and Jermaine Fuller, with the later addition of J.J. O'Neal and Dougy Williams. The Buckwheat Boyz were signed by Koch Records, and recorded their first and only full-length record. From this self-titled album, the song "Peanut Butter Jelly Time" became popular on the Internet after a flash music video featuring an animated dancing banana was created.[1] The popularity of the song increased as it was featured on television shows such as The Proud Family, Family Guy, and Regular Show.

text: Disbandment[edit]

text: In 2002, founding member and vocalist Jermaine Fuller died during an 11-hour police standoff. During the standoff his brother-in-law, Snoop Dogg attempted to calm Fuller down and convince him to surrender to no avail. Fuller's death directly led to the disbandment of the group.[2]

text: "Ice Cream and Cake" song[edit]

text: Their song "Ice Cream and Cake" rapidly rose in popularity after being featured in a 2009 Baskin-Robbins marketing campaign, which included a television commercial and an Ice Cream and Cake Dance Video Contest.[3] In August 2009, Baskin-Robbins kicked off the contest by hosting the Guinness World Records Largest Cheerleading Dance event with Mario Lopez of Extra TV and 225 members of the Universal Cheerleaders Association (UCA), at the University of California Los Angeles.[4] However, as of August 2011, the Guinness World Records archive states that the record for largest cheerleading dance was set in November 2009 by 297 participants at the University of Memphis in Memphis, Tennessee. It is not known whether this event was related to the Baskin-Robbins contest.[5]

text: Old Dominion University plays "Ice Cream and Cake" at home basketball games at the Ted Constant Convocation Center, and enjoys active crowd dance participation.[6]