document_title: List of Formula One constructors

question_text: where are all the formula 1 teams based

question_tokens: where are all the formula 1 teams based

text: List of Formula One constructors

text: Terminology: constructors vs. teams[edit]

text: In Formula One racing the terms "constructor" and "entrant" have specific and differing meanings. An entrant is the person or corporate entity that registers a car and driver for a race, and is then responsible for preparing and maintaining that car during the race weekend. As a result of this preparation role and active involvement in the running of the race, the term "team" has become commonly applied to an entrant organisation.

text: Constructors[edit]

text: Under Article 6.3 of the FIA Sporting Regulations, "the constructor of an engine or chassis is the person (including any corporate or unincorporated body) which owns the intellectual rights to such engine or chassis".[1] The title of Formula One World Champion Constructor is awarded to the car "make" that has scored the most points during the course of the season, where a car's make takes into account both engine and chassis. Hence, if a car's chassis and engine constructor are the same entity (e.g. Ferrari, Toyota, BRM etc.) then the make is simply the name of that one constructor. However, where the chassis and engine are constructed by different entities the car's make comprises both (e.g. McLaren-Mercedes, Lotus-Climax etc.), with the name of the chassis constructor being placed before that of the engine constructor. As both engine and chassis are included in the make name, chassis run with different engines (e.g. Lotus-Ford, Lotus-BRM) are counted as two separate makes and points are scored separately. Up until the 1979 season, most seasons saw only the highest-scoring driver in each race for each constructor contributing points towards the World Constructors' Championship. The World Constructors' Championship title is awarded to the constructor of the chassis of the make that scores the most points. For this reason, this list only considers chassis constructors. For more information on engines, see Formula One engines.

text: Teams[edit]

text: Since the 1981 season the FIA have required that Formula One entrants own the intellectual rights to the chassis that they enter, and so the terms "entrant" and "constructor", and hence also "team", have become synonymous.

text: Before this time, constructors were free to sell their chassis to as many other teams as they liked. Brabham and Lotus chassis were used extensively by other teams during the 1960s and 1970s and several quite competitive teams never built their own chassis. Rob Walker Racing Team was the most successful example, being responsible for the first victories in Formula One for both Cooper and Lotus. The concept of a "works" or "factory" team (i.e. the official team of the company producing the cars, as opposed to a customer team which buys them off the shelf) therefore applied to chassis in the same way as it does in rallying and sports car racing.

text: There have been some recent exceptions where a specialist company, not itself entered in the championship, has been commissioned to design and build a chassis for a team; Lola built cars for Larrousse and Scuderia Italia in the late 1980s and early 1990s, for example. Larousse had their points from the 1990 season erased after the FIA decided that they had falsely nominated themselves and not Lola as the chassis constructor. In 1978, the new Arrows team which had been established by former Shadow personnel was sued by Shadow on the grounds that the Arrows FA/1 car was a copy of Shadow's DN9 – a view upheld by the UK High Court, which placed a ban on Arrows racing the FA/1.

text: There have been more recent cases with Ligier (1995), Sauber (2004), Scuderia Toro Rosso (2006 & 2007) and Super Aguri (2007 & 2008) where teams have been accused of using a chassis produced by another constructor (respectively Benetton, Ferrari, Red Bull Racing and Honda). No action was taken against any of these teams, the sporting authorities being satisfied in each case that the team owned the intellectual property to the chassis they raced.

text: From the middle of the 1973 season until the end of the 2013 season, each team had permanent racing numbers from race to race throughout the season. (Since 2014, racing numbers have been assigned to drivers instead of teams). Since the 1985 season the FIA have required that teams enter no more than two cars for a race.[2]

text: Team's nationality[edit]

text: Unlike drivers who are required to compete in the FIA Formula One World Championship under the nationality of their passport, the FIA's International Sporting Code states that teams competing in the FIA Formula One World Championship shall compete under the nationality of their parent National Automobile Club that issued their FIA racing licence.[3] On the basis of this regulation, despite the fact that most current teams are based in the UK, this country is officially represented in Formula One only by teams holding a racing licence issued by the British National Sporting Authority. Teams take the nationality of their parent National Automobile Club that issued their licence for the period of validity of that licence and the change of the nationality is allowed. Several teams changed their nationality during their competition in Formula One (e.g. Shadow in 1976 from American to British, Benetton in 1996 from British to Italian, Red Bull in 2007 from British to Austrian, Renault in 2011 from French to British). Benetton is the only team to have achieved victories while racing under two different nationalities.

text: Relating to the team's nationality because of teams' bases in Britain several mistakes occurred on official entry lists issued by or podium ceremonies organized by the FIA or race organisers, e.g. Wolf[4][5] holding the Canadian nationality and Shadow (in 1973)[6] and Penske[7][8] holding the American nationality all identified as the British by official entry lists, or the British national anthem played on the podium in honour of the winning Jordan and Red Bull (in 2009) holding the Irish and Austrian nationality respectively.[9][10]

text: 2018 constructors' statistics[edit]

text: Key: Races Entered = Number of individual races entered; Races Started = Number of individual races started; Drivers = Number of drivers; Total Entries = Total number of race entries; Wins = Number of races won; Points = Number of World Constructors' Championship points scored; Poles = Number of pole positions; FL = Number of fastest laps; Podiums = Number of podium finishes; WCC = World Constructors' Championships won; WDC = World Drivers' Championships won.

text:
Constructor
Engine
Licensed in
Based in
Seasons
Races Entered
Races Started
Drivers
Total Entries
Wins
Points
Poles
FL
Podiums
WCC
WDC
First Grand Prix
Antecedent teams

Ferrari
Ferrari
 Italy
 Italy
1950–present
957
955
79
2042
231
7338.5
216
244
733
16
15
1950 Monaco

Force India
Mercedes
 India
 United Kingdom
2008–present
197
197
7
394
0
1023
1
5
6
0
0
2008 Australian
 Jordan (1991–2005),  Midland (2006),  Spyker (2007)

Haas
Ferrari
 United States
 United States
 United Kingdom
2016–present
47
47
3
94
0
95
0
0
0
0
0
2016 Australian

McLaren
Renault
 United Kingdom
 United Kingdom
1966–present
831
827
48
1731
182
5186.5
155
155
485
8
12
1966 Monaco

Mercedes
Mercedes
 Germany
 Germany[n 1]
 United Kingdom
1954–1955,
2010–present
174
174
11
360
78
3896
90
58
162
4
6
1954 French
 Tyrrell (1968–1998),  BAR (1999–2005),  Honda (2006–2008),  Brawn (2009)

Red Bull Racing
TAG Heuer[n 2]
 Austria[n 3]
 United Kingdom
2005–present
251
250
9
500
57
3995.5
59
58
151
4
4
2005 Australian
 Stewart (1997–1999),  Jaguar (2000–2004)

Renault
Renault
 France[n 4]
 France[n 5]
 United Kingdom
1977–1985,
2002–2011,
2016–present
350
347
24
682
35
1429
51
31
100
2
2
1977 British
 Toleman (1981–1985), / Benetton (1986–2001),  Lotus (2012–2015),

Sauber
Ferrari
  Switzerland
  Switzerland
1993–present
450
447
30
872
1
828
1
5
26
0
0
1993 South African
 BMW Sauber (2006–2009)

Scuderia Toro Rosso
Honda
 Italy
 Italy
2006–present
232
232
13
464
1
401
1
1
1
0
0
2006 Bahrain
 Minardi (1985–2005)

Williams
Mercedes
 United Kingdom
 United Kingdom
1978–present
684
683
40
1287
114
3557
128
133
312
9
7
1978 Argentine

text: Former constructors' statistics[edit]

text: Key: Races Entered = Number of individual races entered; Races Started = Number of individual races started; Drivers = Number of drivers; Total Entries = Total number of race entries; Wins = Number of races won; Points = Number of Constructors' Championship points scored; Poles = Number of pole positions; FL = Number of fastest laps; Podiums. = Number of podium finishes; WCC = Constructors' Championships won; WDC = Drivers' Championships won.

text:
Constructor
Licensed in
Seasons
Races Entered
Races Started
Drivers
Total Entries
Wins
Points
Poles
FL
Podiums
WCC
WDC
First Grand Prix
Last Grand Prix

Alex von Falkenhausen Motorenbau
 Germany
1952–1953[n 6]
4
4
6
9
0
n/a
0
0
0
n/a
0
1952 Swiss
1953 Italian

Automobiles Gonfaronnaises Sportives
 France
1986–1991
80
32
10
124
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
1986 Italian
1991 Monaco

Alfa Romeo
 Italy
1950–1951
1979–1985
110
110
18
237
10
50[n 7]
12
14
26
0[n 8]
2
1950 British
1985 Australian

Alta
 United Kingdom
1950–1952[n 9]
5
5
4
6
0
n/a
0
0
0
n/a
0
1950 British
1952 British

Amon
 New Zealand
1974
4
1
2
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1974 Spanish
1974 Italian

Andrea Moda
 Italy
1992
12
1
4
16
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1992 S. African
1992 Italian

Apollon
 Switzerland
1977
5
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1977 Italian
1977 Italian

Arrows[n 10]
 United Kingdom
1978–2002
394
383
36
783
0
167
1
0
8
0
0
1978 Brazilian
2002 German

Arzani-Volpini
 Italy
1955
1
0
1
1
0
n/a
0
0
0
n/a
0
1955 Italian
1955 Italian

Aston Butterworth
 United Kingdom
1952
4
1
2
4
0
n/a
0
0
0
n/a
0
1952 Belgian
1952 Italian

Aston Martin
 United Kingdom
1959–1960
6
5
3
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1959 Dutch
1960 British

Automobili Turismo e Sport
 Italy
1963[n 11]
5
5
2
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1963 Belgian
1963 Mexican

ATS (Auto Technisches Spezialzubehör)
 Germany
1977–1984
107
89
15
146
0
7
0
0
0
0
0
1978 Argentine
1984 Portuguese

British American Racing[n 12]
 United Kingdom
1999–2005
118
116
7
236
0
227
2
0
15
0
0
1999 Australian
2005 Chinese

Behra-Porsche
 Germany
1959-1960
4
2
4
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1960 Argentine
1960 Monaco

Bellasi
 Switzerland
1970–1971
6
2
1
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1970 Dutch
1971 Italian

Benetton[n 13]
 United Kingdom /  Italy[n 14][11]
1986–2001
260
260
17
520
27
851.5
15
36
102
1
2
1986 Brazilian
2001 Japanese

Boro
 Netherlands
1976–1977
8
6
4
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1976 Spanish
1977 Italian

Brabham
 United Kingdom
1962–1987, 1989–1992
403
394
39
995
35
843
39
42
124
2
4
1962 German
1992 Hungarian

Brawn GP
 United Kingdom
2009
17
17
2
34
8
172
5
4
15
1
1
2009 Australian
2009 Abu Dhabi

British Racing Motors
 United Kingdom
1951, 1956–1977
208
197
71
559
17
385
11
15
61
1
1
1951 British
1977 Italian

British Racing Partnership
 United Kingdom
1963–1964
13
13
2
19
0
11
0
0
0
0
0
1963 Belgian
1964 Mexican

Bugatti
 France
1956
1
1
1
1
0
n/a
0
0
0
n/a
0
1956 French
1956 French

Caterham
 Malaysia
2012–2014
56
56
8
112
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2012 Australian
2014 Abu Dhabi

Cisitalia
 Italy
1952
1
0
1
1
0
n/a
0
0
0
n/a
0
1952 Italian
1952 Italian

Coloni[n 15]
 Italy
1987–1991
65
13
8
81
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1987 Italian
1991 Australian

Connaught
 United Kingdom
1952–1959
18
17
29
52
0
0[n 16]
0
0
1
0
0
1952 British
1959 United States

Connew
 United Kingdom
1972
2
1
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1972 British
1972 Austrian

Cooper Car Company
 United Kingdom
1950, 1952–1969
129
129
111
528
16
301
11
14
58
2
2
1950 Monaco
1969 Monaco

Dallara
 Italy
1988–1992
80
78
6
144
0
15
0
0
2
0
0
1988 Brazilian
1992 Australian

Derrington-Francis
 United Kingdom
1964
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1964 Italian
1964 Italian

Peter de Klerk
 South Africa
1963, 1965
2
2
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1963 South African
1965 South African

De Tomaso
 Italy
1961–1963, 1970
15
10
8
18
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1961 French
1970 United States

Eagle (Anglo American Racers)
 United States[12]
1966–1969
26
26
7
35
1
17
0
2
2
0
0
1966 Belgian
1969 Canadian

Eifelland
 Germany
1972
8
8
1
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1972 South African
1972 Austrian

Emeryson
 United Kingdom
1956, 1961–1962
6
4
6
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1956 British
1962 Italian

Eisenacher Motorenwerk
 East Germany
1953
1
1
1
1
0
n/a
0
0
0
n/a
0
1953 German
1953 German

Ecurie Nationale Belge
 Belgium
1962
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1962 German
1962 German

Ensign
 United Kingdom
1973–1982
134
98
25
154
0
19
0
1
0
0
0
1973 French
1982 Caesars Palace

English Racing Automobiles
 United Kingdom
1950–1952
7
7
7
12
0
n/a
0
0
0
n/a
0
1950 British
1952 Dutch

EuroBrun
 Italy /  Switzerland
1988–1990
46
15
5
76
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1988 Brazilian
1990 Spanish

Ferguson Research Ltd.
 United Kingdom
1961
1
1
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1961 British
1961 British

FIRST
 Italy
1989
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
–
–

Fittipaldi Automotive (Copersucar)
 Brazil
1975–1982
120
103
8
156
0
44
0
0
3
0
0
1975 Argentine
1982 Caesars Palace

Fondmetal
 Italy
1991–1992
29
19
4
42
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1991 United States
1992 Italian

Forti
 Italy
1995–1996
28
23
4
54
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1995 Brazilian
1996 British

Frank Williams Racing Cars[n 17]
 United Kingdom
1972–1976
61
56
25
112
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
1972 British
1976 Japanese

Frazer-Nash
 United Kingdom
1952
4
4
2
4
0
n/a
0
0
0
n/a
0
1952 Swiss
1952 Dutch

Fry
 United Kingdom
1959
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1959 British
1959 British

Gilby Engineering
 United Kingdom
1961–1963
6
3
2
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1961 British
1963 Italian

Gordini
 France
1952–1956
33
33
23
101
0
n/a
0
1
2
n/a
0
1952 Swiss
1956 Italian

Greifzu
 East Germany
1953
1
1
1
1
0
n/a
0
0
0
n/a
0
1953 German
1953 German

Hesketh
 United Kingdom
1974–1978
60
52
15
97
1
48
0
1
7
0
0
1974 South African
1978 Belgian

Hill
 United Kingdom
1975
11
10
6
21
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
1975 South African
1975 United States

HRT (Hispania Racing Team)
 Spain
2010–2012
58
56
8
116
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2010 Bahrain
2012 Brazilian

Honda
 Japan
1964–1968
2006–2008
88
88
8
154
3
154
2
2
9
0
0
1964 German
2008 Brazilian

HWM (Hersham and Walton Motors)
 United Kingdom
1951–1955
16
14
15
48
0
n/a
0
0
0
n/a
0
1951 Swiss
1955 Monaco

Jaguar[n 18]
 United Kingdom
2000–2004
85
85
8
170
0
49
0
0
2
0
0
2000 Australian
2004 Brazilian

JBW
 United Kingdom
1959–1961
6
5
1
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1959 British
1961 Italian

Jordan[n 19]
 Republic of Ireland[13]
1991–2005
250
250
30
500
4
291
2
2
19
0
0
1991 United States
2005 Chinese

Kauhsen
 Germany
1979
2
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1979 Spanish
1979 Belgian

Klenk
 Germany
1954
1
1
1
1
0
n/a
0
0
0
n/a
0
1954 German
1954 German

Kojima
 Japan
1976–1977
2
2
3
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1976 Japanese
1977 Japanese

Kurtis
 United States
1959
12
12
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1959 United States
1959 United States

Lambo (Modena Team)
 Italy
1991
16
6
2
32
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1991 United States
1991 Australian

Lancia
 Italy
1954–1955
4
4
4
10
0
n/a
2
1
1
n/a
0
1954 Spanish
1955 Belgian

Larrousse
 France
1993–1994
32
32
7
64
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
1993 South African
1994 Australian

LDS
 South Africa
1962–1963, 1965, 1967–1968
5
5
3
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1962 South African
1968 South African

LEC
 United Kingdom
1977
5
3
1
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1977 Spanish
1977 British

Leyton House[n 20]
 United Kingdom
1990–1991
32
30
3
64
0
8
0
0
1
0
0
1990 United States
1991 Australian

Life
 Italy
1990
14
0
2
14
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1990 United States
1990 Spanish

Ligier[n 21]
 France
1976–1996
332
326
28
612
9
388
9
10
50
0
0
1976 Brazilian
1996 Japanese

Lola[n 22]
 United Kingdom
1962–1963, 1967–1968, 1974–1975, 1985–1991, 1993, 1997
152
146
27
280
0
45
1
0
3
0
0
1962 Dutch
1997 Australian

Lotus (1958–1994)
 United Kingdom
1958–1994
491
489
122
1332
79
1332
107
70
172
7
6
1958 Monaco
1994 Australian

Lotus (2010–2011)
 Malaysia
2010–2011
38
38
3
76
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2010 Bahrain
2011 Brazilian

Lotus (2012–2015)
 United Kingdom
2012–2015
77
77
5
154
2
706
0
5
25
0
0
2012 Australian
2015 Abu Dhabi

Lyncar
 United Kingdom
1974–1975
2
1
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1974 British
1975 British

Maki
 Japan
1974–1976
8
0
3
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1974 British
1976 Japanese

Manor
 United Kingdom
2016
21
21
3
42
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
2016 Australian
2016 Abu Dhabi

March[n 23]
 United Kingdom
1970–1977, 1981–1982, 1987–1989, 1992
208
197
54
579
3
172.5
5
7
21
0
0
1970 South African
1992 Australian

Martini
 France
1978
9
4
1
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1978 South African
1978 Dutch

Marussia[n 24]
 Russia /  United Kingdom
2012–2015
74
73
7
144
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
2012 Australian
2015 Abu Dhabi

Maserati
 Italy
1950–1960
71
68
93
407
9
9
10
17
37
0
2
1950 British
1960 United States

Matra
 France
1967–1972
61
61
5
117
9
163
4
12
21
1
1
1967 Monaco
1972 United States

McGuire
 Australia
1977
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1977 British
1977 British

Merzario
 Italy
1978–1979
31
10
3
32
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1978 Argentine
1979 United States

Midland[n 25]
 Russia
2006
18
18
2
36
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2006 Bahrain
2006 Brazilian

Milano
 Italy
1950
1
0
1
1
0
n/a
0
0
0
n/a
0
1950 Italian
1950 Italian

Minardi[n 26]
 Italy
1985–2005
346
340
42
676
0
38
0
0
0
0
0
1985 Brazilian
2005 Chinese

Onyx
 United Kingdom
1989–1990
26
17
6
52
0
6
0
0
1
0
0
1989 Brazilian
1990 Hungarian

O.S.C.A.
 Italy
1951–1953, 1958
6
4
5
11
0
0
0
0
0
0

1951 Italian
1958 Monaco

Osella[n 27]
 Italy
1980–1990
172
132
17
253
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
1980 Argentine
1990 Australian

Pacific
 United Kingdom
1994–1995
33
22
5
66
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1994 Brazilian
1995 Australian

Parnelli
 United States
1974–1976
16
16
1
16
0
6
0
1
0
0
0
1974 Canadian
1976 US West

Penske
 United States[14]
1974–1977
41
40
7
46
1
23
0
0
3
0
0
1974 Canadian
1977 Canadian

Porsche
 Germany
1957–1964
36
33
13
75
1
46
1
0
5
0
0
1957 German
1964 German

Prost[n 28]
 France
1997–2001
83
83
9
166
0
35
0
0
3
0
0
1997 Australian
2001 Japanese

RAM
 United Kingdom
1983–1985
44
31
8
73
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1983 Brazilian
1985 European

RE
 Rhodesia
1965
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1965 South African
1965 South African

Rebaque
 Mexico
1979
3
1
1
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1979 Italian
1979 United States

Rial
 Germany
1988–1989
32
21
6
48
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
1988 Brazilian
1989 Australian

Scarab
 United States
1960
5
2
4
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1960 Monaco
1960 United States

Scirocco
 United Kingdom
1963–1964
7
5
3
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1963 Belgian
1964 German

Shadow
 United States /  United Kingdom[n 29][15][16]
1973–1980
112
103
21
240
1
67.5
3
2
7
0
0
1973 South African
1980 French

Shannon
 United Kingdom
1966
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1966 British
1966 British

Simca-Gordini
 France
1950–1953
15
14
11
29
0
n/a
0
0
0
n/a
0
1950 Monaco
1953 Belgian

Simtek
 United Kingdom
1994–1995
21
21
7
40
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1994 Brazilian
1995 Monaco

Spirit
 United Kingdom
1983–1985
25
23
3
25
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1983 British
1985 San Marino

Spyker[n 30]
 Netherlands
2007
17
17
4
34
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
2007 Australian
2007 Brazilian

Stebro
 Canada
1963
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1963 United States
1963 United States

Stewart[n 31]
 United Kingdom
1997–1999
49
49
4
98
1
47
1
0
5
0
0
1997 Australian
1999 Japanese

Super Aguri
 Japan
2006–2008
39
39
5
39
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
2006 Bahrain
2008 Spanish

Surtees
 United Kingdom
1970–1978
119
118
38
260
0
53
0
3
2
0
0
1970 British
1978 Canadian

Talbot-Lago
 France
1950–1951
13
13
18
81
0
n/a
0
0
2
n/a
0
1950 British
1951 Spanish

Tec-Mec
 United States
1959
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1959 United States
1959 United States

Tecno
 Italy
1972–1973
12
10
3
14
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1972 Belgian
1973 Austrian

Theodore
 Hong Kong
1978, 1981–1983
51
34
10
64
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
1978 Argentine
1983 European

Token
 United Kingdom
1974
4
3
3
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1974 Belgian
1974 Austrian

Toleman[n 32]
 United Kingdom
1981–1985
70
53
9
131
0
26
1
2
3
0
0
1981 San Marino
1985 Australian

Toyota
 Japan
2002–2009
140
139
9
276
0
278.5
3
3
13
0
0
2002 Australian
2009 Abu Dhabi

Trojan
 United Kingdom
1974
8
6
1
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1974 Spanish
1974 Italian

Tyrrell[n 33]
 United Kingdom
1970–1998
433
430
47
884
23
617
14
20
77
1
2
1970 Canadian
1998 Japanese

Vanwall
 United Kingdom
1954–1960
29
28
12
66
9
48
7
6
13
1
0
1954 British
1960 French

Venturi
 France
1992
16
16
2
32
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1992 South African
1992 Australian

Veritas
 Germany
1951–1953
6
6
15
18
0
n/a
0
0
0
n/a
0
1951 Swiss
1953 German

Virgin[n 34]
 United Kingdom /  Russia[17]
2010–2011
38
38
3
76
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2010 Bahrain
2011 Brazilian

Wolf (Walter Wolf Racing)[n 35]
 Canada[18][19]
1977–1979
48
47
4
54
3
79
1
2
13
0
0
1977 Argentine
1979 United States

Zakspeed
 Germany
1985–1989
74
54
7
136
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
1985 Portuguese
1989 Australian

Constructor
Licensed in
Seasons
Races Entered
Races Started
Drivers
Total Entries
Wins
Points
Poles
FL
Podiums
WCC
WDC
First Grand Prix
Last Grand Prix

text: Note: Until 1965 every constructor was licensed in the country where it was really based. In 1965 Japanese constructor Honda moved their team from Tokyo to Amsterdam, Netherlands, followed in 1966 by American constructor Eagle which was based in Rye, East Sussex, UK.[20] Since the early 2000s most constructors have been based in England, but licensed in another country.

text: Indianapolis 500 only[edit]

text: Constructors whose only World Championship participation was in the Indianapolis 500 from 1950 to 1960. All were American-based.

text:
Adams
Bromme
Christensen
Deidt
Del Roy
Dunn
Elder

Epperly
Ewing
Hall
Kuzma
Langley
Lesovsky

Marchese
Meskowski
Moore
Nichels
Olson
Pankratz

Pawl
Phillips
Rae
Schroeder
Sherman
Snowberger

Stevens
Sutton
Trevis
Turner
Watson
Wetteroth

text: Privateer teams[edit]

text: The following are teams which never built their own chassis, and thus were not "constructors":

text:
Bernard White Racing
 BMS Scuderia Italia
 British Formula One Racing Team
 BS Fabrications
 Camoradi International
 DW Racing Enterprises
 Ecurie Belge
 Ecurie Bleue
 Ecurie Bonnier
 Ecurie Ecosse
 Ecurie Espadon
 Ecurie Lutetia

 Ecurie Maarsbergen
 Ecurie Rosier
 Enrico Platé[n 36]
 FISA
 FR Gerard Cars
 Goldie Hexagon Racing
 John Willment Automobiles
 Juan Manuel Fangio
 Mecom Racing Team
 North American Racing Team
 Otelle Nucci

 Reg Parnell Racing
 Rob Walker Racing Team
 Scuderia Achille Varzi
 Scuderia Ambrosiana
 Scuderia Centro Sud
 Scuderia Filipinetti
 Scuderia Sant'Ambroeus
 Scuderia Sud Americana
 Silvio Moser Racing Team
 T.A.S.O. Mathieson
 Team Gunston

text: Privateer teams by number of wins[edit]

text:
Privateer team
Number of wins
First win
Last win
Constructor(s)

 Matra International/Tyrrell Racing
10
1968 Dutch Grand Prix
1970 Spanish Grand Prix
 Matra* (9),  March** (1)

 Rob Walker Racing
9
1958 Argentine Grand Prix
1968 British Grand Prix
 Cooper** (4),  Lotus** (5)

 FISA
1
1961 French Grand Prix***
1961 French Grand Prix
 Ferrari

text:
* All constructor's wins
** First win for the constructor
*** Team's only championship race


document_title: Desert tortoise

question_text: what protects the north american desert tortoise from heat

root

text: Desert tortoise

text: Description[edit]

text: These tortoises may attain a length of 10 to 14 in (25 to 36 cm),[8] with males being slightly larger than females. A male tortoise has a longer gular horn than a female, his plastron (lower shell) is concave compared to a female tortoise. Males have larger tails than females do. Their shells are high-domed, and greenish-tan to dark brown in color. Desert tortoises can grow to 4–6 in (10–15 cm) in height. They can range in weight from .02 to 5 kg (0.044 to 11.023 lb).[9] The front limbs have sharp, claw-like scales and are flattened for digging. Back legs are skinnier and very long.

tag: p

text: Habitat[edit]

text: Desert tortoises can live in areas with ground temperatures exceeding 140 °F (60 °C) because of their ability to dig underground burrows and escape the heat. At least 95% of their lives are spent in burrows. There, they are also protected from freezing winter weather while dormant, from November through February or March. Within their burrows, these tortoises create a subterranean environment that can be beneficial to other reptiles, mammals, birds, and invertebrates.

text: Scientists have divided the desert tortoise into two types: Agassiz's and Morafka's desert tortoises, with a possible third type in northern Sinaloan and southern Sonora, Mexico. An isolated population of Agassiz's desert tortoise occurs in the Black Mountains of northwestern Arizona.[10] They live in a different type of habitat, from sandy flats to rocky foothills. They have a strong proclivity in the Mojave Desert for alluvial fans, washes, and canyons where more suitable soils for den construction might be found. They range from near sea level to around 3,500 feet (1,100 m) in elevation. Tortoises show very strong site fidelity, and have well-established home ranges where they know where their food, water, and mineral resources are.

text: Desert tortoises inhabit elevations from below mean sea level in Death Valley to 5,300 feet (1,600 m) in Arizona, though they are most common from around 1,000 to 3,500 feet (300 to 1,070 metres). Estimates of densities vary from less than eight individuals/km2 on sites in southern California to over 500 individuals/km2 in the western Mojave Desert, although most estimates are less than 150 individuals/km2. The home range generally consists of 10 to 100 acres (4.0 to 40.5 ha). In general, males have larger home ranges than females, and home range size increases with increasing resources and rainfall.[7]

text: Desert tortoises are sensitive to the soil type, owing to their reliance on burrows for shelter, reduction of water loss, and regulation of body temperature. The soil should crumble easily during digging and be firm enough to resist collapse. Desert tortoises prefer sandy loam soils with varying amounts of gravel and clay, and tend to avoid sands or soils with low water-holding capacity, excess salts, or low resistance to flooding. They may consume soil to maintain adequate calcium levels, so may prefer sites with higher calcium content.[7]

text: Shelters[edit]

text: Desert tortoises spend most of their lives in burrows, rock shelters, and pallets to regulate body temperature and reduce water loss. Burrows are tunnels dug into soil by desert tortoises or other animals, rock shelters are spaces protected by rocks and/or boulders, and pallets are depressions in the soil. The use of the various shelter types is related to their availability and climate. The number of burrows used, the extent of repetitive use, and the occurrence of burrow sharing are variable. Males tend to occupy deeper burrows than females. Seasonal trends in burrow use are influenced by desert tortoise gender and regional variation. Desert tortoise shelter sites are often associated with plant or rock cover. Desert tortoises often lay their eggs in nests dug in sufficiently deep soil at the entrance of burrows or under shrubs. Nests are typically 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to 25.4 centimetres) deep.[7]

text: Shelters are important for controlling body temperature and water regulation, as they allow desert tortoises to slow their rate of heating in summer and provide protection from cold during the winter. The humidity within burrows prevents dehydration. Burrows also provide protection from predators. The availability of adequate burrow sites influences desert tortoise densities.[7]

text: The number of burrows used by desert tortoises varies spatially and temporally, from about 5 to 25 per year. Some burrows are used repeatedly, sometimes for several consecutive years. Desert tortoises share burrows with various mammals, reptiles, birds, and invertebrates, such as white-tailed antelope squirrels (Ammospermophilus leucurus), woodrats (Neotoma), collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu), burrowing owls (Athene cunicularia), Gambel's quail (Callipepla gambelii ), rattlesnakes (Crotalus spp.), Gila monsters (Heloderma suspectum), beetles, spiders, and scorpions. One burrow can host up to 23 desert tortoises – such sharing is more common for desert tortoises of opposite sexes than for desert tortoises of the same sex.[7]

text: Lifecycle[edit]

text: Reproduction[edit]

text: Tortoises mate in the spring and autumn. Male desert tortoises grow two large white glands around the chin area, called chin glands, that signify mating season. A male circles around female, biting her shell in the process. He then climbs upon the female and insert his penis (a white organ, usually only seen upon careful inspection during mating, as it is hidden inside the male and can only be coaxed out with sexual implication) into the vagina of a female, which is located around the tail. The male may make grunting noises once atop a female, and may move his front legs up and down in a constant motion, as if playing a drum.[11]

text: Months later, the female lays a clutch of four to eight hard-shelled eggs,[12] which have the size and shape of ping-pong balls, usually in June or July. The eggs hatch in August or September. Wild female tortoises produce up to three clutches a year depending on the climate. Their eggs incubate from 90 to 135 days;[3] some eggs may overwinter and hatch the following spring. In a laboratory experiment, temperature influenced hatching rates and hatchling gender. Incubation temperatures from 81 to 88 °F (27 to 31 °C) resulted in hatching rates exceeding 83%, while incubation at 77 °F (25 °C) resulted in a 53% hatching rate. Incubation temperatures less than 88 °F (31 °C) resulted in all-male clutches. Average incubation time decreased from 124.7 days at 77 °F to 78.2 days at 88 °F (31 °C).[13]

text: Maturation[edit]

text: The desert tortoise grows slowly, often taking 16 years or longer to reach about 8 in (20 cm) in length. The growth rate varies with age, location, gender and precipitation. It can slow down from 12 mm/year for ages 4–8 years to about 6.0 mm/year for ages 16 to 20 years. Males and females grow at similar rates; females can grow slightly faster when young, but males grow larger than females.[7]

text: Desert tortoises generally reach reproductive maturity at age 15 to 20 years, when they are longer than 7 in (18 cm), though 10-year-old reproductive females have been observed.[7]

text: Activity[edit]

text: Their activity depends on location, peaking in late spring for the Mojave Desert and in late summer to fall in Sonoran Desert; some populations exhibit two activity peaks during one year. Desert tortoises hibernate during winters, roughly from November to February–April. Females begin hibernating later and emerge earlier than males; juveniles emerge from hibernation earlier than adults.[7]

text: Temperature strongly influences desert tortoise activity level. Although desert tortoises can survive body temperatures from below freezing to over 104 °F (40 °C), most activity occurs at temperatures from 79 to 93 °F (26 to 34 °C). The influence of temperature is reflected in daily activity patterns, with desert tortoises often active late in the morning during spring and fall, early in the morning and late in the evening during the summer, and occasionally becoming active during relatively warm winter afternoons. The activity generally increases after rainfall.[7]

text: Although desert tortoises spend the majority of their time in shelter, movements of up to 660 feet (200 m) per day are common. The common, comparatively short-distance movements presumably represent foraging activity, traveling between burrows, and possibly mate-seeking or other social behaviors. Long-distance movements could potentially represent dispersal into new areas and/or use of peripheral portions of the home range.[7]

text: Lifespan[edit]

text: Desert tortoises can live well over 50 years, with estimates of lifespan varying from 50 to 80 years.[6] Causes of mortality include predation, disease, human-related factors, and environmental factors such as drought, flooding, and fire.[7]

text: The annual death rate of adults is typically a few percent, but is much higher for young desert tortoises. Only 2–5% of hatchlings are estimated to reach maturity. Estimates of survival from hatching to 1 year of age for Mojave Desert tortoises range from 47 to 51%. Survival of Mojave Desert tortoises from 1 to 4 years of age is 71–89%.[7]

text: Diet[edit]

text: The desert tortoise is an herbivore. Grasses form the bulk of its diet, but it also eats herbs, annual wildflowers, and new growth of cacti, as well as their fruit and flowers. Rocks and soil are also ingested, perhaps as a means of maintaining intestinal digestive bacteria as a source of supplementary calcium or other minerals. As with birds, stones may also function as gastroliths, enabling more efficient digestion of plant material in the stomach.[7]

text: Much of the tortoise’s water intake comes from moisture in the grasses and wildflowers they consume in the spring. A large urinary bladder can store over 40% of the tortoise's body weight in water, urea, uric acid, and nitrogenous wastes. During very dry times, they may give off waste as a white paste rather than a watery urine. During periods of adequate rainfall, they drink copiously from any pools they find, and eliminate solid urates. The tortoises can increase their body weight by up to 40% after copious drinking.[14] Adult tortoises can survive a year or more without access to water.[7] During the summer and dry seasons, they rely on the water contained within cactus fruits and mesquite grass. To maintain sufficient water, they reabsorb water in their bladders, and move to humid underground burrows in the morning to prevent water loss by evaporation.[14]

text: Emptying the bladder is one of the defense mechanisms of this tortoise. This can leave the tortoise in a very vulnerable condition in dry areas, and it should not be alarmed, handled, or picked up in the wild unless in imminent danger. If it must be handled, and its bladder is emptied, then water should be provided to restore the fluid in its body.

text: Predation and conservation status[edit]

text: Ravens, Gila monsters, kit foxes, badgers, roadrunners, coyotes, and fire ants are all natural predators of the desert tortoise. They prey on eggs, juveniles, which are 2–3 inches long with a thin, delicate shell, or, in some cases, adults. Ravens are thought to cause significant levels of juvenile tortoise predation in some areas of the Mojave Desert – frequently near urbanized areas. The most significant threats to tortoises include urbanization, disease, habitat destruction and fragmentation, illegal collection and vandalism by humans, and habitat conversion from invasive plant species (Brassica tournefortii, Bromus rubens and Erodium spp.).

text: Desert tortoise populations in some areas have declined by as much as 90% since the 1980s, and the Mojave population is listed as threatened. It is unlawful to touch, harm, harass, or collect wild desert tortoises. It is, however, possible to adopt captive tortoises through the Tortoise Adoption Program in Arizona, Utah Division of Wildlife Resources Desert Tortoise Adoption Program in Utah, Joshua Tree Tortoise Rescue Project in California, or through Bureau of Land Management in Nevada. When adopted in Nevada, they will have a computer chip embedded on their backs for reference. According to Arizona Game and Fish Commission Rule R12-4-407 A.1, they may be possessed if the tortoises are obtained from a captive source which is properly documented. Commission Order 43: Reptile Notes 3: one tortoise per family member.

text: The Fort Irwin National Training Center of the US Army expanded into an area that was habitat for about 2,000 desert tortoises, and contained critical desert tortoise habitat (a designation by the US Fish and Wildlife Service). In March 2008, about 650 tortoises were moved by helicopter and vehicle, up to 35 km away.[15]

text: Another potential threat to the desert tortoise's habitat is a series of proposed wind and solar farms.[16] As a result of legislation, solar energy companies have been making plans for huge projects in the desert regions of Arizona, California, Colorado, New Mexico, Nevada, and Utah. The requests submitted to the Bureau of Land Management total nearly 1,800,000 acres (7,300 km2).[17]

text: Human development[edit]

text: Landfill proposal[edit]

text: In 2006, a proposal was made in California to build a landfill in Kern County, a site near the Desert Tortoise Natural Area, to dump trash for Los Angeles residents. A landfill would attract many of the tortoise’s predators – ravens, rats, roadrunners, and coyotes – which would threaten their population.[18]

text: Ivanpah solar power project[edit]

text: Concerns about the impacts of the Ivanpah Solar thermal project led the developers to hire some 100 biologists and spend US$22 million caring for the tortoises on or near the site during construction.[19][20] Despite this, in a 2011 Revised Biological Assessment for the Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System, the Bureau of Land Management anticipated the loss or significant degradation of 3,520 acres of tortoise habitat and the harm of 57–274 adult tortoises, 608 juveniles, and 236 eggs inside the work area, and 203 adult tortoises and 1,541 juvenile tortoises outside the work area. The BLM expects that most of the juvenile tortoises on the project will be killed.[21][22]

text: Conservation efforts[edit]

text: The Desert Tortoise Preserve Committee protects roughly 5,000 acres of desert tortoise habitat from human activity. This area includes 4,340 acres in Kern County, 710 acres in San Bernardino County, and 80 acres in Riverside County.[18]

text: Lawsuits[edit]

text: In the summer of 2010, Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility filed a lawsuit against the National Park Service for not having taken measures to manage tortoise shooting in the Mojave National Preserve of California. Biologists discovered numerous gunshot wounds on dead tortoise shells. These shells left behind by vandals attracted ravens and threatened the healthy tortoises.[23]

text: Diseases[edit]

text: Reptiles are known to become infected by a wide range of pathogens, which includes viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. More specifically, the G. agassizii population has been negatively affected by upper respiratory tract disease, cutaneous dyskeratosis, herpes virus, shell necrosis, urolithiasis (bladder stones), and parasites.[24][25][26]

text: Upper respiratory tract disease[edit]

text: Upper respiratory tract disease (URTD) is a chronic, infectious disease responsible for population declines across the entire range of the desert tortoise. It was identified in the early 1970s in captive desert tortoise populations, and later identified in the wild population.[24] URTD is caused by the infectious agents Mycoplasma agassizii and Mycoplasma testudineum, which are bacteria in the class Mollicutes and characterized by having no cell wall and a small genome.[27][28][29] Mycoplasmae appear to be highly virulent (infectious) in some populations, while chronic, or even dormant in others.[30] The mechanism (whether environmental or genetic) responsible for this diversity is not understood. Infection is characterized by both physiological and behavioral changes: nasal and ocular discharge, palpebral edema (swelling of the upper and/or lower palpebra, or eyelid, the fleshy portion that is in contact with the tortoises eye globe) and conjunctivitis, weight loss, changes in color and elasticity of the integument, and lethargic or erratic behavior.[24][31][32][33] These pathogens are likely transmitted by contact with an infected individual. Epidemiological studies of wild desert tortoises in the western Mojave Desert from 1992 to 1995 showed a 37% increase in M. agassizii.[29] Tests were conducted on blood samples, and a positive test was determined by the presence of antibodies in the blood, defined as being seropositive.

text: Cutaneous dyskeratosis[edit]

text: Cutaneous dyskeratosis (CD) is a shell disease of unknown origin and has unknown implications on desert tortoise populations. Observationally, it is typified by shell lesions on the scutes. Areas infected with CD appear discolored, dry, rough and flakey, with peeling, pitting, and chipping through multiple cornified layers.[34] Lesions are usually first located on the plastron (underside) of the tortoises, although lesions on the carapace (upper side) and fore limbs are not uncommon. In advanced cases, exposed areas become infected with bacteria, fungi, and exposed tissue and bone may become necrotic.[32][34] CD was evident as early as 1979 and was initially identified on the Chuckwalla Bench Area of Critical Environmental Concern in Riverside County, California.[35] Currently, the means of transmission are unknown, although hypotheses include autoimmune diseases, exposure to toxic chemicals (possibly from mines, or air pollution), or a deficiency disease (possibly resulting from tortoises consuming low-quality invasive plant species instead of high-nutrient native plants).[25][30]

text: Impacts of disease[edit]

text: Two case studies outlined the spread of disease in desert tortoises. The Daggett Epidemiology of Upper Respiratory Tract Disease project, which provides supporting disease research for the Fort Irwin translocation project, lends an example of the spread of disease. In 2008, 197 health evaluations were conducted, revealing 25.0–45.2% exposure to M. agassizii and M. testudineum, respectively, in a core area adjacent to Interstate 15. The spread of disease was tracked over two years, and clinical signs of URTD spread from the core area to adjacent, outlying locations during this time. Overlaying home ranges and the social nature of these animals, suggests that disease-free individuals may be vulnerable to spread of disease, and that transmission can occur rapidly.[36] Thus, wild tortoises that are close to the urban-wildlife interface may be vulnerable to spread of disease as a direct result of human influence.

text: The second study indicated that captive tortoises can be a source of disease to wild Agassiz's desert tortoise populations. Johnson et al. (2006) tested blood samples for URTD (n = 179) and herpesvirus (n = 109) from captive tortoises found near Barstow, CA and Hesperia, CA. Demographic and health data were collected from the tortoises, as well from other reptiles housed in the same facility. Of these, 45.3% showed signs of mild disease, 16.2% of moderate disease, and 4.5% of severe disease, and blood tests revealed that 82.7% of tortoises had antibodies to mycoplasma, and 26.6% had antibodies to herpesvirus (which means the tortoises were seropositive for these two diseases, and indicate previous exposure to the causative agents). With an estimated 200,000 captive desert tortoises in California, their escape or release into the wild is a real threat to uninfected wild populations of tortoises. Projections from this study suggest that about 4400 tortoises could escape from captivity in a given year, and with an 82% exposure rate to URTD, the wild population may be at greater risk than previously thought.[37]

text: Domestic pets[edit]

text: Edwards et al. reported that 35% of desert tortoises in the Phoenix area are hybrids between either Gopherus agassizii and G. morafkai, or G. morafkai and the Texas tortoise, G. berlandieri. The intentional or accidental release of these tortoises could have dire consequences for wild tortoises.[38]

text: Before obtaining a desert tortoise as a pet, it is best to check the laws and regulations of the local area and/or state. Desert tortoises may not be moved across state borders or captured from the wild. They may, however, be given as a gift from one private owner to another. Desert tortoises need to be kept outdoors in a large area of dry soil and with access to vegetation and water. An underground den and a balanced diet are crucial to the health of captive tortoises.

text: Management activities and spread of disease[edit]

text: Research[edit]

text: Wild populations of tortoises must be managed effectively to minimize the spread of diseases, which includes research and education. Despite significant research being conducted on desert tortoises and disease, a considerable knowledge gap still exists in understanding how disease affects desert tortoise population dynamics. It is not known if the population would still decline if disease were completely absent from the system; are tortoises more susceptible to disease during draught conditions? How does a non-native diet impact a tortoise’s ability to ward off pathogens? What are the causes of immunity exhibited by some desert tortoises? The 2008 USFWS draft recovery plan suggests that populations of tortoises that are uninfected, or only recently infected, should likely be considered research and management priorities. Tortoises are known to show resistance to disease in some areas, an effort to identify and maintain these individuals in the populations is essential. Furthermore, increasing research on the social behavior of these animals, and garnering a greater understanding of how behavior facilitates disease transmission would be advantageous in understanding rates of transmission. Finally, translocation of tortoises should be done with extreme caution; disease is typically furtive and moving individuals or populations of tortoises across a landscape can have unforeseen consequences.[30]

text: Education[edit]

text: Corollary to research, education may help preventing captive tortoises from coming in contact with wild populations.[37] Education campaigns through veterinarians, government agencies, schools, museums, and community centers throughout the range of the desert tortoise could limit the spread of tortoise diseases into wild populations. Strategies may include encouraging people to not breed their captive tortoises, ensure that different species of turtles and tortoises are not housed in the same facility (which would help to prevent the spread of novel diseases into the desert tortoise population), ensure captive tortoises are adequately housed to prevent them from escaping into the wild, and to ensure that captive turtles and tortoises are never released into the wild.

text: Desert tortoises have been severely affected by disease. Both upper respiratory tract disease and cutaneous dyskeratosis have caused precipitous population declines and die-offs across the entire range of this charismatic species. Both of these diseases are extremely likely to be caused by people, and URTD is easily linked with people releasing captive tortoises into the wild. The combination of scientific research and public education is imperative to curb the spread of disease and aid the tortoise in recovery.

text: State reptile[edit]

text: The desert tortoise is the state reptile of California and Nevada.