document_title: Touch ID

question_text: who came out with the fingerprint scanner first

text: Touch ID

text: History[edit]

text: The first mobile phone with a fingerprint scanner was the Toshiba G500 and G900 in 2007.[1] In 2012, Apple acquired AuthenTec, a company focused on fingerprint reading and identification management software, for $356 million.[2] The acquisition led commentators to expect a fingerprint reading feature.[2][3] Following leaks and speculation in early September,[4][5] the iPhone 5S was unveiled on September 10, 2013, was the first phone on a major US carrier since the Atrix to feature the technology.[6] Apple's Vice President of Marketing, Phil Schiller, announced the feature at Apple's iPhone media event and spent several minutes (the major portion of the conference) discussing the feature.

text: Following Apple's introduction in 2013, other smartphone makers included fingerprint scanning in their high-end phones during 2014 and 2015,[7] starting with the Samsung Galaxy S5. Beginning with Android 6.0 (Android Marshmallow, released October 2015), fingerprint scanner support is integrated into the operating system like Touch ID is in iOS.

text: Wells Fargo analyst Maynard Um predicted on September 4, 2013, that a fingerprint sensor in the iPhone 5S would help mobile commerce and boost adoption in the corporate environment.[8] "As consumers increasingly rely on mobile devices to transact and store personal data, a reliable device-side authentication solution may become a necessity," Um said.[8]

text: With the unveiling of the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus at a keynote event on September 9, 2014, Touch ID was expanded from being used to unlock the device and authenticating App Store purchases to also authenticating Apple Pay. The iPhone 6S incorporates a second-generation Touch ID sensor that is up to twice as fast as the first-generation sensor found in the 5S, 6, and SE phones. As of September 2017, the iPhone 6S, 6S Plus, 7, 7 Plus, 8, 8 Plus, 2016 and 2017 MacBook Pro and iPad Pro 10.5 and 12.9 (second generation) are the Apple devices which use the second generation sensor. The new Touch ID unlocks almost instantly and posed an issue as it unlocks too fast to read notifications on the lock screen. This is remedied with the iOS 10 update in which a user must press the home button to have the home screen appear, however this can be changed in the iOS settings to where users can just rest their finger on the sensor to unlock the user's device and go directly to the home screen, similar to previous versions of iOS. Solely placing a finger on the sensor will only unlock the iPhone unless said setting is enabled, and no notifications are currently being displayed on the lock screen.

text: Generations[edit]

text:
Generation
Model

1

iPhone 5S
iPhone SE
iPhone 6
iPhone 6 Plus
iPad Air 2
iPad mini 3
iPad mini 4
iPad Pro 12.9 1G
iPad Pro 9.7
iPad (2017)

2

iPhone 6S
iPhone 6S Plus
iPhone 7
iPhone 7 Plus
MacBook Pro
iPad Pro 10.5
iPad Pro 12.9 2G
iPhone 8
iPhone 8 Plus

text: Hardware[edit]

text: Touch ID is built into the home button, which is built of laser-cut[9] sapphire crystal, and does not scratch easily (scratching would prevent Touch ID from working).[10] It features a stainless steel detection ring to detect the user's finger without pressing it. The feature does not work without contact with this ring. There is no longer a rounded square icon in the home button, nor is it concave.

text: The sensor uses capacitive touch to detect the user's fingerprint.[10] The sensor has a thickness of 170 µm, with 500 pixels per inch resolution. The user's finger can be oriented in any direction and it will still be read.[2] Apple says it can read sub-epidermal skin layers,[11] and it will be easy to set up and will improve with every use.[9] The sensor passes a small current through one's finger to create a "fingerprint map" of the user's dermis. Up to 5 fingerprint maps can be stored in the Secure Enclave.

text: Security and privacy[edit]

text: Touch ID can be bypassed using passcodes,[12] thus on account of it presenting a new different way for access to the device, it represents a net security decrease for an individual device. Apple claims that average user security is increased however because users who formerly had no passcode at all will now use Touch ID.

text: Fingerprint data is stored on the secure enclave inside the Apple A7, A8, A8X, A9, A9X, A10, A10X or A11 processors of an iOS device, and not on Apple servers, nor on iCloud. From the Efficient Texture Comparison patent[13] covering Apple's Touch ID technology:

text: In order to overcome potential security drawbacks, Apple's invention includes a process of collapsing the full maps into a sort of checksum, hash function, or histogram. For example, each encrypted ridge map template can have some lower resolution pattern computed and associated with the ridge map. One exemplary pattern could be a histogram of, e.g., the most common angles (e.g., a 2 dimensional (2D) array of common angles). The exemplary pattern could include in each slot an average value over a respective vector of the map. The exemplary pattern could include in each slot a sum of the values over a respective vector of the map. The exemplary pattern could include the smallest or largest value within a respective vector of the map or could be a difference between a largest and a smallest value within the respective vector of the map. Numerous other exemplary embodiments are also possible, and any other exemplary pattern calculation can be used, where the exemplary pattern includes enough associated information to narrow the candidate list, while omitting enough associated information that the unsecured pattern cannot or cannot easily be reverse engineered into a matching texture.

text: If the user's phone has been rebooted, or has not been unlocked for 48 hours, only the passcode a user has created, not their fingerprint, can be used to unlock the device, or during other specific use cases.[12][14]

text: In September 2013, the German Chaos Computer Club announced that it had bypassed Apple's Touch ID security. A spokesman for the group stated: "We hope that this finally puts to rest the illusions people have about fingerprint biometrics. It is plain pity to use something that you can't change and that you leave everywhere every day as a security token."[15][16] Similar results have been achieved by using PVA Glue to take a cast of the finger.[17] Others have also used Chaos Computer Club's method, but concluded that it is not an easy process in either time or effort, given that the user has to use a high resolution photocopy of a complete fingerprint, special chemicals and expensive equipment, and because the spoofing process takes some time to achieve.[18]

text: Generation 2 collision probability is 1 in 50,000.[when defined as?][19]

text: Impact[edit]

text: In a 2013 New York magazine opinion piece, Kevin Roose argued that consumers are generally not interested in fingerprint recognition, preferring to use passcodes instead. Traditionally, he wrote, only businesspeople used biometric recognition, although they believe Touch ID may help bring fingerprint recognition to the masses. Roose stated the feature will also allow application developers to experiment, should Apple open up access to Touch ID later on (which they have done), but that those wary of surveillance agencies such as the US National Security Agency may still choose not to use Touch ID.[20]

text: Roose also noted that complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) sensors, such as those found on Touch ID, generally wear out and become unusable after some period of time, and while Apple may have found a way to manufacture the sensors better, if the sensors stop working, users may just switch back to using their passcode, making fingerprint recognition a non-starter once again. Roose also noted that fingerprint technology still has some issues, such as the potential to be hacked, or of the device's not recognizing the fingerprint (for example, when the finger has been injured).[20]

text: Adrian Kingsley-Hughes, writing for ZDNet, said Touch ID could be useful in bring your own device situations. He said the biometric protection adds another layer of security, removing the ability of people to look over others' shoulders and read their passcode/password. He added that Touch ID would prevent children from racking up thousands of dollars in unwanted purchases when using iPhones owned by adults. He observed that Touch ID was Apple's response to the large number of iPhone crimes, and that the new feature would deter would-be iPhone thieves.

text: Moreover, he notes that the feature is one of the few that distinguish the iPhone 5S from the 5C.[21] Roose also stated the feature is intended to deter theft.[20] However, Brent Kennedy, a vulnerability analyst at the United States Computer Emergency Readiness Team, expressed concern that Touch ID could be hacked and suggested that people not rely on it right away.[22] Forbes noted a history of fingerprints being spoofed in the past, and cautioned that the fingerprints on a stolen iPhone might be used to gain unauthorized access. However, the article did say that biometrics technology had improved since tests on spoofing fingerprint readers had been conducted.[22]

text: Galaxkey was the first company to deploy encrypted email using Touch ID and thus implement two-factor authentication on an iOS device. They noted that fingerprints could be used to gain authorized access to email and files on Touch ID-enabled devices.[22]

text: Kingsley-Hughes suggested the Touch ID as a form of two-factor authentication, combining something one knows (the password) with "something you are" (the fingerprint).[21] Forbes said that, if two-factor authentication is available, it will be an overall improvement for security.[22]

text: Forbes columnist Andy Greenberg said the fact that fingerprint data was stored on the local device and not in a centralized database was a win for security.[23]


document_title: Cars 2

question_text: who does the voice of lightning mcqueen in cars 2

root

text: Cars 2

text: Plot

text: Finn McMissile, a British spy, infiltrates the world's largest untapped oil reserves owned by a group of lemon cars. After being discovered, he flees and fakes his death.

tag: p

text: Lightning McQueen, now a four-time Piston Cup champion, returns to Radiator Springs. However, Italian formula race car, Francesco Bernoulli, challenges McQueen to the newly created World Grand Prix, led by its creator, Sir Miles Axlerod. McQueen and his best friend Mater — along with Luigi, Guido, Fillmore, and Sarge — depart for Tokyo for the first race of the Grand Prix.

text: Meanwhile, the lemons, who are led by weapons designer Professor Zündapp and an unknown mastermind, are secretly plotting to secure their oil profits by using an electromagnetic pulse emitter disguised as a camera. They plan to use the emitter to trigger and destabilize the use of Allinol, an environmentally friendly fuel that was created by Axlerod and is required for racers to use in the Grand Prix. McMissile and his partner Holley Shiftwell attempt to meet with American spy car Rod "Torque" Redline at a World Grand Prix promotional event in Tokyo, to receive information about the mastermind. Redline is captured and killed by Zündapp's henchmen, but not before passing his information to Mater, who is then mistaken to be the American contact of Holley and Finn.

text: At the first race, three cars are ignited by the camera. McQueen places second in the race after Bernoulli, due to Mater accidentally giving him bad racing advice shortly after evading Zündapp's henchmen with help from Holley and Finn. Mater is soon abducted by Finn and boards his plane, where he helps to identify some of the information he was given. After traveling to Paris to collect more information from Finn's old friend Tomber, they travel to Porto Corsa, Italy, where the next race is being held. During the race, Mater infiltrates the criminals' meeting, just as the camera is used on a few more cars, causing a multi-car pileup that allows McQueen to finish first. Due to increased fears over Allinol's safety, Axlerod lifts the requirement to use it for the final race. However, when McQueen decides to continue using it, the criminals plot to kill McQueen in the next race in London. This spooks Mater, causing him to blow his cover and allow him, Finn, and Holley to be captured.

text: Mater is taken to and tied up inside the clock tower of the Big Ben. Mater learns that the camera did not function on McQueen, but the criminals tell him they planted a bomb in his pits as a backup plan, spurring him to break free and escape. Finn and Holley escape soon after, but realize that the bomb is on Mater's air filter. Mater has already arrived at the pits when they tell him this, so he flees down the race course while McQueen chases after him. Finn apprehends Professor Zündapp at the finish line. The other lemons arrive and outnumber Finn, Holley, Mater, and McQueen, but they are soon rescued by the arrival of the other Radiator Springs residents. Mater then uses evidence he has seen to reveal that Axlerod is the mastermind of the plot who placed the bomb on Mater. Mater forces Axlerod to deactivate the bomb, and he and the other lemons are arrested.

text: Mater receives an honorary knighthood from the Queen, while Sarge reveals that he changed McQueen's fuel from Allinol to gasoline, explaining why the camera did not work on him. Finn and Holley ask if Mater can join them on another mission, but he declines, and then participates with the World Grand Prix competitors in a race at Radiator Springs.

text: Voice cast

text: Much of the cast from the original Cars remained intact for the sequel, but three voice actors of the original film have died since its release. Joe Ranft (who voiced Red) died in an automobile accident on August 16, 2005, ten months before Cars was released. The first film was dedicated in memoriam to him. Red appears in this film, but he does not speak or vocalize. George Carlin (who voiced Fillmore) died of heart failure on June 22, 2008; Fillmore also shows up in Cars 2, and he was voiced by Lloyd Sherr (who also voices Tony Trihull). Paul Newman (who voiced Doc Hudson) died of cancer on September 26, 2008. After Newman's death, Lasseter said they would "see how the story goes with Doc Hudson."[12] Doc was eventually written out,[13] with a few references to the character, where he is thought to have died before the events of the movie, as Mater says that he would have been proud for McQueen's Piston Cups, which have been renamed after Doc; also, in the Tokyo race, one of the announcers says that Doc was one of the best dirt racers ever.

text:
Larry the Cable Guy as Mater, a Southern-accented tow truck from Radiator Springs.
Owen Wilson as Lightning McQueen, a Piston Cup racecar.
Michael Caine as Finn McMissile, a British spy car.
Emily Mortimer as Holley Shiftwell, a beautiful young British desk agent, new to field work.
John Turturro as Francesco Bernoulli, McQueen's main racing rival from Italy.
Eddie Izzard as Sir Miles Axlerod, a British electric car who created Allinol.
Thomas Kretschmann as Professor Zündapp, the doctor from Germany, Axlerod's assistant.
Joe Mantegna and Peter Jacobson as Grem and Acer: Professor Zündapp's henchmen.
Bruce Campbell as Rod "Torque" Redline, an American spy car.
Tony Shalhoub as Luigi
Darrell Waltrip as Darrell Cartrip
Guido Quaroni as Guido
Brent Musburger as Brent Mustangburger
Colin Cowherd as Colin Cowling
Jason Isaacs as Siddeley/Leland Turbo
David Hobbs as David Hobbscap. Jacques Villeneuve voices the character in French releases.
Stanley Townsend as Vladimir Trunkov/Ivan/Victor Hugo
Lloyd Sherr as Fillmore/Tony Trihull
Paul Dooley as Sarge
Michel Michelis as Tomber
Sig Hansen as Crabby the Boat
Franco Nero as Uncle Topolino
Vanessa Redgrave as Mama Topolino/The Queen. Sophia Loren provides the Italian dub of Topolino.[14]
Bonnie Hunt as Sally Carrera
Cheech Marin as Ramone
Jenifer Lewis as Flo
Michael Wallis as Sheriff
Katherine Helmond as Lizzie
John Ratzenberger as Mack
Jeff Garlin as Otis
Patrick Walker as Mel Dorado
Lewis Hamilton as Lewis Hamilton
Velibor Topic as Alexander Hugo
Greg Ellis as Nigel Gearsley
John Mainier as J. Curby Gremlin
Brad Lewis as Tubbs Pacer
Richard Kind as Van
Edie McClurg as Minny
Teresa Gallagher as Mater's Computer
Jeff Gordon as Jeff Gorvette
John Lasseter as John Lassetire

tag: ul

text: In international versions of the film, the character Jeff Gorvette is replaced with race car drivers better known in the specific countries in his dialogue scenes (however, he still appears as a competitor).[15]

text:
Mark Winterbottom as Frosty (Australian release)[16][17]
Fernando Alonso as Fernando Alonso (Spanish release)
Vitaly Petrov as Vitaly Petrov (Russian release)
Jan Nilsson as Flash (Swedish release)[18]
Memo Rojas (Latin American release)
Sebastian Vettel as Sebastian Schnell (German release)

text: In Brazil, Gorvette is replaced by Carla Veloso in his dialogue scenes (Carla appears in all other versions of the film, but with no lines); Carla is voiced by Brazilian singer Claudia Leitte. Sportspeople still appear, with Lewis Hamilton becoming Formula One champion Emerson Fittipaldi, while Brent Mustangburger and David Hobbscap were done by sports announcers José Trajano and Luciano do Valle.[19]

text: Production

text: Development

text: Cars is the second Pixar film, after Toy Story, to have a sequel as well as becoming a franchise.[20] John Lasseter, the director of the film, said that he was convinced of the sequel's story while traveling around the world promoting the first film. He said:

text:
“
I kept looking out thinking, 'What would Mater do in this situation, you know?' I could imagine him driving around on the wrong side of the road in the UK, going around in big, giant traveling circles in Paris, on the autobahn in Germany, dealing with the motor scooters in Italy, trying to figure out road signs in Japan.[21]
”

tag: table

text: Cars 2 was originally scheduled for a summer 2012 release, but Pixar moved the release up by a year.[12]

text: In 2009, Disney registered several domain names, hinting to audiences that the title and theme of the film would be in relation to a World Grand Prix.[22]

text: In March 2011, Jake Mandeville-Anthony, a U.K. screenwriter, sued Disney and Pixar alleging copyright infringement and breach of implied contract. In his complaint he alleged that Cars and Cars 2 are based in part on work that he had submitted early in the 1990s and he sought an injunction to stop the release of Cars 2 and requested actual or statutory damages. On May 13, 2011, Disney responded to the lawsuit, denying "each and every one of Plaintiff's legal claims concerning the purported copyright infringement and substantial similarity of the parties' respective works."[23] On July 27, 2011, the lawsuit was dismissed by a district court judge who, in her ruling, wrote that the "Defendants have sufficiently shown that the Parties' respective works are not substantially similar in their protectable elements as a matter of law".[24]

text: Casting

text: In November 2010, Owen Wilson, Larry the Cable Guy, Michael Caine, Emily Mortimer, Jason Isaacs, Joe Mantegna, Peter Jacobson, Bonnie Hunt, Tony Shalhoub, Cheech Marin, and Thomas Kretschmann were confirmed as the voice talent featured in the film.[25] From November 2010 until May 2011, Disney released information about the other voice talent, including Jenifer Lewis, Katherine Helmond, Michael Wallis, Darrell Waltrip, Franco Nero, Vanessa Redgrave, Bruce Campbell, Sig Hansen, Michel Michelis, Jeff Gordon, Lewis Hamilton, Brent Musburger, David Hobbs, John Turturro, and Eddie Izzard.[26]

text: Soundtrack

text:
Cars 2

Soundtrack album by Michael Giacchino

Released
June 14, 2011

Genre
Score

Length
63:24

Label
Walt Disney

Michael Giacchino chronology

Let Me In
(2010)
Cars 2
(2011)
Super 8
(2011)

Pixar film soundtrack chronology

Toy Story 3
(2010)
Cars 2
(2011)
Brave
(2012)

text:
Professional ratings

Review scores

Source
Rating

AllMusic

Filmtracks

text: The Cars 2 soundtrack was released on both CD album and digital download June 14. It is the fourth Pixar film to be scored by Michael Giacchino after The Incredibles, Ratatouille and Up.[27] It also marks the first time that Giacchino has worked with John Lasseter as a director, as Lasseter had been executive producer on Giacchino's previous three Pixar films and that Lasseter has not worked with Randy Newman.

text: All music composed by Michael Giacchino, except as noted.

text:
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Artist
Length

1.
"You Might Think" (Cover of The Cars)
Ric Ocasek
Weezer
3:07

2.
"Collision of Worlds"
Paisley, Williams
Brad Paisley and Robbie Williams
3:36

3.
"Mon Cœur Fait Vroum (My Heart Goes Vroom)"
Michael Giacchino
Bénabar
2:49

4.
"Nobody's Fool"
Paisley
Brad Paisley
4:17

5.
"Polyrhythm"
Yasutaka Nakata
Perfume
4:09

6.
"Turbo Transmission"

0:52

7.
"It's Finn McMissile!"

5:54

8.
"Mater the Waiter"

0:43

9.
"Radiator Reunion"

1:40

10.
"Cranking Up the Heat"

1:59

11.
"Towkyo Takeout"

5:40

12.
"Tarmac the Magnificent"

3:27

13.
"Whose Engine Is This?"

1:22

14.
"History's Biggest Loser Cars"

2:26

15.
"Mater of Disguise"

0:48

16.
"Porto Corsa"

2:55

17.
"The Lemon Pledge"

2:13

18.
"Mater's Getaway"

0:59

19.
"Mater Warns McQueen"

1:31

20.
"Going to the Backup Plan"

2:24

21.
"Mater's the Bomb"

3:17

22.
"Blunder and Lightning"

2:17

23.
"The Other Shoot"

1:03

24.
"Axlerod Exposed"

2:22

25.
"The Radiator Springs Grand Prix"

1:30

26.
"The Turbomater"

0:50

text: Release

text: During the Summer of 2008, John Lasseter announced that Cars 2 would be pushed forward and released in the summer of 2011, one year earlier than its original 2012 release date.[28] The US release date was later confirmed to be June 24, 2011, with a UK release date set for July 22, 2011.[29] The world premiere of the film took place at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood on June 18, 2011.[30] Cars 2 was released in 4,115 theaters in the USA and Canada[31] setting a record-high for a G-rated film[32] and for Pixar. The latter was surpassed by Brave (4,164 theaters).[33]

text: Short film

text: The film was preceded by a short film titled Hawaiian Vacation, directed by Gary Rydstrom and starring the characters of the Toy Story franchise.

text: Home media

text: The film was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on DVD, Blu-ray, Blu-ray 3D, and digital download on November 1, 2011. This release was produced in four different physical packages: a 1-disc DVD, a 2-disc combo pack (DVD and Blu-ray), a 5-disc combo pack (DVD, Blu-ray, Blu-ray 3D, and Digital Copy), and an 11-disc three movie collector's set, which features Cars, Cars 2, and Cars Toons: Mater's Tall Tales). The film was also released as a Movie Download edition in both standard and high definition.[34]

text: The Movie Download release includes four bonus features: Cars Toons "Air Mater", the Toy Story Toon "Hawaiian Vacation", "World Tour Interactive Feature", and "Bringing Cars 2 to the World". The 1-disc DVD and 2-disc Blu-ray/DVD combo pack releases include the shorts "Air Mater" and "Hawaiian Vacation", plus the Director John Lasseter Commentary. The 5-disc combo pack includes all of the same bonus features as the 1-disc DVD and 2-disc Blu-ray/DVD combo pack versions, in addition to "World Tour Interactive Feature" and "Sneak Peek: The Nuts and Bolts of Cars Land." The 11-disc three movie collection comes packaged with Cars (DVD, Blu-ray, and Digital Copy), Cars 2 (DVD, Blu-ray, Blu-ray 3D,nand Digital Copy), and Mater's Tall Tales (DVD, Blu-ray, and Digital Copy).[34]

text: Cars 2 sold a total of 1,983,374 DVD units during its opening week,[35] generating $31.24 million and claiming first place.[36] It also finished on the top spot on the Blu-ray chart during its first week, selling 1.76 million units and generating $44.57 million. Its Blu-ray share of home media was 47%, indicating an unexpectedly major shift of sales from DVD to Blu-ray.[37] Blu-ray 3D contributed to this, accounting for 17% of total disc sales.[38]

text: Reception

text: Critical response

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, Cars 2 has an approval rating of 39%, based on 209 reviews, with an average rating of 5.5/10,[39] making it the only Pixar film to garner a "rotten" certification.[40][41] The website's critical consensus reads, "Cars 2 is as visually appealing as any other Pixar production, but all that dazzle can't disguise the rusty storytelling under the hood."[39] Another review aggregator, Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score to reviews from mainstream critics, gave the film an average score of 57 out of 100, based on 38 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[42] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A-" on an A+ to F scale, down from the previous Pixar Films' "A" and "A+".[43]

text: "The original Cars was not greeted with exceptional warmth," said The New York Times, "but the sequel generated Pixar's first truly negative response."[44] Critics generally criticized the G-rating, the focus on Mater and felt the film lacked warmth and charm, while also feeling the film was made as an exercise in target marketing.[45][46][47][48] Reviewing the film for The Wall Street Journal, Joe Morgenstern wrote, “This frenzied sequel seldom gets beyond mediocrity."[49] Entertainment Weekly critic Owen Gleiberman said, "Cars 2 is a movie so stuffed with "fun" that it went right off the rails. What on earth was the gifted director-mogul John Lasseter thinking – that he wanted kids to come out of this movie was [sic] more ADD?"[50] Although Leonard Maltin on IndieWire claimed that he had "such high regard for Pixar and its creative team led by John Lasseter" he said he found the plot "confusing" and felt that Tow Mater's voice annoying saying that he'd "rather listen to chalk on a blackboard than spend nearly two hours with Tow Mater."[51] Considering the low reviews given to the Pixar production, critic Kyle Smith of the New York Post said, "They said it couldn't be done. But Pixar proved the yaysayers wrong when it made its first bad movie, Cars. Now it has worsted itself with the even more awful Cars 2."[52]

text: Conversely, Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the movie 3½ stars out of four, and said that "the sequel is a tire-burning burst of action and fun with a beating heart under its hood." He also praised its "fluid script" and called it a "winner".[53] Roger Ebert was the most effusive of the more positive reviews, writing, “At a time when some ‘grown-up’ action films are relentlessly shallow and stupid, here is a movie with such complexity that even the cars sometimes have to pause and explain it to themselves.”[54] Justin Chang of Variety commented, “The rare sequel that not only improves on but retroactively justifies its predecessor.”[55] Ticket buyers also gave the film an A– in exit polls, on par with other Pixar titles.[44]

text: A central current of the negative reviews was the theory that Cars 2 was forced out of Pixar by its corporate parent, the Walt Disney Company, out of greed to drive merchandising sales.[49][56] Lasseter vehemently denied these claims, which he attributed to "people who don’t know the facts, rushing to judge."[44] Some theorized that the vitriol was less about the film but more about Pixar's broadened focus to sequels. The New York Times reported that although one negatively reviewed film would not be enough to scratch the studio, "the commentary did dent morale at the studio, which until then had enjoyed an unbroken and perhaps unprecedented run of critical acclaim."[44]

text: Box office

text: Cars 2 grossed $191.5 million in the USA and Canada, and $370.7 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $562.1 million.[2] Worldwide on its opening weekend it grossed $109.0 million, marking the largest opening weekend for a 2011 animated title.[57] Overall, Cars 2 became seventh biggest Pixar film in worldwide box office among the fourteen released.

text: Cars 2 made $25.7 million on its debut Friday (June 24, 2011), marking the second-largest opening day for a Pixar film, at the time, after Toy Story 3's $41.1 million. During this time, though, it was the third least-attended opening day for a Pixar film, only ahead of Up and Ratatouille.[58] It also scored the sixth largest opening day for an animated feature.[59] On its opening weekend as a whole, Cars 2 debuted at No.1 with $66.1 million,[31] marking the largest opening weekend for a 2011 animated feature, the seventh largest opening for Pixar,[60] the eighth largest among films released in June,[61] and the fourth largest for a G-rated film.[62] In its second weekend, however, the film dropped 60.3%, the largest second weekend drop ever for a Pixar film, and grossed $26.2 million.[63] At the end of its theatrical run, Cars 2 became the lowest-grossing Pixar film in North America since A Bug's Life.[64][65] As of 2018, it is Pixar's fourth lowest-grossing film in this region.[66] It is also the least attended Pixar film ever.[67]

text: Outside North America, it grossed $42.9 million during its first weekend from 3,129 theaters in 18 countries, topping the box office.[68] It performed especially well in Russia where it grossed $9.42 million,[69] marking the best opening weekend for a Disney or Pixar animated feature and surpassing the entire runs of Cars and Toy Story 3.[70] In Mexico, it made $8.24 million during its first weekend,[71] while in Brazil, it topped the box office with $5.19 million ($7.08 million with previews).[72] It also premeiered at No.1 with $5.16 million in Australia,[73] where it debuted simultaneously with Kung Fu Panda 2 and out-grossed it.[68] It is the highest-grossing film of 2011 in Lithuania ($477,117),[74] Argentina ($12 million).[75] It is the highest-grossing animated film of 2011 in Estonia ($442,707),[76] Finland ($3.2 million),[77] Norway ($5.8 million).[78]

text: Accolades

text: Cars 2 marks the first Pixar film not to be nominated for an Oscar.[79] It is also the first Pixar film not nominated for Best Animated Feature since its introduction in 2001.[80]

text:
Awards

Award
Category
Winner/Nominee
Result

British Academy Children's Awards (BAFTA)[81]
Favorite Film

Nominated

People's Choice Awards[82]
Favorite Movie Animated Voice
Owen Wilson

Golden Globe Awards[83]
Best Animated Film

Annie Awards[84]
Best Animated Feature

Best Animated Effects in an Animated Production
Jon Reisch

Best Animated Effects in an Animated Production
Eric Froemling

Character Design in an Animated Feature
Jay Shuster

Production Design in a Feature Production
Harley Jessup

Storyboarding in a Feature Production
Scott Morse

Editing in a Feature Production
Stephen Schaffer

Kids Choice Awards[85]
Favorite Animated Movie

Saturn Awards[86]
Best Animated Film

ASCAP Award[87]
Top Box Office Films
Michael Giacchino
Won

Visual Effects Society Awards[88]
Outstanding Virtual Cinematography in an Animated Feature Motion Picture
Mahyar Abousaeedi, Jeremy Lasky, Jonathan Pytko
Nominated

text: Video games

text: A video game based on the movie was developed by Avalanche Software and published by Disney Interactive Studios for the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii, PC and Nintendo DS on June 21, 2011.[89] The PlayStation 3 version of the game was reported to be compatible with stereoscopic 3D gameplay.[90] A Nintendo 3DS version was released on November 1, 2011,[91] and a PSP version was released on November 8, 2011.[92]

text: An app based on the film was released on iTunes for a dollar on June 23, 2011. The Lite version was released for free that same day. The object of the game was to complete each race, unlock new levels, and get a high score. As of June 28, 2011, the app had hit No. 1 on the App Store.[93] The game was retired on August 29, 2014.[94] A V.smile version was also released.

text: Sequel and spin-offs

text: A stand-alone sequel, titled Cars 3, was released on June 16, 2017.[11] Directed by Brian Fee, the film focuses on Lightning McQueen, now a veteran racer, who after being overshadowed by a new wave of rookies, gets help from a young race car, Cruz Ramirez, to instruct him for the increasingly high-tech world and defeat new rival Jackson Storm.[95]

text: An animated feature film spin-off called Planes, produced by DisneyToon Studios,[96] was released on August 9, 2013.[97] A sequel to Planes, titled Planes: Fire & Rescue, was later released the following year on July 18, 2014.[98]


document_title: Albugo

question_text: albugo reproduces asexually by means of structure which are called

text: Albugo

text: Summary[edit]

text: White rust plant diseases caused by Albugo fungal-like pathogens should not be confused with White Pine Blister Rust, Chrysanthemum white rust or any fungal rusts, all of which are also plant diseases but have completely different symptoms and causal pathogens. Symptoms of white rust caused by Albugo typically include yellow lesions on the upper leaf surface and white pustules on the underside of the leaf. The pathogen is spread by wind, water, and insects. Management includes use of resistant cultivars, proper irrigation practices, crop rotation, sanitation, and chemical control. White rust is an important economic disease, causing severe crop losses if not controlled.

text: Hosts and symptoms[edit]

text: White rust pathogens create chlorotic (yellowed) lesions and sometimes galls on the upper leaf surface and there are corresponding white blister-like dispersal pustules of sporangia on the underside of the leaf. Species of the Albuginaceae deform the branches and flower parts of many host species. Host species include most if not all plants in the Brassicaceae family, common agricultural weeds, and those specified below.[1]

text: Disease cycle[edit]

text: White rust is an obligate parasite. This means it needs a living host to grow and reproduce. The Albuginaceae reproduce by producing both sexual spores (called oospores) and asexual spores (called sporangia) in a many-stage (polycyclic) disease cycle.

text: The thick-walled oospores are the main overwintering structures, but the mycelium can also survive in conditions where all the plant material is not destroyed during the winter. In the spring the oospores germinate and produce sporangia (s. sporangium) on short stalks called sporangiophores that become so tightly packed within the leaf that they rupture the epidermis and are consequently spread by the wind. The liberated sporangia in turn can either germinate directly with a germ tube or begin to produce biflagellate motile zoospores. These zoospores then swim in a film of water to a suitable site and each one produces a germ tube - like that of the sporangium - that penetrates the stoma. When the oomycete has successfully invaded the host plant, it grows and continues to reproduce.

text: Environment[edit]

text: Favorable conditions for the dispersal and consequent infection of white rust from diseased to healthy plants are most common in the autumn and spring seasons. This pathogen prefers cool, moist conditions for the spread and formation of new infections. Conversely, it rarely infects in warm, dry conditions. Albugo is very temperature sensitive, with the optimal temperature range for infection between 55 and 77 °F (13 and 25 °C). The likelihood of germination and infection is considerably lower if temperatures deviate too far outside this optimum range.[1]

text: Light rain or irrigation lasting for extended periods of time is also ideal for disease development. Leaf surfaces need to remain wet for at least 2 to 3 hours to ensure infection by the pathogen. White rust ranges worldwide and is able to survive varying weather conditions due to its production of multiple spore types.[1]

text: Management[edit]

text: Controlling white rust is very difficult due to the nature of the 'Albugo' pathogen. The method of control is tailored to specific crops and production systems. This is why identification of specific hosts (crops and possible weeds) is necessary to determine range and location of control methods.

text: 'Albugo' proliferates in wet and moist conditions so movement through infected fields should be limited after spore maturation in these conditions to limit spread. Minimizing irrigation in cool and moist seasons as well as eliminating windbreaks to allow faster leaf drying can be beneficial. When infection is recognized, systemically infected plant material (including culled crops) should be completely removed and destroyed. Fields should be inspected every 7–14 days to remove additional material and monitor spread. On root crops, infected leaf removal either by mowing or plowing prior to harvest will limit the spread of the pathogen during harvest. Any susceptible plants or weeds should be mowed or eliminated to reduce spread.[1]

text: Both conventional and organic fungicides are available and could be used to limit spread and yield losses during the spring, early summer and fall on crops and susceptible neighboring plants. Each of the 17 specific races of the white rust pathogen affects different plants so monitoring is essential as much as possible to limit overuse and cost of fungicide treatments. Common OMRI fungicides include sulphur, copper oxide, rosemary oil, and azadirachtin products.[2] Common conventional fungicides include mefenoxam and fosetyl-aluminum products.[3]

text: There are some resistant and partially resistant varieties which are necessary in landscapes where white rust is present. Long-term white rust persistence in fields is not an issue with all crops or in all states; however, non-susceptible crop rotation in infected fields for at least three years is widely recommended to limit establishment and wider dispersal of this pathogen from plant debris, soil, and perennial root material. This pathogen can eliminate viable production of susceptible crops in specific fields indefinitely if infection is widespread over many years.[1]

text: Importance[edit]

text: White rust can be a devastating disease on many important agricultural crops throughout the world. Seventeen races of white rust have been identified worldwide, each with a high level of host specificity. White rust is an economically important foliar disease, causing substantial yield losses and eventual death of various crops. Yield losses of up to 20 percent have been recorded in canola fields, and white rust is considered the most important foliar disease of Brassicacae species in Australia.[4]

text: Some species of the Albuginaceae[edit]

text:
Albugo bliti and Wilsoniana amaranthi, white rusts of Amaranth.
Albugo candida, white rust of several Brassicaceae
Albugo ipomoeae-panduratae, white rust, parasitic to some Convolvulaceae.
Albugo laibachii, white rust specialised to Arabidopsis species.
Albugo occidentalis, Spinach white rust.
Albugo tragopogonis, white rust of goatsbeard (Tragopogon). Often, sunflower white rust caused by Pustula helianthicola was also attributed to this species.
Wilsoniana platensis, white rust of some ornamentals (e.g. Boerhavia).
Wilsoniana portulacae, white rust of purslane (Portulaca oleracea)


document_title: List of The Middle episodes

question_text: when does the last episode of the middle

text: List of The Middle episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
24
September 30, 2009 (2009-09-30)
May 19, 2010 (2010-05-19)

2
24
September 22, 2010 (2010-09-22)
May 25, 2011 (2011-05-25)

3
24
September 21, 2011 (2011-09-21)
May 23, 2012 (2012-05-23)

4
24
September 26, 2012 (2012-09-26)
May 22, 2013 (2013-05-22)

5
24
September 25, 2013 (2013-09-25)
May 21, 2014 (2014-05-21)

6
24
September 24, 2014 (2014-09-24)
May 13, 2015 (2015-05-13)

7
24
September 23, 2015 (2015-09-23)
May 18, 2016 (2016-05-18)

8
23
October 11, 2016 (2016-10-11)
May 16, 2017 (2017-05-16)

9
24
October 3, 2017 (2017-10-03)
May 22, 2018 (2018-05-22)

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2009–10)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Pilot"
Julie Anne Robinson
DeAnn Heline & Eileen Heisler
September 30, 2009 (2009-09-30)
276047
8.71[4]

2
2
"The Cheerleader"
Lee Shallat Chemel
DeAnn Heline & Eileen Heisler
October 7, 2009 (2009-10-07)
3X5701
6.79[5]

3
3
"The Floating Anniversary"
Gail Mancuso
Rob Ulin
October 14, 2009 (2009-10-14)
3X5703
6.77[6]

4
4
"The Trip"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Jana Hunter & Mitch Hunter
October 21, 2009 (2009-10-21)
3X5704
6.53[7]

5
5
"The Block Party"
Ken Whittingham
Alex Reid
October 28, 2009 (2009-10-28)
3X5702
6.49[8]

6
6
"The Front Door"
Michael Spiller
Russ Woody
November 4, 2009 (2009-11-04)
3X5705
6.04[9]

7
7
"The Scratch"
Wendey Stanzler & Alex Reid
DeAnn Heline & Eileen Heisler
November 18, 2009 (2009-11-18)
3X5707
7.06[10]

8
8
"Thanksgiving"
Michael Spiller
Vijal Patel
November 25, 2009 (2009-11-25)
3X5706
6.00[11]

9
9
"Siblings"
Barnet Kellman
Rob Ulin
December 2, 2009 (2009-12-02)
3X5709
6.19[12]

10
10
"Christmas"
Reginald Hudlin
Roy Brown
December 9, 2009 (2009-12-09)
3X5708
7.69[13]

11
11
"The Jeans"
Jamie Babbit
Jana Hunter & Mitch Hunter
January 6, 2010 (2010-01-06)
3X5710
7.55[14]

12
12
"The Neighbor"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Jana Hunter & Mitch Hunter
January 6, 2010 (2010-01-06)
3X5712
8.17[14]

13
13
"The Interview"
Ken Whittingham
Vijal Patel
January 13, 2010 (2010-01-13)
3X5711
5.95[15]

14
14
"The Yelling"
Elliot Hegarty
Rob Ulin
February 3, 2010 (2010-02-03)
3X5713
7.32[16]

15
15
"Valentine's Day"
Chris Koch
Bruce Rasmussen
February 10, 2010 (2010-02-10)
3X5714
7.83[17]

16
16
"The Bee"
Ken Whittingham
Eileen Heisler & DeAnn Heline
March 3, 2010 (2010-03-03)
3X5717
6.02[18]

17
17
"The Break-Up"
Wendey Stanzler
Vijal Patel
March 10, 2010 (2010-03-10)
3X5715
6.32[19]

18
18
"The Fun House"
Chris Koch
Roy Brown
March 24, 2010 (2010-03-24)
3X5716
7.16[20]

19
19
"The Final Four"
Alex Reid
Rob Ulin
March 31, 2010 (2010-03-31)
3X5719
6.23[21]

20
20
"TV or Not TV"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Vijal Patel
April 14, 2010 (2010-04-14)
3X5718
6.70[22]

21
21
"Worry Duty"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Bruce Rasmussen
April 28, 2010 (2010-04-28)
3X5720
7.10[23]

22
22
"Mother's Day"
Barnet Kellman
Mitch Hunter & Jana Hunter
May 5, 2010 (2010-05-05)
3X5721
6.75[24]

23
23
"Signals"
Jamie Babbit
DeAnn Heline & Eileen Heisler
May 12, 2010 (2010-05-12)
3X5722
7.49[25]

24
24
"Average Rules"
Wendey Stanzler
DeAnn Heline & Eileen Heisler
May 19, 2010 (2010-05-19)
3X5723
7.55[26]

text: Season 2 (2010–11)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

25
1
"Back to School"
Wendey Stanzler
DeAnn Heline & Eileen Heisler
September 22, 2010 (2010-09-22)
3X6501
8.81[27]

26
2
"Homecoming"
Ken Whittingham
Rob Ulin
September 29, 2010 (2010-09-29)
3X6502
8.35[28]

27
3
"The Diaper Incident"
Wendey Stanzler
Vijal Patel
October 6, 2010 (2010-10-06)
3X6503
8.03[29]

28
4
"The Quarry"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Alex Reid
October 13, 2010 (2010-10-13)
3X6505
7.97[30]

29
5
"Foreign Exchange"
Paul Lazarus
Jana Hunter & Mitch Hunter
October 20, 2010 (2010-10-20)
3X6506
8.54[31]

30
6
"Halloween"
Jamie Babbit
Roy Brown
October 27, 2010 (2010-10-27)
3X6507
9.54[32]

31
7
"A Birthday Story"
Ken Whittingham
Vijal Patel
November 3, 2010 (2010-11-03)
3X6508
9.42[33]

32
8
"Errand Boy"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Tim Hobert
November 17, 2010 (2010-11-17)
3X6509
9.29[34]

33
9
"Thanksgiving II"
Ken Whittingham
Rob Ulin
November 24, 2010 (2010-11-24)
3X6504
8.25[35]

34
10
"A Simple Christmas"
Elliot Hegarty
Mitch Hunter & Jana Hunter
December 8, 2010 (2010-12-08)
3X6510
8.68[36]

35
11
"Taking Back the House"
Barnet Kellman
DeAnn Heline & Eileen Heisler
January 5, 2011 (2011-01-05)
3X6511
9.31[37]

36
12
"The Big Chill"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Rob Ulin
January 12, 2011 (2011-01-12)
3X6512
10.09[38]

37
13
"Super Sunday"
Paul Lazarus
Vijal Patel
January 19, 2011 (2011-01-19)
3X6513
8.32[39]

38
14
"Valentine's Day II"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Roy Brown
February 9, 2011 (2011-02-09)
3X6515
8.84[40]

39
15
"Friends, Lies and Videotape"
Alex Reid
Tim Hobert
February 16, 2011 (2011-02-16)
3X6514
7.85[41]

40
16
"Hecks on a Plane"
Elliot Hegarty
DeAnn Heline & Eileen Heisler
February 23, 2011 (2011-02-23)
3X6516
7.96[42]

41
17
"The Math Class"
Alex Reid
Jana Hunter & Mitch Hunter
March 2, 2011 (2011-03-02)
3X6517
7.86[43]

42
18
"Spring Cleaning"
Barnet Kellman
Vijal Patel
March 23, 2011 (2011-03-23)
3X6518
7.05[44]

43
19
"The Legacy"
Adam Davidson
Rob Ulin
April 13, 2011 (2011-04-13)
3X6519
6.14[45]

44
20
"Royal Wedding"
Ken Whittingham
Vijal Patel
April 20, 2011 (2011-04-20)
3X6520
6.82[46]

45
21
"Mother's Day II"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Tim Hobert
May 4, 2011 (2011-05-04)
3X6521
7.08[47]

46
22
"The Prom"
Ken Whittingham
Michael Saltzman
May 11, 2011 (2011-05-11)
3X6522
7.25[48]

47
23
"The Bridge"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Roy Brown
May 18, 2011 (2011-05-18)
3X6523
7.68[49]

48
24
"Back to Summer"
Ken Whittingham
DeAnn Heline & Eileen Heisler
May 25, 2011 (2011-05-25)
3X6524
7.33[50]

text: Season 3 (2011–12)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

49

50
1

2
"Forced Family Fun"
Lee Shallat Chemel

Ken Whittingham
Vijal Patel
September 21, 2011 (2011-09-21)
3X6901

3X6902
9.74[51]

51
3
"Hecking Order"
Elliot Hegarty
Roy Brown
September 28, 2011 (2011-09-28)
3X6903
8.68[52]

52
4
"Major Changes"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Eileen Heisler & DeAnn Heline
October 5, 2011 (2011-10-05)
3X6904
9.13[53]

53
5
"The Test"
Elliot Hegarty
Tim Hobert
October 12, 2011 (2011-10-12)
3X6905
8.87[54]

54
6
"Bad Choices"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Jana Hunter & Mitch Hunter
October 19, 2011 (2011-10-19)
3X6906
9.13[55]

55
7
"Halloween II"
Elliot Hegarty
David S. Rosenthal
October 26, 2011 (2011-10-26)
3X6907
10.16[56]

56
8
"Heck's Best Thing"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Vijal Patel
November 2, 2011 (2011-11-02)
3X6908
9.41[57]

57
9
"The Play"
Eyal Gordin
Story by: Roy Brown & Jana Hunter & Mitch Hunter
Teleplay by: Roy Brown
November 16, 2011 (2011-11-16)
3X6909
9.19[58]

58
10
"Thanksgiving III"
Elliot Hegarty
Tim Hobert
November 23, 2011 (2011-11-23)
3X6910
9.08[59]

59
11
"A Christmas Gift"
Blake Evans
Jana Hunter & Mitch Hunter
December 7, 2011 (2011-12-07)
3X6911
8.72[60]

60
12
"Year of the Hecks"
Elliot Hegarty
David S. Rosenthal
January 4, 2012 (2012-01-04)
3X6912
9.99[61]

61
13
"The Map"
Lee Shallat Chemel
DeAnn Heline & Eileen Heisler
January 11, 2012 (2012-01-11)
3X6913
9.45[62]

62
14
"Hecking It Up"
Blake T. Evans
Vijal Patel
January 18, 2012 (2012-01-18)
3X6914
8.08[63]

63
15
"Valentine's Day III"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Jana Hunter & Mitch Hunter
February 8, 2012 (2012-02-08)
3X6915
8.44[64]

64
16
"The Concert"
Phil Traill
Roy Brown
February 15, 2012 (2012-02-15)
3X6916
8.04[65]

65
17
"The Sit Down"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Tim Hobert
February 22, 2012 (2012-02-22)
3X6917
7.48[66]

66
18
"Leap Year"
Alex Hardcastle
David S. Rosenthal
February 29, 2012 (2012-02-29)
3X6918
8.23[67]

67
19
"The Paper Route"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Jack Burditt
March 14, 2012 (2012-03-14)
3X6919
6.93[68]

68
20
"Get Your Business Done"
Blake T. Evans
Vijal Patel
April 11, 2012 (2012-04-11)
3X6920
7.06[69]

69
21
"The Guidance Counselor"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Jana Hunter & Mitch Hunter
May 2, 2012 (2012-05-02)
3X6921
6.63[70]

70
22
"The Clover"
Phil Traill
Roy Brown
May 9, 2012 (2012-05-09)
3X6922
6.60[71]

71
23
"The Telling"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Tim Hobert
May 16, 2012 (2012-05-16)
3X6923
6.53[72]

72
24
"The Wedding"
Phil Traill
Vijal Patel
May 23, 2012 (2012-05-23)
3X6924
6.52[73]

text: Season 4 (2012–13)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

73

74
1

2
"Last Whiff of Summer"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Eileen Heisler & DeAnn Heline
September 26, 2012 (2012-09-26)
3X7451

3X7452
9.16[74]

75
3
"The Second Act"
Blake T. Evans
Tim Hobert
October 3, 2012 (2012-10-03)
3X7453
7.72[75]

76
4
"Bunny Therapy"
Elliot Hegarty
Jana Hunter & Mitch Hunter
October 10, 2012 (2012-10-10)
3X7454
7.90[76]

77
5
"The Hose"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Stacey Pulwer
October 17, 2012 (2012-10-17)
3X7455
8.39[77]

78
6
"Halloween III: The Driving"
Phil Traill
Roy Brown
October 24, 2012 (2012-10-24)
3X7456
8.80[78]

79
7
"The Safe"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Robin Shorr
November 7, 2012 (2012-11-07)
3X7457
9.04[79]

80
8
"Thanksgiving IV"
Blake T. Evans
Tim Hobert
November 14, 2012 (2012-11-14)
3X7459
8.79[80]

81
9
"Christmas Help"
Phil Traill
Jana Hunter & Mitch Hunter
December 5, 2012 (2012-12-05)
3X7460
7.98[81]

82
10
"Twenty Years"
Phil Traill
David S. Rosenthal
December 12, 2012 (2012-12-12)
3X7458
7.29[82]

83
11
"Life Skills"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Roy Brown
January 9, 2013 (2013-01-09)
3X7461
8.39[83]

84
12
"One Kid at a Time"
Elliot Hegarty
David S. Rosenthal
January 16, 2013 (2013-01-16)
3X7462
8.21[84]

85
13
"The Friend"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Robin Shorr
January 23, 2013 (2013-01-23)
3X7463
8.55[85]

86
14
"The Smile"
Elliot Hegarty
Tim Hobert
February 6, 2013 (2013-02-06)
3X7464
8.21[86]

87
15
"Valentine's Day IV"
Phil Traill
Jana Hunter & Mitch Hunter
February 13, 2013 (2013-02-13)
3X7465
7.72[87]

88
16
"Winners and Losers"
John Putch
David S. Rosenthal
February 20, 2013 (2013-02-20)
3X7466
8.27[88]

89
17
"Wheel of Pain"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Michael Saltzman
February 27, 2013 (2013-02-27)
3X7467
7.97[89]

90
18
"The Name"
Alex Hardcastle
Roy Brown
March 27, 2013 (2013-03-27)
3X7468
6.90[90]

91
19
"The Bachelor"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Tim Hobert
April 3, 2013 (2013-04-03)
3X7469
7.22[91]

92
20
"Dollar Days"
Phil Traill
Jana Hunter & Mitch Hunter
April 10, 2013 (2013-04-10)
3X7470
7.55[92]

93
21
"From Orson with Love"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Robin Shorr
May 1, 2013 (2013-05-01)
3X7471
7.41[93]

94
22
"Hallelujah Hoedown"
Blake T. Evans
David S. Rosenthal
May 8, 2013 (2013-05-08)
3X7472
6.80[94]

95
23
"The Ditch"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Roy Brown
May 15, 2013 (2013-05-15)
3X7473
6.76[95]

96
24
"The Graduation"
Eileen Heisler
Tim Hobert
May 22, 2013 (2013-05-22)
3X7474
7.70[96]

text: Season 5 (2013–14)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

97
1
"The Drop Off"
Lee Shallat Chemel
DeAnn Heline & Eileen Heisler
September 25, 2013 (2013-09-25)
4X5501
8.94[97]

98
2
"Change in the Air"
Blake T. Evans
Jana Hunter & Mitch Hunter
October 2, 2013 (2013-10-02)
4X5502
8.03[98]

99
3
"The Potato"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Tim Hobert
October 9, 2013 (2013-10-09)
4X5503
8.25[99]

100
4
"The 100th"
Blake T. Evans
David S. Rosenthal
October 23, 2013 (2013-10-23)
4X5504
8.31[100]

101
5
"Halloween IV: The Ghost Story"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Roy Brown
October 30, 2013 (2013-10-30)
4X5505
8.03[101]

102
6
"The Jump"
Elliot Hegarty
Robin Shorr
November 13, 2013 (2013-11-13)
4X5508
8.93[102]

103
7
"Thanksgiving V"
Lee Shallat Chemel
David S. Rosenthal
November 20, 2013 (2013-11-20)
4X5507
8.53[103]

104
8
"The Kiss"
Elliot Hegarty
Jana Hunter & Mitch Hunter
December 4, 2013 (2013-12-04)
4X5506
7.41[104]

105
9
"The Christmas Tree"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Tim Hobert
December 11, 2013 (2013-12-11)
4X5509
8.08[105]

106
10
"Sleepless in Orson"
Blake T. Evans
Roy Brown
January 8, 2014 (2014-01-08)
4X5510
8.82[106]

107
11
"War of the Hecks"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Robin Shorr
January 15, 2014 (2014-01-15)
4X5511
7.51[107]

108
12
"The Carpool"
Julie Anne Robinson
Jana Hunter & Mitch Hunter
January 22, 2014 (2014-01-22)
4X5512
8.04[108]

109
13
"Hungry Games"
Lee Shallat Chemel
David S. Rosenthal
February 5, 2014 (2014-02-05)
4X5513
8.56[109]

110
14
"The Award"
Phil Traill
Katy Ballard
February 26, 2014 (2014-02-26)
4X5514
6.98[110]

111
15
"Vacation Days"
Phil Traill
Tim Hobert
March 5, 2014 (2014-03-05)
4X5515
7.32[111]

112
16
"Stormy Moon"
John Putch
Robin Shorr
March 12, 2014 (2014-03-12)
4X5516
7.48[112]

113
17
"The Walk"
Lee Shallat Chemel
David S. Rosenthal
March 26, 2014 (2014-03-26)
4X5517
7.28[113]

114
18
"The Smell"
Phil Traill
Roy Brown
April 2, 2014 (2014-04-02)
4X5518
7.20[114]

115
19
"The Wind Chimes"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Jana Hunter & Mitch Hunter
April 23, 2014 (2014-04-23)
4X5519
7.19[115]

116
20
"The Optimist"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Tim Hobert
April 30, 2014 (2014-04-30)
4X5520
7.39[116]

117
21
"Office Hours"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Ben Adams
May 7, 2014 (2014-05-07)
4X5521
6.65[117]

118
22
"Heck on a Hard Body"
Blake T. Evans
Jana Hunter & Mitch Hunter
May 14, 2014 (2014-05-14)
4X5522
7.14[118]

119
23
"Orlando"
Eileen Heisler
David S. Rosenthal
May 21, 2014 (2014-05-21)
4X5523
7.85[119]

120
24
"The Wonderful World of Hecks"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Tim Hobert
May 21, 2014 (2014-05-21)
4X5524
7.85[119]

text: Season 6 (2014–15)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

121
1
"Unbraceable You"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Tim Hobert
September 24, 2014 (2014-09-24)
4X6601
7.59[120]

122
2
"The Loneliest Locker"
Blake T. Evans
Jana Hunter & Mitch Hunter
October 1, 2014 (2014-10-01)
4X6602
7.42[121]

123
3
"Major Anxiety"
Phil Traill
Rich Dahm
October 8, 2014 (2014-10-08)
4X6603
7.44[122]

124
4
"The Table"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Roy Brown
October 22, 2014 (2014-10-22)
4X6604
7.29[123]

125
5
"Halloween V"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Robin Shorr
October 29, 2014 (2014-10-29)
4X6605
6.99[124]

126
6
"The Sinkhole"
Melissa Kosar
Katie Ballard
November 12, 2014 (2014-11-12)
4X6606
8.10[125]

127
7
"Thanksgiving VI"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Tim Hobert
November 19, 2014 (2014-11-19)
4X6607
8.32[126]

128
8
"The College Tour"
Blake T. Evans
Rich Dahm
December 3, 2014 (2014-12-03)
4X6608
7.04[127]

129
9
"The Christmas Wall"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Roy Brown
December 10, 2014 (2014-12-10)
4X6609
8.11[128]

130
10
"Pam Freakin' Staggs"
Elliot Hegarty
Jana Hunter & Mitch Hunter
January 7, 2015 (2015-01-07)
4X6611
8.46[129]

131
11
"A Quarry Story"
Clare Kilner
Ilana Wernick
January 14, 2015 (2015-01-14)
4X6610
7.79[130]

132
12
"Hecks on a Train"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Tim Hobert
February 4, 2015 (2015-02-04)
4X6612
8.26[131]

133
13
"Valentine's Day VI"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Rich Dahm
February 11, 2015 (2015-02-11)
4X6615
7.82[132]

134
14
"The Answer"
Phil Traill
Tim Hobert
February 18, 2015 (2015-02-18)
4X6616
7.70[133]

135
15
"Steaming Pile of Guilt"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Robin Shorr
February 25, 2015 (2015-02-25)
4X6613
7.47[134]

136
16
"Flirting with Disaster"
Phil Traill
Roy Brown
March 4, 2015 (2015-03-04)
4X6614
8.20[135]

137
17
"The Waiting Game"
Danny Salles
Katy Ballard
March 25, 2015 (2015-03-25)
4X6618
7.34[136]

138
18
"Operation Infiltration"
Melissa Kosar
Ilana Wernick
April 1, 2015 (2015-04-01)
4X6619
7.64[137]

139
19
"Siblings and Sombreros"
Melissa Kosar
Jana Hunter & Mitch Hunter
April 8, 2015 (2015-04-08)
4X6617
7.28[138]

140
20
"Food Courting"
Blake T. Evans
Jana Hunter & Mitch Hunter
April 15, 2015 (2015-04-15)
4X6620
7.52[139]

141
21
"Two of a Kind"
Danny Salles
Tim Hobert
April 22, 2015 (2015-04-22)
4X6621
7.82[140]

142
22
"While You Were Sleeping"
Blake T. Evans
Roy Brown
April 29, 2015 (2015-04-29)
4X6622
7.39[141]

143
23
"Mother's Day Reservations"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Rich Dahm
May 6, 2015 (2015-05-06)
4X6623
6.99[142]

144
24
"The Graduate"
Eileen Heisler
Eileen Heisler & DeAnn Heline
May 13, 2015 (2015-05-13)
4X6624
7.03[143]

text: Season 7 (2015–16)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

145
1
"Not Your Brother's Drop Off"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Tim Hobert
September 23, 2015 (2015-09-23)
4X7101
8.21[144]

146
2
"Cutting the Cord"
Danny Salles
Rich Dahm
September 30, 2015 (2015-09-30)
4X7102
7.91[145]

147
3
"The Shirt"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Jana Hunter & Mitch Hunter
October 7, 2015 (2015-10-07)
4X7103
7.30[146]

148
4
"Risky Business"
Phil Traill
Ilana Wernick
October 14, 2015 (2015-10-14)
4X7104
7.12[147]

149
5
"Land of the Lost"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Roy Brown
October 21, 2015 (2015-10-21)
4X7105
7.08[148]

150
6
"Halloween VI: Tick Tock Death"
Elliot Hegarty
Tim Hobert
October 28, 2015 (2015-10-28)
4X7106
7.43[149]

151
7
"Homecoming II: The Tailgate"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Ilana Wernick
November 11, 2015 (2015-11-11)
4X7107
7.62[150]

152
8
"Thanksgiving VII"
Elliot Hegarty
Rich Dahm
November 18, 2015 (2015-11-18)
4X7108
7.93[151]

153
9
"The Convention"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Jana Hunter & Mitch Hunter
December 2, 2015 (2015-12-02)
4X7109
7.64[152]

154
10
"Not So Silent Night"
Melissa Kosar
DeAnn Heline & Eileen Heisler
December 9, 2015 (2015-12-09)
4X7110
8.06[153]

155
11
"The Rush"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Roy Brown
January 6, 2016 (2016-01-06)
4X7111
7.84[154]

156
12
"Birds of a Feather"
Victor Nelli
Tim Hobert
January 13, 2016 (2016-01-13)
4X7112
7.46[155]

157
13
"Floating 50"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Rich Dahm
January 20, 2016 (2016-01-20)
4X7113
7.24[156]

158
14
"Film, Friends and Fruit Pies"
Blake T. Evans
Jana Hunter & Mitch Hunter
February 10, 2016 (2016-02-10)
4X7114
6.85[157]

159
15
"Hecks at a Movie"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Ilana Wernick
February 17, 2016 (2016-02-17)
4X7115
7.29[158]

160
16
"The Man Hunt"
Danny Salles
Roy Brown
February 24, 2016 (2016-02-24)
4X7116
7.30[159]

161
17
"The Wisdom Teeth"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Stacey Pulwer
March 16, 2016 (2016-03-16)
4X7117
7.15[160]

162
18
"A Very Donahue Vacation"
Jaffar Mahmood
Rich Dahm
March 23, 2016 (2016-03-23)
4X7118
7.24[161]

163
19
"Crushed"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Tim Hobert
April 6, 2016 (2016-04-06)
4X7119
7.04[162]

164
20
"Survey Says..."
Lee Shallat Chemel
Ilana Wernick
April 13, 2016 (2016-04-13)
4X7120
6.98[163]

165
21
"The Lanai"
Blake T. Evans
Jana Hunter & Mitch Hunter
April 27, 2016 (2016-04-27)
4X7121
6.72[164]

166
22
"Not Mother's Day"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Rich Dahm
May 4, 2016 (2016-05-04)
4X7122
7.02[165]

167
23
"Find My Hecks"
Phil Traill
Roy Brown
May 11, 2016 (2016-05-11)
4X7123
6.73[166]

168
24
"The Show Must Go On"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Tim Hobert
May 18, 2016 (2016-05-18)
4X7124
6.73[167]

text: Season 8 (2016–17)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date [note 1]
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

169
1
"The Core Group"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Illana Wernick
October 11, 2016 (2016-10-11)
T12.15251
6.78[168]

170
2
"A Tough Pill to Swallow"
Phil Traill
Rich Dahm
October 18, 2016 (2016-10-18)
T12.15252
6.02[169]

171
3
"Halloween VII: The Heckoning"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Tim Hobert
October 25, 2016 (2016-10-25)
T12.15253
5.72[170]

172
4
"True Grit"
Victor Nelli Jr.
Jana Hunter & Mitch Hunter
November 1, 2016 (2016-11-01)
T12.15254
5.43[171]

173
5
"Roadkill"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Roy Brown
November 15, 2016 (2016-11-15)
T12.15255
6.21[172]

174
6
"Thanksgiving VIII"
Elliot Hegarty
Ilana Wernick
November 22, 2016 (2016-11-22)
T12.15256
6.88[173]

175
7
"Look Who's Not Talking"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Tim Hobert
November 29, 2016 (2016-11-29)
T12.15257
6.62[174]

176
8
"Trip and Fall"
Elliot Hegarty
Rich Dahm
December 6, 2016 (2016-12-06)
T12.15258
6.06[175]

177
9
"A Very Marry Christmas"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Jana Hunter & Mitch Hunter
December 13, 2016 (2016-12-13)
T12.15259
6.39[176]

178
10
"Escape Orson"
Jaffar Mahmood
Roy Brown
January 3, 2017 (2017-01-03)
T12.15260
6.62[177]

179
11
"Hoosier Maid"
Elliot Hegarty
Bruce Rasmussen
January 10, 2017 (2017-01-10)
T12.15261
7.30[178]

180
12
"Pitch Imperfect"
Melissa Kosar
Rich Dahm
January 17, 2017 (2017-01-17)
T12.15262
6.67[179]

181
13
"Ovary and Out"
Elliot Hegarty
Ilana Wernick
February 7, 2017 (2017-02-07)
T12.15263
6.42[180]

182
14
"Sorry Not Sorry"
Phil Traill
Tim Hobert
February 14, 2017 (2017-02-14)
T12.15264
6.32[181]

183
15
"Dental Hijinks"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Jana Hunter & Mitch Hunter
February 21, 2017 (2017-02-21)
T12.15265
6.27[182]

184
16
"Swing and a Miss"
Danny Salles
Roy Brown
March 7, 2017 (2017-03-07)
T12.15266
6.12[183]

185
17
"Exes and Ohhhs"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Rich Dahm
March 14, 2017 (2017-03-14)
T12.15267
5.92[184]

186
18
"The Par-tay"
Jaffar Mahmood
Ilana Wernick
April 4, 2017 (2017-04-04)
T12.15268
5.44[185]

187
19
"The Confirmation"
Charlie McDermott
Tim Hobert
April 11, 2017 (2017-04-11)
T12.15269
5.29[186]

188
20
"Adult Swim"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Jana Hunter & Mitch Hunter
April 18, 2017 (2017-04-18)
T12.15270
5.25[187]

189
21
"Clear and Present Danger"
Phil Traill
Roy Brown
May 2, 2017 (2017-05-02)
T12.15271
5.07[188]

190
22
"The Final Final"
Lee Shallat Chemel
Rich Dahm
May 9, 2017 (2017-05-09)
T12.15272
5.02[189]

191
23
"Fight or Flight"
Eileen Heisler
Ilana Wernick
May 16, 2017 (2017-05-16)
T12.15273
5.27[190]

text: Season 9 (2017–18)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

192
1
"Vive La Hecks"
Lee Shallat-Chemel
Tim Hobert
October 3, 2017 (2017-10-03)
T12.15651
6.21[191]

193
2
"Please Don't Feed the Hecks"
Phil Traill
Ilana Wernick
October 10, 2017 (2017-10-10)
T12.15652
5.93[192]

194
3
"Meet the Parents"
Lee Shallat-Chemel
Jana Hunter & Mitch Hunter
October 17, 2017 (2017-10-17)
T12.15653
5.53[193]

195
4
"Halloween VIII: Orson Murder Mystery"
Phil Traill
Rich Dahm
October 24, 2017 (2017-10-24)
T12.15654
5.80[194]

196
5
"Role of a Lifetime"
Lee Shallat-Chemel
Roy Brown
October 31, 2017 (2017-10-31)
T12.15655
5.05[195]

197
6
"The Setup"
Victor Nelli Jr.
Tim Hobert
November 7, 2017 (2017-11-07)
T12.15656
5.63[196]

198
7
"Thanksgiving IX"
Phil Traill
Jana Hunter & Mitch Hunter
November 14, 2017 (2017-11-14)
T12.15657
5.70[197]

199
8
"Eyes Wide Open"
Jaffar Mahmood
Rich Dahm
November 21, 2017 (2017-11-21)
T12.15658
6.05[198]

200
9
"The 200th"
Lee Shallat-Chemel
Roy Brown
December 5, 2017 (2017-12-05)
T12.15659
5.78[199]

201
10
"The Christmas Miracle"
Lee Shallat-Chemel
Ilana Wernick
December 12, 2017 (2017-12-12)
T12.15660
5.68[200]

202
11
"New Year's Revelations"
Lee Shallat-Chemel
Tim Hobert
January 2, 2018 (2018-01-02)
T12.15661
6.36[201]

203
12
"The Other Man"
Victor Nelli Jr.
Jana Hunter & Mitch Hunter
January 9, 2018 (2018-01-09)
T12.15662
5.42[202]

204
13
"Mommapalooza"
Phil Traill
Roy Brown
January 16, 2018 (2018-01-16)
T12.15663
6.13[203]

205
14
"Guess Who's Coming to Frozen Dinner"
Lee Shallat-Chemel
Ilana Wernick
February 6, 2018 (2018-02-06)
T12.15664
5.63[204]

206
15
"Toasted"
Lee Shallat-Chemel
A.J. Blum
February 27, 2018 (2018-02-27)
T12.15665
5.23[205]

207
16
"The Crying Game"
Phil Traill
Rich Dahm
March 13, 2018 (2018-03-13)
T12.15666
4.80[206]

208
17
"Hecks vs. Glossners: The Final Battle"
Elliot Hegarty
Tim Hobert
March 20, 2018 (2018-03-20)
T12.15667
5.83[207]

209
18
"Thank You for Not Kissing"
Lee Shallat-Chemel
Jana Hunter & Mitch Hunter
April 3, 2018 (2018-04-03)
T12.15668
8.38[208]

210
19
"Bat Out of Heck"
Danny Salles
Ilana Wernick
April 10, 2018 (2018-04-10)
T12.15669
7.52[209]

211
20
"Great Heckspectations"
Lee Shallat-Chemel
Roy Brown
May 1, 2018 (2018-05-01)
T12.15670
6.15[210]

212
21
"The Royal Flush"
Phil Traill
Rich Dahm
May 8, 2018 (2018-05-08)
T12.15671
5.88[211]

213
22
"Split Decision"
Danny Salles
Tim Hobert
May 15, 2018 (2018-05-15)
T12.15672
6.34[212]

214

215
23

24
"A Heck of a Ride"
Lee Shallat-Chemel
Eileen Heisler & DeAnn Heline
May 22, 2018 (2018-05-22)
T12.15673
7.09[213]

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ The first 12 episodes of season eight were broadcast one day earlier in Canada.

tag: ol


document_title: Disha Vakani

question_text: tarak mehta ka ooltah chashmah daya real husband

text: Disha Vakani

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Disha Vakani was born in a Gujarati family in Ahmedabad, Gujarat. Disha graduated in the Dramatic arts from Gujarat College in Ahmedabad.[5] She married a Mumbai-based chartered accountant named Mayur Padia on 24 November 2015.[10][2] Her brother Mayur Vakani also plays her on-screen brother Sundar in television serial Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah.

text: Filmography[edit]

text:
Year
Film
Role
Notes

1997
Kamsin:The Untouched

B-Grade Movie

1999
Phool Aur Aag

2002
Devdas
Sakhi 1

2005
Mangal Pandey: The Rising
Yasmin

2006
Jaana... Let's Fall in Love
Salma Disa
B-Grade Movie

2008
Jodha Akbar
Madhavi

2008
C Kkompany
Widow of Railway Employee

2008
Love Story 2050
Maid

text: Television[edit]

text:
Year
Show
Role
Notes

2004
Khichdi (TV series)

Guest appearance

2008-present
Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah
Daya Jethalal Gada/Dayaben

2014
C.I.D.
Daya Jethalal Gada/Dayaben
4 Episodes - crossover

text: Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Show
Result

2009
9th Indian Telly Awards
Best Actor in a Comic Role – Female (Popular)
Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah
Won[5]

Indian Television Academy Awards
Best Actress - Comedy

2010
3rd Zee Gold Awards
Best Comic Actor (Popular)

10th Indian Telly Awards
Best Actor in a Comic Role – Female (Popular)