document_title: List of members of the United Nations Security Council

question_text: how many countries are members of security council

text: Current membership[edit]

text:
Country
Regional Group
Member Since

 People's Republic of China
Asia-Pacific Group
1971, replaced the Republic of China

 France
Western European and Others Group
1946

 Russian Federation
Eastern European Group
1991, replaced the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

 United Kingdom
Western European and Others Group
1946

 United States
Western European and Others Group
1946

text:
Country
Regional Group
Term Began
Term Ends

 Bolivia
Latin American and Caribbean Group (GRULAC)
2017
2018

 Egypt
African Group
2016
2017

 Ethiopia
African Group
2017
2018

 Italy
Western European and Others Group
2017
2017*

 Japan
Asia-Pacific Group
2016
2017

 Kazakhstan
Asia-Pacific Group
2017
2018

 Senegal
African Group
2016
2017

 Sweden
Western European and Others Group
2017
2018

 Ukraine
Eastern European Group
2016
2017

 Uruguay
Latin American and Caribbean Group (GRULAC)
2016
2017

text: *During the 2016 Security Council elections, Italy and the Netherlands agreed to split a two-year term, in which Italy would serve from 1 January 2017 to 31 December 2017 and the Netherlands would subsequently serve from 1 January 2018 to 31 December 2018.[1][2]

text: Regional Groups[edit]

text:
African Group: 3 members
Asia-Pacific Group:[a] 2 members
Eastern European Group (CEIT, or Countries with Economies in Transition): 1 member
Latin American and Caribbean Group (GRULAC): 2 members
Western European and Others Group (WEOG): 2 members; at least one of these must be from Western Europe[3]

text: In addition, one of the non-permanent members of the council is an Arab country, alternately from the African or Asia-Pacific groups. This rule was added to the system in 1967 for it to be applied beginning with 1968.

text: Each year the UN General Assembly elects five new members for a two-year term; these elections always begin in October of the year, and continue until the two-thirds majority for the number of countries for each region has been reached. Re-election is allowed, but the term must not be consecutive.

text:
Term beginning in years that are:
odd
even

African Group
one member
two members *

Asia-Pacific Group
one member
one member *

Eastern European Group
none
one member

Latin American and Caribbean Group (GRULAC)
one member
one member

Western European and Others Group
two members
none

text: * The representative of Arab nations alternates between these two elected spaces.

text: Previous and future Security Council composition[edit]

text: From 1946 to 1965, the security council included six non-permanent members. The regional grouping at that time was:

text:
Latin America: 2 members
Commonwealth of Nations: 1 member
Eastern Europe: 1 member
Middle East: 1 member
Western Europe: 1 member

text: There were some exceptions to this grouping: Liberia took the place of a Western European country in 1961; the Ivory Coast substituted a member of the Commonwealth in 1964–1965; and the Eastern Europe group included Asian countries from 1956.

text: As part of a proposed expansion of the Security Council, Brazil, Germany, India and Japan, collectively the Group of 4 or G4 nations, are seeking permanent representation on this body. Italy opposed the expansion of the Security Council through the establishment of the group Uniting for Consensus.

text: Membership by year[edit]

text: Permanent[edit]

text:
Year
Permanent seats

1945–1948

Republic of China

France

Soviet Union

United Kingdom

United States

1949–1970

Republic of China (Taiwan)

1971–1991

People's Republic of China

1992–present

Russian Federation

text: Non-permanent (1946–1965)[edit]

text:
Year
Latin American Seats
Commonwealth Seat
Eastern European
& Asian Seat[b]
Middle Eastern Seat
Western European Seat

1946

Brazil

Mexico

Australia

Poland

Egypt

Netherlands

1947

Colombia

Syria

Belgium

1948

Argentina

Canada

Ukraine

1949

Cuba

Egypt

Norway

1950

Ecuador

India

Yugoslavia

1951

Brazil

Turkey

Netherlands

1952

Chile

Pakistan

Greece

1953

Colombia

Lebanon

Denmark

1954

Brazil

New Zealand

Turkey

1955

Peru

Iran

Belgium

1956

Cuba

Australia

Yugoslavia

1957

Colombia

Philippines

Iraq

Sweden

1958

Panama

Canada

Japan

1959

Argentina

Tunisia

Italy

1960

Ecuador

Ceylon

Poland

1961

Chile

Turkey

United Arab Republic

Liberia[c]

1962

Venezuela

Ghana

Romania

Ireland

1963

Brazil

Philippines

Morocco[d]

Norway

1964

Bolivia

Ivory Coast[e]

Czechoslovakia

1965

Uruguay

Malaysia

Jordan

Netherlands

text: Non-permanent (1966–present)[edit]

text:
Year
African Group
Asia-Pacific Group
Latin American and Caribbean Group (GRULAC)
Western European and Others Group
Eastern European Group

* indicates Arab nations' representative

1966

Mali

Nigeria

Uganda

Japan

Jordan *

Argentina

Uruguay

Netherlands

New Zealand

Bulgaria

1967

Ethiopia

India

Brazil

Canada

Denmark

1968

Algeria *

Senegal

Pakistan

Paraguay

Hungary

1969

Zambia

Nepal

Colombia

Finland

Spain

1970

Burundi

Sierra Leone

Syria *

Nicaragua

Poland

1971

Somalia

Japan

Argentina

Belgium

Italy

1972

Guinea

Sudan *

India

Panama

Yugoslavia

1973

Kenya

Indonesia

Peru

Australia

Austria

1974

Cameroon

Mauritania

Iraq *

Costa Rica

Byelorussia

1975

Tanzania

Japan

Guyana

Italy

Sweden

1976

Benin

Libya *

Pakistan

Panama

Romania

1977

Mauritius

India

Venezuela

Canada

West Germany

1978

Gabon

Nigeria

Kuwait *

Bolivia

Czechoslovakia

1979

Zambia

Bangladesh

Jamaica

Norway

Portugal

1980

Niger

Tunisia *

Philippines

Mexico

East Germany

1981

Uganda

Japan

Panama

Ireland

Spain

1982

Togo

Zaire

Jordan *

Guyana

Poland

1983

Zimbabwe

Pakistan

Nicaragua

Malta

Netherlands

1984

Burkina Faso[f]

Egypt *

India

Peru

Ukraine

1985

Madagascar

Thailand

Trinidad and Tobago

Australia

Denmark

1986

Congo

Ghana

United Arab Emirates *

Venezuela

Bulgaria

1987

Zambia

Japan

Argentina

West Germany

Italy

1988

Algeria *

Senegal

Nepal

Brazil

Yugoslavia

1989

Ethiopia

Malaysia

Colombia

Canada

Finland

1990

Ivory Coast

Zaire

Yemen *[g]

Cuba

Romania

1991

Zimbabwe

India

Ecuador

Austria

Belgium

1992

Cape Verde

Morocco *

Japan

Venezuela

Hungary

1993

Djibouti

Pakistan

Brazil

New Zealand

Spain

1994

Nigeria

Rwanda

Oman *

Argentina

Czech Republic

1995

Botswana

Indonesia

Honduras

Germany

Italy

1996

Egypt *

Guinea-Bissau

South Korea

Chile

Poland

1997

Kenya

Japan

Costa Rica

Portugal

Sweden

1998

Gabon

Gambia

Bahrain *

Brazil

Slovenia

1999

Namibia

Malaysia

Argentina

Canada

Netherlands

2000

Mali

Tunisia *

Bangladesh

Jamaica

Ukraine

2001

Mauritius

Singapore

Colombia

Ireland

Norway

2002

Cameroon

Guinea

Syria *

Mexico

Bulgaria

2003

Angola

Pakistan

Chile

Germany

Spain

2004

Algeria *

Benin

Philippines

Brazil

Romania

2005

Tanzania

Japan

Argentina

Denmark

Greece

2006

Ghana

Congo

Qatar *

Peru

Slovakia

2007

South Africa

Indonesia

Panama

Belgium

Italy

2008

Burkina Faso

Libya *

Vietnam

Costa Rica

Croatia

2009

Uganda

Japan

Mexico

Austria

Turkey

2010

Gabon

Nigeria

Lebanon *

Brazil

Bosnia and Herzegovina

2011

South Africa

India

Colombia

Germany

Portugal

2012

Morocco *

Togo

Pakistan

Guatemala

Azerbaijan

2013

Rwanda

South Korea

Argentina

Australia

Luxembourg

2014

Chad

Nigeria

Jordan *

Chile

Lithuania

2015

Angola

Malaysia

Venezuela

New Zealand

Spain

2016

Egypt *

Senegal

Japan

Uruguay

Ukraine

2017

Ethiopia

Kazakhstan

Bolivia

Italy

Sweden

2018

Ivory Coast

Equatorial Guinea

Kuwait *

Peru

Netherlands[2]

Poland

text: List by number of years as Security Council member[edit]

text: This list contains the 130 United Nations member states so far elected to the United Nations Security Council, including the five permanent members, all listed by number of years each country has so far spent on the UNSC. Of all the members, 6 have so far ceased to exist, leaving the list with 124 modern nations. These, combined with the 69 modern nations that have never been elected to the UNSC to date (see Non-members, below), make up the entirety of the 193 current members of the UN.

text: Years on the Security Council, as of 2016, including current year where relevant :

text:
Years[h]
Country
First Year
Most Recent Year
Regional Group
Notes

71
 France
1946
2017
WEOG
Permanent member

71
 United Kingdom
1946
2017
WEOG
Permanent member

71
 United States
1946
2017
WEOG
Permanent member

46
 Soviet Union
1946
1991
E. European
Former permanent member, replaced by Russian Federation

45
 People's Republic of China
1971
2017
Asia-Pacific
Permanent member

26
 Republic of China
1946
1971
Asian
Former permanent member, replaced by People's Republic of China

25
 Russian Federation
1991
2017
E. European
Permanent member

21
 Japan
1958
2017
Asia-Pacific
Current membership of Security Council expires 31 December 2017

20
 Brazil
1946
2011
GRULAC

18
 Argentina
1948
2014
GRULAC

14
 Colombia
1947
2012
GRULAC

14
 India
1950
2012
Asia-Pacific

14
 Pakistan
1952
2013
Asia-Pacific

12
 Canada
1948
2000
WEOG

12
 Italy
1959
2008
WEOG

10
 Australia
1946
2014
WEOG

10
 Belgium
1947
2008
WEOG

10
 Chile
1952
2015
GRULAC

10
 Egypt
1946
2017
African (Arabic)
Includes 2 years with the seat held in the name of the United Arab Republic, of which for more than 15 months UAR served as the name of modern-day Egypt; current membership of Security Council expires 31 December 2017

10
 Germany
1977
2012
WEOG
Includes 4 years when the Federal Republic of Germany consisted only of West Germany (but does not include East Germany's 2 years, listed separately below)

10
 Nigeria
1966
2015
African

10
 Panama
1958
2008
GRULAC

10
 Spain
1969
2016
WEOG

10
 Venezuela
1962
2016
GRULAC

9
 Netherlands
1946
2000
WEOG

9
 Poland
1946
1997
E. European

8
 Denmark
1953
2006
WEOG

8
 Norway
1949
2002
WEOG

8
 Peru
1955
2007
GRULAC

7
 Malaysia
1965
2016
Asia-Pacific

7
 Mexico
1946
2010
GRULAC

7
 New Zealand
1954
2016
WEOG

7
 Romania
1962
2005
E. European

7
 Syria
1947
2003
Asia-Pacific (Arabic)
Includes one year (1961) during which the United Arab Republic was a member, for the greater part of which Syria was a member of that union

7
 Turkey
1951
2010
WEOG

7
 Ukraine
1948
2016
E. European
Includes 4 years of membership under the name of  Ukrainian SSR; Ukrainian SSR held its own seat in the General Assembly while being part of the Soviet Union during its 45 years of Security Council membership; current membership of Security Council expires in December 2017

7
 Yugoslavia
1950
1989
E. European
Predecessor of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia

6
 Algeria
1968
1989
African (Arabic)

6
 Austria
1973
2010
WEOG

6
 Bulgaria
1966
2003
E. European

6
 Costa Rica
1974
2009
GRULAC

6
 Cuba
1949
1991
GRULAC

6
 Ecuador
1950
1992
GRULAC

6
 Gabon
1978
2011
African

6
 Ghana
1962
2007
African

6
 Indonesia
1973
2008
Asia-Pacific

6
 Jordan
1965
2015
Asia-Pacific (Arabic)

6
 Morocco
1963
2013
African (Arabic)

6
 Philippines
1957
2004
Asia-Pacific

6
 Portugal
1979
2012
WEOG

6
 Sweden
1957
1998
WEOG

6
 Tunisia
1959
2003
African (Arabic)

6
 Zambia
1969
1988
African

5
 Ireland
1962
2002
WEOG

5
 Senegal
1968
2017
African
Current membership of Security Council expires 31 December 2017

5
 Uganda
1966
2010
African

4
 Angola
2003
2016
African

4
 Bangladesh
1979
2001
Asia-Pacific

4
 Benin
1976
2005
African

4
 Bolivia
1964
1979
GRULAC

4
 Burkina Faso
1984
2009
African
For first 7 months of membership of the Security council in 1984 was known as Upper Volta.

4
 Cameroon
1974
2003
African

4
 Côte d'Ivoire
1964
1991
African

4
 Ethiopia
1967
1990
African

4
 Finland
1969
1990
WEOG

4
 Greece
1952
2006
WEOG

4
 Guinea
1972
2003
African

4
 Guyana
1975
1983
GRULAC

4
 Hungary
1968
1993
E. European

4
 Iraq
1957
1975
Asia-Pacific (Arabic)

4
 Jamaica
1979
2001
GRULAC

4
 Kenya
1973
1998
African

4
 Lebanon
1953
2011
Asia-Pacific (Arabic)

4
 Libya
1976
2009
African (Arabic)

4
 Mali
1966
2001
African

4
 Mauritius
1977
2002
African

4
   Nepal
1969
1989
Asia-Pacific

4
 Nicaragua
1970
1984
GRULAC

4
 Republic of the Congo
1986
2007
African

4
 Republic of Korea
1996
2014
Asia-Pacific

4
 Rwanda
1994
2014
African

4
 South Africa
2007
2012
African

4
 Tanzania
1975
2006
African

4
 Togo
1982
2013
African

4
 Zaire
1982
1991
African
Now known as Democratic Republic of the Congo

4
 Zimbabwe
1983
1992
African

3
 Czechoslovakia
1964
1979
E. European
Predecessor of Czech Republic and Slovakia

3
 Uruguay
1965
2016
GRULAC
Current membership of Security Council expires in December 2017

2
 Azerbaijan
2012
2013
E. European
Was part of the Soviet Union during its 45 years of Security Council membership

2
 Bahrain
1998
1999
Asia-Pacific (Arabic)

2
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
2010
2011
E. European
Was also part of the SFR Yugoslavia during its 7 years of Security Council membership

2
 Botswana
1995
1996
African

2
 Burundi
1970
1971
African

2
 Byelorussian SSR
1974
1975
E. European
Now known as Belarus; Byelorussian SSR held its own seat in the General Assembly while being part of the Soviet Union during its 45 years of Security Council membership

2
 Cape Verde
1992
1993
African

2
 Ceylon
1960
1961
Asia-Pacific
Now known as Sri Lanka

2
 Chad
2014
2015
African (Arabic)
Was a colony of France from 1900 to 11 August 1960;

2
 Croatia
2008
2009
E. European
Was also part of the SFR Yugoslavia during its 7 years of Security Council membership

2
 Czech Republic
1994
1995
E. European
Was also part of Czechoslovakia during its 3 years of Security Council membership

2
 Djibouti
1993
1994
African

2
 Gambia
1998
1999
African

2
 East Germany
1980
1981
E. European
Now subsumed into Germany, which has 5 years of Security Council membership since it has included the former territory of East Germany

2
 Guatemala
2012
2013
GRULAC

2
 Guinea-Bissau
1996
1997
African

2
 Honduras
1995
1996
GRULAC

2
 Iran
1955
1956
Asia-Pacific

2
 Kuwait
1978
1979
Asia-Pacific (Arabic)

2
 Lithuania
2014
2015
E. European
Was part of the Soviet Union from 3 August 1940 to 11 March 1990; Membership of Security Council expired in December 2015

2
 Luxembourg
2013
2014
WEOG

2
 Madagascar
1985
1986
African

2
 Malta
1983
1984
WEOG

2
 Mauritania
1974
1975
African

2
 Namibia
1999
2000
African

2
 Niger
1980
1981
African

2
 Oman
1994
1995
Asia-Pacific (Arabic)

2
 Paraguay
1968
1969
GRULAC

2
 Sierra Leone
1970
1971
African

2
 Singapore
2001
2002
Asia-Pacific
Was also part of Malaysia for several months of 1965 during its membership of the Security Council

2
 Slovakia
2006
2007
E. European
Was also part of Czechoslovakia during its 3 years of Security Council membership

2
 Slovenia
1998
1999
E. European
Was also part of the SFR Yugoslavia during its 7 years of Security Council membership

2
 Somalia
1971
1972
African

2
 Sudan
1972
1973
African (Arabic)

2
 Thailand
1985
1986
Asia-Pacific

2
 Trinidad and Tobago
1985
1986
GRULAC

2
 Qatar
2006
2007
Asia-Pacific (Arabic)

2
 United Arab Emirates
1986
1987
Asia-Pacific (Arabic)

2
 United Arab Republic
1961
1962
African (Arabic)
Predecessor of Syria and Egypt

2
 Vietnam
2008
2009
Asia-Pacific

2
 Yemen
1990
1991
Asia-Pacific (Arabic)
The entity elected, and which held the Security Council seat for the first five months of membership, was South Yemen: unification with North Yemen occurred during the time of membership.

1
 Liberia
1961
1961
African
Served only one year[i]

1
 Kazakhstan
2017
2017
Asia-Pacific
Was part of the Soviet Union from 26 April 1920 to 25 December 1991.

text: Future candidacies[edit]

text: The following countries have made known their applications for future United Nations Security Council membership:

text:
Africa
Asia-Pacific
Eastern Europe
GRULAC
WEOG

2018
South Africa[5]
Indonesia,[6][7] Maldives[6][8]
–
Argentina[9], Dominican Republic[10]
Belgium,[11][12][13] Germany,[12][13] Israel[12][13]

2019
?
India,[14][15] Vietnam[7][16]
Estonia[17]
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines[6]
–

2020
?
Afghanistan[15]
–
?
Ireland,[18] Norway,[19] San Marino,[20] Canada[21]

2021
?
Bahrain,[22] United Arab Emirates[15]
Albania[23]
?
–

2022
?
Mongolia[24][15]
–
?
Switzerland,[25] Malta[6]

2023
?
Tajikistan[26]
?
Guyana[6]
–

2024
?
Pakistan[6]
–
?
Greece,[27] Denmark[20]

2025
?
?
Latvia,[28] Montenegro[29]
?
–

2026
?
The Philippines[7]
–
?
Portugal,[30] Austria[20]

2027
?
Republic of Korea[31]
?
?
–

2028
?
Iran[32]
–
?
Australia,[33] Finland[20]

2029
?
?
Croatia[34]
?
–

2031
?
?
Armenia[35]
?
–

text: Serbia[36] as a member of the Eastern European Group has also expressed their wish to apply for United Nations Security Council membership in the future, but did not specify any term.

text: Non-members[edit]

text: As of July 2011, there are currently 193 members of the United Nations and five permanent members of the Security Council. The other ten seats are assigned amongst the remaining 188 members. As a result, many members have never been on the Security Council. The following list is a summary of all countries, currently 68 modern nations[37] and three historical ones, that have never been a member of the United Nations Security Council. The three historical UN members listed are Tanganyika, Zanzibar, and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

text:
UN Member state
Regional Group
Security Council membership as part of another entity

 Afghanistan
Asia-Pacific

 Albania
E. European

 Andorra
WEOG

 Antigua and Barbuda
GRULAC
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1632 to 1 November 1980

 Armenia
E. European
Was part of the Soviet Union from 29 November 1920 to 25 December 1991

 Bahamas
GRULAC
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1717 to 10 July 1973

 Barbados
GRULAC
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1625 to 30 November 1966

 Belize
GRULAC
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1862 to 21 September 1981

 Bhutan
Asia-Pacific

 Brunei
Asia-Pacific
Was a protectorate of the United Kingdom from 1888 to 1984, and was occupied by Japan from 1941 to 1945

 Cambodia
Asia-Pacific
Was a colony of France from 1863 to 9 November 1953

 Central African Republic
African
Was a colony of France from 1894 to 13 August 1960

 Comoros
African
Was a colony of France from 1841 to 6 July 1975

 Cyprus
Asia-Pacific
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 5 November 1914 to 16 August 1960

 Democratic People's Republic of Korea
Asia-Pacific

 Dominica
GRULAC
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1783 to 3 November 1978

 Dominican Republic
GRULAC

 El Salvador
GRULAC

 Equatorial Guinea
African
Equatorial Guinea was a colony of Spain until 1968, but Spain's first term on the UNSC was in 1969

 Eritrea
African
Was under the administration of the United Kingdom from 1941 to 1947, then a United Nations Trust Territory from 1947 to 1952, then part of Ethiopia from 1952 to 24 May 1993

 Estonia
E. European
Was part of the Soviet Union from 1944 to 20 August 1991

 Fiji
Asia-Pacific
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1874 to 10 October 1970

 Georgia
E. European
Was part of the Soviet Union from 25 February 1921 to 25 December 1991

 Grenada
GRULAC
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1763 to 7 February 1974

 Haiti
GRULAC

 Iceland
WEOG

 Israel
None / WEOG[j]
Part of a League of Nations mandate under United Kingdom administration from 25 April 1920 to 14 May 1948

 Kiribati
Asian / None[k]
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1892 to 12 July 1979

 Kyrgyzstan
Asia-Pacific
Was part of the Soviet Union from 1 February 1926 to 25 December 1991

 Laos
Asia-Pacific
Was a colony of France from 1893 to 19 July 1949

 Latvia
E. European
Was part of the Soviet Union from 5 August 1940 to 21 August 1991

 Lesotho
African
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1884 to 4 October 1966

 Liechtenstein
WEOG

 Macedonia
E. European
Was part of Yugoslavia from 29 November 1943 to 3 April 1993

 Malawi
African
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1891 to 6 July 1964

 Maldives
Asia-Pacific
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1887 to 26 July 1965

 Marshall Islands
Asia-Pacific
Was part of the League of Nations South Pacific Mandate under Japanese administration from 28 June 1919 to 17 July 1947, then part of the United Nations Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands under the administration of the United States from 17 July 1947 to 21 October 1986

 Federated States of Micronesia
Asia-Pacific
Was part of the League of Nations South Pacific Mandate under Japanese administration from 28 June 1919 to 17 July 1947, then part of the United Nations Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands under the administration of the United States from 17 July 1947 to 3 November 1986

 Moldova
E. European
Was part of the Soviet Union from 28 June 1940 to 25 December 1991

 Monaco
WEOG

 Mongolia
Asia-Pacific

 Montenegro
E. European
Was part of Yugoslavia from 29 November 1943 to 28 April 1992[l]

 Mozambique
African
Mozambique was a colony of Portugal from 1498 to 25 June 1975, but Portugal's first term on the UNSC was in 1979

 Myanmar
Asia-Pacific
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1824 to 4 January 1948

 Nauru
Asia-Pacific
Was a United Nations Trust Territory administered by the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand from 1 January 1946 to 31 January 1968

 Palau
Asia-Pacific
Was part of the League of Nations South Pacific Mandate under Japanese administration from 28 June 1919 to 17 July 1947, then part of the United Nations Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands under the administration of the United States from 17 July 1947 to 1 October 1994

 Papua New Guinea
Asia-Pacific
Was administered by Australia in the case of the Territory of Papua from 1905, the Territory of New Guinea as a League of Nations mandate from 1919 and as a unified Territory of Papua and New Guinea from 1949 until 16 September 1975

 Saint Kitts and Nevis
GRULAC
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 Saint Lucia
GRULAC
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 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
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 Samoa
Asia-Pacific
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 San Marino
WEOG

 São Tomé and Príncipe
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São Tomé and Príncipe was a colony of Portugal from 1471 to 12 July 1975, but Portugal's first term on the UNSC was in 1979

 Saudi Arabia
Asia-Pacific
Saudi Arabia was elected in the 2013 election, but declined the seat.[38]

 Serbia
E. European
Was part of Yugoslavia from 31 January 1946 to 27 April 1992[m]

 Seychelles
African
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 29 June 1976

 Solomon Islands
Asia-Pacific
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1893 to 7 July 1978

 South Sudan
African
Was part of Sudan from the country's independence from the United Kingdom and Egypt on 1 January 1956 to 9 July 2011

 Suriname
GRULAC
Was a colony of the Netherlands from 1667 to 25 November 1975

 Swaziland
African
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1902 to 6 September 1968

  Switzerland
WEOG

 Tajikistan
Asia-Pacific
Was part of the Soviet Union from 14 October 1924 to 25 December 1991

 Tanganyika
Commonwealth Seat
Was a League of Nations mandate under the administration of the United Kingdom from 20 July 1922 to 11 December 1946, then a United Nations Trust Territory under the administration of the United Kingdom until 9 December 1962, then independent until federation with Zanzibar to form Tanzania

 Timor-Leste
Asia-Pacific
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 Tonga
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 Turkmenistan
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 Tuvalu
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 Uzbekistan
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 Vanuatu
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 Zanzibar
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 FR Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro
E. European
Was part of Yugoslavia from 29 November 1943 to 27 April 1992


document_title: Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development

question_text: in kohlberg's theory of moral development which is the highest stage

question_tokens: in kohlberg 's theory of moral development which is the highest stage

root

text: Stages[edit]

text: Kohlberg's six stages can be more generally grouped into three levels of two stages each: pre-conventional, conventional and post-conventional.[7][8][9] Following Piaget's constructivist requirements for a stage model, as described in his theory of cognitive development, it is extremely rare to regress in stages—to lose the use of higher stage abilities.[14][15] Stages cannot be skipped; each provides a new and necessary perspective, more comprehensive and differentiated than its predecessors but integrated with them.[14][15]

tag: p

text: The understanding gained in each stage is retained in later stages, but may be regarded by those in later stages as simplistic, lacking in sufficient attention to detail.

text: Pre-conventional[edit]

text: The pre-conventional level of moral reasoning is especially common in children, although adults can also exhibit this level of reasoning. Reasoners at this level judge the morality of an action by its direct consequences. The pre-conventional level consists of the first and second stages of moral development and is solely concerned with the self in an egocentric manner. A child with pre-conventional morality has not yet adopted or internalized society's conventions regarding what is right or wrong but instead focuses largely on external consequences that certain actions may bring.[7][8][9]

text: In Stage one (obedience and punishment driven), individuals focus on the direct consequences of their actions on themselves. For example, an action is perceived as morally wrong because the perpetrator is punished. "The last time I did that I got spanked, so I will not do it again." The worse the punishment for the act is, the more "bad" the act is perceived to be.[16] This can give rise to an inference that even innocent victims are guilty in proportion to their suffering. It is "egocentric", lacking recognition that others' points of view are different from one's own.[17] There is "deference to superior power or prestige".[17]

text: An example of obedience and punishment driven morality would be a child refusing to do something because it is wrong and that the consequences could result in punishment. For example, a child's classmate tries to dare the child to skip school. The child would apply obedience and punishment driven morality by refusing to skip school because he would get punished.

text: Stage two (self-interest driven) expresses the "what's in it for me" position, in which right behavior is defined by whatever the individual believes to be in their best interest but understood in a narrow way which does not consider one's reputation or relationships to groups of people. Stage two reasoning shows a limited interest in the needs of others, but only to a point where it might further the individual's own interests. As a result, concern for others is not based on loyalty or intrinsic respect, but rather a "You scratch my back, and I'll scratch yours" mentality.[2] The lack of a societal perspective in the pre-conventional level is quite different from the social contract (stage five), as all actions at this stage have the purpose of serving the individual's own needs or interests. For the stage two theorist, the world's perspective is often seen as morally relative.

text: An example of self-interest driven is when a child is asked by his parents to do a chore. The child asks, "what's in it for me?" The parents offer the child an incentive by giving a child an allowance to pay them for their chores. The child is motivated by self-interest to do chores.

text: Conventional[edit]

text: The conventional level of moral reasoning is typical of adolescents and adults. To reason in a conventional way is to judge the morality of actions by comparing them to society's views and expectations. The conventional level consists of the third and fourth stages of moral development. Conventional morality is characterized by an acceptance of society's conventions concerning right and wrong. At this level an individual obeys rules and follows society's norms even when there are no consequences for obedience or disobedience. Adherence to rules and conventions is somewhat rigid, however, and a rule's appropriateness or fairness is seldom questioned.[7][8][9]

text: In Stage three (good intentions as determined by social consensus), the self enters society by conforming to social standards. Individuals are receptive to approval or disapproval from others as it reflects society's views. They try to be a "good boy" or "good girl" to live up to these expectations,[2] having learned that being regarded as good benefits the self. Stage three reasoning may judge the morality of an action by evaluating its consequences in terms of a person's relationships, which now begin to include things like respect, gratitude, and the "golden rule". "I want to be liked and thought well of; apparently, not being naughty makes people like me." Conforming to the rules for one's social role is not yet fully understood. The intentions of actors play a more significant role in reasoning at this stage; one may feel more forgiving if one thinks that "they mean well".[2]

text: In Stage four (authority and social order obedience driven), it is important to obey laws, dictums, and social conventions because of their importance in maintaining a functioning society. Moral reasoning in stage four is thus beyond the need for individual approval exhibited in stage three. A central ideal or ideals often prescribe what is right and wrong. If one person violates a law, perhaps everyone would—thus there is an obligation and a duty to uphold laws and rules. When someone does violate a law, it is morally wrong; culpability is thus a significant factor in this stage as it separates the bad domains from the good ones. Most active members of society remain at stage four, where morality is still predominantly dictated by an outside force.[2]

text: Post-Conventional[edit]

text: The post-conventional level, also known as the principled level, is marked by a growing realization that individuals are separate entities from society, and that the individual’s own perspective may take precedence over society’s view; individuals may disobey rules inconsistent with their own principles. Post-conventional moralists live by their own ethical principles—principles that typically include such basic human rights as life, liberty, and justice. People who exhibit post-conventional morality view rules as useful but changeable mechanisms—ideally rules can maintain the general social order and protect human rights. Rules are not absolute dictates that must be obeyed without question. Because post-conventional individuals elevate their own moral evaluation of a situation over social conventions, their behavior, especially at stage six, can be confused with that of those at the pre-conventional level.[citation needed]

text: Some theorists have speculated that many people may never reach this level of abstract moral reasoning.[7][8][9]

text: In Stage five (social contract driven), the world is viewed as holding different opinions, rights, and values. Such perspectives should be mutually respected as unique to each person or community. Laws are regarded as social contracts rather than rigid edicts. Those that do not promote the general welfare should be changed when necessary to meet "the greatest good for the greatest number of people".[8] This is achieved through majority decision and inevitable compromise. Democratic government is ostensibly based on stage five reasoning.

text: In Stage six (universal ethical principles driven), moral reasoning is based on abstract reasoning using universal ethical principles. Laws are valid only insofar as they are grounded in justice, and a commitment to justice carries with it an obligation to disobey unjust laws. Legal rights are unnecessary, as social contracts are not essential for deontic moral action. Decisions are not reached hypothetically in a conditional way but rather categorically in an absolute way, as in the philosophy of Immanuel Kant.[18] This involves an individual imagining what they would do in another’s shoes, if they believed what that other person imagines to be true.[19] The resulting consensus is the action taken. In this way action is never a means but always an end in itself; the individual acts because it is right, and not because it avoids punishment, is in their best interest, expected, legal, or previously agreed upon. Although Kohlberg insisted that stage six exists, he found it difficult to identify individuals who consistently operated at that level.[15]

text: Further stages[edit]

text: In Kohlberg's empirical studies of individuals throughout their life Kohlberg observed that some had apparently undergone moral stage regression. This could be resolved either by allowing for moral regression or by extending the theory. Kohlberg chose the latter, postulating the existence of sub-stages in which the emerging stage has not yet been fully integrated into the personality.[8] In particular Kohlberg noted a stage 4½ or 4+, a transition from stage four to stage five, that shared characteristics of both.[8] In this stage the individual is disaffected with the arbitrary nature of law and order reasoning; culpability is frequently turned from being defined by society to viewing society itself as culpable. This stage is often mistaken for the moral relativism of stage two, as the individual views those interests of society that conflict with their own as being relatively and morally wrong.[8] Kohlberg noted that this was often observed in students entering college.[8][15]

text: Kohlberg suggested that there may be a seventh stage—Transcendental Morality, or Morality of Cosmic Orientation—which linked religion with moral reasoning.[20] Kohlberg's difficulties in obtaining empirical evidence for even a sixth stage,[15] however, led him to emphasize the speculative nature of his seventh stage.[5]

text: Theoretical assumptions (philosophy)[edit]

text: Kohlberg's stages of moral development are based on the assumption that humans are inherently communicative, capable of reason, and possess a desire to understand others and the world around them. The stages of this model relate to the qualitative moral reasonings adopted by individuals, and so do not translate directly into praise or blame of any individual's actions or character. Arguing that his theory measures moral reasoning and not particular moral conclusions, Kohlberg insists that the form and structure of moral arguments is independent of the content of those arguments, a position he calls "formalism".[6][7]

text: Kohlberg's theory centers on the notion that justice is the essential characteristic of moral reasoning. Justice itself relies heavily upon the notion of sound reasoning based on principles. Despite being a justice-centered theory of morality, Kohlberg considered it to be compatible with plausible formulations of deontology[18] and eudaimonia.

text: Kohlberg's theory understands values as a critical component of the right. Whatever the right is, for Kohlberg, it must be universally valid across societies (a position known as "moral universalism"):[7] there can be no relativism. Moreover, morals are not natural features of the world; they are prescriptive. Nevertheless, moral judgments can be evaluated in logical terms of truth and falsity.

text: According to Kohlberg, someone progressing to a higher stage of moral reasoning cannot skip stages. For example, an individual cannot jump from being concerned mostly with peer judgments (stage three) to being a proponent of social contracts (stage five).[15] On encountering a moral dilemma and finding their current level of moral reasoning unsatisfactory, however, an individual will look to the next level. Realizing the limitations of the current stage of thinking is the driving force behind moral development, as each progressive stage is more adequate than the last.[15] The process is therefore considered to be constructive, as it is initiated by the conscious construction of the individual, and is not in any meaningful sense a component of the individual's innate dispositions, or a result of past inductions.

text: Formal elements[edit]

text: Progress through Kohlberg's stages happens as a result of the individual's increasing competence, both psychologically and in balancing conflicting social-value claims. The process of resolving conflicting claims to reach an equilibrium is called "justice operation". Kohlberg identifies two of these justice operations: "equality", which involves an impartial regard for persons, and "reciprocity", which means a regard for the role of personal merit. For Kohlberg, the most adequate result of both operations is "reversibility", in which a moral or dutiful act within a particular situation is evaluated in terms of whether or not the act would be satisfactory even if particular persons were to switch roles within that situation (also known colloquially as "moral musical chairs").[6]

text: Knowledge and learning contribute to moral development. Specifically important are the individual's "view of persons" and their "social perspective level", each of which becomes more complex and mature with each advancing stage. The "view of persons" can be understood as the individual's grasp of the psychology of other persons; it may be pictured as a spectrum, with stage one having no view of other persons at all, and stage six being entirely socio-centric.[6] Similarly, the social perspective level involves the understanding of the social universe, differing from the view of persons in that it involves an appreciation of social norms.

text: Examples of applied moral dilemmas[edit]

text: Kohlberg established the Moral Judgement Interview in his original 1958 dissertation.[4] During the roughly 45-minute tape recorded semi-structured interview, the interviewer uses moral dilemmas to determine which stage of moral reasoning a person uses. The dilemmas are fictional short stories that describe situations in which a person has to make a moral decision. The participant is asked a systemic series of open-ended questions, like what they think the right course of action is, as well as justifications as to why certain actions are right or wrong. The form and structure of these replies are scored and not the content; over a set of multiple moral dilemmas an overall score is derived.[4][9]

text: A dilemma that Kohlberg used in his original research was the druggist's dilemma: Heinz Steals the Drug In Europe.[5]

text: Criticisms[edit]

text: One criticism of Kohlberg's theory is that it emphasizes justice to the exclusion of other values, and so may not adequately address the arguments of those who value other moral aspects of actions. Carol Gilligan has argued that Kohlberg's theory is overly androcentric.[10] Kohlberg's theory was initially developed based on empirical research using only male participants; Gilligan argued that it did not adequately describe the concerns of women.[21] Kohlberg stated that women tend to get stuck at level 3, focusing on details of how to maintain relationships and promote the welfare of family and friends. Men are likely to move on to the abstract principles, and thus have less concern with the particulars of who is involved.[22] Consistent with this observation, Gilligan's theory of moral development does not focus on the value of justice. She developed an alternative theory of moral reasoning based on the ethics of caring.[10] Critics such as Christina Hoff Sommers, however, argued that Gilligan's research is ill-founded, and that no evidence exists to support her conclusion.[23]

text: Kohlberg's stages are not culturally neutral, as demonstrated by its application to a number of different cultures.[1] Although they progress through the stages in the same order, individuals in different cultures seem to do so at different rates.[24] Kohlberg has responded by saying that although different cultures do indeed inculcate different beliefs, his stages correspond to underlying modes of reasoning, rather than to those beliefs.[1][25]

text: Another criticism of Kohlberg’s theory is that people frequently demonstrate significant inconsistency in their moral judgements.[26] This often occurs in moral dilemmas involving drinking and driving and business situations where participants have been shown to reason at a subpar stage, typically using more self-interest driven reasoning (i.e., stage two) than authority and social order obedience driven reasoning (i.e., stage four).[26][27] Kohlberg’s theory is generally considered to be incompatible with inconsistencies in moral reasoning.[26] Carpendale has argued that Kohlberg’s theory should be modified to focus on the view that the process of moral reasoning involves integrating varying perspectives of a moral dilemma rather than simply fixating on applying rules.[27] This view would allow for inconsistency in moral reasoning since individuals may be hampered by their inability to consider different perspectives.[26] Krebs and Denton have also attempted to modify Kohlberg’s theory to account for a multitude of conflicting findings, but eventually concluded that the theory is not equipped to take into consideration how most individuals make moral decisions in their everyday lives.[28]

text: Other psychologists have questioned the assumption that moral action is primarily a result of formal reasoning. Social intuitionists such as Jonathan Haidt, for example, argue that individuals often make moral judgments without weighing concerns such as fairness, law, human rights, or abstract ethical values. Thus the arguments analyzed by Kohlberg and other rationalist psychologists could be considered post hoc rationalizations of intuitive decisions; moral reasoning may be less relevant to moral action than Kohlberg's theory suggests.[11]

text: Continued relevance[edit]

text: Kohlberg's body of work on the stages of moral development has been utilized by others working in the field. One example is the Defining Issues Test (DIT) created in 1979 by James Rest,[29] originally as a pencil-and-paper alternative to the Moral Judgement Interview.[30] Heavily influenced by the six-stage model, it made efforts to improve the validity criteria by using a quantitative test, the Likert scale, to rate moral dilemmas similar to Kohlberg's.[31] It also used a large body of Kohlbergian theory such as the idea of "post-conventional thinking".[32][33] In 1999 the DIT was revised as the DIT-2;[30] the test continues to be used in many areas where moral testing is required,[34] such as divinity, politics, and medicine.[35][36][37]


document_title: Dirty Dancing

question_text: where was the movie dirty dancing filmed at

text: Dirty Dancing

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the summer of 1963, 17-year-old Frances "Baby" Houseman is vacationing with her affluent family at Kellerman's,[5] a resort in the Catskill Mountains. Baby, the younger of two daughters, plans to study economics in underdeveloped countries and enter the Peace Corps. Her father, Jake, is the doctor and friend of Max Kellerman, the resort proprietor. Baby develops a crush on the resort's dance instructor, Johnny Castle, and meets his cousin, Billy. The staff hold secret after-hours parties in their quarters, and Baby is surprised by their "dirty dancing". Intrigued, Baby receives a brief, impromptu dance lesson from Johnny.

text: Baby discovers that Johnny's dance partner, Penny Johnson, is pregnant by Robbie Gould, a womanizing waiter who is cheating on Baby's older sister, Lisa. Baby borrows money from her father to pay for Penny's illegal abortion without explaining why. Penny eventually accepts the money but identifies another issue. Penny will miss her weekly dance performance if she goes for the abortion, forfeiting Penny's and Johnny's salary for the season. Billy suggests that Baby fill in for her. Johnny's scoffing overcomes Baby's initial resistance. Billy and Penny insist that Johnny can teach anyone to dance. Johnny teaches Baby the mambo, and the two spend several awkward practice sessions together. Baby gradually improves, and they develop a romantic attraction.

text: Billy takes Penny to an abortionist. Johnny's and Baby's performance is mostly successful, although Baby is too nervous to accomplish the dance's climactic lift. Johnny and Baby return to Kellerman's and find Penny in agony. Billy explains that the "doctor" turned out to be a back-alley hack. Baby brings her father to help Penny. Johnny claims responsibility for her pregnancy out of fear that Penny will be fired if her relationship with Robbie is revealed. Jake treats Penny but forbids Baby from associating with Johnny or his friends. After Baby apologizes to Johnny for her father's behavior, they dance and have sex. Jake tells his family they will be leaving early over breakfast but relents when they object. Baby continues to see Johnny despite her father's warning. She pulls Johnny off the footpath when her father is nearby, and Johnny is hurt that she will not stand up for him. After Robbie taunts them, Johnny assaults him.

text: Due to his growing feelings for Baby, Johnny refuses payment for sex with another guest, Vivian Pressman. Vivian has sex with Robbie in his cabin, and Lisa accidentally interrupts them. When Vivian leaves the cabin the next morning, she sees Baby leave Johnny's cabin. Over breakfast, Max and Neil Kellerman reveal to the Housemans that Moe Pressman's wallet was stolen. Vivian accuses Johnny of the theft in a fit of jealousy. Johnny is unable to provide a verifiable alibi, to protect his relationship with Baby. To save Johnny from being fired, Baby confesses she was with him. Johnny is cleared of the theft after it is revealed that two elderly guests, Mr. and Mrs. Schumacher, stole several guests' wallets. Max fires Johnny anyway for having a fraternizing affair with Baby. Baby and Johnny embrace and bid farewell to each other, saying they will never regret their affair. Baby pointedly apologizes to Jake for lying about her relationship with Johnny but not for the relationship itself.

text: Baby and her parents watch the end-of-season talent show. Jake gives Robbie a tip in an envelope. Robbie thanks Jake, willingly reveals that he got Penny pregnant, and insults her and Baby; Jake yanks the envelope back. Staff and guests (including Lisa) are singing the closing song together when Johnny interrupts them to perform the last dance of the season. Johnny leads Baby onstage and makes a brief speech about how "Frances" has made him a better man. Baby and Johnny dance a more provocative version of their mambo duet, and the other "dirty dancers" join in. Baby runs to Johnny and executes the elusive lift move they practiced. The dirty dancers pull guests from their seats to join in the celebration. Jake apologizes to Johnny for thinking he got Penny pregnant and reconciles with Baby. All dance joyously to "(I've Had) The Time of My Life".

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Jennifer Grey as Frances "Baby" Houseman
Patrick Swayze as Johnny Castle
Cynthia Rhodes as Penny Johnson
Jerry Orbach as Doctor Jake Houseman
Jane Brucker as Lisa Houseman
Jack Weston as Max Kellerman
Lonny Price as Neil Kellerman
Kelly Bishop as Marjorie Houseman
Max Cantor as Robbie Gould
Charles Coles as Tito Suarez
Neal Jones as Billy Kostecki
Miranda Garrison as Vivian Pressman
Garry Goodrow as Moe Pressman
Wayne Knight as Stan
Paula Trueman as Mrs. Schumacher
Alvin Myerovich as Mr. Schumacher

tag: ul

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
"Be My Baby" – The Ronettes
"Big Girls Don't Cry" – Frankie Valli and The Four Seasons
"Where Are You Tonight?" – Tom Johnston
"Do You Love Me" – The Contours
"Love Man" – Otis Redding
"Stay" – Maurice Williams and the Zodiacs
"Hungry Eyes" – Eric Carmen
"Overload" – Zappacosta
"Hey! Baby" – Bruce Channel
"De Todo Un Poco" – Melon
"Some Kind of Wonderful" – The Drifters
"These Arms Of Mine" – Otis Redding
"Cry to Me" – Solomon Burke
"Will You Love Me Tomorrow" – The Shirelles
"Love Is Strange" – Mickey & Sylvia
"You Don't Own Me" – The Blow Monkeys
"Yes" – Merry Clayton
"In the Still of the Night" – The Five Satins
"She's Like the Wind" – Patrick Swayze
"(I've Had) The Time of My Life" – Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes

tag: ol

text: Note: Actress Jane Brucker wrote the song "Hula Hana," which she performed in her role of Lisa in the show rehearsal scene.[8]

text: Production[edit]

text: Pre-production[edit]

text: Dirty Dancing is based in large part on screenwriter Eleanor Bergstein's own childhood: she is the younger daughter of a Jewish doctor from New York, spent summers with her family in the Catskills, participated in "Dirty Dancing" competitions, and was herself nicknamed "Baby" as a girl. In 1980, Bergstein wrote a screenplay for the Michael Douglas film, It's My Turn. However, the producers cut an erotic dancing scene from the script, much to her dismay. She then conceived a new story, focused almost exclusively on dancing. In 1984, she pitched the idea to MGM executive Eileen Miselle, who liked it and teamed Bergstein with producer Linda Gottlieb. They set the film in 1963, with the character of Baby based on Bergstein's own life, and the character of Johnny based on the stories of Michael Terrace, a dance instructor whom Bergstein met in the Catskills in 1985 while she was researching the story.[citation needed] She finished the script in November 1985, but management changes at MGM put the script into turnaround, or limbo.

text: Bergstein then shopped the script around to other studios but was repeatedly rejected, until she brought it to Vestron Pictures, the newly formed studio division of Stamford, Connecticut, based Vestron Inc., the leading independent home video distribution company.[citation needed] While honing their pitch to Vestron, Gottlieb and Bergstein chose Emile Ardolino as the film's director, who had won the 1983 Academy Award for the documentary, He Makes Me Feel Like Dancin'. Ardolino had never directed a feature film, but was extremely passionate about the project; he even sent a message from where he was sequestered on jury duty, insisting that he was the best choice as director. The team of Gottlieb, Bergstein, and Ardolino then presented their vision for the film to Vestron's president, Jon Peisinger, and the company's vice president for production, Mitchell Cannold. By the end of the meeting, Peisinger had greenlighted the project to become Vestron's first feature film production. The approved film was budgeted at the relatively low amount of $5 million, at a time when the average cost for a film was $12 million.[9]

text: For choreographer, Bergstein chose Kenny Ortega, who had been trained by Gene Kelly.[10] For a location, they did not find anything suitable in the Catskills (as many of the resorts had been shut down at that point), so they decided on a combination of two locations: Lake Lure, North Carolina and the Mountain Lake Hotel near Pembroke, Virginia, and with careful editing made it look like all shooting was done in the same area.[11]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Director Ardolino was adamant that they choose dancers who could also act, as he did not want to use the "stand-in" method that had been used with Flashdance (1983). For the female lead of Frances "Baby" Houseman, Bergstein chose the 26-year-old Jennifer Grey, daughter of the Oscar-winning actor and dancer Joel Grey (e.g., of the film Cabaret (1972)), who, like her father, was a trained dancer. They then sought a male lead, initially considering 20-year-old Billy Zane, who had the visual look desired (originally the Johnny character was to be Italian and have a dark exotic look), but initial dancing tests when he was partnered with Grey did not meet expectations. The next choice was 34-year-old Patrick Swayze, who had been noticed for his roles in Grandview, U.S.A. (1984) and Red Dawn (1984). He was a seasoned dancer, with experience from the Joffrey Ballet. The producers were thrilled with him, but his agent was opposed to the idea. However, Swayze read the script, liked the multi-level character of Johnny, and took the part anyway, and Johnny was changed from being Italian to Irish. Grey was initially not happy about the choice, as she and Swayze had difficulty getting along on Red Dawn, but when they did their dancing screen test, the chemistry between them was obvious. Bergstein described it as "breathtaking".[12]

text: Other casting choices were Broadway actor Jerry Orbach as Dr. Jake Houseman, Baby's father; and Jane Brucker as Lisa Houseman, her older sister. Bergstein also attempted to cast her friend, sex therapist Dr. Ruth Westheimer, to play Mrs. Schumacher, and Joel Grey as her husband. However, Westheimer backed out when she learned the role involved being a thief. The role went instead to 89-year-old Paula Trueman, and Joel Grey was not cast. Another role went to Bergstein's friend, New York radio personality "Cousin Brucie". She initially wanted him to portray the social director but then later asked him to play the part of the magician. The role of the social director went to the then unknown Wayne Knight (of later Seinfeld and 3rd Rock from the Sun fame).[13] The part of Baby's mother was originally given to Lynne Lipton, who is briefly visible in the beginning, when the Houseman family first pulls into Kellerman's (she is in the front seat for a few seconds; her blonde hair is the only indication), but she became ill during the first week of shooting and was replaced by actress Kelly Bishop, who had already been cast to play Vivian Pressman, the highly sexed resort guest. Bishop moved into the role of Mrs. Houseman, and the film's assistant choreographer Miranda Garrison took on the role of Vivian.[14][15]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography for Dirty Dancing took place in Lake Lure, North Carolina, and Mountain Lake, Virginia. Scenes in Lake Lure were filmed at the old Boys Camp, which is now a private, residential community known as Firefly Cove. These scenes included the interior dancing scenes, Baby carrying the watermelon and practicing on the signature stairs, Johnny's cabin, the staff cabins, the golf scene where Baby asks her father for $250. Scenes filmed at Mountain Lake included the famous "water lift" scene, dining scenes, Kellerman's Hotel, the beach games, Penny crying in the kitchen, and the Houseman family's cabins.[citation needed]

text: The tight schedule allowed only two weeks for rehearsal and 44 days for filming, as it was already the tail end of summer. The cast stayed in the same hotel at Mountain Lake Lodge in Pembroke, Virginia and at the 1927 Lake Lure Inn & Spa in Lake Lure, N.C. Rehearsals quickly turned into disco parties involving nearly every cast member, even non-dancers such as Jack Weston.[citation needed]

text: The dancing and drinking went on almost non-stop and, immersed in the environment, the lead actors, Grey and Swayze, began identifying with their characters. Bergstein built upon this, encouraging the actors to improvise in their scenes. She also built the sexual tension by saying that no matter how intimate or "grinding" the dance steps, that none of the dancers were to have any other kind of physical contact with each other for the next six months.[12]

text: Filming started on September 5, 1986 but was plagued by the weather, which ranged from pouring rain to sweltering heat. The outside temperature rose to 105 °F (41 °C), and with all the additional camera and lighting equipment needed for filming, the temperature inside could be as high as 120 °F (49 °C). According to choreographer Kenny Ortega, on one day 10 people passed out within 25 minutes of shooting. The elderly Paula Trueman collapsed and was taken to the local emergency room to be treated for dehydration. Patrick Swayze also required a hospital visit; insisting on doing his own stunts, he repeatedly fell off the log during the "balancing" scene and injured his knee so badly he had to have fluid drained from the swelling.[12]

text: Delays in the shooting schedule pushed filming into the autumn, which required the set decorators to spray-paint the autumn leaves green. The uncooperative weather then took a different turn, plunging from oppressive heat to down near 40 °F (4 °C), causing frigid conditions for the famous swimming scene in October. The crew wore warm coats, gloves, and boots. Swayze and Grey stripped down to light summer clothing, to repeatedly dive into the cold water.[11] Despite her character's enjoyment, Grey later described the water as "horrifically" cold, and she might not have gone into the lake, except that she was "young and hungry".[14]

text: Relations between the two main stars varied throughout production. They had already had trouble getting along in their previous project, Red Dawn (1984), and worked things out enough to have an extremely positive screen test, but that initial cooperation soon faded, and they were soon "facing off" before every scene.[12] There was concern among the production staff that the animosity between the two stars would endanger the filming of the love scenes. To address this, producer Bergstein and director Ardolino forced the stars to re-watch their initial screen-tests—the ones with the "breathtaking" chemistry. This had the desired effect, and Swayze and Grey were able to return to the film with renewed energy and enthusiasm.[14]

text: Director Ardolino encouraged the actors to improvise and often kept the cameras rolling, even if actors went "off script". One example of this was the scene where Grey was to stand in front of Swayze with her back to him and put her arm up behind his head while he trailed his fingers down her arm (similar to the pose seen in the movie poster). Though it was written as a serious and tender moment, Grey was exhausted, found the move ticklish, and could not stop giggling each time Swayze tried it, no matter how many takes Ardolino asked for. Swayze was impatient to finish the scene and found Grey's behavior annoying. However, the producers decided the scene worked as it was and put it into the film, complete with Grey's giggling and Swayze's annoyed expression. It became one of the most famous scenes in the movie, turning out, as choreographer Kenny Ortega put it, "as one of the most delicate and honest moments in the film."[12]

text: Post-production[edit]

text: The shooting wrapped on October 27, 1986, both on-time and on-budget. No one on the team, however, liked the rough cut that was put together, and Vestron executives were convinced the film was going to be a flop. Thirty-nine percent of people who viewed the film did not realize abortion was the subplot. In May 1987, the film was screened for producer Aaron Russo. According to Vestron executive Mitchell Cannold, Russo's reaction at the end was to say simply, "Burn the negative, and collect the insurance."[12]

text: Further disputes arose over whether a corporate sponsor could be found to promote the film. Marketers of the Clearasil acne product liked the film, seeing it as a vehicle to reach a teen target audience. However, when they learned the film contained an abortion scene, they asked for that part of the plot to be cut. As Bergstein refused, the Clearasil promotion was dropped. Consequently, Vestron promoted the film themselves and set the premiere on August 16, 1987. The Vestron executives had planned to release the film in theaters for a weekend, and then send it to home video, since Vestron had been in the video distribution business before film production.[6] Considering how many people disliked the film at that point, producer Gottlieb's recollection of her feelings at the time was, "I would have only been grateful, if when it was released, people didn't yell at me."[12]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 72% based on reviews from 61 critics and a rating average of 6.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Like its winsome characters, Dirty Dancing uses impressive choreography and the power of song to surmount a series of formidable obstacles."[16] Metacritic, another review aggregator, assigned the film a weighted average score of 65 out of 100, based on 20 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[17] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[18]

text: For the film's opening, The New York Times published a review titled "Dirty Dancing Rocks to an Innocent Beat". The Times reviewer called the film "a metaphor for America in the summer of 1963 – orderly, prosperous, bursting with good intentions, a sort of Yiddish-inflected Camelot."[19] Other reviews were more mixed: Gene Siskel gave the film a "marginal Thumbs Up" as he liked Jennifer Grey's acting and development of her character, while Roger Ebert gave it "Thumbs Down" due to its "idiot plot",[20] calling it a "tired and relentlessly predictable story of love between kids from different backgrounds."[21] TIME magazine was lukewarm, saying, "If the ending of Eleanor Bergstein's script is too neat and inspirational, the rough energy of the film's song and dance does carry one along, past the whispered doubts of better judgment."[22] In a retrospective review, Jezebel's Irin Carmon called the film "the greatest movie of all time" as "a great, brave movie for women" with "some subtle, retrospectively sharp-eyed critiques of class and gender."[23]

text: Abortion rights advocates have called the film the "gold standard" for cinematic portrayals of abortion,[24] which author Yannis Tzioumakis described as offering a "compassionate depiction of abortion in which the woman seeking an abortion was not demonized with the primary concerns being her health and preserving her capacity to bear children at a future time rather than the ethical dilemma that might or might not inform her decision, a portrayal that is not necessarily available in current films."[25]

text: The film drew adult audiences instead of the expected teens, with viewers rating the film highly.[14] Many filmgoers, after seeing the film once, went right back into the theater to watch it a second time.[14] Word-of-mouth promotion took the film to the number one position in the United States, and in 10 days it had broken the $10 million mark. By November, it was also achieving international fame. Within seven months of release, it had brought in $63 million in the US and boosted attendance in dance classes across America.[12] It was one of the highest-grossing films of 1987, earning $170 million worldwide.[26][27]

text: The film's popularity continued to grow after its initial release. It was the number one video rental of 1988[28] and became the first film to sell a million copies on video. When the film was re-released in 1997, ten years after its original release, Swayze received his own star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame,[29] and videos were still selling at the rate of over 40,000 per month.[29] As of 2005[update], it was selling a million DVDs per year,[30] with over ten million copies sold as of 2007[update].[31]

text: A May 2007 survey by Britain's Sky Movies listed Dirty Dancing as number one on "Women's most-watched films", above the Star Wars trilogy, Grease, The Sound of Music, and Pretty Woman.[32] The film's popularity has also caused it to be called "the Star Wars for girls."[7][33][34] An April 2008 article in Britain's Daily Mail listed Dirty Dancing as number one on a list of "most romantic movie quotes ever", for Baby's line: "I'm scared of walking out of this room and never feeling the rest of my whole life the way I feel when I'm with you."[35]

text: The film's music has also had considerable impact. The closing song, "(I've Had) The Time of My Life", has been listed as the "third most popular song played at funerals" in the UK.[7]

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Result
Ref

1988
60th Academy Awards
Academy Award for Best Original Song
Won
[36]

Golden Globe Awards
Best Original Song
Won
[37]

Best Motion Picture – Comedy/Musical
Nominated
[38]

Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture – Comedy/Musical
Nominated
[38]

Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture – Comedy/Musical
Nominated
[38]

Grammy Awards
Best Pop Performance by a Duo
Won
[39]

Best Song written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media
Nominated
[37]

tag: table

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text:
2002: AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions – #93[40]
2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:

"(I've Had) The Time of My Life" – #86[41]
"Do You Love Me" – Nominated[42]

2005: AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:

Johnny Castle: "Nobody puts Baby in a corner." – #98[43]

2006: AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – Nominated[44]

text: Music[edit]

text: Rehearsals for the dancing, and some filming, used music from Bergstein's personal collection of gramophone records. When it came time to select actual music for the film, Vestron chose Jimmy Ienner as music supervisor. Ienner, who had previously produced albums and songs for John Lennon and Three Dog Night, opted to stick with much of the music that had already been used during filming and obtained licenses for the songs from Bergstein's collection. He also enlisted Swayze to sing the new song "She's Like the Wind". Swayze had written the song a few years earlier with Stacy Widelitz, originally intending for it to be used in the film Grandview, U.S.A. (1984).[12]

text: John Morris composed the film's score. The lyrics for the Kellermans' song that closes the talent show were written specifically for the film[14] and were sung to the tune of "Annie Lisle", a commonly used theme for school alma maters.[45] Kenny Ortega and his assistant Miranda Garrison chose the song for the finale by going through an entire box of tapes, listening to each one. According to Ortega, literally the last tape they listened to had "The Time of My Life", which they saw as the obvious choice.[37] Ienner then insisted that Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes record it. The song won the 1988 Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group, an Academy Award for Best Original Song, and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song.[37][39]

text: The film's soundtrack started an oldies music revival,[46] and demand for the album caught RCA Records by surprise. According to Franke Previte, before a single had even been released, there were a million albums on back-order.[12] The Dirty Dancing album spent 18 weeks at number one on the Billboard 200 album sales charts and went platinum eleven times, selling more than 32 million copies worldwide.[47][48] It spawned a follow-up multi-platinum album in February 1988, entitled More Dirty Dancing.[49]

text: Songs from the album which appeared on the charts included:[37]

text:
"(I've Had) The Time of My Life", performed by Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes, composed by Franke Previte, John deNicola, and Donald Markowitz – this song rose to #1 on the pop charts.[50]
"She's Like the Wind", performed by lead actor Patrick Swayze, composed by Lee and Stacy Widelitz; this song peaked at #3 in 1988.
"Hungry Eyes", performed by Eric Carmen, composed by Franke Previte and John deNicola; this song peaked at #4 in 1988.
"Yes", performed by Merry Clayton, composed by Neal Cavanaugh, Terry Fryer and Tom Graf; this song peaked #45 in 1988.

text: Additionally, the resurgence in popularity of the oldies contained in the movie led to a re-release of The Contours' single "Do You Love Me". "Do You Love Me" was featured in the movie but was omitted from the original soundtrack; it was included on More Dirty Dancing. Upon being re-released, "Do You Love Me" became a surprise hit all over again, this time peaking at #11 (it originally hit #3 back in 1962).[citation needed]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: As for the studio, despite the film's huge monetary success, Vestron followed it up with a series of flops and ran out of money. Vestron's parent company, Vestron Inc., went bankrupt in 1989,[12] and was bought out in January 1991 by LIVE Entertainment for $26 million. The rights to Dirty Dancing now rest with Lionsgate Entertainment,[30] which purchased Artisan Entertainment in 2003.

text: Orbach, already known as a successful Broadway actor, continued in different genres. He was the voice of the candelabrum "Lumiere" in the Disney animated film Beauty and the Beast (1991), before taking on his best known role, detective Lennie Briscoe in the TV crime drama Law & Order, which he played from 1992 until his death in 2004.[52]

text: Choreographer Ortega went on to choreograph and direct other major pictures such as Newsies (1992)[10] and starting in 2006, the High School Musical series.[53] He also became a director of film and television, including several episodes of Gilmore Girls, in which Dirty Dancing's Kelly Bishop had a starring role.[54]

text: Lake Lure celebrated its Dirty Dancing legacy in the 1980s with the Dirty Dancing Revue featuring the A-Lure Dancers, soul singer Maurice Williams (whose song "Stay" was featured in the film), and Billy Scott and the Party Prophets. Today, Lake Lure hosts the annual Dirty Dancing Festival.[55]

text: Kellerman's Hotel is the Mountain Lake Hotel, and it now offers "Dirty Dancing Weekends".[56]

text: Various images and lines from the film have worked their way into popular culture. Johnny Castle's line, "Nobody puts Baby in a corner", has been used in song lyrics, as the title of the "Nobody Puts Baby in a Corner" episode of the TV series Veronica Mars, and as the title of a Fall Out Boy song. "Nobody puts Baby in a corner" was also quoted in Supernatural: when Dean says the line concerning his beloved Impala and his brother Sam retorts that the line is from a Swayze movie; Dean responds: "Swayze always gets a pass". The line was parodied in the webcomic Looking for Group where Richard, one of the primary characters, uttered a variation involving his own name, and in Family Guy, where the scene is parodied by Baby's parents questioning Johnny due to her youth. In Sweden, feminist art group Sisters of Jam put the text "Nobody puts Baby in a corner" (in English) in white neon light at Umeå Bus Square (2008) and at Karlstad University (2012).[57]

text: Family Guy also parodies the scene where Baby first sees Johnny dancing with the staff. In the TV series How I Met Your Mother, Barney Stinson attempts to pass off the Dirty Dancing story as the story of his own loss of virginity because he is ashamed of his actual story; the original "Love is Strange" scene is shown with Barney replacing Johnny.

text: The French film Heartbreaker (2010) pays homage to the film, as a plot detail, with some clips from the film shown and a "recreation" by the two main characters of the "lift" scene.

text: In the first episode of the TV series New Girl, the female lead Jess watches the film repeatedly after her break up.

text: Since 2009, there has been a Dirty Dancing Festival in Lake Lure, North Carolina.[58]

text: Alternate versions[edit]

text: Stage version[edit]

text: The film was adapted for the stage in 2004 as a musical, Dirty Dancing: The Classic Story on Stage. Produced by Jacobsen Entertainment in Australia for $6.5 million, it was written by Eleanor Bergstein and had the same songs as the film, plus a few extra scenes. Musical direction was by Chong Lim (one of the composers for the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney), and the initial production starred Kym Valentine as Baby and Sydney Dance Company's Josef Brown as Johnny. Although reviews were mixed,[34] the production was a commercial success, selling over 200,000 tickets during its six-month run.[27] It has also had sellout runs in Germany and in London's West End, where it opened at the Aldwych Theatre on October 23, 2006 with the highest pre-sell in London history, earning £6 million ($US12 million).[6][7][34] As of March 2011[update], over 1 million people have seen the musical in London, selling out 6 months in advance.[59] The original West End production closed in July 2011 after a five-year run, prior to a two-year national tour.[60] The show returned to the West End at the Piccadilly Theatre and ran from July 13, 2013 to February 22, 2014 before resuming its tour of the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland.[61]

text: A New York production was in the planning stage in 2006,[34] with the show first starting in other North American cities. It broke box office records in May 2007 for its first such venue, selling $2 million on the first day of ticket sales in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The production opened on November 15, 2007 at the Royal Alexandra Theatre, with an all-Canadian cast, except for Monica West (Baby Housman), Britta Lazenga (Penny), and Al Sapienza (Jake Housman). After Toronto, the musical opened in Chicago in previews on September 28, 2008 and officially on October 19, 2008, running through January 17, 2009,[62] followed by Boston (February 7 – March 15, 2009) and Los Angeles.[63][64][65]

text: An official American tour began in September 2014 at The National Theatre in Washington, DC with dates scheduled in 31 cities. Previews started August 26 and the official opening night was on September 2.[66]

text: Tours and TV show[edit]

text: Dirty Dancing has appeared in other forms than the stage version. In 1988, a music tour named Dirty Dancing: Live in Concert, featuring Bill Medley and Eric Carmen,[37] played 90 cities in three months.[12] Also in 1988, the CBS network launched a Dirty Dancing television series, however with none of the original cast or staff. The series was canceled after only a few episodes.

text: Prequel[edit]

text: In 2004, a prequel of the film was released, entitled Dirty Dancing: Havana Nights. It tells the story of a sheltered American teenager learning about life through dance, when her family relocates to Havana, Cuba just before the 1959 Cuban Revolution. Swayze was paid $5 million to appear in a cameo role as a dance teacher[67] —considerably more than the $200,000 he earned for the first film.[68]

text: 20th anniversary releases[edit]

text: For the 20th anniversary in 2007, the film was re-released in theatres with additional footage, while the original film version was re-released on DVD with deleted scenes, and included writer commentary.[69] At the same time, Codemasters released Dirty Dancing: The Video Game.[70] In the United Kingdom, the anniversary was marked by a reality TV show based on the film; titled Dirty Dancing: The Time of Your Life, the TV show was filmed at the Mountain Lake resort.

text: In the UK, to mark the 20th anniversary of the film, Channel Five broadcast a special documentary called Seriously Dirty Dancing. It was presented by Dawn Porter, an investigative journalist and a self-confessed Dirty Dancing addict. The documentary was very successful, being Channel Five's highest rated documentary of 2007. Porter visited the set of the film, met other Dirty Dancing fanatics, and learned the last dance, which she performed at the end of the documentary in front of family and friends.

text: Remake[edit]

text: In August 2011, Lionsgate, who owns the film rights, announced their plan to remake the film. It was confirmed that the studio had hired the film's choreographer, Kenny Ortega, to direct. "We believe that the timing couldn't be better to modernize this story on the big screen, and we are proud to have Kenny Ortega at the helm," Joe Drake, president of Lionsgate's Motion Picture Group, explained about the project. A miniseries version of "Dirty Dancing" had been scheduled to be shot in Western North Carolina.[71] As of July 29, 2015, the miniseries has been put on hold.[72]

text: In December 2015, ABC ordered a three-hour musical remake of Dirty Dancing, starring Abigail Breslin, Colt Prattes, Debra Messing, Sarah Hyland, Nicole Scherzinger, Billy Dee Williams & Shane Harper.[73][74][75][76][77] It aired on May 24, 2017.[4] It received negative reviews from a majority of critics.[78]