document_title: Transformers: The Last Knight

question_text: who was at the end of transformers the last knight

text: Transformers: The Last Knight

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 484 AD, King Arthur and his knights struggle in a battle against the Saxons. Meanwhile, Merlin begs for help from the Knights of Iacon, a group of twelve Transformers who have hidden on Earth. They give Merlin an alien staff and combine into a huge dragon to help Arthur triumph over the Saxons, but not before warning Merlin that a great evil will one day come for the staff.

text: Presently, three years after the Hong Kong battle, the Transformers are declared outlaws by all governments on Earth, to which the Transformer Reaction Force (TRF) is formed from the fallen Cemetery Wind to eradicate the alien robots, despite more Transformers continuously arriving on Earth. All the while, enormous metallic horns begin to rise from different parts of the world. In a part of a war-torn Chicago, a group of kids find a ship with a knight inside before being caught by a TRF drone. Izabella, a survivor of the Battle of Chicago, saves the kids along with her Transformers companions Sqweeks and Canopy. The drone mistakes Canopy for a Decepticon and kills him before Bumblebee and Cade Yeager (who are also being hunted by the TRF) arrive and help the kids, Izabella, and Sqweeks escape from the drones. While fending off the TRF, Cade finds the knight in the ship, who attaches a talisman to his arm. The Decepticon Barricade observes this act and reports the discovery to Megatron. Cade then returns to his junkyard in South Dakota (with Izabella and Sqweeks hitching a ride with him) where the remaining Autobots are hiding from the TRF, including Bumblebee, Hound, Drift, Crosshairs, Wheelie, Grimlock, Slug, Daytrader, Trench, and three Mini-Dinobots.

text: In deep space, Optimus Prime crash-lands on Cybertron, discovering that it is heading directly for Earth. He encounters Quintessa, the self-proclaimed creator of the Transformers, who brainwashes Optimus and renames him Nemesis Prime. Quintessa charges him with recovering the staff from the Knights who stole it from her. Earth, she reveals, is actually Cybertron’s ancient enemy Unicron, and she intends to drain its life force using the staff, so that Cybertron can be restored.

text: TRF member and former Autobot ally William Lennox brokers a deal between the TRF and Megatron so he can find Cade and recover the talisman. In exchange, Megatron demands the release of a squad of Decepticons, including Nitro Zeus, Dreadbot, Mohawk, and Onslaught. Megatron and the TRF locate Cade, his coworker Jimmy, Izabella, Sqweeks, and the Autobots thanks to a tracking device that was planted on Bumblebee during the fight in Chicago. They flee to an abandoned town where they discover Bumblebee's tracking device. In the ensuing battle, Dreadbot, Onslaught, Mohawk, and several TRF soldiers are killed by Grimlock, Slug, Crosshairs, Drift, and Bumblebee. As a result, Megatron, Nitro Zeus, and Barricade are forced to retreat. While fighting off TRF drones, Cade is approached by Cogman, a Transformer envoy who takes him and Bumblebee to England to meet his master, Sir Edmund Burton. There, Burton arranges a meeting between Cade and Viviane Wembly, an Oxford professor, who was just shortly been kidnapped by the Autobot Hot Rod under Burton's orders. Burton introduces himself as the last living member of the "Witwiccan" order, an ancient brotherhood dedicated to guarding the secret history of Transformers on Earth. He also reveals that Viviane is Merlin’s last descendant, and that she must find and use his staff to prevent the impending destruction of Earth by Cybertron.

text: After fleeing from the TRF, Barricade, and the police (causing many car accidents along the way), Cade, Viviane, Bumblebee, and Cogman follow the clues left by Viviane’s father and take the museum submarine HMS Alliance (after Burton shuts down the attraction and evicts the tourists) into the sea to find the Cybertronian Knights' sunken ship while the TRF pursuit them with submarines of their own. Burton meets with the Prime Minister to engage the military at Stonehenge, which he deduces is the access point to Unicron. In the ship, Cade and Vivian discover the tomb of Merlin and the staff. Viviane activates the staff, and the ship rises to the surface. The TRF confronts the group and attempt to take the staff from them before a mind-controlled Optimus intervenes and forces them to hand over the staff. Bumblebee chases after Optimus and the two Autobots fight each other. Before Optimus can kill Bumblebee, the mute Autobot finally speaks, freeing Optimus from Quintessa’s control. Megatron, revealed to be conspiring with Quintessa and unhappy with Optimus's failure, arrives to steal the staff and flees while the Knights attack Optimus for his presumed betrayal. Cade stops the Knights with the talisman, which transformed into the sword Excalibur, and the Knights yield to Cade as the last Knight, who then urges Optimus to fight for Earth once more.

text: As Cybertron anchors itself to Earth, Megatron, Nitro Zeus, and Barricade deliver the staff to Quintessa, who begins draining the life force of Earth from Unicron. Burton and the British military intervene, and Megatron shoots Burton, who dies with Cogman at his side. The Autobots arrive to join the fight with the TRF, Cade, Viviane, Izabella, and Sqweeks, landing on Cybertron and battling against Megatron and Quintessa’s minions, the Infernocons. Vanquishing their foes with help from the Knights as the dragon, the Autobots reach the chamber where the staff and Quintessa are. Optimus defeats Megatron by kicking him through the Ignition Chamber's wall, sending him flying through Earth, while Bumblebee kills Nitro Zeus. Together, Optimus and Bumblebee seemingly kill Quintessa. Viviane removes the staff, stopping Cybertron's destruction of Earth but leaving both worlds connected. Optimus declares that humans and Transformers must now work together to rebuild their worlds, and sends a message calling any surviving Autobots to come home.

text: In a mid-credits scene, scientists inspect one of Unicron's horns in a desert. Quintessa, who has survived and is disguised as a human, arrives and offers them a way to destroy Unicron.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Humans[edit]

text:
Mark Wahlberg as Cade Yeager, a single father and inventor, who helped the Autobots during the events of Age of Extinction.
Josh Duhamel as William Lennox, a former NEST commander and U.S. Army Ranger captain, who partnered with the Autobots prior to the events of Age of Extinction, and now a U.S. Army Colonel and reluctant member of the Transformer Reaction Force (TRF).
Stanley Tucci as Merlin, King Arthur's wizard and Viviane's ancestor.[12] Tucci was originally reported to be reprising his role as Joshua Joyce from Age of Extinction.[13]
Anthony Hopkins as Sir Edmund Burton, 12th Earl of Folgan, a astronomer and historian who knows about the history of the Transformers on Earth.[14][15][16]
Laura Haddock as Viviane Wembly, a Professor of English Literature at the University of Oxford and a polo player, who turns out to be a descendant of Merlin.[17][18][19] Minti Gorne portrays a younger Viviane.
Isabela Moner as Izabella, a street-wise tomboy who was orphaned with Sqweeks and Canopy, her only friends until meeting Cade.[20][21]
Jerrod Carmichael as Jimmy, a young man from South Dakota whom Cade hired from a want ad.[22]
Santiago Cabrera as Santos, a former Delta Force operative and commander of the TRF, who seeks to eradicate every Transformer and their human allies regardless of faction.[23][24][18][25]
John Turturro as Seymour Simmons, a former government agent with Sector Seven and NEST turned successful writer who hides out in Cuba, and was allied with the Autobots prior to the events of Age of Extinction.[26]
Glenn Morshower as General Morshower, the director of NEST in Revenge of the Fallen and Dark of the Moon who now supervises TRF operations.
Liam Garrigan as King Arthur, the legendary knight who first fought with the Knights of Iacon.[27]

text: Additionally, Mitch Pileggi,[28]Tony Hale, and Gil Birmingham appear as a TRF group leader, a JPL engineer and Chief Sherman, respectively. Nicola Peltz has a vocal cameo as Tessa Yeager, Cade's daughter, who helped the Autobots during the events of Age of Extinction,[29] while Sam Witwicky's photograph is seen in Burton's mansion.[30] Tyrese Gibson was cast to return as Robert Epps, but was unable to appear in the film due to scheduling conflicts with The Fate of the Furious.[31]

text: Transformers[edit]

text: Autobots[edit]

text:
Peter Cullen voices Optimus Prime, the leader of the Autobots, who transforms into a blue and red 2014 Western Star 5700 Custom semi-trailer truck while searching for the truth about his Creators.[32]
Erik Aadahl voices Bumblebee, an Autobot scout and Optimus Prime's second-in-command, who transforms into a custom-built yellow and black 2016 Chevrolet Camaro.[33][34]
John Goodman voices Hound, a trigger-happy Autobot commando and field medic who transforms into an olive green Mercedes-Benz Unimog military tactical ambulance.[35]
Ken Watanabe voices Drift, a Samurai-motif Autobot tactician and former Decepticon who transforms into a black and red 2017 Mercedes-AMG GT R.[36]
John DiMaggio voices Crosshairs, a cocky Autobot paratrooper and sniper who transforms into a green and black 2016 Chevrolet Corvette C7 Stingray, equipped with a custom split-spoiler. His ego lends him a misplaced belief in his future command of the Autobots. [37]
Jim Carter voices Cogman, a polite sociopathic, human-sized headmaster who serves as the faithful butler to Sir Edmund Burton, and while despite not even having a larger robot mode, he transforms into an Aston Martin DB11 in the toyline.[38][39][40][41][42]
Omar Sy voices Hot Rod, an Autobot who transforms into a Citroën DS, before upgrading into a 2017 Lamborghini Centenario LP770-4. He is brother-in-arms with Bumblebee and speaks in a thick French accent.[43][38][44]
Reno Wilson voices Sqweeks, a small Autobot and Izabella's closest friend who can't transform and only says "Chihuahua" due to prior damage.[45]
Tom Kenny voices Wheelie, a former Decepticon turned Autobot who survived the Chicago battle in Dark of the Moon, and transforms into a blue monster truck toy.
Steve Buscemi voices Daytrader, a Cybertronian scavenger who transforms into a cloaked rusty Mercedes-Benz LK Model 1920 dump truck.[46] He is held in disregard by the Autobots for being annoying despite his skill in finding good material.
Steven Barr voices Topspin, a former Autobot Wrecker who resides in Cuba with Simmons that once transformed into a #48 Hendrick Motorsports Lowe's/Kobalt car. In the film he is credited as "Volleybot" and grew a metallic beard that resembles his fallen comrade, Leadfoot.
Mark Ryan voices "Bulldog", an Autobot veteran of World War I and World War II, and a sentry for Burton's castle, who transforms into an army Mark IV tank and suffers from 'robot dementia'.[47]

text: An uncredited actor performed the voice of Canopy, an Autobot refugee and a friend of Izabella who camouflages into a shielding pile of rubble.[48] Additionally, an elderly Autobot that transforms into a Hawker Hurricane fighter plane cameos at Burton's castle. A Transformer who turns into the HMS Alliance appears, though not seen in robot mode. Trench, an Autobot who made a cameo at Cade's junkyard. A picture of Ironhide is seen in Burton's castle.

text: Dinobots[edit]

text:
Grimlock, the leader of the Dinobots, who transforms into a mechanical horned, fire-breathing Tyrannosaurus.[18]
Slug, the savage Dinobot destroyer who transforms into a mechanical spiked and bestial Triceratops.[49]
Mini-Dinobots, the Mini Dinobots versions of Grimlock, Slug, and Strafe.[50]

text: Decepticons[edit]

text:
Frank Welker voices Megatron, the reborn leader of the Decepticons, who possessed a KSI Drone in Age of Extinction and transforms into a Cybertronian jet.[51][52]
Jess Harnell voices Barricade, a Decepticon scout who survived the Chicago War in Dark of the Moon. He transforms into a 2016 Ford Mustang police car, featuring a new robot mode.[53]
Reno Wilson voices Mohawk, a Decepticon foot soldier who transforms into a Confederate P51 Combat Fighter Motorcycle.[54]
John DiMaggio and Steven Barr both provide the voice of Nitro Zeus, a Decepticon hunter who transforms into an JAS 39 Gripen Fighter Jet.[55]
Dreadbot, a Decepticon thug who transforms into a rusty Volkswagen Type 2.[56][57]

text: Uncredited actors provide the voices of Onslaught, a Decepticon tactician who transforms into a green Western Star 4900SF tow truck[58][55] and Berserker, a monstrous Decepticon commando who transforms into a Chevy Tahoe emergency vehicle,[55] each speaking only a single line. Starscream's severed head is shown being boasted by Daytrader, and later held by Megatron. In Sir Edmund Burton's castle, a picture of Shockwave is seen.

text: Others[edit]

text:
Gemma Chan as Quintessa, a Cybertronian Sorceress who wants to destroy "Unicron" and rebuild Cybertron.[59]
Various uncredited actors provide the voices of the Knights of Iacon, a group of twelve Cybertronian Knights who protects the Staff and merge to form the three-headed dragon, Dragonstorm. They include Dragonicus, Stormreign, Steelbane, and Skullitron.[60]
Infernocons, Quintessa's demon-like guardians who combine to form Infernocus.[59]
Unicron, a giant planet-destroying Transformer who is mentioned at various points throughout the film; six of his mechanical horns are seen on Earth.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In March 2015, Deadline.com reported that Paramount Pictures was in talks with Oscar winner Akiva Goldsman (A Beautiful Mind) to pitch new ideas for the Transformers franchise's future installments. The studio intends to do what James Cameron and 20th Century Fox have been doing in planning three Avatar sequels, and what Disney has done to revive Star Wars, with sequels and spin-offs. Paramount wants to have their own cinematic universe for Transformers, similar to Marvel's/Disney's Marvel Cinematic Universe (which had been one of Paramount's previous film series), and DC Comics/Warner Bros.' DC Extended Universe. Goldsman is the head of the future projects, and worked with franchise director Michael Bay, executive producer Steven Spielberg, and producer Lorenzo di Bonaventura to organize a "writers' room" that incubates ideas for potential Transformers sequels, prequels and spin-offs. The writers' room members include: Christina Hodson, Lindsey Beer, Andrew Barrer, and Gabriel Ferrari (Ant-Man), Robert Kirkman (The Walking Dead), Art Marcum & Matt Holloway, Zak Penn (Pacific Rim: Uprising), Jeff Pinkner (The Amazing Spider-Man 2), Ken Nolan, and Geneva Robertson-Dworet.[61] Kirkman left the room after just one day to undergo throat surgery.[62] In July 2015, Akiva Goldsman and Jeff Pinkner were announced as the fifth Transformers film's screenwriters.[63] However, on November 20, due to Goldsman's commitments creating a writers' room for G.I. Joe and Micronauts properties, Paramount began to negotiate with Art Marcum and Matt Holloway (Iron Man), as well as Ken Nolan (Black Hawk Down), to write the film. Lindsey Beer and Geneva Robertson-Dworet were also brought aboard for writing duties.[64]

text:
"I think I brought the concern to the movie studio and certainly to the writers. Perhaps...Transformers 5 and 6 movies will go back more to its roots. There was an occasion where one line [in Transformers: Age of Extinction] which Optimus Prime had, I did not want to say. It was my gut instinct and certainly my commitment to the character... not to say the line. But I was told to say. You can't fight the big boys. I think you all know what that line was."

 — Peter Cullen on a question from a fan on the future of the franchise from Sac-Anime 2015[65]

tag: div

text: After Transformers: Age of Extinction, Bay had decided not to direct any future Transformers films. But in early January 2016, in an interview with Rolling Stone, he stated that he would return to direct the fifth film, and that it will be his last Transformers film.[66] Paramount Pictures spent $80 million on production in Michigan, in return for $21 million in state incentives, under agreements entered into before the state legislature eliminated the film office incentive program in July 2015.[67] In April 2016, Paramount hired cinematographer Jonathan Sela.[68] On May 17, Bay revealed the official title of the film to be The Last Knight on his Instagram account, where he also posted a production video showing a close-up of Optimus Prime's face with purple eyes instead of blue, and his face mostly discolored.[69] The official Twitter account showed a 19-second short video in morse code that translates to "I'm coming for you May 31".[70] On May 31, it was revealed that Megatron would return in the sequel.[51]

text: Casting[edit]

text: In December 2014, Mark Wahlberg confirmed that he would return in the sequel.[71] In February 2016, there were casting calls for new lead and supporting roles in Los Angeles and London, and Peter Cullen was announced as returning to voice Optimus Prime.[72] Approximately 850 cast and crew were hired, 450 of whom were Michigan residents, equating to 228 full-time positions.[73] Additionally, 700 extras were hired from among Detroit residents, as part of Paramount's incentive deal with the state.[74] On April 13, TheWrap reported that Isabela Moner was in talks to star as Izabella.[20] The site also reported that Bay was eyeing Jean Dujardin, Stephen Merchant, and Jerrod Carmichael for supporting roles.[75][76] On May 17, 2016, it was confirmed that Josh Duhamel would reprise his role in the film, and Jerrod Carmichael was cast.[77][22] In June 2016, Anthony Hopkins, Mitch Pileggi, Santiago Cabrera, and Laura Haddock joined the cast, and Tyrese Gibson stated that he will return as Robert Epps.[78][79][28][17][14] In August 2016, Liam Garrigan was confirmed to play King Arthur, a different version from his role as the same character on the television series Once Upon a Time.[27] On September 4, 2016, Stanley Tucci confirmed his return.[13] On October 14, 2016, Bay announced that John Turturro would reprise his role as Seymour Simmons from the first three films, and that John Goodman would return to voice Hound.[26] A month before the film's release, Bay revealed that the character Cogman would be voiced by Downton Abbey actor Jim Carter, at the request of co-writer Matt Holloway, who is a fan of the series.[40] On June 9, 2017, Reno Wilson confirmed via Twitter that he would have a voice role in the film.[80] On June 16, 2017, Gibson revealed that despite closing a deal for the film, he was unable to appear as Epps due to scheduling conflicts with The Fate of the Furious.[31]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography began on May 25, 2016, in Havana, Cuba, with a few scenes shot by a "small team".[81][82][83] Filming continued on June 6, 2016, in Phoenix, Arizona, and on June 19, 2016, in Detroit, Michigan, under the working title E75,[72][73][84] with additional filming taking place in Chicago, Illinois.[85] In Detroit, filming took place in the Michigan Motion Pictures Studio, Packard Plant, Michigan Central Station, Cafe D'Mongo's Speakeasy, and MGM Grand Detroit.[86] Production moved to Europe on August 21, and filming commenced on August 22 in Scotland and Wales. In England, filming took place in North Yorkshire, Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland, London, Gosport and Stonehenge. Between August and October, filming occurred in Ireland, and Preikestolen, Trolltunga and Atlanterhavsveien in Norway.[87][88][89]

text: In early September 2016, filming took place in Alnwick Castle in Alnwick Northumberland in England, including car chase scenes.[90] Production continued at St Aidan's Church, Seahouses, where Walhberg spent an hour inside the church and reportedly donated £200. Rev Father Des McGiven said: "I didn't even know he was in church until he left. One of my parishioners, Danielle Love, recognised him and explained who he was. It's great that we had him in for the service, and we appreciate his generosity towards our church." Car chases were also filmed at the monument area of Newcastle upon Tyne, where Josh Duhamel was filming, while Wahlberg and Sir Anthony Hopkins continued at Alnwick, Seahouses and the Bamburgh Region of Northumberland.[91] In late September 2016, filming was spotted in Gosport, Hampshire at the Royal Navy Submarine Museum. On October 5, 2016 filming was spotted at St Bartholomew-the-Great, London. London filming wrapped on October 27, 2016.[92] Principal photography wrapped on December 4, 2016.[93]

text: Effects[edit]

text: As with previous Transformers installments, Industrial Light & Magic served as the main visual effects company for Transformers: The Last Knight. In early 2016, the company showed Bay an underwater rendering of a crash-landed alien spaceship and a new dump-truck Transformer with a cloak.[66]

text: Music[edit]

text: On September 27, it was confirmed that Steve Jablonsky would return to write the score, having composed the music for the first four films. The score was released digitally on the film's original release date, Friday June 23, 2017, and a limited-edition two-disc CD set of 3,000 units will be released by La-La Land Records on July 11, 2017. Unlike the previous films' scores, which contained anywhere from fourteen to twenty-three tracks, the film's soundtrack contains thirty-four tracks, amounting to over two hours of music.

text: On the score, Jablonsky said, "I met with Michael before he started shooting 'Transformers: The Last Knight.' He showed me some amazing concept art and explained how the story connects the history of Transformers all the way back to the times of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table. I loved the idea because it gave me the opportunity to explore new musical ideas. The storyline allowed me to write melodies that are a bit more 'classical' than I've written for the other Transformers films, which was a lot of fun for me. Another important aspect of the story revolves around massive skyscraper-sized 'horns from hell' that start emerging from the Earth. They look like gigantic animal horns, but no one knows what they are or why they have appeared. I wanted to create an unsettling sense of mystery and tension with the music."The film also featured the song Torches by X Ambassadors. [94]

text: Release[edit]

text: Transformers: The Last Knight was released on June 21, 2017, after being moved up from its original June 23 release date.[95][96][97] The teaser trailer of the film was released on December 5, 2016, and was later attached to Rogue One.[98]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: The first teaser trailer aired on Monday, December 5, during ESPN's Monday Night Football, and was released online shortly thereafter. With 24 hours of its release, the trailer garnered a record-breaking 93.6 million views from social media platforms, such as Facebook, YouTube, Twitter and Instagram, making it the third-highest-viewed trailer of 2016, falling behind Disney's Beauty and the Beast remake (127.6 million views) and Universal's Fifty Shades Darker (114 million views in 24 hours), but surpassing Marvel Studios' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 trailer, which scored 81 million views in its first 24 hours online.[99] Following the trailer's release, the film trended on all major social media sites, including YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, and Reddit. It was Weibo's No. 1 trending topic in China, where the preview was viewed 16 million times its first day of release.[100] Television spots for the filmed started airing ahead of the Super Bowl spot on February 3, 2017. An extended TV spot for the Super Bowl aired during Super Bowl LI, on February 5, 2017.[101] On March 11, 2017, a new TV spot and clip were shown at Nickelodeon's 2017 Kids' Choice Awards. A new trailer aired with the release of Beauty and the Beast on March 17, 2017, while the third trailer was released on April 13, 2017.[102] The international trailer was released on May 17th, 2017, and a smaller trailer was released shortly after, on June 4, 2017. After that, various TV spots were released.

text: Home media[edit]

text: Transformers: The Last Knight was released on Digital HD on September 12, 2017, and on DVD and Blu-Ray on September 26, 2017. There is no word from Paramount and Michael Bay if there will be an extended cut.[103][104]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Transformers: The Last Knight grossed $130.2 million in the United States and Canada and $475.3 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $605.4 million, against a production budget of $217 million.[9]

text: In North America, The Last Knight was originally projected to gross $70–75 million from 4,069 theaters over its first five days, which would have been the lowest debut of the franchise.[105] However, after the film grossed a franchise-low $15.7 million on its first day (including $5.5 million from Tuesday night previews), opening estimates were lowered to $60–65 million. On Thursday, it grossed $8.1 million, potentially dropping the five-day debut to under $60 million.[106] It ended up having an opening weekend of $45.3 million, the lowest debut of the franchise by $25 million (and lowest since the first film's $70.5 million). The film's five-day gross of $68.4 million was also lower than every three-day opening of the previous four films.[107] The film grossed $16.9 million in its second weekend, dropping 62.2% and finishing third at the box office,[108] and $6.4 million in its third, dropping an identical 62.2% and finishing 5th.[109]

text: Internationally, The Last Knight opened in its first 42 foreign territories alongside its United States debut, including major markets China, the UK, Russia, Australia, Germany, Italy, South Korea and Hong Kong, and was projected to have an opening of $167–200 million.[5][6] Due to its predecessor's success in China, expectations were high for the film in the country. Box office observers and trackers believed the film would open to $80–100 million,[6] and end its run there with anywhere between $290[110] to $400 million.[111] The film ended up having a global debut of $265.3 million ($196.2 million from overseas), including $123.4 million from China, representing 63% of the film's foreign opening. In the film's second week in China, it fell 76% and had a running cume of $147.6 million.[112] As of August 6, 2017[update], the film's largest markets outside North America are: China ($228.84 million), South Korea ($19.24 million), Russia ($15.89 million), Germany ($15.40 million), Mexico ($15.30 million), U.K. ($12.19 million), Brazil ($13.65 million), Indonesia ($11.71 million), Japan ($14.84 million) and France ($10.98 million). In India, the film was given an adult certificate and, hence, it was not successful at the Indian box office as compared to Age of Extinction and other Transformers movies.[113]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Transformers: The Last Knight received generally negative reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 15% based on 194 reviews with an average rating of 3.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Cacophonous, thinly plotted, and boasting state-of-the-art special effects, The Last Knight is pretty much what you'd expect from the fifth installment of the Transformers franchise."[114] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 28 out of 100 based on 46 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[115] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.[116]

text: Mike Ryan of Uproxx gave the film a negative review, criticizing its running time and incoherent plot, writing: "I have no proof Transformers: The Last Knight will kill your brain cells, but I wouldn’t be surprised to learn that it does and I’d proceed with caution just in case. But I can say with absolute certainty that after watching, your head will hurt."[117] Alonso Duralde of TheWrap was also critical of the film's sloppiness, saying, "...fear not, fans of the franchise: if you’re here for the director’s trademark chaos editing (where fights go from points A to D to Q), toxic masculinity (and female objectification), comedy scenes rendered tragic (and vice versa), and general full-volume confusion, you’ll get all those things in abundance."[118]

text: Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave a rare zero-star review to the film, saying "Every time Michael Bay directs another Transformers abomination (this is the fifth), the movies die a little. This one makes the summer's other blockbuster misfires look like masterpieces."[119]

text: Variety gave the film a lukewarm review stating, "The fifth time may not quite be the charm, but the latest entry in Michael Bay's crunched-metal robot-war mega-series is badder, and therefore better."[120]

text: The New Yorker acknowledged the film's flaws but noted there was almost something impressive about them, saying: "The absolute tastelessness of Bay’s images, their stultifying service to platitudes and to merchandise, doesn’t at all diminish their wildly imaginative power."[121]Times Of India gave the movie 2.5 stars out of 5 stars.

text: Controversy[edit]

text: On September 21, 2016, shooting for a particular scene took place in Blenheim Palace, Woodstock, Oxfordshire in England, the home of Sir Winston Churchill, the British Prime Minister during World War II. The mansion was dressed as a Nazi swastika-draped headquarters for Adolf Hitler for filming. This evoked both anger and criticism for being "symbolically disrespectful to Churchill", according to Colonel Richard Kemp, who said Churchill "will be turning in his grave",[122] while Tony Hayes of the UK Veterans Association stated that surviving World War II ex-servicemen and women would be "appalled".[123] Churchill's grandson and British Parliament member Sir Nicholas Soames dismissed the controversy entirely, stating, "They’ve no idea what my grandfather would have thought!"[124] Churchill was buried less than a mile away, at St Martin's Church, Bladon.[125]

text: Sequel and spin-off[edit]

text: A spin-off/prequel, entitled Bumblebee which stars Hailee Steinfeld and John Cena is set for release on December 21, 2018. The movie's working title is 'Brighton Falls' and will wrap up shooting in November 2017, while a direct sequel to The Last Knight, the yet-to-be-titled Transformers 6, which may feature Unicron, is set to be released on June 28, 2019.[95][126][11]


document_title: List of Teachers' Days

question_text: when is teacher's day celebrated in nigeria

question_tokens: when is teacher 's day celebrated in nigeria

root

text: List of Teachers' Days

text: Date by country[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text:
Country

Date of Teachers' Day

Notes

Afghanistan

3 Saur[3] (3 Ordibehesht[4])

Schools won't have a holiday, but students and teachers gather to celebrate at schools with special traditional food, cookies, music and presents for the teachers.

Albania

7 March

Celebrates the opening of the first school where lessons were taught in the Albanian language, on 7 March 1887.

Algeria

28 February

Argentina

11 September

[5]

Armenia

5 October

Armenia previously celebrated Teacher's Day on the first Sunday of October. Under a parliamentary decision[when?] to amend the law on the Republic of Armenia Holidays and Commemoration Days, the holiday was shifted to 5 October, which coincides with World Teachers' Day (est. 1994 by UNESCO).[6]

Australia

Last Friday in October

On Australia’s celebration of World Teachers’ Day, the NEiTA Foundation and the Australian Scholarships Group (ASG) is proud to announce the national teaching recipients of the ASG Community Merit Awards. World Teachers’ Day was started by UNESCO and is celebrated in more than 100 countries around the world each year. On its 40th anniversary this year, it represents a significant token of the awareness, understanding and appreciation displayed for the contribution that teachers make to education. If it falls on 31 October, coinciding with Halloween, it is postponed a week, to 7 November.

Azerbaijan

5 October

Between 1965 and 1994, the first Sunday of October. Since 1994, on 5 October, it has coincided with World Teachers' Day on 5 October (est. 1994 by UNESCO).

Bangladesh

5 October

Belarus

14 August

Brunei

23 September

To commemorate the birth date of the 28th ruler of Brunei, Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III, also known as the 'Architect of Modern Brunei', who amongst other things emphasized the importance of education to his subjects by introducing a policy of 'free' education whereby the citizens are charged very nominal fees for attending schools. This policy has been continued and extended by the current (29th) ruler.

Bhutan

2 May

Established and marked on the birth anniversary of the third King of Bhutan, Jigme Dorji Wangchuck, who introduced modern education to the country.

Bolivia

6 June

Brazil

15 October

Established by a decree regulating elementary schools in Brazil. The celebration gained popularity throughout the country, and October 15 was officially designated Teachers' Day in 1963.

Bulgaria

5 October

On 29 September 2006, the date of 5 October was recognized as Teacher's Day by the government.[7]

Cameroon

5 October

Teachers in Cameroon on Tuesday, 5 October 2010 joined their peers worldwide to celebrate the 17th World Teachers Day. With the theme "Nation building passes through teachers", the day served as an opportunity to pay homage to teachers who toil, sometimes under not-so-comfortable conditions, to build the capacities of human resources for the socio-economic development of the country. Commemorative activities in Yaounde began on 29 September with educative talks at the Lycée Général Leclerc, and were rounded off on World Teachers Day at the Wada multi-purpose sports complex.

Canada

5 October

On 5 October, along with over 100 countries around the world, the Canadian Teachers’ Federation and its member organizations across the country celebrate World Teachers’ Day through a public awareness campaign that highlights the contributions of the teaching profession.

Chile

16 October

In 1967, 11 September was selected as "Día del Maestro" ("Teacher's Day"). The date was moved to December 10 in 1975, because on that day in 1945, the Chilean poet Gabriela Mistral received the Nobel Prize. In 1977, the date was renamed to "Día del Profesor" (also "Teacher's Day") and was moved again, to 16 October, to honour the founding of the Colegio de Profesores de Chile (Teachers' Association of Chile).[8]

China

10 September

In the People's Republic of China, there are some activities for students to show their appreciation to teachers, such as presenting gifts, including cards and flowers. In addition, many former students will go back to their old primary schools, middle schools and high schools to give presents to their old teachers.[citation needed]
The government first proclaimed Teachers' Day in 1985, but has never clearly explained why it should fall on 10 September. Some believe it is due to the similar pronunciation between the word "teacher" (教师 jiao shi) and the two digits 9 (九jiu), 10 (十shi) in the date. Some people believe it was an arbitrary choice and have proposed to change it to 28 September, believed to be the birthdate of Confucius. On 5 September 2013, the State Council announced a legislative draft endorsing the change. If adopted, it would effectively make mainland China and Taiwan share the same Teachers' Day beginning in 2014. Taiwan has observed 28 September as Teachers' Day since the 1950s.[9]

Colombia

15 May

This day marks the appointment of San Juan Bautista de la Salle as the patron of teachers. In 1950, Pope Pius XII granted his approval of La Salle as patron of teachers for championing the causes of modern education. The holy founder understood the education of children as the obligation of all. Usually the schools of his time (1651–1719) only accepted young people studying towards politics or diplomacy. Juan Bautista outlined the principles of free and universal education. That same year in Colombia, the President of the Republic declared that date as Teachers' Day.

Costa Rica

22 November

To commemorate the birth date of Mauro Fernández Acuña (11/22/1843). one of the greatest educators of the country.

Cuba

22 December

On 22 December 1961, Cuba declared itself a Territory Free of Illiteracy (Territorio Libre de Analfabetismo) (see Cuban Literacy Campaign)

Czech Republic

28 March

The birthday of John Amos Comenius. Czech students nominate the teachers whose approach most motivates and inspires them to the Zlatý Ámos (Golden Amos) competition. The coronation of "Golden Amos" takes place yearly on 28 March.[10][11]

Dominican Republic

30 June

Ecuador

13 April

Celebrated on this date in honour of Juan Montalvo, an Ecuadorian teacher who planted the seeds of development in young minds.

Egypt

28 February

El Salvador

22 June

Teachers' Day in El Salvador is observed as a national holiday.[12][13]

Estonia

5 October

In Estonia last class students grant leave to teachers by conducting lessons themselves.

Germany

5 October

Greece

30 January

Derived from the Eastern Orthodox faith when the Three Holy Hierarchs and Ecumenical Teachers (Basil the Great, Gregory the Theologian and John Chrysostom) are commemorated.

Guatemala

25 June

A celebration in honour of the teacher María Chinchilla who died during a violent riot in protest against the government.

Honduras

17 September

Celebration in honour of the life of José Trinidad Reyes

Hong Kong

10 September

Before the transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong in 1997, Teachers' Day was on 28 September. After the handover to the People's Republic of China, the day was changed to 10 September, which is when the PRC celebrates the holiday.

Hungary

First Sunday of June

India

full moon day (Purnima) in the Hindu month of Ashadha (June–July),
and
5 September

Guru Purnima is an Indian and Nepalese festival dedicated to spiritual and academic teachers. This festival is traditionally celebrated by Hindus, Jains and Buddhists, to pay their respects to their teachers and express their gratitude. The festival is celebrated on the full moon day (Purnima) in the Hindu month of Ashadha (June–July) as it is known in the Hindu calendar of India and Nepal.[14] This day marks the first peak of the lunar cycle after the peak of the solar cycle.The celebration is marked by ritualistic respect to the Guru, Guru Puja. The Guru Principle is said to be a thousand times more active on the day of Guru purnima than on any other day.[15] The word Guru is derived from two words, gu and ru. The Sanskrit root gu means darkness or ignorance, and ru denotes the remover of that darkness. Therefore, a Guru is one who removes the darkness of our ignorance. Gurus are believed by many to be the most necessary part of life. On this day, disciples offer pooja (worship) or pay respect to their Guru (spiritual guide). In addition to having religious importance, this festival has great importance for Indian academics and scholars. Indian academics celebrate this day by thanking their teachers as well as remembering past teachers and scholars.
The birth date of the second President of India, Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, 5 September 1888, has been celebrated as Teacher's Day since 1962. On this day, teachers and students report to school as usual but the usual activities and classes are replaced by activities of celebration, thanks and remembrance. In some schools, senior students take the responsibility of teaching in order to show their appreciation for the teachers.

Indonesia

25 November

National Teachers' Day is commemorated on the same day as the formation of the Indonesian Teachers' Association, the PGRI. National Teachers' Day is not a holiday, but it is celebrated by having a ceremonial activity in recognition of certain teachers, headmasters and other school staff.[citation needed]

Iran

2 May (12 Ordibehesht)

The Islamic Republic government changed the original date to coincide with the assassination of Morteza Motahhari on 1 May 1979.

Israel

23 Kislev

Iraq

March 1

national teachers day in iraq is celebrated by the students showing appretiaton to their teachers by giving them presents, also it is celebrated by bringing traditional food into school and just having an open day in general

Jamaica

6 May

Teachers' Day is normally celebrated on May 7 or the first Wednesday in May.[16] In celebration of Teachers' Day, it is common for students and parents to bring teachers gifts. Most schools close early.

Jordan

28 February

Kosovo

7 March

Laos

7 October

Latvia

The first Sunday of October[17]

Teacher's Day is celebrated in schools on the 1st Sunday of October. Usually, some classes that day are canceled or conducted by elder grade pupils, while teachers are greeted.

Lebanon

9 March

Libya

28 February

Lithuania

5 October

Between 1965 and 1994, it was celebrated on the first Sunday of October. Since 1994, it has been celebrated on 5 October to coincide with the World Teachers' Day (est. 1994 by UNESCO).

Macedonia

5 October

Malaysia

16 May

This date was chosen because on the same day in 1956, the Federal Legislative Council of the Federation of Malaya endorsed the Razak Report, one of four reports of the Education Committee regarding education in Malaysia. The document, known as the Razak Report after Tun Abdul Razak who was Education Minister at the time, has been the basis of education in Malaysia ever since. Although it is not an official school holiday, celebrations are usually held on 16 May, or earlier if it falls on a Saturday or Sunday.

Maldives

5 October

On 5 October, schools in the Maldives celebrate Teachers' Day with many activities. Children and students give parcels and gifts to teachers.

Mauritius

5 October

Mexico

15 May

On 15 May (known as "Día del Maestro") schools in Mexico are supposed to stop normal activities and organize cultural events that promote the importance and dignity of the teachers’ role in society[citation needed]. In reality some schools operate as usual and others take the day off. The first Teacher's Day was celebrated on 15 May 1918. The date of 15 May was proposed at the Mexican Congress on 27 September 1917, approved on 29 October 1917 and published on 5 December 1917. There are several possible origins for choosing this date. The first one mentions that in the city of San Luis Potosí every 15 May, a group of students gathered to celebrate the birthday of their old teacher Isidore, named after Saint Isidore the Laborer, following the Mexican tradition of naming children according to the Saint celebrated the day they were born. The second origin considers the celebration of a historic event in the city of Querétaro on 15 May 1867.[18]

Republic of Moldova

5 October

Mongolia

5 October

[19]

Morocco

28 February

Myanmar (aka Burma)

5 October

Nepal

Full moon day of Ashad

The full moon day is also called Ashad sukla purnima; the date usually falls in mid-July. Teacher's Day is called "Guru Purnima" in Nepali, where "Guru" means teacher and "Purnima" means "Full Moon".

Netherlands

5 October[20]

New Zealand

29 October

Nigeria

5 October

Teachers' day in Nigeria is usually a work-free day for all rural and urban teachers.

Oman

24 February

Panama

1 December

To commemorate the birth date of Manuel José Hurtado, who is known as the father of Panamanian education because of his promotion of modern universal education through the establishment of the first public schools and teachers' colleges in what is now known as Panama — then part of Colombia – aiming to break the vicious cycle of ignorance and poverty that afflicted the vast majority of the population. He went on to be named Director-General of Public Instruction of the State of the Isthmus.[21]

Pakistan

5 October

Paraguay

30 April

Peru

6 July

During the independence of Peru, the Liberator José de San Martín founded the first Normal School for Men by means of a resolution passed by the Marquis of Torre-Tagle on 6 July 1822.
Many years later, in 1953, the then president Manuel A. Odría decided that Teachers' Day would be commemorated every 6 July.[22]

Philippines

5 October[23]

By virtue of Presidential Proclamation No. 242, s. 2011,[24] the National Teacher's Month is celebrated starting September 5 through the World Teachers' Day celebration in October 5, making it the longest celebration to honor more than 500,000 teachers nationwide.Before 2011, Teachers' Day was celebrated in schools between the months of September and October (mainly elementary and secondary levels). Teachers are presented with orchid corsages by students. Groups of students representing various grade levels perform short skits or song and dance numbers, or read poetry for their teachers in front of fellow schoolmates in school-wide activities. These activities are planned by senior students in the Student Council who coordinate the activities well in advance.For Filipino-Chinese schools, a program is usually organized by students for teachers on 27 September while 28 September, considered as the actual Teachers' Day, is a school holiday where both teachers and students are allowed to rest. 28 September was selected as it is thought to be the birthdate of Confucius.

Poland

14 October

This day is the anniversary of the creation of the Commission of National Education, created in 1773 through the initiative of King Stanisław August Poniatowski. Normally, flowers and sweets will be given to teachers by kids. School play and activities can be also scheduled by student body.

Puerto Rico

20 May

In 2016, it was celebrated on the 20th of May.[25] Usually, it is the Friday before Mother's Day.† In some cases, it has been celebrated on the first Friday of May.[26]

Kuwait

5 October

Qatar

5 October

Romania

5 October[27]

Russia

5 October

Between 1965 and 1994, the first Sunday of October, since 1994, 5 October, coinciding with World Teachers' Day (est. 1994 by UNESCO).

Saudi Arabia

28 February

Serbia

5 October

Singapore

First Friday of September

An official school holiday. Celebrations are normally conducted the day before, where students usually get half a day off. In some schools, students will put on performances to entertain and honour their teachers.

Slovakia

28 March

Commemorates the birthdate of John Amos Comenius.

Somalia

21 November

Since 1974, Teachers' Day has been a public holiday celebrated in every school.

South Korea

15 May (since 1963) in Seoul and 1964 (in Chunju City)

Originally it was started by a group of Red Cross youth team members who visited their sick ex-teachers in hospitals. Originally its date was May 26. But since 1965, its date has been 15 May, Sejong the Great's birthday.[28] The national celebration ceremony was stopped between 1973 and 1982, but it resumed after that. [29] In 1982, it was revived again to create a climate that honors its mentor. [29]On the day, teachers are usually presented with carnations by their students and ex-students. It is illegal to present carnations to public school teachers under the anti-graft law. [30]

South Sudan

1 December (2011–12); 1 October (2013–present)

The president of South Sudan proclaimed Teacher's Day for December 1, one month before the country's first Teacher's Day. On 1 September, one month before the country's third Teacher's Day, it was publicly announced that they changed the date to 1 October.[citation needed]

Sri Lanka

6 October

Officially Teachers' Day is celebrated in every school on 6 October.

Spain

27 November[31]

Syria

18 March[32]

Taiwan

28 September

Republic of China uses this day to honor teachers' contributions to their own students and to society in general. People often make use of the day to express their gratitude to their teachers, such as paying them a visit or sending them a card. This date was chosen to commemorate the birth of Confucius, believed to be the model master educator in ancient China. In 1939, the Ministry of Education established the national holiday as 27 August, the attributed birthday of Confucius.[citation needed]
In 1952, the Executive Yuan changed it to September, stating that it was calculated to be the precise date in the Gregorian calendar. The festival celebration occurs in the temples of Confucius around the island, known as the "Grand Ceremony Dedicated to Confucius" (祭孔大典). The ceremony begins at 6am with drum beats. 54 musicians are dressed in robes with blue belts, and 36 (or 64) dancers dressed in yellow with green belts. They are led by Confucius's chief descendant (currently Kung Tsui-chang) and followed by ceremonial officers. Three animals are sacrificed: a cow, a goat, and a pig. The hairs plucked from these sacrificed animals are called the Hairs of Wisdom. In addition, local education institutes and civil offices award certain teachers for their excellence and positive influence.[citation needed]

Thailand

16 January

Adopted as Teachers' Day by a resolution of the government on 21 November 1956. The first Teachers' Day was held in 1957. 16 January marks the enactment of the Teachers Act, Buddhist Era 2488 (1945), which was published in the Government Gazette on 16 January 1945, and came into force 60 days later. Most Thai schools close for the day to give their teachers a break during the long second term. Many international schools do not, although they may hold celebrations to honour their teaching staff. There are very few public or official commemorations.[citation needed]

Tunisia

28 February

Turkey

24 November

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk stated that "The new generation will be created by teachers" and as founding President adopted a new alphabet for the newly founded Turkish Republic in 1923. On November 24, 1928 Mustafa Kemal officially accepted the title of head teacher of the nation's schools, granted by the cabinet of ministers. It has been celebrated since 1981 (after the 1980 Coup d'État) as The Teachers’ Day.

Ukraine

The first Sunday of October

At schools across the country, Teachers' Day is celebrated the Friday before the holiday with concerts and gatherings, while students usually give their teachers gifts such as flowers and sweets. At some schools exists tradition with organising pupils of senior classes to conduct lesson for minors. The ceremony of issuing the appreciation certificates may be conducted for notable teachers.[33]

United Arab Emirates

5 October.

United Kingdom

9 May[citation needed]

United States

National Teacher Day is on Tuesday during Teacher Appreciation Week, which takes place in the first full week of May.

The National Education Association (NEA) describes National Teacher Day as "a day for honoring teachers and recognizing the lasting contributions they make to our lives".[34]
The NEA gives a history of National Teacher Day:[34] The origins of Teacher Day are murky. Around 1944, a Wisconsin teacher named Ryan Krug began corresponding with political and education leaders about the need for a national day to honor teachers. Woodbridge wrote to Eleanor Roosevelt, who in 1953 persuaded the 81st Congress to proclaim a National Teacher Day. NEA along with its Kansas and Indiana state affiliates and the Dodge City, Kansas local NEA branch lobbied Congress to create a national day celebrating teachers. Congress declared 7 March 1980 as National Teacher Day for that year only. The NEA and its affiliates continued to observe Teacher Day on the first Tuesday in March until 1985, when the National PTA established Teacher Appreciation Week in the first full week of May. The NEA Representative Assembly then voted to make the Tuesday of that week National Teacher Day. As of 4 November 1976, 6 November was adopted as Teachers' Day in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. Currently, Massachusetts sets the first Sunday of June as its own Teachers' Day annually.[citation needed]

Uruguay

22 September

Uzbekistan

1 October

Uzbekistan is one of the countries where Teachers' Day is on October 1, and there is a day off throughout the country. Teachers' Day has been celebrated here since 1997.

Vietnam

20 November

This holiday allows students to express their respect to their teacher. Students begin preparing a week in advance. Many classes prepare literature and art to welcome Teachers' Day, while other students prepare foods and flowers for the parties held at their schools. Students usually visit their teachers at their homes to offer flowers and small gifts, or organize trips with their teachers and classmates. Former students also pay respect to their former teachers on this day. The holiday has its origins in a meeting between educators in communist bloc nations in Warsaw in 1957. It was first celebrated in 1958 as the Day of the International Manifest of Educators; in 1982 the day was renamed Vietnamese Educators' Day.[citation needed]

Venezuela

15 January

On this day there are no classes. During the week all the teachers are honoured for their support in building the country.[citation needed]

Yemen

28 February

text: Twenty one countries celebrate a common Teachers' Day on 5 October: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Canada, Estonia, Germany, Lithuania, Macedonia, Maldives, Mauritius, Republic of Moldova, Netherlands, Pakistan, Philippines, Kuwait, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Serbia, the United Arab Emirates and the UK.[citation needed]

tag: p

text: Eleven countries celebrate a common Teachers' Day on 28 February: Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Bahrain, Sudan and Oman.[citation needed]

text: A day for homeschool teacher appreciation has been suggested,[35] which several homeschooling groups subsequently organized.[36] A United States "parents as teachers day" has existed on November 8 since the 1970s.[37] While this initially focussed on the role of parents in early-childhood learning, some homeschoolers use it to acknowledge the primacy of the parental role in education.[38]


document_title: List of CB slang

question_text: where did 10 4 good buddy come from

question_tokens: where did 10 4 good buddy come from

text: List of CB slang

text: Popular terms[edit]

text: Law enforcement officers and their equipment[edit]

text:
Term
Description

Checkpoint Charlie
Police checkpoint placed to look for intoxicated drivers, drivers with valid licenses, etc. (alludes to the former border crossing between East and West Berlin).

Evel Knievel
Police officer on a motorcycle. (Refers to the popular motorcycle stuntman.)

Gum ball machine/Bubble gum machine
Police vehicle, especially one with the older-style, dome-shaped red rotating/strobe light commonly mounted on the roof of police cars, which resembles a traditional "penny" gumball machine.

Miss Piggy
A female police officer. (Refers to the Muppet character, derived from the pejorative term "pig" for police officers.)

Mama bear
A less derogatory term for a female police officer.

Papa Bear
Police officer with a CB

Baby bear
Rookie police officer

Bear in the air
Police officer in some sort of aircraft.

Bear
(See "Smokey" below)

Bear trap
RADAR or Speed Trap

Bear bite/Invitation
Speeding ticket

Bear's den/Bear cave
Police station

Bear rolling discos
A speeding police car with its lights flashing.

Blue Light Special
A police vehicle with its blue strobe lights flashing. (Refers to the popular Kmart sale gimmick.)

Local yokel
A local city police officer.

County mounty
A county sheriff or deputy.

Fox in the hen House
unmarked police vehicle.

Kojak With a Kodak
Police Officer running radar.

Bear with ears
A police officer monitoring the CB airwaves.

Flying doughnut
A police helicopter.

Chicken coop
A scale house (truck scale).

Full grown Bear
State police trooper

Smokey
A police officer (refers to Smokey Bear, known for wearing a campaign hat very similar to that included in many highway patrol uniforms in the United States).

Wall-to-wall bears
A large number of police vehicles, especially when on a chase.

Taco Stand
Border patrol check stations on Mexico–United States border.

text: Trucks and other non-police vehicles[edit]

text:
Term
Description

Aircraft carrier
Truck carrying a disassembled aircraft, helicopter or a small plane.

Blinkin winkin/Kiddie car
School bus

Bulldog
A Mack road tractor, noted for its trademark bulldog hood ornament.

Bullfrog
An ABF truck.

Bobtail rig
Truck driving without a trailer

Buster Brown
UPS truck

Cornbinder/Thirteen Letter Shit Spreader
A Navistar International Truck

Dung Beetle
A Volkswagen Beetle with a male driver.

Freightshaker
A Freightliner truck

Jimmy
A GMC Truck (Big Rig)

K-Whopper
A Kenworth truck.

Louisville
A Ford L-Series truck.

Meat Wagon
An ambulance.

Pete/Peter Car
A Peterbilt truck.

Piggy back
A truck towing another truck.

Portable parking lot/Rolling parking lot
Traffic at a standstill

Pregnant rollerskate
A Volkswagen Beetle.

Pumpkin/Pumpkin roller
A Schneider National truck.

Reefer
A refrigerated trailer or flatbed trailer hauling a refrigerated container.

Rolling refinery
A tanker truck, typically carrying fuel.

Salt Shaker
Highway department salt truck

Scanny
A Scania truck. There are around 500 in the United States [clarification needed]. It's very rare, so it's used only in social media (truck pages in Facebook, YouTube, etc.).

Skateboard
A straight, flatbed trailer.

Thermos Bottle
A road tractor with a chemical trailer.

Wiggle Wagon
A truck with more than one trailer.

Yard dog, yard goat, or mule
Terminal tractor used to move trailers in a shipping/freight yard.

text: Destinations[edit]

text:
Term
Meaning

Beantown
Boston, Massachusetts

Big Apple
New York City, New York

Bingo or Bingotown
Binghamton, New York

Big D
Dallas, Texas

Cow Town
Fort Worth, Texas

Derby City
Louisville, Kentucky

Disney Town
Anaheim, California

Fort God
Memphis, Tennessee

Guitar Town
Austin, Texas

Gunspoint
Greenspoint (an area of Houston, Texas)

Hotlanta
Atlanta, Georgia

Idiot Island
California

Job Town
Clinton, New Jersey

Lost Wages
Las Vegas, Nevada

Mardi Gras
New Orleans, Louisiana

Mickey Mouse
Orlando, Florida (a reference to Walt Disney World resort).

Monkey Town
Montgomery, Alabama

Motor City
Detroit, Michigan

Queen City
Cincinnati, Ohio or Buffalo, New York

Pizza and Murder
Chicago, Illinois

Rhymes With Fun
Regina, Saskatchewan

Rock City
Little Rock, Arkansas

Shakey City or Shakeytown
Los Angeles, California, California (a reference to earthquakes).

Stack of Bricks
A house or home. ("I'm heading back to my stack of bricks.")

Steam town
Scranton, Pennsylvania

The Sticker Patch
Phoenix, Arizona (a reference to cacti in the area).

T Town
Texarkana, Texas/Arkansas or Tulsa, Oklahoma

Tonto
Toronto, Ontario

Taco Town
San Antonio, Texas

Windy City
Chicago, Illinois

text: Other popular terms[edit]

text:
Term
Meaning

4-10
A reversal of the ten code "10-4," when asking if someone agrees with something said or if one's transmission was received. ("That was a nasty wreck. Four-ten?")

5 by 5
indicates that another CB user can be heard clearly. An exceptionally clear/strong transmission is described as "wall-to-wall and treetop tall."

10-4
Acknowledged; can also be used to denote or emphasize an agreement ("That's a big 10-4.").

10-6
Busy; stand by.[5]

10-7
Signing off.

10-8
En route. ("I'm 10-8 to your location.")

10-9
Last transmission not received; repeat your last transmission.

10-10
CB user will cease broadcasting but will continue to listen. ("I'm 10-10 on the side.")

10-20
Denotes location, as in identifying one's location ("My 20 is on Main Street and First"), asking the receiver what their current location or destination is ("What's your 20?"), or inquiring about the location of a third person ("Ok, people, I need a 20 on Little Timmy and fast").

10-33

3s and 8s
Well wishes to a fellow driver.

10-36
Correct time ("Can I get a 10-36?")

10 in the wind
Listening to the CB while driving (also known as "10-10 in the wind").

Affirmative
Yes.[6]

Angry kangaroo
A truck with one (or both) of its headlights out.

Back door
The rear of a vehicle.

Back row
An area of a truck stop, generally located in the back of the property, where prostitutes congregate.

Bear bait
An erratic or speeding driver.[7]

Boop Boop/Cluck Cluck Chicken Truck
Ways chicken haulers greet each other

Break/Breaker
Informing other CB users that you'd like to start a transmission on a channel. May be followed by either the channel number, indicating that anyone may acknowledge (e.g. "Breaker One-niner" refers to channel 19, the most widely used among truck drivers), or by a specific "handle", which is requesting a particular individual to respond.[6]

Bucket Mouth or Linear lungs
Someone who won't shut up.

Choke and puke
A truck stop restaurant, especially one known for its less-than-quality food.

Copy that or Copy
Acknowledgement "I heard you" or "I understand."

Cotton-pickin'

Double-nickels
A 55 mph speed zone.

Four, Foe
Refers to 10-4, dropping the 10; also "Yeah, Four," "Foe," or "Yeah, foe" (slang for "four").

Flag in five-mile wind
A 45-mph speed zone.

Green stamps
Cash money (refers to S&H Green Stamps).

Go-go juice
I need to get some fuel

Groceries

Turtle race

Starsky and Hutch

Fingerprint

Three Sisters
Three big hills on I-80E between SLC, Utah and Fort Bridger, Wyoming.

Good buddy
In the 1970s, this was the stereotypical term for a friend or acquaintance on the CB airwaves.[1][2][6]

Good numbers
Well wishes to a fellow driver.

Handle
The nickname a CB user uses in CB transmissions. Other CB users will refer to the user by this nickname. To say "What's your handle?" is to ask another user for their CB nickname.[6]

Hundred-mile coffee
Very strong coffee.

Jabber/Jabbering idiot/Babble/Babbling idiot
A CB user transmitting in a foreign language.

Kojak with a Kodak
A police officer with a radar gun.

Lot lizard
A prostitute in a rest area or who works the parking area of a truck stop.

Pickle park
A rest area known for prostitution.

Cash box
An armored car

Turkey hearse
A truck with a load of turkeys headed for slaughter.

Rubbernecking
Looking at something on the side of the road, causing a backup.

Four-wheeler
Any vehicle with four wheels.

Seat cover
An attractive woman in a vehicle, especially one who is scantily-clad.

Semi-pro
Pickup truck drivers congregating with truckers.

On one's donkey
Following one too close; tailgating. ("You have a sports car 'on your donkey'.")

Outdoor TV
A drive-in theatre.

Suicide Jockey
A driver who is hauling dangerous goods, such as explosives.

Sandbagging
Listening to CB conversation without participating, despite having the capability of speaking. This is not the same as listening in using a simple receiver, as the person sandbagging can transmit using the two-way radio, but chooses not to.[8][9] It is for the purpose of monitoring CB users for entertainment or for gathering information about the actions of a particular user. Often, CB users "sandbag" to listen to others' responses to their previous input to a conversation, sometimes referred to a "reading the mail."[10]

Wall to wall, treetop tall
A very clear, strong signal.


document_title: Advance Australia Fair

question_text: how many verses does advance australia fair have

text: Advance Australia Fair

text: History[edit]

text: Origin[edit]

text: "Advance Australia Fair" was composed in the late 19th century by Peter Dodds McCormick under the pen-name "Amicus" (which means "friend" in Latin). It was first performed by Andrew Fairfax at a function of the Highland Society of New South Wales in Sydney on 30 November 1878. The song quickly gained popularity and an amended version was sung by a choir of around 10,000 at the inauguration of the Commonwealth of Australia on 1 January 1901. In 1907 the Australian Government awarded McCormick £100 for his composition.[1]

text: In a letter to R.B. Fuller, dated 1 August 1913, McCormick described the circumstances that inspired him to write "Advance Australia Fair":

text: One night I attended a great concert in the Exhibition Building, when all the National Anthems of the world were to be sung by a large choir with band accompaniment. This was very nicely done, but I felt very aggravated that there was not one note for Australia. On the way home in a bus, I concocted the first verse of my song & when I got home I set it to music. I first wrote it in the Tonic Sol-fa notation, then transcribed it into the Old Notation, & I tried it over on an instrument next morning, & found it correct. Strange to say there has not been a note of it altered since. Some alteration has been made in the wording, but the sense is the same. It seemed to me to be like an inspiration, & I wrote the words & music with the greatest ease.[2]

text: The earliest known sound recording of "Advance Australia Fair" appears in The Landing of the Australian Troops in Egypt (circa 1916), a short commercial recording dramatising the arrival of Australian troops in Egypt en route to Gallipoli.[3]

text: Before its adoption as Australia's national anthem, "Advance Australia Fair" had considerable use elsewhere. For example, Australia's national broadcaster, the Australian Broadcasting Commission, used it to announce its news bulletins until 1952.[4] It was also frequently played at the start or end of official functions. Towards the end of World War II it was one of three songs played in certain picture theatres, along with "God Save the King" and the US national anthem.[5]

text: Competitions, plebiscite and adoption[edit]

text: In 1951 there was a competition for a new national anthem to celebrate the golden jubilee of the Federation of Australia.  The entry by the Austrian-born conductor Henry Krips, "This Land of Mine", won the competition but it was decided to make no change to the status quo.[6]

text: Until 1974 "God Save the Queen" was Australia's national anthem. In 1973 the Whitlam government decided that the country needed an anthem that could represent Australia with "distinction" and started a competition to find one. This decision by Whitlam was driven by the desire to forge a new nationalism separate from Great Britain. In 1973, Gough Whitlam dedicated an entire Australia Day speech to the search for a new anthem saying that it will be a "symbolic expression of our national pride and dignity".[7] The Australia Council for the Arts organised the contest, which was dubbed the "Australian National Anthem Quest". The contest was held in two stages, the first seeking lyrics and the second music, each having an A$5,000 prize for the winning entry. On the recommendation of the Council for the Arts, none of the new entries were felt worthy enough, so the contest ended with the suggestions for "Advance Australia Fair", "Waltzing Matilda" and "Song of Australia".[8]

text: In 1974 the Whitlam government then performed a nationwide opinion survey to determine the song to be sung on occasions of national significance. Conducted through the Australian Bureau of Statistics, it polled 60,000 people nationally. "Advance Australia Fair" was chosen and was enshrined as the national song, to be used on all occasions excepting those of a specifically regal nature. A spokesman for the Prime Minister Gough Whitlam stated that the Government regarded the tune primarily as the national anthem.  During the 1975 election campaign following the dismissal of Whitlam by Sir John Kerr, it was proposed by David Combe that the song be played at the start of the Labor Party's official campaign launch on 24 November 1975 at Festival Hall, Melbourne. Whitlam's speechwriter Graham Freudenberg rejected this idea, on two grounds, one of which was that the status of the anthem was still tentative.[9]

text: In January 1976 the Fraser government reinstated "God Save the Queen" for royal, vice-regal, defence and loyal toast occasions as well as making plans to conduct a national poll to find a song for use on ceremonial occasions when it was desired to mark a separate Australian identity. This was conducted as a plebiscite to choose the National Song, held as an optional additional question in the 1977 referendum on various issues. "Advance Australia Fair" received 43.29% of the vote, defeating the three alternatives, "Waltzing Matilda" (28.28%), "Song of Australia" (9.65%) and the existing national anthem, "God Save the Queen" (18.78%).[10]

text: "Advance Australia Fair", with modified lyrics from the original (see development of lyrics), was adopted as the Australian national anthem on 19 April 1984 by a proclamation by the Governor-General, Sir Ninian Stephen,[11] on a recommendation by the Labor government of Bob Hawke. "God Save the Queen", now known as the royal anthem, continues to be played alongside the Australian national anthem at public engagements in Australia that are attended by the Queen or members of the Royal Family

text: Lyrics[edit]

text: The lyrics of "Advance Australia Fair" were officially adopted in 1984 as follows:[12]

text:
Australians all let us rejoice,
For we are young and free;
We've golden soil and wealth for toil;
Our home is girt by sea;
Our land abounds in nature's gifts
Of beauty rich and rare;
In history's page, let every stage
Advance Australia Fair.
In joyful strains then let us sing,
Advance Australia Fair.

text:
Beneath our radiant Southern Cross
We'll toil with hearts and hands;
To make this Commonwealth of ours
Renowned of all the lands;
For those who've come across the seas
We've boundless plains to share;
With courage let us all combine
To Advance Australia Fair.
In joyful strains then let us sing,
Advance Australia Fair.

text: Copyright[edit]

text: Even though any copyright of Peter Dodds McCormick's original lyrics has expired, as he died in 1916, the Commonwealth of Australia claims copyright on the official lyrics and particular arrangements of music. Non-commercial use of the anthem is permitted without case-by-case permission, but the Commonwealth government requires permission for commercial use.[13]

text: Orchestral version[edit]

text: The wordless orchestral version of "Advance Australia Fair" that is now regularly played for Australian victories at international sporting medal ceremonies, and at the openings of major domestic sporting, cultural and community events, is by Tommy Tycho, an immigrant from Hungary. It was first commissioned by ABC Records in 1984 and then televised by Channel 10 in 1986 in their Australia Day Broadcast, featuring Julie Anthony as the soloist.[14]

text: Development of lyrics[edit]

text: Since the original lyrics were written in 1879, there have been several changes, in some cases with the intent of increasing the anthem's inclusiveness and gender neutrality. Some of these were minor while others have significantly changed the song. The original song was four verses long. For its adoption as the national anthem, the song was cut from four verses to two. The first verse was kept largely as the 1879 original, except for the change in the first line from "Australia's sons let us rejoice" to "Australians all let us rejoice".[12] The second, third and fourth verses of the original were dropped, in favour of a modified version of the new third verse which was sung at Federation in 1901.[15]

text: The original lyrics published in 1879 were as follows:[16]

text:
Australia's sons let us rejoice,
For we are young and free;
We've golden soil and wealth for toil,
Our home is girt by sea;
Our land abounds in Nature's gifts
Of beauty rich and rare;
In hist'ry's page, let ev'ry stage
Advance Australia fair.
In joyful strains then let us sing,
Advance Australia fair.

text:
When gallant Cook from Albion sailed,
To trace wide oceans o'er,
True British courage bore him on,
Til he landed on our shore.
Then here he raised Old England's flag,
The standard of the brave;
"With all her faults we love her still"
"Britannia rules the wave."
In joyful strains then let us sing
Advance Australia fair.

text:
While other nations of the globe
Behold us from afar,
We'll rise to high renown and shine
Like our glorious southern star;
From England soil and Fatherland,
Scotia and Erin fair,
Let all combine with heart and hand
To advance Australia fair.
In joyful strains then let us sing
Advance Australia fair.

text:
Should foreign foe e'er sight our coast,
Or dare a foot to land,
We'll rouse to arms like sires of yore,
To guard our native strand;
Britannia then shall surely know,
Though oceans roll between,
Her sons in fair Australia's land
Still keep their courage green.
In joyful strains then let us sing
Advance Australia fair.

text: The 1901 Federation version of the third verse was originally sung as:

text:
Beneath our radiant Southern Cross,
We'll toil with hearts and hands;
To make our youthful Commonwealth,
Renowned of all the lands;
For loyal sons beyond the seas
We've boundless plains to share;
With courage let us all combine
To advance Australia fair.
In joyful strains then let us sing
Advance Australia fair!

text: Criticism[edit]

text: Both the lyrics and melody of the Australian national anthem have been criticised in some quarters as being dull and unendearing to the Australian people. A National Party senator, Sandy Macdonald, said in 2001 that "Advance Australia Fair" is so boring that the nation risks singing itself to sleep, with boring music and words impossible to understand.[17]  A parliamentary colleague, Peter Slipper, said that Australia should consider another anthem.[18] One suggested replacement was "I Am Australian", notably in 2011 by former Victorian Premier Jeff Kennett.[19]

text: Specific criticism is also directed at the fourth line of lyrics, "our home is girt by sea", for its use of the archaic word "girt" to acknowledge the fact that Australia is an island.[20] The current version of the anthem has a mix of old and new language, rather than having one style of language consistently throughout. Criticism has come from various people, including Australian Labor Party politician Craig Emerson,[21] but others, including former Labor leader Kim Beazley, have defended it.[22]

text: The line "for we are young and free" has been criticised by a Victorian judge who said that many indigenous Australians find the words offensive.[23]  Australian Aboriginal soprano, Deborah Cheetham, has refused to sing "Advance Australia Fair" at the AFL grand finals, citing this lyric, and has advocated for the lyrics to be rewritten.[24]

text: Unofficial Christian variant[edit]

text: A variant of the national anthem penned in 1988 by Sri Lankan immigrant Ruth Ponniah and sung in some Christian schools replaces the second verse with the following:[25][26]

text:
With Christ our head and cornerstone,
We'll build our nation's might;
Whose way and truth and light alone,
Can guide our path aright;
Our lives a sacrifice of love,
Reflect our master's care;
With faces turned to heav'n above,
Advance Australia Fair;
In joyful strains then let us sing,
Advance Australia Fair.