document_title: Forbes' list of the most valuable football clubs

question_text: richest football club in the world according to forbes

root

text: Current ranking

text: As of 12 June 2018[1]

tag: p

text:
Rank
Team
Country
Value
In millions

Debt as
% of value[2]
% change
on year
Revenue ($M)

1
Manchester United
 England
4,123
18
12
737

2
Real Madrid
 Spain
4,088
2
14
735

3
Barcelona
 Spain
4,064
1
12
706

4
Bayern Munich
 Germany
3,063
0
13
640

5
Manchester City
 England
2,474
0
19
575

6
Arsenal
 England
2,238
12
16
531

7
Chelsea
 England
2,062
0
12
466

8
Liverpool
 England
1,944
5
30
462

9
Juventus
 Italy
1,472
6
17
442

10
Tottenham Hotspur
 England
1,237
19
17
387

11
Paris Saint-Germain
 France
917
0
16
529

12
Borussia Dortmund
 Germany
901
0
12
362

13
Atlético Madrid
 Spain
848
3
16
297

14
West Ham United
 England
754
8
19
232

15
Schalke 04
 Germany
707
11
12
251

16
Roma
 Italy
618
44
9
191

17
A.C. Milan
 Italy
612
101
-24
213

18
Inter Milan
 Italy
606
58
13
285

19
Leicester City
 England
500
0
21
295

20
Napoli
 Italy
471
0
24
219

text: Historical rankings

text: 2017 rankings

text: As of 1 June 2017[3]

text:
Rank
Team
Country
Value
In millions

Debt as
% of value[4]
% change
on year
Revenue ($M)

1
Manchester United
 England
3,690
6
11
850

2
Barcelona
 Spain
3,635
6
2
688

3
Real Madrid
 Spain
3,580
3
-2
688

4
Bayern Munich
 Germany
2,713
0
1
657

5
Manchester City
 England
2,083
5
8
650

6
Arsenal
 England
1,932
16
-4
572

7
Chelsea
 England
1,845
0
11
583

8
Liverpool
 England
1,492
7
-4
523

9
Juventus
 Italy
1,258
7
-3
379

10
Tottenham Hotspur
 England
1,058
17
4
377

11
Paris Saint-Germain
 France
841
0
3
578

12
Borussia Dortmund
 Germany
808
0
-3
315

13
A.C. Milan
 Italy
802
73
-3
238

14
Atlético Madrid
 Spain
732
9
16
234

15
West Ham United
 England
634
11
17
213

16
Schalke 04
 Germany
629
7
-4
249

17
Roma
 Italy
569
3
-2
242

18
Inter Milan
 Italy
537
37
-4
199

19
Leicester City
 England
413
0
-
191

20
Napoli
 Italy
379
0
-4
158

text: 2016 rankings

text: As of 1 May 2016[5]

text:
Rank
Team
Country
Value ($M)[6]
Debt as
% of value[7]
% change
on year
Revenue ($M)

1
Real Madrid
 Spain
3,645
3
12
694

2
Barcelona
 Spain
3,549
2
12
675

3
Manchester United
 England
3,317
20
7
625

4
Bayern Munich
 Germany
2,678
0
14
570

5
Arsenal
 England
2,017
17
54
524

6
Manchester City
 England
1,921
0
40
558

7
Chelsea
 England
1,661
0
21
505

8
Liverpool
 England
1,548
5
58
471

9
Juventus
 Italy
1,299
4
55
390

10
Tottenham Hotspur
 England
1,017
2
69
310

11
Borussia Dortmund
 Germany
836
0
19
338

12
A.C. Milan
 Italy
825
32
6
240

13
Paris Saint-Germain
 France
814
0
28
578

14
Schalke 04
 Germany
655
21
15
264

15
Atlético Madrid
 Spain
633
22
45
225

16
Inter Milan
 Italy
559
43
27
198

17
West Ham United
 England
542
6
76
194

18
Roma
 Italy
508
36
N/A
217

19
Napoli
 Italy
396
0
12
151

20
Newcastle United
 England
383
0
10
104

text: 2015 rankings

text: As of 6 May 2015[8]

text:
Rank
Team
Country
Value ($M)[6]
Debt as
% of value[9]
% change
on year
Revenue ($M)

1
Real Madrid
 Spain
3,260
4
-5
746

2
Barcelona
 Spain
3,160
3
-1
657

3
Manchester United
 England
3,100
20
10
703

4
Bayern Munich
 Germany
2,350
0
27
661

5
Manchester City
 England
1,380
0
60
562

6
Chelsea
 England
1,370
0
58
526

7
Arsenal
 England
1,310
30
-2
487

8
Liverpool
 England
982
10
39
415

9
Juventus
 Italy
837
9
-2
379

10
A.C. Milan
 Italy
775
44
-9
339

11
Borussia Dortmund
 Germany
700
6
17
355

12
Paris Saint-Germain
 France
634
0
53
643

13
Tottenham Hotspur
 England
600
9
17
293

14
Schalke 04
 Germany
572
0
-1
290

15
Inter Milan
 Italy
439
56
-9
222

16
Atlético Madrid
 Spain
436
53
33
231

17
Napoli
 Italy
353
0
19
224

18
Newcastle United
 England
349
0
N/A
210

19
West Ham United
 England
309
12
N/A
186

20
Galatasaray
 Turkey
294
17
-15
220

text: 2014 rankings

text: As of 15 July 2014[10]

text:
Rank
Team
Country
Value ($M)[6]
% change
on year
Revenue ($M)

1
Real Madrid
 Spain
3,440
4
675

2
Barcelona
 Spain
3,200
23
627

3
Manchester United
 England
2,810
-11
551

4
Bayern Munich
 Germany
1,850
41
561

5
Arsenal
 England
1,331
0
370

6
Chelsea
 England
868
-4
394

7
Manchester City
 England
863
25
411

8
A.C. Milan
 Italy
856
-9
343

9
Juventus
 Italy
850
22
354

10
Liverpool
 England
704
8
313

11
Borussia Dortmund
 Germany
599
31
333

12
Schalke 04
 Germany
580
16
258

13
Tottenham Hotspur
 England
514
-1
224

14
Inter Milan
 Italy
483
20
219

15
Paris Saint-Germain
 France
415
N/A
518

16
Galatasaray
 Turkey
347
N/A
204

17
Atlético Madrid
 Spain
328
33
156

18
Hamburg
 Germany
326
9
176

19
Roma
 Italy
307
19
162

20
Napoli
 Italy
296
-10
156

text: 2013 rankings

text: As of 17 April 2013[11]

text:
Rank
Team
Country
Value ($M)[6]
% change
on year
Revenue ($M)

1
Real Madrid
 Spain
3,300
76
650

2
Manchester United
 England
3,165
61
502

3
Barcelona
 Spain
2,600
99
613

4
Arsenal
 England
1,326
3
368

5
Bayern Munich
 Germany
1,309
6
468

6
A.C. Milan
 Italy
945
-4
326

7
Chelsea
 England
901
18
409

8
Juventus
 Italy
694
17
248

9
Manchester City
 England
689
56
362

10
Liverpool
 England
651
5
296

11
Tottenham Hotspur
 England
520
-8
226

12
Schalke 04
 Germany
498
-15
221

13
Borussia Dortmund
 Germany
436
11
240

14
Inter Milan
 Italy
401
-18
236

15
Lyon
 France
368
-4
167

16
Corinthians
 Brazil
358
-
119

17
Napoli
 Italy
330
17
188

18
Hamburg
 Germany
300
-15
154

19
Marseille
 France
285
-18
167

20
Newcastle United
 England
263
9
146

text: 2012 rankings

text: As of 19 April 2012[12]

text:
Rank
Team
Country
Value ($M)[6]
% change
on year
Revenue ($M)

1
Manchester United
 England
1,965
5
532

2
Real Madrid
 Spain
1,877
34
695

3
Barcelona
 Spain
1,307
34
653

4
Arsenal
 England
1,292
8
364

5
Bayern Munich
 Germany
1,235
12
466

6
A.C. Milan
 Italy
989
18
341

7
Chelsea
 England
761
16
362

8
Liverpool
 England
619
12
295

9
Juventus
 Italy
591
-6
223

10
Schalke 04
 Germany
587
56
293

11
Tottenham Hotspur
 England
564
37
262

12
Inter Milan
 Italy
490
11
307

13
Manchester City
 England
443
52
246

14
Borussia Dortmund
 Germany
394
52
197

15
Lyon
 France
385
8
193

16
Hamburg
 Germany
355
4
187

17
Roma
 Italy
354
38
208

18
Marseille
 France
349
26
218

19
Valencia
 Spain
288
-
186

20
Napoli
 Italy
283
-
167

text: 2011 rankings

text: As of 20 April 2011[13]

text:
Rank
Team
Country
Value ($M)[6]
% change
on year
Revenue ($M)

1
Manchester United
 England
1,864
1
428

2
Real Madrid
 Spain
1,400
10
537

3
Arsenal
 England
1,200
1
336

4
Bayern Munich
 Germany
1,100
6
396

5
Barcelona
 Spain
975
-2
488

6
A.C. Milan
 Italy
838
5
289

7
Chelsea
 England
658
2
313

8
Juventus
 Italy
628
-4
251

9
Liverpool
 England
552
-33
276

10
Inter Milan
 Italy
441
7
275

11
Tottenham Hotspur
 England
412
11
179

12
Schalke
 Germany
377
-2
171

13
Lyon
 France
358
8
179

14
Hamburg
 Germany
340
3
179

15
Manchester City
 England
291
13
153

16
Stuttgart
 Germany
281
0
141

17
Werder Bremen
 Germany
279
2
147

18
Marseille
 France
277
6
173

19
Atlético Madrid
 Spain
275
6
153

20
Borussia Dortmund
 Germany
260
-1
124

text: 2010 rankings

text: As of April 2010[14][15]

text:
Rank
Team
Country
Value ($M)[6]
Debt as
% of value[16]
% change
on year
Revenue ($M)
Operating
income ($m)[17]

1
Manchester United
 England
1,835
46
-2
459
150

2
Real Madrid
 Spain
1,323
54
-2
563
130

3
Arsenal
 England
1,181
41
-2
369
102

4
Barcelona
 Spain
1,000
58
4
513
113

5
Bayern Munich
 Germany
990
14
-11
406
61

6
Liverpool
 England
822
47
-19
304
37

7
A.C. Milan
 Italy
800
0
-19
276
41

8
Juventus
 Italy
656
3
9
285
57

9
Chelsea
 England
646
8
-19
340
-73

10
Inter Milan
 Italy
413
0
12
276
-14

11
Schalke
 Germany
384
50
-25
175
-7

12
Tottenham Hotspur
 England
372
29
-16
186
35

13
Lyon
 France
333
10
-21
196
5

14
Hamburg
 Germany
329
0
0
206
41

15
Roma
 Italy
308
0
-19
205
25

16
Werder Bremen
 Germany
274
0
-6
161
24

17
Marseille
 France
262
0
9
187
19

18
Borussia Dortmund
 Germany
261
32
-20
145
8

19
Manchester City
 England
258
0
-17
143
-56

20
Newcastle United
 England
198
8
-30
142
-49

text: 2009 rankings

text: As of April 2009[18]

text:
Rank
Team
Country
Value ($M)[6]
Debt as
% of value[16]
% change
on year
Revenue ($M)
Operating
income ($m)[17]

1
Manchester United
 England
1,870
54
4
512
160

2
Real Madrid
 Spain
1,353
23
5
576
81

3
Arsenal
 England
1,200
107
0
349
80

4
Bayern Munich
 Germany
1,110
0
21
465
59

5
Liverpool
 England
1,010
59
-4
332
50

6
A.C. Milan
 Italy
990
0
24
330
58

7
Barcelona
 Spain
960
43
22
487
108

8
Chelsea
 England
800
92
5
424
-13

9
Juventus
 Italy
600
5
18
264
46

10
Schalke
 Germany
510
38
9
234
41

11
Tottenham Hotspur
 England
445
29
12
228
70

12
Lyon
 France
423
18
4
245
94

13
Roma
 Italy
381
9
-12
276
69

14
Inter Milan
 Italy
370
77
-8
272
27

15
Hamburg
 Germany
330
0
13
202
44

16
Borussia Dortmund
 Germany
325
33
1
183
9

17
Manchester City
 England
310
0
62
164
-16

18
Werder Bremen
 Germany
292
0
12
177
27

19
Newcastle United
 England
285
96
-5
198
-13

20
Stuttgart
 Germany
264
0
not reported
176
18

21
Aston Villa
 England
240
10
26
150
1

21
Marseille
 France
240
0
28
200
20

23
Celtic
 Scotland
218
14
-4
145
11

24
Everton
 England
207
49
5
151
14

25
Rangers
 Scotland
194
86
not reported
128
15

text: 2008 rankings

text: As of April 2008[19]

text:
Rank
Team
Country
Value ($M)[6]
Debt as
%of value[16]
% change
on year
Revenue ($M)
Operating
income($m)[17]

1
Manchester United
 England
1,800
60
24
394
111

2
Real Madrid
 Spain
1,285
27
24
474
112

3
Arsenal
 England
1,200
43
31
329
77

4
Liverpool
 England
1,050
65
131
269
60

5
Bayern Munich
 Germany
917
0
9
302
72

6
A.C. Milan
 Italy
798
0
-3
307
54

7
Barcelona
 Spain
784
27
47
392
92

8
Chelsea
 England
764
0
42
382
-5

9
Juventus
 Italy
510
5
-10
196
35

10
Schalke
 Germany
470
48
0
154
36

11
Roma
 Italy
434
12
94
213
48

12
Tottenham Hotspur
 England
414
15
70
207
64

13
Lyon
 France
408
7
19
190
15

14
Inter Milan
 Italy
403
0
-27
207
21

15
Borussia Dortmund
 Germany
323
57
63
122
31

16
Newcastle United
 England
300
43
16
175
12

17
Hamburg
 Germany
293
0
32
163
41

18
Werder Bremen
 Germany
262
0
n/a
131
11

19
Valencia
 Spain
254
159
31
145
-45

20
Celtic
 Scotland
227
11
23
151
48

21
Everton
 England
197
30
24
103
-1

22
West Ham United
 England
195
23
25
115
-22

23
Manchester City
 England
191
63
-8
114
27

24
Aston Villa
 England
190
12
36
106
-40

25
Marseille
 France
187
0
19
134
13

text: Manchester United increased from $1.2 billion to $1.8 billion still remaining at top. While Real Madrid remains second due to an increase of $400 million. Arsenal also remain third after an approximate increase of $350 million.

tag: ul

text: 2007 rankings

text: This is the list released in March 2007.

text:
#
Team
Country
Value ($M)[6]
Debt as
%of value[16]
% change
on year
Revenue ($M)
Operating
income($m)[17]

1
Manchester United
 England
1,453
84
6
310
92

2
Real Madrid
 Spain
1,036
10
2
000
83

3
Arsenal
 England
915
53
9
246
20

4
Bayern Munich
 Germany
838
0
9
262
62

5
A.C. Milan
 Italy
824
0
-10
305
46

6
Juventus
 Italy
567
17
-18
321
45

7
Inter Milan
 Italy
555
n/a
10
264
26

8
Chelsea
 England
537
28
6
283
-37

9
Barcelona
 Spain
535
12
22
331
12

10
Schalke
 Germany
471
53
45
157
37

11
Liverpool
 England
454
18
28
225
37

12
Lyon
 France
343
n/a
65
163
10

13
Newcastle United
 England
260
46
-14
159
11

14
Tottenham Hotspur
 England
243
0
27
137
9

15
Roma
 Italy
224
0
-15
162
53

16
Hamburg
 Germany
221
n/a
n/a
130
31

17
Manchester City
 England
208
83
-6
114
9

18
Borussia Dortmund
 Germany
199
126
61
114
1

19
Ajax
 Netherlands
196
0
13
95
9

20
Celtic
 Scotland
185
14
18
106
-8

21
Everton
 England
165
32
34
107
-15

22
Marseille
 France
157
n/a
n/a
105
6

23
West Ham United
 England
156
27
n/a
111
6

24
Rangers
 Scotland
147
7
32
113
12

25
Aston Villa
 England
140
16
16
91
-21


document_title: Robinson projection

question_text: where is the most distortion on a robinson projection

text: Robinson projection

text: Strengths and weaknesses[edit]

text: The Robinson projection is neither equal-area nor conformal, abandoning both for a compromise. The creator felt this produced a better overall view than could be achieved by adhering to either. The meridians curve gently, avoiding extremes, but thereby stretch the poles into long lines instead of leaving them as points.[1]

text: Hence, distortion close to the poles is severe, but quickly declines to moderate levels moving away from them. The straight parallels imply severe angular distortion at the high latitudes toward the outer edges of the map, a fault inherent in any pseudocylindrical projection. However, at the time it was developed, the projection effectively met Rand McNally's goal to produce appealing depictions of the entire world.[5][6]

text: I decided to go about it backwards. … I started with a kind of artistic approach. I visualized the best-looking shapes and sizes. I worked with the variables until it got to the point where, if I changed one of them, it didn't get any better. Then I figured out the mathematical formula to produce that effect. Most mapmakers start with the mathematics.

text: Formulation[edit]

text: The projection is defined by the table:

text:
Latitude
PLEN
PDFE

00
1.0000
0.0000

05
0.9986
0.0620

10
0.9954
0.1240

15
0.9900
0.1860

20
0.9822
0.2480

25
0.9730
0.3100

30
0.9600
0.3720

35
0.9427
0.4340

40
0.9216
0.4958

45
0.8962
0.5571

50
0.8679
0.6176

55
0.8350
0.6769

60
0.7986
0.7346

65
0.7597
0.7903

70
0.7186
0.8435

75
0.6732
0.8936

80
0.6213
0.9394

85
0.5722
0.9761

90
0.5322
1.0000

tag: table

text: The table is indexed by latitude at 5 degree intervals; intermediate values are calculated using interpolation. Robinson did not specify any particular interpolation method, but it is reported that he used Aitken interpolation himself.[7] The PLEN column is the length of the parallel of latitude, and the PDFE column is multiplied by 0.5072 to obtain the distance of that parallel from the equator. Meridians of longitude are equally spaced on each parallel of latitude.


document_title: Split (poker)

question_text: when does the pot get split in poker

question_tokens: when does the pot get split in poker

text: Split (poker)

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In poker it is sometimes necessary to split, or divide the pot among two or more players rather than awarding it all to a single player. This can happen because of ties, and also by playing intentional split-pot poker variants (the most typical of these is high-low split poker, where the high hand and low hand split the pot).

text: To split a pot, one player uses both hands to take the chips from the pot and make stacks, placing them side by side to compare height (and therefore value). Equal stacks are placed aside. If there is more than one denomination of chip in the pot, the largest value chip is done first, and then progressively smaller value chips. If there is an odd number of larger chips, smaller chips from the pot can be used to equalize stacks or make change as necessary. Pots are always split down to the lowest denomination of chip used in the game. Three-way ties or further splits can also be done this way.

text: After fully dividing a pot, there may be a single odd lowest-denomination chip remaining (or two odd chips if splitting three ways, etc.). Odd chips can be awarded in several ways, agreed upon before the beginning of the game. The following rules are common:

text:
If playing a high-low split game and dividing a pot between the high and low hands, always award the odd chip to the high hand.
If splitting a pot because of tied hands, award the odd chip to the hand that contains the highest-ranking single card, using suits to break ties if necessary (clubs ranking the lowest, followed by diamonds, hearts, and spades as in bridge).
(Variation) Between tied hands, award the odd chip to the first player in clockwise rotation from the dealer. (Note that in a casino stud game with a house dealer and no button this gives an unfair advantage to players on the dealer's left, so the high card by suit method is preferred).
(Variation) Leave the odd chip as an extra ante for the next deal. This is common in home games.

text: Sometimes it is necessary to further split a half pot into quarters, or even smaller portions. This is especially common in community card high-low split games such as Omaha hold'em, where one player has the high hand and two or more players have tied low hands. Unfortunate players receiving such a fractional pot call it being quartered. When this happens, an exception to the odd chip rules above can be made: if the high hand wins its half of the pot alone, and the low half is going to be quartered, the odd chip (if any) from the first split should be placed in the low half, rather than being awarded to the high hand.

text: Poker gameplay and terminology

text: Articles lacking sources from August 2008All articles lacking sources


document_title: List of countries by length of coastline

question_text: what country has the shortest coastline in africa

text: Overview[edit]

text: The coastline paradox states that a coastline does not have a well-defined length. Measurements of the length of a coastline behave like a fractal, being different at different scale intervals (distance between points on the coastline at which measurements are taken). The smaller the scale interval (meaning the more detailed the measurement), the longer the coastline will be.[Note 1] This "magnifying" effect is greater for convoluted coastlines than for relatively smooth ones. Treated as fractals, coastlines can however be measured. For example, the coast of Great Britain has a size of about 28000 km1.43, which is called its Hausdorff measure.[1]

text:
Data marked The World Factbook or TWF covers 198 countries and 55 territories, from the book published by the Central Intelligence Agency. In addition to coastline lengths, this is the source of the land area used to calculate the "coast/area ratio" for both TWF and WRI (see below) coastline measurement. This ratio measures how many meters of coastline correspond to every square kilometer of land area. The ratio illustrates the ease of accessibility to the country's coast from every point in its interior. Therefore, an island country like Maldives, or a country carved by the sea like Greece, is more likely to have a high ratio, while a landlocked country will have a ratio of zero. Note that the scales at which The World Factbook figures were measured are not stated, nor is it known whether the figures are all reported using the same scale, thus the figures are not necessarily comparable across different countries.
Data marked World Resources Institute or WRI covers 182 independent countries and 13 dependencies, based on data calculated in 2000 from the World Vector Shoreline, United States Defense Mapping Agency, 1989. It may include territories whose status have changed. According to their technical notes, the "coastline length was derived from the World Vector Shoreline database at 1:250,000 scale. The estimates (...) were calculated using a Geographic Information System (GIS) and an underlying database consistent for the entire world. The methodology used to estimate length is based on the following: 1) A country's coastline is made up of individual lines, and an individual line has two or more vertices and/or nodes. 2) The length between two vertices is calculated on the surface of a sphere. 3) The sum of the lengths of the pairs of vertices is aggregated for each individual line, and 4) the sum of the lengths of individual lines was aggregated for a country. In general, the coastline length of islands that are part of a country, but are not overseas territories, are included in the coastline estimate for that country (e.g., Canary Islands are included in Spain). Coastline length for overseas territories and dependencies are listed separately. Disputed areas are not included in country or regional totals."[2]

text: List[edit]

text: Note: non-sovereign areas in italic

text:
Country
The World Factbook[3]
World Resources Institute[2]
Land area
km2 (TWF)[4]
Coast/area ratio (m/km2)

#
km
#
km
(TWF)
(WRI)

 World[Note 2]
—
7006116230600000000♠1,162,306
—
1,634,701
7008148940000000000♠148,940,000
7.80
11.0

 Others[Note 3]
—
7005356000000000000♠356,000

 Canada
7000100000000000000♠1
7005202080000000000♠202,080
1
265,523
7006909350700000000♠9,093,507
22.2
29.2

 Norway
7000200000000000000♠2
7004581330000000000♠58,133
7
53,199
7005304282000000000♠304,282
191
175

 Indonesia
7000300000000000000♠3
7004547200000000000♠54,720
4
95,181
7006181156900000000♠1,811,569
30.2
52.5

 Greenland[Note 4]
—
7004440870000000000♠44,087

7006216608600000000♠2,166,086
20.4

 Russia
7000400000000000000♠4
7004376530000000000♠37,653[Note 5]
3
110,310
7007163777420000000♠16,377,742
2.30
6.74

 Philippines
7000500000000000000♠5
7004362890000000000♠36,289
8
33,900
7005341353000000000♠341,353
122
114

 Japan
7000600000000000000♠6
7004297510000000000♠29,751
12
29,020
7005364485000000000♠364,485
81.6
79.6

 Australia
7000700000000000000♠7
7004257600000000000♠25,760
6
66,530
7006768230000000000♠7,682,300
3.35
8.66

 United States
7000800000000000000♠8
7004199240000000000♠19,924
2
133,312
7006914759300000000♠9,147,593
2.18
14.6

 Antarctica
—
7004179680000000000♠17,968

7007140000000000000♠14,000,000
1.28

 New Zealand
7000900000000000000♠9
7004151340000000000♠15,134
17
17,209
7005264537000000000♠264,537
57.2
65.1

 China
7001100000000000000♠10
7004145000000000000♠14,500
11
30,017
7006932641000000000♠9,326,410
1.55
3.22

 Greece
7001110000000000000♠11
7004136760000000000♠13,676
19
15,147
7005131957000000000♠131,957
104
115

 United Kingdom
7001120000000000000♠12
7004124290000000000♠12,429
16
19,717
7005241930000000000♠241,930
51.4
81.5

 Mexico
7001130000000000000♠13
7003933000000000000♠9,330
14
23,761
7006194394500000000♠1,943,945
4.80
12.2

 Italy
7001140000000000000♠14
7003760000000000000♠7,600
28
9,226
7005294140000000000♠294,140
25.8
31.4

 Croatia
7001150000000000000♠15
7003736800000000000♠7,368[5]
42
5,664
7004559740000000000♠55,974
112
101

 Denmark
7001160000000000000♠16
7003731400000000000♠7,314
44
5,316
7004424340000000000♠42,434
172
125

 Turkey
7001170000000000000♠17
7003720000000000000♠7,200
31
8,140
7005783562000000000♠783,562
9.19
10.4

 India
7001180000000000000♠18
7003750000000000000♠7,500
18
17,181
7006297319300000000♠2,973,193
2.35
5.78

 Chile
7001190000000000000♠19
7003643500000000000♠6,435
5
78,563
7005743812000000000♠743,812
8.65
106

 Brazil
7001200000000000000♠20
7003749100000000000♠7,491
9
33,379
7006845941700000000♠8,459,417
0.886
3.95

 Micronesia, Federated States of
7001210000000000000♠21
7003611200000000000♠6,112
92
1,295
7002702000000000000♠702
8,710
1,840

 Solomon Islands
7001220000000000000♠22
7003531300000000000♠5,313
26
9,880
7004279860000000000♠27,986
190
353

 Papua New Guinea
7001230000000000000♠23
7003515200000000000♠5,152
15
20,197
7005452860000000000♠452,860
11.4
44.6

 Argentina
7001240000000000000♠24
7003498900000000000♠4,989
30
8,397
7006273669000000000♠2,736,690
1.82
3.07

 Iceland
7001250000000000000♠25
7003497000000000000♠4,970
29
8,506
7005100250000000000♠100,250
49.6
84.8

 Spain[Note 6]
7001260000000000000♠26
7003496400000000000♠4,964
34
7,268
7005498980000000000♠498,980
9.95
14.6

 Metropolitan France
7001270000000000000♠27
7003485300000000000♠4,853
33
7,330
7005640427000000000♠640,427
7.58
11.4

 Madagascar
7001280000000000000♠28
7003482800000000000♠4,828
25
9,935
7005581540000000000♠581,540
8.30
17.1

 Malaysia
7001290000000000000♠29
7003467500000000000♠4,675
27
9,323
7005328657000000000♠328,657
14.2
28.4

 Estonia
7001300000000000000♠30
7003379400000000000♠3,794
61
2,956
7004423880000000000♠42,388
89.5
69.7

 Cuba
7001310000000000000♠31
7003373500000000000♠3,735
21
14,519
7005109820000000000♠109,820
34.0
132

 Svalbard
—
7003358700000000000♠3,587

7004620450000000000♠62,045
57.8

 Bahamas, The
7001320000000000000♠32
7003354200000000000♠3,542
24
11,238
7004100100000000000♠10,010
354
1,120

 Vietnam
7001330000000000000♠33
7003344400000000000♠3,444[Note 7]
23
11,409
7005310070000000000♠310,070
11.1
36.8

 Thailand
7001340000000000000♠34
7003321900000000000♠3,219
35
7,066
7005510890000000000♠510,890
6.30
13.8

 Sweden
7001350000000000000♠35
7003321800000000000♠3,218
13
26,384
7005410335000000000♠410,335
7.84
64.3

 Colombia
7001360000000000000♠36
7003320800000000000♠3,208
41
5,875
7006103870000000000♠1,038,700
3.09
5.66

 Coral Sea Islands
—
7003309500000000000♠3,095

7000290000000000000♠<3
7006103000000000000♠>1,000,000

 Somalia
7001370000000000000♠37
7003333300000000000♠3,333
50
3,898
7005627337000000000♠627,337
5.31
6.21

 Iran
7001380000000000000♠38
7003329400000000000♠3,294[Note 8]
40
5,891
7006163610000000000♠1,636,100
1.59
3.85

 French Southern and Antarctic Lands
—
7003294840000000000♠2,948.4[Note 9]

7003766760000000000♠7,667.6
385

 Venezuela
7001390000000000000♠39
7003280000000000000♠2,800
37
6,762
7005882050000000000♠882,050
3.17
7.67

 South Africa
7001400000000000000♠40
7003279800000000000♠2,798
51
3,751
7006121447000000000♠1,214,470
2.30
3.09

 Ukraine
7001410000000000000♠41
7003278200000000000♠2,782
45
4,953
7005579330000000000♠579,330
4.80
8.55

 Saudi Arabia
7001420000000000000♠42
7003264000000000000♠2,640
32
7,572
7006214969000000000♠2,149,690
1.23
3.52

 Vanuatu
7001430000000000000♠43
7003252800000000000♠2,528
59
3,132
7004121890000000000♠12,189
207
257

 French Polynesia
—
7003252500000000000♠2,525
—
5,830
7003382700000000000♠3,827
660
1,520

 Korea, North
7001440000000000000♠44
7003249500000000000♠2,495
49
4,009
7005120408000000000♠120,408
20.7
33.3

 Panama
7001450000000000000♠45
7003249000000000000♠2,490
43
5,637
7004743400000000000♠74,340
33.5
75.8

 Mozambique
7001460000000000000♠46
7003247000000000000♠2,470
36
6,942
7005786380000000000♠786,380
3.14
8.83

 Egypt
7001470000000000000♠47
7003245000000000000♠2,450
39
5,898
7005995450000000000♠995,450
2.46
5.92

 Peru
7001480000000000000♠48
7003241400000000000♠2,414
55
3,362
7006127999600000000♠1,279,996
1.89
2.63

 Korea, South
7001490000000000000♠49
7003241300000000000♠2,413
22
12,478
7004969200000000000♠96,920
24.9
129

 Germany
7001500000000000000♠50
7003238900000000000♠2,389
52
3,624
7005348672000000000♠348,672
6.85
10.4

 New Caledonia
—
7003225400000000000♠2,254
—
3,624
7004182750000000000♠18,275
123
198

 Ecuador
7001510000000000000♠51
7003223700000000000♠2,237
47
4,597
7005276841000000000♠276,841
8.08
16.6

 Eritrea
7001520000000000000♠52
7003223400000000000♠2,234[5]
54
3,446
7005101000000000000♠101,000
22.1
34.1

 Oman
7001530000000000000♠53
7003209200000000000♠2,092
65
2,810
7005309500000000000♠309,500
6.76
9.08

 Burma
7001540000000000000♠54
7003193000000000000♠1,930
20
14,708
7005653508000000000♠653,508
2.95
22.5

 Yemen
7001550000000000000♠55
7003190600000000000♠1,906
58
3,149
7005527968000000000♠527,968
3.61
5.96

 Morocco
7001560000000000000♠56
7003183500000000000♠1,835
73
2,009
7005446300000000000♠446,300
4.11
4.50

 Portugal
7001570000000000000♠57
7003179300000000000♠1,793
63
2,830
7004914700000000000♠91,470
19.6
30.9

 Haiti
7001580000000000000♠58
7003177100000000000♠1,771
77
1,977
7004275600000000000♠27,560
64.3
71.7

 Libya
7001590000000000000♠59
7003177000000000000♠1,770
71
2,025
7006175954000000000♠1,759,540
1.01
1.15

 Angola
7001600000000000000♠60
7003160000000000000♠1,600
67
2,252
7006124670000000000♠1,246,700
1.28
1.81

 Namibia
7001610000000000000♠61
7003157200000000000♠1,572
84
1,754
7005823290000000000♠823,290
1.91
2.13

 Taiwan
7001620000000000000♠62
7003156630000000000♠1,566.3
74
2,007
7004322600000000000♠32,260
48.6
62.2

 Palau
7001630000000000000♠63
7003151900000000000♠1,519

7002459000000000000♠459
3,310

 Northern Mariana Islands
—
7003148200000000000♠1,482

7002464000000000000♠464
3,190

 Ireland
7001640000000000000♠64
7003144800000000000♠1,448
38
6,437
7004688830000000000♠68,883
21.0
93.4

 Tanzania
7001650000000000000♠65
7003142400000000000♠1,424
53
3,461
7005885800000000000♠885,800
1.61
3.91

 Sri Lanka
7001660000000000000♠66
7003134000000000000♠1,340
64
2,825
7004646300000000000♠64,630
20.7
43.7

 United Arab Emirates
7001670000000000000♠67
7003131800000000000♠1,318
62
2,871
7004836000000000000♠83,600
15.8
34.3

 Costa Rica
7001680000000000000♠68
7003129000000000000♠1,290
70
2,069
7004510600000000000♠51,060
25.3
40.5

 Dominican Republic
7001690000000000000♠69
7003128800000000000♠1,288
88
1,612
7004483200000000000♠48,320
26.7
33.4

 Falkland Islands
—
7003128800000000000♠1,288

7004121730000000000♠12,173
106

 Finland
7001700000000000000♠70
7003125000000000000♠1,250
10
31,119
7005303815000000000♠303,815
4.11
102

 Tunisia
7001710000000000000♠71
7003114800000000000♠1,148
79
1,927
7005155360000000000♠155,360
7.39
12.4

 Kiribati
7001720000000000000♠72
7003114300000000000♠1,143
78
1,961
7002811000000000000♠811
1,410
2,420

 Fiji
7001730000000000000♠73
7003112900000000000♠1,129
46
4,638
7004182740000000000♠18,274
61.8
254

 Faroe Islands
—
7003111700000000000♠1,117

7003139300000000000♠1,393
802

Western Sahara
—
7003111000000000000♠1,110

7005266000000000000♠266,000
4.17

 Pakistan
7001740000000000000♠74
7003104600000000000♠1,046
66
2,599
7005881912000000000♠881,912
1.19
2.95

 Jamaica
7001750000000000000♠75
7003102200000000000♠1,022
102
895
7004108310000000000♠10,831
94.4
82.6

 Algeria
7001760000000000000♠76
7002998000000000000♠998
90
1,557
7006238174100000000♠2,381,741
0.419
0.654

 Cape Verde
7001770000000000000♠77
7002965000000000000♠965
97
1,121
7003403300000000000♠4,033
239
278

  Spratly Islands
—
7002926000000000000♠926

7000490000000000000♠<5
7005190000000000000♠>200,000

 Nicaragua
7001780000000000000♠78
7002910000000000000♠910
80
1,915
7005119990000000000♠119,990
7.58
16.0

 Gabon
7001790000000000000♠79
7002885000000000000♠885
72
2,019
7005257667000000000♠257,667
3.43
7.84

 Nigeria
7001800000000000000♠80
7002853000000000000♠853
60
3,122
7005910768000000000♠910,768
0.937
3.43

 Sudan
7001810000000000000♠81
7002853000000000000♠853
68
2,245
7006186148400000000♠1,861,484[6]
0.458
1.21

 Honduras
7001820000000000000♠82
7002832000000000000♠832[Note 10]
82
1,878
7005111890000000000♠111,890
7.44
16.8

 Mauritania
7001830000000000000♠83
7002754000000000000♠754
94
1,268
7006103070000000000♠1,030,700
0.732
1.23

 Hong Kong
—
7002733000000000000♠733
—
955
7003105400000000000♠1,054
695
906

 Timor-Leste
7001840000000000000♠84
7002706000000000000♠706

7004148740000000000♠14,874
47.5

 British Indian Ocean Territory
—
7002698000000000000♠698

7001600000000000000♠60
11,600

 Uruguay
7001850000000000000♠85
7002660000000000000♠660
98
1,096
7005175015000000000♠175,015
3.77
6.26

 Cyprus
7001860000000000000♠86
7002648000000000000♠648
112
671
7003924100000000000♠9,241
70.1
72.6

 Maldives
7001870000000000000♠87
7002644000000000000♠644
75
2,002
7002298000000000000♠298
2,160
6,720

 Bangladesh
7001880000000000000♠88
7002580000000000000♠580
56
3,306
7005130168000000000♠130,168
4.46
25.4

 Liberia
7001890000000000000♠89
7002579000000000000♠579
104
842
7004963200000000000♠96,320
6.01
8.74

 Qatar
7001900000000000000♠90
7002563000000000000♠563
100
909
7004115860000000000♠11,586
48.6
78.5

 Ghana
7001910000000000000♠91
7002539000000000000♠539
106
758
7005227533000000000♠227,533
2.37
3.33

 Kenya
7001920000000000000♠92
7002536000000000000♠536
89
1,586
7005569140000000000♠569,140
0.942
2.79

 Senegal
7001930000000000000♠93
7002531000000000000♠531
91
1,327
7005192530000000000♠192,530
2.76
6.89

  Paracel Islands
—
7002518000000000000♠518

7000775000000000000♠7.75
66,800

 Côte d'Ivoire
7001940000000000000♠94
7002515000000000000♠515
105
797
7005318003000000000♠318,003
1.62
2.51

 Puerto Rico
—
7002501000000000000♠501
—
1,094
7003887000000000000♠8,870
56.5
123

 Kuwait
7001950000000000000♠95
7002499000000000000♠499
107
756
7004178180000000000♠17,818
28.0
42.4

 Latvia
7001960000000000000♠96
7002498000000000000♠498
116
566
7004622490000000000♠62,249
8.00
9.09

 Seychelles
7001970000000000000♠97
7002491000000000000♠491
109
747
7002455000000000000♠455
1,080
1,640

 Guyana
7001980000000000000♠98
7002459000000000000♠459
95
1,154
7005196849000000000♠196,849
2.33
5.86

 Netherlands
7001990000000000000♠99
7002451000000000000♠451[Note 11]
81
1,914
7004338930000000000♠33,893
13.3
56.5

 Cambodia
7002100000000000000♠100
7002443000000000000♠443
96
1,127
7005176515000000000♠176,515
2.51
6.38

 Poland
7002101000000000000♠101
7002440000000000000♠440
99
1,032
7005312679000000000♠312,679
1.41
3.30

 Tonga
7002102000000000000♠102
7002419000000000000♠419
101
909
7002717000000000000♠717
584
1,270

 Samoa
7002103000000000000♠103
7002403000000000000♠403
120
463
7003282100000000000♠2,821
143
164

 Cameroon
7002104000000000000♠104
7002402000000000000♠402
83
1,799
7005469440000000000♠469,440
0.856
3.83

 Sierra Leone
7002104000000000000♠104
7002402000000000000♠402
86
1,677
7004716200000000000♠71,620
5.61
23.4

 Guatemala
7002106000000000000♠106
7002400000000000000♠400
122
445
7005107159000000000♠107,159
3.73
4.15

 Turks and Caicos Islands
—
7002389000000000000♠389

7002948000000000000♠948
410

 Belize
7002107000000000000♠107
7002386000000000000♠386
76
1,996
7004228060000000000♠22,806
16.9
87.5

 Suriname
7002107000000000000♠107
7002386000000000000♠386
114
620
7005156000000000000♠156,000
2.47
3.97

 Marshall Islands
7002109000000000000♠109
7002370400000000000♠370.4
69
2,106
7002181000000000000♠181
2,050
11,600

 Curaçao
—
7002364000000000000♠364

7002444000000000000♠444
820

 Albania
7002110000000000000♠110
7002362000000000000♠362
113
649
7004273980000000000♠27,398
13.2
23.7

 Trinidad and Tobago
7002110000000000000♠110
7002362000000000000♠362
110
704
7003512800000000000♠5,128
70.6
137

 Bulgaria
7002112000000000000♠112
7002354000000000000♠354
121
457
7005108489000000000♠108,489
3.26
4.21

 Guinea-Bissau
7002113000000000000♠113
7002350000000000000♠350
57
3,176
7004281200000000000♠28,120
12.4
113

 Comoros
7002114000000000000♠114
7002340000000000000♠340
119
469
7003223500000000000♠2,235
152
210

 Guinea
7002115000000000000♠115
7002320000000000000♠320
87
1,615
7005245717000000000♠245,717
1.30
6.57

 Djibouti
7002116000000000000♠116
7002314000000000000♠314
123
443
7004231800000000000♠23,180
13.5
19.1

 Georgia
7002117000000000000♠117
7002310000000000000♠310
124
376
7004697000000000000♠69,700
4.45
5.39

 El Salvador
7002118000000000000♠118
7002307000000000000♠307
108
756
7004207210000000000♠20,721
14.8
36.5

 Equatorial Guinea
7002119000000000000♠119
7002296000000000000♠296
115
603
7004280510000000000♠28,051
10.6
21.5

 Montenegro
7002120000000000000♠120
7002293500000000000♠293.5

7005251643000000000♠251,643
51.37

 Israel
7002121000000000000♠121
7002273000000000000♠273[Note 12]
136
205
7004203300000000000♠20,330
13.4
10.1

 Lebanon
7002122000000000000♠122
7002225000000000000♠225
125
294
7004102300000000000♠10,230
22.0
28.7

 Romania
7002122000000000000♠122
7002225000000000000♠225
111
696
7005229891000000000♠229,891
0.979
3.03

 São Tomé and Príncipe
7002124000000000000♠124
7002209000000000000♠209
128
269
7002964000000000000♠964
217
279

 Malta
7002125000000000000♠125
7002252810000000000♠252.81
137
198
7002316000000000000♠316
800
627

 Singapore
7002126000000000000♠126
7002193000000000000♠193
129
268
7002687000000000000♠687
281
390

 Syria
7002126000000000000♠126
7002193000000000000♠193
134
212
7005183630000000000♠183,630
1.05
1.15

 U.S. Virgin Islands
—
7002188000000000000♠188
—
390
7002346000000000000♠346
543
1,130

 Mauritius
7002128000000000000♠128
7002177000000000000♠177
118
496
7003203000000000000♠2,030
87.2
244

 Congo, Republic of the
7002129000000000000♠129
7002169000000000000♠169
135
205
7005341500000000000♠341,500
0.495
0.600

 Bahrain
7002130000000000000♠130
7002161000000000000♠161
132
255
7002760000000000000♠760
212
336

 Brunei
7002130000000000000♠130
7002161000000000000♠161
127
269
7003526500000000000♠5,265
30.6
51.1

 Cayman Islands
—
7002160000000000000♠160

7002264000000000000♠264
606

 Isle of Man
—
7002160000000000000♠160

7002572000000000000♠572
280

 Saint Lucia
7002132000000000000♠132
7002158000000000000♠158
139
166
7002606000000000000♠606
261
274

 Antigua and Barbuda
7002133000000000000♠133
7002153000000000000♠153
126
289
7002442600000000000♠442.6
346
653

 Dominica
7002134000000000000♠134
7002148000000000000♠148
141
152
7002751000000000000♠751
197
202

 Christmas Island
—
7002138900000000000♠138.9

7002135000000000000♠135
1,030

 Saint Kitts and Nevis
7002135000000000000♠135
7002135000000000000♠135

7002261000000000000♠261
517

 Wallis and Futuna
—
7002129000000000000♠129

7002142000000000000♠142
908

 Guam
—
7002125500000000000♠125.5

7002544000000000000♠544
231

 Jan Mayen
—
7002124100000000000♠124.1

7002377000000000000♠377
329

 Benin
7002136000000000000♠136
7002121000000000000♠121
140
153
7005110622000000000♠110,622
1.09
1.38

 Grenada
7002136000000000000♠136
7002121000000000000♠121
133
252
7002344000000000000♠344
352
733

 Cook Islands
7002138000000000000♠138
7002120000000000000♠120

7002236000000000000♠236
508

 Saint Pierre and Miquelon
—
7002120000000000000♠120

7002242000000000000♠242
496

 American Samoa
—
7002116000000000000♠116

7002199000000000000♠199
583

 Bermuda
—
7002103000000000000♠103
—
180
7001540000000000000♠54
1,910
3,330

 Heard Island and McDonald Islands
—
7002101900000000000♠101.9

7002412000000000000♠412
247

 Tokelau
—
7002101000000000000♠101

7001120000000000000♠12
8,420

 Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
—
7002100000000000000♠100[Note 13]

7002308000000000000♠308
325

 Barbados
7002139000000000000♠139
7001970000000000000♠97
143
97
7002430000000000000♠430
226
226

 Lithuania
7002140000000000000♠140
7001900000000000000♠90
131
258
7004626800000000000♠62,680
1.44
4.12

 United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges
—
7001857000000000000♠85.7

7001224100000000000♠22.41
3,820

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
7002141000000000000♠141
7001840000000000000♠84
130
264
7002389000000000000♠389
216
679

 Akrotiri and Dhekelia
—
7001838000000000000♠83.8

7002253800000000000♠253.8[6]
330

 British Virgin Islands
—
7001800000000000000♠80

7002151000000000000♠151
530

 Gambia
7002142000000000000♠142
7001800000000000000♠80
117
503
7004100000000000000♠10,000
8.00
50.3

 Ashmore and Cartier Islands
—
7001741009999900000♠74.1

7000500000000000000♠5
14,800

 Jersey
—
7001700000000000000♠70

7002116000000000000♠116
603

 Aruba
—
7001685000000000000♠68.5
—
107
7002180000000000000♠180
381
594

 Belgium
7002143000000000000♠143
7001665000000000000♠66.5
144
76
7004302780000000000♠30,278
2.20
2.51

 Niue
7002144000000000000♠144
7001640000000000000♠64

7002260000000000000♠260
246

 Anguilla
—
7001610000000000000♠61

7001910000000000000♠91
670

 Saint Martin
—
7001589000000000000♠58.9[Note 14]

7001544000000000000♠54.4
1,080

 Iraq
7002145000000000000♠145
7001580000000000000♠58
142
105
7005437367000000000♠437,367
0.133
0.240

 Togo
7002146000000000000♠146
7001560000000000000♠56
145
53
7004543850000000000♠54,385
1.03
0.975

 Pitcairn Islands
—
7001510000000000000♠51

7001470000000000000♠47
1,090

 Guernsey
—
7001500000000000000♠50

7001780000000000000♠78
641

 Slovenia
7002147000000000000♠147
7001466000000000000♠46.6
146
41
7004201510000000000♠20,151
2.31
2.03

 Macau
—
7001410000000000000♠41
—
36
7001282000000000000♠28.2
1,450
1,280

 Gaza Strip
—
7001400000000000000♠40

7002360000000000000♠360
111

 Montserrat
—
7001400000000000000♠40

7002102000000000000♠102
392

 Congo, Democratic Republic of the
7002148000000000000♠148
7001370000000000000♠37
138
177
7006226704800000000♠2,267,048
0.0163
0.0781

 Norfolk Island
—
7001320000000000000♠32

7001360000000000000♠36
889

 Nauru
7002149000000000000♠149
7001300000000000000♠30

7001210000000000000♠21
1,430

 Bouvet Island
—
7001296000000000000♠29.6

7001490000000000000♠49
604

 Cocos (Keeling) Islands
—
7001260000000000000♠26

7001140000000000000♠14
1,860

 Jordan
7002150000000000000♠150
7001260000000000000♠26[Note 15]
147
27
7004888020000000000♠88,802
0.293
0.304

 Tuvalu
7002151000000000000♠151
7001240000000000000♠24

7001260000000000000♠26
923

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
7002152000000000000♠152
7001200000000000000♠20
148
23
7004511870000000000♠51,187
0.391
0.449

 Wake Island
—
7001193000000000000♠19.3

7000650000000000000♠6.5
2,970

 Gibraltar
—
7001120000000000000♠12

7000650000000000000♠6.5
1,850

 Clipperton Island
—
7001111000000000000♠11.1

7000600000000000000♠6
1,850

 Navassa Island
—
7000800000000000000♠8

7000540000000000000♠5.4
1,480

 Monaco
7002153000000000000♠153
7000410009999999999♠4.1

7000200000000000000♠2
2,050

 Saint Barthélemy
—
6999500000000000000♠NA

7001210000000000000♠21

 Sint Maarten
—
6999500000000000000♠NA[Note 16]

7001340000000000000♠34
0.0147

 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
—
6999500000000000000♠NA

7003390300000000000♠3,903
0.000128

 Kazakhstan
7002154000000000000♠154
6999400000000000000♠0[Note 17]
48
4,528
7006269970000000000♠2,699,700
0
1.68

 Turkmenistan
7002155000000000000♠155
6999300000000000000♠0[Note 18]
93
1,289
7005469930000000000♠469,930
0
2.74

 Azerbaijan
7002156000000000000♠156
6999200000000000000♠0[Note 19]
103
871
7004826290000000000♠82,629
0
10.5

 West Bank
—
5000000000000000000♠0[Note 20]

7003564000000000000♠5,640
0

 Afghanistan
7002158000000000000♠158
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7005652230000000000♠652,230
0
0

 Andorra
7002159000000000000♠159
5000000000000000000♠0

7002468000000000000♠468
0

 Armenia
7002160000000000000♠160
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7004282030000000000♠28,203
0
0

 Austria
7002161000000000000♠161
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7004824450000000000♠82,445
0
0

 Belarus
7002162000000000000♠162
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7005202900000000000♠202,900
0
0

 Bhutan
7002163000000000000♠163
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7004383940000000000♠38,394
0
0

 Bolivia
7002164000000000000♠164
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7006108330100000000♠1,083,301
0
0

 Botswana
7002165000000000000♠165
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7005566730000000000♠566,730
0
0

 Burkina Faso
7002166000000000000♠166
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7005273800000000000♠273,800
0
0

 Burundi
7002167000000000000♠167
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7004256800000000000♠25,680
0
0

 Central African Republic
7002168000000000000♠168
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7005622984000000000♠622,984
0
0

 Chad
7002169000000000000♠169
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7006125920000000000♠1,259,200
0
0

 Czech Republic
7002170000000000000♠170
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7004772470000000000♠77,247
0
0

 Ethiopia
7002171000000000000♠171
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7006100000000000000♠1,000,000
0
0

 Hungary
7002172000000000000♠172
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7004896080000000000♠89,608
0
0

 Kyrgyzstan
7002173000000000000♠173
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7005191801000000000♠191,801
0
0

 Laos
7002174000000000000♠174
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7005230800000000000♠230,800
0
0

 Lesotho
7002175000000000000♠175
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7004303550000000000♠30,355
0
0

 Liechtenstein
7002176000000000000♠176
5000000000000000000♠0

7002160000000000000♠160
0

 Luxembourg
7002177000000000000♠177
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7003258600000000000♠2,586
0
0

 Macedonia
7002178000000000000♠178
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7004254330000000000♠25,433
0
0

 Malawi
7002179000000000000♠179
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7004940800000000000♠94,080
0
0

 Mali
7002180000000000000♠180
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7006122019000000000♠1,220,190
0
0

 Moldova
7002181000000000000♠181
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7004328910000000000♠32,891
0
0

 Mongolia
7002182000000000000♠182
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7006155355600000000♠1,553,556
0
0

   Nepal
7002183000000000000♠183
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7005143351000000000♠143,351
0
0

 Niger
7002184000000000000♠184
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7006126670000000000♠1,266,700
0
0

 Paraguay
7002185000000000000♠185
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7005397302000000000♠397,302
0
0

 Rwanda
7002186000000000000♠186
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7004246680000000000♠24,668
0
0

 San Marino
7002187000000000000♠187
5000000000000000000♠0

7001610000000000000♠61
0

 Serbia
7002188000000000000♠188
5000000000000000000♠0

7004883610000000000♠88,361
0

 Slovakia
7002189000000000000♠189
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7004481050000000000♠48,105
0
0

 South Sudan
7002190000000000000♠190
5000000000000000000♠0

7005644329000000000♠644,329[6]
0

 Swaziland
7002191000000000000♠191
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7004172040000000000♠17,204
0
0

  Switzerland
7002192000000000000♠192
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7004399970000000000♠39,997
0
0

 Tajikistan
7002193000000000000♠193
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7005141510000000000♠141,510
0
0

 Uganda
7002194000000000000♠194
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7005197100000000000♠197,100
0
0

 Uzbekistan
7002195000000000000♠195
6999100000000000000♠0
85
1,707
7005425400000000000♠425,400
0
4.01

  Vatican City
7002196000000000000♠196
5000000000000000000♠0

6999440000000000000♠0.44
0

 Zambia
7002197000000000000♠197
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7005743398000000000♠743,398
0
0

 Zimbabwe
7002198000000000000♠198
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7005386847000000000♠386,847
0
0

 French Guiana

—
763

 Guadeloupe

—
581

 Martinique

—
369

 Caribbean Netherlands

—
361

 Réunion

—
219


document_title: Particle radiation

question_text: what names are given to the two main types of particle radiation found on earth

text: Particle radiation

text: Types and production[edit]

text: Particles can be electrically charged or uncharged:

text: Particle radiation can be emitted by an unstable atomic nucleus (via radioactive decay), or it can be the product from some other kind of nuclear reaction. Many types of particles may be emitted:

text:
protons and other hydrogen nuclei stripped of their electrons
positively charged alpha particles (α)
helium ions at high energy levels
HZE ions, which are nuclei heavier than helium
positively or negatively charged beta particles (β+ or β−)(the latter being more common)
high-speed electrons that are not from the beta decay process, but others such as internal conversion and Auger effect
photons (called a gamma ray, γ, and acting in some ways like a particle.)
neutrons, subatomic particles which have no charge; neutron radiation
neutrinos
mesons
muons

text: Mechanisms that produce particle radiation include:

text:
alpha decay
Auger effect
beta decay
cluster decay
internal conversion
neutron emission
nuclear fission and spontaneous fission
nuclear fusion
particle colliders in which streams of high energy particles are smashed
proton emission
solar flares
solar particle events
supernova explosions
Additionally, galactic cosmic rays include these particles, but many are from unknown mechanisms

text: Charged particles (electrons, mesons, protons, alpha particles, heavier HZE ions, etc.) can be produced by particle accelerators. Ion irradiation is widely used in the semiconductor industry to introduce dopants into materials, a method known as ion implantation.

text: Particle accelerators can also produce neutrino beams. Neutron beams are mostly produced by nuclear reactors. For the production of electromagnetic radiation, there are many methods, depending upon the wave length (see electromagnetic spectrum).

text: Passage through matter[edit]

text: In radiation protection, radiation is often separated into two categories, ionizing and non-ionizing, to denote the level of danger posed to humans. Ionization is the process of removing electrons from atoms, leaving two electrically charged particles (an electron and a positively charged ion) behind. The negatively charged electrons and positively charged ions created by ionizing radiation may cause damage in living tissue. Basically, a particle is ionizing if its energy is higher than the ionization energy of a typical substance, i.e., a few eV, and interacts with electrons significantly.

text: According to the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, electromagnetic radiations from ultraviolet to infrared, to radiofrequency (including microwave) radiation, static and time-varying electric and magnetic fields, and ultrasound belong to the non-ionizing radiations.

text: The charged particles mentioned above all belong to the ionizing radiations. When passing through matter, they ionize and thus lose energy in many small steps. The distance to the point where the charged particle has lost all its energy is called the range of the particle. The range depends upon the type of particle, its initial energy, and the material it traverses. Similarly, the energy loss per unit path length, the 'stopping power', depends on the type and energy of the charged particle and upon the material. The stopping power and hence, the density of ionization, usually increases toward the end of range and reaches a maximum, the Bragg Peak, shortly before the energy drops to zero.


document_title: Jack Irish

question_text: how many episodes of jack irish season 2

text: Jack Irish

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Guy Pearce as Jack Irish; a criminal lawyer turned debt collector and troubleshooter. Jack is still troubled over the murder of his wife by a deranged ex client. He also works as an apprentice cabinet maker for Charlie Taub.
Marta Dusseldorp as Linda Hillier; a determined reporter. She starts an on-off romantic relationship with Jack, becoming embroiled with many of Jack's investigations.
Aaron Pedersen as Cam Delray; Tough, but kind hearted, Cam is Harry Strang's right-hand man and one of Jack's closest friends. Cam often uses his spare time to help Jack out in his cases.
Roy Billing as Harry Strang; a big racing aficionado who often enlists the aid of Jack and Cam.
Shane Jacobson as Barry Tregear; a gruff, overweight cop who reluctantly helps with Jack's investigations.
Damien Richardson as Drew Greer; Jack's former law partner who still occasionally assists him in solving cases

text: Supporting[edit]

text:
Vadim Glowna / David Ritchie as Charlie Taub
Emma Booth as Isabel Irish
Marshall Napier as Father Gorman
Rhys Muldoon as Rod Pringle

text: Bad Debts[edit]

text:
Colin Friels as Garth Bruce
Nicholas Bell as Martin Scullin
Steve Bisley as Kevin Pixley
Tottie Goldsmith as Jackie Pixley
Colin Hay as Tony Baker
Alicia Gardiner as Sue McKillop
Hannah Formosa as Kirsty McKillop
Simon Russell as Danny McKillop

text: Black Tide[edit]

text:
Don Hany as Dave
Diana Glenn as Lyall Cronin
Martin Sacks as Steve Levesque
Alexandra Schepisi as Meryl Canetti
Lachy Hulme as Dean Canetti
Ronald Jacobson as Des Connors
Nicholas Coghlan as Gary Connors

text: Dead Point[edit]

text:
Barry Humphries as Justice Loder
Madeleine Madden as Marie
Deborah Mailman as Cynthia
Kat Stewart as Ros
Vince Colosimo as Mike Cundall
John Jarratt as Senior Sgt Laurie Olsen
Kate Beahan as Susan Ayliss
Dominic Allburn as Robbie Colburne
Ben Gerrard as Xavier
Sarah Roberts as Lorna

text: Series 1 (2016)[edit]

text:
Kate Atkinson as Simone
Jacek Koman as Orton
Marcus Graham as Rob Shand
Claudia Karvan as Sarah Longmore
Brooke Satchwell as Tina Longmore
Peta Brady as Janine Ballich
Richard Cawthorne as Fraser Boyd
Robert Morgan as Stedman

text: Series 2 (2018)[edit]

text:
Danielle Cormack as Rory Finch
Rubi Balasingam as Lakshmi
George Zhao as Eddie Chin

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Telemovies (2012—2014)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateAustralian viewers(millions)11"Bad Debts[12]"Jeffrey WalkerAndrew Knight14 October 2012 (2012-10-14)0.95
Jack receives a call from ex-client Danny McKillop. Jack goes to help, only to discover that Danny is dead.
22"Black Tide[12]"Jeffrey WalkerMatt Cameron21 October 2012 (2012-10-21)0.85
Des Conners an old friend of the Irish family, comes to consult Jack over the disappearance of his son Gary.
33"Dead Point[13][14]"Jeffrey WalkerMatt Cameron13 April 2014 (2014-04-13)0.78
Jack is consulted by Justice Loder to recover a mysterious red book.

text: Series 1 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateAustralian viewers(millions)41"Episode 1"Kieren Darcy-SmithAndrew Knight11 February 2016 (2016-02-11)0.71[15]
Jack is back to debt collection and Linda takes a job in Manila. Still, Jack soon finds himself involved in some witch hunt that has to do with a massacre that happened in the Philippines years ago.
52"Episode 2"Kieren Darcy-SmithAndrew Knight18 February 2016 (2016-02-18)0.68[16]
Jack is still working with sculptor Sarah to find who killed her sister, and bodies start to accumulate. In the meantime, Linda is trying to get her bearings in Manila and is able to help Jack.
63"Episode 3"Daniel NettheimMatt Cameron25 February 2016 (2016-02-25)0.61[17]
Jack's investigation leads him to get close to a mega-church pastor, but Linda and her team fall in a trap when they explore an island that seems to be the base for criminals.
74"Episode 4"Daniel NettheimAndrew Anastasios3 March 2016 (2016-03-03)0.58[18]
A tense night in the Filipino jungle results in a chance discovery for Linda and Orton. Jack's concerned for Sarah's well-being as she becomes consumed by manic determination following news about Tina.
85"Episode 5"Mark JoffeMatt Cameron10 March 2016 (2016-03-10)0.61[19]
Jack struggles to recuperate and his mind takes an increasingly turn towards Rob Shand. Back in Manila, Linda is abducted. Longmore refuses to act against the church leaving Jack alone to fight for Sarah.
96"Episode 6"Mark JoffeAndrew Knight17 March 2016 (2016-03-17)0.67[20]
Jack is now on the run from both the police and members of Via Crucis. Terrified yet resolved, Linda finally comes face to face with her captor.

text: Series 2 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateAustralian viewers(millions)101"Episode 1"Mark JoffeAndrew Knight7 July 2018 (2018-07-07)0.72[21]
The apparent suicide of a foreign student triggers a chain of events that sees Jack risking his life to uncover the truth.
112"Episode 2"Mark JoffeMatt Cameron15 July 2018 (2018-07-15)0.68[22]
As Jack Irish investigates two deaths, he delves deeper into the murky world of international colleges.
123"Episode 3"Kriv StendersElise McCredie22 July 2018 (2018-07-22)0.68[23]
As Jack Irish discovers more about the deaths, he isn’t sure who he can trust.
134"Episode 4"Kriv StendersAndrew Anastasios29 July 2018 (2018-07-29)0.61[24]
Secrets are revealed as Jack Irish's investigation stretches to the colourful streets of Mumbai.
145"Episode 5"Fiona BanksMatt Cameron5 August 2018 (2018-08-05)0.73[25]
As Jack Irish gets closer to the truth, his investigation threatens to tear his world apart.
156"Episode 6"Fiona BanksMatt Cameron12 August 2018 (2018-08-12)0.72[26]
Jack Irish fights to unmask the truth, but will this fight for justice be his last?

text: Viewership[edit]

text: Series 1 (2016)[edit]

text:
Episode

Title

Original airdate

Overnight viewers

Nightly rank

Consolidated viewers

Adjusted rank

1

"Episode 1"

11 February 2016

0.711[15]

9[15]

0.836[27]

6[27]

2

"Episode 2"

18 February 2016

0.682[16]

9[16]

0.812[28]

6[28]

3

"Episode 3"

25 February 2016

0.617[17]

11[17]

0.729[29]

9[29]

4

"Episode 4"

3 March 2016

0.581[18]

10[18]

0.676[30]

10[30]

5

"Episode 5"

10 March 2016

0.617[19]

11[19]

0.759[31]

9[31]

6

"Episode 6"

17 March 2016

0.673[20]

7[20]

0.838[32]

5[32]


document_title: Legal status of tattooing in the United States

question_text: how old do i have to be to get a tattoo in massachusetts

text: In the United States, there is no federal law regulating the practice of tattooing. However, all 50 states and the District of Columbia have statutory laws requiring a person receiving a tattoo be 18 years of age or older. This is partially based on the legal principle that a minor cannot enter into a legal contract or otherwise render informed consent for a procedure. Most states permit a person under the age of 18 to receive a tattoo with permission of a parent or guardian, but some states outright prohibit tattooing under a certain age regardless of permission, with the exception of medical necessity (such as markings placed for radiation therapy).

text: In all jurisdictions, individual tattooists may also choose to place additional restrictions based on their own moral feelings, such as refusing any clients under a specific age even with parental consent despite it being legal, or limiting the type and/or location of where they are willing to tattoo (such as refusing any work around intimate parts of the body). They may additionally refuse to perform specific artwork, including if they merely find it inappropriate or offensive, or refuse to work on a client that they suspect may be intoxicated. Artists sometimes claim their personal business restrictions are a matter of law even when it is not true, so as to avoid arguments with clients.

text:
Legal Restrictions on Tattooing & Body Modification by State

State
Minimum Age (with parent/guardian consent)
Form of Parent/Guardian Consent
Notes & Exceptions
Intoxicated/Impaired Individuals
Area of Law/Type of Penalty
Licensing & Regulation
Relevant Statute(s) and Rules

Alabama
none specified[1]
informed written consent, signed in presence of the artist/service provider or their agent[1][2]
Ear piercing exempt from Alabama body art laws & rules.[2][3]
cannot be tattooed, branded, or pierced[1][2]
Violations of Alabama Tattoo & Body Piercing laws are a class c misdemeanor, punishable by a fine of up to $100 and/or up to 90 days imprisonment for each violation.[4]
Alabama's Department of Public Health licenses Tattoo, body piercing, & body art facilities, and sets standards for their operation.[5]
Individual tattoo artists, piercers, etc. require a permit.[2]

Ala. Code § 22-1-17A[3][6]
State Board of Health rules on Body Art Practices and Facilities.[2]

Alaska
18 (piercing excepted)[7]
parent/guardian must both give written consent and be present during the procedure[7]
Minors may be pierced with parental consent [7]
no restriction[8]

Alaska Stat. § 08.13.217[7]

Arizona
none specified[9]
parent/guardian must be physically present[9]
Minors can have their ears pierced with the written or verbal consent of a parent/guardian, can have procedures prescribed by a health care provider.[9]
no restriction[9]
Violations are a class 6 felony.[9]
There are no health regulations for tattoo shops in Arizona. [10]
Tattoos. Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 13-3721[9]

Arkansas
16[11]
parent/guardian must both give written consent and be physically present[12]
none specified[12]
cannot be tattooed, branded, or pierced.[12]

Ark. Stat. Ann. §§ 20-27-1501 et seq.[12]

California
18 (piercing excepted)[13][14]
parent/guardian must be present during procedure
Minors may have their ears pierced with parental consent.[15] They may be pierced elsewhere with parental consent, but not on their genitals or nipples. Permanent cosmetics are permitted on nipples, when done by a cosmetic technician and with parental consent.[14]
no restriction

Body Art. Cal. Health & Safety Code § 119300 to 119328[6][15]
Cal. Penal Code 653[13]

Colorado
18 Express written consent of parent or guardian[16]
parent/guardian must be present during procedure
Persons who are "noticeably impaired" cannot have body art procedures[16]

Body Artists. Colo. Rev. Stat. § 25-4-2101 to 2103[6]

Connecticut
none specified
permission of parent or guardian[17][18]
Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent[17]
Tattooing may only be performed by physicians, or by registered nurses & technicians working under the supervision of a physician.[18]

no restrictions

Conn. Gen. Stat. §19a-92a,[6][18]
Conn. Gen. Stat. §19a-92g[6][17]

District of Columbia
18 (ear piercing excepted)[19]
written consent (for ear piercing)[19]
minors may have their ears pierced with written parental consent[19]
no restrictions[19]

Body Artists. DC Code § 47-2853.76d[6][19]

Delaware
18[20]
notarized written consent to the specific procedure[20]
none specified[20]
cannot be tattooed, branded, or body pierced[20]

Del. Code Ann. Title 11, Ch 5 §1114(a)[6][20]
Del. Code Ann. Title 16, Ch 2 §122(3)(w)[6]

Florida
16[21]
Must be accompanied by parent or guardian who can show proof of guardianship, both parent and minor must present photo ID, and a consent form must be notarized.[21]
for medical or dental purposes by a licensed physician or dentist[21]
no restriction

Fla. Stat. § 381.00787[6]
Fla. Stat. §381.0775 et seq.[6] Fla. Stat. §381.075[6]

Georgia
18 (body piercing excepted)[22]
For body piercing: prior written consent of parent/guardian[23]
Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent[23]
Minors may be body pierced with written parental consent[23]
Physicians and Osteopaths or technicians working under their direct supervision can give minors tattoos or produce scars for "medical or cosmetic purposes."[22]
No one can be tattooed within an inch of their eye socket.[24]

no restrictions

Ga. Code § 31-40-1 to 31-40-10[6]
Ga. Code § 16-12-5[6]
Ga. Code § 16-5-71.1[6]

Hawaii
none specified[25]
written consent of parent/guardian[25]

Hawaii Rev. Stat. § 321-13[6]
Hawaii Rev. Stat. § 321-379[6]

Idaho
14[26]
Written informed consent of parent/guardian, executed in the presence of the person performing the procedure, or their agent/employee.[26]
Minors can have their ears pierced without parental consent.[6]
Piercing for medical procedures exempt.[6]

no restrictions

Idaho Code § 18-1523 (2004)[6]

Illinois
18 (body piercings excepted)[27]
Written consent of parent/guardian (for body piercings)[27]
Minors cannot be present in places where tattooing or body piercing is done except in the presence of a parent/guardian.[27]
Minors can have their ears pierced without parent/guardian consent.[27]

no restrictions

Ill. Stat. 720 §5/12-10.1[6]
Ill. Stat. 410 §54/1 t0 54/999[6]

Indiana
none specified[28]
Parent/guardian must both be present during the procedure and provide written permission.[28]
Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent.[28]
no restrictions

Ind. Code Ann. §35-42-2-7[6][28]
Ind. Code Ann. §16-19-3-4.1[6][29]

Iowa
18[30]
n/a - minors cannot be tattooed[30]
Body piercing is not regulated by state law in Iowa, however county or city laws may regulate it.[31]
no restrictions

Iowa Code §135.37[6]
Iowa Code §135.37[6]

Kansas
16[32]
Parent/guardian must give written consent, written consent must be notarized, and the parent/guardian must be present during the procedure.[32]
Minors may have their ears pierced[33]
no restrictions

Kan. Stat. Ann. §65-1953[6]
Kan. Stat. Ann. §65-1940 to 65-1954[6]

Kentucky
16
Parent/guardian must give written, notarized consent.[34]
none (ear piercing also requires written, notarized consent).[35]

Ky. Rev. Stat. §211.760[6]
Ky. Rev. Stat. §194A.050; 211.760[6]

Louisiana
16
Parent or guardian must consent, and their presence during the procedure is required for tattoos, but not for body piercings.[36]

no restrictions

La. Rev. Stat. Ann. §14:93.2[6]
La. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 40:2831 et seq.[6]

Maine
18 (piercings excepted)[37]
For body piercings: prior legal consent of parent/guardian.[38]
Maine law does not require parent/guardian consent for ear piercing[39]
no restrictions

Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. Title 32 § 4201-4329[6]

Maryland
none specified[40]
written consent, which must be retained for 3 years.
Piercing of the ear lobe is exempt[41]
no restriction
Health Department Regulations
A license is not required, but any person performing tattooing or piercing must comply with all the relevant health code regulations[40]
COMAR 10.06.01.02 and 10.06.01.06

Massachusetts
18 (except body piercing other than genitalia)[42]
Minors cannot receive tattoo, branding, or scarification at all. For piercing of areas other than the genitalia, a parent may provide identification and sign the consent document.[42]
Physicians performing for treatment reasons and ear piercing are exempt from regulation.[42]
no restriction
County Health Department regulates body art, but all follow a model regulation set by the state.
Artists must have a permit, and establishments are subject to following specific health department regulations[42]
Model Regulations for Body Art Establishments[42]

Michigan
none specified[43]
Written, informed consent of parent/guardian. Must be executed (signed) in the presences of the person performing the procedure, or their employee.[43]

cannot be tattooed, branded, or body pierced.[43]

Mich. Comp. Laws § 333.13101 to 333.13112[44]

Minnesota
18 (piercings excepted)[45]
For piercings: presence of parent/guardian and a consent form are both required.[45]
Minors cannot be tattooed. They can be body pierced, but not in the nipples or genitals. Branding, scarification, suspension, subdermal implantation, microdermal, and tongue bifurcation are also prohibited for minors.[45]
cannot have any body art procedures.[45]

Minnesota Statutes 146B.07[45]

Mississippi
18
n/a - minors cannot be tattooed
piercing also prohibited except for the outer perimeter or lobe of the ear.
no restriction

Miss.Code Ann. §73-61

Missouri
none specified[46]
For both piercings and tattoos, parent/guardian must sign written consent in the presence of the person performing the procedure, or their employee.[46]

cannot be tattooed, branded or body pierced.[46]
violations are a misdemeanor, punishable with a fine of up to $500 (more for repeat offenses)[46]
The state director of the division of professional registration licenses all body artists, and sets rules & regulations for the operation of body art establishments.[47]
Mo. Rev. Stat. §324.520[46]

Montana
none specified[48]
Parent or guardian must give "explicit, in-person" consent.[48] Montana administrative rules also require that the parent/guardian be present throughout the procedure.[49]

cannot be tattooed or body pierced.[49]
A person who tattoos or body pierces a minor without parent/guardian consent is guilty of Unlawful transactions with children, punishable by a fine of up to $500 or six months in county jail, or both.[48]
Other violations of Montana body art laws are a misdemeanor, with punishments ranging from a fine of $50–100 for a first offense to $300 and/or 90 days in county jail for third and subsequent offense.[50]

Montana's Department of Health and Safety licenses and regulates body art establishments.[51] Local health boards may establish their own licensing and regulatory schemes in lieu of the state department's.[52]
Mont. Code Ann. §45-5-623[48]
Mont. Code Ann. §50-48-101 to 110[53]
Mont. Code Ann. §50-48-201 to 209[54]

Nebraska
none specified[55]
written consent, must be present during procedure
Piercing does not include the external parts of the ear[56]
No restrictions

Nebraska Revised Statute 38-1008, 38-1009, 38-1010, 38-1011, 38-1060, 38-10,165

Nevada
n/a[6]
n/a[6]
Nevada state law does not regulate tattoos, piercings, or other body art. Regional health districts may regulate the practice. The southern Nevada Health District, for example, does not allow minors below the age of 14 to be tattooed, and requires a parent or guardian to provide written consent and be present during the procedure for 14- to 18-year-olds. The southern Nevada district also bans tattoos on those who are under the influence of drugs or alcohol.[57]
n/a[6]

n/a[6]

New Hampshire
18 (piercings excepted)[58]
For piercings: parent/guardian must both sign written consent and be present during the procedure.
Minors cannot be tattooed or branded. They may be pierced with parent/guardian consent.[58] Minors may have their ears pierced without parent/guardian consent.[59]
no restrictions

N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 314[6]

New Jersey
none specified[60]
written permission of parent/guardian is required for tattooing and body piercing.[60]
Parent/guardian must be present and sign written consent for ear piercings as well as for body piercing. Minors cannot have genital piercings even with parent/guardian consent.[61]
no restrictions
no restrictions
no restrictions
N.J. Stat. Ann. §2C:40-21
N.J.A.C. 8:27-1 et seq.
N.J. Stat. Ann. §26-1A-7[6]

New Mexico
none specified[62]
Written consent and presence during the procedure.
Medical procedures by physicians and ear piercing are exempt[63]
no restrictions
Administrative Regulations set by the Board of Barbers and Cosmetologists
All body artists are required to be licensed through the state, and are subject to regulations from the Board
Body Art Safe Practices Act. N.M. Stat. Ann. § 61-17B et seq.,[63] N.M. Administrative Code 16.36 et seq.[62]

New York
18 (piercings excepted) [64]
Minors cannot be tattooed with parent/guardian consent. For piercings: parent/guardian must give written consent, signed in presence of the body artist or body art establishment owner.[65]
Written parental consent is not required for ear piercings.[66]
no restrictions

New York Public Health Law, Article 4-A[6][65]
N.Y. Public Health Law §460-466[6]
N.Y. Penal Law § 260.21[6]

North Carolina
18 (piercings excepted)[67]
Minors cannot be tattooed, even with parent/guardian consent. "Prior consent" of parent/guardian is required for body piercings.[67]
Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent.[67]
no restrictions

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 130A-283[68]
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-400[69]

North Dakota
none specified[70]
Parent/guardian must be present during the procedure and give written consent.[70]

cannot get tattoos or other body art[71]

N.D. Code §23-01-35[72]
N.D. Code §12.1-31-13[6][70]

Ohio
none specified[73]
Parent/guardian must both sign a consent form and "appear in person at the business at the time the procedure is performed."[73]
none - parent/guardian consent and presence is also required for ear piercings.[73]
no restrictions

Ohio Rev. Code Ann. §3730.01 to 3730.99[6][73]

Oklahoma
18 (piercings excepted)[74]
Minors cannot be tattooed, even with parent/guardian consent. For piercings: parent/guardian must both give written consent and be present during the procedure.[74]
Ear piercing is not governed/restricted by Oklahoma law.[74]
Scleral tattooing is illegal.[74]

cannot be tattooed.[74]

Okla. Stat. Title 21 §842.1, 842.2, 842.3[6]

Oregon
18 (piercings excepted)[75]
For piercings: parent/guardian must give written consent and present proof of identity.[76][77]
Minors can only be tattooed with the authorization of a physician.[75]
Scarification and dermal implants are prohibited[78]
Persons with sunburns or skin diseases or disorders cannot be tattooed or pierced.[75][77]
Minors cannot be pierced on the genitals or nipples, even with parent/guardian consent.[76]
Piercing on testes, deep shaft (corpus cavernosa), uvula, eyelids and sub-clavicle are all prohibited.[77]

cannot be tattooed or pierced.[75][77]
Violations of Oregon body art laws are a misdemeanor.[79]
Violations of Health Licensing Office rules are fined (various amounts).[80]

Both body artists and body art establishments are licensed by the Oregon Health Licensing Office.[81] With the assistance of a Board of Body Art practitioners, the Health Licensing Office also sets detailed rules and regulations for body art.[82]
Or. Rev. Stat. § 690.350 et seq
Or. Rev. Stat. § 690.401 to 410
Or. Rev. Stat. § 679.500[6]
Health Licensing Office Rules, especially Divisions 900, 905, 915 & 920[82]

Pennsylvania
none specified[83]
parent/guardian must both give consent and be present during the procedure.[83]

no restrictions

Pa. Cons. Stat. Title 18 § 6311[6][83]

Rhode Island
18 (piercings excepted)[84][85]
Minors cannot be tattooed.[84] For piercings: parent/guardian must both give consent and be present for the procedure.[85]

no restrictions
Tattooing a minor is a criminal offense (misdemeanor), maximum fine $300[84]
Tattooing and body art are regulated by the department of health, artists must be registered.[85]
RI Gen L § 23-1-39[85]
RI Gen L § 11-9-15[84]

South Carolina
18 (piercings excepted)[86][87]
Minors cannot be tattooed.[86] For piercings: parent/guardian must either give written, notarized consent or be present during the procedure.[87]
Head, face, and neck tattoos are illegal.[86]
cannot be tattooed or body pierced[86][88]
Under the Health Code, persons violating restrictions on tattooing and body piercing are guilty of a misdemeanor. Upon conviction, they may be fined up to $2500 or imprisoned for a year, or both.[86][87]
Tattoo and body piercing facilities are regulated by the Department of Health and Environmental Control. Tattoo facilities are licensed, body piercing facilities require a permit, and artists must be registered[89][90]
S.C. Code § 44-32-10 to 44-32-120[88]
S.C. Code § 44-34-10 to 44-34-110[91]

South Dakota
none specified[92]
Parent/guardian must sign a consent form.[92]

cannot be tattooed or pierced[93][94]
Tattooing a minor is a class 2 misdemeanor.[95]
Tattooing and Body Piercing are governed by Department of Health rules.[96] Municipalities may set stricter regulations, and have the authority to license body artists.[95]
S.D. Codified Laws Ann. §26-10-19[92]
S.D. Laws § 9-34-17[95]

Tennessee
18 (piercings excepted)[97][98]
For tattoos that cover an existing tattoo (see Notes & Exceptions): Parent/Guardian must be present during the procedure.[97]
For piercings: Parent/Guardian must give written consent, be present during the procedure.[98]

Minors over the age of sixteen may be tattooed to cover up an existing tattoo, with parent/guardian consent.[97]

Minors who lie about their age to be tattooed are guilty of a "delinquent act," are required to pay a fine of $50–$250 and serve at least 20 hours of community service.[97]
Tattooing a minor is a class a misdemeanor,[97] breach of body piercing law is a class b misdemeanor.[99]

Tattoo artists and body piercers are licensed by the state department of health, tattoo shops require a certificate from the local health department.[100][101]
Tenn. Code §§ 62-38-201-310[102]

Texas
18 (piercings excepted)[103][104]
For body piercings and for covering existing tattoos (see Notes & Exceptions): Parent/guardian must be present during procedure, sign an affidavit[103][104]
Ear piercing is exempt from body piercing statutes[105]
Minors may, with parent/guardian consent, be tattooed to cover up an existing tattoo that has offensive, gang-related, or drug-related content, or "other words, symbols, or markings that the person's parent or guardian considers would be in the best interest of the person to cover"[103]
Tongue splitting prohibited.[106]

Cannot be tattooed or pierced.[103][107]
Misrepresenting one's age to get a tattoo, or to get a piercing without parental consent, is a class B misdemeanor[103][104]
Violations of Texas tattooing & body piercing statute are a Class A misdemeanor, with each day of violation counting as a separate offense.[108]
Health Commissioner can impose a fine of up to $5000 on artists & shops for each violation[109]

Tattoo artists and body piercers must be registered with the Texas Department of Health[110] Tattoo and body piercing shops must be licensed[111]
Texas Health and Safety Code Ann. §146[112]

Utah
none specified[113]
Parent/guardian must be present during the procedure, give written permission, and provide proof of identity.[113]
Parental consent not required by law for ear piercing[113]

Tattooing or body piercing a minor is a class b misdemeanor, shops can be fined up to $1000 for each violation.[113]

Utah Code Ann. §76-10-2201[6]

Vermont
none specified[114]

Tattooists and body piercers must be registered.[114]
Vt. Stat. Ann. Title 26 §4101 to 4109[6][115]

Virginia
none specified[116]
Parent/Guardian must be present during the procedure.[116]
Virginia law does not limit minors' ability to have their ears pierced.[116]

Tattooing or body piercing a minor is a class 1 misdemeanor[116]
Tattoo artists and body piercers, as well as the operators of tattoo and body piercing establishments, are licensed by the state.[117][118]
Civic/local governments are empowered to regulate tattoo and body piercing establishments.[119]

Va. Code §54.1-700 et seq.
Va. Code §15.2-912
Va. Code § 18.2-371.3.[6]

Washington
18 (piercings excepted)[120]

cannot have tattoos, body piercings, or other body art.[121]

Wash. Code §26.28.085[120]
Wash. Code § 18.300[122]
Wash. Code § 246-145-001 to 060[123]
Wash. Code §70.54[124]

West Virginia
none specified[125]
parent/guardian must give written consent[125]

All persons receiving a tattoo must attest they are not under the influence of drugs or alcohol.[125]

Tattoo shop owners and body piercing studios must register with local board of health, and must be registered as a business with the state[126][127][128]
W. Va. Code §16-37
W. Va. Code §16-38[129]

Wisconsin
18[130]
n/a (tattooing not permitted under 18)
Physicians in the course of professional practice are exempt
no restriction
Tattooing a minor or even offering to do so is subject to a fine of up to $200
Artists must be satisfy training requirements and obtain a license from the health department. Establishments are subject to inspection and licensing[131]
Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations 948.70 and 252.235

Wyoming
none specified[132]
Verbal consent, presence during procedure.[132]
Procedures performed under the supervision of a licensed physician, and piercing of the ear, do not count as body art for this law.
no restriction[132]
Misdemeanor criminal offense, punishable by fine and prison time[132]

Wyoming Statute §14-3-107[132]


document_title: List of highest paid American television stars

question_text: how much does johnny galecki make per episode of big bang theory

text: Network primetime salaries per episode[edit]

text:
Name
Program
Role
Salary
Year
Ref.

Charlie Sheen
Two and a Half Men
Charlie Harper
$1.8 million
1999-2002
[1]

Ray Romano
Everybody Loves Raymond
Raymond Barone
$1.7 million
2003–2005
[2]

Kelsey Grammer
Frasier
Frasier Crane
$1.6 million
2002–2004
[3]

Tim Allen
Home Improvement
Tim Taylor
$1.25 million
1998–1999
[1]

Peter Dinklage
Game of Thrones
Tyrion Lannister
$1.1 million[a]
2017–2018
[5]

Nikolaj Coster-Waldau
Jaime Lannister

Lena Headey
Cersei Lannister

Emilia Clarke
Daenerys Targaryen

Kit Harington
Jon Snow

Johnny Galecki
The Big Bang Theory
Leonard Hofstadter
$1 million
2014–2017
[6]

Jim Parsons
Sheldon Cooper

Kaley Cuoco
Penny

James Gandolfini
The Sopranos
Tony Soprano
$1 million
2006–2007
[7]

Jennifer Aniston
Friends
Rachel Green
$1 million
2002–2004
[8]

Courteney Cox
Monica Geller

Lisa Kudrow
Phoebe Buffay

Matt LeBlanc
Joey Tribbiani

David Schwimmer
Ross Geller

Matthew Perry
Chandler Bing

Helen Hunt
Mad About You
Jamie Buchman
$1 million
1998–99
[9]

Paul Reiser
Paul Buchman

Jerry Seinfeld
Seinfeld
Jerry Seinfeld
$1 million
1997–1998
[10]

Ashton Kutcher
Two and a Half Men
Walden Schmidt
$755,000

[1]

Drew Carey
The Drew Carey Show
Drew Carey
$750,000
2001–2004
[1]

Lauren Graham
Gilmore Girls
Lorelai Gilmore
$750,000
2016
[11]

Alexis Bledel
Rory Gilmore

Kunal Nayyar
The Big Bang Theory
Rajesh Koothrapalli
$750,000
2014–2017
[1]

Simon Helberg
Howard Wolowitz

David Hyde Pierce
Frasier
Niles Crane
$750,000

[12]

Hugh Laurie
House
Dr. Gregory House
$700,000

Andrew Lincoln
The Walking Dead
Rick Grimes
$650,000
2017–2018
[5]

Jon Cryer
Two and a Half Men
Alan Harper
$620,000
2013–2015
[13]

Julia Louis-Dreyfus
Seinfeld
Elaine Benes
$600,000
1997–1998
[1]

Jason Alexander
George Costanza

Michael Richards
Cosmo Kramer

Norman Reedus
The Walking Dead
Daryl Dixon
$550,000
2017–2018
[5]

text: Network primetime salaries per season[edit]

text:
Name
Program
Role
Salary
Year
Ref.

Simon Cowell
The X Factor
Judge
$75 million
2012–13
[14]

Katy Perry
American Idol
$25 million
2017–18
[15]

Jennifer Lopez
$20 million
2011–12
[16]

Mariah Carey
$18 million
2012–13
[17]

Hugh Laurie
House
Gregory House
$15 million
2013
[14]

Ryan Seacrest
American Idol
Host
2013–16
[14]

Britney Spears
The X Factor
Judge
2012
[17]

Miley Cyrus
The Voice
Coach
$13 million
2016–17
[18]

Adam Levine
2016–18
[18]

Blake Shelton
2016–18
[18]

Christina Aguilera
$12.5 million
2013
[19]

Kelly Clarkson
$12 million
2018
[20]

Nicki Minaj
American Idol
Judge
2012–13
[19]

Shakira
The Voice
Coach
2013
[19]

Gwen Stefani
2017
[21]

text: Morning annual salaries[edit]

text:
Name
Program
Role
Salary
Year
Ref.

Judith Sheindlin
Judge Judy
Judge
$47 million
2013
[22]

Barbara Walters
The View
Host
$13 million
2007
[23]

Bob Barker
The Price Is Right
Game show host
$10 million
2001
[24]

Ellen DeGeneres
The Ellen DeGeneres Show
Host
$5 million
2007
[25]

Jerry Springer
The Jerry Springer Show
Host
$3–4 million
1999
[26]

Tyra Banks
The Tyra Banks Show
Host
$3.5 million

[27][28]

text: News presenter annual salaries[edit]

text:
Name
Program
Role
Salary
Year
Ref.

Matt Lauer
Today
Anchor
$21 million

[29]

Meredith Vieira
Today
Anchor
$15 million

[30][31]

Katie Couric
CBS Evening News
News anchor
$15 million

[32]

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ The ''Daily Express gives a £2 million figure, though sources differ. This figure possibly includes the percentage the cast makes from reruns and overseas syndications.[4]

tag: ol


document_title: The End of the F***ing World

question_text: where was end of the ****fing world filmed

question_tokens: where was end of the * * * * fing world filmed

text: The End of the F***ing World

text: Premise[edit]

text: James is a 17-year-old who believes he is a psychopath. He kills animals as a hobby, but grows bored of the practice.  He decides he wants to try killing a human. He settles on Alyssa, a mouthy, rebellious 17-year-old classmate with issues of her own. She proposes they run away together, hoping for an adventure away from her turbulent home-life, and James agrees with the intention of finding an opportunity to kill her. They embark on a road trip across England, and begin to develop a relationship after a series of mishaps.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Alex Lawther as James, a 17-year-old who believes he is a psychopath; the disturbed love interest of Alyssa.[2] Jack Veal portrays a young James.
Jessica Barden as Alyssa, a rebellious teenage girl. Initially James' intended victim but later his love interest.[2] Holly Beechey portrays a young Alyssa.
Gemma Whelan as DC Eunice Noon, Darego's police partner.
Wunmi Mosaku as DC Teri Darego, Noon's stern police partner.
Steve Oram as Phil, James' caring father.
Christine Bottomley as Gwen, Alyssa's mother.
Navin Chowdhry as Tony, Alyssa's abusive stepfather.
Barry Ward as Leslie Foley, Alyssa's estranged drug-dealing father.

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Kierston Wareing as Debbie, Leslie's ex-girlfriend with whom he has a child.
Geoff Bell as Martin, a family man and creep who gives Alyssa and James a ride.
Alex Sawyer as Topher, a young man Alyssa meets and attempts to engage in sexual activity with.
Jonathan Aris as Dr. Clive Koch, an author, professor, serial killer and James' first human victim.
Eileen Davies as Flora, Clive's mother.
Earl Cave as Frodo, a miserable petrol station employee.
Felicity Montagu as the manager of the petrol station.
Alex Beckett as Jonno, one of Leslie's buyers.
Leon Annor as Emil, an imposing store security guard whom Alyssa is caught by.
Matt King as DC Eddie Onslow.
Kelly Harrison as James' dead mother.
Zerina Imsirovic as Alyssa's baby sister.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.EpisodeDirected byWritten byOriginal release date1Episode 1Jonathan EntwistleCharlie Covell24 October 2017 (2017-10-24)[a]
James is a 17-year-old who believes he is a psychopath, having once intentionally burned his hand in a deep fryer in order to feel something, and has been killing animals since he was 8 years old. At school, he encounters Alyssa, a rebellious new schoolmate and decides that he will kill her next. He gets closer to her by feigning romantic interest and the two start dating. When Alyssa asks James to perform cunnilingus on her the next day, he begins preparing his knife and working out how he will kill her. However she arrives late as she was stuck at a party at her house where her stepfather tells her how it will be better if she just left. After this incident, she reaches James's home later than planned, and blurts out her desire to leave town with or without him and asks if he is in, wanting him to say yes. Resolving that he could kill her later, he accepts and steals his father Phil's car and punches him in the face, something he has always wanted to do.
2Episode 2Jonathan EntwistleCharlie Covell24 October 2017 (2017-10-24)
With their newfound freedom, Alyssa and James go play laser tag but end up having to dine and dash at a restaurant after realising they have spent all their money. After crashing their car, they hitchhike in the van of Martin, a middle-aged man who Alyssa does not take kindly to. While in the toilets of the restaurant they have stopped at for food, Martin follows James and asks about his burnt hand, before smelling it and putting it on his crotch; James is submissive, despite being disgusted by it. Alyssa sees this and blackmails Martin into giving her his wallet. After booking a hotel room, Alyssa goes to the bathroom and cries, while James waits with his knife by the door, hesitantly. He does not try to kill her. Alyssa calls home and her stepfather Tony answers. He denies her request to speak to her mother, Gwen, implying his dominance over her mother. Alyssa asks James whether he wants her or just goes along with her; he replies that he wants her. She decides to go see her biological father, Leslie, who she has not seen since she was 8 years old and James agrees to join her.
3Episode 3Jonathan EntwistleCharlie Covell24 October 2017 (2017-10-24)
After leaving the hotel, Alyssa argues against buying train tickets to her father's house, internally fearing that he will not recognise or welcome her. The duo break into the spacious and empty house of author Clive Koch. Later that day, Alyssa attempts to give James a blowjob but leaves, angrily, when a picture of Koch puts him off. During her walk, Alyssa meets Topher and brings him to the house, vindictively announcing to James that she will have sex with Topher. Distraught, he looks around the house and finds Polaroids and a camcorder with footage of victims, revealing Koch to be a serial rapist. Meanwhile, Alyssa becomes disinterested in Topher and stops before intercourse. Topher leaves angrily. While Alyssa is asleep, James tries to kill her, but he cannot because he knows he is falling in love with her. Koch returns home and suspecting a break-in, arms himself; James hides under the bed. When Koch questions Alyssa upon finding her in bed, she lies and says she is alone. Koch becomes malevolent, attempting to rape her. James stabs him in the neck with a knife, killing Koch, and saving Alyssa.
4Episode 4Jonathan EntwistleCharlie Covell24 October 2017 (2017-10-24)
After unsuccessfully trying to move Koch's body out of the bedroom, James and Alyssa meticulously clean the house to remove evidence of their stay. James shows Alyssa the Polaroids and footage proving that Koch might have hurt her, and they resolve to leave the evidence by his body. James hides the knife in the pool drain. When she questions him about the knife, he does not answer. Koch's mother, Flora, arrives at the house and discovers his body; she destroys the Polaroids but not the footage. The police, led by detective constables Eunice Noon and Teri Darego, investigate and later question Topher where he reveals Alyssa's and James's identity and presence at the house. They decide to put out a request for sightings or crimes "involving two teenagers" while putting Alyssa and James on the Missing Persons list. Despite James's attempts, Alyssa becomes distrustful of him and deserts him. He begins to realise the increasing influence of his emotions. Paying a group of teenagers to beat him up, he also realises his growing interest in her. James decides to report a murder to police, coming to the realization that he is not in fact a psychopath.
5Episode 5Jonathan Entwistle & Lucy TcherniakCharlie Covell24 October 2017 (2017-10-24)
At the police station, James changes his mind about reporting Koch's murder and instead describes his mother's suicide as the "murder" he was referring to. In a flashback, his mother, Vanessa, killed herself in front of him eleven years before by driving her car into a pond. Thinking of Alyssa, James leaves the police station and returns to the cafe. Meanwhile, Phil is questioned by Noon and Darego about James, as well as informed about his car. He also confirms the inclusion of Alyssa. They also question Tony, who is rather nonchalant and self-absorbed, before moving to Gwen about Alyssa. Concurrently, Alyssa is caught by Emil, a security officer, while attempting to shoplift clean underwear, but is eventually let go. She returns to the cafe to find James waiting. Although without money, both reconcile and decide to go to Leslie. Meanwhile, investigators find James's knife at Koch's house.
6Episode 6Lucy TcherniakCharlie Covell24 October 2017 (2017-10-24)
James hotwires a car and the duo begin making their way to Alyssa's father's house. They stop at a petrol station after running low on fuel. When Jocelyn, the petrol station manager, begins suspecting that they stole the car and have no money, James fakes carrying a gun to lock her in the toilet with the help of Jocelyn's co-worker, Frodo. However, when he wants to join, they wait until he is distracted to dash. Noon and Donaghue question Flora again about Clive, this time with years-old accusations of sexual assault against him. She rejects the allegations as lies and insists that the two leave. On their way to Leslie's, Alyssa calls Gwen and tells her that she will never return home. At the police station, Flora gives Noon the camcorder, having a change of heart. When Noon raises the possibility that the killing was in self-defence, Darego says that this would result in a count of manslaughter instead. After finding Leslie has moved out of his previous home, James and Alyssa eventually make it to his coastside mobile home.
7Episode 7Lucy TcherniakCharlie Covell24 October 2017 (2017-10-24)
James gives Alyssa and Leslie space while they reconcile with each other. Leslie is revealed to be a drug dealer, as well as a non-conforming individual himself. Meanwhile, Tony, Gwen and Phil are emotionally shaken after being shown CCTV footage of the petrol station robbery. Both Darego and Noon plan for the police to stakeout Leslie's former residence, assuming that both have not arrived. On the drive to Leslie's former residence, it becomes clear that Darego's law-abiding morality and stubbornness are clashing against Noon's open-minded and sympathetic morals. As Alyssa and Leslie reconnect at a nearby bar, James begins feeling distant to Alyssa. At Leslie's former residence, Debbie denies seeing the duo or knowing Leslie's whereabouts to Noon and Darego. She goes to the bar to demand support for their illegitimate son, Milton. When questioned by Alyssa, Leslie takes off in his truck, running over a dog in the process. Although he has killed many animals before, James is unable to euthanise it with a rock; Alyssa does it instead. Bitter, Debbie reveals to Noon Leslie's location, later, and she drives there without Darego. Leslie sees a news report about Alyssa and James on the television.
8Episode 8Lucy TcherniakCharlie Covell24 October 2017 (2017-10-24)
James and Alyssa bury the dog at the beach, then passionately and sincerely make out. At dawn, ruminating about their current situation, they decide to take the boat owned by Leslie and leave the country. When they ask Leslie for the boat keys, he reveals to them his knowledge of their crime then secretly calls 999 and tries to induce their confession. James deduces this and confesses while taking the blame upon himself. Noon, listening in, arrives at the scene and tries to convince both to be willingly arrested for manslaughter while Leslie tries to convince Alyssa to let James be arrested instead. Alyssa asks Noon if she were to go with her idea, would James and her still be together. When Noon tells that that would be unlikely, Alyssa knocks her out with Leslie's shotgun, takes his boat keys and runs to the boat with James, only to find that the tide had gone out. With the police armed response unit closing in, James knocks Alyssa down with the gun in an attempt to take all the blame and runs across the beach. In a voiceover, James claims that he has realized what people mean to each other. A gunshot is heard as the episode then fades to black.

text: Jump up ^ The first episode had a special premiere on Channel 4 alongside its release on All 4 with the rest of the programme.[3]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: The series was based on the work of the same name by Charles Forsman. Originally self-published as a series of mini-comics, the series was published as a graphic novel by Fantagraphics Books in 2013. It was republished in hardback in 2017, in anticipation of the television series.[4]

text: While Forsman was publishing the mini-comics, Jonathan Entwistle contacted him about adapting it to a visual format – the original idea was to make an American film, and later a web series was considered. A film was pitched to Film4, and Entwistle was given funding for a short.[5] Made in 2014,[6] it featured some cast and crew who continued their roles for the television series. Entwistle directed and Dominic Buchanan was producer;[7] Jessica Barden played Alyssa. However, instead of Alex Lawther, James was played by Craig Roberts.[8]

text: Though the short was well-received, no production companies wanted to invest in the idea as a full-length film.[5] Entwistle and Buchanan decided to make a television series with Clerkenwell Films, following which Channel 4 and then Netflix became involved. Forsman had no official role in the show's production, wanting to continue working on his comics, though Entwistle would regularly consult him and keep him updated.[9]

text: The programme's plot differs from that of Forsman's comics. In print, the children kill a satanist serial killer, whose wife was a police officer; instead the television series features police officers Eunice Noon and Teri Darego, and does not show the serial killer to be a satanist.[10] Another major difference is the ending of the graphic novel: the satanist police officer chases after James, and the two begin to attack each other, while police try to break up the fight. There is then a gunshot. In the final scene, Alyssa's mother talks about her daughter being safe from James, while Alyssa is seen carving the name "JAMES" into her arm. Some critics interpreted this to mean that James was dead,[10] but Forsman sees the ending as ambiguous.[9]

text: Filming[edit]

text: The first series began filming in April 2017 and concluded a few weeks before the show's release in October 2017. Though filmed in England, the programme has an American tone to it; Entwistle was inspired by Twin Peaks and Fargo. Episodes were filmed largely in suburban areas and across Surrey, with locations such as Woking, Bracknell and Longcross Studios.[5] Another filming location was Leysdown-on-Sea on the Isle of Sheppey.[11] Entwistle uses mostly close-up shots, particularly in early episodes where most frames feature only one character. He uses this for deadpan humour, by moving from face to face to get shots of characters' reactions.[5]

text: The series is set in the present day, but Entwistle aimed to make it feel like it could have been set "any time from 1988 to 2006". Additionally, diners have a 1970s-style design, and the soundtrack features songs from the 1950s, 60s and 70s, along with original music from Graham Coxon, the founding member of Blur. Entwistle describes Coxon's scores as "guitar-based suburban noir", and notes that more of his music is used in later episodes for the police officers.[5]

text: Potential continuation[edit]

text: The first series covered the entirety of the storyline in Forsman's original comics.[12] On 25 January 2018, Jonathan Entwistle spoke of the potential for a second series. He confirmed that "We're exploring and we're seeing what we can do to expand the world and see where we get to." Entwistle then went on to say that Netflix was enthusiastic about a second series of the show if one could be conceived.[13] Writer Charlie Covell said "I think there are a number of stories we could tell" and that she would "love to write more".[14] Actor Alex Lawther stated in an interview that he would be "very excited" for a second series, as it would give Covell "a chance to explore something from her imagination".[12]

text: Release[edit]

text: The eight-part programme premiered its first episode on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom on 24 October 2017, after which all eight episodes were released on All 4.[3] The End of the F***ing World was a co-production with Netflix[3] who exclusively released it internationally on 5 January 2018.[15] On that weekend, sales of the graphic novel rose considerably, with Fantagraphics Books selling out of the current print run according to Forsman.[9]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The End of the F***ing World' currently holds an approval rating of 98% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes based on 41 reviews, with an average rating of 8.21/10. The site's consensus states, "Misanthropy and humor blend perfectly in this romantically nihilistic show that proves that falling in love can feel like The End of the F***ing World."[16] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 81 out of 100, based on 11 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[17][18]

text: Reviewer Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter lauded the programme's writing, characters, and soundtrack, as well as praising the performances of Alex Lawther and Jessica Barden, calling it a "pitch-black, eight-episode comedy gem of a U.K. import."[19] Kelly Lawler of USA Today called it "batty fun," also praising Lawther and Barden's performances while praising the programme's surreal concept and execution.[20]