document_title: Super Bowl ring

question_text: who has the most rings in super bowl

question_tokens: who has the most rings in super bowl

text: Super Bowl ring

text: Details[edit]

text: These rings are typically made of yellow or white gold with diamonds. They usually include the team name, team logo, and Super Bowl number (usually indicated in Roman numerals). The NFL contributes up to $5,000 per ring for up to 150 rings for the winning team; any additional costs are borne by the team.[1] Most rings are manufactured by memorabilia company Jostens. In 2015, the rings for the New England Patriots reportedly cost $36,500 each, making them the most expensive rings Jostens has ever produced.[2]

text: The winning team can typically present rings to whomever they choose, including usually, but not limited to: players (active roster or injured), coaches, trainers, executives, personnel, and general staff. Some teams have given rings to former players and coaches that were on the team at some point during the season, despite not having been on the winning roster for the Super Bowl itself.[3][4] Sometimes a team will give rings to fans as part of a charity raffle.[5] Teams can distribute any number of rings. A recent trend over the last 15–20 years has been lesser rings awarded to front office staff. These are commonly called "B" and "C" level rings and are smaller and contain fewer diamonds or contain faux diamonds. The first instance of this was the Redskins Super Bowl XVII ring when many in the front office received rings that were not solid gold and contained cubic zirconia stones (which resemble diamonds). When Tampa Bay won Super Bowl XXXVII, the players and coaches received rings with a diamond-centered Lombardi trophy. Some staff received rings with a metal Lombardi trophy and real diamonds surrounding the trophy and the "C" level ring did not contain any diamonds.

text: Many rings feature diamonds in the shape of the Vince Lombardi Trophy or a football. Some feature diamonds or gold in the shape of a team logo. Others illustrate the number of Super Bowls that franchise has won. Also, the rings are customized with the player's name and uniform number.

text: The Green Bay Packers Super Bowl XLV ring[6] contained more than 100 diamonds. The Packer logo, in the center of the ring, made up 13 diamonds, one for each title the team has won, dating back to 1929. In a break from tradition, this is the first Super Bowl ring to be made of platinum, not gold.[citation needed]

text: The New England Patriots Super Bowl LI ring has 283 diamonds, to commemorate their comeback from being down 28-3 versus the Atlanta Falcons late in the 3rd quarter.[7]

text: Value and resale[edit]

text: Replicas of the rings for various years are popular collectibles, along with genuine rings. Dave Meggett is known to have placed his ring for sale on eBay. Two Super Bowl rings from the 1970 Steelers sold on eBay for over $69,000 apiece in mid-2008.[8] Patriots safety Je'Rod Cherry raffled his ring from Super Bowl XXXVI in November 2008 to benefit several charities working to help children in Africa and Asia.[9] Tight end Shannon Sharpe, meanwhile, gave his first Super Bowl ring to his brother Sterling, who had his career cut short by injury.[10]

text: In 2011, a Super Bowl ring belonging to Steve Wright, a lineman for the Green Bay Packers in the 1960s, sold for over $73,000 at auction. Three Super Bowl rings belonging to former Raiders' punter Ray Guy brought over $96,000 at auction. In 2012, Lawrence Taylor's son sold his father's Super Bowl ring from 1990 for more than $250,000.

text: Most Super Bowl rings[edit]

text:
Seven: two people.

Bill Belichick: two as defensive coordinator of the New York Giants and five as head coach of New England Patriots
Neal Dahlen:[11][12] five with San Francisco 49ers (staff and player personnel) and two with Denver Broncos (general manager)

Six: six people.

Dan Rooney and Art Rooney II: each as an executive with Pittsburgh Steelers
Chuck Noll: four as head coach and two as a team consultant with Pittsburgh Steelers
Bill Nunn: each as a scout with Pittsburgh Steelers[13][14]
"Mean Joe" Greene: four as a defensive tackle, two as a special assistant for player personnel, all with the Pittsburgh Steelers[15]
Conditioning coach Mike Woicik: three with Dallas Cowboys and three with New England Patriots

Five: twenty people.

Charles Haley, five (two as a linebacker with the San Francisco 49ers and three as a defensive end with the Dallas Cowboys)
Tom Brady, five as starting quarterback with New England Patriots; he has the most rings of any active player (as of the end of the 2017–18 season), he is the only player to win five playing for one team, and he has more than any other quarterback in Super Bowl history.
Robert Kraft, five as owner of New England Patriots
Edward J. DeBartolo, Jr., five as owner of San Francisco 49ers
Keith Simon: five as CFO and Executive VP with San Francisco 49ers
Bobb McKittrick: five as offensive line coach with San Francisco 49ers
Ray Rhodes: five as an assistant coach with San Francisco 49ers
Bill McPherson: five as defensive line coach with San Francisco 49ers
Dick Hoak: each as a running backs coach with Pittsburgh Steelers
Romeo Crennel: two as a defensive coach with New York Giants and three as a defensive coordinator with New England Patriots
George Seifert: three as an assistant coach and two as a head coach all with San Francisco 49ers
Dwight Clark: two as a player and three as a member of the front office, all with San Francisco 49ers
Pepper Johnson: two as a linebacker for New York Giants and three as an assistant coach with New England Patriots
Monsignor Peter Armstrong: five as chaplain for San Francisco 49ers
Markus Paul: three as an assistant strength and conditioning coach with the New England Patriots, and two as an assistant strength and conditioning coach with the New York Giants[16]
Tim Rooney: Three with Pittsburgh Steelers and two with New York Giants (as Pro Personnel Director/Scout)
Josh McDaniels has won five with the New England Patriots his first as personnel assistant, second as defensive coaching assistant, third as quarterbacks coach and his fourth and fifth as offensive coordinator.
Ivan Fears has won five with New England Patriots his first as wide receivers coach and the remaining as running backs coach.
Ernie Adams has won five with New England Patriots as a football research director
Brian Daboll has won five with New England Patriots, one as a defensive coaching assistant, two as wide receivers coach, and two as tight ends coach

Four: at least 39 players, many coaches and staff.

The first player to win four Super Bowl rings was tight-end Marv Fleming, who got a pair with Green Bay Packers in 1966 and 1967, and another pair with Miami Dolphins in 1972 and 1973.
Twenty-two players earned four rings with Pittsburgh Steelers in the 1970s: Terry Bradshaw, Franco Harris, Lynn Swann, John Stallworth, Mel Blount, Jack Lambert, Jack Ham, Mike Webster, Donnie Shell, L. C. Greenwood, Rocky Bleier, Gerry Mullins, Larry Brown, Mike Wagner, J.T. Thomas, Loren Toews, Jon Kolb, Sam Davis, Steve Furness, Dwight White, Randy Grossman and the previously mentioned Joe Greene (who later added two more rings). At least five coaches were with the team all four years: George Perles, Louis Riecke, Woody Widenhofer and (as noted above) Chuck Noll and Dick Hoak. The list of Steelers front office staff receiving four rings during that era includes Director of Player Personnel Dick Haley.
Tom Flores: First person to have rings as a player (Kansas City Chiefs), assistant coach and head coach (Oakland Raiders)
Joe Montana, Keena Turner, Jesse Sapolu, Eric Wright, Mike Wilson and Ronnie Lott each won four Super Bowl rings with the 49ers.
Kicker Adam Vinatieri won three with the New England Patriots and one with the Indianapolis Colts
Russ Grimm won three with Washington Redskins and one with Pittsburgh Steelers
Ted Hendricks won one with Baltimore Colts and three with Oakland Raiders
Bill Romanowski won two with San Francisco and two with Denver Broncos
Coach Charlie Weis won one with New York Giants and three with New England Patriots
Matt Millen has four rings while playing for four different cities and three different teams, one with Oakland Raiders, one with Los Angeles Raiders, one with San Francisco 49ers, and one with Washington Redskins (only player to earn a ring with four different cities)
Sherman Lewis won three as running backs coach with San Francisco 49ers and one as offensive coordinator with Green Bay Packers
Willie Davis[17] Won all four rings with Green Bay Packers: two as a player, one as a member of the team's board of directors, and one as an emeritus director. He is the only person to possess all four of Green Bay's Super Bowl rings. Davis also won rings as a member of the 1961, 1962 and 1965 NFL Championship Green Bay Packer teams, bringing his unofficial championship ring count to seven, as the first three were awarded prior to the creation of the Super Bowl.
Mike Pope won all four of his Super Bowl rings as the long time Tight End coach for New York Giants
Ken Norton, Jr. was the first member of 3 Super Bowl-winning teams in a row as a player, and gained a 4th ring as the Linebacker coach for the 2013 Seattle Seahawks
Larry Izzo won three Super Bowls with New England Patriots, and one as the special teams assistant coach with New York Giants
Coach Gary Kubiak won one with San Francisco 49ers as quarterbacks coach, two with Denver Broncos as offensive coordinator, and one as the head coach of the Broncos
Dante Scarnecchia has won four with New England Patriots as an offensive line coach, along with being assistant head coach for three of them
Brian Pariani has won four rings. One as an offensive assistant coach with San Francisco 49ers and three as the tight ends coach with the Denver Broncos

Three: many players, coaches and staff

Among the many figures with three are Bill Walsh, John Elway, Mike Ditka, Mike Shanahan, Art Shell, Jerry Rice, Steve Young, Troy Aikman, Emmitt Smith, Jay Novacek, Michael Irvin, Larry Brown, Eric Mangini, Joe Gibbs, Dave Dalby, Cliff Branch, Roger Craig, Shannon Sharpe, Ed McCaffrey, Mark Schlereth, Forrest Gregg, Herb Adderley, Tom Coughlin, LeGarrette Blount, and Matt Cavanaugh.
Twenty-two players earned three rings with the New England Patriots during the early 2000s: Troy Brown, Willie McGinest, Richard Seymour, Ty Law, Mike Vrabel, Tedy Bruschi, Kevin Faulk, Matt Light, Patrick Pass, Ted Johnson, Lonie Paxton, Stephen Neal, Joe Andruzzi, David Patten, Roman Phifer, Tom Ashworth, Adrian Klemm, Je'Rod Cherry, Matt Chatham, the aforementioned Adam Vinatieri (who later added a fourth ring with the Colts), the aforementioned Tom Brady (who went on to win two additional Super Bowls with the Patriots), and the aforementioned Larry Izzo (who won a fourth with the Giants).

tag: ul

text: Players with Super Bowl and Grey Cup rings[edit]

text: As of 2017, ten players have won championships in both the NFL and Canada’s equivalent Canadian Football League (CFL).

text:
O. J. Brigance (linebacker) won a Grey Cup ring in 1995 with the CFL’s Baltimore Stallions and won a Super Bowl ring in 2001 with the Baltimore Ravens. He is the only player to win both a Grey Cup and a Super Bowl with teams from the same city.
Brandon Browner (cornerback) won a ring in 2008 with the CFL’s Calgary Stampeders and then won a Super Bowl ring in 2013 with the Seattle Seahawks, although he did not play in that game due to a suspension. He went on to play against the Seahawks in the following year's Super Bowl, when he won a second ring with the 2014 New England Patriots.
Terry Greer (wide receiver) was the first person to win both championships; he won the Grey Cup as a member of the Toronto Argonauts in 1983, and two Super Bowl rings as a member of the San Francisco 49ers in 1988 and 1989.
Harald Hasselbach (defensive end) won a ring in 1992 with the CFL’s Calgary Stampeders and won a Super Bowl ring in 1997 with the Denver Broncos.
Bobby Singh (guard) is the only player to win a Super Bowl (1999 with the St. Louis Rams), and a Grey Cup (2006 with the BC Lions), and the XFL Championship (2001 with the Los Angeles Xtreme).
Alvin Walton (safety) won two Super Bowl rings with the NFL's Washington Redskins (1987 and 1991 seasons, but he did not participate in the 1991 season Super Bowl victory) and won a Grey Cup ring with the Baltimore Stallions in 1995.
Barry Wilburn (cornerback) won a Super Bowl with the Washington Redskins in 1988 and the Grey Cup in 1994 with the BC Lions.
Tyrone Williams (wide receiver) won two Super Bowl rings with Dallas in 1992 and 1993, although he did not participate in either game. He then won a Grey Cup ring with the Toronto Argonauts in 1996.
Andre Rison (wide receiver) won a Super Bowl with the Green Bay Packers in 1996, and a Grey Cup with the Toronto Argonauts in 2004.
Josh Miller (punter) won a Grey Cup with the Baltimore Stallions in 1995, and a Super Bowl with the New England Patriots in 2004.


document_title: Conservation of mass

question_text: who came up with the conservation of mass

root

text: Conservation of mass

text: Formulation and examples[edit]

text:
The law of conservation of mass can only be formulated in classical mechanics when the energy scales associated to an isolated system are much smaller than

m

c

2

{\displaystyle mc^{2}}

, where

m

{\displaystyle m}

 is the mass of a typical object in the system, measured in the frame of reference where the object is at rest, and

c

{\displaystyle c}

 is the speed of light.

tag: p

text: The law can be formulated mathematically in the fields of fluid mechanics and continuum mechanics, where the conservation of mass is usually expressed using the continuity equation, given in differential form as

text:
∂
ρ

∂
t

+
∇
⋅
(
ρ

v

)
=
0
,

{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \rho }{\partial t}}+\nabla \cdot (\rho \mathbf {v} )=0,}

text:
where

ρ

{\textstyle \rho }

 is the density (mass per unit volume),

t

{\textstyle t}

 is the time,

∇
⋅

{\textstyle \nabla \cdot }

 is the divergence, and

v

{\textstyle \mathbf {v} }

 is the flow velocity field. The interpretation of the continuity equation for mass is the following: For a given closed surface in the system, the change in time of the mass enclosed by the surface is equal to the mass that traverses the surface, positive if matter goes in and negative if matter goes out. For the whole isolated system, this condition implies that the total mass

M

{\textstyle M}

, sum of the masses of all components in the system, does not change in time, i.e.

text:
d

M

d

t

=

d

d

t

∫
ρ

d

V
=
0

{\displaystyle {\frac {{\text{d}}M}{{\text{d}}t}}={\frac {\text{d}}{{\text{d}}t}}\int \rho {\text{d}}V=0}

,

text:
where

d

V

{\textstyle {\text{d}}V}

 is the differential that defines the integral over the whole volume of the system.

text: The continuity equation for the mass is part of Euler equations of fluid dynamics. Many other convection–diffusion equations describe the conservation and flow of mass and matter in a given system.

text: In chemistry, the calculation of the amount of reactant and products in a chemical reaction, or stoichiometry, is founded on the principle of conservation of mass. The principle implies that during a chemical reaction the total mass of the reactant is equal to the total mass of the products. For example, in the following reaction

text:
where one molecule of methane (CH
4) and two oxygen molecules O
2 are converted into one molecule of carbon dioxide (CO
2) and two of water (H
2O). The number of molecules as result from the reaction can be derived from the principle of conservation of mass, as initially four hydrogen atoms, 4 oxygen atoms and one carbon atom are present (as well as in the final state), then the number water molecules produced must be exactly two per molecule of carbon dioxide produced.

text: Many engineering problems are solved by following the mass distribution in time of a given system, this practice is known as mass balance.

text: History[edit]

text: An important idea in ancient Greek philosophy was that "Nothing comes from nothing", so that what exists now has always existed: no new matter can come into existence where there was none before. An explicit statement of this, along with the further principle that nothing can pass away into nothing, is found in Empedocles (approx. 4th century BC): "For it is impossible for anything to come to be from what is not, and it cannot be brought about or heard of that what is should be utterly destroyed."[4]

text: A further principle of conservation was stated by Epicurus around 3th cenutry BC, who, describing the nature of the Universe, wrote that "the totality of things was always such as it is now, and always will be".[5]

text: Jain philosophy, a non-creationist philosophy based on the teachings of Mahavira (6th century BC),[6] states that the universe and its constituents such as matter cannot be destroyed or created. The Jain text Tattvarthasutra (2nd century CE) states that a substance is permanent, but its modes are characterised by creation and destruction.[7] A principle of the conservation of matter was also stated by Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī (around 13th century CE). He wrote that "A body of matter cannot disappear completely. It only changes its form, condition, composition, color and other properties and turns into a different complex or elementary matter".[8]

text: Mass conservation in chemistry[edit]

text: By the 18th century the principle of conservation of mass during chemical reactions was widely used and was an important assumption during experiments, even before a definition was formally established,[9] as can be seen in the works of Joseph Black, Henry Cavendish, and Jean Rey.[10] The first to outline the principle was given by Mikhail Lomonosov in 1756. He demonstrated it by experiments and had discussed the principle before in 1774 in correspondence with Leonhard Euler, though his claim on the subject is sometimes challenged.[11][12] A more refined series of experiments were later carried out by Antoine Lavoisier who expressed his conclusion in 1773 and popularized the principle of conservation of mass. The demonstrations of the principle led alternatives theories obsolete, like the phlogiston theory that claimed that mass could be gained or lost in combustion and heat processes.

text: The conservation of mass was obscure for millennia because of the buoyancy effect of the Earth's atmosphere on the weight of gases. For example, a piece of wood weighs less after burning; this seemed to suggest that some of its mass disappears, or is transformed or lost. This was not disproved until careful experiments were performed in which chemical reactions such as rusting were allowed to take place in sealed glass ampoules; it was found that the chemical reaction did not change the weight of the sealed container and its contents. Weighing of gases using scales was not possible until the invention of the vacuum pump in 17th century.

text: Once understood, the conservation of mass was of great importance in progressing from alchemy to modern chemistry. Once early chemists realized that chemical substances never disappeared but were only transformed into other substances with the same weight, these scientists could for the first time embark on quantitative studies of the transformations of substances. The idea of mass conservation plus a surmise that certain "elemental substances" also could not be transformed into others by chemical reactions, in turn led to an understanding of chemical elements, as well as the idea that all chemical processes and transformations (such as burning and metabolic reactions) are reactions between invariant amounts or weights of these chemical elements.

text: Following the pioneering work of Lavoisier the prolonged and exhaustive experiments of Jean Stas supported the strict accuracy of this law in chemical reactions,[13] even though they were carried out with other intentions. His research[14][15] indicated that in certain reactions the loss or gain could not have been more than from 2 to 4 parts in 100,000.[16] The difference in the accuracy aimed at and attained by Lavoisier on the one hand, and by Morley and Stas on the other, is enormous.[17]

text: Modern physics[edit]

text: The law of conservation of mass was challenged with the advent of special relativity. In one of the Annus Mirabilis papers of Albert Einstein in 1905, he suggested an equivalence between mass and energy. This theory implied several assertions, like the idea that internal energy of a system could contribute to the mass of whole the system, or that mass could be converted into electromagnetic radiation. However, as Max Planck pointed out, a change in mass as a result of extraction or addition of chemical energy, as predicted by Einstein's theory, is so small that it could not be measured with the available instruments and could not be presented as a test to the special relativity. Einstein speculated that the energies associated with newly discovered radioactivity were significant enough, compared with the mass of systems producing them, to enable their mass-change to be measured, once the energy of the reaction had been removed from the system. This later indeed proved to be possible, although it was eventually to be the first artificial nuclear transmutation reaction in 1932, demonstrated by Cockcroft and Walton, that proved the first successful test of Einstein's theory regarding mass-loss with energy-loss.

text: The law conservation of mass and the analogous law of conservation of energy were finally overruled by a more general principle known as the mass–energy equivalence. Special relativity also redefines the concept of mass and energy, which can be used interchangeably and are relative to the frame of reference. Several definitions had to be defined for consistency like rest mass of a particle (mass in the rest frame of the particle) and relativistic mass (in another frame). The latter term is usually less frequently used. For more discussion, see Mass in special relativity.

text: Generalization[edit]

text: This article or section may contain misleading parts. Please help clarify this article according to any suggestions provided on the talk page.

tag: table

text: Special relativity[edit]

text: In special relativity, the conservation of mass does not apply if the system is open and energy escapes. However, it does continue to apply to totally closed (isolated) systems. If energy cannot escape a system, its mass cannot decrease. In relativity theory, so long as any type of energy is retained within a system, this energy exhibits mass.

text: Also, mass must be differentiated from matter (see below), since matter may not be perfectly conserved in isolated systems, even though mass is always conserved in such systems. However, matter is so nearly conserved in chemistry that violations of matter conservation were not measured until the nuclear age, and the assumption of matter conservation remains an important practical concept in most systems in chemistry and other studies that do not involve the high energies typical of radioactivity and nuclear reactions.

text: The mass associated with chemical amounts of energy is too small to measure[edit]

text: The change in mass of certain kinds of open systems where atoms or massive particles are not allowed to escape, but other types of energy (such as light or heat) are allowed to enter or escape, went unnoticed during the 19th century, because the change in mass associated with addition or loss of small quantities of thermal or radiant energy in chemical reactions is very small. (In theory, mass would not change at all for experiments conducted in isolated systems where heat and work were not allowed in or out.)

text: Mass conservation remains correct if energy is not lost[edit]

text: The conservation of relativistic mass implies the viewpoint of a single observer (or the view from a single inertial frame) since changing inertial frames may result in a change of the total energy (relativistic energy) for systems, and this quantity determines the relativistic mass.

text: The principle that the mass of a system of particles must be equal to the sum of their rest masses, even though true in classical physics, may be false in special relativity. The reason that rest masses cannot be simply added is that this does not take into account other forms of energy, such as kinetic and potential energy, and massless particles such as photons, all of which may (or may not) affect the total mass of systems.

text: For moving massive particles in a system, examining the rest masses of the various particles also amounts to introducing many different inertial observation frames (which is prohibited if total system energy and momentum are to be conserved), and also when in the rest frame of one particle, this procedure ignores the momenta of other particles, which affect the system mass if the other particles are in motion in this frame.

text: For the special type of mass called invariant mass, changing the inertial frame of observation for a whole closed system has no effect on the measure of invariant mass of the system, which remains both conserved and invariant (unchanging), even for different observers who view the entire system. Invariant mass is a system combination of energy and momentum, which is invariant for any observer, because in any inertial frame, the energies and momenta of the various particles always add to the same quantity (the momentum may be negative, so the addition amounts to a subtraction). The invariant mass is the relativistic mass of the system when viewed in the center of momentum frame. It is the minimum mass which a system may exhibit, as viewed from all possible inertial frames.

text: The conservation of both relativistic and invariant mass applies even to systems of particles created by pair production, where energy for new particles may come from kinetic energy of other particles, or from one or more photons as part of a system that includes other particles besides a photon. Again, neither the relativistic nor the invariant mass of totally closed (that is, isolated) systems changes when new particles are created. However, different inertial observers will disagree on the value of this conserved mass, if it is the relativistic mass (i.e., relativistic mass is conserved but not invariant). However, all observers agree on the value of the conserved mass if the mass being measured is the invariant mass (i.e., invariant mass is both conserved and invariant).

text:
The mass-energy equivalence formula gives a different prediction in non-isolated systems, since if energy is allowed to escape a system, both relativistic mass and invariant mass will escape also. In this case, the mass-energy equivalence formula predicts that the change in mass of a system is associated with the change in its energy due to energy being added or subtracted:

Δ
m
=
Δ
E

/

c

2

.

{\displaystyle \Delta m=\Delta E/c^{2}.}

 This form involving changes was the form in which this famous equation was originally presented by Einstein. In this sense, mass changes in any system are explained simply if the mass of the energy added or removed from the system, are taken into account.

text: The formula implies that bound systems have an invariant mass (rest mass for the system) less than the sum of their parts, if the binding energy has been allowed to escape the system after the system has been bound. This may happen by converting system potential energy into some other kind of active energy, such as kinetic energy or photons, which easily escape a bound system. The difference in system masses, called a mass defect, is a measure of the binding energy in bound systems – in other words, the energy needed to break the system apart. The greater the mass defect, the larger the binding energy. The binding energy (which itself has mass) must be released (as light or heat) when the parts combine to form the bound system, and this is the reason the mass of the bound system decreases when the energy leaves the system.[18] The total invariant mass is actually conserved, when the mass of the binding energy that has escaped, is taken into account.

text: General relativity[edit]

text: In general relativity, the total invariant mass of photons in an expanding volume of space will decrease, due to the red shift of such an expansions. The conservation of both mass and energy therefore depends on various corrections made to energy in the theory, due to the changing gravitational potential energy of such systems.


document_title: List of actors with two or more Academy Awards in acting categories

question_text: who has won the most oscars as best actor

text: The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences has given Academy Awards to actors and actresses for their performances in films since its inception. Throughout the history of the Academy Awards, there have been actors and actresses who have received multiple Academy Awards for Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Supporting Actor, or Best Supporting Actress.[1] The only restriction is that actors cannot receive multiple nominations for the same performance.[2] This rule was implemented after Barry Fitzgerald received a Best Actor and a Best Supporting Actor nomination for his performance in Going My Way.[3]

text: As of 2018[update], 41 actors and actresses have received two or more Academy Awards in acting categories. Katharine Hepburn leads the way with four Best Actress awards.[4] Five have won three Academy Awards: Ingrid Bergman (two Best Actress awards and one Best Supporting Actress award),[5] Walter Brennan (three Best Supporting Actor awards),[6] Jack Nicholson (two Best Actor awards and one Best Supporting Actor award),[7] Meryl Streep (two Best Actress awards and one Best Supporting Actress award), and Daniel Day-Lewis (three Best Actor awards). Brennan was the first to receive three or more Academy Awards in 1940, followed by Hepburn in 1968, Bergman in 1974, Nicholson in 1997, Streep in 2011, and most recently Day-Lewis in 2012. Of the six, only Nicholson, Streep, and Day-Lewis are still living.

text:
Actor/Actress
Best Actor/Actress Awards
Best Supporting Actor/Actress Awards
Total awards
Total nominations

Hepburn, KatharineKatharine Hepburn
Morning Glory (1933)
Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967)
The Lion in Winter (1968)
On Golden Pond (1981)

4
12

Day-Lewis, DanielDaniel Day-Lewis
My Left Foot (1989)
There Will Be Blood (2007)
Lincoln (2012)

3
6

Streep, MerylMeryl Streep
Sophie's Choice (1982)
The Iron Lady (2011)
Kramer vs. Kramer (1979)
3
21

Nicholson, JackJack Nicholson
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975)
As Good as It Gets (1997)
Terms of Endearment (1983)
3
12

Bergman, IngridIngrid Bergman
Gaslight (1944)
Anastasia (1956)
Murder on the Orient Express (1974)
3
7

Brennan, WalterWalter Brennan

Come and Get It (1936)
Kentucky (1938)
The Westerner (1940)
3
4

Davis, BetteBette Davis
Dangerous (1935)
Jezebel (1938)

2
10

Tracy, SpencerSpencer Tracy
Captains Courageous (1937)
Boys Town (1938)

2
9

Brando, MarlonMarlon Brando
On the Waterfront (1954)
The Godfather (1972)

2
8

Lemmon, JackJack Lemmon
Save the Tiger (1973)
Mister Roberts (1955)
2
8

Washington, DenzelDenzel Washington
Training Day (2001)
Glory (1989)
2
8

Blanchett, CateCate Blanchett
Blue Jasmine (2013)
The Aviator (2004)
2
7

De Niro, RobertRobert De Niro
Raging Bull (1980)
The Godfather Part II (1974)
2
7

Fonda, JaneJane Fonda
Klute (1971)
Coming Home (1978)

2
7

Hoffman, DustinDustin Hoffman
Kramer vs. Kramer (1979)
Rain Man (1988)

2
7

Caine, MichaelMichael Caine

Hannah and Her Sisters (1986)
The Cider House Rules (1999)
2
6

Lange, JessicaJessica Lange
Blue Sky (1994)
Tootsie (1982)
2
6

Smith, MaggieMaggie Smith
The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (1969)
California Suite (1978)
2
6

Cooper, GaryGary Cooper
Sergeant York (1941)
High Noon (1952)

2
5

de Havilland, OliviaOlivia de Havilland
To Each His Own (1946)
The Heiress (1949)

2
5

Hackman, GeneGene Hackman
The French Connection (1971)
Unforgiven (1992)
2
5

Hanks, TomTom Hanks
Philadelphia (1993)
Forrest Gump (1994)

2
5

March, FredricFredric March
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931)
The Best Years of Our Lives (1946)

2
5

McDormand, FrancesFrances McDormand
Fargo (1996)
Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri (2017)

2
5

Penn, SeanSean Penn
Mystic River (2003)
Milk (2008)

2
5

Taylor, ElizabethElizabeth Taylor
Butterfield 8 (1960)
Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966)

2
5

Foster, JodieJodie Foster
The Accused (1988)
The Silence of the Lambs (1991)

2
4

Jackson, GlendaGlenda Jackson
Women in Love (1970)
A Touch of Class (1973)

2
4

Quinn, AnthonyAnthony Quinn

Viva Zapata! (1952)
Lust for Life (1956)
2
4

Winters, ShelleyShelley Winters

The Diary of Anne Frank (1959)
A Patch of Blue (1965)
2
4

Douglas, MelvynMelvyn Douglas

Hud (1963)
Being There (1979)
2
3

Field, SallySally Field
Norma Rae (1979)
Places in the Heart (1984)

2
3

Robards, JasonJason Robards

All the President's Men (1976)
Julia (1977)
2
3

Ustinov, PeterPeter Ustinov

Spartacus (1960)
Topkapi (1964)
2
3

Wiest, DianneDianne Wiest

Hannah and Her Sisters (1986)
Bullets over Broadway (1994)
2
3

Hayes, HelenHelen Hayes
The Sin of Madelon Claudet (1931)
Airport (1970)
2
2

Leigh, VivienVivien Leigh
Gone with the Wind (1939)
A Streetcar Named Desire (1951)

2
2

Rainer, LuiseLuise Rainer
The Great Ziegfeld (1936)
The Good Earth (1937)

2
2

Spacey, KevinKevin Spacey
American Beauty (1999)
The Usual Suspects (1995)
2
2

Swank, HilaryHilary Swank
Boys Don't Cry (1999)
Million Dollar Baby (2004)

2
2

Waltz, ChristophChristoph Waltz

Inglourious Basterds (2009)
Django Unchained (2012)
2
2


document_title: NITI Aayog

question_text: who is the ceo of niti ayog 2018

question_tokens: who is the ceo of niti ayog 2018

text: NITI Aayog

text: History[edit]

text: The Union Government of India announced the formation of NITI Aayog on 1 January 2015, and the first meeting was held on 8 February 2015. On 29 May 2014, the Independent Evaluation Office submitted an assessment report to Prime Minister Narendra Modi with the recommendation to replace the Planning Commission with a  "control commission." On 13 August 2014, the Union Cabinet scrapped the Planning Commission, to be replaced with a diluted version of the National Advisory Council (NAC) of India. On 1 January 2015 a Cabinet resolution was passed to replace the Planning Commission with the newly formed NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India). The first meeting of NITI Aayog was chaired by Narendra Modi on 8 February 2015.

text: Finance Minister Arun Jaitley made the following observation on the necessity of creating NITI Aayog, "The 65 year-old Planning Commission had become a redundant organisation. It was relevant in a command economy structure, but not any longer. India is a diversified country and its states are in various phases of economic development along with their own strengths and weaknesses. In this context, a ‘one size fits all’ approach to economic planning is obsolete. It cannot make India competitive in today’s global economy."[2]

text: Functions[edit]

text:
To evolve a shared vision of national development priorities sectors and strategies with the active involvement of States in the light of national objectives.
To foster cooperative federalism through structured support initiatives and mechanisms with the States on a continuous basis, recognizing that strong States make a strong nation.
To develop mechanisms to formulate credible plans at the village level and aggregate these progressively at higher levels of government.
To ensure, on areas that are specifically referred to it, that the interests of national security are incorporated in economic strategy and policy.
To pay special attention to the sections of our society that may be at risk of not benefiting adequately from economic progress.
To design strategic and long term policy and programme frameworks and initiatives, and monitor their progress and their efficacy. The lessons learnt through monitoring and feedback will be used for making innovative improvements, including necessary mid-course corrections.
To provide advice and encourage partnerships between key stakeholders and national and international like-minded Think tanks, as well as educational and policy research institutions.
To create a knowledge, innovation and entrepreneurial support system through a collaborative community of national and international experts, practitioners and other partners.
To offer a platform for resolution of inter-sectoral and inter departmental issues in order to accelerate the implementation of the development agenda.
To maintain a state-of-the-art Resource Centre, be a repository of research on good governance and best practices in sustainable and equitable development as well as help their dissemination to stake-holders.
To actively monitor and evaluate the implementation of programmes and initiatives, including the identification of the needed resources so as to strengthen the probability of success and scope of delivery.
To focus on technology upgradation and capacity building for implementation of programmes and initiatives.
To undertake other activities as may be necessary in order to further the execution of the national development agenda, and the objectives mentioned above..

tag: ol

text: NITI Lectures[edit]

text: NITI Aayog has started a new initiative on the advice of Prime Minister Narendra Modi called NITI Lectures: Transforming India. The aim of this initiative is to invite globally reputed policy makers, experts, administrators to India to share their knowledge, expertise, experience in policy making and good governance with Indian counterparts. This initiative will be a series of lectures started with first lecture[3] delivered by Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore Mr. Tharman Shanmugaratnam. He delivered lecture on subject called  "India and the Global Economy" at Vigyan Bhavan, New Delhi. The Prime Minister spoke about the idea behind this lecture series and stated that his vision for India is rapid transformation, not gradual evolution.[4]

text: On 31 August 2017, NITI Aayog developed a State Statistics Handbook that consolidates key statistics across sectors for every Indian State/UT. While the State data on crucial indicators is currently fragmented across different sources, this handbook provides a one-stop database of important State statistics.[5]

text: Members[edit]

text: The NITI Aayog comprises the following:

text:
The Prime Minister as the Chairperson.
A Governing Council composed of Chief Ministers of all the States and Union territories with Legislatures and lieutenant governors of Union Territories(except Delhi and Pondicherry)
Regional Councils composed of Chief Ministers of States and Lt. Governors of Union Territories in the region to address specific issues and contingencies impacting more than one state or a region.
Full-time organizational framework composed of a Vice-Chairperson, five full-time members, two part-time members (from leading universities, research organizations and other relevant institutions in an ex-officio capacity), four ex-officio members of the Union Council of Ministers, a Chief Executive Officer (with the rank of Secretary to the Government of India) who looks after administration, and a secretariat.
Experts and specialists in various fields.[6]

text: With the Prime Minister as the Chairperson, the committee consists of

text:
Vice Chairperson: Rajiv Kumar[7]
Ex-Officio Members: Rajnath Singh, Arun Jaitley, Suresh Prabhu and Radha Mohan Singh
Special Invitees: Nitin Gadkari, Prakash Javadekar and Thawar Chand Gehlot
Full-time Members: Bibek Debroy (Economist),[8] V. K. Saraswat (former DRDO Chief), Ramesh Chand (Agriculture Expert)[9] and Dr. Vinod Paul (Public Health expert)[10]
Chief Executive Officer (CEO): Amitabh Kant[11]
Governing Council: All Chief Ministers of States (and Delhi and Puducherry) and Lieutenant Governors of remaining Union Territories.
Core Committee: Dr.Somdutta Singh[12]


document_title: Visa requirements for Australian citizens

question_text: visa requirements for australian citizens travelling to brazil

question_tokens: visa requirements for australian citizens travelling to brazil

text: Visa requirements for Australian citizens

text: Visa requirements map[edit]

text: Visa requirements[edit]

text: Each country has a multitude of visa types, each with its particular purpose and requirements. Rules for short visits by ordinary passport holders are as follows:

text:
Country
Visa requirement
Notes (excluding departure fees)

 Afghanistan
Visa required[2]
Due to safety concerns, Australian government advises its citizens not to visit Afghanistan.[3]

 Albania
Visa not required[4]
90 days

 Algeria
Visa required[5]

 Andorra
Visa not required[6]

 Angola
Visa required[7]

 Antigua and Barbuda
Visa not required[8]
1 month

 Argentina
Visa not required[9]
90 days

 Armenia
eVisa / Visa on arrival[10]
120 days. Obtainable on arrival at Zvartnots International Airport or prior to travel online.[11]

 Austria
Visa not required[12]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Azerbaijan
eVisa[13]
30 days[14]

 Bahamas
Visa not required[15]
3 months

 Bahrain
eVisa / Visa on arrival[16]
14 days

 Bangladesh
Visa on arrival[17]
30 days. Not available at all entry points.[18]

 Barbados
Visa not required[19]
6 months

 Belarus
Visa not required[20]
5 days, must arrive via Minsk International Airport;
Visas are issued on arrival at the Minsk International Airport
if the support documents were submitted not later than 3 business days before expected date of arrival.[21]

 Belgium
Visa not required[22]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Belize
Visa not required[23]
1 month[24]

 Benin
eVisa[25][26]

 Bhutan
Visa required[27]
Visa approved via tour operators only.

 Bolivia
Visa not required[28]
90 days

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
Visa not required[29]
90 days within any 6-month period

 Botswana
Visa not required[30]
90 days per year

 Brazil
eVisa[31]
90 days per year

 Brunei
Visa on arrival[32]
30 days

 Bulgaria
Visa not required[33]
90 days within any 180 day period

 Burkina Faso
Visa on arrival[34]
1 month

 Burundi
Visa required[35]
Visitors arriving at Bujumbura International Airport can obtain a visa on arrival providing they have informed their travel agency of passport number and flight details.

Due to safety concerns, Australian government advises its citizens not to visit Burundi.[36]

 Cambodia
eVisa / Visa on arrival[37]
30 days. Visa is also obtainable online.[38]

 Cameroon
Visa required[39]

 Canada
Visa not required[40]
6 months; eTA required if arriving by air.[41]

 Cape Verde
Visa on arrival[42]
Not available at all entry points.[43]

 Central African Republic
Visa required[44]
Due to safety concerns, Australian government advises its citizens not to visit Central African Republic.[45]

 Chad
Visa required[46]
Letter of invitation required.

 Chile
Visa not required[47]
90 days. Australian tourists entering Chile through Santiago International Airport are required to pay a "reciprocity fee" of US$117.

 China
Visa required[48]

72-hours visa free visit when in transit at Beijing, Changsha, Chengdu, Chongqing, Dalian, Guangzhou, Guilin, Harbin, Kunming, Qingdao, Shenyang, Tianjin, Wuhan, Xi'an and Xiamen.
144-hours visa free visit when in transit at Beijing (Beijing Capital International Airport)[49], Hangzhou, Hebei (Shijiazhuang Zhengding International Airport)[50], Nanjing, Shanghai (Hongqiao and Pudong international airports, Railway Station and port), and Tianjin (Tianjin Binhai International Airport)[51].

 Colombia
Visa not required[52]
90 days - extendable up to 180-days stay within a one-year period

 Comoros
Visa on arrival[53]

 Republic of the Congo
Visa required[54]
Visa and invitation letters approved via tour operators only.

 Democratic Republic of the Congo
Visa required[55]
Visa not required for Congolese-born visitors

 Costa Rica
Visa not required[56]
90 days

Cote d'Ivoire ! Côte d'Ivoire
eVisa[57]
3 months; eVisa holders must arrive via Port Bouet Airport.

 Croatia
Visa not required[58]
90 days within any 180 day period

 Cuba
Visa required !Tourist Card required[59]
Visitors travelling to Cuba can purchase a tourist card at the Cuban embassy or nearest travel agent that sells authorized cards.

 Cyprus
Visa not required[60]
90 days within any 180 day period

 Czech Republic
Visa not required[61]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Denmark
Visa not required[62]
90 days within any 180 day period regardless of previous time spent in other Schengen countries (except the other Nordic countries)

 Djibouti
Visa on arrival[63]
Not available at all entry points.[64]

 Dominica
Visa not required[65]
6 months

 Dominican Republic
Visa not required[66]
90 days

 Ecuador
Visa not required[67]
90 days[24]

 Egypt
eVisa / Visa on arrival[68][69]
30 days

 El Salvador
Visa not required[70]
3 months

 Equatorial Guinea
Visa required[71]
Letter of invitation required.

 Eritrea
Visa required[72]
A tourist visa for Australian citizens is issued for a stay of 1 month from arrival to Eritrea.

 Estonia
Visa not required[73]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Ethiopia
eVisa / Visa on arrival[74]
Not available at all entry points.[75]

 Fiji
Visa not required[76]
4 months

 Finland
Visa not required[77]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 France
Visa not required[78]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area (in Regions of France)

 Gabon
eVisa / Visa on arrival[79]
Electronic visa holders must arrive via Libreville International Airport.[80]

 Gambia
Visa not required[81]
90 days

 Georgia
Visa not required[82]
360 days[83]

 Germany
Visa not required[84]
90 days within any 180 day period regardless of previous time spent in Schengen countries

 Ghana
Visa required[85][86]
Visa fee AUD$140 for single entry.

 Greece
Visa not required[87]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Grenada
Visa not required[88]
3 months[24]

 Guatemala
Visa not required[89]
90 days

 Guinea
Visa required[90]

 Guinea-Bissau
eVisa / Visa on arrival[91]
90 days

 Guyana
Visa not required[92]
3 months

 Haiti
Visa not required[93]
3 months

 Honduras
Visa not required[94]
3 months

 Hungary
Visa not required[95]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Iceland
Visa not required[96]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 India
e-Visa[97]
60 days; e-Visa holders must arrive via 24 designated airports or 3 designated seaports.[98]

 Indonesia
Visa not required[99][100]
30 days

 Iran
Visa on arrival[101]
30 days[102]

 Iraq
Visa required[103]
Due to safety concerns, Australian government advises its citizens not to visit Iraq.[104]

 Ireland
Visa not required[105]
3 months

 Israel
Visa not required[106]
3 months

 Italy
Visa not required[107]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Jamaica
Visa not required[108]

 Japan
Visa not required[109]
90 days

 Jordan
Visa on arrival[110]
Conditions apply.[111] Not available at all entry points.[112]

 Kazakhstan
Visa not required[113]
30 days

 Kenya
eVisa / Visa on arrival[114]
3 months

 Kiribati
Visa not required[115]
30 days

 North Korea
Visa required[116]

 South Korea
Visa not required[117]
90 days

 Kuwait
eVisa / Visa on arrival[118]
3 months

 Kyrgyzstan
Visa not required[119]
60 days
A single or multiple tourist or business e-visa for 90 days is also available.[120]

 Laos
Visa on arrival[121]
30 days.[24] Not available at all entry points.[122]

 Latvia
Visa not required[123]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Lebanon
Visa on arrival[124]
1 month extendible for 2 additional months; granted free of charge at Beirut International Airport or any other port of entry if there is no Israeli visa or seal, holding a telephone number, an address in Lebanon, and a non refundable return or circle trip ticket.

 Lesotho
Visa not required[125]
14 days[24]

 Liberia
Visa required[126]

 Libya
Visa required[127]
Due to safety concerns, Australian government advises its citizens not to visit Libya.[128]

 Liechtenstein
Visa not required[129]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Lithuania
Visa not required[130]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Luxembourg
Visa not required[131]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Macedonia
Visa not required[132]
90 days within any 180 day period

 Madagascar
Visa on arrival[133]
30 days. Free of charge.

 Malawi
Visa on arrival[134]

 Malaysia
Visa not required[135]
3 months

 Maldives
Visa on arrival[136]
30 days[24]

 Mali
Visa required[137]

 Malta
Visa not required[138]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Marshall Islands
Visa on arrival[139]
90 days

 Mauritania
Visa on arrival[140]
Available at Nouakchott–Oumtounsy International Airport.

 Mauritius
Visa not required[141]
90 days

 Mexico
Visa not required[142]
180 days

 Micronesia
Visa not required[143]
30 days

 Moldova
Visa not required[144]
90 days within any 180 day period

 Monaco
Visa not required[145]

 Mongolia
Visa required[146]
Registration upon arrival for stays longer than 30 days is mandatory.

 Montenegro
Visa not required[147]
90 days within any 180 day period

 Morocco
Visa not required[148]
3 months

 Mozambique
Visa on arrival[149]
30 days, conditions apply[150]

 Myanmar
eVisa[151]
28 days. eVisa holders must arrive via Yangon, Nay Pyi Taw or Mandalay airports.

 Namibia
Visa not required[152]
3 months

 Nauru
Visa required[153]
Criminal record and medical fitness certificates are not required for Australian citizens.[154]

   Nepal
Visa on arrival[155]
90 days

 Netherlands
Visa not required[156]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen area (European Netherlands)

 New Zealand
Freedom of movement[157]
Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement

 Nicaragua
Visa not required[158]
90 days

 Niger
Visa required[159]

 Nigeria
Visa required[160]
Visa not required for Nigerian-born citizens

 Norway
Visa not required[161]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Oman
eVisa / Visa on arrival[162]
30 days[24]

 Pakistan
Visa required[163]
Visa on arrival when travelling on business valid for 30 days. Conditions apply.[164]

 Palau
Visa on arrival[165]
30 days

 Panama
Visa not required[166]
180 days

 Papua New Guinea
Free Visa on arrival[167]
30 days, available at Gurney Airport (Alotau), Mount Hagen Airport, Port Moresby Airport and Tokua Airport (Rabaul).

 Paraguay
Visa on arrival[168]
90 days, only available at Silvio Pettirossi International Airport in Luque. Reciprocity fee applies.

 Peru
Visa not required[169]
183 days

 Philippines
Visa not required[170]
30 days

 Poland
Visa not required[171]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Portugal
Visa not required[172]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Qatar
eVisa / Visa on arrival[173]
30 days, available at Hamad International Airport. eVisa is also available.

 Romania
Visa not required[174]
90 days within any 180 day period

 Russia
Visa required[175]

 Rwanda
eVisa / Visa on arrival[176]
30 days

 Saint Kitts and Nevis
Visa not required[177]
3 months

 Saint Lucia
Visa not required[178]
6 weeks

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Visa not required[179]
1 month

 Samoa
Visa on arrival !Entry Permit on arrival[180]
60 days

 San Marino
Visa not required[181]

 São Tomé and Príncipe
eVisa[182]

 Saudi Arabia
Visa required[183]

 Senegal
Visa not required[184]

 Serbia
Visa not required[185]
90 days within any 180 day period

 Seychelles
Visa on arrival !Visitor's Permit on arrival[186]
3 months[24]

 Sierra Leone
Visa required[187]

 Singapore
Visa not required[188]
90 days

 Slovakia
Visa not required[189]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Slovenia
Visa not required[190]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Solomon Islands
Visa on arrival !Visitor's permit on arrival[191]
3 months

 Somalia
Visa required[192]
Visa may be obtained on arrival, provided an invitation letter by the sponsor had been submitted to the authorities before arrival.

Due to safety concerns, Australian government advises its citizens not to visit Somalia.[193]

 South Africa
Visa not required[194]
90 days

 South Sudan
Visa required[195]
Due to safety concerns, Australian government advises its citizens not to visit South Sudan.[196]

 Spain
Visa not required[197]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Sri Lanka
eVisa / Visa on arrival[198]
30 days

 Sudan
Visa required[199]
Visa not required for Sudanese-born citizens

 Suriname
Visa required[200]
Visitors arriving from a country without a representation from Suriname can obtain a visa on arrival with a maximum stay of 2 months if holding a pre-arranged approval.

 Swaziland
Visa not required[201]
30 days[24]

 Sweden
Visa not required[202]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

  Switzerland
Visa not required[203]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Syria
Visa required[204]
Due to safety concerns, Australian government advises its citizens not to visit Syria.[205]

 Tajikistan
Visa on arrival[206]
45 days at Dushanbe International Airport. Visa also available online. E-visa holders can enter through all border points.[207]

 Tanzania
Visa on arrival[208]

 Thailand
Visa not required[209]
30 days (maximum two visits annually if not arriving by air)

 Timor-Leste
Visa on arrival[210]
30 days. Not available at all entry points.[211]

 Togo
Visa on arrival[212]
7 days

 Tonga
Visa on arrival[213]
31 days

 Trinidad and Tobago
Visa on arrival[214]
30 days

 Tunisia
Visa not required[215][216]
3 months

 Turkey
eVisa / Visa on arrival[217]
3 months.[218] Cruise ship passengers do not require a visa for up to 72 hours.[219] eVisa can be obtained on arrival for a higher fee.

 Turkmenistan
Visa required[220]

 Tuvalu
Visa on arrival[221]
1 month[24]

 Uganda
eVisa / Visa on arrival[222]
Determined at the port of entry. May apply online.[223]

 Ukraine
Visa on arrival[224]
15 days for business or tourism purposes, available at Kyiv Boryspil Airport, Kyiv International Airport (Zhuliany) and Odessa International Airport.[225]

 United Arab Emirates
Visa on arrival[226]
30 days

 United Kingdom and Crown dependencies
Visa not required[227]
6 months

 United States
Visa not required !Visa Waiver Program[228]
90 days on arrival from overseas; ESTA (valid for 2 years when issued) required if arriving by air or cruise ship.[229]

ESTA is not required for Guam and Northern Mariana Islands.

 Uruguay
Visa not required[230]
3 months

 Uzbekistan
Visa required[231]
Pre-arranged visa can be obtained on arrival for a maximum of 7 days.

 Vanuatu
Visa not required[232]
30 days[24]

  Vatican City
Visa not required[233]

 Venezuela
Visa not required[234]
90 days

 Vietnam
eVisa[235]
30 days

 Yemen
Visa required[236]
Due to safety concerns, Australian government advises its citizens not to visit Yemen.[237]

 Zambia
eVisa / Visa on arrival[238]
90 days; also eligible for a universal visa allowing access to Zimbabwe. eVisa available.

 Zimbabwe
eVisa / Visa on arrival[239]
3 months. Strictly tourism purposes only. Also eligible for a universal visa allowing access to Zambia. eVisa available.

text: Dependent, Disputed, or Restricted territories[edit]

text:
Territory
Conditions of access
Notes

 Abkhazia
Visa required[240]

 Kosovo
Visa not required[241]
90 days

 Northern Cyprus
Visa not required[242]
3 months

 Artsakh
Visa required[243]
Travellers with Artsakh visa (expired or valid) or evidence of travel to Artsakh (stamps) will be permanently denied entry to Azerbaijan.[244]

 Palestine
Visa not required[245]
Arrival by sea to Gaza Strip not allowed.[246]

 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

Undefined visa regime in the Western Sahara controlled territory.

 Somaliland
Visa on arrival
30 days for 30 US dollars, payable on arrival.[247][248]

 South Ossetia
Visa not required[249]
Multiple entry visa to Russia and three day prior notification are required to enter South Ossetia.[250][251]

 Taiwan
Visa not required[252][253]
30 days

 Transnistria
Visa not required[254]
Registration required after 24h.[255][256]

text:
Territory
Conditions of access
Notes

China

 Hong Kong
Visa not required[257]
90 days

 Macau
Visa not required[258]
30 days

Denmark

 Faroe Islands
Visa not required[259]

 Greenland
Visa not required[260]

France

 French Guiana
Visa not required[261]
3 months

 French Polynesia
Visa not required[262]
90 days within 180 days

 French West Indies
Visa not required
Includes overseas departments of Guadeloupe and Martinique and overseas collectivities of Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin.

 Mayotte
Visa not required[263]
3 months

 New Caledonia
Visa not required[264]
3 months

 Réunion
Visa not required[265]
3 months

 Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Visa not required[266]
3 months

 Wallis and Futuna
Visa not required[267]
3 months

Netherlands

 Aruba
Visa not required[268]
30 days, extendable to 180 days

 Caribbean Netherlands
Visa not required[269]
90 days. Includes Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba.

 Curaçao
Visa not required[270]
90 days

 Sint Maarten
Visa not required[271]
90 days

New Zealand

 Cook Islands
Visa not required[272]
31 days

 Niue
Visa not required[273]
30 days

 Tokelau
Visa required[274]

United Kingdom

 Akrotiri and Dhekelia
Visa not required[275]
Stays longer than 28 days per 12-month period require a permit.[276]

 Anguilla
Visa not required[277]
3 months

 Bermuda
Visa not required[278]
Up to 6 months, decided on arriva

 British Indian Ocean Territory
Special permit required
Special permit required.[279]

 British Virgin Islands
Visa not required[280]
30 days, extensions possible

 Cayman Islands
Visa not required[281]
6 months

 Falkland Islands
Visa not required[282]

 Gibraltar
Visa not required[283]

 Montserrat
Visa not required[284]
6 months

 Pitcairn Islands
Visa not required
14 days visa free and landing fee 35 USD or tax of 5 USD if not going ashore.[285][286][287]

 Ascension Island
Entry Permit required
Entry Permit must be obtained minimum 28 days in advance (3 months for 20/30 pounds sterling, single/double entry).[288]

 Saint Helena
Visitor's Pass required
Visitor's Pass granted on arrival valid for 4/10/21/60/90 days for 12/14/16/20/25 pound sterling.[289]

 Tristan da Cunha
Permission required
Permission to land required for 15/30 pounds sterling (yacht/ship passenger) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 pounds sterling for Gough Island, Inaccessible Island or Nightingale Islands.[290]

 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Permit required
Pre-arrival permit from the Commissioner required (72 hours/1 month for 110/160 pounds sterling).[291][292]

 Turks and Caicos Islands
Visa required[293]
90 days

United States

 American Samoa
Entry permit required[294]

 Guam
Visa not required[295]
45 days

 Northern Mariana Islands
Visa not required[296]
45 days

 Puerto Rico
Visa not required[297]
Under the Visa Waiver Program, for 90 days on arrival from overseas for 2 years. ESTA required.

 U.S. Virgin Islands
Visa not required[298]
Under the Visa Waiver Program, for 90 days on arrival from overseas for 2 years. ESTA required.

Antarctica and adjacent islands

Special permits required for  Bouvet Island,  British Antarctic Territory,  French Southern and Antarctic Lands,  Argentine Antarctica,  Australian Antarctic Territory,  Chilean Antarctic Territory,  Heard Island and McDonald Islands,  Peter I Island,  Queen Maud Land,  Ross Dependency.[299][300][301][302][303][304][305][306][307][308][309][310]

text:
Territory
Conditions of access
Notes

 Brest and Grodno
Visa not required
Visa-free for 10 days[311]

 China
Hainan
Visa on arrival[312]
15 days. Available at Haikou Meilan International Airport and Sanya Phoenix International Airport.
Visa not required for 15 days for traveling as part of a tourist group (5 or more people)[313]

 China
Tibet Autonomous Region
TTP required
Tibet Travel Permit required (10 US Dollars).[314][315][316]

 Crimea
Visa required
Visa issued by Russia is required.[317]

 Ecuador
 Galápagos
Pre-registration required
Online pre-registration is required. Transit Control Card must also be obtained at the airport prior to departure.[318]

 Eritrea outside Asmara
Travel permit required
To travel in the rest of the country, a Travel Permit for Foreigners is required (20 Eritrean nakfa).[319]

 Greece
 Mount Athos
Special permit required
Special permit required (4 days: 25 euro for Orthodox visitors, 35 euro for non-Orthodox visitors, 18 euro for students). There is a visitors' quota: maximum 100 Orthodox and 10 non-Orthodox per day and women are not allowed.[320][321]

 India PAP/RAP
PAP/RAP required
Protected Area Permit (PAP) required for whole states of Nagaland and Sikkim and parts of states Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Jammu and Kashmir, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh.
Restricted Area Permit (RAP) required for all of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and parts of Sikkim. Some of these requirements are occasionally lifted for a year.[322][323][324][325][326][327]

 Iran
Kish Island
Visa not required
Visitors to Kish Island do not require a visa.[328]

 Iraqi Kurdistan
Visa on arrival
Visa on arrival for 15 days is available at Erbil and Sulaymaniyah airports.[329]

 Fiji
Lau Province
Special permission required
Special permission required.[330]

 France
Clipperton Island
Special permit required
Special permit required.[331]

 Kazakhstan
Special permission required
Special permission required for the town of Baikonur and surrounding areas in Kyzylorda Oblast, and the town of Gvardeyskiy near Almaty.[332]

 North Korea outside Pyongyang
Special permit required
People are not allowed to leave the capital city, tourists can only leave the capital with a governmental tourist guide (no independent moving)

 Malaysia Sabah and Sarawak
Visa not required
These states have their own immigration authorities and passport is required to travel to them, however the same visa applies.[333]

 Maldives outside Malé
Permission required
With the exception of the capital Malé, tourists are generally prohibited from visiting non-resort islands without the express permission of the Government of Maldives.[334]

 Norway
Jan Mayen
Permit required
Permit issued by the local police required for staying for less than 24 hours[335] and permit issued by the Norwegian police for staying for more than 24 hours.[336]

 Novorossiya
Restricted area
Crossing from Ukraine requires visit purpose to be explained to Ukrainian passport control on exit and those who entered from Russia are not allowed to proceed further into Ukraine.[337][338]

 Russia
Special authorization required
Several closed cities and regions in Russia require special authorization.[339]

 Sudan outside Khartoum
Travel permit required
All foreigners traveling more than 25 kilometers outside of Khartoum must obtain a travel permit.

 Sudan
Darfur
Travel permit required
Separate travel permit is required.[340]

 Tajikistan
Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province
OIVR permit required
OIVR permit required (15+5 Tajikistani Somoni) and another special permit (free of charge) is required for Lake Sarez.[341][342][343]

 UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus
Access Permit required[344]
Access Permit is required for travelling inside the zone, except Civil Use Areas.

 Korean Demilitarized Zone
Restricted zone.

 UNDOF Zone and Ghajar
Restricted zone.

 United States Minor Outlying Islands
Special permits required
Special permits required for Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, Palmyra Atoll and Wake Island.[345][346][347][348][349][350][351]

 Venezuela
Margarita Island
Visa not required
All visitors are fingerprinted.[352]

 Vietnam
Phú Quốc
Visa not required
30 days[353]

 Yemen outside Sana’a or Aden
Special permission required
Special permission needed for travel outside Sana’a or Aden.[354]

text: Reciprocity issues[edit]

text: In 2014 Bulgaria, Cyprus and Romania notified the European Commission that they consider Australia requires a visa for their citizens.[355] Implications are that if the notification is accepted the EU may suspend the visa exemption for certain categories of Australian nationals and at the latest six months after publication of the regulation, the Commission may decide to suspend the visa-free access to all Australian citizens.[356]

text: Some countries regard the ETA as being equivalent to visa-free travel when deciding whether to grant the same to Australians wishing to enter their territory. The United States, for example, offers their Visa Waiver Program to Australian passport-holders,[357] and one of the conditions for joining this scheme is that "Governments provide reciprocal visa-free travel for U.S. citizens for 90 days for tourism or business purposes".[358] However, United States require from January 2009 similar ETA from citizens of Australia and some more countries. This system is not called visa, but Electronic System for Travel Authorization, therefore the USA still allows visa-free travel for Australians. As of December 1998, Japan has also granted visa-free access to Australians.[359] Other ETA eligible countries and territories Canada,[360] Hong Kong,[361] Malaysia,[362] Singapore,[363] South Korea (90 days)[364] and Taiwan (90 days)[365] also grant visa-free access to Australians while Brunei grants Australians a 30-day visa on arrival.[366]

text: Additional rules[edit]

text: Visa exemptions for Schengen states[edit]

text: A stay in the Schengen Area as a whole of more than three months (but no more than three months in any individual member state)[edit]

text: The Australian Government has signed bilateral visa waiver agreements with a number of the individual countries who are Schengen signatories, which allow Australian citizens to spend up to three months in the relevant country, without reference to time spent in other Schengen signatory states. Since these agreements continue to remain valid despite the implementation of the Schengen agreement, the European Commission has confirmed that in practice if Australians visit Schengen countries which have signed these types of bilateral agreements with Australia, then the terms of these agreements override the conditions normally imposed as a result of the Schengen visa exemption agreement.[367] However, amendments are under consideration to restrict exit from the Schengen area only through the territory of the Member State which is a Contracting Party to the bilateral agreement and the authorities of which have extended the stay. [368]

text: Australia has individual bilateral visa waiver agreements with the following Schengen signatories:

text:
Austria[369]
 Belgium[370]
 Denmark[371][372]
 Finland[373]
 France[374]
 Germany[375][376]

 Iceland[377]
 Italy[378]
 Luxembourg[379]
 Netherlands[380][381]
 Norway[382]
 Sweden[383]

text: Consequently, Australian citizens can visit the above Schengen member states visa-free for periods of up to three months in each country. If, however, an Australian citizen then visits another Schengen state not included in the list above, the restriction of no more than three months out of a six-month period in the Schengen area as a whole applies. Therefore, if an Australian citizen has already spent three months in one or more of the above Schengen countries, any visits to another Schengen country without a bilateral visa waiver agreement with Australia may lead to difficulties with local law enforcement agencies (e.g. being accused of having overstayed upon leaving a Schengen country which is not in the list above).

text: A stay in the Schengen Area as a whole of up to three months[edit]

text: Australian citizens are classified as 'Annex II' foreign nationals, and so are permitted to stay visa-free in the 26 member states of the Schengen Area as a whole — rather than each country individually — for a period not exceeding 3 months every 6 months.

text: During the visa exemption period, Australian citizens are permitted to work in Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Iceland, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Slovenia and Sweden.[384] In addition, Australian citizens intending to stay and work in Estonia for up to 90 days can do so without a visa as long as the employer has completed a 'registration of short-term employment'.[385]

text: A stay in the Schengen Area as a whole of more than 3 months (and more than 3 months in an individual member state)[edit]

text: In general, any person who is not a European Union, European Economic Area or Swiss citizen and who wishes to stay in a Schengen member state for more than 3 months is required to obtain a national long-stay 'D' visa and/or a residence permit. Australian citizens aged 18–30 (or 18-35 in some cases) are able to obtain a national long-stay 'D' visa and/or a residence permit from some Schengen member states on the basis of a working holiday (see below). Schengen member states also issue national long-stay 'D' visas and residence permits for other reasons to those fulfilling criteria laid out in their national immigration policies (e.g. skilled workers, students, au pair).

text: In general, the national long-stay 'D' visa/residence permit needs to be obtained in advance through the member state's embassy/consulate. However, some Schengen member states offer exceptions for Australian citizens.

text: Austria allows Australian citizens to enter the country without a visa and to apply for a temporary residence permit or a 'Red-White-Red Card' (issued to permanent immigrants) after arrival, rather than in advance through an Austrian embassy/consulate.[386][387]

text: The  Czech Republic allows Australian citizens to apply for a work visa under a special scheme known as a 'Green Card' (rather than a 'Blue Card' or work permit which is required by most non-EU citizens). The application for a Green Card can be lodged at any Czech embassy/consulate (or, in some circumstances, within the Czech Republic if the applicant is already resident there) and is usually processed within 60 days.[388] Note that 'Green Cards' are no longer issued after 24 June 2014.[389]

text: Germany permits Australian citizens intending to stay in the country for over 3 months to enter without a visa and to apply for a residence permit after arrival (whilst for many other non-EEA and Swiss citizens, a residence permit and visa for a stay over 3 months must be applied for in advance at a German foreign mission).[390][391]

text: Estonia permits Australian citizens to stay and work in Estonia for more than 90 days but less than 6 months as long as they obtain a category 'D' long-stay visa at a cost of €80 in advance at an Estonian foreign mission after the employer has completed a 'registration of short-term employment'.[392] Australian citizens intending to stay and work in Estonia for more than 6 months can apply for a temporary residence permit for employment after arrival in the country.[393]

text: Hungary allows Australian citizens who wish to stay for more than 90 days in the country to apply for a residence card from the regional directorate of the Office of Immigration and Nationality within 90 days of arrival and do not need to obtain a residence permit prior to arrival in Hungary (unlike most other non-EEA and Swiss foreign nationals).[394]

text: Latvia permits Australian citizens intending to stay in the country for over 3 months as self-employed persons or as businesspersons to enter Latvia without a visa and to apply for a residence permit after arrival (whilst for many non-EEA and Swiss citizens, an application for a residence permit must be lodged in advance at a Latvian foreign mission).[395]

text: Netherlands exempts Australian citizens from the requirement to obtain a Schengen category "D" visa (the visa issued for long term stays in The Netherlands of over 90 days, known in Dutch as the "MVV" visa) - an exemption which goes beyond the visa waiver afforded to most other non-EEA and non-Swiss foreign nationals who are usually only given a visa waiver of up to 90 days in a 180-day period.[396]

text: Norway permits Australian citizens who have qualifications as a skilled worker to stay in the country without a visa for up to 6 months to seek employment as a skilled worker or a specialist (except as a religious leader/teacher or an ethnic cook), as long as they register with the police within 3 months of arriving in Norway.[397]

text: Visa exemptions and requirements for the United Kingdom[edit]

text: Australian citizens are able to visit the United Kingdom for up to 6 months (or 3 months if they enter from the Republic of Ireland) without the need to apply for a visa as long as they fulfil all of the following criteria:

text:
they do not work during their stay in the UK
they must not register a marriage or register a civil partnership during their stay in the UK
they can present evidence of sufficient money to fund their stay in the UK (if requested by the border inspection officer)
they intend to leave the UK at the end of their visit and can meet the cost of the return/onward journey
they have completed a landing card and submitted it at passport control unless in direct transit to a destination outside the Common Travel Area[398]
if under the age of 18, they can demonstrate evidence of suitable care arrangements and parental (or guardian's) consent for their stay in the UK[399]

text: However, even though, strictly speaking, he or she is not required to apply for a visa if he or she satisfies all of the above criteria, an Australian citizen who falls into any of the following categories has been strongly advised by the UK Border Agency (replaced by UK Visas and Immigration) to apply for a visa prior to travelling to the UK:

text:
he/she has any unspent criminal convictions in any country
he/she has previously been refused or breached the terms of any entry to the UK, or been deported or otherwise removed from the UK
he/she has previously applied for a visa and been refused one
he/she has been warned by a UK official that he/she should obtain a visa before travelling to the UK

text: Australian citizens who were born before 1983[citation needed] and qualify for the right of abode are able to live and work in the United Kingdom indefinitely.

text: Australian citizens with a grandparent born either in the United Kingdom, Channel Islands or Isle of Man at any time or in the Republic of Ireland on or before 31 March 1922 can apply for UK Ancestry Entry Clearance, which enables them to work in the UK for five years, after which they can apply to settle indefinitely.

text: Australian citizens aged 18 to 30 can apply for a Youth Mobility Scheme visa which allows them to pursue a working holiday in the UK for two years.

text: Visa exemption for New Zealand[edit]

text: By virtue of the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement, Australian citizens are exempt from the requirement to hold a permit on arrival in New Zealand and may reside or work for an indefinite period as long as:[400]

text:
they present a valid Australian passport OR hold a foreign passport showing their Australian Citizen Endorsement or Australian Citizen Declaratory Visa (either with a label or a confirmation letter) as evidence of their Australian citizenship
they have no criminal convictions
they have no untreated tuberculosis
they have not been deported, excluded or removed from any country

text: Travel ban[edit]

text: It is an offence for Australians to travel or remain in Declared Areas. Those are currently parts of northern Iraq and parts of northern Syria.

text: APEC Business Travel Card[edit]

text: Holders of an APEC Business Travel Card (ABTC) travelling on business do not require a visa to the following countries:[401]

text:
Brunei1
 Chile1
 China2
 Hong Kong2
 Indonesia2
 Japan1
 South Korea1
 Malaysia2
 Mexico1

 New Zealand1
 Papua New Guinea2
 Peru1
 Philippines3
 Russia1
 Singapore2
 Taiwan1
 Thailand1
 Vietnam2

text:
1 – up to 90 days
2 – up to 60 days
3 – up to 59 days

text: The card must be used in conjunction with a passport and has the following advantages:[402]

text:
no need to apply for a visa or entry permit to APEC countries, as the card is treated as such (except by  Canada and  United States)
undertake legitimate business in participating economies
expedited border crossing in all member economies, including transitional members
expedited scheduling of visa interview (USA)

text: Non-visa restrictions[edit]

text: Passport validity length[edit]

text: Many countries require passports to be valid for at least 6 months upon arrival.[403] Note that some nations have bilateral agreements with other countries to shorten the passport validity cut-off period for each other's citizens.[404][405]

text: Countries requiring passports to be valid at least 6 months on arrival include Afghanistan, Algeria, Anguilla, Bahrain, Bhutan, Botswana, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Côte d'Ivoire, Curaçao, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Fiji, Gabon, Guinea Bissau, Guyana, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq (except when arriving at Basra and Erbil or Sulaimaniyah), Israel, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Laos, Madagascar, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Myanmar, Namibia, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Oman, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Qatar, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Somaliland, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen and Zimbabwe.[406]

text: Countries requiring passports valid for at least 4 months on arrival include Micronesia and Zambia.

text: Countries requiring passports valid for at least 3 months on arrival include European Union countries (except Denmark, Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom, and except for EU/EEA/Swiss citizens), Albania, Belarus, Georgia, Honduras, Iceland, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Liechtenstein, Moldova, Monaco, Nauru, Panama, Saint Barthélemy, San Marino, Switzerland and the United Arab Emirates.

text: Bermuda requires passports to be valid for at least 45 days upon entry.

text: Countries that require a passport validity of at least 1 month on arrival include Eritrea, Hong Kong, Macao, New Zealand and South Africa.[407]

text: Other countries require either a passport valid on arrival or a passport valid throughout the period of the intended stay.

text: Blank passport pages[edit]

text: Many countries require a minimum number of blank pages in the passport being presented, generally one or two pages.[408]

text: Vaccination[edit]

text: Many African countries, including Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Uganda, and Zambia require all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination.

text: Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area.[409]

text: Israeli stamps[edit]

text: Kuwait,[410] Lebanon,[411] Libya,[412] Saudi Arabia,[413] Sudan,[414] Syria[415] and Yemen[416] do not allow entry to people with passport stamps from Israel or whose passports have either a used or an unused Israeli visa, or where there is evidence of previous travel to Israel such as entry or exit stamps from neighbouring border posts in transit countries such as Jordan and Egypt.

text: To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel, the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel. Since 15 January 2013, Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport, giving passengers a card instead: "Since January 2013 a pilot scheme has been introduced whereby visitors are given an entry card instead of an entry stamp on arrival. You should keep this card with your passport until you leave. This is evidence of your legal entry into Israel and may be required, particularly at any crossing points into the Occupied Palestinian Territories." [417] Passports are still (as of 22 June 2017[update]) stamped at Erez when travelling into and out of Gaza. Also, passports are still stamped (as of 22 June 2017[update]) at the Jordan Valley/Sheikh Hussein and Yitzhak Rabin/Arava land borders with Jordan.

text: Iran: Admission is refused for holders of passports containing an Israeli visa/stamp in the last 12 months

text: Armenian ethnicity[edit]

text: Due to a state of war existing between Armenia and Azerbaijan, the government of Azerbaijan not only bans entry of citizens from Armenia, but also all citizens and nationals of any other country who are of Armenian descent, to the Republic of Azerbaijan[418][419] (although there have been exceptions, notably for Armenia's participation at the 2015 European Games held in Azerbaijan).

text: Azerbaijan also strictly bans any visit by foreign citizens to the separatist region of Nagorno-Karabakh[420] (the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh), its surrounding territories and the Azerbaijani exclaves of Karki, Yuxarı Əskipara, Barxudarlı and Sofulu which are de jure part of Azerbaijan but under control of Armenia, without the prior consent of the government of Azerbaijan. Foreign citizens who enter these occupied territories, will be permanently banned from entering the Republic of Azerbaijan[421] and will be included in their "list of personae non gratae".[422] As of late 2017 the list contains 699 persons.

text: Upon request, the Republic of Artsakh authorities may attach their visa and/or stamps to a separate piece of paper in order to avoid detection of travel to their country.

text: Persona non grata[edit]

text: The government of a country can declare a diplomat persona non grata, banning their entry into that country. In non-diplomatic use, the authorities of a country may also declare a foreigner persona non grata permanently or temporarily, usually because of unlawful activity. Attempts to enter the Gaza strip by sea may attract a 10-year ban on entering Israel.[423]

text: Fingerprinting[edit]

text: Several countries including Argentina, Brunei, Cambodia, Japan, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Korea and the United States demand all passengers to be fingerprinted on arrival.[424][425][426][427][428][429][430]

text: Criminal record[edit]

text: Some countries (for example, Canada and United States [431]) routinely deny entry to foreigners who have a criminal record.

text: Fingerprinting[edit]

text: Several countries including Argentina, Cambodia, Japan, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, United States, South Korea demand all passengers to be fingerprinted on arrival.[432][433][434][435][436][437][438]

text: Furthermore, the UAE conducts retina scanning on visitors, however, that is normally for those who have to apply for a visa.[439]

text: Consular protection of Australian citizens abroad[edit]

text:
There are currently over 100 Australian missions overseas.
See also List of diplomatic missions of Australia.

text: Foreign travel statistics[edit]

text: According to the statistics these are the numbers of Australian visitors to various countries per annum in 2015 (unless otherwise noted):

text:
Foreign travel statistics

Destination
Number of Australian visitors

 American Samoa[440]
860

 Angola[441]
702

 Antarctica[note 1][442]
4,237

 Antigua and Barbuda[note 1][443]
708

 Austria[note 2][note 1][444]
143,000

 Azerbaijan[note 1][445]
1,851

 Bahamas[note 3][446]
3,858

 Belgium[note 1][447]
43,276

 Bhutan[note 1][448]
1,818

 Bolivia[note 1][449]
11,044

 Bosnia and Herzegovina[note 1][450]
7,418

 Botswana[451]
15,607

 Brazil[note 1][452]
49,809

 Brunei[note 4][453]
18,845

 Cambodia[note 1][454]
146,806

 Canada[note 1][455]
352,345

 Cayman Islands[note 1][note 5][456]
1,653

 Chile[note 1][457]
50,968

 China[458]
637,300

 Colombia[459]
13,356

 Congo[note 6][460]
69

 Cook Islands[note 1][461]
23,796

 Costa Rica[note 1][462]
13,555

 Croatia[note 1][463]
149,829

 Cyprus[note 7][464]
14,655

 Dominica[465]
437

 Dominican Republic[note 1][466]
2,207

 Ecuador[note 8][467]
13,686

 Estonia[note 2][note 1][468]
6,888

 Fiji[note 1][469]
360,370

 Finland[470]
26,959

 France[471]
1,266,509

 French Polynesia[note 1][472]
9,757

 Georgia[note 7][473]
4,611

 Germany[note 1][474]
314,014

 Greece[475]
183,165

 Guatemala[note 8][476]
17,206

 Guam[note 1][note 5][477]
2,197

 Hong Kong[note 1][478]
575,812

 Hungary[note 2][note 1][479]
41,231

 Indonesia[note 1][480]
1,302,291

 India[note 1][481]
293,625

 Israel[note 1][482]
32,000

 Italy[note 1][483]
884,000

 Jamaica[note 1][484]
2,692

 Japan[note 7][485]
495,100

 Jordan[note 1][486]
21,857

 Kazakhstan[note 1][487]
3,909

 Kiribati[note 8][488]
625

 Kyrgyzstan[note 1][489]
2,300

 Laos[note 1][490]
33,077

 Latvia[note 2][note 1][491]
6,440

 Lebanon[note 1][492]
72,743

 Luxembourg[note 1][note 2][493]
3,525

 Macau[note 1][494]
93,286

 Macedonia[note 1][note 2][495]
5,557

 Madagascar[496]
1,098

 Malaysia[note 1][497]
377,727

 Malawi[note 9][498]
10,250

 Maldives[note 1][499]
23,584

 Mali[note 8][500]
860

 Mauritius[note 1][501]
18,559

 Mexico[note 1][note 5][502]
84,550

 Micronesia[503]
1,075

 Mongolia[note 1][504]
5,631

 Montenegro[note 2][505]
5,287

 Myanmar[note 1][506]
34,010

 Namibia[507]
7,888

   Nepal[508]
18,619

 Netherlands[note 8][509]
188,000

 New Caledonia[510]
20,926

 New Zealand[note 1][511]
1,409,200

 Niue[note 9][512]
461

 Oman[note 3][513]
15,616

 Pakistan[note 9][514]
13,200

 Palau[515]
1,135

 Panama[516]
4,349

 Papua New Guinea[note 1][517]
88,092

 Peru[518]
41,568

 Philippines[519]
241,187

 Romania[note 1][520]
16,978

 Russia[note 1][521]
43,940

 Samoa[522]
30,302

 Serbia[note 1][note 2][523]
11,902

 Seychelles[524]
1,661

 Singapore[note 1][525]
1,027,309

 Slovakia[note 1][note 2][526]
7,888

 Slovenia[note 1][note 2][527]
29,766

 Solomon Islands[528]
9,509

 South Africa[529]
99,205

 South Korea[note 1][530]
151,979

 Sri Lanka[note 1][531]
74,496

 Suriname[532]
188

 Swaziland[note 1][533]
3,132

 Taiwan[note 7][534]
107,157

 Tanzania[note 1][535]
15,356

 Tonga[536]
11,930

 Thailand[note 1][537]
791,631

 Timor-Leste[note 8][note 10][538]
13,429

 Turkey[note 1][539]
97,626

 Tuvalu[note 4][540]
116

 Uganda[note 3][541]
7,842

 Ukraine[note 1][542]
4,156

 United Arab Emirates[note 1][543][544][545]
335,454

 United Kingdom[note 1][546]
798,000

 United States[note 1][note 11][547][548]
1,529,987

 Vanuatu[549]
46,098

 Vietnam[note 1][550]
320,678

 Zambia[551]
12,363

 Zimbabwe[552]
22,016

text:
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk Data for 2016
^ a b c d e f g h i j Counting only guests in tourist accommodation establishments.
^ a b c Data for 2013
^ a b Data for 2011
^ a b c Data for arrivals by air only.
^ Data for 2012
^ a b c d Data for 2017
^ a b c d e f Data for 2014
^ a b c Data for 2009
^ Data for arrivals by air only.
^ Total number includes tourists, business travelers, students, exchange visitors, temporary workers and families, diplomats and other representatives and all other classes of nonimmigrant admissions (I-94).