document_title: List of Code Geass episodes

question_text: what is the first episode of code geass

question_tokens: what is the first episode of code geass

text: List of Code Geass episodes

text: Episode list[edit]

text: Code Geass: Lelouch of the Rebellion[edit]

text:
Ep no.
Official English title
Original Japanese title
Director
Writer
Original airdate[13]
English airdate
Refs.

1
"The Day a New Demon was Born"
"Majin ga Umareta Hi" (魔神が生まれた日)
Noriaki Akitaya
Ichirō Ōkouchi
October 6, 2006
April 27, 2008[8]
[14][15]

2
"The White Knight Awakens"
"Kakusei no Shiroki Kishi" (覚醒の白き騎士)
Masato Miyoshi
Ichirō Ōkouchi
October 13, 2006
May 4, 2008[16]
[17][18]

3
"The False Classmate"
"Itsuwari no Kurasumeito" (偽りのクラスメイト)
Kazuya Murata
Ichirō Ōkouchi
October 20, 2006
May 11, 2008[19]
[20][21]

4
"His Name is Zero"
"Sono Na wa Zero" (その名はゼロ)
Kazuo Miyake
Ichirō Ōkouchi
October 27, 2006
May 18, 2008[22]
[23][24]

5
"The Princess and the Witch"
"Kōjo to Majo" (皇女と魔女)
Satoshi Toba
Ichirō Ōkouchi
November 3, 2006
May 25, 2008[25]
[26][27]

6
"The Stolen Mask"
"Ubawareta Kamen" (奪われた仮面)
Hiroaki Kudō
Ichirō Ōkouchi
November 10, 2006
June 1, 2008[28]
[29][30]

7
"Attack Cornelia"
"Kōneria o Ute" (コーネリアを撃て)
Noriaki Akitaya
Ichirō Ōkouchi
November 17, 2006
June 8, 2008[31]
[32][33]

8
"The Black Knights"
"Kuro no Kishidan" (黒の騎士団)
Makoto Baba
Ichirō Ōkouchi
November 24, 2006
June 15, 2008[25]
[34][35]

8.5
"The Track of the Mask"[Translation]
"Kamen no Kizeki" (仮面の軌跡)
None
None
December 1, 2006
None
[36]

9
"Refrain"
"Rifurein" (リフレイン)
Kazuya Murata
Ichirō Ōkouchi
December 8, 2006
June 22, 2008[37]
[38][39]

10
"Guren Dances"
"Guren Mau" (紅蓮舞う)
Kazuo Miyake
Ichirō Ōkouchi
December 15, 2006
June 29, 2008[40]
[41][42]

11
"Battle for Narita"
"Narita Kōbōsen" (ナリタ攻防戦)
Satoshi Toba
Ichirō Ōkouchi
December 22, 2006
July 6, 2008[25]
[43][44]

12
"The Messenger from Kyoto"
"Kyōto kara no Shisha" (キョウトからの使者)
Hiroaki Kudō
Hiroyuki Yoshino
January 5, 2007
July 13, 2008[45]
[46][47]

13
"Shirley at Gunpoint"
"Shārī to Jūkō" (シャーリーと銃口)
Noriaki Akitaya
Hiroyuki Yoshino
January 12, 2007
July 20, 2008[48]
[49][50]

14
"Geass vs. Geass"
"Giasu tai Giasu" (ギアス対ギアス)
Makoto Baba
Ichirō Ōkouchi
January 19, 2007
July 27, 2008[25]
[51][52]

15
"Cheering Mao"
"Kassai no Mao" (喝采のマオ)
Tōru Yamada
Ichirō Ōkouchi
January 26, 2007
August 3, 2008[53]
[54][55]

16
"Nunnally Held Hostage"
"Toraware no Nanarī" (囚われのナナリー)
Kazuo Miyake
Ichirō Ōkouchi
February 2, 2007
August 10, 2008[56]
[57][58]

17
"Knight"
"Kishi" (騎士)
Kazuya Murata
Yūichi Nomura
February 9, 2007
August 24, 2008[59]
[60][61]

17.5
"The Truth of the Mask"[Translation]
"Kamen no Shinjitsu" (仮面の真実)
None
None
February 16, 2007
None
[62]

18
"I Order you, Suzaku Kururugi"
"Kururugi Suzaku ni Meijiru" (枢木スザクに命じる)
Satoshi Toba
Ichirō Ōkouchi
February 23, 2007
August 31, 2008[63]
[64][65]

19
"Island of the Gods"
"Kami no Shima" (神の島)
Shin'ichi Masaki
Hiroyuki Yoshino
March 2, 2007
September 7, 2008[66]
[67][68]

20
"Battle at Kyushu"
"Kyūshū Sen'eki" (キュウシュウ戦役)
Hiroaki Kudō
Yūichi Nomura
March 9, 2007
September 14, 2008[69]
[70][71]

21
"The School Festival Declaration"
"Gakuen-sai Sengen!" (学園祭宣言!)
Noriaki Akitaya
Ichirō Ōkouchi
March 16, 2007
September 21, 2008[72]
[73][74]

22
"Bloodstained Euphie"
"Chizome no Yufi" (血染めのユフィ)
Makoto Baba
Ichirō Ōkouchi
March 23, 2007
October 5, 2008[75]
[76][77]

23
"At Least with Sorrow"
"Semete Kanashimi to Tomo ni" (せめて哀しみとともに)
Shin'ichi Masaki
Ichirō Ōkouchi
&
Yūichi Nomura
March 30, 2007
October 12, 2008[78]
[79][80]

24
"The Collapsing Stage"
"Hōraku no Sutēji" (崩落のステージ)
Kazuo Miyake
Ichirō Ōkouchi
July 29, 2007
October 19, 2008[81]
[82][83]

25
"Zero"
"Zero" (ゼロ)
Satoshi Toba
Ichirō Ōkouchi
July 29, 2007
October 26, 2008[84]
[82][85]

text: Code Geass: Lelouch of the Rebellion R2[edit]

text:
No.
Official English title
Original Japanese title
Director
Writer
Original airdate[86]
English airdate
Refs.

1
"The Day a Demon Awakens"
"Majin ga Mezameru Hi" (魔神が目覚める日)
Noriaki Akitaya
Ichirō Ōkouchi
April 6, 2008
November 2, 2008[9]
[87][88]

2
"Plan for Independent Japan"
"Nippon Dokuritsu Keikaku" (日本独立計画)
Akira Toba
Ichirō Ōkouchi
April 13, 2008
November 16, 2008[89]
[90][91]

3
"Imprisoned in Campus"
"Toraware no Gakuen" (囚われの学園)
Makoto Baba
Ichirō Ōkouchi
April 20, 2008
November 23, 2008[92]
[93][94]

4
"Counterattack at the Gallows"
"Gyakushū no Shokeidai" (逆襲の処刑台)
Kazuo Miyake
Ichirō Ōkouchi
April 27, 2008
November 30, 2008[92]
[95][96]

5
"Knights of the Round"
"Naito obu Raunzu" (ナイトオブラウンズ)
Masato Miyoshi
&
Noriaki Akitaya
Ichirō Ōkouchi
May 4, 2008
December 7, 2008[97]
[98][99]

6
"Surprise Attack over the Pacific"
"Taiheiyō Kishū Sakusen" (太平洋奇襲作戦)
Akira Toba
Ichirō Ōkouchi
May 11, 2008
December 14, 2008[97]
[100][101]

7
"The Abandoned Mask"
"Suterareta Kamen" (棄てられた仮面)
Makoto Baba
Ichirō Ōkouchi
May 18, 2008
January 11, 2009[102]
[103][104]

8
"One Million Miracles"
"Hyakuman no Kiseki" (百万のキセキ)
Kazuo Miyake
Ichirō Ōkouchi
May 25, 2008
January 18, 2009[105]
[106][107]

9
"A Bride in the Vermillion Forbidden City"
"Shukinjō no Hanayome" (朱禁城の花嫁)
Kazuo Sakai
Ichirō Ōkouchi
June 8, 2008
January 25, 2009[105]
[108][109]

10
"When Shen Hu Wins Glory"
"Shenfū Kagayaku Toki" (神虎輝く刻)
Akira Toba
Ichirō Ōkouchi
June 15, 2008
February 1, 2009[105]
[110][111]

11
"Power of Passion"
"Omoi no Chikara" (想いの力)
Shinda Yū
Ichirō Ōkouchi
June 22, 2008
February 8, 2009[105]
[112][113]

12
"Love Attack!"
"Rabu Atakku!" (ラブアタック!)
Kunihiro Mori
&
Mamoru Sunaga
Ichirō Ōkouchi
June 29, 2008
February 15, 2009[105]
[114][115]

13
"Assassin from the Past"
"Kako kara no Shikaku" (過去からの刺客)
Kazuya Murata
Ichirō Ōkouchi
July 6, 2008
February 22, 2009[105]
[116][117]

14
"Geass Hunt"
"Giasu Gari" (ギアス狩り)
Kazuo Miyake
Ichirō Ōkouchi
July 13, 2008
March 1, 2009[89]
[118][119]

15
"The C's World"
"Shī no Sekai" (Cの世界)
Makoto Baba
Ichirō Ōkouchi
July 20, 2008
March 8, 2009[89]
[120][121]

16
"United Federation of Nations Resolution Number One"
"Chōgasshūkoku Ketsugi Daiichigō" (超合集国決議第壱號)
Tatsuya Abe
Ichirō Ōkouchi
July 27, 2008
May 3, 2009[122]
[123][124]

17
"The Taste of Humiliation"
"Tsuchi no Aji" (土の味)
Akira Hiroshi Kudo
Ichirō Ōkouchi
August 3, 2008
May 10, 2009[89]
[125][126]

18
"Final Battle Tokyo II"
"Dainiji Tōkyō Kessen" (第二次東京決戦)
Akira Toba
Ichirō Ōkouchi
August 10, 2008
May 10, 2009[89]
[127][128]

19
"Betrayal"
"Uragiri" (裏切り)
Noriaki Akitaya
Ichirō Ōkouchi
August 17, 2008
May 17, 2009[89]
[129][130]

20
"Emperor Dismissed"
"Kōtei Shikkaku" (皇帝失格)
Kazuo Miyake
Ichirō Ōkouchi
August 24, 2008
May 17, 2009[89]
[131][132]

21
"The Ragnarök Connection"
"Ragunareku no Setsuzoku" (ラグナレクの接続)
Makoto Baba
Ichirō Ōkouchi
August 31, 2008
May 24, 2009[89]
[133][134]

22
"Emperor Lelouch"
"Kōtei Rurūshu" (皇帝ルルーシュ)
Shinda Yū
Ichirō Ōkouchi
September 7, 2008
May 24, 2009[89]
[135][136]

23
"Schneizel's Guise"
"Shunaizeru no Kamen" (シュナイゼルの仮面)
Tatsuya Igarashi
Ichirō Ōkouchi
September 14, 2008
May 31, 2009[89]
[137][138]

24
"The Grip of Damocles"
"Damokuresu no Sora" (ダモクレスの空)
Akira Toba
Ichirō Ōkouchi
September 21, 2008
May 31, 2009[89]
[139][140]

25
"Re;"
Noriaki Akitaya
Ichirō Ōkouchi
September 28, 2008
June 7, 2009[89]
[141][142]

text: OVA list[edit]

text: Individual OVAs[edit]

text:
Title
Japanese release Date

"Code Geass: Lelouch of the Rebellion Special Edition Black Rebellion"
"Kōdo Giasu: Hangyaku no Lelouch Special Edition Black Rebellion" (コードギアス 反逆のルルーシュ Special Edition Black Rebellion)
February 22, 2008

A compilation of Code Geass: Lelouch of the Rebellion.

"Code Geass: Lelouch of the Rebellion R2 Special Edition Zero Requiem"
"Kōdo Giasu: Hangyaku no Lelouch R2 Special Edition Zero Requiem" (コードギアス 反逆のルルーシュ R2 Special Edition Zero Requiem)
July 24, 2009

A compilation of Code Geass: Lelouch of the Rebellion R2.

"Code Geass: The Miraculous Birthday"
"Kōdo Giasu: Kiseki no Tanjōbi" (コードギアス 反逆のルルーシュ キセキの誕生日)
April 23, 2010

Ashford Academy are invaded by the Neo Chinese Federation and are dealt with by Lelouch and his friends. Soon after, Lelouch, C.C., Rolo, and Shirley fade away and the remaining friends regain their memories and deduce the events were a miracle created by Lelouch in the after life.

"Code Geass Lelouch of the Rebellion: Nunnally in Wonderland"
"Kōdo Giasu Hangyaku no Rurūshu: Nanarī in wandārando" (コードギアス 反逆のルルーシュ： ナナリーinワンダーランド)
July 27, 2012

Lelouch, wishing to make Nunnally happy, casts her as Alice in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and has everyone he knows play the supporting roles while he narrates. After Nunnally traverses the world, she is guided back to reality by Suzaku who is acting the role of the White Knight. At the end, the cast takes revenge on Lelouch for forcing them into the play by dressing him up as The Hatter. At the end, it is revealed Lelouch is just dreaming.

text: Code Geass: Akito the Exiled[edit]

text:
Ep no.
Title
Director
Writer
Japanese release date

1
"The Wyvern Arrives"
"Yokuryū wa Maiorita" (翼竜は舞い降りた)
Kazuki Akane
Kazuki Akane, Miya Asakawa
July 16, 2012

2017 a.t.b. (Revolutionary Year 228), the war between Euro Britannia and the European Union (E.U.) continues. At a disadvantage, the E.U. army founded a special team consisting of Elevens—exiled Japanese who had their country occupied by Britannia—known as the W-0 Unit; one of these Elevens, Akito Hyuga, fights with great agility and savagely executes the enemy while apparently under the power of Geass. Elsewhere, Military Advisor Julius Kingsley and Knight of Seven Suzaku Kururugi are traveling by train to St. Petersburg.

2
"The Wyvern Divided"
"Hikisakareshi Yokuryū" (引き裂かれし翼竜)
Kazuki Akane
Kazuki Akane, Miya Asakawa, Hiroshi Ohogi
September 14, 2013

The new members of the W-0 unit attempt to desert, but this is prevented by Akito and Leila. The team (with Leila joining them) is then sent behind enemy lines to the city of Slonim, where they are ambushed by Euro Britannian forces led by Shin, Akito's brother. Akito, Leila, and the three Japanese recruits manage to survive, as a result of the BRS synchronization phenomenon. Meanwhile, Suzaku Kururugi and Julius Kingsley have arrived in St. Petersburg from the Britannian mainland.

3
"The Brightness Falls"
"Kagayaku Mono no Ten yori Otsu" (輝くもの天より堕つ)
Kazuki Akane
Kazuki Akane, Miya Asakawa, Hiroshi Ohogi
May 2, 2015[143]

After the W-0 unit is denied access to head back to headquarters, they come across a group of elder gypsies who temporarily take them in; as they get along well, Akito and Leila reveal what happened when they were children and thus leading them to where they are now. Meanwhile, Julius Kingsley, revealed to be a brainwashed Lelouch Lamperouge, expresses his form of control as several leaders look on in awe and disgust.

4
"Memories of Hatred"
"Nikushimi no Kioku kara" (憎しみの記憶から)
Kazuki Akane
Kazuki Akane, Miya Asakawa
July 4, 2015[143]

While W-0 is away, Leila and the remaining crew at base find themselves surrounded by Britannian Knightmares. Piloting the Vercingetorix, Shin Hyuuga leads the enemy charge, having usurped the position of Grand Master in the Knights of St. Michael. With her core members unavailable, it's up to Leila to protect her comrades, but this may be much tougher than she realizes: a spy lurking among them is finally ready to reveal himself. Left with no choice but to surrender, Leila arranges a meeting with Shin in order to ensure the safety of her squad. But as negotiations begin to fall apart, Akito and an unexpected ally return in the nick of time to turn things around.

5
"To Beloved Ones"
"Itoshiki Mono-tachi e" (愛シキモノタチヘ)
Kazuki Akane
Kazuki Akane, Miya Asakawa
February 6, 2016[144]

The Ark Fleet has been destroyed, and a significant number of the enemy's troops have been wiped out due to its crash landing. As the remaining forces of the Knights of St. Michael regroup in order to launch a final assault on Castle Weisswolf, the W-0, along with their new ally Ashley Ashra, stand ready to intercept them. Meanwhile, with his Geass out of control, Shin moves to erase his younger brother's existence once and for all. But Akito, having promised Leila that he will come back alive, refuses to accept such a fate, and the two clash in their final battle.


document_title: NFL season ticket waiting lists

question_text: how long is the waiting list for packers season tickets

root

text: NFL season ticket waiting lists

text: Personal seat licenses (PSLs)[edit]

text: A personal seat license (PSL) is a license which grants the holder the right to buy season tickets for a particular team. PSLs were first used in the NFL by the expansion Carolina Panthers in 1993 to help finance their new stadium. Since that time, several teams have used the mechanism to finance new stadium projects including the Chicago Bears remodel of Soldier Field and more recently the Dallas Cowboys. The New York Jets and the New York Giants used PSL programs to finance the construction of the New Meadowlands Stadium, now MetLife Stadium.[2]

tag: p

text: Criticism related to waiting lists[edit]

text: In 2003, the New York Jets changed their waiting list policy to require a $50 annual maintenance fee to remain on the waiting list. However, due to the long list of names and high renewal rates among existing ticket holders, there was uncertainty about the fees a person may possibly have to pay if they remained on the list for many years. After attention from the media and the New York Attorney General's Office, the Jets agreed to cap the maintenance fees at $500, allow the transfer of the waiting list position if the person moved out of state and provide at least 80% of non-renewed season tickets to waiting list members. In 2008, the Jets sent notices to those on the waiting list that the $50 annual maintenance fee would be waived and any money already accrued would be either refunded or credited toward the purchase of Jets merchandise.

text: In 2004, the New England Patriots, who have a substantial season ticket waiting list, received media attention for not allowing the son of a deceased season ticket holder to retain his father's season tickets. The following year, the New England Patriots introduced the "Pass It On" transfer program, which allows season ticket holders to transfer season tickets to immediate family members for $2,000 to $5,000 per ticket, depending on the location of the seat.[3]

text: The NFL requires that season ticket purchasers not only purchase the regular season games, but also typically two preseason games whether they want the exhibition games or not. The legality of requiring the purchase of the preseason games has been challenged all the way to the Supreme Court but it has not resulted in a change of policy for the NFL.[4]

text: Lengthiest waiting lists[edit]

text: The Green Bay Packers have the longest waiting list, with more than 100,000 names. The team's website says the wait is 30 years.[5] It is a common custom in Green Bay and other Wisconsin cities to put a baby's name on the list as soon as the birth certificate is obtained.[6][7][8] Transfer of standing to surviving relatives is permitted by the Packers.[5]

text: The Washington Redskins were reported to have the longest waiting list, with more than 150,000 names. However, recent investigations question whether a waiting list exists at all,[9] which would seem to be contradicted by the fact that FedExField demolished 10,000 seats heading into the 2011 season, and has since removed many upper deck sections. The New York Giants, New York Jets, Philadelphia Eagles, Pittsburgh Steelers, and Denver Broncos historically have also maintained long waiting lists for season tickets.[1]

text: Waiting lists[edit]

text:
Team
Year waiting list was started
Approx. number of names on waiting list
Approx. wait time
Personal Seat License

Arizona Cardinals
N/A
No Waiting List[10]
None
No

Atlanta Falcons
2008
No Waiting List[11]
Unknown
Yes[12]

Baltimore Ravens
2004[13]
3000
20 years[14]
Yes

Buffalo Bills
N/A
0[15][16]
None
No

Carolina Panthers
N/A
No Waiting List
None
Yes

Chicago Bears
1985
Unknown
Unknown
Yes, PSL purchase optional

Cincinnati Bengals
N/A
No waiting list
None
Yes

Cleveland Browns
N/A
No waiting list
None
No

Dallas Cowboys
N/A
No waiting list
None
Yes AT&T Stadium only

Denver Broncos
Unknown
73,000+[17]
Unknown[17]
No

Detroit Lions
N/A
No waiting list
None
No

Green Bay Packers
1960
123,000[18]
30 years
Yes (One-time, $2,100 per seat—Green Package. One-time, $900 per seat—Gold Package.)

Houston Texans
2002
28,000[19]
4 years
Yes

Indianapolis Colts
2013
Unknown[20]
Unknown
No

Jacksonville Jaguars
N/A
No waiting list
None
No

Kansas City Chiefs
N/A
No waiting list
None
No

Los Angeles Chargers
2017
Unknown
Unknown
No

Los Angeles Rams
N/A
No waiting list
None
Yes

Miami Dolphins
N/A
No waiting list
None
No

Minnesota Vikings
2013
unknown
1 year
Yes

New England Patriots
1994
60,000[21]
12 years
No

New Orleans Saints
2006
70,000[22]
Unknown
No

New York Giants
1976
70,000[23]
N/A
Yes, MetLife Stadium only

New York Jets
N/A
No waiting list
None
Yes, upper level has no PSLs MetLife Stadium only

Oakland Raiders
N/A
No waiting list
None
No

Philadelphia Eagles
2002
40,000+
30 years[24]
Yes

Pittsburgh Steelers
1972
Unknown
Unknown
Yes

San Francisco 49ers
N/A
No waiting list
None
Yes, Levi's Stadium only

Seattle Seahawks
2012
12,000 Blue Pride + 58,000 waiting for Blue Pride[25]
10-12 Years
Yes

Tampa Bay Buccaneers
N/A
No waiting list
None
No

Tennessee Titans
Unknown
22,000
20 years
Yes

Washington Redskins
N/A
None
None
No

tag: table


document_title: Canasta

question_text: how many cards do you deal in canasta

question_tokens: how many cards do you deal in canasta

text: Canasta

text: Rules for original Canasta[edit]

text: Cards and deal[edit]

text: The classic game is for four players in two partnerships. Variations exist for two and three player games wherein each plays alone, and also for a six player game in two partnerships of three. If partners are chosen they must sit opposite each other. Canasta uses two complete decks of 52 playing cards (French Deck) plus the four Jokers. All the Jokers and twos are wild cards.

text:
Card functions

Card
Value

Red 3s
Bonus points

Black 3s
Safe discard (may be melded when going out)

4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, J, Q, K, A
Melding cards

2, Joker
Wild melding cards

text: The initial dealer is chosen by any common method, although it should be remembered that in Canasta there is no privilege or advantage to being the dealer. The deal then rotates clockwise after every hand. The dealer shuffles the pack, the player to the dealer's right cuts, and the dealer deals out a hand of 11 cards to each player.

text: The remaining cards are left in a stack in the center of the table.

text: Play[edit]

text: The player to the dealer's left has the first turn, and play then proceeds clockwise. A turn begins either by drawing the first card from the stock into the player's hand or by picking up the entire discard pile. However, there are restrictions on when one can pick up the discard pile. (See Picking up the discard pile, below). If the card drawn from the stock is a red three the player must table it immediately, as one would if melding, and draw another card.

text: The player may then make as many legal melds as they wish from the cards in their hand. A turn ends when the player discards one card from their hand to the top of the discard pile. No player may "undo" a meld or laid card, or change their mind after drawing a card from the deck if they decide that they could have taken the discard pile.

text: Melds and Canastas[edit]

text: Each player/team keeps separate melds of the various ranks of cards. A player may never play to an opponent's meld. A legal meld consists of at least three cards of the same rank. Suits are irrelevant except that black threes are treated differently from red threes. Wild cards can be used as any rank except for threes. Threes may never be melded in ordinary play, although 3 or 4 black threes may be melded last in the process of a player going out.

text: A meld must consist of at least two natural cards, and can never have more wild cards than natural cards (and therefore more than three wild cards). Examples: 5-5-2 and 9-9-9-2-2-Joker are legal melds. 5-2-2 is not a legal meld as it contains only one natural card. 9-9-2-2-2-Joker is not legal as it contains more wild cards than natural cards.

text: A canasta is a meld of at least seven cards, whether natural or mixed. A natural canasta is one that comprises only cards of the same rank. A mixed canasta (or dirty canasta) is one that comprises both natural and wild cards.

text: A "concealed" canasta is a canasta assembled in the player's hand and is played to the table complete, or requiring only the top card from the discard pile (the discard pile being picked up in the usual way). A concealed  canasta may be natural or mixed and carries a bonus score of 100 points (so 400 for a concealed mixed canasta and 600 for a concealed natural canasta).

text: Initial melds[edit]

text: Each card has a specific value which determines both the score and the minimum points a player needs before laying down their first meld(s):

text:
Point values towards minimum meld

Card
Value

4, 5, 6, 7
5

8, 9, 10, J, Q, K
10

2, A
20

Joker
50

text: During each hand the first time a team lays cards on the table the cards of the combined melds must equal a minimum meld requirement based on the values of each of the cards. At the beginning of a game, both teams have an initial meld requirement of 50 points. The total value of each card laid  on the table cannot include the value of the cards a player could possibly pick up from the discard pile but must come only from the cards in their hand. If the combined value of the cards of a player's hand does not meet the minimum value they cannot play the cards on the table nor pick up the discard pile.  After the first hand, the minimum meld requirement is based on a team's score before the hand starts.

text:
Team score
Minimum initial meld

Negative
15

0–1495
50

1500–2995
90

3000 and above
120

text: Example: If a player/team has a score of 1,600 and has not yet made any melds in a hand, an initial meld of 6-6-6, K-K-K-2 cannot be made as it scores only 65 points and the requirement is 90. A meld of 6-6-6, A-A-A-2 would score 95 points and can be played. Note that both initial melds can be played if the team's total score is below 1500, and that neither can be played if the team's total score is 3000 or higher. The minimum meld requirement for a team which has as negative score is 15. As any three cards are always worth at least 15 points it effectively means any meld is sufficient for laying down the first meld(s). Once a teammate has laid down cards on the table, their partner is free to meld whatever cards are legally allowed meaning they do not have to meet the minimum meld requirement.

text: Picking up the discard pile[edit]

text: At the beginning of their turn, a player may pick up the entire discard pile instead of drawing a card from the stock. They may only pick up the discard pile if they can use the top card, either in an existing meld or by making a new meld along with at least two other cards from their hand. Only the top card is relevant for the player/team to pick up the rest of the discard pile. In addition, if the player/team has not yet melded, they must meet the initial meld requirement using the top card of the discard pile in order to pick up the pile.

text: If a wild card has previously been discarded to the pile, the discard pile is frozen. When the discard pile is frozen, it may only be thawed (picked up) if the player can meld the top card with two natural cards of the same rank in the player's hand. The discard pile is also frozen for a player/team that has not yet melded at all this hand; though it will not be frozen for another player/team that has melded.

text: If a wild card or a black three is on top of the discard pile, it may not be picked up. Playing a black three does not freeze the pile, however; it just acts as a "stop card".  The card discarded after a black three allows the pile to be picked up again (unless it is a wild card or another black three).

text: Going out[edit]

text: If more than one player/team has finished with over 5000 points, then the team that "came out" first wins the overall game. A player may go out by using all the cards in their hand only if that player/team has made one or more canastas. The player may go out only by melding all his cards, and may discard a single final card if necessary. It is not required to discard a card in the process of legally going out. If the player/team has not yet made any canastas, players in that team may not make a play which would leave them with no cards in their hand at the end of their turn. The hand ends immediately when any player goes out.

text: When considering going out, a player may ask their partner for permission to go out; however, it is not required to ask partner's permission, but if done the player must abide by the partner's answer. If the partner refuses permission, the player may not go out this turn. If the partner responds "yes", the player must go out this turn.

text: If a player can legally go out, but has three or more black threes in his hand, these may be melded at this time only.

text: Scoring[edit]

text: At the end of each hand, the score for each team is calculated as follows:

text: The total value of all cards melded by that player/team, including cards in canastas minus the total value of all cards remaining in the team's hands, plus any bonuses:

text:
Card values

Card
Value

Red 3s
100

Black 3s
5

4, 5, 6, 7
5

8, 9, 10, J, Q, K
10

2, A
20

Joker
50

text:
Bonus points

Bonus
Value

Going out
100

Each mixed canasta
300

Each natural canasta
500

All four red threes
+400 (800 total)

text: If a partnership has accumulated red threes, but has not yet made any melds when the opposition team goes out, then the total value of all the cards left in the player/team's hand(s) as well as the bonus value of melded red threes are subtracted from that team's previous score. That is, if a team has three red threes but had not yet made any melds, at the end of that hand the team will suffer a penalty of 300 points rather than gaining a 300-point bonus.

text: The game ends when a player/team's total score reaches 5,000 or above. The team with the highest total score at this point wins.

text: Canasta for two or three players[edit]

text: Canasta can be played with fewer than four players with some variations in the rules. The most significant changes are in the number of cards dealt at the beginning of the hand and the fact that each person plays individually. In a game with three players, each player receives 13 cards. In a two player game each player receives 15 cards and each player draws two cards on each of their turns and discards one. If each player draws two cards, there is usually the additional requirement that a player must have made two canastas in order to go out.

text: US American Canasta[edit]

text:
This version of Canasta is widespread, especially in the United States, and it was the official tournament version used by the (possibly defunct) American Canasta Association. American Canasta can be found in few books. One notable exception is Scarne's Encyclopedia of Card Games, where the author claims to have invented a game which he calls International Canasta.
Most of the elements of Modern American Canasta can be found in Scarne's International Canasta, although there are some differences.

text: Winning Moves Games USA first published Canasta Caliente in 1999 and still markets the game in the USA.

text: Due to its relative complexity and unforgiving scoring rules, which give large penalties for many melds that would be acceptable and even good in other versions, this may not be the best version for beginning players; "classic" canasta or Hand & Foot may better serve this purpose. (On the other hand, these versions can teach habits that become major liabilities in American canasta). This version is only meant to be played by exactly four players, in two two-person partnerships. Important differences between this version and the "classic" version include:

text: Setup and play[edit]

text:
13 cards are dealt to each player, then two face down groups of cards are dealt on either side of the draw pile and discard pile, one with four cards and one with three. The latter are referred to as the talons or wings. The four card and three card talons are taken immediately by the partnerships after making their initial melds respectively. The discard pile itself starts out empty.
The draw-two-cards rule is not used. Two canastas are required to go out. Play is to 8,500.
Initial meld requirements are higher - 125 for teams with less than 3,000 points, 155 for teams with 3,000 or more but less than 5,000, 180 thereafter. Moreover, somewhere in your initial meld must be a matching set of three natural cards, though you are allowed to have wild cards in this meld in addition to the natural cards.
Melding a complete canasta, however, is always considered to meet the initial meld requirement, regardless of the point values of the cards involved. (There is no other bonus for such a play).
The discard pile is always frozen. Many groups do not allow taking the pile and making your team's initial meld on the same turn; those that do allow this, require you to make the initial meld first, then take the pile. (The latter was the "official" tournament rule). This can be done on the strength of a pair of natural cards that were already melded that turn, or by producing such a pair from your hand after having met the initial meld requirement without it.
There are some limitations on legal discards. Threes can't be discarded, except as your final discard when going out; the same is true of wild cards. If the discard pile is empty, aces and sevens can't be discarded. It is possible (though very unlikely), however, to be in a situation where you have only wild cards, or only aces, sevens and wild cards with an empty discard pile. In this case you may make such a discard (aces or sevens if possible, wild cards only if there is no other choice - never a three under any circumstances). However, an opponent may challenge the legality of such a play, in which case you must show the opponent your hand to verify that the play was in fact legal.
Both red and black threes may be played to the table as red threes can in "classic" canasta. Unlike in other versions of canasta, this is optional. As in other versions, a player who plays a three draws a replacement card.

tag: ul

text: Melding rules[edit]

text:
Melds that do not include sevens or aces work as in "classic" canasta, except that such melds can include at most two wild cards rather than three.
Melds of more than seven cards are strictly forbidden, as are duplicate melds of the same rank by the same team. This has a few strategic implications; for example, it is impossible to pick up the pile on the strength of a pair of (say) jacks in your hand if your team already has a meld of five jacks, natural or otherwise.
One common exception, is to allow melds of 8 or more cards when going out. Skilled players will play a wild card on an existing canasta for the win.
Sequences (such as those that define Samba, described below) are not legal melds and play no role in the normal play of American Canasta. The closest thing to a sequence that is normally allowed is one of the Special Hands, described below.
Melds of sevens cannot include wild cards. A canasta of sevens is worth 2,500 points rather than the usual 500. However, if the hand ends without your team completing this canasta, your team loses 2,500 points. Retaining three or more sevens in your hand is nearly as bad, carrying a penalty of 1,500.
Aces are treated the same way as sevens, with one exception. If your team's initial meld includes aces, wild cards may be added at that time; if this is done, the aces are treated like any other meld rather than being treated in the special way sevens are. Otherwise, all the same rules, including the potential penalties, apply to aces as to sevens.
Melds consisting entirely of wild cards are legal, much like in the aforementioned[clarification needed] Bolivia variant. A canasta consisting of wild cards is worth 3,000 points if it consists entirely of twos, 2,500 points if it contains all four jokers, or 2,000 points for any other combination. However, failing to complete a canasta once such a meld is made carries a 2,000 point penalty.
It is legal to meld certain special hands as your team's first and only meld. These are hands of exactly 14 cards which you can conceivably have after drawing your card for the turn. If a team plays a special hand, the play ends immediately; the team scores only the points for the special hand (there are no penalties for the cards in the other partner's hand). This is also the only time a player is allowed to not discard a card; even when going out, a player must otherwise have something to discard. There is considerable variation in what special hands are allowed and how they are scored. Among the most commonly accepted special hands are the following (these are the ones that were legal in the tournament version):
Straight - one card of every rank, including a three (the reason you are allowed to retain threes in your hand), plus a joker. This is worth 3,000.
Pairs - seven pairs, which either do not include wild cards (worth 2,500), or include twos, sevens and aces (all three must be present - this combination is worth 2,000).
Garbage - Two sets of four of a kind and two sets of three of a kind, which do not include any wild cards or threes. For example, 4-4-4-4-7-7-7-9-9-9-9-J-J-J would be considered a Garbage hand. This is worth 2,000.

text: Other scoring rules[edit]

text:
Yet another variation on scoring threes is used. Scoring is 100 for one three of a particular colour, 300 for two, 500 for three or 1,000 for four; red threes and black threes are counted separately. This is a penalty if your team has no canastas at the end of the hand (and for this purpose threes in your hand count as though they were on the table), ignored entirely if your team has exactly one canasta, and a bonus if your team has two or more canastas.
If your team has no complete canastas when the play ends, any cards that have been melded count against that team, in addition to any of the above penalties that may apply. A team with at least one canasta gets positive points for these cards as usual.

text: Samba[edit]

text: Samba is a variant of Canasta, played with three decks, including jokers, for a total of 162 cards. 15 cards are dealt to each of four players, and an additional card is turned up. The game is to 10,000 points instead of 5,000. Samba allows sequence melds of three or more (for example, the 4, 5, and 6 of hearts or the Queen, King and Ace of Spades). If a player is able to make a sequence of seven (for example, the 5 through J of diamonds), this is a samba and is worth 1,500 points. Rather than four red threes being worth 800 points, six red threes are worth 1,000 points. Two wild cards is the maximum allowed for a meld. The minimum initial meld is 150 if a partnership has 7,000 or more.

text: Other "national" canastas[edit]

text: Bolivian Canasta[edit]

text: Bolivian Canasta is similar to Samba, as it uses three decks and sequence melds.[11]  Play is to 15,000. Wild card canastas (bolivias) count 2,500. A side must have a samba (called escalera in this game) and at least one other canasta to go out. Red threes only count positive if two or more canastas have been melded. Black threes are negative 100 instead of negative 5 when left in hand.

text: Brazilian Canasta[edit]

text: Similar to Bolivia, but only to 10,000. The minimum meld requirements are 150 from 5,000 to 7,000; a canasta from 7,000 to 8,000; 200 from 8,000 to 9,000; and a natural canasta from 9,000 up. Wild card canastas count 2,000. Partnerships receive 1,000 for five red threes and 1,200 for all six. If a side has a sequence of five cards or less, it loses 1,000.

text: British Canasta[edit]

text:
Similar to the original rules but with the important addition of 'Acaba' (Spanish for 'The End'). A player may say this at any point during their turn and will immediately forfeit the round awarding the opposing player or team 1,500 points and receiving 0 points, ending the very dull phase where one player or team has total control over the discard deck. When playing in teams a player may ask their teammate for permission to say acaba just as they may ask before going out and they will also be bound by the response in the same way.[12]
[13]

text: Chilean Canasta[edit]

text: Allows both sambas and bolivias. Can be played with either three decks (162 cards) or four decks (216 cards).

text: Cuban Canasta[edit]

text: A two-deck variant to 7,500. Requires 150 for an initial meld if a partnership is over 5,000. The deck is always frozen. Wild card canastas are worth between 2,000 and 4,000; depending on the number of deuces. Threes are scored only if canastas are made; they count 100 for one, 300 for two, 500 for three and 1,000 for four. Black threes are removed from play if a discard pile is taken; a partnership that removes all four black threes this way gets 100 points.

text: Italian Canasta[edit]

text: Italian canasta is a Samba variant. The number of cards in the discard pile at the beginning of the game varies with the initial card turned up. The discard pile is always frozen. Deuces may, but a partnership may not play deuces as wild cards if deuces have been melded and a canasta is incomplete. Game is to 15,000

text: Uruguayan Canasta[edit]

text: It is exactly like the original canasta, in its original version.[14]

text: Boat Canasta[edit]

text: This variation originates in Slovakia. Since the definition of Canasta rules differed from player to player a strong urge has risen for unified rules. This in turn was satisfied by the creation of Boat Canasta, which really is a mix of other known rules, but thoroughly optimized. Currently this variant of Canasta is steadily gaining popularity mainly in Slovakia, but also in countries such as France, Germany and England.

text: Hand and Foot Canasta[edit]

text: This version is a quad deck game that is played with a hand and a foot, unlike traditional canasta that just has a hand. Hand and Foot is a Canasta variant involving four to seven decks and is played by teams of two players (usually two teams, but it also works with three or four teams). The number of decks used is typically one more than the number of players, though this can vary. Due to the larger pool of available cards, it is much easier to form canastas in Hand and Foot than in standard Canasta, which changes the strategy considerably. Some players feel this version is more enjoyable for beginners. The variant was born in the 1970s; commercial decks to play Hand and Foot have been available since 1987. Important rule changes for this variant include:

text:
Each player is dealt two piles of 11 cards, which will be referred to as the "hand" and the "foot". The hand is picked up normally, while the foot remains face down until the hand is exhausted.
A player who melds all cards from the original hand picks up the foot as a new hand and continues playing. A player who exhausts the original hand by discarding picks up the foot as a new hand, but does not play from it until the next turn.
On each turn, players draw two cards from the stock. Each player discards one card on each turn.
The number of canastas required to go out are three red (or clean, i.e. no wild cards)[further explanation needed] and four black (dirty, i.e. with wild cards)[further explanation needed] canastas. When playing a singles game (that is, without partners), the requirement is one red canasta and two black canastas.
Discards may be picked up with a natural pair, but a player must take the top five cards from the discard pile.
Threes may not be melded; so, since the only way to get rid of them is by discarding them one at a time, the number of threes in your hand represents a minimum number of turns before you could possibly go out.
Black threes (in your hand or foot) score five points, red threes are scored as negative 300 points.

text: Initial melds[edit]

text: At the beginning of a game, both teams have an initial meld requirement of 50. The requirement increases in value in subsequent hands.

text:
Hand
Minimum initial meld

1st hand
50

2nd hand
90

3rd hand
120

4th hand
150

text:
Rules for going out are:
You must have a minimum of three red (no wild cards) and 4 black canastas.
You ask your partner for permission to go out.

text: The scoring[edit]

text:
Bonus scores

Going out
100

Each mixed (black, dirty) canasta
300

Each natural (red, clean) canasta
500

text: Point values are:

text:
Point values for cards in Canasta

Card
Value

4, 5, 6, 7
5

8, 9, 10, J, Q, K
10

2 (Wild), A
20

Joker (Wild)
50

text: Miscellaneous variations for Classic Canasta and other types[edit]

text:
There is a special case where any player/team that manages to meld 7 canastas in one hand (natural or mixed) automatically gain 5000 points and thus win the game.
A number of cards other than 11 may be dealt at the beginning of the game, 13 and 15 being common choices. Some groups vary the number of cards drawn inversely with the number of players.
To make picking up the discard pile more challenging, require that a natural pair be played on the same turn that the pile is picked up.
A concealed canasta occurs when a canasta is melded directly from a players hand. Usually in also going out: going out concealed which earns an extra 100 point bonus over the standard 100 point going out bonus.
One variant allows melding up to three wild cards in a meld, regardless of the number of natural cards melded.
When the stock is depleted, consider flipping over the discard pile and turning it into a new stock to extend play.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: The expression "as dead as Canasta" cites the transience of popular interest in the game within the United States.

text: In the J. D. Salinger novel The Catcher in the Rye, protagonist Holden Caulfield says of fellow student Ackley, "'Listen,' I said, 'do you feel like playing a little Canasta?' He was a Canasta fiend."


document_title: Cadbury

question_text: what type of business structure does cadbury have

question_tokens: what type of business structure does cadbury have

text: Cadbury

text: History[edit]

text: 1800–1900: Early history[edit]

text: In 1824, John Cadbury, a Quaker, began selling tea, coffee and drinking chocolate in Bull Street in Birmingham, England.[8] From 1831 he moved into the production of a variety of cocoa and drinking chocolates, made in a factory in Bridge Street and sold mainly to the wealthy because of the high cost of production.[9] In 1847, John Cadbury became a partner with his brother Benjamin and the company became known as "Cadbury Brothers".[9] In 1847, Cadbury's competitor Fry's of Bristol produced the first chocolate bar (which would be mass produced as Fry's Chocolate Cream in 1866).[10] Cadbury introduced his brand of the chocolate bar in 1849, and that same year, Cadbury and Fry's chocolate bars were displayed publicly at a trade fair in Bingley Hall, Birmingham.[11] The Cadbury brothers opened an office in London, and in 1854 they received the Royal Warrant as manufacturers of chocolate and cocoa to Queen Victoria.[5] The company went into decline in the late 1850s.[9]

text: John Cadbury's sons Richard and George took over the business in 1861.[8] At the time of the takeover, the business was in rapid decline: the number of employees had reduced from 20 to 11, and the company was losing money.[8] By 1866, Cadbury was profitable again.[8] The brothers had turned around the business by moving the focus from tea and coffee to chocolate, and by increasing the quality of their products.[8]

text: The firm's first major breakthrough occurred in 1866 when Richard and George introduced an improved cocoa into Britain.[9] A new cocoa press developed in the Netherlands removed some of the unpalatable cocoa butter from the cocoa bean.[9] The firm began exporting its products in the 1850s.[9][12] In 1861, the company created Fancy Boxes — a decorated box of chocolates — and in 1868 they were sold in boxes in the shape of a heart for Valentine's Day.[10] Boxes of filled chocolates quickly became associated with the holiday.[10]

text: In 1878, the brothers decided to build new premises in countryside four miles from Birmingham.[8] The move to the countryside was unprecedented in business.[8] Better transport access for milk that was inward shipped by canal, and cocoa that was brought in by rail from London, Southampton and Liverpool docks was taken into consideration. With the development of the Birmingham West Suburban Railway along the path of the Worcester and Birmingham Canal, they acquired the Bournbrook estate, comprising 14.5 acres (5.9 ha) of countryside 5 miles (8.0 km) south of the outskirts of Birmingham. Located next to the Stirchley Street railway station, which itself was opposite the canal, they renamed the estate Bournville and opened the Bournville factory the following year.

text: In 1893, George Cadbury bought 120 acres (49 ha) of land close to the works and planned, at his own expense, a model village which would 'alleviate the evils of modern more cramped living conditions'. By 1900 the estate included 314 cottages and houses set on 330 acres (130 ha) of land. As the Cadbury family were Quakers there were no pubs in the estate.[8]

text: In 1897, following the lead of Swiss companies, Cadbury introduced its own line of milk chocolate bars.[13] In 1899 Cadbury became a private limited company.[13]

text: In 1905, Cadbury launched its Dairy Milk bar, a production of exceptional quality with a higher proportion of milk than previous chocolate bars.[9] Developed by George Cadbury Jr, it was the first time a British company had been able to mass-produce milk chocolate.[13] From the beginning, it had the distinctive purple wrapper.[13] It was a great sales success, and became the company's best selling product by 1914.[9] The stronger Bournville Cocoa line was introduced in 1906.[9] Cadbury Dairy Milk and Bournville Cocoa were to provide the basis for the company's rapid pre-war expansion.[9] In 1910, Cadbury sales overtook those of Fry for the first time.[13]

text: Cadbury's Milk Tray was first produced in 1915 and continued in production throughout the remainder of the First World War. More than 2,000 of Cadbury's male employees joined the British Armed Forces, and to support the British war effort, Cadbury provided chocolate, books and clothing to the troops.[14] George Cadbury handed over two company-owned buildings for use as hospitals – “The Beeches” and “Fircroft”, and the management of both hospitals earned the War Office’s highest award.[14] Factory girls, dubbed ‘The Cadbury Angels’, volunteered to do the laundry of injured soldiers recovering in the hospitals.[14] After the war, the Bournville factory was redeveloped and mass production began in earnest. In 1918, Cadbury opened their first overseas factory in Hobart, Tasmania.

text: In 1919, Cadbury merged with J. S. Fry & Sons, another leading British chocolate manufacturer, resulting in the integration of well-known brands such as Fry's Chocolate Cream and Fry's Turkish Delight.[9] In 1921, the many small Fry's factories around Bristol were closed down, and production was consolidated at a new Somerdale Factory, outside Bristol.[13]

text: Cadbury soon expanded its product range with Flake (1920), Creme eggs (1923), Fruit and Nut (1928), and Crunchie (1929) (originally under the Fry's label). By 1930 Cadbury had become the 24th-largest British manufacturing company as measured by estimated market value of capital.[9] Cadbury took direct control of the under-performing Fry in 1935.[13] Dairy Milk Whole Nut arrived in 1933, and Roses were introduced in 1938.[15]

text: Chocolate ceased to be a luxury product and became affordable to the working classes for the first time.[13] By the mid-1930s, Cadbury estimated that 90 percent of the British population could afford to buy chocolate.[16] By 1936, Dairy Milk accounted for 60 percent of the UK milk chocolate market.[13]

text: During World War II, parts of the Bournville factory were turned over to war work, producing milling machines and seats for fighter aircraft. Workers ploughed football fields to plant crops. As chocolate was regarded as an essential food, it was placed under government supervision for the entire war. The wartime rationing of chocolate ended in 1950, and normal production resumed. Cadbury subsequently invested in new factories and had an increasing demand for their products.[17] In 1952 the Moreton factory was built.[18]

text: Cadbury has been a holder of a Royal Warrant from Queen Elizabeth II since 1955.[5] In 1967 Cadbury acquired an Australian confectioner, MacRobertson's, beating a rival bid from Mars.[19] As a result of the takeover, Cadbury built a 60 percent market share in the Australian market.[19]

text: Schweppes merger (1969)[edit]

text: Cadbury merged with drinks company Schweppes to form Cadbury Schweppes in 1969.[20] Head of Schweppes, Lord Watkinson, became chairman, and Adrian Cadbury became deputy chairman and managing director.[20] The benefits of the merger were to prove elusive.[21]

text: The merger put an end to Cadbury's close links to its Quaker founding family and its perceived social ethos by instilling a capitalist venturer philosophy in management.[22]

text: In 1978, the company acquired Peter Paul, the third largest chocolate manufacturer in the United States for $58 million, which gave it a 10 percent share of the world's largest confectionery market.[23] The highly successful Wispa chocolate bar was launched in the North East of England in 1981, and nationwide in 1984.[24] In 1982, trading profits were greater outside of Britain than in the UK for the first time.[21]

text: In 1986, Cadbury Schweppes sold its Beverages and Foods division to a management buyout known as Premier Brands for £97 million.[25] This saw the company divest itself of such brands as Typhoo Tea, Kenco, Smash and Hartley Chivers jam.[25] The deal also saw Premier take the licence for production of Cadbury brand biscuits and drinking chocolate.[25]

text: Meanwhile, Schweppes switched its alliance in the UK from Pepsi to Coca-Cola, taking a 51 percent stake in the joint venture Coca-Cola Schweppes.[25] The acquisition of Canada Dry doubled its worldwide drinks market share, and it took a 30 percent stake in Dr Pepper.[25] As a result of these acquisitions, Cadbury Schweppes became the third largest soft drinks manufacturer in the world.[25] In August 1988, the company sold its U.S. confectionery operations to Hershey's for $284.5 million cash plus the assumption of $30 million in debt.[26]

text: Snapple, Mistic and Stewart's (formerly Cable Car Beverage) were sold by Triarc to Cadbury Schweppes in 2000 for $1.45  billion.[27] In October of that same year, Cadbury Schweppes purchased Royal Crown from Triarc.[28]

text: Schweppes demerger[edit]

text: In March 2007, it was revealed that Cadbury Schweppes was planning to split its business into two separate entities: one focusing on its main chocolate and confectionery market; the other on its US drinks business.[29] The demerger took effect on 2 May 2008, with the drinks business becoming Dr Pepper Snapple Group.[30] In December 2008 it was announced that Cadbury was to sell its Australian beverage unit to Asahi Breweries.[31]

text: In October 2007, Cadbury announced the closure of the Somerdale Factory, in Keynsham, Somerset, formerly part of Fry's. Between 500 and 700 jobs were affected by this change. Production transferred to other plants in England and Poland.[32]

text: In 2008 Monkhill Confectionery, the Own Label trading division of Cadbury Trebor Bassett was sold to Tangerine Confectionery for £58 million cash. This sale included factories at Pontefract, Cleckheaton and York and a distribution centre near Chesterfield, and the transfer of around 800 employees.[33]

text: In mid-2009 Cadbury replaced some of the cocoa butter in their non-UK chocolate products with palm oil. Despite stating this was a response to consumer demand to improve taste and texture, there was no "new improved recipe" claim placed on New Zealand labels. Consumer backlash was significant from environmentalists and chocolate lovers in both Australia and New Zealand, with consumers objecting to both the taste from the cheaper formulation, and the use of palm oil given its role in the destruction of rainforests. By August 2009, the company announced that it was reverting to the use of cocoa butter in New Zealand and Australia, although palm oil is still listed as an ingredient in Cadbury's flavoured sugar syrup based fillings (where it referred to as 'vegetable oil').[34] In addition, Cadbury stated they would source cocoa beans through Fair Trade channels.[35] In January 2010 prospective buyer Kraft pledged to honour Cadbury's commitment.[36]

text: Acquisition by Kraft Foods[edit]

text: On 7 September 2009, Kraft Foods made a £10.2 billion (US$16.2 billion) indicative takeover bid for Cadbury. The offer was rejected, with Cadbury stating that it undervalued the company.[37] Kraft launched a formal, hostile bid for Cadbury valuing the firm at £9.8 billion on 9 November 2009.[38] The UK Business Secretary Peter Mandelson warned Kraft not to try to "make a quick buck" from the acquisition of Cadbury.[39]

text: On 19 January 2010, it was announced that Cadbury and Kraft Foods had reached a deal and that Kraft would purchase Cadbury for £8.40 per share, valuing Cadbury at £11.5bn (US$18.9bn). Kraft, which issued a statement stating that the deal will create a "global confectionery leader", had to borrow £7 billion (US$11.5bn) in order to finance the takeover.[40]

text: The Hershey Company, based in Pennsylvania, manufactures and distributes Cadbury-branded chocolate (but not its other confectionery) in the United States and has been reported to share Cadbury's "ethos".[41] Hershey had expressed an interest in buying Cadbury because it would broaden its access to faster-growing international markets.[42] But on 22 January 2010, Hershey announced that it would not counter Kraft's final offer.[43][44][45]

text: The acquisition of Cadbury faced widespread disapproval from the British public, as well as groups and organisations including trade union Unite,[46] who fought against the acquisition of the company which, according to Prime Minister Gordon Brown, was very important to the British economy.[47] Unite estimated that a takeover by Kraft could put 30,000 jobs "at risk",[41][48][49] and UK shareholders protested over the mergers and acquisitions advisory fees charged by banks. Cadbury's M&A advisers were UBS, Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley.[50][51][52] Controversially, RBS, a bank 84% owned by the United Kingdom Government, funded the Kraft takeover.[53][54]

text: On 2 February 2010, Kraft secured over 71% of Cadbury's shares thus finalising the deal.[55] Kraft had needed to reach 75% of the shares in order to be able to delist Cadbury from the stock market and fully integrate it as part of Kraft. This was achieved on 5 February 2010, and the company announced that Cadbury shares would be de-listed on 8 March 2010.[56]

text: On 3 February 2010, the Chairman Roger Carr, chief executive Todd Stitzer and chief financial officer Andrew Bonfield[57] all announced their resignations. Stitzer had worked at the company for 27 years.[58]

text: On 9 February 2010, Kraft announced that they were planning to close the Somerdale Factory, Keynsham, with the loss of 400 jobs.[59] The management explained that existing plans to move production to Poland were too advanced to be realistically reversed, though assurances had been given regarding sustaining the plant. Staff at Keynsham criticised this move, suggesting that they felt betrayed and as if they have been "sacked twice".[60] On 22 April 2010, Phil Rumbol, the man behind the famous Gorilla advertisement, announced his plans to leave the Cadbury company in July following Kraft's takeover.[61]

text: In June 2010, the Polish division, Cadbury-Wedel, was sold to Lotte of Korea. The European Commission made the sale a condition of the Kraft takeover. As part of the deal Kraft will keep the Cadbury, Hall's and other brands along with two plants in Skarbimierz. Lotte will take over the plant in Warsaw along with the E Wedel brand.[62]

text: On 4 August 2011, Kraft Foods announced they would be splitting into two companies beginning on 1 October 2012. The confectionery business of Kraft became Mondelez International, of which Cadbury is a subsidiary.[63][64]

text: In response to diminishing margins in early 2014, Mondelez hired Accenture to implement a US$3 billion cost-cutting program of the company's assets including Cadbury and Oreo. Beginning in 2015, Mondelez began closing Cadbury factories in several developed countries including Ireland, Canada, the United States, and New Zealand and shifting production to "advantaged" country locations like China, India, Brazil, and Eastern Europe. The closure of Cadbury factories in centers such as Dublin, Montreal, Chicago, Philadelphia, and Dunedin in New Zealand generated outcries from the local populations. The plan received approval from several market shareholders including the Australian and New Zealand banks Westpac and ASB Bank.[65][66][67]

text: Operations[edit]

text: Head office[edit]

text: Cadbury has its head office at Cadbury House in the Uxbridge Business Park in Uxbridge, London Borough of Hillingdon, England.[68] The company occupies 84,000 square feet (7,800 m2) of leased space inside Building 3 of the business park,[69] which it shares with Mondelez's UK division.[70] After acquiring Cadbury, Kraft confirmed that the company would remain at Cadbury House.[71]

text: Cadbury relocated to Uxbridge from its previous head office at 25 Berkeley Square in Mayfair, City of Westminster in 2007 as a cost-saving measure.[72][73] In 1992, the company leased the space for £55 per 1 square foot (0.093 m2);[69] by 2002 this had reached £68.75 per square foot.[72]

text: Production sites[edit]

text: Bournville[edit]

text: Bournville employs almost 1,000 people.[74] In 2014, Mondelez announced a £75 million investment in the site.[74]

text: Bournville is home to Mondelez's Global Centre of Excellence for Chocolate research and development, so every new chocolate product created by the company anywhere in the world starts life at the Birmingham plant.[74]

text: Markets[edit]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text:
Cadbury

Founded
1824

Headquarters
Bournville, Birmingham, England

Website
www.cadbury.co.uk

text: The confectionery business in the UK is called Cadbury (formerly Cadbury Trebor Bassett) and, as of August 2004, had eight factories and 3,000 staff in the UK. Mondelez also sells biscuits bearing the Cadbury brand, such as Cadbury Fingers. Cadbury also owns Trebor Bassett, Fry's and Maynards

text: Ice cream based on Cadbury products, like 99 Flake, is made under licence by Frederick's Dairies. Cadbury cakes and chocolate spread are manufactured under licence by Premier Foods, but the cakes were originally part of Cadbury Foods Ltd with factories at Blackpole in Worcester and Moreton on the Wirral, with distribution depots throughout the UK.

text: Other Kraft subsidiaries in the UK include: Cadbury Two LLP, Cadbury UK Holdings Limited, Cadbury US Holdings Limited, Cadbury Four LLP, Cadbury Holdings Limited, and Cadbury One LLP.

text: Ireland[edit]

text: Cadbury Ireland Limited is based in Coolock in Dublin, where the headquarters of Cadbury Ireland are located, and Tallaght. The third is in Rathmore, County Kerry. Products made by Cadbury in Ireland include Cadbury Dairy Milk Range, Cadbury Twirl, Cadbury Cadbury Snacks Range Flake and Boost (formerly Moro). Cadbury used to produce the Time Out bar in Ireland for the European market however this production was moved to Poland.[75]

text: United States[edit]

text:
Cadbury

Founded
December 2002

Headquarters
Parsippany-Troy Hills, New Jersey, United States

Products
Trident, Certs, Chiclets, Halls (cough drop)

Website
www.cadbury.co.uk

text: Cadbury Adams produces candy, gum, breath mints and cough drops. It is headquartered in Parsippany, New Jersey. The company was formed after the then Cadbury Schweppes purchased the Adams brand from Pfizer in December 2002 for US$4.2 billion.

text: American Chicle was purchased by Warner-Lambert in 1962; Warner-Lambert renamed the unit Adams in 1997 and merged with Pfizer in 2000.

text: In 1978, Cadbury merged with Peter Paul, makers of Mounds and Almond Joy.[76] In 1988, The Hershey Company acquired the U.S. rights to their chocolate business. Accordingly, although the Cadbury group's chocolate products have been sold in the U.S. since 1988, the products are manufactured by Hershey, causing complaints by consumers, who claim they are inferior to the originals.[77] Before the May 2008 demerger, the North American business also contained beverage unit Cadbury Schweppes Americas Beverages. In 1982, Cadbury Schweppes purchased the Duffy-Mott Company.[78]

text: Cadbury Adams' products include:

text:
Maynards

Wine Gums (original and Sour)
Swedish Fish
Swedish Berries
Juicy Squirts (Sours, Citrus, and Berry)
Original Gummies
Fuzzy Peach
Sour Chillers
Sour Patch Kids
Mini Fruit Gums
Sour Cherry Blasters
Fruit Mania
Bassett's Liquorice Allsorts

Gum

Black Jack chewing gum
Bubbaloo bubble gum
Bubblicious bubble gum
Chiclets
Clorets
Dentyne
Freshen Up Gum
Sour Cherry Gum (Limited)
Sour Apple Gum (Limited)
Stride
Trident

Other

Certs breath mints
Halls (cough drop)

Discontinued products

Beemans chewing gum
Cinn*a*Burst gum
Clove gum
Fruit*a*Burst gum
Mint*a*Burst gum
Sparkies

text: Australia[edit]

text: Cadbury's products were first imported into Australia as early as 1853 when 3 cases of Cadbury's cocoa and chocolate were advertised for sale in Adelaide.[79] Cadbury’s first overseas order in 1881 was made for the Australian market. In 1919, as part of its plans to expand internationally, the company decided to build a factory in Australia. In 1920 Claremont, Tasmania was chosen for the location because of its close proximity to the city of Hobart, good source of inexpensive hydro-electricity and plentiful supply of high-quality fresh milk. The first products from the factory were sold in 1922.[80] The Claremont factory was modelled on Bournville, with its own village and sporting facilities.[81][82] Cadbury operates three Australian factories; two in Melbourne, Victoria (Ringwood and Scoresby), and one in Hobart, Tasmania (Claremont). Cadbury also operates a milk processing plant in Cooee, Tasmania. Claremont factory was once a popular tourist attraction and operated daily tours; however, the factory ceased running full tours mid-2008, citing health and safety reasons.[83] Cadbury has been upgrading its manufacturing facility at Claremont, Tasmania, Australia, since 2001[84]

text: On 27 February 2009, the confectionery and beverages businesses of Cadbury Schweppes in Australia were formally separated and the beverages business began operating as Schweppes Australia Pty Ltd. In April 2009, Schweppes Australia was acquired by Asahi Breweries.[85] In late June 2012, Cadbury introduced Marvellous Creations a new chocolate range with three flavours – Peanut Toffee Cookie, Jelly Crunchie Bits or Jelly Popping Candy Beanies covered in Dairy Milk Chocolate.[86]

text: In 2015 the Australian Cadbury, factory located in Hobart, reduced its work force by 80[87] and in 2017 closed its visitor's centre.[88] In August 2017 Cadbury announced that 50 workers will be shed from its Hobart factory.[89] Within Australia there is debate regarding halal certification. Many of Cadbury's products are halal certified.[90] This certification has generated controversy.[91][92]

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: Cadbury also operates a factory in Dunedin in New Zealand's South Island. In 1930, Cadbury partnered up with local confectionery businessman Richard Hudson, who owned a chocolate, confectionery, biscuit factory on Castle Street. Hudson's factorywas rebranded as Cadbury Hudson and later became known as the Cadbury Confectionery.[93][94][95] Cadbury later established a second factory in Auckland in the North Island. In 2003, Cadbury established a tourist attraction on the premises of the Dunedin factory known as Cadbury World, which featured a large chocolate waterfall. In 2007, Cadbury closed down its Auckland factory, leading to the loss of 200 jobs. In 2009, the Cadbury Dunedin factory attracted criticism from consumers and local environmentalists when it replaced cocoa butter with palm oil. In response, the company backtracked but still retained palm oil as a filling some ingredients. Over the next several years, Cadbury began downsizing its products, including trimming chocolate blocks in 2015.[96]

text: On 16 February 2017, it was reported that Cadbury would be closing its factory in Dunedin, New Zealand by March 2018. This is estimated to lead to the loss of 350 jobs. Amanda Banfield, Mondelez's vice-president for Australia, New Zealand, and Japan, clarified that the closure was done due to Mondelez's decision to shift chocolate manufacturing to Cadbury's Australian factories.[94][97][98] However, Mondelez has also confirmed that Dunedin's Cadbury World tourist attraction would remain open due to its popularity with tourists.[99]

text: Following four weeks of consultations with local Cadbury employee, the Mayor of Dunedin Dave Cull, and local trade union representatives, Banfield confirmed that the closure would go ahead the following year due to the lack of viable options to continue production in New Zealand. She also confirmed that Cadbury would offer a redundancy support package to staff and would also sponsor staff willing to move to Australia to work. Mondelez also confirmed that it was looking for a third-party manufacturer to continue making Cadbury's New Zealand brands Pineapple Lumps, Jaffas, Chocolate Fish and Buzz Bar.[100] In early June 2017, local city councillor Jim O'Malley and a group of volunteers launched a crowdfunding campaign to keep the Dunedin factory running on a portion of the site.[101] They formed a group called Dunedin Manufacturing Holdings (DMH). Despite generating NZ$6 million in funds, DMH abandoned its bid on 22 June due to Mondelez's stringent production and supply requirements and difficulties in acquiring manpower and machinery. Mondelez has also indicated that it is negotiating with two local chocolate companies to ensure the production of iconic local brands such as Pineapple Lumps, Jaffas, Chocolate Fish, Buzz Bars, and Pinky Bars in New Zealand.[102] Following the failure of DMH's bid, spokesperson O'Malley announced on 12 September that his group would launch a new crowdfunding campaign to buy and expand local craft chocolate manufacturer OCHO (the Otago Chocolate Company).[103]

text: On 17 October 2017, Cadbury announced that it would be shifting all production of its New Zealand brands to Australia after failing to find a local supplier. The termination of New Zealand production will take effect in March 2018. Mondelez's New Zealand country head James Kane confirmed the shift on the grounds that the production of Cadbury products would require certain technologies, production processes and skills that local New Zealand manufacturers lacked.[104][105]

text: Canada[edit]

text: Cadbury Canada produces and imports several products that are sold under the Cadbury and Maynards labels, including the following:

text:
Cadbury

Dairy Milk (various flavours)
Crunchie
Crispy Crunch
Starbar as Wunderbar
Cadbury Coconut
Mr. Big
Caramilk
Flake
Creme Egg
Mini Eggs
Pep

Maynards

Wine Gums
Sour Wine Gums
Swedish Berries
Swedish Fish
Sour Patch Kids
Juicy Squirts

text: Cadbury Canada is now part of Mondelez Canada and products are featured on the Snackworks website.

text: India[edit]

text:
Cadbury

Founded
19 July 1948

Headquarters
Mumbai, India

Key people

Anand Kripalu, Managing Director[106]

Products
Cadbury Dairy Milk, 5-star, Perk, Gems, Eclairs, Oreo and Bournvita

Number of employees

2000

Website
www.cadbury.co.uk

text: In 1948, Cadbury India began its operations in India by importing chocolates. On 19 July 1948, Cadbury was incorporated in India. It now has manufacturing facilities in Thane, Induri (Pune) and Malanpur (Gwalior), Hyderabad, Bangalore and Baddi (Himachal Pradesh) and sales offices in New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai. The corporate head office is in Mumbai. The head office is presently situated at Pedder Road, Mumbai, under the name of "Cadbury House". This monumental structure at Pedder Road has been a landmark for the citizens of Mumbai since its creation. Since 1965 Cadbury has also pioneered the development of cocoa cultivation in India. For over two decades, Cadbury has worked with the Kerala Agricultural University to undertake cocoa research.[107][108]

text: Currently, Cadbury India operates in five categories – Chocolate confectionery, Beverages, Biscuits, Gum and Candy. Its products include Cadbury Dairy Milk, Dairy Milk Silk, Bournville, 5-Star, Temptations, Perk, Eclairs, Bournvita, Celebrations, Gems, Bubbaloo, Cadbury Dairy Milk Shots, Toblerone, Halls, Bilkul, Tang, and Oreo.[109][110]

text: It is the market leader in the chocolate confectionery business with a market share of over 70%.[111]

text: On 21 April 2014, Cadbury India changed its name to Mondelez India Foods Limited.[112] In 2017, Cadbury/Mondelez agreed to pay a $13 million FCPA penalty for making illicit payments to government officials to obtain licenses and approvals to build a factory in Baddi.[113][114]

text: Malta[edit]

text: In 2012, Alf Mizzi & Sons Marketing (Ltd) took over the importation and distribution of Cadbury, as well as several other Mondelez brands. Most of the Cadbury products are imported directly from the UK. The advertising of the brand was taken over by Sloane Ltd., which proved to be highly successful in creating market specific commercials, reaching more of the Maltese population than ever through digital advertising.

text: Advertising[edit]

text: The Cadbury signature logo is derived from the signature of William Cadbury.[115] It was adopted as the worldwide logo in the 1970s.[115]

text: Cadbury famously trademarked the colour purple for chocolates with registrations in 1995[116] and 2004.[117] However, the validity of these trademarks is the matter of an ongoing legal dispute following objections by Nestlé.[118][119]

text: Executive pay[edit]

text: In 2008, Todd Stitzer, Cadbury's CEO, was paid a £2,665,000 bonus. Combined with his annual salary of £985,000 and other payments of £448,000 this gives a total remuneration of over £4 million.[120]

text: Accounting[edit]

text: In July 2007, Cadbury Schweppes announced that it would be outsourcing its transactional accounting and order capture functions to Shared Business Services (SBS) centres run by a company called Genpact (a businesses services provider) in India, China, and Romania. This was to affect all business units and be associated with US and UK functions being transferred to India by the end of 2007, with all units transferred by mid-2009. Depending on the success of this move, other accounting Human Resources functions may follow. This development is likely to lead to the loss of several hundred jobs worldwide, but also to several hundred jobs being created, at lower salaries commensurate with wages paid in developing countries.[121]

text: Products[edit]

text: Major chocolate brands produced by Cadbury include the bars Dairy Milk, Crunchie, Caramel, Wispa, Boost, Picnic, Flake, Curly Wurly, Chomp, and Fudge; chocolate Buttons; the boxed chocolate brand Milk Tray; and the twist-wrapped chocolates Heroes.

text: As well as Cadbury's chocolate, the company also owns Maynards and Halls, and is associated with several types of confectionery including former Trebor and Bassett's brands or products such as Liquorice Allsorts, Jelly Babies, Flumps, Mints, Black Jack chews, Trident gum, and Softmints. Global sales of Cadbury products amounted to £491M in the 52 weeks to 16 August 2014.[122]

text: Notable product introductions include:

text:
1866: Cocoa Essence
1875: Easter Eggs
1897: Milk Chocolate and Fingers
1905: Dairy Milk
1908: Bournville
1914: Fry's Turkish Delight
1915: Milk Tray
1920: Flake
1923: Creme Egg (launched as Fry's)
1926: Cadbury Dairy Milk Fruit & Nut
1929: Crunchie (launched as Fry's)
1938: Roses
1948: Fudge
1958: Picnic
1960: Dairy Milk Buttons
1968: Aztec
1970: Curly Wurly
1974: Snack
1976: Double Decker
1976: Starbar
1981: Wispa (relaunched 2007)
1985: Boost
1987: Twirl
1992: Time Out
1995: Wispa Gold (relaunched 2009 and 2011)
1996: Fuse (promotional relaunched 2015)
2001: Brunch Bar, Dream and Flake
2009: Dairy Milk Silk[123]
2010: Dairy Milk Bliss
2011: Big Race oreo
2012: Marvellous Creations and Crispello
2014: Pebbles
2014: Bubbly
2016: Cadbury Silk Oreo

text: Health and safety controversies[edit]

text: 2006 salmonella scare[edit]

text: On 19 January 2006, Cadbury Schweppes detected a rare strain of the Salmonella bacteria, affecting seven of its products. It has been said that it was caused by a leaking pipe. The leak occurred at its Marlbrook plant, in Herefordshire, which produces chocolate crumb mixture; the mixture is then transported to factories at Bournville (formerly Somerdale) to be turned into milk chocolate.[124] It was not until around six months after the leak was detected that Cadbury Schweppes officially notified the Food Standards Agency, which recalled more than a million chocolate bars.[124] In December 2006, the company announced that the cost of dealing with the contamination reached £30  million.[125]

text: In April 2007, Birmingham City Council announced that it would be prosecuting Cadbury Schweppes in relation to three alleged offences of breaching food safety legislation. At that time, the Health Protection Agency identified 31 people who had been infected with Salmonella Montevideo. One of the alleged victims had to be kept on a hospital isolation ward for five days after eating a Cadbury's caramel bar.[126] An investigation that was carried by Herefordshire Council led to a further six charges being brought.[125] The company pleaded guilty to all nine charges,[127][128] and was fined one million pounds at Birmingham Crown Court—the sentencing of both cases was brought together.[129] Analysts have said the fine is not material to the group, with mitigating factors limiting the fine being that the company quickly admitted its guilt and said it had been mistaken that the infection did not pose a threat to health.[129]

text: 2007 recalls[edit]

text: On 10 February 2007, Cadbury recalled a range of products due to a labelling error. The products were produced in a factory handling nuts, potential allergens, but this was not made clear on the packaging. As a precaution, all items were recalled.[130]

text: On 14 September 2007, Cadbury Schweppes investigated a manufacturing error over allergy warning, recalling for the second time in two years thousands of chocolate bars. A printing mistake at Somerdale Factory resulted in the omission of tree nut allergy labels from 250g Dairy Milk Double Chocolate bars.[131]

text: 2008 melamine contamination in China[edit]

text: On 29 September 2008, Cadbury withdrew all of its 11 chocolate products made in its three Beijing factories, on suspicion of contamination with melamine. The recall affected the mainland China markets, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Australia.[132] Products recalled included Dark Chocolate, a number of products in the 'Dairy Milk' range and Chocolate Éclairs.[133]

text: 2009 hydrogenation[edit]

text: Cadbury continues to use hydrogenated oils in many of its signature products. Although trans fats are present, the nutrition labels round the values down to zero.[134]

text: 2014 pork traces in Malaysia[edit]

text: Cadbury recalled two chocolate products after it was tested positive for traces of pork DNA, namely Cadbury Dairy Milk Hazelnut and Cadbury Dairy Milk Roast Almond.[135] The traces were found during a periodic check for non-halal ingredients in food products by the Ministry of Health in Malaysia which on 24 May 2014 said two of three samples of the company's products may contain pork traces.[136]

text: On 2 June 2014, Malaysia's Department of Islamic Development (JAKIM) declared that the sample did not contain pig DNA, as claimed in earlier reports. This statement was made after new tests were conducted.

text: JAKIM reportedly said in a statement that they tested 11 samples of Cadbury Dairy Milk Hazelnut, Cadbury Dairy Milk Roast Almond and other products from the company's factory but none of them tested positive for pork. The investigation followed reports that unscheduled checks had shown that two chocolates produced by Mondelez International Inc., the parent company of Cadbury, violated Islamic law and led to a boycott of all its products in the country.[137]

text: 2017 "Easter" controversy[edit]

text: In 2017 the Church of England condemned the company and the National Trust for rebranding their annual "Easter Egg Trails" to "Cadbury Egg Hunts".[138] Prime Minister Theresa May called the rebranding "absolutely ridiculous", however Cadbury dismissed the criticism, a spokesperson saying "It is clear to see that within our communications we visibly state the word Easter. It is included a number of times across promotional materials."[139] An ensuing controversy followed in Australia, where Cadbury was accused of removing the word 'Easter' from the packaging of its Easter eggs. Cadbury Australia rebutted that Easter was mentioned on "the back of pack", and that its eggs were obviously Easter eggs.[140]