document_title: Worst Cooks in America

question_text: who won worst cooks in america celebrity edition season 9

root

text: Worst Cooks in America

text: History[edit]

text: The show premiered on January 3, 2010. The show was initially hosted by chef Anne Burrell and chef Beau MacMillan in Season 1. MacMillan was replaced by chef Robert Irvine on Season 2, followed by chef Bobby Flay for Seasons 3–5. On November 20, 2014, a Food Network press release announced that chef Tyler Florence will be paired with chef Anne Burrell to host Season 6, to debut on January 4, 2015. Burrell was the winning instructor in seasons 1, 2, 3, 6, 7 and 8 with Flay winning in Seasons 4–5. Rachael Ray and Anne Burrell hosted the Season 7 special celebrity edition, which premiered September 23, 2015. During the finale of Season 7, a trailer previewing Season 8 was shown and was aired in January 2016 with the return of Tyler Florence.

tag: p

text: Season 1: 2010[edit]

text: Chefs Beau MacMillan and Anne Burrell lead an intense culinary boot camp. They have six recruits each, and every week they must eliminate one recruit from each of their teams until there is only one from each team left. The final two create a three-course meal to fool a panel of restaurant critics into believing that the meal was created by the acclaimed chefs.

text: Recruits[edit]

text: Twelve chefs competed in the first season of Worst Cooks in America. Hometowns and occupations are available from the Food Network website.[3][4] Chef Anne's team was known as the Red Team and Chef Beau's team was known as the Blue Team.

text:
Contestant
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Status

Rachel Coleman
23
Brooklyn, New York
Marketing Website editor
Winner February 1

Jennifer "Jenny" Cross
21
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Waitress
Runner-up February 1

Jennifer "Jen" Vecchio
38
Cumberland, Rhode Island
Dance Studio Owner
Eliminated January 31

Eddie Chang
32
Jersey City, New Jersey
IT project manager

Marque Hernandez
41
Brea, California
Director of Clinical Operations
Eliminated January 24

Rebecca Hooper
43
Sandy, Utah
Salon Owner

Sophia Gettys
27
Aurora, Colorado
Stay-at-home Mom
Eliminated January 17

Susie Shoman
53
Georgetown, South Carolina
Grants administrator and entrepreneur

Kelly Johnson
31
Scottsdale, Arizona
Corporate litigation attorney
Eliminated January 10

David Summey
29
Charlotte, North Carolina
Salesman

Wilhelmina Josephine
29
Aliso Viejo, California
Insurance claims adjuster
Eliminated January 3

Hamed Hamad
24
North Hollywood, California
Journalist and fashion consultant

tag: table

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Rank
Contestant
Episode

1
2
3
4
5
6

1

Rachel

IN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
BTM
WIN
WINNER

2

Jenny*

IN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
BTM
WIN
RUNNER-UP

3

Jen

IN
IN
WIN
IN
WIN
WIN
OUT

4

Eddie

BTM
WIN
BTM
BTM
IN
WIN
OUT

5

Marque

WIN
WIN
BTM
BTM
IN
OUT

6

Rebecca

WIN
BTM
IN
WIN
IN
OUT

7

Sophia*

IN
IN
IN
OUT

8

Susie

IN
BTM
IN
OUT

9

Kelly

IN
OUT

10

David

BTM
OUT

11

Wilhelmina

OUT

12

Hamed

OUT

text: Season 2: 2011[edit]

text: Casting for season 2 of Worst Cooks in America was held at the LA Marriott Burbank Airport, Hotel & Convention Center on March 27, 2010.[5] The Food Network also began accepting online video applications for season 2.[6] Food Network's website announced that Robert Irvine would replace Beau MacMillan for season 2. Season 2 debuted on January 2, 2011.[7] In this season the chefs had eight recruits each.

text: Recruits[edit]

text:
Contestant
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Status

Joshie Berger
36
Brooklyn, New York
Attorney
Winner February 20

Georgann "Georg" Coleman
38
Chicago, Illinois
Speech pathologist
Runner-up February 20

Carlos Manuel
28
Atlanta, Georgia
Banker
Eliminated February 13

Kelsey Milos
22
Kings, Illinois[disambiguation needed]
Hair stylist

Kat Rose
37
Newnan, Georgia
Stay-at-home mother
Eliminated February 6

Tyrone "Ty" Miller
33
Trenton, New Jersey
Property manager

Jennifer "Jen" MacLean
43
Sparta, New Jersey
Operating room nurse
Eliminated January 30

Kelly Gray
32
New York, New York
Aerobics instructor

Erika Rumsey
27
Elgin, Illinois
Account manager
Eliminated January 23

Anna Altomari
44
Aliso Viejo, California
RN Case manager

Priscilla Harden
60
Sugar Land, Texas
Retired teacher
Eliminated January 16

Matt Crespi
24
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
PhD Student

Anthony Scinto
32
Crestwood, Illinois
Mechanical engineer
Eliminated January 9

Jeff Longcor
25
Somerville, Massachusetts
Environmental contractor

Lina Yu
28
Arcadia, California
Production manager
Eliminated January 2

Eric Ricupero
34
Quincy, Massachusetts
Bar owner

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Episode

Rank
Contestant
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

1

Joshie

IN
IN
WIN
WIN
WIN
9th
IN
IN
BTM
BTM
IN
WINNER

2

Georg

IN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
WIN
BTM
WIN
WIN
RUNNER-UP

3

Carlos

IN
IN
WIN
WIN
IN
6th
WIN
WIN
WIN
WIN
OUT

4

Kelsey*

WIN
IN
IN
WIN
BTM
2nd
BTM
IN
WIN
IN
OUT

5

Kat*

WIN
IN
BTM
IN
IN
BTM
BTM
BTM
OUT

6

Ty

IN
IN
IN
IN
BTM
3rd
IN
BTM
OUT

7

Jen

IN
BTM
IN
WIN
IN
7th
IN
OUT

8

Kelly

IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
5th
WIN
OUT

9

Erika

BTM
WIN
IN
WIN
IN
8th
OUT

10

Anna

IN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
4th
OUT

11

Priscilla

IN
IN
BTM
WIN
OUT

12

Matt

BTM
IN
WIN
IN
OUT

13

Anthony

IN
IN
OUT

14

Jeff

IN
BTM
OUT

15

Lina

OUT

16

Eric

OUT

text: Differences between seasons 1 and 2[edit]

text: In the first episode, a group of selected novice cooks were to prepare a dish from scratch so the chefs would get an idea of how poor their skills were. After tasting all the items, the chefs took turns picking team members for their rival chef. The first season started off with 24 novice cooks but only the worst 12 were chosen for a team. In the second season, the first episode began with 16 amateurs and all took part for the remainder of that episode.

text: In the penultimate episode of the season, the remaining four recruits learned and replicated a dessert. After this, in the first season, the recruits had to instruct a group of high school students how to replicate the dessert recipe. In the second one, the recruits were assigned the dessert to serve after both chefs, and a special guest enjoyed a main dish.

text: After learning and replicating a dessert, the recruits had to prepare a meal for both chefs and a surprise guest, usually a spouse or other family member. The first season’s main dishes were an improved version of the recruits’ audition meal. The special guests in the second season got to choose what they wanted the students to make them.

text: Two recruits remained in the final episode and had to prepare an appetizer, main dish, and dessert for a panel of three food critics. The critics in season 1 thought that the final meal was prepared by the chefs until after they sampled all the courses. In season 2, the critics learned their meal was prepared by the recruits immediately after entering the restaurant.

text: Season 3: 2012[edit]

text: Anne Burrell and Bobby Flay hosted season 3.[8][9]

text: Recruits[edit]

text:
Contestant
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Status

Kelli Powers
40
Los Angeles, California
Stay-at-home mother
Winner April 1

Vinnie Caligiuri
47
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Mortgage broker
Runner-up April 1

Melissa Rhodes
28
Naples, Florida
Nursing Student
Eliminated March 25

David Shelton
26
Longview, Texas
Unemployed

Tiffany Michelle
27
Los Angeles, California
Poker player and actress
Eliminated March 18

Dorothy Strouhal
38
Cove, Texas
Make-up artist

Anthony Schiano
33
Massapequa, New York
Mechanical engineer
Eliminated March 11

Benjamin Dennis
37
Dallas, Texas
Stay-at-home father
Quit March 11

Sean "Bennett" Bennett
36
New York City
Automotive Spokesperson
Eliminated March 4

Sarina Weeraprajuk
31
West Covina, California
Wedding photographer

Erica Weidner
53
Long Beach, New York
Court Reporter Student
Eliminated February 26

Robert "Bob" Tamke
44
Massapequa Park, New York
DJ

Sherrill Moss-Solomon
55
New York, New York
Fundraiser
Eliminated February 19

Rachel Margolin
31
New York, New York
Night Club Promoter

Richard Chen
55
Queens, New York
Attorney
Eliminated February 12

Libby Floyd
46
Eden Prairie, Minnesota
ShopNBC host[10]

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Rank
Contestant
Episode

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

1

Kelli

WIN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
BTM
WIN
BTM
WIN
WIN
WIN
WIN
WINNER

2

Vinnie

IN
WIN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
BTM
IN
WIN
WIN
WIN
RUNNER-UP

3

Melissa1

IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
IN
BTM
IN
OUT

4

David1

IN
IN
IN
BTM
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
IN
WIN
BTM
IN
OUT

5

Tiffany

WIN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
BTM
BTM
IN
BTM
IN
OUT

6

Dorothy

IN
IN
WIN
IN
BTM
WIN
IN
WIN
WIN
WIN
OUT

7

Anthony

IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
OUT

8

Benjamin

IN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
IN
IN

QUIT

9

Bennett

IN
IN
BTM
BTM
WIN
BTM
OUT

10

Sarina

BTM
IN
IN
IN
BTM
IN
OUT

11

Erica

IN
IN
BTM
IN
OUT

12

Bob

IN
WIN
IN
IN
OUT

13

Sherrill

IN
BTM
OUT

14

Rachel

BTM
BTM
OUT

15

Richard

OUT

16

Libby

OUT

text: ^Note 1 : In Episode 3, Team Bobby (blue team) won the first challenge, he therefore got to choose one person from Team Anne (red team) to go to his team, and then choose one person from his team to go to the other team. He chose David to go to Team Anne's team and chose Melissa from Team Anne's team to join his team.

text: Season 4: 2013[edit]

text: Recruits[edit]

text:
Contestant
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Status

Alina Bolshakova
28
Riga, Latvia
Caretaker/Actress
Winner March 31

Rasheeda Brown
30
Germantown, Maryland
Correctional Officer
Runner-up March 31

Chet Pourciau
40
New Orleans, Louisiana
Interior Designer
Eliminated March 24

Suzanne "Sue" Mangogna
42
Northport, New York
Single Mother

Carla Johnson
47
Long Beach, California
Alcohol & Drug Counselor
Eliminated March 17

Michael Haydin
25
Rye Brook, New York
Accountant

Carrie Lee Riggins
32
Carmel, New York
Ballerina/Actress
Eliminated March 10

Crystal Lonneberg
30
Weehawken, New Jersey
Actress/Artist

Aadip Desai
36
Sacramento, California
Writer/Musician
Eliminated March 3

Alex Stein
26
Dallas, Texas
Bail Bondsman

Michael "Big Mike" Paul
24
Thomson, Georgia
Woodworker
Eliminated February 24

Robert "Dr. Bob" Schaefer
58
Pleasant Hill, California
Chiropractor

Tim Burger
42
Novi, Michigan
Former Marine
Eliminated February 17

Diana De Rosa
62
Huntington, New York
Photographer

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Rank
Contestant
Episode

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

1

Alina

BTM
WIN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
WIN
IN
WIN
WINNER

2

Rasheeda

IN
IN
BTM
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
WIN
BTM
WIN
WIN
RUNNER-UP

3

Chet

WIN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
IN
WIN
BTM
IN
OUT

4

Sue

IN
IN
WIN
BTM
BTM
IN
BTM
IN
WIN
WIN
OUT

5

Carla

IN
IN
BTM
WIN
IN
BTM
BTM
WIN
OUT

6

Michael

WIN
IN
IN
BTM
WIN
IN
BTM
IN
OUT

7

Carrie Lee

IN
IN
IN
BTM
BTM
IN
OUT

8

Crystal

IN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
BTM
OUT

9

Aadip

IN
IN
IN
IN
OUT

10

Alex

IN
IN
IN
IN
OUT

11

Mike

IN
BTM
OUT

12

Bob

BTM
BTM
OUT

13

Tim

OUT

14

Diana

OUT

text: Season 5: 2014[edit]

text: Recruits[edit]

text:
Contestant
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Status

Amber Brauner
37
Redlands, California
Tattoo Artist
Winner March 31

Jamie Thomas
41
New York, New York
Flight Attendant
Runner-up March 31

Daniel "Danny" Beyda
43
Long Island, New York
Radiologist
Eliminated March 24

Mike Glazer
30
Chicago, Illinois
Writer

Carie Pullano-Keller
34
Chester, Virginia
Promotional Model
Eliminated March 17

Stephanie St. Aubin
26
Washington, DC
Secretary

Danielle Ruiz-Wiley
25
Staten Island, New York
Stay at Home Mom
Eliminated March 10

Carol Holder
64
New York, New York
Real Estate Broker

Joe Slaughter
28
Los Angeles, California
Actor/Dancer
Eliminated March 3

Ken Hsu
29
Seattle, Washington
Personal Trainer

Lance Green
31
New York, New York
Music Producer
Eliminated February 24

Benjamin "Benji" Hunter Brown III
29
Nashville, Tennessee
Live Music Booking Agent

Muneerah Warner
33
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Abstinence Advisor
Eliminated February 16

Casey Pentony
26
Hollywood, California
Nurse

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Rank
Contestant
Episode

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

1

Amber

WIN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
BTM
IN
WIN
IN
WIN
WINNER

2

Jamie

WIN
IN
WIN
BTM
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
WIN
WIN
WIN
RUNNER-UP

3

Danny

IN
IN
BTM
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
WIN
BTM
IN
OUT

4

Mike

IN
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
BTM
WIN
OUT

5

Carie1

IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
BTM
IN
OUT

6

Stephanie1

IN
IN
BTM
IN
IN
WIN
IN
IN
OUT

7

Danielle

IN
WIN
IN
IN
BTM
WIN
OUT

8

Carol

IN
WIN
IN
BTM
BTM
IN
OUT

9

Joe

IN
IN
WIN
WIN
OUT

10

Ken

IN
IN
IN
IN
OUT

11

Lance

BTM
IN
OUT

12

Benji

BTM
IN
OUT

13

Muneerah

OUT

14

Casey

OUT

text: ^Note 1 : In Episode 3 Team Anne (red team) won the first challenge, she therefore got to choose one person from Team Bobby (blue team) to go to her team, and then chose one person from her team to go to the other team. She chose Stephanie to go to Team Bobby's team and chose Carie from Team Bobby's team to join her team.

text: Season 6: 2015[edit]

text: Tyler Florence joins Anne Burrell to host seasons 6, replacing Bobby Flay after 3 seasons. The season premiered on January 4, 2015 to 2,123,000 viewers.[11] The second episode was lower at 1,456,000 viewers,[12] with the third episode rising to 1,732,000 viewers[13] and the fourth episode reached 1,689,000 viewers.[14] the 5th episode reached 1,634,000 viewers. The sixth episode received 1.55 million viewers.[15]

text: Recruits[edit]

text:
Contestant
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Status

Kristen Redmond
25
Austin, Texas
Singer/Songwriter
Winner February 15

Genique Freeman
33
Fayetteville, North Carolina
Esthetician
Runner-up February 15

Leopold "Leo" Nunan
36
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Performance Artist
Eliminated February 8

Sarah Bettendorf
33
Los Angeles, California
Art Teacher

Norman Wilson
46
Detroit, Michigan
Executive Protection
Eliminated February 1

Sharif Dean
27
Los Angeles, California
Personal Trainer

David Eric Rosenberg
51
Las Vegas, Nevada
Theatre Usher
Eliminated January 25

Kortni Montgomery
25
New Orleans, Louisiana
Customer Service Rep

Michael "Six" Muldoon
25
Queens, New York
Magician
Eliminated January 18

Mike Kennedy
45
Scottsdale, Arizona
Private Investigator

Stephanie Streisand*
25
Los Angeles, California
Writer
Withdrew January 11

Susie Babin
61
Bush, Louisiana
Retired
Eliminated January 11

Jason Dixon
30
Chicago, Illinois
Artist
Eliminated January 5

Christina Oster
38
Zion, Illinois
Single Mom

text: Contestant Stephanie Streisand was deemed too ill to continue on January 11

tag: ul

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Rank
Contestant
Episode

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

1

Kristen

IN
WIN
WIN
IN
IN
WIN
BTM
IN
WIN
WIN
WIN
WINNER

2

Genique

IN
IN
WIN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
WIN
RUNNER-UP

3

Leo

IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
BTM
WIN
OUT

4

Sarah

WIN
IN
IN
BTM
BTM
IN
WIN
WIN
BTM
WIN
OUT

5

Norman

WIN
IN
IN
IN
BTM
IN
IN
WIN
OUT

6

Sharif

IN
WIN
BTM
WIN
IN
IN
BTM
IN
OUT

7

David

BTM
IN
BTM
IN
WIN
BTM
OUT

8

Kortni

BTM
IN
BTM
BTM
WIN
BTM
OUT

9

Six

IN
IN
IN
IN
OUT

10

Mike

IN
BTM
IN
IN
OUT

11

Stephanie

IN
IN
WDR

12

Susie

IN
BTM
OUT

13

Jason

OUT

14

Christina

OUT

text: Season 7: Celebrity Edition[edit]

text: Rachael Ray joins Anne Burrell to host season 7. The winner earns a $50,000 donation for their chosen charity. Because this season had only 7 total recruits, each team's worst recruit from that week's Main Dish challenge competed head to head in a quickfire elimination challenge instead of eliminating both recruits each week. This challenge involved more basic cooking techniques (e.g. knife skills) and the winner would be decided by a blind judging from both Anne and Rachael. The winning recruit stayed in the competition while the losing recruit was eliminated.

text: Recruits[edit]

text:
Contestant
Age
Occupation
Status

Jenni "JWoww" Farley
29
Reality Television Star
Winner October 28

Kendra Wilkinson
30
Former Playboy Model & Television Personality
Runner-up October 28

Ellen Cleghorne
49
Saturday Night Live Actress
Eliminated October 21

Barry Williams
60
The Brady Bunch Actor
Eliminated October 14

Chris Soules
33
The Bachelor Star
Eliminated October 7

Jaleel White
38
Actor & Television Host
Eliminated September 30

Dean Cain
48
Television Actor
Eliminated September 23

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Rank
Contestant
Episode

1
2
3
4
5
6

1

Jenni

IN
WIN
IN
WIN
WIN
WINNER

2

Kendra

IN
WIN
BTM
WIN
BTM
RUNNER-UP

3

Ellen

WIN
IN
WIN
BTM
OUT

4

Barry

BTM
BTM
WIN
OUT

5

Chris

WIN
IN
OUT

6

Jaleel

IN
OUT

7

Dean

OUT

text: Season 8: 2016[edit]

text: Tyler Florence joins Anne Burrell to host season 8.

text: Recruits[edit]

text:
Contestant
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Status

Nick Slater
24
Rancho Cucamonga, California
Construction Worker
Winner February 14

Lawrence Crawford
26
Deptford, New Jersey
Army Combat Medic
Runner-up February 14

Ginny Meerman
50
Millersville, Maryland
Project Supervisor
Eliminated February 7

Taylor Hooper
24
Boston, Massachusetts
Marine Veteran

Holgie Forrester
66
Twentynine Palms, California
Retired/Actress
Eliminated January 31

Chanda Hvard
36
Chicago, Illinois
Real Estate Agent

Donna Koen
60
Newburyport, Massachusetts
Lunch Lady & Hairdresser
Eliminated January 24

Rachel Thomas
27
Tampa, Florida
Stay-at-Home Wife

Ernie Adkins
44
Mardela Springs, Maryland
Truck driver
Eliminated January 17

Glenda Galeano
40
Miami, Florida
Event Coordinator/Actress

Ty Snow
39
Pasadena, California
Special Education Teacher
Eliminated January 10

Cindy Nguyen
28
Las Vegas, Nevada
Bartender

David Fouts
42
Wales, Wisconsin
Senior Project Manager
Eliminated January 4

Jeni Erdman
51
Dousman, Wisconsin
Group Tour Coordinator

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Rank
Contestant
Episode

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

1

Nick

WIN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
TIE
WIN
WINNER

2

Lawrence

IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
BTM
WIN
RUNNER-UP

3

Ginny

WIN
BTM
WIN
IN
BTM
TIE
IN
WIN
WIN
OUT

4

Taylor

IN
IN
IN
IN
BTM
IN
WIN
WIN
TIE
OUT

5

Holgie

IN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
TIE
BTM
IN
OUT

6

Chanda

BTM
IN
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
BTM
IN
OUT

7

Donna

IN
BTM
WIN
IN
IN
BTM
OUT

8

Rachel

BTM
IN
BTM
WIN
WIN
BTM
OUT

9

Ernie

IN
BTM
IN
IN
OUT

10

Glenda

IN
BTM
BTM
IN
OUT

11

Ty

IN
IN
OUT

12

Cindy

IN
IN
OUT

13

David

OUT

14

Jeni

OUT

text: Season 9: Celebrity Edition 2[edit]

text: Rachael Ray returns with Anne Burrell to host season 2 of the Celebrity Edition. The winner earns a $50,000 donation for their chosen charity. The season premiered on September 14, 2016 to 1,185,000 viewers.[16]

text: Recruits[edit]

text:
Contestant
Age
Occupation
Status

Loni Love
44
The Real Co-Host & Comedian
Winner November 2

Nicole Sullivan
46
Former MadTV Star, Comedian, & Actress
Runner-up November 2

John Henson
49
Former Talk Soup & Wipeout host
Eliminated October 26

Mike Situation Sorrentino
34
Reality Television Personality

Matt Dallas
33
Television Actor & YouTube Personality
Eliminated October 19

Mindy Cohn
50
The Facts of Life & Scooby-Doo Actress
Eliminated October 12

Tommy Davidson
52
Comedian & Actor
Eliminated September 28

Barbara Eden
85
Film & Television Actress (I Dream of Jeannie & Harper Valley P.T.A.)
Eliminated September 21

Kenya Moore
45
Miss USA 1993 & The Real Housewives of Atlanta Star
Eliminated September 14

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Rank
Contestant
Episode

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

1
Loni
IN
IN
TIE
IN
WIN
IN
IN
WINNER

2
Nicole
IN
WIN
IN
BTM
WIN
IN
IN
RUNNER-UP

3
John
WIN
WIN
BTM
WIN
IN
BTM
OUT

4
Mike
IN
BTM
WIN
WIN
IN
WIN
OUT

5
Matt
WIN
IN
IN
IN
BTM
OUT

6
Mindy
IN
IN
TIE
BTM
OUT

7
Tommy
IN
IN
OUT

8
Barbara
BTM
OUT

9
Kenya
OUT

text: Season 10: 2017[edit]

text: Rachael Ray joins Anne Burrell to host season 10. The season premiered on January 1, 2017.[17]

text: Recruits[edit]

text:
Contestant
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Status

Daniel Mar
35
Burbank, California
Photographer
Winner March 5

Ann Odogwu
34
Houston, Texas
Flight Attendant
Runner-Up March 5

Laura Docker
36
Fort Worth, Texas
Lawyer
Eliminated February 26

Mandy Thornton
24
Hanover, Massachusetts
Medical Assistant
Eliminated February 26

Adam Cooke
32
Rancho Cucamonga, California
Auto Mechanic
Eliminated February 19

Brittany Lenore
27
Chicago, Illinois
Spiritual Speaker
Eliminated February 19

Jeff West
36
Douglassville, Pennsylvania
Vending Machine President
Eliminated February 12

Kayla Kurtz
27
Kent, Ohio
Stay-at-Home Mom
Eliminated January 29

Maria Marcello
40
Torrance, California
Stay-at-Home Mom
Eliminated January 29

Matt Josephs
35
Richmond, Virginia
Sports Radio Producer
Eliminated January 22

Jake Michaels
21
Manteno, Illinois
Model & Singer
Eliminated January 15

Jetta Linda Ostrofsky
66
Sacramento, California
Retired
Eliminated January 15

Stephen Hawkins
67
Temecula, California
Retired
Eliminated January 8

Buffy Mykkanen
29
Portland, Oregon
Tech Support
Eliminated January 8

Cedrick Miller
22
El Paso, Texas
Cashier
Eliminated January 1

Lester Turchin
65
Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Retired
Eliminated January 1

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Rank
Contestant
Episode

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

1

Daniel

IN
IN
WIN
BTM
BTM
IN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
WINNER

2

Ann

WIN
IN
IN
WIN
BTM
BTM
IN
BTM
IN
SAVE
IN
IN
RUNNER-UP

3

Mandy

IN
IN
IN
TIE
IN
WIN
WIN
BTM
IN
BTM
IN
OUT

4

Laura

IN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
BTM
WIN
WIN
IN
OUT

5

Brittany

WIN
IN
IN
TIE
WIN
IN
IN
BTM
IN
WIN
OUT

6

Adam

IN
IN
BTM
BTM
IN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
IN
OUT

7

Jeff

IN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
BTM
IN
WIN
IN
OUT

8

Maria

IN
IN
WIN
IN
WIN
OUT

9

Kayla

IN
IN
IN
TIE
SAVE
OUT

10

Matt

IN
IN
IN
IN
OUT

11

Jetta

IN
IN
BTM
OUT

12

Jake

BTM
IN
IN
OUT

13

Stephen

BTM
IN
OUT

14

Buffy

IN
IN
OUT

15

Cedrick

OUT

16

Lester

OUT

text: In Episode 6, Both Chef Anne and Chef Rachael decided not to send anyone from their teams home.

text: Season 11: Celebrity Edition 3[edit]

text: Rachael Ray returns with Anne Burrell to host season 3 of the Celebrity Edition. The season premiered on August 23, 2017[18] [19]

text: Recruits[edit]

text:
Contestant
Age
Occupation
Status

Perez Hilton
39
Gossip Blogger
Winner October 11

Melissa Peterman
46
Actress & Comedienne
Runner-up October 11

Nora Dunn
65
Actress & Comedienne
Eliminated October 4

Vivica A. Fox
53
Actress
Eliminated October 4

Sean Lowe
33
Reality Star
Eliminated September 27

Carmen Electra
45
Model & Actress
Withdrew September 13 due to injuries

Carson Kressley
47
TV Personality
Eliminated September 6

Erik Estrada
68
Star of CHiPs
Eliminated August 30

text: •Note: Vivica was originally eliminated on September 20. In Episode 7, airing on October 4, both Vivica and Sean returned to the competition for a redemption skill drill. Vivica won the drill, re-entered the competition and was then eliminated following the main challenge.

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Rank
Contestant
Episode

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

1
Perez
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
WINNER

2
Melissa
IN
WIN
IN
WIN
WIN
IN
SAVE
IN
BTM
IN
IN
IN
WIN
RUNNER-UP

3
Nora
SAVE
TIE
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
BTM
IN
OUT

4
Vivica
IN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
TIE
SAVE
IN
OUT

RTN
OUT

5
Sean
IN
IN
IN
IN
BTM
TIE
IN
IN
IN
IN
OUT

6
Carmen
BTM
IN
BTM
WIN
IN
WDR

7
Carson
IN
TIE
WIN
IN
OUT

8
Erik
IN
TIE
OUT


document_title: Colosseum

question_text: when was the earthquake that destroyed the colosseum

text: Colosseum

text: History

text: Construction, inauguration, and Roman renovations

text: The site chosen was a flat area on the floor of a low valley between the Caelian, Esquiline and Palatine Hills, through which a canalised stream ran. By the 2nd century BC the area was densely inhabited. It was devastated by the Great Fire of Rome in AD 64, following which Nero seized much of the area to add to his personal domain. He built the grandiose Domus Aurea on the site, in front of which he created an artificial lake surrounded by pavilions, gardens and porticoes. The existing Aqua Claudia aqueduct was extended to supply water to the area and the gigantic bronze Colossus of Nero was set up nearby at the entrance to the Domus Aurea.[15]

text: Although the Colossus was preserved, much of the Domus Aurea was torn down. The lake was filled in and the land reused as the location for the new Flavian Amphitheatre. Gladiatorial schools and other support buildings were constructed nearby within the former grounds of the Domus Aurea. Vespasian's decision to build the Colosseum on the site of Nero's lake can be seen as a populist gesture of returning to the people an area of the city which Nero had appropriated for his own use. In contrast to many other amphitheatres, which were located on the outskirts of a city, the Colosseum was constructed in the city centre; in effect, placing it both symbolically and precisely at the heart of Rome.

text: Construction was funded by the opulent spoils taken from the Jewish Temple after the Great Jewish Revolt in 70 AD led to the Siege of Jerusalem. According to a reconstructed inscription found on the site, "the emperor Vespasian ordered this new amphitheatre to be erected from his general's share of the booty." Along with the spoils, estimated 100,000 Jewish prisoners were brought back to Rome after the war, and many contributed to the massive workforce needed for construction. The slaves undertook manual labor such as working in the quarries at Tivoli where the travertine was quarried, along with lifting and transporting the quarried stones 20 miles from Tivoli to Rome.[16] Along with this free source of unskilled labor, teams of professional Roman builders, engineers, artists, painters and decorators undertook the more specialized tasks necessary for building the Colosseum.

text: Construction of the Colosseum began under the rule of Vespasian[4] in around 70–72 AD (73-75 AD according to some sources)[16] The Colosseum had been completed up to the third story by the time of Vespasian's death in 79. The top level was finished by his son, Titus, in 80,[4] and the inaugural games were held in A.D. 80 or 81.[16] Dio Cassius recounts that over 9,000 wild animals were killed during the inaugural games of the amphitheatre. Commemorative coinage was issued celebrating the inauguration.[17] The building was remodelled further under Vespasian's younger son, the newly designated Emperor Domitian, who constructed the hypogeum, a series of underground tunnels used to house animals and slaves. He also added a gallery to the top of the Colosseum to increase its seating capacity.[18]

text: In 217, the Colosseum was badly damaged by a major fire (caused by lightning, according to Dio Cassius[19]) which destroyed the wooden upper levels of the amphitheatre's interior. It was not fully repaired until about 240 and underwent further repairs in 250 or 252 and again in 320. Gladiatorial fights are last mentioned around 435. An inscription records the restoration of various parts of the Colosseum under Theodosius II and Valentinian III (reigned 425–455), possibly to repair damage caused by a major earthquake in 443; more work followed in 484[20] and 508. The arena continued to be used for contests well into the 6th century. Animal hunts continued until at least 523, when Anicius Maximus celebrated his consulship with some venationes, criticised by King Theodoric the Great for their high cost.[15]

text: Medieval

text: The Colosseum underwent several radical changes of use during the medieval period. By the late 6th century a small chapel had been built into the structure of the amphitheater, though this apparently did not confer any particular religious significance on the building as a whole. The arena was converted into a cemetery. The numerous vaulted spaces in the arcades under the seating were converted into housing and workshops, and are recorded as still being rented out as late as the 12th century. Around 1200 the Frangipani family took over the Colosseum and fortified it, apparently using it as a castle.

text: Severe damage was inflicted on the Colosseum by the great earthquake in 1349, causing the outer south side, lying on a less stable alluvial terrain, to collapse. Much of the tumbled stone was reused to build palaces, churches, hospitals and other buildings elsewhere in Rome. A religious order moved into the northern third of the Colosseum in the mid-14th century [21] and continued to inhabit it until as late as the early 19th century. The interior of the amphitheater was extensively stripped of stone, which was reused elsewhere, or (in the case of the marble façade) was burned to make quicklime.[15] The bronze clamps which held the stonework together were pried or hacked out of the walls, leaving numerous pockmarks which still scar the building today.

text: Modern

text: During the 16th and 17th century, Church officials sought a productive role for the Colosseum. Pope Sixtus V (1585–1590) planned to turn the building into a wool factory to provide employment for Rome's prostitutes, though this proposal fell through with his premature death.[22] In 1671 Cardinal Altieri authorized its use for bullfights; a public outcry caused the idea to be hastily abandoned.

text: In 1749, Pope Benedict XIV endorsed the view that the Colosseum was a sacred site where early Christians had been martyred. He forbade the use of the Colosseum as a quarry and consecrated the building to the Passion of Christ and installed Stations of the Cross, declaring it sanctified by the blood of the Christian martyrs who perished there (see Significance in Christianity). However, there is no historical evidence to support Benedict's claim, nor is there even any evidence that anyone before the 16th century suggested this might be the case; the Catholic Encyclopedia concludes that there are no historical grounds for the supposition, other than the reasonably plausible conjecture that some of the many martyrs may well have been.[23]

text: Later popes initiated various stabilization and restoration projects, removing the extensive vegetation which had overgrown the structure and threatened to damage it further. The façade was reinforced with triangular brick wedges in 1807 and 1827, and the interior was repaired in 1831, 1846 and in the 1930s. The arena substructure was partly excavated in 1810–1814 and 1874 and was fully exposed under Benito Mussolini in the 1930s.[15]

text: The Colosseum is today one of Rome's most popular tourist attractions, receiving millions of visitors annually. The effects of pollution and general deterioration over time prompted a major restoration programme carried out between 1993 and 2000, at a cost of 40 billion Italian lire ($19.3m / €20.6m at 2000 prices).

text: In recent years the Colosseum has become a symbol of the international campaign against capital punishment, which was abolished in Italy in 1948. Several anti–death penalty demonstrations took place in front of the Colosseum in 2000. Since that time, as a gesture against the death penalty, the local authorities of Rome change the color of the Colosseum's night time illumination from white to gold whenever a person condemned to the death penalty anywhere in the world gets their sentence commuted or is released,[24] or if a jurisdiction abolishes the death penalty. Most recently, the Colosseum was illuminated in gold in November 2012 following the abolishment of capital punishment in the American state of Connecticut in April 2012.[25]

text: Because of the ruined state of the interior, it is impractical to use the Colosseum to host large events; only a few hundred spectators can be accommodated in temporary seating. However, much larger concerts have been held just outside, using the Colosseum as a backdrop. Performers who have played at the Colosseum in recent years have included Ray Charles (May 2002),[26] Paul McCartney (May 2003),[27] Elton John (September 2005),[28] and Billy Joel (July 2006).

text: Physical description

text: Exterior

text: Unlike earlier Greek theatres that were built into hillsides, the Colosseum is an entirely free-standing structure. It derives its basic exterior and interior architecture from that of two Roman theatres back to back. It is elliptical in plan and is 189 meters (615 ft / 640 Roman feet) long, and 156 meters (510 ft / 528 Roman feet) wide, with a base area of 24,000 square metres (6 acres). The height of the outer wall is 48 meters (157 ft / 165 Roman feet). The perimeter originally measured 545 meters (1,788 ft / 1,835 Roman feet). The central arena is an oval 87 m (287 ft) long and 55 m (180 ft) wide, surrounded by a wall 5 m (15 ft) high, above which rose tiers of seating.

text: The outer wall is estimated to have required over 100,000 cubic metres (3,531,467 cubic feet) of travertine stone which were set without mortar; they were held together by 300 tons of iron clamps.[15] However, it has suffered extensive damage over the centuries, with large segments having collapsed following earthquakes. The north side of the perimeter wall is still standing; the distinctive triangular brick wedges at each end are modern additions, having been constructed in the early 19th century to shore up the wall. The remainder of the present-day exterior of the Colosseum is in fact the original interior wall.

text: The surviving part of the outer wall's monumental façade comprises three stories of superimposed arcades surmounted by a podium on which stands a tall attic, both of which are pierced by windows interspersed at regular intervals. The arcades are framed by half-columns of the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders, while the attic is decorated with Corinthian pilasters.[29] Each of the arches in the second- and third-floor arcades framed statues, probably honoring divinities and other figures from Classical mythology.

text: Two hundred and forty mast corbels were positioned around the top of the attic. They originally supported a retractable awning, known as the velarium, that kept the sun and rain off spectators. This consisted of a canvas-covered, net-like structure made of ropes, with a hole in the center.[4] It covered two-thirds of the arena, and sloped down towards the center to catch the wind and provide a breeze for the audience. Sailors, specially enlisted from the Roman naval headquarters at Misenum and housed in the nearby Castra Misenatium, were used to work the velarium.[30]

text: The Colosseum's huge crowd capacity made it essential that the venue could be filled or evacuated quickly. Its architects adopted solutions very similar to those used in modern stadiums to deal with the same problem. The amphitheatre was ringed by eighty entrances at ground level, 76 of which were used by ordinary spectators.[4] Each entrance and exit was numbered, as was each staircase. The northern main entrance was reserved for the Roman Emperor and his aides, whilst the other three axial entrances were most likely used by the elite. All four axial entrances were richly decorated with painted stucco reliefs, of which fragments survive. Many of the original outer entrances have disappeared with the collapse of the perimeter wall, but entrances XXIII (23) to LIV (54) survive.[15]

text: Spectators were given tickets in the form of numbered pottery shards, which directed them to the appropriate section and row. They accessed their seats via vomitoria (singular vomitorium), passageways that opened into a tier of seats from below or behind. These quickly dispersed people into their seats and, upon conclusion of the event or in an emergency evacuation, could permit their exit within only a few minutes. The name vomitoria derived from the Latin word for a rapid discharge, from which English derives the word vomit.

text: Interior seating

text: According to the Codex-Calendar of 354, the Colosseum could accommodate 87,000 people, although modern estimates put the figure at around 50,000. They were seated in a tiered arrangement that reflected the rigidly stratified nature of Roman society. Special boxes were provided at the north and south ends respectively for the Emperor and the Vestal Virgins, providing the best views of the arena. Flanking them at the same level was a broad platform or podium for the senatorial class, who were allowed to bring their own chairs. The names of some 5th century senators can still be seen carved into the stonework, presumably reserving areas for their use.

text: The tier above the senators, known as the maenianum primum, was occupied by the non-senatorial noble class or knights (equites). The next level up, the maenianum secundum, was originally reserved for ordinary Roman citizens (plebeians) and was divided into two sections. The lower part (the immum) was for wealthy citizens, while the upper part (the summum) was for poor citizens. Specific sectors were provided for other social groups: for instance, boys with their tutors, soldiers on leave, foreign dignitaries, scribes, heralds, priests and so on. Stone (and later marble) seating was provided for the citizens and nobles, who presumably would have brought their own cushions with them. Inscriptions identified the areas reserved for specific groups.

text: Another level, the maenianum secundum in legneis, was added at the very top of the building during the reign of Domitian. This comprised a gallery for the common poor, slaves and women. It would have been either standing room only, or would have had very steep wooden benches. Some groups were banned altogether from the Colosseum, notably gravediggers, actors and former gladiators.[15]

text: Each tier was divided into sections (maeniana) by curved passages and low walls (praecinctiones or baltei), and were subdivided into cunei, or wedges, by the steps and aisles from the vomitoria. Each row (gradus) of seats was numbered, permitting each individual seat to be exactly designated by its gradus, cuneus, and number.[31]

text: Arena and hypogeum

text: The arena itself was 83 meters by 48 meters (272 ft by 157 ft / 280 by 163 Roman feet).[15] It comprised a wooden floor covered by sand (the Latin word for sand is harena or arena), covering an elaborate underground structure called the hypogeum (literally meaning "underground"). The hypogeum was not part of the original construction but was ordered to be built by Emperor Domitian. Little now remains of the original arena floor, but the hypogeum is still clearly visible. It consisted of a two-level subterranean network of tunnels and cages beneath the arena where gladiators and animals were held before contests began. Eighty vertical shafts provided instant access to the arena for caged animals and scenery pieces concealed underneath; larger hinged platforms, called hegmata, provided access for elephants and the like. It was restructured on numerous occasions; at least twelve different phases of construction can be seen.[15]

text: The hypogeum was connected by underground tunnels to a number of points outside the Colosseum. Animals and performers were brought through the tunnel from nearby stables, with the gladiators' barracks at the Ludus Magnus to the east also being connected by tunnels. Separate tunnels were provided for the Emperor and the Vestal Virgins to permit them to enter and exit the Colosseum without needing to pass through the crowds.[15]

text: Substantial quantities of machinery also existed in the hypogeum. Elevators and pulleys raised and lowered scenery and props, as well as lifting caged animals to the surface for release. There is evidence for the existence of major hydraulic mechanisms[15] and according to ancient accounts, it was possible to flood the arena rapidly, presumably via a connection to a nearby aqueduct. However, the construction of the hypogeum at Domitian's behest put an end to the practise of flooding, and thus also to naval battles, early in the Colosseum's existence.

text: Supporting buildings

text: The Colosseum and its activities supported a substantial industry in the area. In addition to the amphitheatre itself, many other buildings nearby were linked to the games. Immediately to the east is the remains of the Ludus Magnus, a training school for gladiators. This was connected to the Colosseum by an underground passage, to allow easy access for the gladiators. The Ludus Magnus had its own miniature training arena, which was itself a popular attraction for Roman spectators. Other training schools were in the same area, including the Ludus Matutinus (Morning School), where fighters of animals were trained, plus the Dacian and Gallic Schools.

text: Also nearby were the Armamentarium, comprising an armory to store weapons; the Summum Choragium, where machinery was stored; the Sanitarium, which had facilities to treat wounded gladiators; and the Spoliarium, where bodies of dead gladiators were stripped of their armor and disposed of.

text: Around the perimeter of the Colosseum, at a distance of 18 m (59 ft) from the perimeter, was a series of tall stone posts, with five remaining on the eastern side. Various explanations have been advanced for their presence; they may have been a religious boundary, or an outer boundary for ticket checks, or an anchor for the velarium or awning.[15]

text: Right next to the Colosseum is also the Arch of Constantine.

text: Use

text: The Colosseum was used to host gladiatorial shows as well as a variety of other events. The shows, called munera, were always given by private individuals rather than the state. They had a strong religious element but were also demonstrations of power and family prestige, and were immensely popular with the population. Another popular type of show was the animal hunt, or venatio. This utilized a great variety of wild beasts, mainly imported from Africa and the Middle East, and included creatures such as rhinoceros, hippopotamuses, elephants, giraffes, aurochs, wisents, Barbary lions, panthers, leopards, bears, Caspian tigers, crocodiles and ostriches. Battles and hunts were often staged amid elaborate sets with movable trees and buildings. Such events were occasionally on a huge scale; Trajan is said to have celebrated his victories in Dacia in 107 with contests involving 11,000 animals and 10,000 gladiators over the course of 123 days. During lunch intervals, executions ad bestias would be staged. Those condemned to death would be sent into the arena, naked and unarmed, to face the beasts of death which would literally tear them to pieces. Other performances would also take place by acrobats and magicians, typically during the intervals.

text: During the early days of the Colosseum, ancient writers recorded that the building was used for naumachiae (more properly known as navalia proelia) or simulated sea battles. Accounts of the inaugural games held by Titus in AD 80 describe it being filled with water for a display of specially trained swimming horses and bulls. There is also an account of a re-enactment of a famous sea battle between the Corcyrean (Corfiot) Greeks and the Corinthians. This has been the subject of some debate among historians; although providing the water would not have been a problem, it is unclear how the arena could have been waterproofed, nor would there have been enough space in the arena for the warships to move around. It has been suggested that the reports either have the location wrong, or that the Colosseum originally featured a wide floodable channel down its central axis (which would later have been replaced by the hypogeum).[15]

text: Sylvae or recreations of natural scenes were also held in the arena. Painters, technicians and architects would construct a simulation of a forest with real trees and bushes planted in the arena's floor, and animals would then be introduced. Such scenes might be used simply to display a natural environment for the urban population, or could otherwise be used as the backdrop for hunts or dramas depicting episodes from mythology. They were also occasionally used for executions in which the hero of the story – played by a condemned person – was killed in one of various gruesome but mythologically authentic ways, such as being mauled by beasts or burned to death.

text: Today

text: The Colosseum today is now a major tourist attraction in Rome with thousands of tourists each year paying to view the interior arena, though entrance for citizens of the European Union (EU) is partially subsidised, and entrance is free for EU citizens under eighteen or over sixty-five years of age.[32] There is now a museum dedicated to Eros located in the upper floor of the outer wall of the building. Part of the arena floor has been re-floored. Beneath the Colosseum, a network of subterranean passageways once used to transport wild animals and gladiators to the arena opened to the public in summer 2010.[33]

text: The Colosseum is also the site of Roman Catholic ceremonies in the 20th and 21st centuries. For instance, Pope Benedict XVI led the Stations of the Cross called the Scriptural Way of the Cross (which calls for more meditation) at the Colosseum[34][35] on Good Fridays.[9]

text: Restoration

text: In 2011 Diego Della Valle, head of the shoe firm Tod's, entered into an agreement with local officials to sponsor a €25 million restoration of the Colosseum. Work was planned to begin at the end of 2011, taking up to two and a half years.[36] Due to the controversial nature of using a public–private partnership to fund the restoration, work was delayed and began in 2013. The restoration is the first full cleaning and repair in the Colosseum's history.[37] The first stage is to clean and restore the Colosseum's arcaded façade and replace the metal enclosures that block the ground-level arches. Taking three years, the final product of this work was unveiled July 1, 2016, when the Italian minister of culture, Dario Franceschini, also announced that the funds have been committed to replace the floors by the end of 2018. These will provide a stage that Franceschini says will be used for "cultural events of the highest level."[38] The project also plans to create a services center and to restore the galleries and underground spaces inside the Colosseum.[39]. New to tours of the restored marvel beginning November 1, 2017, the top two levels have been opened for guided visits. The fourth level held the marketplace, and the top fifth tier is where the poorest citizens, the plebians, gathered and watched the show, bringing picnics for the day-long event. [40]

text:
Colosseum 2013

Colosseum 2013

Colosseum 2012

Colosseum 2013

Colosseum 2013

Colosseum 2013

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Colosseum 2014

text: Significance in Christianity

text: The Colosseum is generally regarded by Christians as a site of the martyrdom of large numbers of believers during the persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire, as evidenced by Church history and tradition.[41][42][43] On the other hand, other scholars believe that the majority of martyrdoms may have occurred at other venues within the city of Rome, rather than at the Colosseum, citing a lack of still-intact physical evidence or historical records.[44][45] These scholars assert that "some Christians were executed as common criminals in the Colosseum—their crime being refusal to reverence the Roman gods", but most Christian martyrs of the early Church were executed for their faith at the Circus Maximus.[46][47] According to Irenæus (died about 202), Ignatius of Antioch was fed to the lions in Rome around 107 A.D and although Irenaeus says nothing about this happening at the Colosseum, tradition ascribes it to that place.[48][49][50][51]

text: In the Middle Ages, the Colosseum was not regarded as a monument, and was used as what some modern sources label a "quarry,"[52] which is to say that stones from the Colosseum were taken for the building of other sacred sites.[53] This fact is used to support the idea that, at a time when sites associated with martyrs were highly venerated the Colosseum was not being treated as a sacred site.[54] It was not included in the itineraries compiled for the use of pilgrims nor in works such as the 12th century Mirabilia Urbis Romae ("Marvels of the City of Rome"), which claims the Circus Flaminius – but not the Colosseum – as the site of martyrdoms.[55] Part of the structure was inhabited by a Christian religious order, but it is not known whether this was for any particular religious reason.

text: Pope Pius V (1566–1572) is said to have recommended that pilgrims gather sand from the arena of the Colosseum to serve as a relic, on the grounds that it was impregnated with the blood of martyrs, although some of his contemporaries did not share his conviction.[56] A century later Fioravante Martinelli listed the Colosseum at the head of a list of places sacred to the martyrs in his 1653 book Roma ex ethnica sacra. Martinelli's book evidently had an effect on public opinion; in response to Cardinal Altieri's proposal some years later to turn the Colosseum into a bullring, Carlo Tomassi published a pamphlet in protest against what he regarded as an act of desecration. The ensuing controversy persuaded Pope Clement X to close the Colosseum's external arcades and declare it a sanctuary.[57]

text: At the insistence of St. Leonard of Port Maurice, Pope Benedict XIV (1740–1758) forbade the quarrying of the Colosseum and erected Stations of the Cross around the arena, which remained until February 1874.[58] Benedict Joseph Labre spent the later years of his life within the walls of the Colosseum, living on alms, before he died in 1783.[58] Several 19th century popes funded repair and restoration work on the Colosseum, and it still retains its Christian connection today. A Christian cross stands in the Colosseum, with a plaque, stating:

text: The amphitheater, one consecrated to triumphs, entertainments, and the impious worship of pagan gods, is now dedicated to the sufferings of the martyrs purified from impious superstitions.[48]

text: Other Christian crosses stand in several points around the arena and every Good Friday the Pope leads a Via Crucis procession to the amphitheater.

text: Flora

text: The Colosseum has a wide and well-documented history of flora ever since Domenico Panaroli made the first catalogue of its plants in 1643. Since then, 684 species have been identified there. The peak was in 1855 (420 species). Attempts were made in 1871 to eradicate the vegetation, because of concerns over the damage that was being caused to the masonry, but much of it has returned.[15] 242 species have been counted today and of the species first identified by Panaroli, 200 remain.

text: The variation of plants can be explained by the change of climate in Rome through the centuries. Additionally, bird migration, flower blooming, and the growth of Rome that caused the Colosseum to become embedded within the modern city centre rather than on the outskirts of the ancient city, as well as deliberate transport of species, are also contributing causes. Another reason often given is their seeds being unwittingly transported either on the fur or in the feces of animals brought there from all corners of the empire.[59]

text: Works modeled on, or inspired by, the Colosseum

text:
The Kongresshalle, or "Congress Hall", (1935, unfinished) at the Nazi Party Rally grounds, Nuremberg, Germany
The Summer Olympic Games medal from 1928 to 2000, designed by Giuseppe Cassioli, features a depiction of the Colosseum. At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens the Colosseum was replaced by a depiction of the Panathinaiko Stadium
The exterior of the Vancouver Public Library in British Columbia resembles the current state of the Colosseum. It was designed by Moshe Safdie.
The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum entrance was inspired by the Colosseum.
The Palazzo della Civilta Italiana was very closely modelled on the Colosseum. It was built for Mussolini for the Universal Exhibition of 1942 but the exhibition never happened due to the outbreak of World War II. The architects were Giovanni Guerrini, Ernesto Bruno La Padula, and Mario Romano.

text: Popular culture references

text: The Colosseum was featured in the 2010 video game Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood. The Colosseum is of great importance to the entire Assassin's Creed series as a whole: first, it was an entrance site to a Lair of Romulus, second, the Lair beneath the Colosseum led directly to the Temple of Juno Moneta which housed the Apple of Eden, third, it was used in a Passion Play depicting Jesus Christ's crucifixion where an assassination attempt was unfoiled by the protagonist Ezio Auditore da Firenze, fourth, in the 21st century, Desmond Miles freeran through the maze in the Colosseum in order to find the Temple of Juno Moneta below the Basilica of Santa Maria in Ara Coeli and the Apple kept in it by Ezio in 1506 and fifth, it has a glyph at the top.[60] In addition, the Colosseum is elliptical (oval-shaped) in reality, but it was made circular for Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood, since devising shadows for different sides of the buildings would have "driven game designers nuts".[61]


document_title: Cricket World Cup hosts

question_text: when did south africa host cricket world cup

text: Cricket World Cup hosts

text: Summary[edit]

text:
Tournament
# Matches
Matches Hosted by Nations
Other bidders

1975
15
 England (15)

1979
15
 England (15)

1983
27
 England (26)
 Wales (1)

1987
27
 India (17)
 Pakistan (10)
 England[1]

1992
39
 Australia (25)
 New Zealand (14)

1996
37
 India (17)
 Pakistan (16)
 Sri Lanka (4)
 England[2]
 South Africa[2]

1999
42
 England (37)
 Scotland (2)
 Ireland (1)
 Netherlands (1)
 Wales (1)

2003
54
 South Africa (46)
 Zimbabwe (6)
 Kenya (2)

2007
51
 West Indies (51)
 Bahamas[3]
 Bermuda[3]
 United States[3]

2011
49
 India (29)
 Sri Lanka (12)
 Bangladesh (8)
 Australia[4]
 New Zealand[4]
 Pakistan[5]
 United Arab Emirates[5]

2015
49
 Australia (26)
 New Zealand (23)

2019
48
 England (44)
 Wales (4)

2023
?
 India

text: Hosts Selection[edit]

text: 1975, 1979 and 1983 Cricket World Cups[edit]

text: England hosted the first three competitions. The ICC decided that England should host the first tournament because it was ready to put the resources needed in organising the inaugural event. India proposed that it should host the third Cricket World Cup, but most ICC members believed England was a more suitable venue because longer period of daylight in June. This meant that a match could be completed in one day.[6]

text: 1975, 1979 & 1983† Host:  England †In 1983, England are considered as sole hosts. However, one match was played in Swansea, Wales.

text: 1987 Cricket World Cup[edit]

text: The first competition hosted outside England was the 1987 Cricket World Cup, which was jointly held in India and Pakistan. A change in location led to a reduction in the number of overs from sixty to fifty in each innings because of the shorter duration of daylight.

text: 1987 Hosts:  India and  Pakistan

text: 2007 Cricket World Cup[edit]

text: The World Cup was awarded to the West Indies via the International Cricket Council's rotational policy. It was the first time the Cricket World Cup had been held in the Caribbean despite the fact that the West Indies cricket team had been the second most successful team in past World Cups. Bermuda and the United States unsuccessfully bid for the right to host matches.

text: 2007 Hosts:  West Indies

text: 2011, 2015 and 2019 Cricket World Cups[edit]

text: 2011 Bids:

text:
Australia and  New Zealand
 Bangladesh,  India,  Pakistan and  Sri Lanka

text: The ICC originally announced its decision which countries would host the 2011 World Cup on 30 April 2006. Australia and New Zealand's bid for the tournament was the only bid for 2011 delivered to ICC headquarters in Dubai ahead of the 1 March deadline.

text: ICC President Ehsan Mani said the extra time taken by the Asian bloc to hand over its bid compliance book had harmed the four-nation bid. However, when the time came to vote, Asia won the hosting rights by ten votes to three. The Pakistan Cricket Board revealed that it was the vote of the West Indies Cricket Board that swung the matter, as the Asian bid had the support of the four bidding countries along with South Africa and Zimbabwe. It was reported in Pakistani newspaper Dawn that the Asian countries promised to hold fund-raising events for West Indian cricket during the 2007 World Cup, which may have influenced the vote. However, chairman of the Monitoring Committee of the Asian bid, I. S. Bindra, said it was their promise of extra profits in the region of US$400 million that swung the vote, that there "was no quid pro quo for their support", and that playing the West Indies had "nothing to do with the World Cup bid".

text: After missing out on 2011, Australia and New Zealand were awarded the 2015 World Cup. England was awarded the 2019 event as part of rotational policy.[7]

text: 2011 Voting Result:

text:
Bangladesh,  India,  Pakistan and  Sri Lanka, 10 votes
 Australia and  New Zealand, 3 votes

tag: ol

text: Pakistan stripped of co-host status[edit]

text: Pakistan was stripped of its rights as co-host of the 2011 World Cup by the ICC on 17 April 2009[8][9] due to ongoing concerns about the "uncertain security situation" prevailing in the country, especially in the aftermath of the 2009 attack on the Sri Lanka national cricket team in Lahore On 9 April 2009, PCB chairman Ijaz Butt revealed that they had issued a legal notice to oppose ICC's decision.[10] However, the ICC claims that PCB is still a co-host and they have only shifted the matches out of Pakistan.[11] Pakistan had proposed that South Africa host the 2015 World Cup and Australia/New Zealand host 2011, however this option did not find favour with their co-hosts and hence didn't materialise.[12]

text: 2011 Hosts:  Bangladesh,  India and  Sri Lanka

text: 2015 Hosts:  Australia and  New Zealand awarded after losing the 2011 hosting bid

text: 2019 Host:  England awarded as per rotational policy

text: Unofficial rotation system[edit]

text: Since the 1983 World Cup in England, an unofficial rotation system was introduced so that each cricket playing region of the world would have the opportunity to host World Cup after every twenty years. However, according to the Sydney Morning Herald, The Age and Cricinfo, owing to the increasing power and role of the Asian nations, particularly India, this convention has not been strictly adhered to. For example, according to the rotation system, Australia and New Zealand should have been hosts for the event in 2011.[13][14] But, the subcontinent won the bid because it would fetch additional US$ 400 million in profit.[15]


document_title: The Temptations (miniseries)

question_text: who played smokey robinson in the temptations movie

text: The Temptations (miniseries)

text: Overview[edit]

text: The miniseries was based upon Otis Williams' book; as such, it came from his perspective: the focus of the story tended to be on Williams and Melvin Franklin, with David Ruffin and Eddie Kendricks seen as antagonists for much of the second half (although Kendricks was still given a more sympathetic portrayal than Ruffin). Dennis Edwards was not heavily focused upon, nor was much said of the problems he later had with Otis Williams. Nevertheless, the miniseries gave a general overview of both the history of the group and that of Motown, and, thanks to de Passe's connection, the film was able to use authentic props and locations.

text: A number of liberties were taken with factual events for dramatization purposes:

text:
In the miniseries, during a 1964 New Year's Motown party, Al Bryant is reluctant to perform another encore, and is fired from the group following a backstage altercation with Bryant throwing a beer bottle at Paul Williams. In reality, the incident happened in October 1963, but it was Williams who was reluctant to do another encore. Bryant would be fired two months later for being uncooperative following an annual Christmas party.[1]
In the miniseries, Edwards is visibly angered when Ruffin steals his microphone during a concert performance. In actuality, Edwards claims he gave the microphone and was appreciative for Ruffin's presence. The Temptations' backstage confrontation with Ruffin in which he is escorted by security never happened.[2]
While the miniseries dramatically and somewhat accurately portrays Paul Williams's death by suicide, in real life he was found dead in an alley in a car,[3] and not in a parking lot as portrayed.
Another inaccuracy is the depiction of Ruffin, Kendricks, and Edwards performing together before the 1982 reunion tour; in reality, Ruffin and Kendricks did not start performing together until 1985, with Edwards joining them in 1989 after the group was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.[4]
David Ruffin was not found dead (after being unceremoniously dumped out of a car) near a hospital, and then taken to a morgue where he would not be properly identified for a week. In reality, he had suffered a drug overdose, and was taken to the hospital by his chauffeur who notified attending staff of Ruffin's identity. Because no one claimed his body immediately after his death, his corpse was lain in the morgue for two days; once Ruffin's family was informed of his death, they claimed his body the next day.[5]
The miniseries shows David Ruffin developing ego problems in early 1966, but in reality, it never happened until late 1967.
The group's trademark four-headed microphone doesn't debut until Edwards joins the group, but in reality, it debuted in 1966 and in fact, Ruffin was responsible for creating it.
In the miniseries, Melvin Franklin apparently dies outside of the kitchen in his mother's house. In reality, he died from heart failure at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center after being admitted following a series of seizures.[6] As Franklin's death was still fresh in the minds of the miniseries' creators (he died in 1995), it was decided that the miniseries would not present Franklin's death as it actually occurred.

text: As a result, Otis Williams and the producers would be sued by several people portrayed in the film and their families, notably Melvin Franklin's mother and the children and estate of David Ruffin.

text: Although the movie is set mostly in Detroit and Los Angeles, the producers chose to shoot the film in Pittsburgh, presumably to take advantage of the many different architectural and geographical looks that Pittsburgh offers. de Passe Entertainment had, some six years earlier, shot The Jacksons: An American Dream in Pittsburgh as well.

text: Plot[edit]

text: This episode's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Part one (November 1, 1998)[edit]

text: The story begins in 1958 when Otis Williams, at the time a teenager, is running to meet his friend Elbridge "Al" Bryant at a musical performance by The Cadillacs, where Otis and the singer lock eyes, which he credits as the moment he devoted his life to music. After the concert, Otis and Al go to a barber where they both get the Tony Curtis-style hairdo. Later, Otis arrives home for dinner, where his father is angered by his hairstyle and pressures him to go to work at the assembly line instead of going into music, which Otis heatedly rejects. Six months later, Otis, Al and two new band members, are singing on a street corner when they see another group of singers across the street, and are impressed by one singer's bass voice type. The next day after school, Otis spots the singer leaving to walk home, and decides to follow him. The singer sees Otis and begins to run away, thinking him to be a gang member. Otis eventually catches him and introduces himself, finding out that the singer's name is Melvin Franklin, and invites him to join his group, Otis Williams & the Siberians. Melvin agrees, on the condition that his mother approves. After talking her, Otis convinces Melvin's mother to let him join.

text: The group, now with five members, are practicing their singing after school one day when they notice a group of girls watching them sing. Upon seeing this, the group follows them while singing Earth Angel. The girls go their separate ways until one girl, Josephine, remains, and Otis asks her out on a date. The next Saturday, the group are making out with the girls in a milk truck when they hear for their group to come the radio station, and hastily drive to the station, which turns out to be a run-down apartment. Johnnie May Matthews, the owner of the pirate radio studio in the basement, declares herself their new manager and producer, and also changes their name to Otis Williams and the Distants. In April 1960, the group are waiting to perform at a party where they meet Paul Williams, Eddie Kendricks, singers for The Primes, Diana Ross, lead singer for the Primettes, Smokey Robinson, lead singer of Smokey Robinson & the Miracles, and Berry Gordy, founder and owner of Motown Records. Al arrives late at the party and shows hostility towards Eddie and Paul, while hitting on Diana. The Primes and Primettes perform and the Distants are impressed by their sound. After performing themselves, Otis and Melvin see Berry Gordy entering the bathroom and follow him. After some talking, Berry gives them a business card to contact him later on. Once the party's ends, Johnnie shows up in a new car, bought with the money earned from their record, while also showing off rolls of money. Awestruck, they ask about when they get paid, which angers Johnnie and she immediately fires them, kicks them out of the car and drives away. Al and two other members promptly quit the group, leaving Otis and Melvin as the only two remaining members.

text: Shortly after, Melvin approaches Otis and tells him that Eddie Kendricks and Paul Williams recently left their own group and are interested in joining them. Otis is reluctant to let them join, as he finds them arrogant and cocky, but ultimately accepts when Al rejoins the group. With this new line-up, the group renames themselves the Elgins. Eddie and Paul prove to be valuable members; Paul teaches them how to dance and becomes their unofficial choreographer, while Eddie becomes their falsetto singer. In March 1961, Otis enters Motown Studios, the headquarters of Motown Records, and meets up with Berry Gordy. After the meeting, Otis finds the others waiting outside for an answer. He informs them that Berry will sign them if they can come up with a better group name. After sitting outside the studio for hours waiting to be called in and thinking up a new name, a secretary named Martha Reeves finds them outside and calls them in to meet Berry. When they get to Berry, he asks them for their name, to which Otis replies "the Temptations".

text: Berry likes the name and agrees to hear them sing. After hearing them perform Oh Mother of Mine (which would become their debut single for Motown) Berry enthusiastically signs them under the Motown label. The group are now in high spirits and make a pact to never leave the group. Otis arrives home to find out that Josephine is pregnant, and although he is shocked, he promises to take responsibility for the baby. In a voiceover, Otis explains that he and Josephine were married shortly after and later gave birth to their son, Lamont. While making moderately successful records written largely by Berry, such as Paradise (Temptations song) and I Want a Love I Can See, and getting real choreography from Chollie Atkins, the group start to become known as "The Hitless Temptations" as they can't seem to make a real hit in the first three years under the Motown label. The group start to doubt themselves as talented singers and Al starts to lose his passion for singing and becomes more and more negative and volatile. This comes to a head after performing at a New Year's Eve party, Al smashes Paul in the side of the head with a beer bottle when asked to do an encore on stage. He is kicked out the group immediately. The remaining four go back on stage anyway and perform the classic party song Shout (The Isley Brothers song). While singing, Jimmy Ruffin and his younger brother David Ruffin jump on stage and sing as well. The group are impressed the duos' singing, especially David's. After the party, the four, along with David, go to Melvin's mother's house to eat. While they eat and talk, the four invite David to join the group, which he readily accepts. With five members once again, they make a toast to the future success of the Temptations.

text: In January 1964, the group head to Hitsville to record a song written for them by Smokey Robinson. The song, called The Way You Do the Things You Do becomes an instant hit and puts the Temptations on the map. Shortly after the song hits the charts, the group go on a tour with various other Motown artists, such as the Vandellas, the Miracles, and Marvin Gaye. One afternoon, while changing a tire on the tour bus, a pair of racist Southerners drive by shooting at them with a shotgun, and David and Eddie try in vain to chase them down, but quickly give up. The tour eventually ends and they all arrive back in Detroit. While Josephine is waiting for Otis in front of Hitsville, she sees him with another woman, and assumes that they are having an affair, and storms off. Soon after, the Temptations go on tour again. In November that year, Smokey writes them another song called My Girl. The song debuts early next year and becomes a massive success, reaching number one on the charts that years. The group enjoys their newfound success and wealth, spending money on themselves and their loved ones.

text: With this success, however, soon comes trouble. By early 1966, David starts to develop an ego, thinking himself to be solely responsible for the Temptations' success. He also begins using drugs and starts showing up late for rehearsals and meetings, if he shows up at all. This behavior starts to take a toll on the group, and soon after recording Ain't Too Proud to Beg, Otis and Melvin pay David a visit, warning him to clean up his act or else be fired. Later, Berry introduces the group to their new manager, Shelly Berger. Shelly plans to expand the Temptations' fanbase to the mainstream white audience, which they are somewhat reluctant about, as they think their original fans will see them as sell-outs. After some consideration, the Temptations agree and are put on a month-long tour with the Supremes. The tour turns out to be a success and gets them to the Copacabana, although David's destructive behavior continues, and he declares his shady friend, Flynn, his new manager instead of Shelly. Flynn informs the group that David wants to change the group name to "David Ruffin & The Temptations" or else he will not perform, which they reject. David shows up anyway, albeit late, and performs "I'm Losing You" at the Copa, and leaves in a separate limo. After the show, the others take a vote on whether or not they should keep David in the group, and all but Eddie vote to kick him out. Shortly after, David shows up at Hitsville in his limo. While the four watch from a window, Shelly meets David outside and hands him a note informing him of their decision. Upon reading this, David flies into a rage, yelling at them through the window. He then gets into his limo and drives off. Melvin rhetorically asks "So now what"?

text: Part two (November 2, 1998)[edit]

text: Later in 1968, the Temptations hire Dennis Edwards, an old friend, as a replacement for David. It is around this time that the group enters their psychedelic soul era, started with their 1968 single Cloud Nine. During a concert performance, the group is about to sing Ain't Too Proud to Beg when David jumps on stage and steals the microphone from Dennis and sings himself. The others go along with this to save face, but then chase him backstage and get into a brief argument before getting security guards to escort him out. By 1969, Paul's drinking becomes debilitating and Melvin develops rheumatoid arthritis in the legs and starts taking cortisone shots to ease the symptoms despite his doctor's advice, yet both continue performing anyway. Around this time Otis and Josephine also get a divorce. As Paul's condition gets progressively worse, the others begin to consider whether Paul should retire, at least for the time being. Eddie is against this, as he thinks that they should stick by Paul and be with him at all times, making sure he doesn't drink. In November 1970, Eddie visits David, who begins to turn him against Otis and Melvin while giving him his first shot of cocaine. Shortly after, Paul becomes well enough to sing again, and the Temptations record a new song written by their producer Norman Whitfield called Just My Imagination. Eddie quits the group after recording the song. Later, Otis and his son Lamont visit Paul at his house. Paul asks to be back in the Temptations, while demonstrating his dancing, almost falling over. Otis tell him that he will be back when he gets better. In June 1972, Norman writes another song called Papa Was a Rolling Stone, which the group are initially against recording, but eventually go along with it. In a montage set to the song, Paul is seen struggling with his addiction, while fighting with his wife, and later driving around town, ending with Paul committing suicide in a parking lot. Eddie reunites with the others at the funeral, with Melvin telling him that while he's out of the group, they will always be family.

text: By 1977, the Temptations have moved from Detroit to Los Angeles and have been hit with a dry spell in their career. The group, now with Otis and Melvin as the only remaining original members, fire Shelly as their manager, leave the Motown label and start recording under the Atlantic Records label. Eddie is still under the Motown label and has made two major hits, while David, who has had some hits after the Temptations, is also under a dry spell. One day, while Melvin is helping a woman with her grocery bags, a thief gets in his car and tries to start it. When Melvin tries to stop him, the thief shoots him in both of his legs, kicks him out, and drives off in his car. Melvin tells Otis to go on tour without him, as they need the money. After the tour, Otis goes back to Detroit with Lamont to visit his mother, who tells him that she has cancer. They then have a heart-to-heart on the porch.

text: In 1980, Melvin's legs are still recovering and the Temptations leave Atlantic Records. Eddie's success is starting to fade and he is reduced to playing in small nightclubs. While performing one night, Eddie spots David in the audience and once he finishes the song, brings David on stage and they sing together. After everyone leaves the club, Eddie and David have a drink at the bar and agree to start their own faction of the Temptations, along with Dennis Edwards, who was fired from the Temptations in 1978. Otis and Melvin move back to Detroit and go back under the Motown label and Shelly becomes their manager again. Not long after, Motown becomes interested in setting up a reunion tour between both sets of the Temptations.

text: By 1982, the tour is officially underway and both sets of Temptations come together to rehearse and become reacquainted. While on tour, Josephine calls and informs Otis that Lamont died in a construction accident. After Otis gets back from the funeral, the tour starts to fall apart, as David's drug addiction starts to trigger his destructive nature.

text: In 1989, the Temptations are inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. At the ceremony, Otis and Melvin are reunited with David, Eddie, and Dennis. And despite their past squabbles and rivalries, for one moment, they are friends again.

text: In June 1991, a dead body is found in front of a hospital. After a week in the morgue, the body is finally identified as that of David Ruffin, dead of an apparent drug overdose. Eddie passed away soon after of lung cancer in October 1992.

text: In February 1995, Otis and Melvin, now reduced to a wheelchair, visit Melvin's mother. While preparing to eat dinner, Melvin, despite being in a wheelchair, volunteers to get short ribs from the kitchen. While he's gone, Melvin's mother thanks Otis for taking care of Melvin and keeping the Temptations together through all the good and bad times. The two then call for Melvin, but he doesn't respond. They go into the kitchen and find him unresponsive. Many people show up at the funeral, including Smokey Robinson, who sings his song "Really Gonna Miss You".

text: The film ends with the "classic five" Temptations (Otis, Melvin, Eddie, Paul, and David) in their youth, singing "My Girl" on a stage. At the end of the song, they take a bow, with Otis saying in a voice-over "Temptations, forever."

text: Afterwards[edit]

text: The miniseries was a ratings success with 45 million viewers in total watching the two-part series;[7] the first half alone averaged a 15 rating/23 share in Nielsen ratings.[8] Arkush won a 1999 Emmy award for Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries or a Movie. The miniseries has been subsequently rerun on the VH-1 cable television network and released to VHS and DVD. The VHS release notably omitted a few scenes which had previously aired on the television premiere. One such scene includes David Ruffin, clearly under the influence of drugs and his ego, becoming belligerent during a picnic celebration with the other members of the group. The removal of this scene is possibly due to the ensuing suit.

text: Otis Williams' ex-wife Josephine Miles, Melvin Franklin's mother Rose Franklin, Johnnie Mae Matthews, and on David Ruffin's behalf, the Ruffin family, filed suit against Williams, Shelly Berger, David V. Picker, Motown, De Passe Entertainment, Hallmark Entertainment, and NBC for use of their likenesses in the film, defamation of character, and emotional distress because of the inaccurate depictions of events.[9] They also alleged that the miniseries misportrayed them and/or their relatives and twisted facts. The judges ruled in favor of the defendants, and the ruling was upheld when the plaintiffs appealed in 2001.[10] Otis Williams later claimed that while his book was the source material for the film, he did not have a great deal of control over how the material was presented.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Classic Five Members and relatives[edit]

text:
Charles Malik Whitfield as Otis Williams, founder and leader of Otis Williams & the Distants and later The Temptations. He conflicts with some of his group mates, particularly David Ruffin and Eddie Kendricks, over group leadership. Otis Williams is the only original member of The Temptations who is still living, and still performs with the group.

Tina Lifford as Hazel, Otis' mother.
Harold Surratt as Edgar, Otis' stepfather.
Gina Ravera as Josephine (née Rogers), Otis' wife during the 1960s and the mother of their son Lamont.
Stevland Parks as Lamont, Otis and Josephine's son (portrayed at age 12)
Chrystal Bates as Mrs. Rogers, Josephine's mother.

D. B. Woodside as Melvin "Blue" Franklin, Otis' best friend, and a member of both Otis Williams & the Distants and The Temptations for over four decades. Shy and soft-spoken, he secretly struggles with arthritis over the years. Outside of founding member Otis Williams, Franklin was the only member of the Temptations who did not quit the group or be fired during his tenure; Franklin died in 1995.

Jenifer Lewis as "Mama Rose," Melvin's mother.

Terron Brooks as Eddie "Cornbread" Kendricks, a member of The Primes and The Temptations' original first tenor/falsetto and co-lead singer. After quitting the group in 1971, Eddie becomes a solo singer and later joins forces with fellow ex-Temptation David Ruffin. Kendricks died of lung cancer in 1992 (this event is not portrayed in the miniseries, but is referenced near the end of Part Two).
Christian Payton as Paul Williams, a member of The Primes and the Temptations' original lead singer, who succumbs to alcoholism and poor health, forcing his retirement from the act in 1971.

Rhonda Ross Kendrick as Maxine, Paul's wife

Leon as David Ruffin, The Temptations' lead singer from 1964 to 1968, whose ego leads the others to force him out of the group. Ruffin died of a drug overdose in 1991.

Lamman Rucker as Jimmy Ruffin, David's older brother and a Motown performer.
Nyjah Moore as Tammi Terrell, David's girlfriend and a Motown performer.

text: Other Temptations Members[edit]

text:
J. August Richards as Richard Street, a member of Otis Williams & the Distants, who later replaces Paul Williams in The Temptations
Charles Ley as Dennis Edwards, The Temptations' lead singer in the late 1960s and 1970s. He later joins forces with David and Eddie when they form a Temptations splinter group in the 1980s.
Chaz Lamar Shepherd as Elbridge "Al"/"Bones" Bryant, Otis' high school friend and a member of both Otis Williams & the Distants and The Temptations. Having a day job as a milk man, Al becomes restless and moody as the Temptations struggle to find their big break, and is fired in December 1963.
Benjamin J. Cain Jr. as Glenn Leonard, the Temptations' first tenor in the 1980s.
Jonnie Brown as Damon Harris, the Temptations' first tenor in the 1970s after Eddie quits the act.

text: Others[edit]

text:
Alan Rosenberg as Shelly Berger, the Temptations' manager.
Obba Babatundé as Berry Gordy, Jr, founder of Motown Records.
Erik Michael Tristan as a young Smokey Robinson, the lead singer of The Miracles and The Temptations' primary songwriter and producer during the early 1960s.

The real-life Smokey Robinson appears as himself in a cameo at the end of Part Two, where he sings at Melvin's funeral.

Vanessa Bell Calloway as Johnnie Mae Matthews, producer and manager for Otis Williams & the Distants.
Mel Jackson as Norman Whitfield, The Temptations' primary producer and songwriter during the late 1960s and early 1970s.
Adam Lazarre-White as Flynn, David's driver and self-appointed manager.
Christopher Reid as Joltin' Joe, a radio DJ who summons The Distants for Johnnie Mae Matthews
Bianca Lawson as Diana Ross of The Primettes/The Supremes.
Melissa Mercedes Cardello as Florence Ballard of The Primettes/The Supremes. She begins an affair with Otis while on the Motor Town Revue in 1964.
Taifa Harris as Mary Wilson of The Primettes/The Supremes.
N'Tasha A. Pierre as Martha Reeves, a Motown performer and secretary.
Ricky Fanté as Marvin Gaye, a Motown performer.
Russell Clark as Cholly Atkins, Motown's in-house choreographer.
Vincent A. Ponder as James 'Pee-Wee' Crawford, a member of Otis Williams & the Distants.

text: Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Result
Category
Recipient

1999
Motion Picture Sound Editors
Won
Best Sound Editing - Television Mini-Series - Music
Kevin Crehan (music editor) and Tom Villano (music and scoring editor) (For episode "Night One")

Best Sound Editing - Television Mini-Series - Dialogue & ADR
Suzanne Angel, Mark Friedgen, G. Michael Graham, Anton Holden, Kristi Johns, Mark R. La Pointe, Michael Lyle, Scott A. Tinsley, and Tim Terusa (For episode "Night One")

NAACP Image Awards
Outstanding Television Movie or Mini-Series

-

Primetime Emmy Award
Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries or a Movie
Allan Arkush

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^ Eddie Kendricks died in October 1992.[11]