document_title: List of National Football League records (team)

question_text: most turnovers in a nfl game by one team

question_tokens: most turnovers in a nfl game by one team

text: List of National Football League records (team)

text: Championships[edit]

text: Most Super Bowl wins, 6

text: Most Super Bowl appearances, 10

text: Most league championships, 13

text: Most Conference Championship Game Appearances, 16

text: Most consecutive league championships, 3

text: Most consecutive times finishing first in a division, regular season, 9

text: Games won[edit]

text: Highest Winning Percentage for Regular Season, .573 (493-367-6)

text: Highest Winning Percentage for Regular Season and Postseason Combined, .572 (527-394-6)

text: Highest Winning Percentage for Postseason, .652 (15–8)

text: Most Games Won (regular season only), Franchise History, 744

text: Most Games Won (including playoffs), Franchise History, 764

text: Most Games Won (regular season only), since 1970 merger, 444

text: Most Games Won (including playoffs), since 1970 merger, 480

text: Most Consecutive Games Won (including playoffs), 21

text: Most Consecutive Games Won (regular season only), 23

text: Most Consecutive Games Without Defeat, 25

text: Most Games Won, Regular Season, 16

text: Most Consecutive Winning Seasons, Franchise History, 20[3]

text: Most Consecutive Home Games Won, 27

text: Most Consecutive Home Games Won (including playoffs), 31

text: Most Consecutive Home Games Without Defeat, 30

text: Most Consecutive Road Games Won, 19

text: Most Shutout Games Won or Tied, Season, 11

text: Most Consecutive Shutout Games Won or Tied, 13

text: Most Total Wins Over 2 Consecutive Seasons, 34 (28 Regular Season & 6 Postseason)

text: Most Total Wins Over 3 Consecutive Seasons, 46 (39 Regular Season & 7 Postseason)

text: Losses[edit]

text: Lowest All-time Winning Percentage for Regular Season, current franchises, .389 (250–393–1)

text: Lowest All-time Winning Percentage for Postseason, .263 (5–14)

text: Lowest All-time Winning Percentage, combined Regular Season and Postseason, .389 (256–402–1)

text: Most Consecutive Postseason Losses, 9

text: Longest Losing Streak, Multiple seasons, 26 games

text: Most Losses, Season / Longest Losing Streak in a Season, 16 games (in 16 games season)

text: Most consecutive losing seasons, 14 seasons

text: Most consecutive seasons without a winning record, 20 seasons

text: Longest Home Game Losing Streak, 14 games

text: Longest Road Game Losing Streak, 26 games

text: Longest Road Streak Without Win (Losses or Ties), 26 games

text: Most Shutout Losses or Ties in a Season, 8

text: Most Consecutive Shutout Losses or Ties, 8

text: Tie Games[edit]

text: Most Ties in a Season, 6

text: Most Consecutive Ties, 3

text: Scoring[edit]

text: Most Seasons Leading League Scoring, 10

text: Most Consecutive Seasons Leading League Scoring, 4

text: Most Points, Season, 606

text: Most Points at Home, Season, 329

text: Most Points on the Road, Season, 314

text: Fewest Points at Home, Season, since 1940, 20

text: Fewest Points on the Road, 8-road game season, since, 1940, 41

text: Most Points per Game, Season (Min 10 games), 38.83

text: Most Points per Home Game, Season, 41.1

text: Fewest Points, Season, 37

text: Fewest Points, 14 game season, 103

text: Fewest Points, 16 game season, 140

text: Games Scoring 50+ Points, Season, 3[9]

text: Most Games Scoring 30+ Points, Season, 13

text: Most consecutive games scoring 10+ points, 110

text: Most consecutive games scoring 20+ points, 30

text: Most consecutive games scoring 30+ points, 14

text: Most consecutive games scoring 40+ points, 4

text: Most Points, Single Team, Game, 73

text: Most Points, Single Team, Regular Season Game, 72

text: Most Points, Single Team, Game, Since AFL/NFL Merger, 62

text: Most Points, Both Teams, Game, 113

text: Most Points, Both Teams, Game, Since AFL/NFL Merger, 106

text: Most Points, Shutout Victory, Game, 73

text: Most Points, Shutout Victory, Game, Since AFL/NFL Merger, 59

text: Fewest Points, Both Teams, Game, 0

text: Fewest Points, Shutout Victory, Game, 2

text: Fewest Points, Shutout Victory, Game, Since AFL/NFL Merger, 3

text: Most Points Overcome to Win Game, 32[10]

text: Most Points Overcome to Win Regular Season Game, 28

text: Most Points Overcome to Win Game on the Road, 25

text: Most Points Overcome to Tie a Game, 31

text: Largest First Quarter Deficit Overcome to Win Game, 21

text: Largest Halftime Deficit Overcome to Win Game, 28

text: Largest Halftime Deficit Overcome to Win Game in Regulation Time, 24

text: Largest Third Quarter Deficit Overcome to Win Game, 25

text: Most Points, Single Team, First Half, 49

text: Most Points, Single Team, Second Half, 49

text: Most Points, Single Team, Second Half, Since AFL/NFL Merger, 45

text: Most Points, Both Teams, First Half, 70

text: Most Points, Both Teams, Second Half, 65

text: Most Points, Single Team, First Quarter, 35

text: Most Points, Single Team, First Quarter, since AFL/NFL Merger, 28

text: Most Points, Single Team, Second Quarter, 41

text: Most Points, Single Team, Second Quarter, since AFL/NFL Merger, 37

text: Most Points, Single Team, Third Quarter, 41

text: Most Points, Single Team, Third Quarter, since AFL/NFL Merger, 28

text: Most Points, Single Team, Fourth Quarter, 34

text: Most Points, Both Teams, First Quarter, 42

text: Most Points, Both Teams, Second Quarter, 49

text: Most Points, Both Teams, Third Quarter, 48

text: Most Points, Both Teams, Fourth Quarter, 48

text: Most Points, Single Team, One Minute, 21

text: Most Consecutive Games Scoring, 420

text: Most Consecutive Home Games Scoring, 443

text: Most Consecutive Road Games Scoring, 265

text: Most Consecutive Games allowing opponents to Score (i.e.. without a shut out), 411

text: Most Consecutive Road Games allowing opponents to Score, 361

text: Most Consecutive Home Games allowing opponents to Score, 288

text: Best Point Differential, Season, +315

text: Worst Point Differential, Season, −287

text: Worst Point Differential, 16-game Season, -274

text: Touchdowns[edit]

text: Most Touchdowns, season, 76

text: Fewest Touchdowns, season, since 1946, 11

text: Fewest Offensive Touchdowns, season, since 1943, 7

text: Most Touchdowns, Single Team, Regular Season, game, 10

text: Most Touchdowns, Both Teams, game, 16

text: Most Touchdowns, Single Team, Postseason, game, 11

text: Most consecutive games scoring 1+ touchdowns, 166

text: Most consecutive games scoring 2+ touchdowns, 47

text: Most consecutive games scoring 3+ touchdowns, 21

text: Most consecutive games scoring 4+ touchdowns, 12

text: Most consecutive games scoring 5+ touchdowns, 5

text: Most consecutive games scoring 6+ touchdowns (since 1940), 3

text: Most consecutive games scoring 7+ touchdowns (since 1940), 3

text: Most consecutive games scoring 8+ touchdowns, 2

text: Most consecutive games scoring 9+ touchdowns, 2

text: Most consecutive road games scoring 1+ touchdown, since AFL-NFL Merger, 82

text: Most consecutive road games scoring 1+ touchdown, 85

text: Most consecutive road games scoring 2+ touchdowns, 33

text: Most consecutive road games scoring 3+ touchdowns, 13

text: Most consecutive road games scoring 4+ touchdowns, 12

text: Most consecutive road games scoring 5+ touchdowns (since 1940), 3

text: Most consecutive road games scoring 6+ touchdowns (since 1940), 3

text: Most consecutive road games scoring 7+ touchdowns (since 1940), 2

text: Most consecutive home games scoring 1+ touchdowns, 112

text: Most consecutive home games scoring 2+ touchdowns, 42

text: Most consecutive home games scoring 3+ touchdowns, 21

text: Most consecutive home games scoring 4+ touchdowns, 12

text: Most consecutive home games scoring 5+ touchdowns, 5

text: Most consecutive home games scoring 6+ touchdowns, 4

text: Most consecutive home games scoring 8+ touchdowns, 2

text: Most consecutive home games scoring 9+ touchdowns, 2

text: Two-Point Conversions[edit]

text: Most Successful Two-Point Conversions, Season, 8

text: Most Successful Two-Point Conversions, Single Team, Game, 4

text: Most Successful Two-Point Conversions, Both Teams, Game, 5

text: Field Goals[edit]

text: Most Seasons Leading League, Field Goals, 11

text: Most Consecutive Seasons Leading League, Field Goals, 4

text: Most Field Goals Attempted, Season, 52

text: Fewest Field Goals Attempted, Season, 0

text: Fewest Field Goals Attempted, Season, since AFL/NFL Merger, 6

text: Fewest Field Goals Attempted, 14 Game Season, 10

text: Fewest Field Goals Attempted, 16 Game Season, 12

text: Most Field Goals Attempted, Single Team, Game, 9

text: Most Field Goals Attempted, Single Team, Game, since AFL/NFL Merger, 8

text: Most Field Goals Attempted, Both Teams, Game, 11

text: Most Field Goals, Season, 44

text: Fewest Field Goals, Season, since 1932, 0

text: Fewest Field Goals, Season, since AFL/NFL Merger, 4

text: Fewest Field Goals, 16-Game Season, 8

text: Most Field Goals, Single Team, Game, 8

text: Most Field Goals, Both Teams, Game, 9

text: Most Consecutive Games Scoring Field Goals, 38

text: Safeties[edit]

text: Most Safeties, Season, 4

text: Most Safeties Allowed, Season, 4

text: Most Safeties, Both Teams, Game, 3

text: Most Safeties, Single Team, Game, 3

text: Most Consecutive Seasons Scoring One or More Safeties, 13

text: Most Consecutive Games without Scoring a Safety, 191

text: Most Consecutive Games without Allowing a Safety, 237

text: Most Consecutive Games Scoring a Safety, 2

text: Most Consecutive Games Scoring a Safety, regular season only, 2

text: Most Consecutive Games Allowing Safeties, 3

text: Offense[edit]

text: Yards Gained[edit]

text:
Most Seasons Leading League Gained
Most Seasons Leading League Yards Gained, 12

text: Most Consecutive Seasons Leading League Gained, 12

text: Most Consecutive Seasons Leading League Yards Gained, 4

text: Most Yards Gained, Season, 7,474

text: Fewest Yards Gained, 16 Game Season, 3,374

text: Fewest Yards Gained, Season, 1,150

text: Most Yards Gained, Single Team, Game, 722

text: Fewest Yards Gained, Single Team, Game, −7

text: Most Yards Gained, Both Teams, Game, 1,151

text: Fewest Yards Gained, Both Teams, Game, 30

text: Most Consecutive Games, 500 or More Yards Gained, 3

text: Most Consecutive Games, 450 or More Yards Gained, 4

text: Most Consecutive Games, 400 or More Yards Gained, 11

text: Most Consecutive Games, 350 or More Yards Gained, 17

text: Most Consecutive Games, 300 or More Yards Gained, 36

text: Passing[edit]

text: Most Passes Attempted, Season, 727

text: Fewest Passes Attempted, Season, 102

text: Fewest Passes Attempted, 12 Game Season, 187

text: Fewest Passes Attempted, 14 Game Season, 205

text: Fewest Passes Attempted, 16 Game Season, 336

text: Most Passes Attempted, Game, 70

text: Fewest Passes Attempted, Game, 0 (zero)

text: Most Passes Attempted, Both Teams, Game, 112

text: Fewest Passes Attempted, Both Teams, Game, 4

text: Most Passes Completed, Season, 472

text: Fewest Passes Completed, Season, 25

text: Fewest Passes Completed, 12 Game Season, 66

text: Fewest Passes Completed, 14 Game Season, 78

text: Fewest Passes Completed, 16 Game Season, 151

text: Most Passes Completed, Game, 45

text: Fewest Passes Completed, Single Team, Game, 0

text: Most Passes Completed, Both Teams, Game, 72

text: Fewest Passes Completed, Both Teams, Game, 1

text: Most Seasons Leading League, Net Passing Yards, 10

text: Most Consecutive Seasons Leading League, Net Passing Yards, 6

text: Most Net Passing Yards Gained, Season, 5,444

text: Fewest Net Passing Yards Gained, 14 Game Season, 997

text: Fewest Net Passing Yards Gained, 16 Game Season, 1,660

text: Most Net Passing Yards Gained, Single Team, Game, 541

text: Fewest Net Passing Yards Gained, Single Team, Game, −53

text: Most Net Passing Yards Gained, Both Teams, Game, 971

text: Fewest Net Passing Yards Gained, Both Teams, Game, −11

text: Most Consecutive Games Passing for 300+ yards, Single Team, 8

text: Most Seasons Leading League, Fewest Times Sacked, 10

text: Most Consecutive Seasons Leading League, Fewest Times Sacked, 9

text: Most Times Sacked, Season, 104

text: Fewest Times Sacked, Season, 7

text: Most Times Sacked, Single Team, Game, 12

text: Most Times Sacked, Both Teams, Game, 18

text: Most Seasons Leading League, In Completion Percentage, 14

text: Most Consecutive Seasons Leading League, Completion Percentage, 6

text: Highest Completion Percentage, Season, 71.3

text: Highest Completion Percentage, Game, 95.0

text: Lowest Completion Percentage, Season, 22.9

text: Most Touchdowns passing, season, 55

text: Fewest Touchdowns, Passing, Season, 0 (zero)

text: Fewest Touchdowns, Passing, 14 Game Season, 3

text: Fewest Touchdowns, Passing, 16 Game Season, 5

text: Most Touchdowns, Passing, Single Team, Game, 7

text: Most Touchdowns, Passing, Both Teams, Game, 13

text: Most Consecutive Games, One or More Passing Touchdowns, 52

text: Most Consecutive Games, No Passing Touchdowns, 10

text: Most Consecutive Games, No Passing Touchdowns, Current Franchises, 9

text: Most Consecutive Games, No Passing Touchdowns, since 1950, 8

text: Most Interceptions Thrown, Team, Season, 48

text: Most Interceptions Returned for Touchdowns by Opponents, Season, 8

text: Fewest Interceptions Thrown, Team, Season, 2

text: Most Interceptions Thrown, Single Team, Game, 9

text: Most Interceptions Thrown, Both Teams, Game, 13

text: Most Consecutive Pass Attempts without an Interception, 379

text: Most Consecutive Pass Attempts at Home without an Interception, 291

text: Consecutive Pass Attempts on the road without an Interception, 332

text: Most Consecutive Games without allowing an Interception Returned for a Touchdown, 110

text: Rushing[edit]

text: Most Seasons Leading League, Rushing, 12

text: Most Consecutive Seasons Leading League, Rushing, 4

text: Most Rushing Attempts, Season, 681

text: Fewest Rushing Attempts, Season, 211

text: Fewest Rushing Attempts, 16 Game Season, 304

text: Most Rushing Attempts, Single Team, Game, 72

text: Fewest Rushing Attempts, Single Team, Game, 6

text: Most Rushing Attempts, Both Teams, Game, 108

text: Fewest Rushing Attempts, Both Teams, Game, 16

text: Most Yards Gained Rushing, Season, 3,165

text: Fewest Yards Gained Rushing, Season, 298

text: Fewest Yards Gained Rushing, 14 Game Season, 978

text: Fewest Yards Gained Rushing, 16 Game Season, 1,062

text: Most Yards Gained Rushing, Single Team, Game, 426

text: Most Yards Gained Rushing, Single Team, Game, Since 1951, 407

text: Fewest Yards Gained Rushing, Single Team, Game, −53

text: Most Yards Gained Rushing, Both Teams, Game, 595

text: Fewest Yards Gained Rushing, Both Teams, Game, −15

text: Highest Average Gain, Rushing, Season, 5.74

text: Lowest Average Gain, Rushing, Season, 0.94

text: Most Touchdowns, Rushing, Season, 36

text: Fewest Touchdowns, Rushing, Season, 1

text: Fewest Touchdowns, Rushing, 16 Game Season, 2

text: Most Touchdowns, Rushing, Both Teams, Game, 9

text: Most Touchdowns, Rushing, Single Team, Game, Since 1940, 8

text: Most Consecutive Games, One or More Rushing Touchdowns, 24

text: Most Consecutive Games, No Rushing Touchdowns, 13

text: First Downs[edit]

text: Most Seasons Leading League, First Downs, 9

text: Most Consecutive Seasons Leading League First Downs, 4

text: Most First Downs, Season, 444

text: Fewest First Downs, 16 Game Season, 176

text: Fewest First Downs, Season, 51

text: Most First Downs, Single Team, Game, Regulation Time, 40

text: Fewest First Downs, Single Team, Game, 0 (zero)

text: Most First Downs, Both Teams, Game, 64

text: Fewest First Downs, Both Teams, Game, 7

text: Most First Downs, Rushing, Season, 181

text: Fewest First Downs, Rushing, Season, 36

text: Most First Downs, Rushing, Game, 25

text: Fewest First Downs, Rushing, Single Team, Game, 0 (zero)

text: Most First Downs, Rushing, Both Teams, Game, 36

text: Fewest First Downs, Rushing, Both Teams, Game, 2

text: Most First Downs, Passing, Season, 280

text: Fewest First Downs, Passing, Season,18

text: Most First Downs, Passing, Single Team, Game, 29

text: Fewest First Downs, Passing, Single Team, Game, 0 (zero)

text: Most First Downs, Passing, Both Teams, Game, 47

text: Fewest First Downs, Passing, Both Teams, Game, 0 (zero)

text: Most First Downs gained, Penalty, Season, 43

text: Fewest First Downs, Penalty, Season, 2

text: Most First Downs, Penalty, Game, 11

text: Most First Downs, Penalty, Both Teams, Game, 13

text: Defense[edit]

text: Points Allowed[edit]

text: Most Seasons Leading League, Fewest Points Allowed, 11

text: Most Consecutive Seasons Leading League, Fewest Points Allowed, 5

text: Most Consecutive Seasons Leading League, Fewest Points Allowed (since 1970 merger), 4

text: Fewest Points Allowed, Season (13-game Season), 22

text: Fewest Points Allowed, Season (Since 1932), 44

text: Fewest Points Allowed, 14-Game Season, 129

text: Fewest Points Allowed, 16 Game Season, 165

text: Fewest Points Allowed on the Road, 8 Road Game Season, since 1940, 64

text: Fewest Points Allowed at Home, 8 Home Game Season, since 1940, 61

text: Fewest Points Allowed at Home, 7 Home Game Season, since 1940, 45

text: Fewest Points Allowed at Home, 6 Home Game Season, since 1940, 37

text: Most Points Allowed, Season, 533

text: Most Points Allowed, 14-Game Season, 501

text: Most Points Allowed on the Road, Season (7 games), 321

text: Most Points Allowed at Home, Season, 292

text: Most Shutouts, Season, 10

text: Most Shutouts, Season, (since 1940), 5

text: Fewest Points Allowed in 1st Quarter, Season, 3

text: Fewest Points Allowed in 1st Quarter, 16 Game Season, 6

text: Fewest Points Allowed in 2nd Quarter, Season, 19

text: Fewest Points Allowed in 2nd Quarter, 16 Game Season, 31

text: Fewest Points Allowed in 3rd Quarter, Season, 6

text: Fewest Points Allowed in 3rd Quarter, 16 Game Season, 9

text: Fewest Points Allowed in 4th Quarter, Season, 7

text: Fewest Points Allowed in 4th Quarter, 16 Game Season, 26

text: Touchdowns Allowed[edit]

text: Fewest Touchdowns Allowed, Season (Since 1932), 6

text: Fewest Touchdowns Allowed, 16 Game Season, 18

text: Most Touchdowns Allowed, Season, 68

text: Most Consecutive Games Allowing One or More Touchdowns, 133

text: Most Consecutive Games without Allowing a Touchdown, current franchises, 7

text: Most Consecutive Games without Allowing a Touchdown, since 1935, 5

text: Most Consecutive Quarters without Allowing a Touchdown, since 1935, 22

text: Fewest Touchdowns Allowed, 3rd Quarter, Season, 0

text: Fewest Touchdowns Allowed, Rushing, Season, 2

text: Fewest Touchdowns Allowed, Rushing, 16 Game Season, 3

text: Most Touchdowns Allowed, Rushing, Season, 36

text: Most Consecutive Games, Allowing One or More Rushing Touchdowns, 27

text: Most Consecutive Games, Allowing One or More Rushing Touchdowns, Current Franchises, 23

text: Most Consecutive Games without Allowing a Rushing Touchdown, 16

text: Fewest Touchdowns Allowed, Passing, Season, 1

text: Most Touchdowns Allowed, Passing, National Football League, Season, 45

text: Fewest Touchdowns Allowed, Passing, 16 Game Season, 6

text: Fewest Touchdowns Allowed, Passing, 14 Game Season, 5

text: Most Consecutive Games, Allowing One or More Passing Touchdowns, 34

text: Most Consecutive Games without Allowing a Passing Touchdown, 8

text: First Downs Allowed[edit]

text: Fewest First Downs Allowed Season, 77

text: Most First Downs Allowed Season, 406

text: Fewest First Downs Allowed, 16 Game Season, 206

text: Fewest First Downs Allowed, Rushing, Season , 35

text: Most First Downs Allowed, Rushing, Season, 179

text: Fewest First Downs Allowed, Passing, Season, 33

text: Most First Downs Allowed, Passing, Season, 246

text: Fewest First Downs Allowed, Penalty, Season, 1

text: Most First Downs Allowed, Penalty, Season, 56

text: Yards Allowed[edit]

text: Most Seasons Leading League, Fewest Yards Allowed, 8

text: Most Consecutive Seasons Leading League, Fewest Yards Allowed, 3

text: Fewest Yards Allowed, Season, 1,539

text: Fewest Yards Allowed, 14-game season, 2,720

text: Fewest Yards Allowed, 16-game season, 3,549

text: Most Yards Allowed, Season, 7,042

text: Most Yards Allowed, 14-game season, 5,593

text: Most Seasons Leading League, Fewest Rushing Yards Allowed, 10

text: Most Consecutive Seasons Leading League, Fewest Rushing Yards Allowed, 4

text: Fewest Yards Allowed, Rushing, Season, 519

text: Fewest Yards Allowed, Rushing, 14-game Season, AFL, 918

text: Fewest Yards Allowed, Rushing, 16-game Season, 970

text: Most Yards Allowed, Rushing, 14-game Season, 2,971

text: Most Yards Allowed, Rushing, 16-game Season, 3,228

text: Most Seasons Leading League, Fewest Passing Yards Allowed, 10

text: Most Consecutive Seasons Leading League, Fewest Passing Yards Allowed, 5

text: Fewest Yards Allowed, Passing, Season, 545

text: Fewest Yards Allowed, Passing, 14-game Season, 1,290

text: Fewest Yards Allowed, Passing, 16-game Season, 1,960

text: Most Yards Allowed, Passing, 16-game Season, 4,796

text: Most Yards Allowed, Passing, 14-game Season, 3,674

text: Sacks[edit]

text: Most Seasons Leading League Sacks, 5

text: Most Consecutive Seasons Leading League Sacks, 3

text: Most Sacks, Season, 72

text: Fewest Sacks, Season, 10

text: Most Sacks, Single Team, Game, 12

text: Most Sacks, Single Team, Half, 9

text: Most Combined Sacks (Both Teams), Game, 18

text: Most Combined Sacks (Both Teams), Half, 11

text: Most Opponents Yards Lost Attempting to Pass, Season, 665

text: Fewest Opponents Yards Lost Attempting to Pass, Season, 72

text: Most Sacks Allowed, Season, 104

text: Fewest Sacks Allowed, Season, 7

text: Special teams[edit]

text: Punting[edit]

text: Most Seasons Leading League Punting (Average Distance), 7

text: Most Consecutive Seasons Leading League Punting (Average Distance), 4

text: Most Punts, Season, 114

text: Fewest Punts, Season, 23

text: Fewest Punts, 16 Game Season, 34

text: Most Punts, Game, 17

text: Fewest Punts, Game, 0 (zero)

text: Most Punts, Both Teams, Game, 31

text: Fewest Punts, Both Teams, Game, 0 (zero)

text: Highest Average Distance, Punting, Season, 47.6

text: Lowest Average Distance, Punting, Season, 32.7

text: Punt Returns[edit]

text: Most Seasons Leading League Punt Returns (Average Return), 9

text: Most Consecutive Seasons Leading League (Average Return), 3

text: Most Punt Returns, Season, 71

text: Fewest Punt Returns, Season, 12

text: Most Punt Returns, Single Team, Game, 12

text: Most Punt Returns, Both Teams, Game, 17

text: Most Fair Catches, Season, 34

text: Fewest Fair Catches, Season, 0

text: Most Yards, Punt Returns, Season, 875

text: Fewest Yards, Punt Returns, Season, 27

text: Most Yards, Punt Returns, Single Team, Game, 231

text: Fewest Yards, Punt Returns, Single Team, Game, −28

text: Most Yards, Punt Returns, Both Teams, Game, 282

text: Fewest Yards, Punt Returns, Both Teams, Game, −18

text: Highest Average, Punt Returns, Season, 20.2

text: Lowest Average, Punt Returns, Season, 1.2

text: Most Touchdowns, Punt Returns, Season, 5

text: Most Touchdowns, Punt Returns, Single Team, Game, 2

text: Most Touchdowns, Punt Returns, Both Teams, Game, 2

text: Fewest Opponents Punt Returns, Season, 7

text: Most Opponents Punt Returns, Season, 71

text: Fewest Yards Allowed, Punt Returns, Season, 22

text: Fewest Yards Allowed, Punt Returns, 16 Game Season, 49

text: Most Yard Touchdowns, 34

text: First Downs Allowed[edit]

text: Fewest First Downs Allowed Season, 77

text: Most First Downs Allowed Season, 406

text: Yards Allowed[edit]

text: Most Consecutive Seasons Leading League, Fewest Yards Touchdowns, 34

text: First Downs Allowed[edit]

text: Fewest First Downs Allowed Season, 77

text: Most First Downs Allowed Season, 406

text: Yards Allowed[edit]

text: Fewest Yards Allowed, Season, 1,539

text: Most Yards Allowed, Season, 7,042

text: Sacks[edit]

text: Most Seasons Leading League Sacks, 5

text: Most Sacks, Season, 72

text: Fewest Sacks, Season, 10

text: Most Sacks, Single Team, Game, 12

text: Most Sacks, Single Team, Half, 9

text: Most Sacks Allowed, Season, 104

text: Fewest Sacks Allowed, Season, 7

text: Special teams[edit]

text: Punting[edit]

text: Most Punts, Season, 114

text: Fewest Punts, Season, 23

text: Fewest Punts, 16 Game Season, 34

text: Most Punts, Game, 17

text: Fewest Punts, Game, 0 (zero)

text: Most Punts, Both Teams, Game, 31

text: Punt Returns[edit]

text: Most Punt Returns, Season, 71

text: Fewest Punt Returns, Season, 12

text: Most Punt Returns, Both Teams, Game, 17

text: Most Fair Catches, Season, 34

text: Fewest Fair Catches, Season, 0

text: Most Yards, Punt Returns, Season, 875

text: Fewest Yards, Punt Returns, Season, 27

text: Most Opponents Punt Returns, Season, 71

text: Most Yard Touchdowns, 34

text: First Downs Allowed[edit]

text: Fewest First Downs Allowed Season, 77

text: Most First Downs Allowed Season, 406

text: Yards Allowed[edit]

text: Fewest Yards Allowed, Season, 1,539

text: Most Yards Allowed, Season, 7,042

text: Sacks[edit]

text: Most Seasons Leading League Sacks, 5

text: Most Sacks, Season, 72

text: Fewest Sacks, Season, 10

text: Most Sacks, Single Team, Game, 12

text: Most Sacks, Single Team, Half, 9

text: Most Sacks Allowed, Season, 104

text: Fewest Sacks Allowed, Season, 7

text: Special teams[edit]

text: Punting[edit]

text: Most Punts, Season, 114

text: Fewest Punts, Season, 23

text: Fewest Punts, 16 Game Season, 34

text: Most Punts, Game, 17

text: Fewest Punts, Game, 0 (zero)

text: Most Punts, Both Teams, Game, 31

text: Punt Returns[edit]

text: Most Punt Returns, Season, 71

text: Fewest Punt Returns, Season, 12

text: Most Punt Returns, Both Teams, Game, 17

text: Most Fair Catches, Season, 34

text: Fewest Fair Catches, Season, 0

text: Most Yards, Punt Returns, Season, 875

text: Fewest Yards, Punt Returns, Season, 27

text: Most Opponents Punt Returns, Season, 71

text: Most Yards Allowed, Punt Returns, Season, 932

text: Lowest Average Allowed, Punt Returns, Season, 1.20

text: Highest Average Allowed, Punt Returns, Season, 18.9

text: Most Touchdowns Allowed, Punt Returns, Season, 4

text: Most Consecutive Games without Allowing a Punt Return for a Touchdown, 269

text: Most Consecutive Games without a Punt Return for a Touchdown, 289

text: Blocked Punt Returns[edit]

text: Most Consecutive Games without a Blocked Punt Return for a Touchdown, 453

text: Most Consecutive Games without Allowing a Blocked Punt Return for a Touchdown, 527

text: Most Touchdowns, Blocked Punt Returns, Season, 3

text: Most Touchdowns, Blocked Punt Returns, Game, 2

text: Blocked Field Goal Returns[edit]

text: Most Consecutive Games without a Blocked Field Goal Return for a Touchdown, 972

text: Most Consecutive Games without Allowing a Blocked Field Goal Return for a Touchdown, 926

text: Most Consecutive Games Blocking a Field Goal Return for a Touchdown, 2

text: Most Blocked Field Goals Returned for a Touchdown, Season, 2

text: Kick Returns[edit]

text: Most Seasons Leading League Kick Returns (Average Return), 8

text: Most Consecutive Seasons Leading League Kick Returns (Average Return), 3

text: Most Kickoff Returns, Season, 89

text: Fewest Kickoff Returns, Season, 17

text: Most Kickoff Returns, Single Team, Game, 12

text: Most Kickoff Returns, Both Teams, Game, 19

text: Most Yards, Kickoff Returns, Season, 2,296

text: Fewest Yards, Kickoff Returns, Season, 282

text: Most Yards, Kickoff Returns, Game, 367

text: Most Yards, Kickoff Returns, Both Teams, Game, 560

text: Highest Average, Kickoff Returns, Season, 29.9

text: Lowest Average, Kickoff Returns, Season, 14.7

text: Most Touchdowns, Kickoff Returns, Season, 6

text: Most Touchdowns, Kickoff Returns, Game, 2

text: Most Touchdowns, Kickoff Returns, Both Teams, Game, 3

text: Fewest Opponents Kickoff Returns, Season, 10

text: Most Opponents Kickoff Returns, Season, 93

text: Fewest Yards Allowed, Kickoff Returns, Season, 225

text: Most Yards Allowed, Kickoff Returns, Season, 2,115

text: Lowest Average Allowed, Kickoff Returns, Season, 14.3

text: Highest Average Allowed, Kickoff Returns, Season, 29.5

text: Most Touchdowns Allowed, Kickoff Returns, Season, 4

text: Most Consecutive Games without Allowing a Kickoff Return for a Touchdown, 265

text: Most Consecutive Games without a Kickoff Return for a Touchdown, 498

text: Turnovers[edit]

text: Most Turnovers, Season, 63

text: Fewest Turnovers, Season, 10

text: Best Turnover Margin, Season, +43[39]

text: Worst Turnover Margin, Season, -30[40]

text: Most Consecutive Games Without a Turnover, 7

text: Most Turnovers, Single Team, Game, 12

text: Most Turnovers, Both Teams, Game, 17

text: Fewest Takeaways (Opponents' Turnovers), Season, 11

text: Fewest Takeaways (Opponents' Turnovers), Full Season, 12

text: Most Takeaways (Opponents' Turnovers), Season, 66

text: Most Takeaways (Opponents' Turnovers), Game, 12

text: Fumbles[edit]

text: Most Fumbles, Season, 56

text: Fewest Fumbles, Season, 6

text: Most Fumbles, Game, 10

text: Most Fumbles, Both Teams, Game, 14

text: Most Fumble Return Yards, Single Team, Game, 180

text: Most Fumbles Lost, Season, 36

text: Fewest Fumbles Lost, Season, 2

text: Most Fumbles Lost, Single Team, Game, 8

text: Most Fumbles Recovered, Own and Opponents Season, 58

text: Fewest Fumbles Recovered, Own and Opponents Season, 8

text: Most Fumbles Recovered, Own and Opponents Game, 10

text: Most Own Fumbles Recovered, Season, 37

text: Fewest Own Fumbles Recovered, Season, 1

text: Most Opponents Fumbles Recovered, Season, 31

text: Fewest Opponents Fumbles Recovered, Season, 3

text: Most Opponents Fumbles Recovered, Game, 8

text: Most Fumbles Returned for Touchdowns by Opponents, Season, 6

text: Most Touchdowns, Fumbles Recovered, Own and Opponents Season, 7

text: Most Touchdowns, Own Fumbles Recovered, Season, 3

text: Most Touchdowns, Opponents' Fumbles Recovered, Season, 4

text: Most Touchdowns, Fumbles Recovered, Own and Opponents Game, 2

text: Most TDs, Fumbles Recovered, Both Teams, Own & Opponents Game, 3

text: Most Touchdowns, Own Fumbles Recovered, Game, 2

text: Most Touchdowns, Opponents Fumbles Recovered, Game, 2

text: Most Touchdowns, Opponents Fumbles Recovered, Both Teams, Game, 3

text: Most Consecutive Games, No Fumbles returned for Touchdown (by Defense), 119

text: Most Consecutive Games, without Allowing a Fumble returned for Touchdown, 153

text: Fewest Opponents Fumbles, Season, 11

text: Most Opponents Fumbles, Season, 50

text: Interceptions[edit]

text: Note: This section is for passes intercepted by defense. For interceptions thrown by offense, see the "Passing" section above.

text: Most Seasons Leading League Interceptions, 11

text: Most Consecutive Seasons Leading League Interceptions, 5

text: Most Passes Intercepted (by Defense), Season, 49

text: Most yards returning interceptions, Season, 503

text: Fewest Passes Intercepted (by Defense), Season (9 games), 3

text: Fewest Passes Intercepted (by Defense), 16-game Season, 4

text: Most Passes Intercepted (by Defense), Single Team, Game, 9

text: Most Consecutive Games, One or More Interception returned for Touchdown (by Defense), 5

text: Most Consecutive Games, One or More Interceptions (by Defense), 46

text: Most Consecutive Games, No Interception returned for Touchdown (by Defense), 118

text: Most Consecutive Games, No Interceptions (by Defense), 10

text: Most Yards Returning Interceptions, Season, 929

text: Fewest Yards Returning Interceptions, Season, 5

text: Most Yards Returning Interceptions, Single Team, Game, 325

text: Most Yards Returning Interceptions, Both Teams, Game, 356

text: Most Touchdowns, Returning Interceptions, Season, 9

text: Most Touchdowns Returning Interceptions, Game, 4

text: Most Touchdowns Returning Interceptions, Both Teams, Game, 4

text: Penalties[edit]

text: Most Seasons Leading League, Fewest Penalties, 13

text: Most Consecutive Seasons Leading League, Fewest Penalties, 9

text: Most Seasons Leading League, Most Penalties, 16

text: Most Consecutive Seasons Leading League, Most Penalties, 4

text: Fewest Penalties, Season, 19

text: Fewest Penalties, 14-Game Season, 36

text: Fewest Penalties, 16-Game Season, 55

text: Most Penalties, Season, 163

text: Fewest Penalties, Game, 0 (zero)

text: Most Penalties, Both Teams, Game, 37

text: Most Penalties, Single Team, Game, 23

text: Fewest Penalties, Both Teams, Game, 0 (zero)

text: Most Seasons Leading League, Fewest Yards Penalized, 13

text: Most Consecutive Seasons Leading League, Fewest Yards Penalized, 8

text: Most Seasons Leading League, Most Yards Penalized, 15

text: Most Consecutive Seasons Leading League, Most Yards Penalized, 6

text: Fewest Yards Penalized, Season, 139

text: Most Yards Penalized, Season, 1,415

text: Fewest Yards Penalized, Single Team, Game, 0 (zero)

text: Most Yards Penalized, Single Team, Game, 212

text: Fewest Yards Penalized, Both Teams, Game, 0 (zero)

text: Most Yards Penalized, Both Teams, Game, 374

text: Other[edit]

text: Largest single-season improvement in wins, 10

text: Largest single-season improvement in wins, including postseason, 12

text: Worst single-season turnaround in wins, 10

text: Team with the lowest winning percentage the previous season to reach to the NFC Championship Game

text: Team with the lowest winning percentage the previous season to reach to the AFC Championship Game

text: Team with the lowest winning percentage the previous season to reach the Super Bowl

text: Team with the worst record to reach the playoffs, 7–9

text: Team with the worst record to win a postseason game, 7–9

text: Team with the worst record to win a postseason game on the road, 8–8

text: Team with the worst record to win 2 postseason games, 8–7

text: Team with the worst record to win 3 postseason games, 9–7

text: Team with the worst record to win 3 postseason games on the road, 10–6

text: Team with the worst record to win 4 postseason games, 9–7

text: Team with the worst record to reach the Super Bowl, 9–7

text: Team with the worst point differential to reach the Super Bowl, −6

text: Team with the worst record to win the Super Bowl, 9–7

text: Team with the worst start to win multiple playoff games, 4–7

text: Team with the worst start to reach .500 by the end of the season, 0–6

text: Team with the worst start through 12 games to reach the playoffs by the end of the season, 3–8–1

text: Team with the worst start through 11 games to reach the playoffs by the end of the season, 3–7–1

text: Team with the worst start through 8 games to reach the playoffs by the end of the season, 2–6

text: Team with the worst start through 7 games to reach the playoffs by the end of the season, 1–6

text: Team with the worst start through 6 games to reach the playoffs by the end of the season, 1–5

text: Team with the worst start through 4 games to reach the playoffs by the end of the season, 0–4

text: Most victories between two competing Super Bowl teams, 29

text: Most victories between two competing teams in the regular season, 25

text: Longest NFL game, 82 minutes, 40 seconds.

text: Highest attendance for an NFL game, Exhibition, 112,376

text: Highest attendance for an NFL game, Regular season, 105,121

text: Highest attendance for an NFL game, Within United States, exhibition:, 105,840

text: Most Consecutive Sell-Outs including postseason, 432

text: Longest streak of games in which a team has held the lead at any point (regular season and playoffs), 70


document_title: Pure Food and Drug Act

question_text: who passed the pure food and drug act

question_tokens: who passed the pure food and drug act

root

text: Pure Food and Drug Act

text: Historical significance[edit]

text: The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 was a key piece of Progressive Era legislation, signed by President Theodore Roosevelt on the same day as the Federal Meat Inspection Act. Enforcement of the Pure Food and Drug Act was assigned to the Bureau of Chemistry in the U.S. Department of Agriculture which was renamed the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1930. The Meat Inspection Act was assigned to what is now known as the Food Safety and Inspection Service, which remains in the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The first federal law regulating foods and drugs, the 1906 Act's reach was limited to foods and drugs moving in interstate commerce. Although the law drew upon many precedents, provisions, and legal experiments pioneered in individual states, the federal law defined "misbranding" and "adulteration" for the first time and prescribed penalties for each. The law recognized the U.S. Pharmacopeia and the National Formulary as standards authorities for drugs, but made no similar provision for federal food standards.[1] The law was principally a "truth in labeling" law designed to raise standards in the food and drug industries and protect the reputations and pocketbooks of honest businessmen.

tag: p

text: Particular drugs deemed dangerous[edit]

text: Under the law, drug labels, for example, had to list any of 10 ingredients that were deemed "addictive" and/or "dangerous" on the product label if they were present, and could not list them if they were not present. Alcohol, morphine, opium, and cannabis were all included on the list of these "addictive" and/or "dangerous" drugs. The law also established a federal cadre of food and drug inspectors that one Southern opponent of the legislation criticized as "a Trojan horse with a bellyful of inspectors and other employees."[2] Penalties under the law were modest, but an under-appreciated provision of the Act proved more powerful than monetary penalties. Goods found in violation of various areas of the law were subject to seizure and destruction at the expense of the manufacturer. That, combined with a legal requirement that all convictions be published as Notices of Judgment, proved to be important tools in the enforcement of the statute and had a deterrent effect upon would-be violators.[3] Deficiencies in this original statute[example needed], which had become noticeable by the 1920s, led to the replacement of the 1906 statute with the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act which was enacted in 1938 and signed by President Franklin Roosevelt. This act, along with its numerous amendments, remains the statutory basis for federal regulation of all foods, drugs, biological products, cosmetics, medical devices, tobacco, and radiation-emitting devices by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

text: History of passage[edit]

text: It took 27 years to the 1906 statute, during which time the public was made aware of many problems with foods and drugs in the U.S. Muckraking journalists, such as Samuel Hopkins Adams, targeted the patent medicine industry with its high-alcoholic content patent medicines, soothing syrups for infants with opium derivatives, and "red clauses" in newspaper contracts providing that patent medicine ads (upon which most newspapers of the time were dependent) would be withdrawn if the paper expressed support for food and drug regulatory legislation. The Chief Chemist of the Bureau of Chemistry, Dr. Harvey Washington Wiley, captured the country's attention with his hygienic table studies, which began with a modest Congressional appropriation in 1902. The goal of the table trial was to study the human effects of common preservatives used in foods during a period of rapid changes in the food supply brought about by the need to feed cities and support an industrializing nation increasingly dependent on immigrant labor. Wiley recruited young men to eat all their meals at a common table as he added increased "doses" of preservatives including borax, benzoate, formaldehyde, sulfites, and salicylates. The table trials captured the nation's fancy and were soon dubbed "The Poison Squad" by newspapers covering the story. The men soon adopted the motto "Only the Brave dare eat the fare" and at times the publicity given to the trials became a burden. Though many results of the trial came to be in dispute, there was no doubt that formaldehyde was dangerous and it disappeared quickly as a preservative. Wiley himself felt that he had found adverse effects from large doses of each of the preservatives and the public seemed to agree with Wiley. In many cases, most particularly with ketchup and other condiments, the use of preservatives was often used to disguise insanitary production practices. Although the law itself did not proscribe the use of some of these preservatives, consumers increasingly turned away from many products with known preservatives.

text: The 1906 statute regulated food and drugs moving in interstate commerce and forbade the manufacture, sale, or transportation of poisonous patent medicines.[4] The Act arose due to public education and exposés from public interest guardians such as Upton Sinclair and Samuel Hopkins Adams, social activist Florence Kelley, researcher Harvey W. Wiley, and President Theodore Roosevelt.

text: Beginnings of the Food and Drug Administration[edit]

text: The 1906 Act paved the way for the eventual creation of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and is generally considered to be that agency's founding date, though the agency existed before the law was passed and was not named FDA until later. "While the Food and Drug act remains a foundational law of the FDA mission, it's not the law that created the FDA. [Initially,] the Bureau of Chemistry (the precursor to the FDA) regulated food safety. In 1927, the Bureau was reorganized into the Food, Drug, and Insecticide Administration and the Bureau of Chemistry and Soils. The FDIA was renamed the FDA in 1930."[5]

text: The law itself was largely replaced by the much more comprehensive Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938.

text: Enforcement of labeling and future ramifications[edit]

text: The Pure Food and Drug Act was initially concerned with ensuring products were labeled correctly. Later efforts were made to outlaw certain products that were not safe, followed by efforts to outlaw products which were safe but not effective. For example, there was an attempt to outlaw Coca-Cola in 1909 because of its excessive caffeine content; caffeine had replaced cocaine as the active ingredient in Coca-Cola in 1903.[6] In the case United States v. Forty Barrels and Twenty Kegs of Coca-Cola, the judge found that Coca-Cola had a right to use caffeine as it saw fit, although Coca-Cola eventually lost when the government appealed to the Supreme Court.[7] It reached a settlement with the United States government to reduce the caffeine amount.

text: In addition to caffeine, the Pure Food and Drug Act required that drugs such as alcohol, cocaine, heroin, morphine, and cannabis, be accurately labeled with contents and dosage. Previously many drugs had been sold as patent medicines with secret ingredients or misleading labels. Cocaine, heroin, cannabis, and other such drugs continued to be legally available without prescription as long as they were labeled. It is estimated that sale of patent medicines containing opiates decreased by 33% after labeling was mandated.[8] The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 is cited by drug policy reform advocates such as James P. Gray as a successful model for re-legalization of currently prohibited drugs by requiring accurate labels, monitoring of purity and dose, and consumer education.[9]


document_title: The Hitman's Bodyguard

question_text: who plays the hitman in the hitman's bodyguard

question_tokens: who plays the hitman in the hitman 's bodyguard

text: The Hitman's Bodyguard

text: Plot[edit]

text: Private European Union based bodyguard Michael Bryce is hired to protect Takashi Kurosawa, a Japanese arms dealer. All apparently goes well, until Kurosawa is shot in the head through the airplane window. Two years later, Bryce has fallen into disgrace and ekes out a living protecting drug-addicted corporate executives in London. Meanwhile, Vladislav Dukhovich, the ruthless and bloodthirsty dictator of Belarus, is put on trial for crimes against humanity at the International Criminal Court. The prosecution is unable to make headway against him, as they are unable to substantiate their allegations with physical evidence and Dukhovich assassinates any witnesses who could do so. The prosecution's last hope is notorious incarcerated hitman Darius Kincaid, who agrees to testify against Dukhovich in exchange for releasing his wife Sonia from prison.

text: Interpol Assistant Director Jean Foucher assigns Amelia Roussel, an inexperienced agent and Bryce's ex-girlfriend, to lead the transportation of Kincaid. A squad of Interpol agents composed of French GIPN and British AFO's from the National Crime Agency begin to escort Kincaid from Manchester to The Hague. However, the convoy is ambushed in Coventry and everyone except Kincaid and Roussel are killed. The two retreat to a safehouse. They realise someone in Interpol must have betrayed them and they need someone from outside they can trust, so Roussel contacts Bryce. Bryce is reluctant to help, as he believes that Roussel was responsible for the death of Kurosawa two years previously, but ultimately agrees to aid them in exchange for the restoration of his reputation. After a brief showdown with Kincaid which reveals that Bryce had multiple conflicts with him in the past, Roussel returns to Interpol to update them on the situation, while Bryce and Kincaid escape an attack by Dukhovich's men.

text: Foucher approaches Dukhovich, revealing himself to be the traitor, and demands his payment for selling out Kincaid; Dukhovich stabs him in the hand and informs him he will only be paid when Kincaid is dead. Dukhovich's men track Kincaid's location through his cellphone and ambush him and Bryce. While they are able to fight them off, their vehicle is destroyed. The two hitchhike to a ferry terminal and take a ferry to Amsterdam, where Sonia is being held. Kincaid escapes from Bryce to send flowers to Sonia, and Bryce tracks him down and kills several more hitmen. Kincaid reveals that he killed Kurosawa two years ago, having been at the airport only by chance after another job. Enraged at the revelation that he has spent two years blaming Roussel for "betraying" him when in reality the client's death was a sheer fluke, Bryce abandons him.

text: As Bryce bemoans his failures, a group of hitmen attacks Kincaid. Bryce changes his mind and helps Kincaid escape, but is captured. Dukhovich's men torture him in an attempt to find Kincaid, who tracks Bryce down and rescues him. After settling their differences aside, the two battle their way to The Hague, arriving just in time for Kincaid to testify. He testifies that Dukhovich tried to hire Kincaid to assassinate a political rival, but in the process Kincaid witnessed the execution of a village, uploading photos of the massacre to a secret FTP site that he provides the court with access to. Dukhovich resorts to his backup plan; to bomb the court, allowing him to steal a gun and attempt to kill Kincaid. Bryce jumps in the way of the bullet and orders Kincaid to stop Dukhovich from escaping. Roussel notices Foucher acting suspiciously during the attack, and deduces he was the traitor. She subdues him with Bryce's aid, and the two rekindle their relationship. Kincaid pursues Dukhovich to the roof of the building, where he attempts to escape by helicopter. Kincaid destroys the helicopter and corners Dukhovich. Dukhovich attempts to break Kincaid by claiming he will never be able to redeem himself for his sins, but Kincaid laughs it off, declares that Dukhovich should not have shot Bryce, and kicks Dukhovich off the roof to his death. In the aftermath, Bryce is recovered and has rekindled his relationship with Roussel and Sonia is released. Kincaid is rearrested for his previous crimes, but breaks out of HMP Belmarsh so he and Sonia can celebrate their anniversary in the bar in Honduras where they first met.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Ryan Reynolds as Michael Bryce, a triple A rated executive protection agent and former CIA officer.
Samuel L. Jackson as Darius Kincaid/Evans, one of the world’s most notorious hitmen and Sonia’s husband.
Gary Oldman as Vladislav Dukhovich, the dictatorial President of Belarus.
Élodie Yung as Amelia Roussel, an Interpol agent, and Michael's ex-girlfriend.
Salma Hayek as Sonia Kincaid, Darius’s equally notorious wife.
Yuri Kolokolnikov as Ivan, leader of the mercenaries working for Dukhovich.
Tine Joustra as Renata Casoria, Director of Interpol.
Joaquim de Almeida as Jean Foucher, Assistant Director of Interpol.
Kirsty Mitchell as Rebecca Harr, Kincaid's lawyer.
Richard E. Grant as Mr. Seifert, a drug addicted corporate executive and client of Bryce.
Sam Hazeldine as Garrett, a National Crime Agency officer.
Mikhail Gorevoy as Litvin, Dukhovich’s lead defense lawyer.
Barry Atsma as Moreno, the lead prosecution lawyer.
Georgie Glen as ICC Lead Judge
Rod Hallett as Professor Petr Asimov, a critic and victim of the Dukhovich regime.

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: In May 2011, David Ellison's Skydance Media acquired the action script The Hitman's Bodyguard written by Tom O'Connor.[5] The script was among the top 2011 Black List of unproduced screenplays.[6] While originally intended as a drama, the script underwent a "frantic" two-week rewrite to be remade into a comedy several weeks prior to filming.[7]

text: On November 4, 2015, it was announced that Ryan Reynolds, Samuel L. Jackson and Gary Oldman were cast in the film, which Jeff Wadlow would direct for Millennium Films. Producers would be Mark Gill, John Thompson, Matt O'Toole and Les Weldon.[8] On February 23, 2016, Élodie Yung and Salma Hayek were cast in the film, which Lionsgate would distribute in the United States.[9] On March 9, 2016, it was reported that Wadlow had exited the film and Patrick Hughes signed on to direct the film.[10][11]

text: Principal photography on the film began on April 2, 2016, in London, Amsterdam and Sofia.[9][10]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: As of September 24, 2017[update], The Hitman's Bodyguard has grossed $73.4 million in the United States and Canada and $88.8 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $163.1 million, against a production budget of $30 million.[3]

text: In North America, The Hitman's Bodyguard was released on August 18, 2017 alongside Logan Lucky, and was projected to gross $17–20 million from 3,350 theaters in its opening weekend.[12] The film made $8 million on its first day (including $1.65 million from Thursday night previews).[13] It went on to open to $21.6 million, topping the box office.[14] In its second weekend the film made $10.2 million, finishing first at the box office in what was the combined lowest-grossing weekend since September 2001.[15] The film made another $10.2 million the following weekend, becoming the 3rd film of 2017 to finish atop the box office for three straight weeks. However, while it made an estimated $12.9 million over the four-day Labor Day weekend, was again involved in a historically low weekend, as it was the worst combined holiday weekend since 1998.[16]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 38% based on reviews from 163 critics, and an average rating of 5.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "The Hitman's Bodyguard coasts on Samuel L. Jackson and Ryan Reynolds' banter—but doesn't get enough mileage to power past an overabundance of action-comedy clichés."[17] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score 47 out of 100, based on reviews from 42 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[18] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.[13]

text: Peter Debruge of Variety gave the film a positive review and called it a pleasant late-summer surprise, writing: "The Hitman’s Bodyguard is about as close to a live-action cartoon as you’re likely to get this year...That’s not a style that works much of the time...but in the hands of The Expendables 3 helmer Patrick Hughes—and more importantly, owing to the chemistry of stars Samuel L. Jackson and Ryan Reynolds—it makes for a delightfully ridiculous screwball action comedy."[19] Writing for Rolling Stone, Peter Travers praised the cast, giving it 2 stars out of 4 and saying, "Reynolds and Jackson make this summer lunacy go down easy with their banter and bullet-dodging skills. They're the only reason that The Hitman’s Bodyguard doesn't completely sink into the generic quicksand from whence it came."[20]


document_title: Yo-yo

question_text: how did the yo yo get its name

question_tokens: how did the yo yo get its name

text: Yo-yo

text: Etymology[edit]

text: Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary states that the word "yo-yo" likely derives from the northern Philippine Ilocano language word "yóyo".[3]

text: History[edit]

text: A Greek vase painting from 440 BC shows a boy playing with a yo-yo (see right).[4] Greek records from the period describe toys made out of wood, metal, or painted terra cotta (fired clay).[4] The terra cotta disks were used to ceremonially offer the toys of youth to certain gods when a child came of age—discs of other materials were used for actual play.

text: Birth of the modern yo-yo[edit]

text: In 1928, Pedro Flores, a Filipino immigrant to the United States, opened the Yo-yo Manufacturing Company in Santa Barbara, California.[5] The business started with a dozen handmade toys; by November 1929, Flores was operating two additional factories in Los Angeles and Hollywood, which altogether employed 600 workers and produced 300,000 units daily.[5]

text: The principal distinction between the Filipino design popularized by Flores and more primitive yo-yos is in the way the yo-yo is strung. In older (and some remaining inexpensive) yo-yo designs, the string is tied to the axle using a knot. With this technique, the yo-yo just goes back-and-forth; it returns easily, but it is impossible to make it sleep.  In Flores's design, one continuous piece of string, double the desired length, is twisted around something to produce a loop at one end which is fitted around the axle. Also termed a looped slip-string, this seemingly minor modification allows for a far greater variety and sophistication of motion, thanks to increased stability and suspension of movement during free spin.

text: Shortly thereafter (c. 1929), an entrepreneur named Donald F. Duncan recognized the potential of this new fad and purchased the Flores yo-yo Corporation and all its assets, including the Flores name, which was transferred to the new company in 1932.

text: The name "Yo-yo" was registered in 1932 as a trademark by Sam Dubiner in Vancouver, Canada,[6] and Harvey Lowe won the first World Yo-Yo Contest in London, England.[7] In 1932, Swedish Kalmartrissan yo-yos started to be manufactured as well.[8][9][10]

text: In 1933 yo-yos were banned in Syria, because many locals superstitiously blamed the use of them for a severe drought.[11]

text: In 1946, the Duncan Toys Company opened a yo-yo factory in Luck, Wisconsin. The Duncan yo-yo was inducted into the National Toy Hall of Fame at The Strong in Rochester, New York, in 1999.

text: 1960s resurgence[edit]

text: Declining sales after the Second World War prompted Duncan to launch a comeback campaign for his trademarked "Yo-Yo" in 1962 with a series of television advertisements.

text: In a trademark case in 1965, a federal court's appeals ruled in favor of the Royal Tops Company, determining that yo-yo had become a part of common speech and that Duncan no longer had exclusive rights to the term. As a result of the expenses incurred by this legal battle as well as other financial pressures, the Duncan family sold the company name and associated trademarks in 1968 to Flambeau, Inc, who had manufactured Duncan's plastic models since 1955.[citation needed] As of  2014[update], Flambeau Plastics continued to run the company.

text: Rise of the ball bearing[edit]

text: As popularity spread through the 1970s and 1980s, there were a number of innovations in yo-yo technology, primarily regarding the connection between the string and the axle. In 1979, dentist and yo-yo celebrity Tom Kuhn patented the “No Jive 3-in-1” yo-yo, creating the world's first "take-apart" yo-yo, which enabled yo-yo players to change the axle.

text: Swedish bearing company SKF briefly manufactured novelty yo-yos with ball bearings in 1984. In 1990, Kuhn introduced the SB-2 yo-yo that had an aluminum transaxle, making it the first successful ball-bearing yo-yo.[12]

text: In all transaxle yo-yos, ball bearings significantly reduce friction when the yo-yo is spinning, enabling longer and more complex tricks. Subsequent yo-yoers used this ability to their advantage, creating new tricks that had not been possible with fixed-axle designs.

text: There are many new types of ball bearings in the market which deviate from the original design and/or material of the standard stainless steel ball bearing. For example, a certain type of bearing has an inward facing curved surface, to prevent the string from rubbing on the sides of the yo-yo, which would cause unwanted friction when performing intricate string tricks. Other manufacturers replicate this with a similar inwardly curved surface, but use minor modifications. Some high-end bearings use ceramic composites in the balls of the bearing, to reduce internal friction, again making for a smoother spinning yo-yo.

text: Contemporary culture[edit]

text: Yo-yo contests[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: A yo-yo competition normally consists of two parts, a set of compulsory tricks and a freestyle, where points are scored for each and the winner is the yo-yo player who scores the most points.  Compulsory tricks (also known as a trick ladder) are a set of tricks that have been chosen before the contest, and the competitor must successfully complete each trick on their first or second attempt to score points.

text: The freestyle is when the yo-yo player performs a routine to his or her choice of music in front of a panel of judges, and is judged based on difficulty of the tricks, synchronization with the music and artistic performance. At a National and World level, freestyles in the final round are usually 3 minutes long, with 1- or 1.5-minute semifinals and preliminary rounds.

text: The World Yo-Yo Contest was originally held each year in Orlando, Florida, and was hosted by YoYoGuy.com during early August or late July.[13] However, in 2014, the World Yo-Yo Contest was held in Prague, Czech Republic, which was the first time the contest was held outside of North America. The 2015 Contest took place in Tokyo, Japan, and the 2016 Contest took place in Cleveland, Ohio. The 2017 Contest will take place in Reykjavik, Iceland, and the 2018 Contest will take place in Shanghai, China. The World Yo-Yo Contest takes the winners from national yo-yo contests around the world and pits them against each other. The eleven-time, double-handed world champion Shinji Saito is Japanese.[14] Countries such as the United States, Brazil, Japan and the UK hold competitions at the national and regional levels. In addition, national yo-yo contests, without regionals, are held every year by Mexico, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong, Korea, France, Germany, Switzerland, The Czech Republic, Hungary, and Australia.

text: In Europe, the European championship is usually held in Prague in the Czech Republic, although in 2015 it was held in Kraków, Poland. 'EYYC', as it is colloquially known, is the largest contest outside of America, and draws in competitors and spectators from all over the world. The 2016 European Champion is Tal Mordoch, who is from Israel.

text: The TV Times world yo-yo championship was held in the United Kingdom in 1974, with heats across the United Kingdom and a final in London in 1975; the championship was sponsored by the Louis Marx toy company with the 'Lumar' brand of yo-yo. The competition was judged by a celebrity panel in each city and also Lumar demonstrator and European yo-yo champion Don Robertson. The championship was not repeated.

text: The youngest winners of the World YoYo contest are John Narum of the United States, who won it in 2005, and Takeshi Matsuura, who also won the 5A division at the age of 11 in 2008. Mastuura went on to win the title in 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2016, while Narum came in 2nd numerous times but never won the title again.

text: Contest divisions[edit]

text: There are six yo-yo divisions to compete in:

text:
1A-The player uses a long sleeping yo-yo to perform string tricks which usually require the manipulation of the string. Currently the most popular division, with the 1A final usually being held as the last event of a contest.
2A-The player uses two yo-yos simultaneously to perform reciprocating or looping tricks. This tends to be the most visually entertaining style with some players incorporating acrobatics into their routines.
3A-The player uses two long spinning yo-yos, one tied to each hand to perform tricks that involve manipulation of the string.
4A-The player uses an offstring yo-yo, often releasing the yo-yo into the air and attempting to catch it on the string.
5A-The player uses a yo-yo with a counterweight on the other end of the string rather than having it attached to a finger.
AP-This is the Artistic Performance division, where a yo-yoer may use any type of yo-yo or any other prop in order to perform a freestyle.

text: Competitors usually bring a number of yo-yos to the performance stage with them to allow for mid-routine replacements in the case of knots/jams (common with string tricks), string breakage (common with looping tricks), or drops (common with offstring tricks).

text: Contest Result[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
2007 World Yo-Yo Contest Results for 1A
1st. Yuuki Spencer (USA)
2nd. Hiroyuki Suzuki (Japan)
3rd. Paul Han (USA)
2008 World Yo-Yo Contest Results for 1A
1st. John Ando (USA)
2nd. Hiroyuki Suzuki (Japan)
3rd. Sebastian Brock (USA)

text:
2009 World Yo-Yo Contest Results for 1A
1st. Shinya Kido (Japan)
2nd. Hiroyuki Suzuki (Japan)
3rd. Chris Fraser (USA)

text:
2010 World Yo-Yo Contest Results for 1A
1st. Jensen Kimmitt (USA)
2nd. Hiroyuki Suzuki (Japan)
3rd. Christopher Chia (Singapore)

text:
2011 World Yo-Yo Contest Results for 1A
1st. Marcus Koh (Singapore)
2nd. Sebastian Brock (USA)
3rd. Gentry Stein (USA)

text:
2012 World Yo-Yo Contest Results for 1A
1st. Hiroyuki Suzuki (Japan)
2nd. Marcus Koh (Singapore)
3rd. Christopher Chia (Singapore)

text:
2013 World Yo-Yo Contest Results for 1A
1st.Janos Karancz (Hungary)
2nd.Christopher Chia (Singapore)
3rd.Luis Enrique Villasenor (Mexico)

text:
2014 World Yo-Yo Contest Results for 1A
1st. Gentry Stein (US)
2nd. Takeshi Matsuura (Japan)
3rd. Iori Yamaki (Japan)

text:
2015 World Yo-Yo Contest Results for 1A
1st. Zach Gormley (USA)
2nd. Shion Araya (Japan)
3rd. Iori Yamaki (Japan)

text:
2016 World Yo-Yo contest Results for 1A
1st. Shion Araya   (Japan)
2nd. Yamato Murata (Japan)
3rd. Zach Gormley   (USA)

text:
2017 World Yo-Yo contest Results for 1A
1st. Shion Araya    (Japan)
2nd. Andrew Bergen  (USA)
3rd. Gentry Stein   (USA)

text: Techniques[edit]

text: Sleeping[edit]

text: The Sleeper is one of the most common yo-yo throws and is the basis for nearly all yo-yo throws other than looping. Keeping a yo-yo spinning while remaining at the end of its uncoiled string is known as sleeping. While the yo-yo is in the "sleeping" state at the end of the string, one can then execute tricks like "walk the dog", "around the world", or the more complex "rock the baby".

text: The essence of the throw is that one throws the yo-yo with a very pronounced wrist action so that when the yo-yo reaches the end of the string it spins in place rather than rolling back up the string to the thrower's hand. Most modern yo-yos have a transaxle or ball bearing to assist this, but if it is a fixed axle yo-yo, the tension must be loose enough to allow this. The two main ways to do this are (1), allow the yo-yo to sit at the bottom of the string to unwind, or (2) perform lariat or UFO to loosen the tension. When one decides to end the "sleeping" state, one merely jerks the wrist and the yo-yo "catches" the string and rolls back up to the hand. Ball-bearing yo-yos with a "butterfly" shape, primarily used for string tricks, frequently (but not always) have low response (or are, in fact, completely unresponsive), requiring a "bind" for the yo-yo to return.

text: In competition, mastery of sleeping is the basis for the 1A division. Inexpensive fixed-axle yo-yos usually spin between 10–20 seconds, while expensive ball bearing yo-yos can spin about 1–4 minutes depending on the throw [15] As of  2010[update], the world record sleep times were 3:51.54 minutes for fixed-axle and 21:15.17 minutes for transaxle yo-yos.[16] In 2012, the transaxle yo-yo sleep time record was broken by the C3YoyoDesign BTH, with a time of 30:28.30 minutes.

text: Looping[edit]

text: Looping is a yo-yo technique which emphasizes keeping the body of the yo-yo in constant motion, without sleeping.[17]

text: Yo-yos optimized for looping have weight concentrated in their centers so they may easily rotate about the string's axis without their mass contributing to a resistance due to a gyroscopic effect.

text: In yo-yo competitions, looping both to the inside and outside of the hand with the yo-yo plays a strong role in the 2A division.

text: Off-string[edit]

text:
In the "off-string" technique, the yo-yo's string is not tied directly to the yo-yo's axle, and the yo-yo is usually launched into the air by performing a "forward pass" to be caught again on the string.
However, some players can 'throw down' off-string yo-yos and catch it on the string just as it leaves the end of the string by pivoting the string around a finger as it unwinds, so that the yo-yo is caught on the string. This is exactly the opposite of a "forward pass", but with the same result.

text: Yo-yos optimized for off-string tricks have flared designs, like the butterfly shape, which makes it easier to land on the string, and often have soft rubber rings on the edges, so minimum damage is inflicted on the yo-yo, the player, or anyone who happens to be standing nearby, should a trick go wrong.

text: Yo-yo competitions have the 4A division for off-string tricks.

text: Freehand[edit]

text: In freehand (5A) tricks, the yo-yo's string is not tied to the player's hand, instead ending in a counterweight. The counterweight is then thrown from hand to hand and used as an additional element in the trick.

text: Developed in 1999 by Steve Brown, as of 2008 freehand is considered to be the fastest-growing style of yo-yo play. Steve Brown was awarded a patent on his freehand yo-yo system, which was assigned to Flambeau Products (Duncan's parent company).

text: In yo-yo competitions, counterweight yo-yos are emphasized in the 5A division.

text: Shapes[edit]

text:
Imperial yo-yo shape

Modified yo-yo shape

Butterfly Shape yo-yo

text: Traditional shapes[edit]

text: Yo-yo bodies come in a number of form factors or "silhouettes," each designed with specific advantages in mind. However, there are three popular configurations.

text: Modified[edit]

text: The modified shape is a very popular design for looping style tricks. This shape is also known as a flywheel or modern shape. It usually has a hollowed face (sometimes covered with paper or plastic) with extra material left in the rim. The modified shape yo-yo is also used for string tricks because of the long spin times due to its shape.

text: Butterfly[edit]

text: Duncan released its first wooden butterfly yo-yo. Wayne Lundberg, the inventor, was one of the demonstrators.[18]  The butterfly looks a bit like the separated halves of a standard yo-yo that have been reconnected back-to-back. The string gap is wider to make it easier to catch the yo-yo body on the string. Although the butterfly shape is good for 'string tricks,' it is not good for 'looping' tricks, because the winged shape of the body does not allow it to easily flip while looping. This shape is similar to a small Diabolo, sometimes called a Chinese yo-yo.

text: Modern shapes[edit]

text: Almost all new modern yo-yos have a shape that is shallow near the bearing and then widens out towards the edges (similar to the original butterfly design). The area between the rims of the yo-yo which leads down the bearing is known as the 'catch zone'. Whilst there are numerous different variations in design, a lot of modern shapes can be labeled in one of the following categories.

text: V shape[edit]

text: The V shape is one of the most basic yo-yo shapes. Starting with a low wall, close to the bearing, it rises straight up and out to the edges, with no steps or other distortions. The catch zone resembles a steep V shape, hence the name.

text: The V shape allows for a very open catch zone that makes landing the yo-yo on the string with accuracy a lot easier.

text: W shape/stepped V[edit]

text: The W shape, also known as the 'stepped V', is when the walls of the yo-yo start close to the bearing, as in the V shape, but as they move up and out towards the rim, they change angle at one or several points. This can allow for a smaller yoyo diameter without the yo-yo having to be excessively wide.

text: O shape/organic[edit]

text: The O Shape, also known as the 'organic' shape, uses curving walls that curve outwards towards the edges, similar to the older designs. Organic yo-yo's strength is that they are normally very comfortable to hold.

text: H shape[edit]

text: The H shape features rims of the yo-yo that are noticeably pronounced into the catch zone. This design gives maximum rim weight, and therefore maximum stability, although this can come at the cost of speed.

text: Weight distribution[edit]

text: Each silhouette may have more weight distributed at either the center of the yo-yo or the edge. More weight towards the rim will make the yo-yo more stable, meaning that it is less likely to tilt during play. The tradeoff is heavily rim weighted single-metal throws tend to play slower and heavier than more center weighted designs. Using other metals in construction can allow more weight at the rims whilst still keeping the overall weight down, which helps to give a yo-yo the best of both worlds.

text: Yo-yos with a higher moment of inertia will have more angular momentum when spinning at a given speed, and thus will spin freely for a longer period.

text: Body[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Most modern yo-yos are made from a "take-apart" design, designed to be taken easily apart and reassembled by the player. This design was first created by Tom Kuhn.[citation needed] This enables the replacement of yo-yo components, including the string, renewable friction sources, or even trans-axle components.

text: In order to increase spin times, extra weight was added to the outermost portion of the yo-yo. The first to do this was Dale Oliver (Spintastics Skill Toys, Inc) with the addition of steel rings when he brought out the Tigershark yo-yo early in 1998.[19]

text: Some take-apart designs allow the player to reconfigure the yo-yo's halves. In the Tom Kuhn No Jive 3-In-1, the halves may be attached in three different configurations, resulting in a traditional, butterfly, or "pagoda" silhouette. In the Yo-yo Factory FlyMaster, the body has two different "shells" to convert to and from an off-string yo-yo.

text: Some yo-yos have a response system implemented in their body, which betters the ability of the yo-yo to return to the user's hand. The return system is typically positioned around the axle in the inside of the yo-yo. Some take-apart yo-yos have replaceable return systems.

text: Another innovation to the yo-yo is the ability to adjust the gap between the two halves of the yo-yo, in order to increase or decrease response. In most designs, this is accomplished by twisting the yo-yo halves, but some designs (such as the Tom Kuhn Silver Bullet) can be disassembled for adjustment without twisting. This second option eliminates the possibility of the yo-yo coming out of adjustment during play.

text:
John Jerome McAvoy, Jr. was awarded patents for the gap-adjustable yo-yo: patent #5389029 on February 14, 1995, and #6066024 on May 23, 2000.[20][21]
In 1998, HSPIN launched the Handquake series of yo-yos, which sported an adjustable gap by using shims of 0.1-0.5mm thickness. By adding or removing shims, the gap could be widened or shrunk by +/- 1mm.
Harry Baier (creator of the "Mondial" yo-yo) and the Flambeau Products Company (owner of Duncan) were awarded patent #6162109 on December 19, 2000 for a gap-adjustable yo-yo which has discrete positions for specific gap widths. This patent was first implemented in the CameYo Mondial before being bought by Duncan.[22]
YoYoFactory's product line of Speed Dial yo-yo's feature "Fully Adjustable Starburst Technology" which allows the gap to be adjusted using a dial on the yo-yo. This allows for a more discrete response setting that stays the same after the yo-yo is taken apart and put back together.[23]

text: Axle/bearing differentiation[edit]

text: The basic innovation since the 1990s is the transaxle, a system where the string is not directly connected to the axle that connects the two halves of the yo-yo.

text:
Fixed axle yo-yos are represented by the original yo-yo design popularized in the first half of the 20th century, where the axle is directly connected to the string and halves of the yo-yo body. In order to enable the throwing of a "sleeper", the player must ensure the string is not wound too tightly around the axle because it must freely spin in order to accomplish this move. Yo-yos designed for "looping" tricks tend to be fixed-axle yo-yos.
Some more exotic fixed-axle yo-yos have axles made from low-friction materials such as ceramic alloys—this allows for easier "sleeping," which is essential for string tricks.
The majority of trick yo-yos sold are bearing transaxle yo-yos. In these transaxle yo-yos the string is not connected to the axle directly, but rather it is wrapped about a ballrace bearing. The bearing, in turn, surrounds the true axle of the yo-yo. In this way, the body of the yo-yo may spin freely about the string's point of contact.
There are transaxle systems which do not use a ball bearing, such as the Duncan ProFire and Yomega Fireball. These use a low-friction metal or plastic collar around the axle.
The clutch transaxle, innovated by Yomega with the Yomega Brain, is a transaxle that can be engaged or disengaged.
the Yomega Brain is a centrifugal clutch transaxle-- when spinning at a sufficiently high speed, counterweights inside the yo-yo body disengage the axle, automatically allowing the yo-yo to "sleep." Conversely, when the speed slows below the threshold, the yo-yo will return automatically.
Other clutch transaxles feature a manual switch which can engage or disengage the axle.

text: Hubstacks[edit]

text: Hubstacks are bearings added to the hub (the outside) of a yo-yo and covered with some form of side cap to allow the yo-yo body to be held while it spins. With the side cap bearing, the operator can hold the yo-yo in many different planes and perform different styles of tricks which are difficult (or impossible in some cases) to be performed with conventional yo-yos. These configurations may be called hubstacks, bearing caps, synergy caps, or jimmy hats.[citation needed]

text: Physical mechanism[edit]

text: When the yo-yo is first released, the throw gives it translational kinetic energy. As the string unwinds, much of this energy is converted into rotational kinetic energy, causing the yo-yo to spin rapidly. As the yo-yo unwinds, it also gains some energy from gravity. Because the yo-yo has significant rotational inertia, it can store enough energy in its rotation to fight gravity all the way back up to the hand.

text: The string winds in the opposite direction upon the return of the yo-yo. If the string is connected to the shaft with a loop, there may not be enough friction to overcome gravity and begin winding the string. In this case, the yo-yo will continue to spin at the end of the string instead of returning. However, if the yo-yo is jerked slightly, it will enter free fall for a brief moment, and the string's friction becomes the most significant force on the yo-yo. This allows the slack string to bind, and the energy from the yo-yo's rotation finishes the rest of the return.

text: Patents have been issued to create more complicated mechanisms to allow tension control and an adjustable mechanism.[24][25]


document_title: Long Legged Woman Dressed in Black

question_text: who sang long legged woman dressed in black

text: Long Legged Woman Dressed in Black

text:
"Long Legged Woman Dressed in Black"

Single by Mungo Jerry

B-side
"Gonna Bop 'Til I Drop"

Released
1974

Genre
Pop-Rock and roll

Length
2:55

Label
Dawn Records (UK)

Songwriter(s)
Ray Dorset

Producer(s)
Barry Murray, Ray Dorset

Mungo Jerry singles chronology

"Wild Love"
(1973)
"Long Legged Woman Dressed in Black"
(1974)
"All Dressed Up and No Place to Go"
(1974)

"Wild Love"
(1973)
"'Long Legged Woman Dressed in Black'"
(1974)
"All Dressed Up and No Place to Go"
(1974)

text: "Long Legged Woman Dressed in Black" is a popular song and hit single by the British group Mungo Jerry, first released in 1974. It also became the title track of a compilation album by the group, released later in 1974. [1]

text: Chart performance[edit]

text: It was written by the band's lead singer Ray Dorset and produced by Barry Murray and Dorset. In addition to Dorset (guitar, vocals), the line-up of the group at this time which played on the record comprised Dick Middleton (guitar), Bob Daisley (bass), Ian Milne (keyboards), and Dave Bidwell (drums).[2] The song entered the UK Singles Chart in April 1974 and reached No. 13 staying for nine weeks on the chart, their last single to reach the British Top 20. [3]


document_title: Zebra

question_text: do zebras have white stripes or black stripes

text: Zebra

text: Etymology

text: The name "zebra" in English dates back to c. 1600, from Italian zebra, perhaps from Portuguese,[2] which in turn is said to be Congolese (as stated in the Oxford English Dictionary). The Encarta Dictionary says its ultimate origin is uncertain, but perhaps it may come from Latin equiferus meaning "wild horse"; from equus ("horse") and ferus ("wild, untamed"). The word was traditionally pronounced with a long initial vowel, but over the course of the 20th century, the pronunciation with the short initial vowel became the usual one in the UK and Commonwealth.[3] The pronunciation with a long initial vowel remains standard in the United States.

text: Taxonomy and evolution

text: Zebras evolved among the Old World horses within the last 4 million years. It has been suggested that zebras are polyphyletic and that striped equids evolved more than once. Extensive stripes are posited to have been of little use to equids that live in low densities in deserts (like asses and some horses) or ones that live in colder climates with shaggy coats and annual shading (like some horses).[4] However, molecular evidence supports zebras as a monophyletic lineage.[5][6][7] The zebra has between 32 and 46 chromosomes, depending on the species.

text: Classification

text: There are three extant species. Collectively, two of the species have eight subspecies (seven extant). Zebra populations are diverse, and the relationships between, and the taxonomic status of, several of the subspecies are not well known.

text:
Genus: Equus

Subgenus: Hippotigris

Plains zebra, Equus quagga

†Quagga, Equus quagga quagga (extinct)
Burchell's zebra, Equus quagga burchellii (includes Damara zebra)
Grant's zebra, Equus quagga boehmi
Selous' zebra, Equus quagga selousi
Maneless zebra, Equus quagga borensis
Chapman's zebra, Equus quagga chapmani
Crawshay's zebra, Equus quagga crawshayi

Mountain zebra, Equus zebra

Cape mountain zebra, Equus zebra zebra
Hartmann's mountain zebra, Equus zebra hartmannae

Subgenus: Dolichohippus

Grévy's zebra, Equus grevyi

text: The plains zebra (Equus quagga, formerly Equus burchelli) is the most common, and has or had about six subspecies distributed across much of southern and eastern Africa. It, or particular subspecies of it, have also been known as the common zebra, the dauw, Burchell's zebra (actually the subspecies Equus quagga burchellii), Chapman's zebra, Wahlberg's zebra, Selous' zebra, Grant's zebra, Boehm's zebra and the quagga (another extinct subspecies, Equus quagga quagga).

text: The mountain zebra (Equus zebra) of southwest Africa tends to have a sleek coat with a white belly and narrower stripes than the plains zebra. It has two subspecies and is classified as vulnerable.

text: Grévy's zebra (Equus grevyi) is the largest type, with a long, narrow head, making it appear rather mule-like. It is an inhabitant of the semi-arid grasslands of Ethiopia and northern Kenya. Grévy's zebra is the rarest species, and is classified as endangered.

text: Although zebra species may have overlapping ranges, they do not interbreed. In captivity, plains zebras have been crossed with mountain zebras. The hybrid foals lacked a dewlap and resembled the plains zebra apart from their larger ears and their hindquarters pattern. Attempts to breed a Grévy's zebra stallion to mountain zebra mares resulted in a high rate of miscarriage. In captivity, crosses between zebras and other (non-zebra) equines have produced several distinct hybrids, including the zebroid, zeedonk, zony, and zorse. In certain regions of Kenya, plains zebras and Grévy's zebra coexist, and fertile hybrids occur.[8]

text: Physical attributes

text: Size and weight

text: The common plains zebra is about 1.2–1.3 m (47–51 in) at the shoulder with a body ranging from 2–2.6 m (6.6–8.5 ft) long with a 0.5 m (20 in) tail. It can weigh up to 350 kg (770 lb), males being slightly bigger than females. Grévy's zebra is considerably larger, while the mountain zebra is somewhat smaller.[9]

text: Stripes

text: It was previously believed that zebras were white animals with black stripes, since some zebras have white underbellies. Embryological evidence, however, shows that the animal's background color is black and the white stripes and bellies are additions.[4] It is likely that the stripes are caused by a combination of factors.[10][11][12]

text: The stripes are typically vertical on the head, neck, forequarters, and main body, with horizontal stripes at the rear and on the legs of the animal.

text: A wide variety of hypotheses have been proposed to account for the evolution of the striking stripes of zebras. The more traditional of these (1 and 2, below) relate to camouflage.

text:
The vertical striping may help the zebra hide in the grass by disrupting its outline. In addition, even at moderate distances, the striking striping merges to an apparent grey. However, the camouflage has been contested with arguments that most of a zebra's predators (such as lions and hyenas) cannot see well at a distance, and are more likely to have smelled or heard a zebra before seeing it from a distance, especially at night.[13]
The stripes may help to confuse predators by motion dazzle—a group of zebras standing or moving close together may appear as one large mass of flickering stripes, making it more difficult for the lion to pick out a target.[14] It has been suggested that when moving, the stripes may confuse observers, such as mammalian predators and biting insects, by two visual illusions: the wagon-wheel effect, where the perceived motion is inverted, and the barberpole illusion, where the perceived motion is in a wrong direction.[15]
The stripes may serve as visual cues and identification.[4] Although the striping pattern is unique to each individual, it is not known whether zebras can recognize one another by their stripes.
Experiments by different researchers indicate that the stripes are effective in attracting fewer flies, including blood-sucking tsetse flies and tabanid horseflies.[10][16] A 2012 experiment in Hungary showed that zebra-striped models were nearly minimally attractive to tabanid horseflies. These flies are attracted to linearly polarized light, and the study showed that black and white stripes disrupt the attractive pattern. Further, attractiveness increases with stripe width, so the relatively narrow stripes of the three living species of zebras should be unattractive to horseflies.[17][18]
Stripes may be used to cool the zebra.[11][19] Air may move more quickly over black light-absorbing stripes while moving more slowly over white stripes.[11] This would create convection currents around the zebra that would cool it.[11] One study analyzes that zebras have more stripes in hotter habitats.[11]

tag: ol

text: Gaits

text: Zebras have four gaits: walk, trot, canter and gallop. They are generally slower than horses, but their great stamina helps them outrun predators. When chased, a zebra will zig-zag from side to side, making it more difficult for the predator to attack. When cornered, the zebra will rear up and kick or bite its attacker.

text: Senses

text: Zebras have excellent eyesight. Like most ungulates, the zebra's eyes are on the sides of its head, giving it a wide field of view. Zebras also have night vision, although not as advanced as that of most of their predators.[citation needed]

text: Zebras have excellent hearing and have larger, rounder ears than horses; like other ungulates, zebras can turn their ears in almost any direction. In addition to superb eyesight and hearing, zebras also have acute senses of smell and taste.

text: Diseases

text: Being an equid, zebras are subject to many of the same common infections and diseases of the domestic horse.

text:
Parasites:

Equid intestinal roundworms parascaris sp. and Strongylus vulgaris
Roundworms of the lungs
Botfly larvae in the zebra's stomach
Lice
Mange
Ticks, which can serve as vectors for other diseases including Babesia

Salmonella infection of the intestine
Pneumonia and pleuritis
Acute heart lesions due to stress
Tetanus
Anthrax

text: Two Grévy's zebras were poisoned in 1995 by leaves from a hybrid red maple tree (acer rubrum) at the St. Louis Zoo. Horses were first reported in 1981 to be susceptible and even a small amount of the leaves can be toxic to ponies. In 2000, a zebra was reported to be infected with a nematode, halicephalobus, usually associated with decaying plant material.[20]

text: Ecology and behavior

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Harems

text: Like most members of the horse family, zebras are highly social. Their social structure, however, depends on the species. Mountain zebras and plains zebras live in groups, known as 'harems', consisting of one stallion with up to six mares and their foals. Bachelor males either live alone or with groups of other bachelors until they are old enough to challenge a breeding stallion. When attacked by packs of hyenas or wild dogs a zebra group will huddle together with the foals in the middle while the stallion tries to ward them off.

text: Unlike the other zebra species, Grévy's zebras do not have permanent social bonds. A group of these zebras rarely stays together for more than a few months. The foals stay with their mothers, while adult males live alone. Like the other two zebra species, bachelor male zebras will organize in groups.

text: Like horses, zebras sleep standing up, and only sleep when neighbors are around to warn them of predators.

text: Communication

text: Zebras communicate with each other with high-pitched barks and whinnying. Grévy's zebras make mulelike brays. A zebra's ears signify its mood. When a zebra is in a calm, tense or friendly mood, its ears stand erect. When it is frightened, its ears are pushed forward. When angry, the ears are pulled backward. When surveying an area for predators, zebras will stand in an alert posture with ears erect, head held high, and staring. When tense, they will also snort. When a predator is spotted or sensed, a zebra will bark (or bray) loudly.

text: Food and foraging

text: Zebras feed almost entirely on grasses, but may occasionally eat shrubs, herbs, twigs, leaves and bark. Their digestive systems allow them to subsist on diets of lower nutritional quality than that necessary for other herbivores.

text: Reproduction

text: Female zebras mature earlier than the males, and a mare may have her first foal by the age of three. Males are not able to breed until the age of five or six. Mares may give birth to one foal every twelve months. She nurses the foal for up to a year. Like horses, zebras are able to stand, walk and suckle shortly after they are born. A zebra foal is brown and white instead of black and white at birth.

text: Plains and mountain zebra foals are protected by their mothers, as well as the head stallion and the other mares in their group. Grévy's zebra foals have only their mother as a regular protector, since, as noted above, Grévy's zebra groups often disband after a few months.

text: Interaction with humans

text: Domestication

text: Attempts have been made to train zebras for riding, since they have better resistance than horses to African diseases. Most of these attempts failed, as would have initial attempts to tame wild horses, due to the zebra's more unpredictable nature and tendency to panic under stress. For this reason, zebra-mules or zebroids (crosses between any species of zebra and a horse, pony, donkey or ass) are preferred over purebred zebras.

text: In England, the zoological collector Walter Rothschild frequently used zebras to draw a carriage. In 1907, Rosendo Ribeiro, the first doctor in Nairobi, Kenya, used a riding zebra for house calls. In the mid-19th century, Governor George Grey imported zebras to New Zealand from his previous posting in South Africa, and used them to pull his carriage on his privately owned Kawau Island.

text: Captain Horace Hayes, in "Points of the Horse" (circa 1893), compared the usefulness of different zebra species. In 1891, Hayes broke a mature, intact mountain zebra stallion to ride in two days' time, and the animal was quiet enough for his wife to ride and be photographed upon. He found the Burchell's zebra easy to break, and considered it ideal for domestication, as it was immune to the bite of the tsetse fly. He considered the quagga (now extinct) well-suited to domestication due to being easy to train to saddle and harness.[21]

text: Conservation

text: Modern man has had great impact on the zebra population. Zebras were, and still are, hunted for their skins, and for meat. They also compete with livestock for forage[22] and are sometimes culled.

text: The Cape mountain zebra was hunted to near extinction, with less than 100 individuals by the 1930s. The population has since increased to about 700 due to conservation efforts. Both mountain zebra subspecies are currently protected in national parks, but are still endangered.

text: The Grévy's zebra is also endangered. Hunting and competition from livestock have greatly decreased their population. Because of the population's small size, environmental hazards, such as drought, are capable of affecting the entire species. Plains zebras are much more numerous and have a healthy population. Nevertheless, they too have been reduced by hunting and loss of habitat to farming. One subspecies, the quagga, is now extinct.

text: Cultural depictions

text: Zebras have been the subject of African folk tales which tell how they got their stripes. According to a San folk tale of Namibia, the zebra was once all white, but acquired its black stripes after a fight with a baboon over a waterhole. After kicking the baboon so hard, the zebra lost his balance and tripped over a fire, and the fire sticks left scorch marks all over his white coat.[23] In the film Fantasia, two centaurs are depicted being half human and half zebra, instead of the typical half human and half horse.[24]

text: Zebras are a popular subject in art.[25] The fourth Mughal emperor Jahangir (r.1605–24), commissioned a painting of the zebra, which was completed by Ustad Mansur.[26] Zebra stripes are also a popular style for furniture, carpets and fashion.

text: When depicted in movies and cartoons, zebras are most often miscellaneous characters, but have had some starring roles, notably in Madagascar, Racing Stripes and Khumba. One of the recurring characters in My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic is a zebra named Zecora. Zebras also serve as mascots and symbols for products and corporations, notably Zebra Technologies and Fruit Stripe gum as well as Investec. Zebras are featured on the coat of arms of Botswana.

text: Biofuel

text: Recent research has shown that TU-103, a strain of Clostridium bacteria found in zebra feces, can convert nearly any form of cellulose into butanol fuel.[27]