document_title: List of Ramon Magsaysay Award winners

question_text: who won the ramon magsaysay award this year from india

text: List of Ramon Magsaysay Award winners

text: Magsaysay awardees[edit]

text: Emergent  Leadership[edit]

text:
Year

Recipient

Nationality or Base Country

1996
Pandurang Shastri Athavale

 India

2001
Oung Chanthol
 Cambodia

2001
Dita Indah Sari
 Indonesia

2002
Sandeep Pandey
 India

2003
Aniceto Guterres Lopes
 Timor-Leste

2004
Benjamin Abadiano
 Philippines

2005
Hye-Ran Yoon
 South Korea

2006
Arvind Kejriwal[1]
 India

2007
Chen Guangcheng
 China

2007
Chung To
 United States in  Hong Kong

2008
Ananda Galappatti
 Sri Lanka

2009
Ka Hsaw Wa
 Burma

2011
Nileema Mishra
 India

2012
Ambrosius Ruwindrijarto
 Indonesia

2014
Randy Halasan
 Philippines

2015
Sanjiv Chaturvedi
 India

2016
Thodur Madabusi Krishna[2]

 India

text: Uncategorized[edit]

text:
Year

Recipient

Nationality or Base Country

2009
Antonio Oposa, Jr.
 Philippines

2009
Krisana Kraisintu
 Thailand

2009
Deep Joshi
 India

2009
Ma Jun
 China

2009
Yu Xiaogang
 China

2010
Tadatoshi Akiba
 Japan

2010
Huo Daishan
 China

2010
A.H.M. Noman Khan
 Bangladesh

2010
Christopher Bernido
 Philippines

2010
Ma. Victoria Carpio-Bernido
 Philippines

2010
Pan Yue
 China

2010
Fu Qiping
 China

2011
Hasanain Juaini
 Indonesia

2011
Tri Mumpuni
 Indonesia

2011
Harish Hande
 India

2011
Alternative Indigenous Development Foundation, Inc. (AIDFI)
 Philippines

2011
Koul Panha
 Cambodia

2012
Chen Shu-chu
 Taiwan

2012
Kulandei Francis
 India

2012
Yang Saing Koma
 Cambodia

2012
Syeda Rizwana Hasan
 Bangladesh

2012
Romulo Davide
 Philippines

2013
Habiba Sarobi
 Afghanistan

2013
Lahpai Seng Raw
 Myanmar

2013
Shakti Samuha
   Nepal

2013
Ernesto Domingo
 Philippines

2013
Corruption Eradication Commission
 Indonesia

2014
Hu Shuli
 China

2014
Wang Canfa
 China

2014
Saur Marlina Manurung
 Indonesia

2014
Omara Khan Massoudi
 Afghanistan

2014
The Citizens Foundation
 Pakistan

2015
Kommaly Chanthavong
 Laos

2015
Ligaya Fernando
 Philippines

2015
Anshu Gupta And Sanjiv Chaturvedi
 India

2015
Kyaw Thu
 Myanmar

2016
Conchita Carpio-Morales
 Philippines

2016
Vientiane Rescue
 Laos

2017
Gethsie Shanmugam
 Sri Lanka

2017
Yoshiaki Ishizawa
 Japan

2017
Lilia de Lima
 Philippines

2017
Abdon Nababan
 Indonesia

2017
Tony Tay
 Singapore

2017
Philippine Educational Theater Association
 Philippines

2018
Howard Dee
 Philippines

2018
Sonam Wangchuk
 India

2018
Bharat Vatwani
 India

2018
Youk Chhang
 Cambodia

2018
Vo Thi Hoang
 Vietnam

2018
Maria de Lourdes Martins
 Timor-Leste

text: Government Service[edit]

text:
Year

Recipient

Nationality or Base Country

1959
Jose Vasquez Aguilar
 Philippines

1961
Raden Kodijat
 Indonesia

1962
Francisca Reyes-Aquino
 Philippines

1963
Akhtar Hameed Khan
 Pakistan

1964
Yukiharu Miki
 Japan

1965
Puey Ungpakorn
 Thailand

1966
Phon Sangsingkeo
 Thailand

1967
Keo Viphakone
 Laos

1968
Kwoh-Ting Li
 Taiwan

1969
Hsu Shih-chu
 Taiwan

1971
Ali Sadikin
 Indonesia

1972
Goh Keng Swee
 Singapore

1973
B. C. Shekhar
 Malaysia

1974
Hiroshi Kuroki
 Japan

1975
Mohamed Suffian Mohamed Hashim
 Malaysia

1976
Elsie Tu
 Great Britain in  Hong Kong

1977
Bejamin Galstaun
 Indonesia

1978
Dato Shahrum bin Yub
 Malaysia

1979
Raden Wasito
 Indonesia

1980
Muhammed Alias
 Malaysia

1981
Prawes Wasi
 Thailand

1982
Arturo Alcaraz
 Philippines

1983
Su Nan-cheng
 Taiwan

1984
Ta-You Wu
 Taiwan

1985
Tan Sri Noordin
 Malaysia

1987
Haji Hanafiah
 Malaysia

1988
Miriam Santiago
 Philippines

1989
Zakiah Hanum
 Malaysia

1991
Alfredo R.A. Bengzon
 Philippines

1992
Chamlong Srimuang
 Thailand

1993
Vo Tong Xuan
 Vietnam

1994
Kiran Bedi
 India

1995
Morihiko Hiramatsu
 Japan

1996
T N Seshan
 India

1997
Anand Panyarachun
 Thailand

1998
Syed Adibul Hasan Rizvi
 Pakistan

1999
Tasneem Ahmed Siddiqui
 Pakistan

2000
Jesse Robredo
 Philippines

2001
Yuan Longping
 China

2002
Hilario G. Davide, Jr.
 Philippines

2003
James Michael Lyngdoh
 India

2004
Haydee Yorac
 Philippines

2005
Jon Ungpakorn
 Thailand

2006
Ek Sonn Chan
 Cambodia

2007
Jovito R. Salonga
 Philippines

2008
Grace Padaca
 Philippines

text: Public Service[edit]

text:
Year

Recipient

Nationality or Base Country

1958
Mary H. Rutnam
 Ceylon

1959
Joaquin Vilallonga
 Spain in  Philippines

1959
Tee Tee Luce
 Burma

1960
Henry Holland
 Great Britain in  Pakistan

1960
Ronald Holland
 Great Britain in  Pakistan

1961
Nilawan Pintong
 Thailand

1962
Horace Kadoorie
 Great Britain in  Hong Kong

1962
Lawrence Kadoorie
 Great Britain in  Hong Kong

1963
Helen Kim
 South Korea

1964
Augustine Nguyen Lac Hoa
 South Vietnam

1965
Jayaprakash Narayan
 India

1966
Kim Yong-ki
 South Korea

1967
Sithiporn  Kridakorn
 Thailand

1968
Seiichi Tobata
 Japan

1969
Kim Hyung-Seo
 South Korea

1971
Pedro Orata
 Philippines

1972
Cecile Guidote
 Philippines

1972
Gilopez Kabayao
 Philippines

1973
Antonio Fortich
 Philippines

1973
Benjamin Gaston
 Philippines

1974
M.S. Subbulakshmi
 India

1975
Phra Parnchand
 Thailand

1976
Hermenegild Fernandez
 France in  Sri Lanka

1977
Fe del Mundo
 Philippines

1978
Prateep Ungsongtham Hata
 Thailand

1979
Chang Kee-ryo
 South Korea

1980
Ohm Dae-sup
 South Korea

1981
Johanna Nasution
 Indonesia

1982
Manibhai Desai
 India

1983
Fua Hariphitak
 Thailand

1984
Thongbai Thongpao
 Thailand

1985
Baba Amte
 India

1986
Abdul Sattar Edhi
 Pakistan

1986
Bilquis Edhi
 Pakistan

1987
Hans Jassin
 Indonesia

1988
Masanobu Fukuoka
 Japan

1989
Lakshmi Chand Jain
 India

1991
Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn
 Thailand

1992
Angel Alcala
 Philippines

1993
Banoo Jehangir Coyaji
 India

1994
Mechai Viravaidya
 Thailand

1995
Asma Jahangir
 Pakistan

1996
John Woong-Jin Oh
 South Korea

1997
Mahesh Chandra Regmi
   Nepal

1998
Sophon Suphapong
 Thailand

1999
Rosa Rosal
 Philippines

2000
Liang Congjie
 China

2001
Wu Qing
 China

2002
Ruth Pfau
 Pakistan

2003
Gao Yaojie
 China

2004
Jiang Yanyong
 China

2005
Teten Masduki
 Indonesia

2005
V. Shanta
 India

2006
Park Won-soon
 South Korea

2007
Kim Sun-tae
 South Korea

2008
Center for Agriculture and Rural Development Mutually Reinforcing Institutions
 Philippines

2008
Therdchai Jivacate
 Thailand

text: Community Leadership[edit]

text:
Year

Recipient

Nationality or Base Country

1958
Vinoba Bhave[3][4]
 India

1959
14th Dalai Lama
 Tibet

1960
Tunku Abdul Rahman
 Malaya

1961
Gus Borgeest
 Great Britain in  Hong Kong

1962
Palayil Narayanan
 Malaya

1962
Koesna Poeradiredja
 Indonesia

1963
Verghese Kurien[5][6]
 India

1963
Dara Nusserwanji Khurody
 India

1963
Tribhuvandas Kishibhai Patel[7][8]
 India

1964
Pablo Torres Tapia
 Philippines

1965
Lim Kim San
 Singapore

1966
Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay[9]
 India

1967
Abdul Razak Hussein
 Malaysia

1968
Rosario Encarnacion
 Philippines

1968
Silvino Encarnacion
 Philippines

1969
Ahangamage Tudor Ariyaratne
 Sri Lanka

1971
M.S. Swaminathan[10]
 India

1972
Hans Westenberg
 Indonesia

1973
Krasae Chanawongse
 Thailand

1974
Fusaye Ichikawa
 Japan

1975
Lee Tai-Young
 South Korea

1976
Toshikazu Wakatsuki
 Japan

1977
Ela Bhatt[11]
 India

1978
Tahrunessa Abdullah
 Bangladesh

1979
Mabelle Arole
 India

1979
Rajanikant Arole
 India

1980
Fazle Hasan Abed
 Bangladesh

1981
Pramod Karan Sethi
 India

1982
Chandi Prasad Bhatt
 India

1983
Anton Soedjarwo
 Indonesia

1984
Muhammad Yunus
 Bangladesh

1985
Zafrullah Chowdhury
 Bangladesh

1986
John Vincent Daly
 United States in  South Korea

1986
Paul Jeong Gu Jei
 South Korea

1987
Aree Valyasevi
 Thailand

1988
Mohammed Yeasin
 Bangladesh

1989
Kim Im-soon
 South Korea

1991
Ven. Cheng Yen
 Taiwan

1992
Shoaib Sultan Khan
 Pakistan

1993
Abdurrahman Wahid
 Indonesia

1994
Sima Samar
 Afghanistan in  Pakistan

1994
Fei Xiaotong
 China

1995
Ho Ming-Teh
 Taiwan

1996
Pandurang Shastri Athavale
 India

1997
Eva Fidela Maamo
 Philippines

1998
Nuon Phaly
 Cambodia

1999
Angela Gomes
 Bangladesh

2000
Aruna Roy
 India

2001
Rajendra Singh
 India

2002
Cynthia Maung
 Burma

2003
Shantha Sinha
 India

2004
Prayong Ronnarong
 Thailand

2005
Sombath Somphone
 Laos

2006
Gawad Kalinga Community Development Foundation
 Philippines

2006
Antonio Meloto
 Philippines

2007
Mahabir Pun
   Nepal

2008
Prakash Amte[12][13]
 India

2008
Mandakini Amte[12][13]
 India

2016
Bezwada Wilson[14][15][16]

 India

text: Journalism, Literature, and the Creative Communication Arts[edit]

text:
Year

Recipient

Nationality or Base Country

1958
Robert Dick
 Great Britain in  Philippines

1958
Mochtar Lubis
 Indonesia

1959
Tarzie Vittachi
 Ceylon

1959
Edward Michael Law-Yone
 Burma

1961
Amitabha Chowdhury
 India

1962
Chang Chun-Ha
 South Korea

1964
Richard Wilson
 Great Britain in  Hong Kong

1964
Kayser Sung
 China in  Hong Kong

1965
Akira Kurosawa
 Japan

1967
Satyajit Ray
 India

1968
Ton That Thien
 South Vietnam

1969
Mitoji Nishimoto
 Japan

1971
Prayoon Chanyavongs
 Thailand

1972
Yasuji Hanamori
 Japan

1973
Michiko Ishimure
 Japan

1974
Zacarias Sarian
 Philippines

1975
Boobli George Verghese
 India

1976
Sombhu Mitra
 India

1977
Mahesh Chandra Regmi
   Nepal

1978
Yoon Suk-joong
 South Korea

1979
L.T.P. Manju Sri
 Sri Lanka

1980
F. Sionil Jose
 Philippines

1981
Gour Kishore Ghosh
 India

1982
Arun Shourie
 India

1983
Fr. Marcelline Jayakody
 Sri Lanka

1984
R. K. Laxman
 India

1985
Lino Brocka
 Philippines

1986
Radio Veritas
 Philippines

1987
Diane Ying
 Taiwan

1988
Ediriweera Sarachchandra
 Sri Lanka

1989
James Reuter
 Philippines

1991
K.V. Subbanna
 India

1992
Ravi Shankar
 India

1993
Bienvenido Lumbera
 Philippines

1994
Abdul Samad Ismail
 Malaysia

1995
Pramoedya Ananta Toer
 Indonesia

1996
Nick Joaquin
 Philippines

1997
Mahasweta Devi
 India

1998
Ruocheng Ying
 China

1999
Raul Locsin
 Philippines

1999
Lin Hwai-min
 Taiwan

2000
Atmakusumah Astraatmadja
 Indonesia

2001
W.D. Amaradeva
 Sri Lanka

2002
Bharat Koirala
   Nepal

2003
Sheila Coronel
 Philippines

2004
Abdullah Abu Sayeed
 Bangladesh

2005
Matiur Rahman
 Bangladesh

2006
Eugenia Duran Apostol
 Philippines

2007
Palagummi Sainath
 India

2008
Akio Ishii
 Japan

text: Peace and International Understanding (PIU)[edit]

text:
Year

Recipient

Nationality or Base Country

1958
Operation Brotherhood
 Philippines

1960
Y.C. James Yen
 Taiwan

1961
Genevieve Caulfield
 United States in  Thailand

1962
Mother Teresa
 India

1963
Peace Corps
 United States

1964
Welthy Fisher
 United States in  India

1965
Bayanihan Folk Arts Center and its Supporting Entities
 Philippines

1966
Mekong Committee and Cooperating Entities
 Cambodia

1967
Shiroshi Nasu
 Japan

1968
Cooperative for American Relief Everywhere (CARE)
 Philippines

1969
International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)
 United States in  Philippines

1971
Saburo Okita
 Japan

1973
Summer Institute of Linguistics
 Philippines

1974
William Masterson
 Philippines

1975
Patrick James McGlinchey
 Ireland in  South Korea

1976
Henning Holck-Larsen
 Denmark in  India

1977
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines at Los Baños (UPLB)
 Philippines

1978
Soedjatmoko
 Indonesia

1979
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
 Indonesia

1980
Shigeharu Matsumoto
 Japan

1981
Augustine Joung Kang
 South Korea

1983
Aloysius Schwartz
 United States in  South Korea

1984
Jiro Kawakita
 Japan

1985
Harold Ray Watson
 Philippines

1986
International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR)
 Philippines

1987
Richard William Timm
 Bangladesh /  United States

1988
The Royal Project
 Thailand

1989
Asian Institute of Technology (AIT)
 Thailand

1991
Press Foundation of Asia
 Philippines

1992
Washington SyCip
 Philippines /  United States

1993
Noboru Iwamura
 Japan

1994
Eduardo Jorge Anzorena
 Argentina in  Japan

1995
Asian Institute of Management (AIM)
 Philippines

1996
Toshihiro Takami
 Japan

1997
Sadako Ogata
 Japan

1998
Corazon Aquino
 Philippines

2000
Jockin Arputham
 India

2001
Ikuo Hirayama
 Japan

2002
Pomnyun
 South Korea

2003
Tetsu Nakamura
 Japan

2003
Seiei Toyama
 Japan

2004
Laxminarayan Ramdas
 India

2004
Ibn Abdur Rehman
 Pakistan

2006
Sanduk Ruit
   Nepal

2007
Tang Xiyang
 China

2008
Ahmad Syafi'i Maarif
 Indonesia


document_title: Gitanjali

question_text: who wrote the preface to the english translation of gitanjali

root

text: Gitanjali

text:
Gitanjali, Song Offerings
Gitanjali title pageAuthor
Rabindranath TagoreW. B. Yeats (introduction)Original title
গীতাঞ্জলিCountry
British RajLanguage
Bengali, EnglishSubject
Devotion to GodGenre
PoemPublisher
Macmillan and CompanyPublication date
1910Published in English
1912Pages
104

tag: table

text:
Gitanjali (Bengali: গীতাঞ্জলি, lit. ''Song offering'') is a collection of poems by the Bengali poet Rabindranath Tagore. Tagore received the Nobel Prize for Literature, largely for the book.
And is part of the Collection from the UNESCO of Representative Works.

tag: p

text: History[edit]

text: The original Bengali collection of 156/157 poems was published on August 14, 1910. The English Gitanjali or Song Offerings is a collection of 103 English poems of Tagore's own English translations of his Bengali poems first published in November 1912 by the India Society of London. It contained translations of 53 poems from the original Bengali Gitanjali, as well as 50 other poems which were from his drama Achalayatan and eight other books of poetry — mainly Gitimalya (17 poems), Naivedya (15 poems) and Kheya (11 poems).[1]

text: The translations were often radical, leaving out or altering large chunks of the poem and in one instance fusing two separate poems (song 95, which unifies songs 89,90 of Naivedya). Tagore undertook the translations prior to a visit to England in 1912, where the poems were extremely well received. In 1913, Tagore became the first non-European to win the Nobel Prize for Literature, largely for the English Gitanjali.[2]

text: The English Gitanjali became popular in the West, and was widely translated.[3] The word gitanjali is composed from "geet", song, and "anjali", offering, and thus means – "An offering of songs"; but the word for offering, anjali, has a strong devotional connotation, so the title may also be interpreted as "prayer offering of song".[3]

text: William Butler Yeats wrote the introduction to the first edition of Gitanjali.[4]


document_title: Gangs of Wasseypur – Part 1

question_text: who played the role of shahid khan in gangs of wasseypur

text: Gangs of Wasseypur – Part 1

text: Plot[edit]

text: A gang of heavily armed men scour and finally narrow down on a house in Wasseypur. They surround the house and unleash a wave of bullets and grenades on it with the intention of killing the family inside it. After heavy firing on the house, they retreat from the crime scene in a vehicle, convinced they have killed everyone within. The leader of the gang then calls J.P. Singh on his cell phone and reports that the family has been successfully executed but he is double crossed by JP Singh as a fire fight erupts between them and a police check post blocking their escape route. The scene cuts abruptly for a prologue by the narrator, Nasir.

text: Introduction of Wasseypur and Dhanbad[edit]

text: Nasir's narration describes the history and nature of Wasseypur. During the British Raj, Wasseypur and Dhanbad were located in the Bengal region. After India gained its independence in 1947, they were carved out of Bengal and redistricted into the state of Bihar in 1956. In 2000, Wasseypur and Dhanbad were redistricted for a second time into the newly formed state of Jharkhand where they remain. The village has been historically dominated by the Qureshi Muslims, a sub-caste of animal butchers who are feared by the non-Qureshi Muslims living there and Dhanbad by extension.

text: During British colonial rule, the British had seized the farm lands of Dhanbad for coal which began the business of coal mining in Dhanbad. The region was a hotbed of the local faceless dacoit Sultana Qureshi who robbed British trains in the night and thus held some patriotic value for the locals.

text: Shahid Khan (Jaideep Ahlawat), a Pathan, takes advantage of the mysteriousness of the faceless dacoit Sultana, a Qureshi, by impersonating his identity to rob British ferry trains. The Qureshi clans eventually find out and order the banishment of Shahid Khan and his family from Wasseypur. They settle down in Dhanbad where Shahid begins work as a labourer in a coal mine. He is unable to be at his wife's side during childbirth, and she dies. The enraged Shahid kills the coal mine's muscleman who had denied him leave on that day. In 1947, independent India begins to assert its authority over itself. The British coal mines are sold to Indian industrialists and Ramadhir Singh (Tigmanshu Dhulia) receives a few coal mines in the Dhanbad region. He hires Shahid Khan as the new muscleman of one of the coal mines. Shahid terrorises the local population to seize their lands and extract compliance.

text: On a rainy day, Ramadhir Singh overhears Shahid's ambitions of taking over the coal mines from him. Singh tricks Shahid into traveling to Varanasi for business but instead has him murdered by an assassin named Yadav Ji (Harish Khanna). Nasir (Piyush Mishra), Shahid's cousin, finds Ramadhir's umbrella with his initials near the door and concludes that Ramadhir eavesdropped on their conversation. He flees from the house with Shahid's son Sardar in the nick of time as Ehsaan Qureshi (Vipin Sharma), another associate of Ramadhir Singh and a member of the Wasseypur Qureshi clan, shows up to kill them but is too late. An unsuccessful Ehsaan lies to Singh that Shahid's family has been murdered, burnt, and buried. Under the care of Nasir, Sardar grows up along with Nasir's nephew Asgar (Jameel Khan). Sardar learns the truth about his father's death, upon which he shaves his head and vows not to grow his hair until he has avenged his father's murder.

text: Early and Mid 1970s[edit]

text: The coal mines are nationalised. A mature Sardar Khan (Manoj Bajpai) and his kin start hijacking Ramadhir's coal trucks mid-transit. Ramadhir Singh suspects S.P. Sinha, a Coal India official, to be behind the hijackings and has him murdered. After Sinha's murder, Ramadhir's reputation for ruthlessness grows, and he becomes feared in Dhanbad.

text: Sardar marries Nagma Khatoon (Richa Chadda). The pregnant Khatoon confronts Sardar Khan and a prostitute inside a brothel and chases him away. Later, Nagma gives birth to Danish Khan but gets pregnant immediately afterwards. Unable to have sex with a pregnant Nagma, Sardar confesses his sexual frustrations with his kin. At dinner, Nagma gives her consent to Sardar to sleep with other women but with the condition that he won't bring them home or dishonour the family name.

text: Sardar, Asgar and Nasir start working for J.P. Singh (Satya Anand), Ramadhir Singh's son. They misuse their employment by secretly selling the company petrol in the black market. Later, they rob a petrol pump and a train bogey belonging to the Singh family. They usurp Singh's land, which forces the two families to confront each other for talks. The meeting ends in a scuffle, but Ramadhir Singh realizes that Sardar Khan is in fact the son of Shahid Khan who he had murdered in the late 1940s. Sardar and Asghar are jailed for assaulting J.P. Singh during the meeting.

text: Early 1980s[edit]

text: Sardar and Asgar escape from jail. While hiding in Wasseypur, Sardar marries a Bengali Hindu woman named Durga (Reema Sen). Asgar informs Nagma that Sardar has taken a second wife, leaving Nagma helpless. Meanwhile, Wasseypur has merged with Dhanbad and the Qureshi clan continues to terrorise the non-Qureshi Muslims. The locals then approach Sardar Khan for help as he was well known for standing up to Ramadhir Singh. During Muharram, both Shias and Sunnis are out mourning, including the Qureshi clan. Sardar uses the opportunity to launch a major bomb attack on many Qureshi shops and houses. When word spreads about Sardar's raids, his reputation grows and he commands more fear than the Qureshi clan.

text: Eventually, Sardar returns home to Nagma and she gets pregnant again. Sardar tries to initiate sex with a pregnant Nagma but she refuses, which prompts an angry Sardar to leave. He goes to stay with his second wife, Durga, and she gives birth to his son, Definite Khan. Ramadhir Singh, noticing that Sardar has abandoned his first family, tries to reach out to Nagma through Danish by giving him money. An enraged Nagma beats Danish for taking the money while she breaks down in front of Nasir. A thirsty Faizal wakes up in the middle of the night to find Nagma and Nasir about to have sex. Angry, he storms out of the house and becomes a stoner, permanently seen with his chillum. Nasir reveals that the desires were never consummated, but Faizal and Nasir never see eye to eye again.

text: Mid and Late 1980s[edit]

text: Sensing Sardar's increasing clout, Ramadhir calls his old associate Ehsaan Qureshi who brokers a meeting between Sultan Qureshi and Ramadhir Singh where the two decide to become allies against their common enemy, Sardar. Sultan asks Ramadhir for modern automatic weapons which the latter promises to give.

text: Sardar becomes the most feared man in Wasseypur and shifts his business to stealing iron ore. Danish Khan joins the family business. A failed attack from Sultan Qureshi leaves Danish with a minor injury and causes reconciliation between Sardar and Nagma. Sardar finds Ramadhir and warns him of terrible consequences if anything ever happens to his family.

text: A mature Faizal (Nawazuddin Siddiqui) is seriously affected by Bollywood movies as he starts behaving, talking and dressing like Bollywood characters. Sardar sends Faizal to Varanasi to buy guns, but Faizal is caught by the police and jailed. Upon release, he kills the gun seller Yadav, who unbeknownst to Faizal was the nameless assassin who had killed Shahid Khan (Faizal's grandfather) and who had implicated Faizal to police earlier. Meanwhile, Sardar seizes a lake belonging to a local temple and charges commission on fish sellers who make a catch in that lake. An uneasy peace is maintained between the Qureshi and Khan families when Danish Khan marries Shama Parveen, the sister of Sultan Qureshi. At the same time, Faizal begins romancing Mohsina Hamid (Huma Qureshi), another kin of Sultan.

text: Faizal reveals to a friend that his father Sardar would be travelling without security the next day. Late that night, while Faizal is still asleep, his friend calls up the Qureshis and tells them that Sardar's bodyguards wouldn't be with him the next day. The next morning, Sardar leaves home alone and reaches Durga's house where he gives her her expense allowance. Once Sardar leaves, Durga also calls up the Qureshis and tells them that he has just left her house. The Qureshi men follow Sardar's car, and when the latter stops at a petrol pump to refuel they start shooting as Sardar ducks in the car for cover. The Qureshi men put several close rounds through the car window ensuring a precise & unmistakable hit, after which they escape. A shocked Sardar opens the car door and stands up to reveal multiple bullet wounds, with one bullet embedded in his head. He steps out with his gun drawn trying to locate the shooters but he eventually collapses to his death on a ferry cycle.

text: Sequel[edit]

text: Cast[edit]

text: Manoj Bajpayee as Sardar Khan

tag: ul

text:
Naman Jain as Young Sardar Khan
Tigmanshu Dhulia as Ramadhir Singh
Pankaj Tripathi as Sultan Qureshi
Piyush Mishra as Nasir Ahmed
Richa Chadda as Nagma Khatoon
Satya Anand as J.P Singh
Nawazuddin Siddiqui as Faizal Khan
Huma Qureshi as Mohsina Hamid
Jameel Khan as Asgar Khan
Jaideep Ahlawat as Shahid Khan
Reema Sen as Durga
Vipin Sharma as Ehsaan Qureshi
Vineet Kumar Singh as Danish Khan
Anurita Jha as Shama Parveen
Shankar as Shankar
Rajat Bhagat as Ramadhir Singh (young)
Pranay Narayan as a Railway Police Officer
Tilak Raj Mishra as Sanjeev
Syed Khan as Iqbal Khan
Naman Tiwari as Ajay Singh (young)
Aniket Raj as Vijay Singh (young)
Jaikumar Solanki as Jatin
Sanjay Varma as Inspector Udayveer Singh
Sandeep Arora as ACP Jadhav
Pramod Pathak as Sultana Daku
Harish Khanna as Yadav
Vicky Nanavare as Sardar Khan's unnamed son

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Anurag Kashyap said he had wanted to make a film on Bihar with the name Bihar for some time but for various reasons it didn't take off. In 2008 he met Zeishan Quadri (the writer of Gangs of Wasseypur) who told him about Wasseypur's story. He found it unreal to believe that mafia activity and gang war existed at such high level. Zeishan narrated enough stories but what really attracted him was not gang war but the entire story of emergence of mafia. According to him to tell the story through a few families is what interested him but that also meant a longer reel. "We all know mafia exists but what they do, how they operate, why they do we don't know and that is something which forms the basis of the film".

text: Casting[edit]

text: According to Bajpayee, the role of Sardar Khan is the most negative role he has done till date. His motivation for doing this role came from the fact that there was "something new" with the character of Sardar Khan.[22]

text: Piyush Mishra and Tigmanshu Dhulia were given the discretion to decide who, among them, would perform the roles of Nasir and Ramadhir. Mishra chose the role of Nasir and Dhulia portrayed Ramadhir Singh.[23]

text: Chadda revealed in an interview that this role helped her bag 11 film roles.[24]

text: This is Huma Qureshi's first film, and she characterised this as her "dream debut". Qureshi landed this role after director Anurag Kashyap spotted her in a Samsung commercial he was directing.[25]

text: Filming[edit]

text: During filming in Varanasi in December 2010, film's chief assistant director Sohil Shah was killed on shoot while performing one of the stunt shot scene which was an accident.[26] The Movie has been dedicated to Sohil Shah as is seen in the opening titles. The film finished production in late March 2011, with Anurag Kashyap moving on to direct his next film immediately due to that accident.[27] Major portions of the film were shot at villages near Bihar.[28][29] Shooting of film also took place in Chunar.[30] Anurag Kashyap, who co-produced the film with Sunil Bohra, has said that it is his most expensive film and he reportedly had to spend ₹ 15 crore on paying the actors.[31] Both parts of Gangs of Wasseypur together cost just ₹18.4cr to make. Anurag Kashyap, the director of film tweeted – "450 million as reported in the media is false."[32]

text: Themes and portrayals[edit]

text: Style[edit]

text: The filming style adopted by Anurag Kashyap in Gangs of Wasseypur bears a striking similarity to the styles of Nurul Hasan Pulak and Sam Peckinpah. The scenes are short in length, several in number and often a series of montages take the story forward. Anurag Kashyap never has to resort to extraneous elements like stylised entries, editing patterns or camera motions to add to the effect because the story has an intrinsic impact of its own. However the film doesn't fall short of any technical finesse. There's unabashed blood, gore and abuse wherever the scene demands. Lines like "Tum sahi ho, woh marad hai," ("You are right, he is male") said in resigned agreement to a wronged wife stand out for their cruel truths of rural life.[33] Kashyap's use of occasional bursts of music and comedy to punctuate the slowly augmenting tension at different junctures is highly reminiscent of Spaghetti Westerns. Kashyap's use of dark humour to judiciously propagate violence bears an uncanny similarity to Quentin Tarantino’s style of movie-making.[34] Absorbing styles as diverse as those of old-school Italo-American mafia classics a la Coppola, Scorsese and Leone, as well as David Michod's taut crime thriller "Animal Kingdom," Kashyap never lets his influences override the distinct Indian color. The pacing is machine-gun relentless, sweeping incoherence and repetitiveness under the carpet as it barrels forward with hypnotic speed.[35]

text: Theme[edit]

text:
" The film is essentially about two families from Wasseypur and one from Dhanbad. In the process, it explores the larger chunk of the coal and mafia activity. The film deals with the emergence of Mafia. I didn't want to limit to coal activity so family story had to be shown and what the mafia is doing there now. What we have done with this film is even if it's a fictional film we have taken actual shots of sand mining. In the film nothing is recreated. Everything here is real shots. The entire river has been turned into sand mine as there is not an ounce of water. "

—Kashyap on the theme of the film.[36]

tag: div

text:
BP Sinha, one of the most respected labour leaders, yet also considered the Godfather of Dhanbad Mafia. The character of S.P. Sinha is vaguely based on him.

Surajdeo Singh, MLA and the first Coal Mafia Don of Dhanbad. The Character of Ramadhir Singh in Gangs of Wasseypur is based on him. He actually got his mentor, BP Sinha murdered to become the undisputed Mafia King.

text: The movie chronicles the journey of the saga associated with coal mines. It portrays the gang lords of Wasseypur like Shafi Khan, Faheem Khan and Shabir Alam.[37] The film has also been inspired from the story of Jharkhand politician BP Sinha, Suryadev Singh, Binod Singh, Sakeldeo Singh, and Ramadhir Singh, who was convicted of murder.[38][39][40][41] Rajeev Masand of CNN-IBN calls the movie, a gang warfare and notes that " On the surface, Gangs of Wasseypur is a revenge saga, a tableau of vengeance between generations of gangsters. Scratch that surface and you’ll discover more than just a grim portrait ". "[42] While some of the critics noted that the film, is a powerful political film, which underlines the party politics system (at that time) allowing the growth of illegal coal trading and mafias in the region (Bihar) and their use as a political tool, thus making the allotment of coal blocks, one of the most powerful expressions of controlling power in the region.[43] Despite its grim theme, the film also has an inherent sense of humour that comes quite naturally to it from its series of events. The scene where Reema Sen is charmed by Manoj Bajpai over her daily chores or the one where Nawazuddin goes on a formal date with Huma Qureshi are outrageously hilarious.[44] The household politics is one of the many subplots rendering layers to the story. You realise Sardar's family is emerging into a Corleone set-up of sorts. His sons - the brooding Danish and the doped-out Faizal (Nawazuddin Siddiqui) from Nagma, and the enigmatic Definite Khan (Zeishan Quadri) from Durga - will become key players in this revenge story.[45] Violent as his screenplay is, Kashyap reveals wit while narrating his tale. Ample black comedy is used to imagine the gang war milieu. The humour lets us relate to the intrinsic irreverent nature of men who live by the gun.[45] Character development can best justify the length of Part 1.[46]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Gangs of Wasseypur

Soundtrack album by Sneha Khanwalkar

Released
23 May 2012 (2012-05-23)

Genre
Feature film soundtrack

Length
56:12

Label
T-Series

text: Music of Gangs of Wasseypur was launched on 23 May. The film which is in two parts, has a whopping 25 songs.[47][48] Music for the album is composed by Sneha Khanwalkar and Piyush Mishra. Lyrics for the album are written by Varun Grover and Piyush Mishra.

text:
Track list: part-I

No.
Title
Singer(s)
Length

1.
"Jiya Tu"
Manoj Tiwari
5:19

2.
"Ik Bagal"
Piyush Mishra
5:28

3.
"Bhoos"
Manish Tipu, Bhupesh Singh
5:09

4.
"Keh ke lunga"
Amit Trivedi, Sneha Khanwalkar
4:47

5.
"O Womaniya Live"
Khusboo Raaj, Rekha Jha
4:49

6.
"Hunter"
Vedesh Sokoo, Rajneesh, Munna, Shyamoo
4:17

7.
"Humni ke Chhodi ke"
Deepak Kumar
4:17

8.
"Loonga Loonga"
Ranjeet Kumar Baal Party, Akshay Verma
2:52

9.
"Manmauji"
Usri Banerjee
2:53

10.
"Womaniya"
Khusboo Raaj, Rekha Jha
5:22

11.
"Aey Jawano"
Ranjeet Baal Party (Gaya)
1:54

12.
"Soona kar ke gharwa"
Sujeet (Gaya)
2:01

13.
"Tain Tain To To"
Sneha Khanwalkar
3:59

14.
"Bhaiyaa"
The Mushahar of Sundarpur
3:06

Total length:
56:12

text: Reception[edit]

text: Raja Sen of Rediff gave a 5 star rating to the soundtrack calling it a "A strikingly flavourful and headily authentic collection of quirky music".[49] Purva Desai of Times of India said "The music is brilliant and this album deserves all the praises."[50] Shivi Reflections in her favourable review wrote that "Gangs of Wasseypur is a soundtrack which should be acknowledged for its experimentation and uniqueness."[51]

text: Sneha Khanwalkar had been nominated for various awards for the music of the 2 parts, including the prestigious Best Music Director award at the 58th Filmfare Awards.[52]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: The marketing of Gangs of Wasseypur was noted for its uniqueness. Gamucha, a thin traditional East Indian towel was taken to Cannes, the Gangs of Wasseypur team danced on the streets wearing red gamchhas, after the Cannes Film Festival and has been making public appearances in them ever since. While most music launches in India happen with a big party in a 5-star banquet hall in a Delhi or Mumbai, and formal announcements before the press, the music of this film, was launched in Patna.

text: In another effective way of building the world of Wasseypur for the audience, a fictitious newspaper was made available online which was named Wasseypur Patrika.

text: In keeping with the language and setup of the film, wall paintings instead of posters, reading Goli Nahi Marenge, Keh Ke Lenge – Gangs of Wasseypur were painted on walls across 20 cities.

text: Gangs of Wasseypur mementos — The Gangs of Wasseypur team has made a memento consisting of bullets of different era. While all sorts of weapons have been used in the film, this is the best thing one could give as memento. [53]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Bikas Bhagat of Zee News gave the movie 4 stars out of 5, concluding that "So if you want to experience an all new wave of cinema in Bollywood, Gangs of Wasseypur is your movie. It has some real quirky moments which I’ll leave for you to explore in the film. Watch it for its sheer cinematic pleasure!"[54]

text: Subhash K. Jha of IANS gave the movie 4 out of 5 stars, saying that "Brutal, brilliant, dark, sinister, terrifying in its violence and yet savagely funny in the way human life is disregarded Gangs of Wasseypur is one helluva romp into the raw and rugged heartland. Not to be missed."[55] Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave the movie 3.5 stars out of 5, saying that "On the whole, Gangs of Wasseypur symbolizes the fearless new Indian cinema that shatters the clichés and conventional formulas, something which Anurag Kashyap has come to be acknowledged for. It has all the trappings of an entertainer, but with a difference. The film prides itself with substance that connects with enthusiasts of new-age cinema. But, I wish to restate, one needs to have a really strong belly to soak up to a film like Gangs of Wasseypur. Also, this striking movie-watching experience comes with a colossal length and duration. The reactions, therefore, would be in extremes. Gangs of Wasseypur is for that segment of spectators who seek pleasure in watching forceful, hard-hitting and gritty movies."[56]

text: Rajeev Masand of CNN-IBN gave the movie 3.5 stars out of 5, concluding that "Bolstered by its riveting performances and its thrilling plot dynamics, this is a gripping film that seizes your full attention. I’m going with three-and-a-half out of five for Anurag Kashyap's Gangs of Wasseypur. Despite its occasionally indulgent narrative, this bullet-ridden saga is worthy of a repeat viewing, if only to catch all its nuances. Don’t miss it."[42] Mansha Rastogi of Now Running gave the movie 3.5 stars out of 5, commenting that "Gangs of Wasseypur works like an explosive leaving you wanting for more. Gangs of Wasseypur – Part 2 will definitely be a film eagerly awaited! Devour part one in the meantime!"[57]

text: Madhureeta Mukherjee of Times of India gave the movie 3.5 stars out of 5, saying that "Director Anurag Kashyap, in his trademark style of story- telling – realistic, with strong characters, over-the-top sequences, and unadulterated local flavour (crude maa-behen gaalis galore), gruesome bloody violence and raw humour – interestingly spins this twisted tale. This first of a two-part film, is ambitious indeed; showing promise of brilliance in parts, but not bullet-proof to flaws. With a runtime this long, meandering side tracks and random sub-plots, countless characters, documentary-style narrative backed with black and white montages from actual history, it loses blood in the second half because of the Director's over-(self)indulgence. So, hold on to your guns, gamchas and 'womaniyas'."[58]

text: Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV gave the movie 3.5 stars out of 5, concluding that "It may not be for the faint-hearted and the prissy. Gangs of Wasseypur is a heavyweight knockout punch. You’re down for the count!"[59] Blessy Chettiar of DNA gave the movie 3.5 stars out of 5, commenting that "Even though there's so much going for Part 1, there's something always amiss, something that leaves you underwhelmed after all those expectations. May be it's a hope of a dashing Part 2. Let's wait and watch."[60]

text: Kunal Guha of Yahoo! gave the movie 3 stars out of 5, concluding that "Considering the amount of blood spilled in this film, it could’ve just been called ‘Gangs of Sauce-e-pur’. Hot and sweet and different. ‘Bata deejiyega sabko!’"[61] Roshni Devi of Koimoi gave the movie 3 stars out of 5, saying that "Gangs of Wasseypur is a very good movie that gets bogged down by the endless characters and length of the movie. If you love those hinterland mafia movies, this is definitely for you."[62]

text: On the contrary, Raja Sen of Rediff gave the movie 2.5 stars out of 5, concluding that "It is the excess that suffocates all the magic, originality dying out for lack of room to breathe. Kashyap gets flavour, setting and character right, but the lack of economy cripples the film. There is a lot of gunfire, but like the fine actors populating its sets, Wasseypur fires too many blanks."[63]

text: Mayank Shekhar of theW14.com says, "Most movies have a definite beginning (starting point), middle (turning point) and end (high point), or what playwrights call the three-act structure in a script. There doesn’t seem to be one here, at least on the face of it. The genre it comes closest to then is an epic, spelt with a capital E, along the lines of say Francis Ford Coppola's Godfather trilogy, or this film's immediate inspiration Martin Scorsese's Gangs of New York (2002). And, of course, it is like all mythologies are supposed to be. You enjoy them for the parts rather than caring merely for the hero's final goal. If it wasn’t a film, this would’ve been a stylised graphic novel. But you would’ve missed a memorable background score and striking sound design. "

text: The film met positive international reviews. Deborah Young of The Hollywood Reporter called the film "an extraordinary ride through Bollywood's spectacular, over-the-top filmmaking". Referring to the violence and pace of the film she says "Gangs of Wasseypur puts Tarantino in a corner with its cool command of cinematically-inspired and referenced violence, ironic characters and breathless pace".[64]

text: [65] Maggie Lee of Variety notes Kashyap never lets his diverse influences of old-school Italo-American mafia classics a la Coppola, Scorsese and Leone, as well as David Michod's taut crime thriller "Animal Kingdom, override the distinct Indian color. Calling the film "the love child of Bollywood and Hollywood," she felt the film was "by turns pulverizing and poetic in its depiction of violence."[66] Lee Marshall of Screen International writes "the script alternates engagingly between scenes of sometimes stomach-churning violence and moments of domestic comedy, made more tasty by hard-boiled lines of dialogue like “in Wasseypur even the pigeons fly with one wing, because they need the other to cover their arse”. He describes song lyrics "as if mouthed by a Greek chorus of street punks" commenting sarcastically on what's happening onscreen.[67]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Gangs of Wasseypur collected ₹12.25cr in first four days. Gangs of Wasseypur collected ₹10cr net approx over its first weekend. The collections were good all over.[68] Both instalments of the film were made at a production cost of ₹18.5cr and with ₹17.5cr as the total first week collection of the first part, film has successfully recovered the total production cost minus promotion cost. Gangs of Wasseypur held up week two but with low collections. The second week was around ₹ 7 crore nett. Gangs of Wasseypur – Part 1 has earned ₹ 27.52cr in India, as of 27 July 2012 and the film was finally declared as a hit.[3]

text: The success party for the film was held at Escobar in Bandra, Mumbai on Thursday, 5 July, late evening.[69]

text: Differences from actual events[edit]

text: The film mainly draws its story from the real life gang wars that took place in the region of Dhanbad, Jharkhand. There are several differences in the film which contradict actual documented events most notability the character of Faizal Khan (based on Faheem Khan) who dies in the climax. Faheem Khan is currently in jail in Hazaribagh and has been sentenced to life imprisonment.[70] In the film, Sardar Khan marries the Bengali girl but in real life, the woman was kept as a mistress. Most of the gang wars were between the gangs of Wasseypur, not with the Singhs, who had been instrumental in instigating these wars, but never participated in them.[70] There was no character akin to Shahid Khan.

text: Another scene in the movie, where a Muslim girl is kidnapped by Singh’s men, has been portrayed conversely. In real life, the victim was a local Hindu girl and the kidnappers were a few goons from Wasseypur. The members of the Singh family ultimately had to threaten the entire Wasseypur community to return the girl in 24 hours. The girl was eventually returned as the Singhs were regarded in the village with might and fear.[70]

text: The character of Ramadhir Singh is based on Surajdeo Singh. In the film's climax, Singh is brutally killed by Faizal but in real life, Singh died of natural causes in June 1991.[71]

text: Fazloo's character is based on Sabir Alam. In the film, Fazloo is killed and dismembered by Faizal Khan. In real life, Sabir Alam and Faheem Khan were childhood friends turned enemies. Sabir was awarded life sentence in 2007 for the murder of Faheem Khan’s mother and aunt, is out on bail in Wasseypur.[72]

text: The mafia's downfall in Dhanbad didn't come from gang wars but rather it came from the differences between Kunti Singh, the widow of Surajdeo Singh, and his three brothers – Baccha Singh, Rajan Singh and Ram Dhani Singh – which gave others an opportunity to make space for themselves.[73]


document_title: Peter Pan (Australian horse)

question_text: when did peter pan win the melbourne cup

text: Peter Pan (Australian horse)

text: Background[edit]

text: Peter Pan was sired by Pantheon (GB) out of Alwina by St Alwyne (GB). He was foaled at the Baroona Stud north of Sydney Australia in 1929. His sire, Pantheon was an outstanding racehorse winning 10 races from 44 starts in England and Australia. Alwina did not race, but was a good broodmare.[2]

text: Peter Pan was known for having an unusual colouring for a Thoroughbred. He was chestnut with a blonde mane and tail. Frank McGrath's wife loved Peter Pan for his colouring and racing beauty.

text: Racing career[edit]

text: Conditioned by future Hall of Fame trainer Frank McGrath, Sr., Peter Pan raced early in the 1930s during the Great Depression and with Phar Lap, Chatham and Rogilla, all household names at the time. Frank McGrath, Sr. and some others considered Peter Pan to possibly be a better horse than Phar Lap.

text: Peter Pan was famous for winning the Melbourne Cup twice, in 1932 and 1934. In the running of the 1932 Melbourne Cup, Peter Pan, carrying Billy Duncan, was travelling at the rear of the pack when he clipped the heels of the horse in front and fell to his knees. Running behind him was his stablemate Dennis Boy, who bumped the champion back onto his feet. From there, Peter Pan raced past the pack to take out the race by a neck. When he was led into the winner's circle, a grass stain was clearly visible on his face. In 1933, Peter Pan fought a near-fatal viral disease that swept Sydney's racing stables and did not contest the Melbourne Cup. Frank McGrath Snr. personally nursed the horse back to health. Peter Pan won his 1934 Melbourne Cup carrying Darby Munro at 9 st 10 lb on his back and from an outside draw on a heavy track, hence his long odds of 14/1. In 1932, he also won the VRC Derby and the MacKinnon Stakes.

text: To win two Melbourne Cups is a rare feat, and this with his fine record gained him a place in the Australian Racing Hall of Fame. In 1935, Peter Pan suffered a recurrence of the illness that nearly killed him in 1933. Once again, Frank McGrath Snr. nursed him back to health but the horse was not his old self. Out of loyalty to the enormous public following that Peter Pan had gained, Rodney R. Dangar and McGrath agreed to start Peter Pan in the 1935 Melbourne Cup. The horse carried 10 st 5 lb (the weight carried by Carbine to win the 1890 Melbourne Cup) but finished 13th. He was immediately retired to stud.

text: 1934 racebook[edit]

text:
1934 VRC Melbourne Cup racebook with train & turnstile passes.

Conditions & Starters showing the winner, Peter Pan.

1934 VRC Melbourne Cup racebook.

1934 VRC Melbourne Cup racebook.

The back cover showing raceday Railway Arrangements.

text: Stud career[edit]

text: Peter Pan stood at Rodney R. Dangar's country property Baroona, Whittingham, Singleton, New South Wales where he exclusively covered his owner's mares. His stud career was cut short when he broke his leg in 1941 and was destroyed. Peter Pan is buried at Baroona, Whittingham, Singleton, New South Wales.[3]

text: Peter Pan sired the stakeswinners Grampian, Peter and Precept, who won the Moonee Valley Stakes and VRC Derby. Peter won the Williamstown Cup and placed 2nd in the 1944 Melbourne Cup.[2]

text: Honours[edit]

text: In 1978 he was honoured on a postage stamp issued by Australia Post [1].


document_title: A (Pretty Little Liars)

question_text: who is working for a in pretty little liars

text: A (Pretty Little Liars)

text: Development[edit]

text: Characterization[edit]

text: "A" makes appearances as a figure with black leather gloves, a black hood, dark pants, and dark shoes. Throughout the seasons, the story focuses on the mystery of "A". However, "Big A" also sported different disguises, including that of Red Coat, while their ally disguised themselves as The Black Widow, while also donning the Red Coat identity on certain occasions.

text: Uber A also dressed up as several disguises, including those of a gardener, a maid and a surgeon. They later costume themselves with the traditional look.

text: Novels storylines[edit]

text: The first "A"[edit]

text: Real identity: Mona Vanderwaal.

text: Three year after the disappearance of Alison DiLaurentis, her four friends, Aria Montgomery, Spencer Hastings, Emily Fields, and Hanna Marin, each receive messages from someone calling themselves "A." The girls had drifted apart over the years, so they had no idea that other people were getting texts as well. Additionally, the texts were about secrets only Ali knew about. At first, the messages were simply teasing and all of the girls wonder if their missing friend was the one who sent them. Though they knew she was most likely dead, she was still the only one who knew their darkest secrets. Once Ali's body is discovered in her old backyard, the girls are even more baffled when they continue to receive threats. At Ali's funeral, the girls are reunited and they find out that they've all been receiving weird messages. As the girls stand outside after the funeral ends, they all get a text saying, "I'm still here, bitches. And I know everything. —A".

text: From that point on, the messages take on a distinctly more threatening tone. Aria is given an ultimatum to tell her mother about her father's affair by midnight after the Foxy event, or A will do it for her. A continues to play life-altering games with the girls, from encouraging suspicion of Spencer's involvement in Ali's death to outing Emily's sexuality to her conservative mother. However, A makes a serious mistake in texting Hanna on the night of Mona's birthday party. Instead of using the plain Blackberry she bought just for tormenting the girls, A accidentally uses his/her own phone. Hanna, who has a new phone without all of her contacts recognizes the number, compelling A to act before Hanna can reveal A's true identity to the others. A hits Hanna with an SUV, successfully destroying Hanna's phone and putting her into a coma that eventually leads to a temporary loss of memory. Soon after that, "A" puts a drug in Emily's pain cream which causes an Ulcer in the spot where she has been putting the cream. She ends up in the hospital and might not be able to swim again.

text: A knew that there was a very good chance Hanna would regain her memory. Hanna's best friend, Mona Vanderwaal, informs the girls that she has also received texts from A, drawing the five closer together in trying to figure out who their tormentor is. Mona subtly encourages Spencer's fears that her sister, Melissa, might be A as well as Alison's killer. During Hanna's recovery masquerade celebration, she suddenly regains her memory, revealing that Mona is A. However, she, Emily, and Aria can't do much about it, because Spencer and Mona are on their way to the police station. After Spencer is warned about Mona by text, she tries to escape Mona's car, but Mona catches on rather quickly and diverts to a path in a more remote area of Rosewood. She tells Spencer everything, from seeing Ali launch a firework into Toby Cavanaugh's garage and blind her friend Jenna, to finding Ali's diary of secrets among a pile of old DiLaurentis junk the St. Germains left at the curb, discovering the girls' secrets that only Ali knew. Her motivation was to get revenge for her friend's blindness, even though Jenna and Ali had planned together to launch the firework. Mona didn't know this and got a scar on her stomach from the ordeal. Mona also drops the bombshell that Ian Thomas killed Ali, due to Ali's last diary entry about giving him an ultimatum to break up with Melissa. She then offers Spencer to become A with her and tell Hanna that she must not be remembering correctly, but she refuses. The two fight at Floating Man's Quarry and Spencer accidentally pushes Mona, who falls and has her neck caught between rocks.

text: The second "A"[edit]

text: Real identity: Alison DiLaurentis

text: As the girls move into the big red house they are shocked to receive messages from a new person claiming to be Alison. At first, they believe it's just a prank, especially since the first "A" got major news time. Then the girls believe it's Ian Thomas, who is the prime suspect of the investigation. Spencer is especially certain of this until finding Ian's body in the woods bordering her estate and the old DiLaurentis home. The girls all get a message from "A," saying "He had to go. -A".

text: However, this Alison is even more twisted than the first; Ian's body disappears and the town is largely convinced that it was a hoax. "A" even teases Spencer, stating, "Just because I said Ian had to go, it didn't mean he had to die." "A" pretends to be Ian, using an IM screenname of USCMidfielderRoxx, a testament to his alma mater and his love for field hockey. Through this new fake identity, "A" feeds Spencer some interesting information about her family, specifically her father's affair with Mrs. DiLaurentis and the possibility that Ali is her half sister. "A" proceeds to torment the girls even more: they force Spencer to focus more on her father's secret by enabling Spencer's surrogate mother to scam her and clear out her two million dollar trust fund. "A" taunts Aria with pictures of her and her mother's new love interest in compromising situations. They threaten to send these to her mother, even though Aria has tried to ward off her mother's new boyfriend. "A" lands Hanna in the Preserve at Addison-Stevens, a lush clinic for troubled patients. "A" sends Emily on a trip to the Amish community in Lancaster to dig up more dirt on Officer Wilden.

text: Throughout the second half of the series, the second "A" keeps up this forced information search with the girls, pushing them to find more information on Wilden and Jason DiLaurentis. "A" even plants the idea that they killed Ali. However, when Jenna is found dead in Heartless, "A" plants all of their texts, pictures, etc. on a random lecherous construction worker. This is one of the same workers who was involved in building the DiLaurentises' gazebo when "Alison" was still alive. The girls believe it is all over now, though the fact that the suspect is such a random person bothers them.

text: Everyone in Rosewood is shocked when the DiLaurentis's introduce the existence of a third child, Courtney DiLaurentis. She is the twin of Alison and was kept in various clinics because she was "ill". However, "Courtney" is actually Alison DiLaurentis herself. She reveals her true identity to each of the girls, hoping to gain their friendship and telling them she never died the night of the sleepover. She claims that Courtney must have gotten out of the house and ran into the construction worker, who killed her. Though the girls believe her and are glad to have their friend back, Aria is the most suspicious of her. It was recently discovered that Courtney liked to pretend to be Ali and she wasn't completely buying her story. Additionally, Wilden and Melissa are also suspicious of "Courtney". Melissa knew about the twins since high school, as their brother Jason confided in her. He told her they hated each other, but Spencer tells her about "Courtney's" statements that she and Ali shared everything together."

text: Ali's time is running out, for besides the few people suspicious of her, the police start to say that the construction worker has an alibi and might not be guilty. Her secret is further endangered when Aria finds and sends in a photo of a reflection of someone spying on the girls during the sleepover. The reflection is too blurry, but it is clearly a female. Ali takes Mona's idea and convinces Spencer that Melissa is the culprit. Meanwhile, she kidnaps Melissa- who has just figured out the truth- and keeps her in her family's Poconos home. She stuffs Melissa in a closet with Ian's corpse.

text: On the night of the school's Valentine dance, Ali convinces the girls to hang out with her at the Poconos home. They ditch the party and get wasted at her home. She asks them if she could reenact the night of the sleepover and hypnotize them. Everyone reluctantly agrees, and minutes later they wake up to find Ali gone and the door of the room locked. A letter is slid underneath, informing the girls of the horrible truth: The Alison that they had been friends with had been Courtney all along and the real Ali killed her.

text: Courtney was mentally unsound and wanted to be Ali so badly that she tried to drown her when they were children. One day, when she was home from the mental institute, Courtney stole Ali's ring and imitated her when she saw Spencer and the others sneaking into their backyard. Ali was sent to the new mental institute, the Preserve, in Courtney's place, and was forced to take her sister's messed up life. On the night of the sleepover, she spied on the girls, followed Courtney after her fight with Spencer, and killed her in revenge for taking her perfect life. She hates the girls for ruining her life and tries to kill them too by boarding up the entire home and setting it on fire. The girls, including Melissa, manage to escape, but no one knows whether Ali is alive. It's hinted that she might be, as Emily hears a faint giggle in the distance as she visits Courtney's grave in the evening.

text: The Helper, or Third "A"[edit]

text: By the end of Crushed, the Liars know that the Second "A", Alison, has had an accomplice the whole time, and that this accomplice is the Third "A". They believe that Alison did indeed survive the fire in the Poconos house, and thus that the Second and Third "A" are currently operating together to bring them down (and eventually kill them). The helper later is revealed to be Nick Maxwell, Alison's boyfriend when she was hospitalized. Nick was caught by the police when he and Alison planned to kill the Liars via poisoning. However, months later, the Liars visit Nick in the prison in order to discover some clues about Alison's whereabouts, and he gives them some information.

text: Television storylines[edit]

text: Original "A"[edit]

text: Original A was the first "A" and revealed to be Mona Vanderwaal. Mona began torturing Alison by sending her gifts, threats and soon attacking her while wearing a zombie costume. "A" continued to mess with Ali and her mother Jessica DiLaurentis, whom she believed it to be Spencer Hastings. After Alison's disappearance, "A" went away for a year but after the corpse of Bethany Young (believed to be Alison at the time) was found, she reemerged. "A" began sending the Liars messages about things only Alison knew about them and soon even began messing with their parents. Doctor Anne Sullivan had previously dealt with the person behind the hoodie and when "A" trashed her office she immediately recognized the person. She almost exposes her identity to the Liars but "A" kidnaps her and went as far as to threaten her son's life. But the Liars are still close to figuring it out and during the second half of season two they manage to get a hold of "A's" phone. They hatch a plan to catch her with this and it works. They find out that "A" had a lair at the Lost woods resort and Spencer and Mona ("A's" newest victim) head over there and find a room full of pictures of Alison and the girls along with a sketch of "A's" costume to the ball, The Black Swan. However, Spencer begins to notice other clues and soon realizes "A" is right there with her. She turns around to see Mona in a black hoodie, who reveals herself as "A". She kidnaps Spencer and gives her an opportunity to join the "A" team but Spencer declines and the two get into a fight, where Mona is pushed off of a cliff. Though Mona survives, she is sent to Radley Sanitarium for medical assistance. While in the psychiatric hospital, Mona takes up a partnership suggested by the then unknown CeCe Drake that starts off the second game. After this, Mona became another henchmen in the "A" hierarchy, obeying the orders of CeCe, whom she knew as Red Coat. Mona was kicked off of the A-Team in the season three finale. However, Mona joins the new "A.D." team in Season 7, after "A.D." sends Wren to kill her and she offers to help instead. She helps them kidnap Spencer and wears a Melissa mask, but ultimately turns on them and brings the Liars to them, as well as a cop. However, this turns out to be a ruse and the "cop" is actually Mona's French boyfriend, who helps her take Mary and Alex (the two remaining members) to France to live in her own personal Dollhouse. Mona is the final "A" of the series, being the "winner" of the game.

text: Big "A"[edit]

text: Big A was the person who took over the "A" game from Mona Vanderwaal after she was admitted to Radley Sanitarium and revealed to be CeCe Drake. She had visited Mona in Radley and used her to get information about the Liars before taking over the game herself and had used Mona, Toby and Spencer to do her dirty work and sometimes went under the Red Coat disguise. Big A often hid out at a lair situated in Room A at an apartment building at Mayflower Hill and a mobile RV which was stolen but Toby gave it back to "A" in exchange for information about his mother's death. However, the Team was disbanded in the third-season finale and CeCe acted on her own with a few minions and an ally, who is Sara Harvey. It is revealed that Charlotte had been hiding out in the basement of the DiLaurentis house and drilled holes through the floor to spy on the family in her Red Coat disguise and shared the identity with Alison. Her disguise as Red Coat was exposed in the fourth season mid finale when Emily was trapped on a saw at Ravenswood and later got into a fight with Aria who discovered her identity and Charlotte later fell off a platform and escaped. In "A is for Answers" the Liars are under attack by "A" who shoots Ezra Fitz on the rooftop. However, in the fifth-season premiere, the shooter is revealed to be Shana Fring who attempted to kill Alison but was later shoved off a stage by Aria and died from the impact. After all of this, Charlotte fled to France under the Vivian Darkbloom identity to escape custody for Wilden's death but returned. In the series's 100 episode, Charlotte placed a bomb in the Cavanaugh house which detonated, signalling her return to Rosewood. In season five, CeCe breaks into the Vanderwaal home and kidnaps Mona just as she is about to tell the Liars that Alison is "A" and covers up her kidnapping as a homicide. She then brings Mona to the Dollhouse and tortures her and forces her to dress up and act like Alison. Just as the Liars are being brought to jail, CeCe kidnaps them and tortures them inside the Dollhouse. Inside, the Liars discover that Big "A" is named Charles DiLaurentis. CeCe/Charlotte reveals herself as "A" and tells her story; saying that she is transgender, was formerly known as Charles DiLaurentis, and became 'A' because the Liars were happy that Alison was gone. She worked with Sara Harvey, who was the Black Widow and a decoy Red Coat, and was also responsible for the "death" of Alison and the death of Wilden, and after telling her story, she attempts suicide by jumping off Radley but is stopped. She is admitted to Welby State and her reign as "A" finally ends and stays in the psychiatric hospital for five years. When she is released, Charlotte is murdered by Mona Vanderwaal and her death causes the birth of "A.D.", the new Uber A. After her death, it is revealed that Noel Kahn and Jenna Marshall were also working for Charlotte. It is also revealed that her birth mother is Jessica's twin, Mary Drake, and her birth father is Ted Wilson, while Spencer is her sister. The series finale reveals that "A.D." is her sister and Spencer's twin, Alex Drake, whom Charlotte met after boarding the plane to France. She and Alex become very close after meeting, until Charlotte returned to Rosewood to play the game some more. Alex reveals that Charlotte never returned to her in London and the next time she saw her was when she visited her grave.

text: Uber "A"[edit]

text: Uber A, also known as A.D., is the third major "A" to have tormented the Liars. In the show's series finale, Uber A's identity is revealed to be Alex Drake, Spencer's twin sister who was put up for adoption at birth. She desperately craves vengeance over the tragic passing of Charlotte DiLaurentis, who was her half-sister, and is trying to seek out the person responsible. Unlike Mona or Charlotte, Alex does not use any nicknames at first but instead signs their messages with emojis, which differentiates her from the A-Team. This causes Caleb to nickname her Amoji. However, in the sixth-season finale, she begins using the alias "A.D." and kidnaps Hanna, whom she believes is accountable for her sister's homicide.[2] Hanna manages to escape Uber A's clutches and Alex goes after Alison, who the Liars suggested as guilty for her own cousin's murder. Uber A eventually finds out that Alison is innocent after searching her jacket. While Uber A does work on their own, she also works through a new "A-Team" of helpers, known to consist of Jenna Marshall, Sydney Driscoll, and Aria Montgomery, who are assisting them in completing the endgame. The series finale explains that Alex Drake was put up for adoption in exchange for a sum of money (for Mary), but then left at an orphanage by her adopted parents who were concerned for their image. She ran away from the orphanage at ten years old and eventually started working in a bar in London, where Wren Kingston mistook her for Spencer, revealing the existence of Alex's twin and Charlotte. Wren introduces Charlotte and Alex in an airport (just after Charlotte met Archer Dunhill) and they immediately connect, becoming very close in a short amount of time. After Charlotte is released from Welby, she tells Alex that she wishes to return to Rosewood and resume the game, but Alex says she shouldn't go unless she gets to come too, since she wants to meet Spencer. Charlotte says no and describes the Hastings as "toxic people" before leaving for Rosewood, where she was murdered by Mona. Alex is enraged and forces Wren to shoot her so that she looks exactly like Spencer and can successfully impersonate her. She then goes to Rosewood and picks up the game as "Uber A". Alex has made several appearances where she impersonates Spencer, including, but not limited to: The run in with Ezra at the airport where she introduced Wren, the kiss between "Spencer" and Toby just before the latter planned to leave Rosewood with Yvonne, and Hanna's "dream" where she "hallucinated" Spencer while A.D held her hostage. The latter was done so that Alex could find out whether Hanna was telling the truth about killing Charlotte.

text: The A-Team[edit]

text: The A-Team is a group of anonymous characters that worked together as "A". The team would work under the orders of the "A" in charge, who has been Mona Vanderwaal, the original leader and founder and CeCe Drake, the second leader. Five years later, Alex Drake, also known as Uber A, assembles a team of their own. This team continues using the same name, though is also referred to as the "A.D.-Team".

text: Members[edit]

text: Sara Harvey[edit]

text: Sara was the right-hand woman to Charlotte and also revealed as an A-Team member halfway throughout the sixth season.[3][4] Sara is revealed as a Red Coat and the Black Widow, hired to pose as a decoy whenever Charlotte couldn't sport the Red Coat disguise.[5][6] She then became Charlotte's friend and ally in the "A" game and assisted her in most of her schemes. Sara was allegedly diagnosed with Stockholm Syndrome following Charlotte's arrest, but later discloses to Alison that she lied under oath, also admitting that she and Charlotte were in fact close friends and she felt as though they were sisters. Later, Sara was possibly enlisted by Jenna Marshall and Noel Kahn (and possibly "A.D.") to work with them. However, Sara was killed by Noel after she tried to reveal more than she should to Emily.

text: Sydney Driscoll[edit]

text: Sydney is Uber A's helper for a brief while. She is first seen communicating with them through text messages, when she makes a donation under their name at the Vogel Vision Institute. When Aria and Emily confront her, Driscoll claims that she is simply representing a client who prefers to remain anonymous. However, she returns in the following episode and reveals herself to be "A.D.". She offers Aria the chance to join their team, but Aria realizes that Sydney is communicating with someone through an ear piece, revealing that she's just a minion. Aria asks her why she would join their tormentor and Driscoll replies that she wants to be part of the "winning team". However, Uber A, who reveals herself as Spencer's twin sister Alex Drake, reveals in the series finale that Sydney wasn't involved in the Blind School shooting and joined the A-Team because Alex found out she had been stealing from a bank and she fit the hoodie.[7]

text: Toby Cavanaugh[edit]

text: Toby was recruited by Mona to join the A-Team when he got a job in Bucks County. His participation in the team was revealed in the mid-season finale of the third season.[8] He worked hand in hand with Mona and did most of the dirty work for the team, like running down Lucas and attacking Hanna. However, like Mona, he didn't know the identity of Red Coat. Spencer finds out about his betrayal and goes off the deep end, especially after discovering his corpse. However, it is revealed that he is alive and well, with the corpse being a trick by Mona and Red Coat that he says he didn't know about until after. He is also revealed to be a double agent and gets kicked off the team.[9]

text: Spencer Hastings[edit]

text: Spencer joined the A-Team briefly near the ending of the third season after having been invited by Mona at the Radley while hospitalized.[10] Initially, Spencer was extremely determined to be part of the team. However, she later unfolds the truth behind the disappearance of Toby and became a double agent as well. Likewise Toby, she got kicked off from the team. She is the "A" who kidnapped Malcolm, causing a break up between Ezra and Aria.[9]

text: Lucas Gottesman[edit]

text: Lucas was the personal assistant to Mona. He was blackmailed by Mona and the A-Team into sending texts and doing their dirty work. Lucas claims his blackmail began after Mona discovered he was selling test answers, however Mona later discloses that Lucas was the "A" who gave Emily a massage back in the second season while Mona was off riding with Hanna.[11] During the seventh-season episode "Hold Your Piece", Pastor Ted Wilson reveals to Hanna that he used to run a summer camp for troubled boys, and Charlotte was a camper there prior to her sex change. Wilson is disheartened when describing that he interacted with his offspring without awareness they were related. Ted then showcases Hanna a picture of himself back when he worked at the camp, chaperoning Charles and Lucas, whom he described as his son's "only friend".

text: Melissa Hastings[edit]

text: Melissa was blackmailed by Mona into wearing the Black Swan disguise to the Masquerade Ball in order to distract Jenna. Mona threatened to reveal her fake pregnancy if she didn't obey her orders. Later, Melissa got onto the Halloween Train dressed as the Queen of Hearts and drugged Aria.[11] Wilden then attempted to push her off of the train in a box with Garrett's dead body. It is implied that she was once again blackmailed. It is implied in "A Dark Ali" that Melissa is once again working for "A", as she is seen handing a recording (presumed stolen by "A") to a man resembling Cyrus Petrillo and later implies to Spencer that "A" has something in store for Ali and the Liars.

text: Darren Wilden[edit]

text: Wilden was also part of the team as he was the Queens of Hearts responsible for trying to kill Spencer. He also murdered Garrett Reynolds fearing he'd expose him as a crooked cop and placed his corpse in a box beside a fainted Aria.[11] Wilden's reasoning for helping the team is unknown but implied to be blackmail.

text: Jenna Marshall[edit]

text: Jenna was a member of the A-Team during the reign of Big A and was also working anonymously for Uber A. She remains around Rosewood in "Along Comes Mary" and befriends Sara Harvey. Meanwhile, Aria Montgomery and Emily Fields discover that Jenna was on Archer's payroll for unknown reasons. On the episode's closing scene, Marshall and Sara are having drinks at The Radley when an unknown figure approaches the two and reveals themselves to be Noel Kahn, who proceeds to join the duo. When confronted by Emily in regards to her involvement with Archer during "Wanted: Dead or Alive", Jenna admits she befriended Charlotte DiLaurentis after reading about her stay at Welby and reached out. In a flashback, Charlotte enlists Jenna's help to track down the whereabouts of her birth mother and come up with an alias for Archer. The pseudonym "Elliott Rollins" was later created so Archer could deliberately meet Alison and take advantage of her good intentions to benefit Charlotte's eventual release from the psychiatric hospital. In "The DArkest Knight" all of the Liars get a text message, ordering them to head over to 1465, Elm Street. After being lured to an abandoned school for blind students, they're held hostage by Noel and Jenna, with Marshall tracking them down at gunpoint. During the cat-and-mouse chase, Jenna takes aim at the Liars only to backfire, until a second gunshot is heard and it injures Spencer. As Marshall prepares to finish her off, Mary Drake suddenly emerges from behind and knocks her out. While Drake attempts to help Spencer, an unknown figure drags Jenna away from the building. On the closing scene of the episode, the anonymous entity places her in the back of a van, while she questions them if they were responsible for the gunshot that hit Spencer. As the mysterious figure proceeds to rip off an old man's mask and toss it over to Jenna's side, Marshall feels it up and realizes that A.D. was the one who rescued her. At the end of "Playtime", Jenna is seated in A.D.'s lair, sipping tea. She thanks the unidentified individual for the drink and reminds them of their promise to update her on the "game". Dressed in a nurse's uniform, A.D. drops a binder on Marshall's lap with pages of information written in braille. After Jenna reads a paragraph, she mutters the word "endgame" and grins in delight. During "These Boots Were Made for Stalking",  Jenna walks into the police station in order to come clean about her actions and interrupts a conversation between Spencer and detective Marco Furey. Marshall reports that she kept a low profile after the events that took place at the abandoned school for blind students to avoid being harmed by Noel. According to Jenna, Noel was accountable for Sara Harvey's homicide and she feared to be his ensuing victim. Kahn recruited Jenna with the assertion that Charlotte left enough money in her will to afford Marshall another eye surgery. Nevertheless, Jenna suspected Noel of stealthily plotting to steal the cash all to himself since his parents had financially cut him off. In an attempt to spare her life, Marshall brought a gun to the deserted sight school as an act of self-defense and pretended to hold a grudge against the Liars. After Jenna describes her side of the story, Furey orders one of his associates to escort Marshall to a conference room so she can make an official statement. As Jenna exits the room, Spencer claims that she's an unreliable narrator. However, Furey informs Spencer that the authorities don't have enough evidence against Marshall because the bullet that injured Spencer didn't match the gun found at the location. Later in the episode, Caleb confronts Jenna stating that the authorities were already detecting holes in her allegations. However, Marshall assures Caleb they won't be able to prosecute her since Noel was the only person who could contradict her statement. In the series finale, Spencer's twin, Alex Drake, is revealed to be "A.D.". She reveals that Jenna was looking for her and recruited Noel to help. However, Jenna was desperate for another chance to see and offered to help her in the game.

text: Noel Kahn[edit]

text: Noel Kahn returned to Rosewood to team up with Jenna Marshall and Sara Harvey. Kahn served as one of Charlotte's former minions and worked for her at the Dollhouse, having been responsible for placing blood all over Spencer Hastings to convince she had hurt someone. Noel became the prime suspect for Uber A, particularly after Alison reveals that he pushed a girl down a flight of stairs when he was drunk during a UPenn frat party. Hanna abducts him at the end of "The Wrath of Kahn" in an attempt to obtain a video confession that proves he's their tormentor. In the following episode "The DArkest Knight", she instead ends up slashing his leg with a knife in order to test his DNA and see if it matches Mary Drake's. The results later come back negative and Kahn ends up escaping. Noel and Jenna later lure the Liars to an abandoned school for blind students so they could be held hostage and eventually murdered. During a cat-and-mouse chase, Kahn ends up stumbling upon an axe that decapitates his head after failing to fight Emily and Hanna. In the following episode, "Playtime", Detective Marco Furey informs Spencer that Jenna and Noel frequently visited Archer Dunhill at Welby. During "These Boots Were Made for Stalking", Jenna walks into the police station in order to come clean about her actions and interrupts a conversation between Spencer and detective Marco Furey. Marshall reports that she kept a low profile after the events that took place at the abandoned school for blind students to avoid being harmed by Noel. According to Jenna, Noel was accountable for Sara Harvey's homicide and she feared to be his ensuing victim. Kahn recruited Jenna with the assertion that Charlotte left enough money in her will to afford Marshall another eye surgery. Nevertheless, Jenna suspected Noel of stealthily plotting to steal the cash all to himself since his parents had financially cut him off. In an attempt to spare her life, Marshall brought a gun to the deserted sight school as an act of self-defense and pretended to hold a grudge against the Liars. However, when Caleb later confronts Jenna about the authorities detecting holes in her allegations, she informs him that the only person who could contradict her side of the story was Noel.

text: Aria Montgomery[edit]

text: Aria is "A.D.'s" helper. Aria is given the offer to join the team in "Power Play". She accepts in the following episode and begins supplying information to Uber A. After the Liars discover Lucas' graphic novel, Aria is sent by Uber A to retrieve it. Once she delivers it, she is given an "A" hoodie in return. She breaks into Alison's house sporting the disguise and trashes the nursery for her baby. In the next episode, Aria is sent by "A.D." to deliver a "gift" to the Hastings family. She connects to their Bluetooth and leaves a burner phone there to play a video recording of Peter and Mary discussing Jessica's murder. She later gets back into her "A" disguise and breaks into Alison's house to put the puzzle piece onto the and retrieve her file. "A.D." contacts Aria again and gives her a phone to communicate on. "A.D." asks Aria to meet them and to wear the uniform to do so. Mona overhears the call and tells the Liars of Aria's involvement with the A-Team. Aria gets into her "A" hoodie and goes to meet "A.D.", only to be confronted by the Liars. She then officially defects from the team and rejoins the Liars.

text: Mary Drake[edit]

text: Mary joins the A.D.-Team after the time jump, when Mona breaks her out of prison for Alex and she then helps Alex with kidnapping Spencer and keeping her locked away in the bunker. When Alex tries to kill Spencer, Mary tries to convince her to just keep her locked up, but Alex refuses and punches her to keep her from interfering. Mary and Alex are then kidnapped by Mona and kept as her dolls in her own personal dollhouse. Mary is also Jessica DiLaurentis' killer and seemingly the "A" who buried her.

text: Wren Kingston[edit]

text: Wren was a member of the A-Team and is one of the helpers to Alex/Uber A. He helped CeCe/Charlotte sneak into Radley with a fake visitors passes to visit Mona and later informs her of Alex's existence. When Alex takes over, he shoots her so that she will have the same scar as Spencer and then later comes to Welby to kill Mona as "A.D." for Alex, only stopping once Mona says she can help get Mary out. Alex kills Wren so that she doesn't have to break up with him in order to get her endgame wishes. Despite Wren being the only person to know almost everything about Alex's game, he doesn't participate much during the actual game, only doing a few things for Alex.

text: Other "A's"[edit]

text: Caleb Rivers[edit]

text: Caleb used the identity of "A" to text Hanna in Season 3, in order to trick her into meeting him. He sent her the text "The Apple Rose Grille at closing time. Go alone or Caleb pays. -A" to find out this information from her about the new "A".

text: Shana Fring[edit]

text: Shana pretended to be "A" to attack the Liars in New York. She donned a black hoodie and attacked them at the coffee shop, only to end up shooting Ezra instead, who had found out her identity. In the following episode, she continued to hunt down the Liars, and sent a group of black hoodies to trick them. The black hoodies used the alias "A" during their taunting of the Liars. Shana revealed herself to the girls and revealed that she wanted justice for Jenna. The Liars falsely believed that Shana was Big A.[12]

text: Disguises[edit]

text: During the TV series, the antagonists used various disguises at parties and events, in order to watch over the girls. They are:

text: Red Coat[edit]

text: Red Coat is a disguise used by two members of the A-Team. CeCe Drake took on the disguise to lead the A-Team and go out in public, while she hired Sara Harvey to act as a decoy whenever she couldn't sport the disguise in her assignments.

text: The Black Widow[edit]

text: The Black Widow is a previously anonymous character who attended detective Darren Wilden's funeral in "'A' Is for A-l-i-v-e". The disguise is all black clothing, with her face concealed by a black veil. The Black Widow is shown to be a part of the A-Team, when she is seen inside the "A" R.V. placing a Mona doll with the rest of the "A" doll collection. She then lifts up her veil to reveal a burned Ali mask underneath, revealing that she was the Red Coat at the Lodge. In the fifth season, the disguise is seen inside one of "A"'s lairs.[13] In "Game Over, Charles", it is revealed that Sara Harvey was the Black Widow. Charlotte sent her to Wilden's funeral to make sure he was deceased.[3] In "Of Late I Think of Rosewood", Sara shows up to Charlotte's funeral in a variation of the disguise, though this time revealing her face.[14]

text: In a nightmare that Alison had during "How the 'A' Stole Christmas", her mom, Jessica DiLaurentis shows up as the Black Widow.

text: The Queen of Hearts[edit]

text: The Queen of Hearts is a previously anonymous character that made an appearance during the third season's Halloween special, "This Is a Dark Ride".[15] In the fourth season's premiere, it is revealed that there were actually two of them in the Halloween train, Melissa Hastings and Darren Wilden. Wilden attacked Spencer and fought Paige, while Melissa drugged Aria and took her body. Wilden also murdered Garrett Reynolds fearing he'd expose his corrupt activities and Melissa later admits to Spencer that she was blackmailed into doing his bidding. However, in Mona's footage, evidence shows that Wilden tried to abandon the train and Melissa is heard ordering him to stay. Wilden would later place a fainted Aria in a box beside Garrett's corpse and then gathered with Melissa in an attempt to push them off the train. They fled the scene once Aria regained her consciousness and stabbed Wilden.[11]

text: The Black Swan[edit]

text: The Black Swan is a previously anonymous character that made an appearance during the Masquerade Ball.[16] Melissa was revealed to be the person behind the disguise in "Birds of a Feather". She claimed that "A" (Mona) threatened her, stating that her false pregnancy would've been exposed if she did not distract Jenna during the event. The disguise is inspired by Odile from Swan Lake.

text: The Black Hoodie[edit]

text: Of course, the black hoodie has been the most significant disguise over the years and probably the most well known. Almost every single "A" has worn the signature black hoodie and it will be one of the biggest things for as long as Pretty Little Liars will be remembered. The disguise has been used by Mona, Charlotte, Toby, Spencer, Lucas, Sydney, Aria, Wren, and Alex.