document_title: Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag

question_text: who do you play as in assassin's creed 4

question_tokens: who do you play as in assassin 's creed 4

text: Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag is an action-adventure, stealth game set in an open world environment and played from a third-person perspective. The game features three main cities; Havana, Kingston, and Nassau, which reside under Spanish, British, and pirate influence, respectively.[9] As well as this, locations like Port-au-Prince and smaller locations like Greater Inagua are used as main story points. It also features 50 other individual locations to explore, including atolls, sea forts, Mayan ruins, sugar plantations, and underwater shipwrecks, with a 60/40 balance between land and naval exploration.[1] It has a more open world feel, with missions similar to those found in Assassin's Creed, as well as fewer restrictions for the player. The world opens up sooner in the game, as opposed to Assassin's Creed III, which had very scripted missions and did not give players freedom to explore until the game was well into its first act.[9][10][11][12] The player will encounter jungles, forts, ruins, and small villages and the world is built to allow players much more freedom, such as allowing players to engage, board, and capture passing ships and swimming to nearby beaches in a seamless fashion.[1][13] In addition, the hunting system has been retained from Assassin's Creed III, allowing the player to hunt on land, and fish in the water, with resources gathered used to upgrade equipment.[1]

text: A new aspect in the game is the Jackdaw, the ship that the player captains. The Jackdaw is upgradeable throughout the game, and is easily accessible to the player when needed.[10] In addition, a new underwater component has been added.[9] The player has access to a spyglass, allowing the examination of distant ships, along with their cargo and strength. It can also help determine if an island still has animals to hunt, treasures to find, high points to reach for synchronization or additional side-quests to complete, such as assassinations and naval contracts.[9] An updated form of the recruit system introduced in Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood has returned,[9] allowing Edward to recruit crew members. While Kenway's crew will remain loyal to him, they can be promoted to captain acquired ships, and are needed to assist in boarding enemy vessels, they cannot assist in combat or perform long-range assassinations, as in previous games. Ubisoft removed this aspect of the brotherhood system, believing it allowed players to bypass tense and challenging scenarios too easily.[14]

text: In the present day, at the offices of Abstergo Entertainment—a subsidiary of Abstergo Industries—in Montreal, Quebec, players engage in modern-day pirating through the exploration of Abstergo's offices, eavesdropping and hacking, all without combat. As well, various "hacking" games, similar to previous cluster and glyph puzzles, are present, that uncover secrets about Abstergo.[15]

text: Multiplayer also returns, with new settings and game modes, though it is only land-based.[9]

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Characters[edit]

text: The main character of the game is Edward Kenway (Matt Ryan),[16] a Welsh[17] privateer-turned-pirate and eventual member of the Assassin Order. Edward is the father of Haytham Kenway, and grandfather of Ratonhnhaké:ton (Connor), the two playable characters of Assassin's Creed III. Real-life individuals that are encountered include the pirates Edward "Blackbeard" Thatch[note 1][18] (voiced by Mark Bonnar),[16] Benjamin Hornigold,[9] Mary Read,[9] Stede Bonnet,[9] Anne Bonny,[9] Calico Jack,[9] and Charles Vane[9] (Ralph Ineson).[16]

text: Setting[edit]

text: As is the case in previous games in the Assassin's Creed series, the story is divided into two intertwined halves, with one in the present day, one in a historical setting, and the events of each influencing the other. Although the present-day story had previously established that an Animus was required to view one's ancestors memories, the ending of Assassin's Creed III reveals that Abstergo can now view a host's genetic memories simply by sequencing the host's DNA. As such, the player character is hired by Abstergo Entertainment to investigate a pivotal character in Desmond's ancestry, the Assassin Edward Kenway.[19] A notorious pirate and privateer operating during the Golden Age of Piracy, Kenway's story is set in the Caribbean, and mixes open-ended ship-based exploration with combat and land-based adventures in Cuba and Jamaica, and on a number of Caribbean islands, parts of southern Florida and eastern Mexico.[20][21][22]

text: Plot[edit]

text: Samples taken from Desmond Miles' body in the moments after his death have enabled Abstergo Industries to continue to explore his genetic memories using the Animus' newfound cloud computing abilities. The unnamed player character is hired by Abstergo Entertainment, from their Montréal headquarters, to sift through the memories of Edward Kenway, an eighteenth-century pirate, the father of Haytham Kenway and the grandfather of Ratonhnhaké:ton. Ostensibly, this is to gather material for an Animus-powered interactive feature film, but in reality, Abstergo—the Templars of the present time—are searching for a First Civilization structure known as the Observatory, and are using the memories of Edward Kenway to find it.

text: As Kenway, the player must unravel a conspiracy between high-ranking Templars within the British and Spanish empires who, under the guise of cleaning up piracy in the Caribbean, have used their positions to locate the Sage—later identified as Bartholomew Roberts—who is the only man that can lead them to the Observatory, a First Civilization device which can monitor anyone anywhere in the world when provided a blood sample, which they intend to use to spy on and blackmail world leaders. Kenway becomes an unwitting player in their plot when he kills a rogue Assassin, Duncan Walpole. Seeing an opportunity for profit, Kenway takes Walpole's place at a meeting of Templars in Havana, where he meets Woodes Rogers as well as Cuban Governor, and Templar Grandmaster, Laureano Torres. His recklessness endangers the entire Assassins' Order, prompting him to pursue the Sage and the conspirators from the Yucatán Peninsula to Jamaica, eventually catching Roberts on the island of Príncipe off of the African coast.

text: Meanwhile, a band of notorious pirates—including Edward "Blackbeard" Thatch, Benjamin Hornigold, Mary Read (under the alias "James Kidd") and Charles Vane, among others—dream of a pirate utopia where man is free to live beyond the reach of kings and rulers. With Kenway's help, they seize control of Nassau and establish a pirate republic. However, poor governance, a lack of an economy and an outbreak of disease bring the pirate state perilously close to collapse, with the founders divided on the best way forward. Kenway attempts to resolve the dispute, but is too late to stop the Templars from exploiting the situation for their own ends.

text: Eventually, Kenway and Roberts uncover the location of the Observatory and retrieve the artifact powering it, but Kenway is betrayed by Roberts at the last moment. After a brief stint in prison for the crimes of piracy, Edward escapes with the aid of Ah Tabai, the Assassin Mentor, and elects to join their Order. Chasing down and eliminating Roberts and the Templar conspirators, Kenway retrieves the artifact and returns it to the Observatory, sealing it away for good. He is left facing an uncertain future with his newfound convictions until he receives a letter informing him of the passing of his wife and the imminent arrival of his hitherto unknown daughter, Jennifer Scott. Kenway travels back to England, promising Ah Tabai that he will continue the fight against the Templars back home in England. Some years later, Kenway, Jennifer (using her mother's surname in her memory) and Kenway's young son Haytham are about to watch a play in an English theatre.

text: In the present day, the player is contacted by John, Abstergo Entertainment's information technology manager. John convinces the player that their employers know more than they are telling, and encourages them to investigate in more detail. He convinces the player to hack several Animus terminals and security cameras, and then has them deliver the information taken to Shaun Hastings and Rebecca Crane, who are working undercover to infiltrate Abstergo. When the facility is locked down after the hackings are discovered, John arranges for the player to access the Animus' core, at which point Juno materializes into an incorporeal form. She reveals that although it was necessary to open her temple to avert disaster, the world was not ready for her, and she is unable to affect it or possess the player character as her agents intended. John is unmasked as the reincarnated form of the Sage and attempts to murder the player to cover up the failed attempt at resurrecting Juno, but is killed by Abstergo's security before he can do so, thus implicating him as the one responsible for the hacks. As Roberts, the Sage admits to Kenway that he owes no allegiance to the Assassins or the Templars and instead uses whoever he thinks represents his best chance of achieving his ends. With the Sage dead, the player is contacted by the Assassins as they continue their infiltration of Abstergo, but neither side is able to explain the Sage's presence or identify his followers, the Instruments of the First Will.[note 2]

text: Freedom Cry[edit]

text: The Freedom Cry downloadable content is set twenty years after the events of Black Flag and follows Adéwalé in his mission as an Assassin.

text: While attempting to intercept Templar activities in the West Indies Sea, Adéwalé is shipwrecked off the coast of Haiti. Making his way into Port-au-Prince, he establishes that the Templars are working with Bastienne Josèphe, the proprietor of a local brothel and a sympathiser to the Maroons, a faction of freedom fighters made up of liberated slaves led by Augustin Dieufort. Despite his obligations to the Brotherhood of Assassins, Adéwalé becomes sympathetic to their cause, and joins with the Maroons in hijacking a vessel, Experto Crede, in order to interrupt the slave trade.

text: Whilst working for Bastienne, Adéwalé begins to uncover a conspiracy within the French provincial government ruling Port-au-Prince. The local governor, Pierre de Fayet, plans a clandestine scientific expedition to measure the curvature of the earth and gather geographical data, which they intend to sell to the highest bidder with the promise of naval superiority. Adéwalé successfully sabotages the expedition by substituting the illiterate slaves being used by the expedition for literate members of the Maroons.

text: Tensions begin to arise within the Maroons when Adéwalé plots further raids against the slave trade. Bastienne objects, as de Fayet will only punish those trapped in slavery further as punishment. Adéwalé ignores her, but is horrified when he witnesses a frigate fire on an unarmed slave ship to prevent the slaves from joining the Maroons. Adéwalé boards the slave ship and manages to save a few slaves from drowning before the ship capsized with the rest. He plans retribution, but Bastienne cautions that taking revenge will weaken the Maroons' cause; if Adéwalé is to kill de Fayet, then he should do so acting as an agent of justice. After assaulting the Governor's Mansion, pursuing him through the city and fighting off a local garrison, Adéwalé finally corners and kills de Fayet, who claims that slaves are incapable of self-governance and turn to armed uprising at the slightest provocation. Adéwalé points out that none of the slaves or overseers came to his aid, and instead let him die. After killing de Fayet, Adéwalé returns to say goodbye to Bastienne before returning to the Assassin Order, but pledging to use his newfound convictions to aid people who are oppressed rather than the cause of their would-be liberators.

text: Development[edit]

text: In early February 2013, during its quarterly financial call to investors, Ubisoft CEO Yves Guillemot confirmed that the next Assassin's Creed game, due for release some time before April 2014, would feature a new hero, time period, and development team.[23] On February 28, 2013, Ubisoft posted their first promotional picture and cover for their next Assassin's Creed game, following leaked marketing material days before.[24] It announced the title of the game as Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag and featured an unnamed character holding a flintlock and a sword with a black flag in the back ground containing the Assassin's symbol with a skull.[24] A reported glitch on the official Assassin's Creed IV website suggested the game will release on next-gen consoles and October 29 as the release date,[25] which was confirmed by the first trailer for the game, released on March 4, 2013 (originally leaked on March 2, 2013, but was quickly pulled by Ubisoft).[1][26][27]

text: Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag was announced with a cinematic trailer on March 4, 2013.[26] Development began in mid-2011 at Ubisoft Montreal by a separate team from the one on Assassin's Creed III, with additional work done by Ubisoft studios in Annecy, Bucharest, Kyiv, Montpellier, Singapore and Sofia.[9]

text: Lead content manager Carsten Myhill stressed away the sentiment that the sequel should have been a spin-off in the same vein as Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood or Assassin's Creed: Revelations, given the ostensible similarities with Assassin's Creed III. He stated "The whole feeling of the game is completely fresh and new. It will feel very different from Assassin's Creed III. I think it completely warrants the Assassin's Creed IV moniker, not only with the new name and setting, but the attitude and the tone of the experience."[28] Assassin's Creed IV is the first main series numbered title to carry a subtitle, a decision which Myhill says was made to clearly distinguish the pirate theme from the rest of the franchise.[28]

text: By utilizing the AnvilNext engine, the development team is able to work with one engine for both the next-gen and current-gen versions of the game, as the AnvilNext engine was designed with next-gen capabilities in mind, while still working on current-gen systems.[1] In addition, each system will have their own intricacies and feature sets, with support for the different controllers and utilizing features specific to each console.[1] The PC version supports Nvidia's TXAA.[29]

text: Music[edit]

text:
Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag (Original Game Soundtrack)

Soundtrack album by Brian Tyler

Released
October 14, 2013 (2013-10-14)

Genre
Video game soundtrack

Length
1:41:33

Label
Ubisoft Music

text: Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag (Original Game Soundtrack) was composed by American composer Brian Tyler, who also composed the soundtrack of the previous Ubisoft title Far Cry 3. Additional compositions and arrangements were provided by Sarah Schachner, Omar Fadel,[30] Steve Davis, Mike Kramer, Jeremy Lamb, Matthew Llewellyn, and Robert Lydecker. The soundtrack was released on Amazon MP3[31] and iTunes on October 14, 2013.[32] Two other soundtracks have also been released:

text:
Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag (Game Soundtrack — Sea Shanty Edition), a second soundtrack containing a set of 16 sea shanties composed by various artists, was released on Amazon MP3[33] and iTunes on October 29, 2013.[34]
Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag (Game Soundtrack — The Complete Edition), a complete soundtrack including the two previous soundtracks as well as the multiplayer soundtrack composed by Joe Henson and Alexis Smith, was released on Amazon MP3[35] and iTunes on December 2, 2013.[36]

text: The score to the Freedom Cry DLC was composed by French composer Olivier Deriviere. It was recorded at Avatar Studios in New York with La Troupe Makandal, a dedicated group for Haitian music, and at Galaxy Studios in Belgium with the Brussels Philharmonic.[37]

text:
[show]Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag (Original Game Soundtrack) / Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag (Game Soundtrack — The Complete Edition) (Disc One)

No.
Title
Music
Length

1.
"Assassin's Creed IV Black Flag Main Theme[a]"
Sarah Schachner
2:13

2.
"Pyrates Beware[a]"
Schachner
3:16

3.
"On the Horizon[a]"
Brian Tyler, Schachner
3:01

4.
"The High Seas[a]"
Tyler
2:44

5.
"The Fortune of Edward Kenway[a]"
Schachner
1:57

6.
"In This World or the One Below[a]"
Tyler, Schachner
2:49

7.
"Under the Black Flag[a]"
Schachner
3:21

8.
"The Ends of the Earth[a]"
Tyler
2:53

9.
"Stealing a Brig[a]"
Tyler
1:52

10.
"Fare Thee Well[a]"
Tyler
5:14

11.
"The Buccaneers[a]"
Tyler
4:05

12.
"Marked for Death[a]"
Tyler
3:21

13.
"Last Goodbyes[a]"
Tyler
2:24

14.
"Take What Is Ours![a]"
Tyler
3:15

15.
"I'll Be with You[a]"
Tyler
6:04

16.
"Lay Aboard Lads[a]"
Tyler
2:24

17.
"A Pirate's Life[a]"
Tyler
2:02

18.
"Men of War[a]"
Tyler
2:57

19.
"Order of the Assassin[a]"
Tyler
3:10

20.
"In the Midst[a]"
Tyler
3:05

21.
"The British Empire"
Tyler
3:08

22.
"Batten Down the Hatches"
Tyler
1:37

23.
"Modernity"
Tyler
2:14

24.
"A Merry Life and a Short One"
Tyler
1:16

25.
"Queen Anne's Revenge"
Tyler
4:42

26.
"Confrontation"
Tyler
3:15

27.
"Prizes Plunder and Adventure"
Tyler
2:12

28.
"Meet the Sage"
Omar Fadel
3:36

29.
"Into the Jungle"
Tyler
1:46

30.
"The Spanish Empire"
Tyler
3:57

31.
"The Islands of the West Indies"
Tyler
3:06

32.
"Ships of Legend"
Tyler
2:02

33.
"Secrets of the Maya"
Tyler
3:24

34.
"Life at Sea"
Fadel
3:10

Total length:
1:41:33

text:
[show]Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag (Game Soundtrack — Sea Shanty Edition) / Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag (Game Soundtrack — The Complete Edition) (Disc Two)

No.
Title
Music
Length

1.
"Randy Dandy Oh[a]"
Sean Dagher, Nils Brown, Michiel Schrey
1:35

2.
"Maid of Amsterdam[a]"
Brown, Schrey, Dagher
1:41

3.
"Leave Her Johnny[a]"
Dagher, Brown, Schrey
2:12

4.
"Whisky Johnny O'[a]"
Schrey, Dagher, Brown
1:21

5.
"Good Morning Ladies[a]"
Dagher, Brown, Schrey
1:38

6.
"Fish in the Sea[a]"
Schrey, Dagher, Brown
1:29

7.
"Dead Horse[a]"
Dagher, Brown, Schrey
1:07

8.
"Running Down to Cuba[a]"
Schrey, Dagher, Brown
1:29

9.
"Trooper and the Maid"
Charlotte Cumberbirch, Dagher, Nelson Carter, Richard Irwin, David Gossage
1:57

10.
"William Taylor"
Dagher, Brown, Schrey, Cumberbirch, Carter, Irwin, Gossage
2:16

11.
"Patrick Spens"
Schrey, Dagher, Irwin, Gossage
1:52

12.
"Fathom the Bowl"
Linda Morrison, Dagher, Carter, Patrick Graham, Gossage
2:13

13.
"Admiral Benbow"
Schrey, Dagher, Brown, Carter, Irwin, Gossage
1:53

14.
"All for Me Grog"
Morrison, Dagher, Carter, Graham, Gossage
2:06

15.
"Buleria"
Marco Marin, Dominic Soulard, Eric Breton
2:06

16.
"Verdiales"
Marin, Soulard, Breton
1:26

Total length:
28:22

text:
[show]Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag (Game Soundtrack — The Complete Edition) (Disc Three)

No.
Title
Music
Length

1.
"Saba Island"
Joe Henson, Alexis Smith
3:37

2.
"Santa Lucia"
Joe Henson, Smith
3:10

3.
"Tampa Bay"
Joe Henson, Smith, Christian Henson
3:19

4.
"Prison"
Joe Henson, Smith
3:00

5.
"La Havana"
Joe Henson, Smith
3:18

6.
"Portobelo"
Joe Henson, Smith
3:45

7.
"Saint Pierre"
Joe Henson, Smith, Christian Henson
3:23

8.
"King Of The Seven Seas"
Orivian
3:08

Total length:
(Disc 3) 26:40
(Complete) 2:36:35

text: ^[a] signifies a song that is included in the "Skull Edition"[38]

text: Marketing and release[edit]

text: Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag was released worldwide for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on October 29, 2013,[5][6][7] while the Wii U was released on October 29, 2013 in North America,[3][6][7] November 21, 2013 in Australia, November 22, 2013 in Europe[2] and November 28, 2013 in Japan.[39] The Wii U version in Europe was delayed from its original November 1, 2013 release date.[2] It was announced on March 1, 2013 that the game will also come to the PlayStation 4, and on May 21 that it will release on the Xbox One.[4] Both versions were launch titles, with the PlayStation 4 version releasing on November 15 and November 29, 2013 in North America and Europe, respectively,[6][7] and November 22, 2013 worldwide for Xbox One.[6][7]

text: Ubisoft partnered with Sony to bring exclusive content to the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 versions of the game,[40] which will feature the protagonist of Assassin's Creed III: Liberation, Aveline de Grandpré, in three missions. The Aveline content, which was written by Liberation writer Jill Murray, picks up after the conclusion of her story in Liberation.[41] The content is also available on the PC platform, through the Uplay Gold Edition.[42]

text: On June 21, 2013, it was announced that the Microsoft Windows version had been delayed "a few weeks" from its intended release of October 29, 2013.[43] Its new release dates were later revealed to be November 19, 2013 in North America and November 22, 2013 in Europe.[2] Lead designer Jean-Sebastien Decant explained that the delay was caused by the team working on the "master version" first, making sure it works and then proceeding to the other versions. For Black Flag, the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 version was the master, before the team adapted it to the other consoles.[44]

text: On October 31, 2013 Ubisoft announced that the Uplay Passport requirement would be removed from Assassin's Creed IV and all future games. Uplay Passport came with all new copies of the game and was required for accessing multiplayer and Edward's Fleet minigame. Owners of used copies could download Uplay Passport for a fee before the removal.[45][46]

text: A Japanese manga adaptation of the game, written by Takashi Yano and illustrated by Kenji Oiwa, began serialization in Shueisha's Jump X magazine on August 10, 2013.[47] The manga however contradicts many parts of the game's actual storyline, despite the manga being an adaptation of the game.

text: Downloadable content[edit]

text: On October 8, 2013, Ubisoft announced that a Season Pass would be available for purchase at the launch of the game on PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360, Xbox One and PC, and would include the Freedom Cry single-player missions, Kraken Ship pack featuring elements to personalize the Jackdaw, as well as additional single-player and multiplayer elements.[48]

text: Freedom Cry sees the player take on the role of Adéwalé, a freed slave from Trinidad who became Edward Kenway's Quartermaster, and later a member of the Assassin Order. The story mode takes place 20 years after the events of Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag where Adéwalé has become a trained assassin with the Order and finds himself shipwrecked in Saint-Domingue, where he comes face-to-face with some of the most brutal slavery in the West Indies. The DLC is written by Jill Murray, who wrote Liberation and the Aveline content for Black Flag.[49] In February 2014, it was announced that Freedom Cry would be released as a standalone title on the PlayStation 4 and PlayStation 3 on February 18, 2014 for North America and February 19, 2014 for Europe. It was released for the PC on February 25, 2014.[50]

text: Blackbeard's Wrath allows the player to play any one of three new characters in Black Flag's multiplayer mode. These characters include Blackbeard, The Jaguar and The Orchid. This DLC is free with the Season Pass.[51]

text: Guild of Rogues adds three new characters to the multiplayer mode. These characters are The Shaman, The Siren and The Stowaway. It was not released for the Wii U.[52]

text: The PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 releases both contain an exclusive DLC, "Aveline". As an exception it is available on PC in the Uplay Digital Deluxe Edition and Jackdaw Edition only.

text: A Game of The Year Edition, called the Jackdaw Edition, was released only on the Xbox One, PlayStation 4 and PC. It includes all available downloadable content.

text: Reception[edit]

text:
Reception

Aggregate score

Aggregator
Score

Metacritic
(PS3) 88/100[53]
(WIIU) 86/100[54]
(X360) 86/100[55]
(PS4) 83/100[56]
(PC) 84/100[57]

Review scores

Publication
Score

CVG
9/10[58]

Edge
9/10[59]

EGM
9.5/10[60]

Eurogamer
9/10[61]

Famitsu
37/40[62]

Game Informer
8.25/10[63]

GameSpot
9/10[64]

Giant Bomb
[65]

IGN
8.5/10[66]

Joystiq
[67]

OPM (UK)
8/10[68]

OXM (US)
9.0/10[69]

PC Gamer (UK)
90%[70]

VideoGamer.com
7/10[71]

The Escapist
[72]

text: Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag received "generally favorable" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic, with critics praising the open world gameplay, side-quests, graphics and naval combat. In November 2013, Hardcore Gamer ranked Black Flag as the 70th greatest game of the seventh generation era.[73]

text: Black Flag was generally praised as superior to Assassin's Creed III,[67][71] with Game Informer's Joe Juba noting that Ubisoft responded to criticisms the previous game faced and rectified them.[63] CVG's Matt Gilman called the game "a return to form for the franchise,"[58] while Mikel Reparaz of Official Xbox Magazine stated that "After weathering the somewhat diminishing returns of Revelations and ACIII, Black Flag is exactly the shot in the arm Assassin's Creed needed."[69] Two days after its release, IGN ranked Black Flag as the 2nd best game in the Assassin's Creed series, only behind Assassin's Creed II.[74]

text: Several reviewers directed heavy acclaim to the game's open world structure, with the Edge staff declaring that Black Flag "sets new benchmarks not only for Ubisoft's series but for open-world gaming."[59] Eurogamer's Tom Bramwell called the open world gameplay "a surprising breath of fresh sea air,"[61] with Gilman stating it "revitalizes the series."[58] The large scale of the open world was praised,[66] with Greg Tito of The Escapist saying that the game "opens up the whole Caribbean."[72] Reviewers also praised the game's side-quests and collectibles,[58] as it actively encouraged the player to explore the open world,[61][66] with GameSpot's Shaun McInnis saying that "Black Flag presents a world full of adventure and opportunity and full of reasons to go exploring."[64] The side-quests were generally agreed to be superior to the main missions,[60][63] with IGN's Marty Sliva stating that "Black Flag is at its best [when you] set out in search of your own fun."[66] The assassination side-missions were particularly praised.[63][70] The seamless exploration between ship, land, and sea without loading was also praised.[64][70]

text: The graphics were also widely acclaimed. The Edge staff stated that "From a graphical standpoint, Black Flag's world is built to amaze regardless of which console generation you're playing it on."[59] Reviewers praised the game's open world as "beautiful" and "gorgeous;"[58][64] Sliva called Black Flag "one of the best looking games of 2013."[66] The game's level of detail was also acclaimed,[60] with the open world's water, rain and sea, being cited as "amazing" to look at.[58][63]

text: The game's naval combat system drew much praise. Reviewers noted that the naval combat was Assassin's Creed III's best feature, and consequently praised Black Flag for improving on it.[59] Tito explained that, while Assassin's Creed III's naval missions were linear and limited, Black Flag offered the player much greater freedom by allowing them to explore, fight or sail whenever they wanted.[72] McInnis said that the game "places a huge emphasis on naval combat," and stated that it "builds on ACIII's naval side missions to create an experience every bit as important as running around on dry land."[64] The naval combat received praise for its additions of boarding ships and attacking forts,[72] as well as the seamless transitions between ship and sword gameplay,[64][70] with Tito calling it "a great dual system that rewards both skill in naval combat, and [in] pirate action."[72]

text: The stealth in the game was praised for being more flexible than previous games by allowing the player more options to accomplish their goals.[58][64] The Edge staff said that "Stealth games are only as good as the flexibility of their encounters, and in that regard Black Flag is the most generous Assassin's Creed game to date."[59] However, some also criticized the stealth for being frustrating,[63] due to its clunky and poorly defined controls.[61][71] Reviewers noted that fighting as Edward was similar to previous games,[68] with some criticizing it for being monotonous,[61] too easy,[58] and lacking nuance.[72] However, it was also praised for being "an effective and violent power trip,"[70] and for being "fluid and lively."[64] Some also complained about the enemy A.I. for lacking intelligence.[68][70][71] The simplified crafting system was praised for improving over Assassin's Creed III's,[64][69] with reviewers noting it took inspiration from Far Cry 3.[59][70]

text: The story received a positive response overall. Reparaz praised it as "engrossing" and one of the Assassin's Creed series' best. Reparaz and McInnis also complimented the characters, and praised the way the story explores the human side of pirates, painting them in a sympathetic and relatable light.[64][69] Bramwell felt that the story "flourishes," particularly praising the supporting characters and Edward's character arc.[61] PlayStation Official Magazine's Joel Gregory felt that Black Flag's storyline was nothing unique for the series, though he praised the characters as "far more interesting, more likeable, and more varied" than previous games.[68] While he praised the story's first half, Gilman was more critical of the latter half, adding that its flawed pacing and structure resulted in player apathy towards the characters.[58] Both Sliva and Juba also criticized the main story,[66] with Juba complaining about its lack of purpose, or a compelling antagonist, and felt that most of the supporting characters were underdeveloped.[63]

text: The story missions had a mixed reception. Reparaz, who gave the game high praise, felt that they were the weakest aspect of Black Flag.[69] Juba and VideoGamer.com's Steven Burns both felt that most of the story missions were extremely repetitive and were tediously tiring.[63][71] Tito, however, felt that they were varied, and that the frustrating portions compensated by being challenging.[72] One particular aspect that received heavy criticism from most reviewers were the eavesdropping and tailing missions,[59][61][63][64][69][71][72] with several noting that these problems should have been fixed or removed entirely from the series.[58][68] The tailing objectives were also extended to ship/sea missions, with reviewers also criticizing this form of naval stealth.[59][67] The game's pacing and opening were praised, as it introduced the pirate gameplay without the need of an overly long tutorial,[60][66][70] with Juba noting it an improvement over Assassin's Creed III.[63]

text: Several reviewers labelled Black Flag a more pirate game than it is an Assassin's Creed one, due to its heavy focusing on pirating in gameplay, story, and characters.[59][67][68][70] Reviewers felt that it was better for the game; they praised Black Flag's more light-hearted fare and tone compared to previous games,[59][66][71] while also believing the game wisely avoided the usual convoluted Assassin's plot in favor of a simplistic pirate story.[66][70] Gilman stated that "Black Flag is a better pirate game than it is an assassin game,"[58] with PC Gamer's Tom Senior remarking that "Black Flag doesn't really want to be an Assassin's Creed game, and [...] that is a welcome move."[70] Reparaz called it the greatest pirate game he had ever played,[69] while Electronic Gaming Monthly's Ray Carsillo declared Black Flag to be "probably the best pirate simulation in gaming history."[60] Tito stated that Black Flag's gameplay reminded him more of a 3D version of Sid Meier's Pirates! than any Assassin's Creed game.[72] Edward Kenway's character as a self-motivated pirate rather than an Assassin was also praised by most.[61][64][66][71] Sliva believed that Edward's character was a "refreshing change of pace from a series that had started to take itself a bit too seriously,"[66] while he and Gilman stated that Edward was a "livelier" and more "palatable" protagonist than Assassin's Creed III's Connor.[58][66]

text: In December 2015, Game Informer ranked the game as the fifth best game in the Assassin's Creed series to date.[75]

text: Sales[edit]

text: During the first week of sales in the United Kingdom, Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag became the best-selling game on all available formats, ahead of Battlefield 4.[76] However, the game's opening week sales were 60% down compared to 2012's Assassin's Creed III. Ubisoft blamed the fall in demand on uncertainty caused by the upcoming transition to eighth generation consoles.[77] According to NPD Group figures, Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag was the third best-selling game of November 2013 in the United States, only behind Call of Duty: Ghosts and Battlefield 4.[78] In May 2014, Ubisoft announced that the game had shipped over 11 million copies.[79]

text: Awards[edit]

text: Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag has received Game of the Year nominations from media outlets Cheat Code Central,[80] GameSpot,[81] and the Inside Gaming Awards,[82] It won the Spike VGX 2013 award for Best Action Adventure Game,[83] and the GameSpot awards for PS4 Game of the Year and Xbox One Game of the Year.[84][85]

text:
[show]List of notable awards and nominations for Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag

Year
Award
Category
Result
Ref.

2013
5th Annual Inside Gaming Awards
Game of the Year
Nominated
[82]

Best Story
Nominated

Gamers' Choice
Nominated

Cheat Code Central's 7th Annual Cody Awards
Game of the Year
Nominated
[86]

Studio of the Year (Ubisoft Montreal)
Nominated
[87]

Best Graphics
Nominated
[88]

Best Action/Adventure Game
Nominated
[89]

Spike VGX 2013
Best Action Adventure Game
Won
[83]

Game Revolution's Best of 2013 Awards
Best Action-Adventure Game
Won
[90]

Best Publisher (Ubisoft)
Nominated
[91]

GameSpot's Game of the Year 2013 Awards
PS4 Game of the Year
Won
[84]

Xbox One Game of the Year
Won
[85]

Game of the Year
Nominated
[81]

PS3 Game of the Year
Nominated
[92]

Xbox 360 Game of the Year
Nominated
[93]

Hardcore Gamer's Game of the Year Awards 2013
Best Adventure Game
Won
[94]

The Sequel of Sequels
Won
[95]

Game of the Year
Nominated
[96]

Best Multiplatform Game
Nominated
[97]

Best Multiplayer
Nominated
[98]

Best New Character (Edward Kenway)
Nominated
[99]

Best Technical Graphics
Nominated
[100]

Destructoid's Best of 2013
Best Multiplatform Game
Nominated
[101]

Best Action Game
Nominated
[102]

Best Competitive Game
Nominated
[103]

Giant Bomb's 2013 Game of the Year Awards
Best Surprise
Won
[104]

Best Game
Nominated
[105]

13th Annual National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards
Art Direction, Period Influence
Nominated
[106]

Character Design
Won

Costume Design
Won

Game Design, Franchise
Nominated

Graphics, Technical
Nominated

Game, Franchise Adventure
Nominated

2014
GameTrailers Game of the Year Awards 2013
Game of the Year
Nominated
[107]

Best Multiplatform Game
Nominated

Best Action/Adventure Game
Nominated

IGN's Best of 2013
Best PS4 Multiplayer Game
Won
[108]

Xbox One Game of the Year
Won
[109]

Best Xbox One Action-Adventure Game
Won
[110]

Best Xbox One Story
Won
[111]

Best Wii U Action-Adventure Game
Won
[112]

Best Wii U Sound
Won
[113]

Best Overall Action-Adventure Game
Nominated
[114]

Best Overall Music
Nominated
[115]

Best PC Action-Adventure Game
Nominated
[116]

Best PS3 Action-Adventure Game
Nominated
[117]

Best PS3 Sound
Nominated
[118]

Best PS3 Story
Nominated
[119]

PS4 Game of the Year
Nominated
[120]

Best Xbox 360 Action-Adventure Game
Nominated
[121]

Best Xbox 360 Sound
Nominated
[122]

Best Xbox 360 Story
Nominated
[123]

Best Xbox One Sound
Nominated
[124]

Wii U Game of the Year
Nominated
[125]

Best Wii U Multiplayer Game
Nominated
[126]

Best Wii U Music
Nominated
[127]

The Escapist Awards 2013
Game of the Year
Nominated
[128]

Best Action-Adventure Game
Nominated
[129]

Official Xbox Magazine's Game of the Year Awards 2013
Best Action Game
Won
[130]

Game of the Year
Nominated
[131]

66th Writers Guild of America Awards
Outstanding Achievement in Videogame Writing
(Story by Darby McDevitt, Mustapha Mahrach, Jean Guesdon; Lead Scriptwriter Darby McDevitt;
Scriptwriter Jill Murray; AI Scriptwriter Nicholas Grimwood; Scriptwriter Singapore Mark Llabres Hill)
Nominated
[132]

17th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards
Game of the Year
Nominated
[133]

Adventure Game of the Year
Nominated

Outstanding Achievement in Animation
Nominated

Outstanding Achievement in Gameplay Engineering
Nominated

Outstanding Achievement in Visual Engineering
Nominated

10th BAFTA Video Games Awards
Best Game
Nominated

Action/Adventure
Nominated

Game Design
Nominated

Music
Nominated

14th Annual Game Developers Choice Awards
Best Technology
Nominated
[134]

32nd Golden Joystick Awards
Best Visual Design
Won
[135][136]

Studio of the Year (Ubisoft Montreal)
Won

Best Audio
Won

Best Gaming Moment (Sea shanties)
Nominated

Game of the Year
Nominated

text: PETA criticism[edit]

text: The People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), an animal rights organisation criticised Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag for the usage of harpoons and "glorification" of whaling. The organisation said it was disgraceful that the video game industry didn’t condemn the addition.[137] Ubisoft responded to the claims by saying that Assassin's Creed's is based on history and is a "work of fiction which depicts real events during the Golden Era of Pirates". Ubisoft claimed they do not condone whaling, along with other mechanics and features in the 4th installment in the series.[138]

text: PETA has had a history of criticising video games, some of the notable cases being Mario and Pokémon.[139]

text: Series continuation[edit]

text: Assassin's Creed Unity, set in Paris on the eve of the French Revolution,[140] was released worldwide on PlayStation 4, Xbox One and Windows on November 11, 2014.[141]

text: Additionally, Assassin's Creed Rogue is the sequel to Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag and the prequel to both Unity and III, following Shay Cormac, an Assassin-turned-Templar who hunts members of the Assassin order. Taking place in North America during the Seven Years' War, the game was released worldwide on PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on November 11, 2014.[142]

text: Other data[edit]

text: In November 2013 the video game company of Ubisoft financed the exhumation of the remains of the Spanish corsair Amaro Pargo to reconstruct his face for its possible appearance in Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag. For the first time in history,[143] a company in the video game industry exhumed the remains of a historical character in a pioneering campaign that got the attention of national and international media. In addition, this exhumation had important discoveries on the physiognomy of this mythical corsair.[144]


document_title: List of countries by oil imports

question_text: largest importer of crude oil in the world

root

text: List of countries by oil imports

text: This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2017)

tag: table

text: This is a list of countries by oil imports based on The World Factbook [1] and other sources.[1] Many countries also export oil, and some export more oil than they import.

tag: p

text: Countries[edit]

text:
Crude Oil Import by Country[2]

Rank
Country/Region
Crude Oil - Imports
(bbl/day - est.)
Year of
Information

-
 European Union
11,658,750
2010

1
 United States
9,080,000
2013

2
 China
6,167,000
2014

3
 India
3,812,000
2013

4
 Japan
3,441,000
2014

5
 South Korea
2,949,000
2014

6
 Germany
1,830,000
2013

7
 Philippines
1,503,000
2014

8
 Italy
1,346,000
2013

9
 Spain
1,224,000
2013

10
 United Kingdom
1,221,000
2013

11
 Netherlands
1,204,000
2013

12
 France
1,129,000
2013

13
 Singapore
976,100
2012

14
 Thailand
898,000
2012

15
 Taiwan
841,300
2015

16
 Canada
700,000
2014

17
 Belgium
618,400
2013

18
 Greece
468,000
2013

19
 Poland
467,400
2013

20
 Australia
461,900
2013

21
 Belarus
433,400
2012

22
 South Africa
414,000
2013

23
 Indonesia
391,800
2012

24
 Turkey
379,600
2013

25
 Pakistan
372,800
2013

26
 Sweden
352,300
2013

27
 Brazil
344,900
2012

28
 Portugal
282,400
2013

29
 Israel
275,600
2013

30
 Bahrain
243,300
2012

31
 Finland
236,000
2013

32
 Aruba
229,000
2012

33
 Malaysia
200,200
2012

34
 Chile
186,900
2013

35
 Lithuania
181,900
2012

36
 Austria
173,900
2014

37
 Cuba
160,000
2013

38
 Morocco
148,500
2012

39
 Czech Republic
131,300
2013

40
 Bulgaria
128,100
2012

41
 Kazakhstan
118,400
2012

42
 Slovakia
117,600
2013

43
 Hungary
115,300
2013

44
 Peru
110,600
2012

45
 Romania
104,900
2012

46
  Switzerland
101,400
2013

47
 New Zealand
101,200
2013

48
 Denmark
99,690
2013

49
 Egypt
80,000
2013

50
 Côte d'Ivoire
72,860
2012

51
 North Korea
70,000
2013

52
 Ireland
66,490
2013

53
 Jordan
59,440
2013

54
 Trinidad and Tobago
59,180
2012

55
 Uruguay
40,880
2012

56
 Croatia
37,300
2014

57
 Norway
37,080
2013

58
 Ukraine
33,020
2012

59
 Sri Lanka
32,520
2012

60
 Cameroon
31,960
2012

61
 Serbia
31,730
2014

62
 Russia
29,650
2014

63
 Iran
28,140
2012

64
 Dominican Republic
26,500
2012

65
 Bangladesh
25,320
2012

66
 Ghana
24,200
2012

67
 Jamaica
24,160
2012

68
 Tunisia
22,120
2012

69
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
20,040
2012

70
 Kenya
19,830
2012

71
 Senegal
15,560
2012

72
 Papua New Guinea
14,880
2012

73
 Zambia
14,340
2012

74
 Nicaragua
13,580
2014

75
 El Salvador
9,940
2012

76
 Mexico
9,884
2013

77
 Algeria
5,900
2012

78
 U.S. Virgin Islands
4,493
2012

79
 Albania
3,440
2012

80
 Uzbekistan
340
2012

81
 Macedonia
146
2014

82
 Latvia
140
2012

83
 Argentina
100
2012

84
 Myanmar
40
2012


document_title: Ronnie Burns (actor)

question_text: who plays ronnie on the burns and allen show

text: Ronnie Burns (actor)

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Ronnie Burns
With actress Jacqueline Beer from the Burns and Allen television show, 1956.Born
Ronald Jon Burns (name given after adoption)(1935-07-09)July 9, 1935Evanston, Illinois, U.S.Died
November 14, 2007(2007-11-14) (aged 72)Pacific Palisades, California, U.S.Occupation
ActorYears active
1950–61Spouse(s)
Peggy Lyon (m. 1965; div. 1972)Janice Powell (m. 1977)Children
3Parent(s)
George Burns  Gracie Allen

text: Ronald Jon "Ronnie" Burns (July 9, 1935 – November 14, 2007) was an American television actor. He is primarily remembered as the son of comedians George Burns and Gracie Allen and a regular cast member of The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show (1950–58) on CBS.

text: Biography[edit]

text: Born in Evanston, Illinois,[1] Ronnie Burns was five weeks old when he was adopted in Chicago September 27, 1935, by George Burns and Gracie Allen. His older sister, Sandra Jean, had been adopted the year before and was then 13 months old.[2] According to George Burns, Ronnie had been the most sickly baby up for adoption from the agency, and Gracie chose him because she particularly felt he needed their help.[3]

text: On October 10, 1955, Burns joined the cast of the CBS television series, The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show,[4] playing himself but cast as a novice actor and college student studying drama who tended to look askance at his parents' comedy style. He first appeared on the show on October 18, 1954 as the bridesgroom on the episode "Gracie Gives a Wedding in Payment of a Favor" (Season 5, Episode 3). Upon joining the show full-time, numerous episodes revolved around the fictional Ronnie Burns' dating and social life.  His good looks and popularity helped the show gain the attention of younger viewers in its final years.  Later he appeared on The George Burns Show (1958–59), a short-lived series produced after his mother retired from show business.[5]:281

text: Burns starred in the 1960–61 NBC comedy series Happy, in which he and Yvonne Lime Fedderson played Chris and Sally Day, the parents of a talking baby. He played the manager of the Palm Desert Hotel in Palm Springs. Lloyd Corrigan, Doris Packer, and Burt Metcalfe had supporting roles.[5]:311

text: He made an uncredited appearance as Wallace on the "Young at Heart" episode of The Honeymooners, which featured Ralph Kramden (Jackie Gleason) trying to roller skate with disastrous results. Burns made a cameo appearance on Bachelor Father starring John Forsythe.

text: Never comfortable with celebrity,[1] Burns left acting. He produced a situation comedy, Wendy and Me (1964–65), in which his father starred.[5]:815 He then went into real estate investment and raised horses at a ranch he owned in Santa Ynez, California.[1]

text: Ronnie Burns died November 14, 2007, of cancer, at his Pacific Palisades home.[1]


document_title: List of Los Angeles Rams starting quarterbacks

question_text: who's the starting quarterback for the la rams

question_tokens: who 's the starting quarterback for the la rams

text:
NFL lists

Current season[show]

2017 season.

Quarterbacks[show]

Starting quarterbacks
by touchdowns / touchdowns (playoffs) /
yardage / 5000 yard seasons / completion

by team
BUF
MIA
NE
NYJ

BAL
CIN
CLE
PIT

HOU
IND
JAX
TEN

DEN
KC
LAC
OAK

DAL
NYG
PHI
WAS

CHI
DET
GB
MIN

ATL
CAR
NO
TB

ARI
LAR
SF
SEA

Most wins
Playoff records

Most consecutive starts

Most consecutive games
with touchdown pass

Win–loss records 2012

Wide Receivers[show]

keep this

Other lists[show]

Most consecutive starts
(and games played)

Brett Favre's
career achievements

Peyton Manning's
career achievements

v
t
e

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: These quarterbacks have started at least one game for the Los Angeles Rams of the National Football League. The Rams were formerly known as the St. Louis Rams and the Cleveland Rams. The players are listed in order of the date of each player's first start at quarterback for the Rams.

text: Regular season[edit]

text: The number of games they started during the season is listed to the right:

text:
Season(s)
Quarterback(s)

Los Angeles Rams 2016–present

2017
Jared Goff (13)

2016
Case Keenum (9) /Jared Goff (7)

St. Louis Rams 1995–2015

2015
Nick Foles (11) / Case Keenum (5)

2014
Austin Davis (8) / Shaun Hill (8)

2013
Kellen Clemens (9) / Sam Bradford (7)

2012
Sam Bradford (16)

2011
Sam Bradford (10) / A. J. Feeley (3) / Kellen Clemens (3)

2010
Sam Bradford (16)

2009
Marc Bulger (8) / Kyle Boller (4) / Keith Null (4)

2008
Marc Bulger (15) / Trent Green (1)

2007
Marc Bulger (12) / Gus Frerotte (3) / Brock Berlin (1)

2006
Marc Bulger (16)

2005
Marc Bulger (8) / Jamie Martin (5) / Ryan Fitzpatrick (3)

2004
Marc Bulger (14) / Chris Chandler (2)

2003
Marc Bulger (15) / Kurt Warner (1)

2002
Marc Bulger (7) / Kurt Warner (6) / Jamie Martin (2) / Scott Covington (1)

2001
Kurt Warner (16)

2000
Kurt Warner (11) / Trent Green (5)

1999
Kurt Warner (16)

1998
Tony Banks (14) / Steve Bono (2)

1997
Tony Banks (16)

1996
Tony Banks (13) / Steve Walsh (3)

1995
Chris Miller (13) / Mark Rypien (3)

Los Angeles Rams 1946–1994

1994
Chris Miller (10) / Chris Chandler (6)

1993
Jim Everett (9) / T.J. Rubley (7)

1992
Jim Everett (16)

1991
Jim Everett (16)

1990
Jim Everett (16)

1989
Jim Everett (16)

1988
Jim Everett (16)

1987
Jim Everett (11) / Steve Dils (4)

1986
Steve Bartkowski (6) / Jim Everett (5) / Steve Dils (5)

1985
Dieter Brock (15) / Jeff Kemp (1)

1984
Jeff Kemp (13) / Vince Ferragamo (3)

1983
Vince Ferragamo (16)

1982
Vince Ferragamo (5) / Bert Jones (4)

1981
Pat Haden (11) / Dan Pastorini (5)

1980
Vince Ferragamo (15) / Pat Haden (1)

1979
Pat Haden (10) / Vince Ferragamo (5) / Jeff Rutledge (1)

1978
Pat Haden (16)

1977
Pat Haden (10) / Joe Namath (4)

1976
Pat Haden (7) / James Harris (5) / Ron Jaworski (2)

1975
James Harris (13) / Ron Jaworski (1)

1974
James Harris (9) / John Hadl (5)

1973
John Hadl (14)

1972
Roman Gabriel (12) / Pete Beathard (2)

1971
Roman Gabriel (14)

1970
Roman Gabriel (14)

1969
Roman Gabriel (14)

1968
Roman Gabriel (14)

1967
Roman Gabriel (14)

1966
Roman Gabriel (14)

1965
Bill Munson (10) / Roman Gabriel (4)

1964
Bill Munson (8) / Roman Gabriel (6)

1963
Roman Gabriel (9) / Zeke Bratkowski (4) / Terry Baker (1)

1962
Zeke Bratkowski (9) / Roman Gabriel (4) / Ron Miller (1)

1961
Zeke Bratkowski (11) / / Frank Ryan (3)

1960
Billy Wade (6) / Frank Ryan (5) / Buddy Humphrey (1)

1959
Billy Wade (9) / Frank Ryan (3)

1958
Billy Wade (12)

1957
Norm Van Brocklin (12)

1956
Billy Wade (8) / Norm Van Brocklin (4)

1955
Norm Van Brocklin (12)

1954
Norm Van Brocklin (11) / Billy Wade (1)

1953
Norm Van Brocklin (12)

1952
Bob Waterfield (6) / Norm Van Brocklin (6)

1951
Bob Waterfield (10) / Norm Van Brocklin (2)

1950
Bob Waterfield (6) / Norm Van Brocklin (6)

1949
Bob Waterfield (11)

1948
Bob Waterfield (8) / Jim Hardy (3)

1947
Bob Waterfield (8)

1946
Bob Waterfield

Cleveland Rams 1937–1945

1945
Bob Waterfield

1944
Albie Reisz

1943
no team due to World War II

1942
Parker Hall / Jack Jacobs

1941
Parker Hall

1940
Parker Hall

1939
Parker Hall

1938
Bob Snyder

1937
Bob Snyder


document_title: Once Upon a Time in the West

question_text: who killed cheyenne in once upon a time in the west

text: Once Upon a Time in the West

text: Plot[edit]

text: The film portrays two conflicts that take place around Flagstone, a fictional town in the American Old West: a land battle related to construction of a railroad, and a mission of vengeance against a cold-blooded killer. A struggle exists for Sweetwater, a piece of land near Flagstone containing the region's only water source. The land was bought by Brett McBain (Frank Wolff), who foresaw that the railroad would have to pass through that area to provide water for the steam locomotives. When crippled railroad tycoon Morton (Gabriele Ferzetti) learns of this, he sends his hired gun Frank (Henry Fonda) to intimidate McBain to move off the land, but Frank instead kills McBain and his three children, planting evidence to frame the bandit Cheyenne (Jason Robards). It appears the land has no owner; however, a former prostitute (Claudia Cardinale) arrives from New Orleans, revealing she is Jill McBain, Brett's new wife and the owner of the land.

text: Meanwhile, a mysterious harmonica-playing gunman (Charles Bronson), whom Cheyenne later dubs "Harmonica", pursues Frank. In the film's opening scene, Harmonica kills three men sent by Frank to kill him. In a roadhouse on the way to Sweetwater, he informs Cheyenne that the three gunfighters appeared to be posing as Cheyenne's men.

text: Back at Sweetwater, construction materials are delivered to build a railroad station and a small town. Harmonica explains that Jill will lose Sweetwater unless the station is built by the time the track's construction crews reach that point, so Cheyenne puts his men to work building it.

text: Frank turns against Morton, who wanted to make a deal with Jill; Morton's disability makes him unable to fight back. After raping Jill, Frank forces her to sell the property in an auction. He tries to buy the farm cheaply by intimidating the other bidders, but Harmonica arrives, holding Cheyenne at gunpoint and makes a much higher bid based on his reward money for delivering Cheyenne to the authorities. Harmonica rebuffs an offer by Frank to buy the farm from him for one dollar more than he paid at the auction. As Cheyenne is placed on a train bound for the Yuma prison, two members of his gang purchase one-way tickets for the train, intending to help him escape.

text: Frank's men betray and ambush him, having been paid by Morton to turn against him, but—much to Jill's outrage—Harmonica helps Frank kill them, intending to kill Frank himself. Frank returns to Morton, only to find that he and the rest of Frank's men have been killed in a battle with Cheyenne's gang. Frank then goes to Sweetwater to confront Harmonica. On two occasions, Frank has asked Harmonica who he is, but both times Harmonica refused to answer him. Instead, he mysteriously quoted names of men Frank has murdered. This time, Harmonica says he will reveal who he is "only at the point of dying". The two men position themselves for a gun duel, at which point Harmonica's motive for revenge is revealed in a flashback:

text: A younger Frank, already a cruel bandit, is forcing a boy to support on his shoulders his older brother, whose neck is in a noose strung from an arch. As the boy struggles to hold his brother's weight, Frank stuffs a harmonica into the boy's mouth and tells him to play. The older brother curses Frank and kicks his young brother away and dies. The boy (Harmonica) collapses onto the ground clutching the harmonica in his mouth.

text: Harmonica draws first and shoots Frank. As he lies dying, Frank again asks who he is, and Harmonica stuffs his harmonica into Frank's mouth, like Frank did to him when he was a child. Frank suddenly remembers Harmonica as a boy, collapses to the ground clutching the harmonica in his mouth and dies. Harmonica and Cheyenne say goodbye to Jill, who is supervising construction of the railway station as the track-laying crews reach Sweetwater. Cheyenne collapses, revealing that he was mortally wounded by Morton during the fight with Frank's gang. As the work train arrives, Jill carries water to the rail workers, while Harmonica rides away with Cheyenne's dead body.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Claudia Cardinale as Jill McBain
Henry Fonda as Frank
Jason Robards as Manuel "Cheyenne" Gutiérrez
Charles Bronson as "Harmonica"
Gabriele Ferzetti as Mr. Morton
Paolo Stoppa as Sam, the Coachman
Marco Zuanelli as Wobbles
Keenan Wynn as the Sheriff of Flagstone
Frank Wolff as Brett McBain
Lionel Stander as the barman
Woody Strode as Stony, first gunman
Jack Elam as Snaky, second gunman
Al Mulock as Knuckles, third gunman
Enzo Santaniello as Timmy McBain
Simonetta Santaniello as Maureen McBain
Stefano Imparato as Patrick McBain
Antonio Palombi as the old Stationmaster
Claudio Mancini as "Harmonica"'s brother
David Ray Yazzie as young "Harmonica"
Michael Harvey as Frank's Lieutenant
Benito Stefanelli as Frank's Lieutenant
Aldo Sambrell as Cheyenne's Lieutenant

tag: ul

text: With the death of Gabriele Ferzetti in 2015,[8] Claudia Cardinale is the sole surviving member of the film's main cast.

text: Production[edit]

text: Origins[edit]

text: After making his American Civil War epic The Good, the Bad and the Ugly, Leone had intended to retire from making Westerns, believing he had said all he wanted to say. He had come across the novel The Hoods by the pseudonymous "Harry Grey", an autobiographical book based on the author's own experiences as a Jewish hood during Prohibition, and planned to adapt it into a film (this would eventually, seventeen years later, become his final film, Once Upon a Time in America). Leone though was offered only Westerns by the Hollywood studios. United Artists (who had produced the Dollars Trilogy) offered him the opportunity to make a film starring Charlton Heston, Kirk Douglas and Rock Hudson, but Leone refused. However, when Paramount offered Leone a generous budget along with access to Henry Fonda—his favorite actor, and one whom he had wanted to work with for virtually all of his career—Leone accepted the offer.

text: Leone commissioned Bernardo Bertolucci and Dario Argento—both of whom were film critics before becoming directors—to help him develop the film in late 1966. The men spent much of the following year watching and discussing numerous classic Westerns such as High Noon, The Iron Horse, The Comancheros, and The Searchers at Leone's house, and constructed a story made up almost entirely of "references" to American Westerns.

text: Ever since The Good, the Bad and the Ugly, which originally ran for three hours, Leone's films were usually cut (often quite dramatically) for box office release. Leone was very conscious of the length of Once Upon a Time in the West during filming and later commissioned Sergio Donati, who had worked on several of Leone's other films, to help him refine the screenplay, largely to curb the length of the film towards the end of production. Many of the film's most memorable lines of dialogue came from Donati, or from the film's English dialogue adapter, expatriate American actor Mickey Knox.[9]

text: Style and pacing[edit]

text: For Once Upon a Time in the West, Leone changed his approach over his earlier Westerns. Whereas the "Dollars" films were quirky and up-tempo, a celebratory yet tongue-in-cheek parody of the icons of the Wild West, this film is much slower in pace and sombre in theme. Leone's distinctive style, which is very different from, but very much influenced by, Akira Kurosawa's Sanshiro Sugata (1943), is still present but has been modified for the beginning of Leone's second trilogy, the so-called Once Upon a Time Trilogy. The characters in this film are also beginning to change markedly over their predecessors in the Dollars Trilogy. They are not quite as defined and, unusual for Leone characters up to this point, they begin to change (or at least attempt to) over the course of the story. This signals the start of the second phase of Leone's style, which would be further developed in Duck, You Sucker! and Once Upon a Time in America.

text: The film features long, slow scenes in which there is very little dialogue and little happens, broken by brief and sudden violence. Leone was far more interested in the rituals preceding violence than in the violence itself. The tone of the film is consistent with the arid semi-desert in which the story unfolds, and imbues it with a feeling of realism that contrasts with the elaborately choreographed gunplay.

text: Sergio Leone liked to tell the story of a cinema in Paris where the film ran uninterrupted for two years. When he visited this theatre, he was surrounded by fans who wanted his autograph, as well as the projectionist, who was less than enthusiastic. Leone claimed the projectionist told him "I kill you! The same movie over and over again for two years! And it's so SLOW!"[10]

text: Locations[edit]

text: Most of the film was shot in Cinecittà studios, Rome. The brick arch where Bronson's character flashbacks to his youth and the original lynching incident was built near a small airport fifteen miles north of Monument Valley, in Utah and two miles from U.S. Route 163 (which links Gouldings Lodge and Mexican Hat). The opening sequence with the three gunmen meeting the train was one of the sequences filmed in Spain. Shooting for scenes at Cattle Corner Station, as the location was called in the story, was scheduled for four days and was filmed at the 'ghost' train station in the municipality of La Calahorra, county of Gaudix, near Guadix, in the Province of Granada, Spain, as were the scenes of Flagstone, and shooting for the scenes in the middle of the railway were filmed along the Guadix - Hernan Valle railway line.[11][12][13]

text: Casting[edit]

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Fonda did not accept Leone's first offer to play Frank, so Leone flew to New York to convince him, telling him: "Picture this: the camera shows a gunman from the waist down pulling his gun and shooting a running child. The camera tilts up to the gunman's face and...it's Henry Fonda." After meeting with Leone, Fonda called his friend Eli Wallach, who had co-starred in The Good, the Bad and the Ugly. Wallach advised Fonda to do the film, telling him "You will have the time of your life."

text: When he accepted the role, Fonda came to the set with brown contacts and facial hair. Fonda felt having dark eyes and facial hair would blend well with his character's evil and also help the audience to accept this "new" Fonda as the bad guy, but Leone immediately told him to remove the contacts and facial hair. Leone felt that Fonda's blue eyes best reflected the cold, icy nature of the killer. It was one of the first times in a Western film where the villain would be played by the lead actor.

text: Leone originally offered the role of Harmonica to Clint Eastwood; when he turned it down, Leone hired Charles Bronson who had originally been offered and turned down the part of the Man with No Name in A Fistful of Dollars. James Coburn was also approached for Harmonica, but demanded too much money.

text: Robert Ryan was offered the role of the Sheriff played by Keenan Wynn. Ryan initially accepted, but backed out after being given a larger role in Sam Peckinpah's The Wild Bunch.

text: Enrico Maria Salerno and Robert Hossein were both offered the role of Morton before Gabriele Ferzetti was cast; Hossein had accepted, but had to drop out for a theatre commitment. Ferzetti, who considers it one of his best roles, referred to his casting as "Fate, Destiny" in an interview for the DVD release.

text: Actor Al Mulock (featured as Knuckles in the opening train sequence, as well as in Leone's The Good, the Bad and the Ugly) committed suicide during shooting of the film by leaping from his Guadix hotel room in full costume. Frank Wolff, the actor who plays McBain, also committed suicide in a Rome hotel in 1971.

text: Following the film's completion, Once Upon a Time in the West was dubbed into several languages, including Italian, French, German, Spanish and English. For the English dub, the voices of much of the American cast, including Fonda, Bronson, Jason Robards, Jack Elam, Wynn, Wolff and Lionel Stander, were used. However, the rest of the cast had to be dubbed by other actors, including Ferzetti, who was dubbed by actor Bernard Grant (who is believed to have voiced Gian Maria Volontè and Aldo Giuffrè in the Dollars Trilogy), and Claudia Cardinale, who was voiced by Grant's wife, Joyce Gordon.[14]

text: Music[edit]

text: The music was written by composer Ennio Morricone, Leone's regular collaborator, who wrote the score under Leone's direction before filming began. As in The Good, the Bad and the Ugly, the haunting music contributes to the film's grandeur and, like the music for The Good, the Bad and the Ugly, is considered one of Morricone's greatest compositions.

text: The film features leitmotifs that relate to each of the main characters (each with their own theme music) as well as to the spirit of the American West.[15] Especially compelling are the wordless vocals by Italian singer Edda Dell'Orso during the theme music for the Claudia Cardinale character. It was Leone's desire to have the music available and played during filming. Leone had Morricone compose the score before shooting started and would play the music in the background for the actors on set.[15]

text: Except for about a minute of the "Judgment" motif, before Harmonica kills the three outlaws, no soundtrack music is played until at the end of the second scene, when Henry Fonda makes his first entry. During the beginning of the film, Leone instead uses a number of natural sounds, for instance a turning wheel in the wind, sound of a train, grasshoppers, shotguns while hunting, wings of pigeons, etc., in addition to the harmonica played by Bronson's character, since that sound is "explained" by the fact that the sound of the harmonica is diegetic rather than a true soundtrack.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Though less popular in the US than the earlier Dollars Trilogy, Once Upon a Time in the West has gained a cult following around the world, particularly among cineastes and filmmakers. In the late 1960s and 1970s, it was re-evaluated by young filmmakers and critics, many of whom called it a masterpiece. Directors including Quentin Tarantino, Martin Scorsese, George Lucas, John Carpenter, Vince Gilligan,[16] and John Boorman have spoken about the influence that the film had on them. It is now considered one of the greatest films ever made and some critics consider it to be the finest Western and Sergio Leone's finest accomplishment as a director. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes retrospectively collected reviews from 56 critics and gave the film a score of 98%. Once Upon a Time in the West can be found on numerous film polls and 'best of' lists.

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Time named Once Upon a Time in the West as one of the 100 greatest films of all-time.[17]
In They Shoot Pictures, Don't They's list of the 1000 Greatest Films, Once Upon a Time in the West is placed at number 62.[18]
Total Film magazine placed Once Upon a Time in the West in their special edition issue of the 100 Greatest Movies.[19]
In 2008, Empire held a poll of "The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time", taking votes from 10,000 readers, 150 filmmakers and 50 film critics. "Once Upon a Time in the West" was voted in at number 14, the highest Western on the list.[20]
In 2009, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being “culturally, historically or aesthetically significant”.[7]
In 2013, The Guardian ranked it #1 in its "Top 10 movie westerns" list.[21]
In 2014, Time Out polled several film critics, directors, actors and stunt actors to list their top action films.[22] Once Upon A Time In The West placed 30th on their list.[23]

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text:
2003: AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains:

Frank – Nominated Villain[24]

2005: AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores – Nominated[25]

text: Releases[edit]

text: European release[edit]

text: The movie was a massive hit in France [2] and was easily the most successful film released there in 1969 with 14.8 million admissions, ranking 7th of all time.[26] [27] It sparked a brief fashion trend for duster coats which took such proportions that Parisian department stores such as Au Printemps had to affix signs on escalators warning patrons to keep their "maxis," as they were called, clear from the edges of moving steps to prevent jamming.

text: It was also the most popular film in Germany with admissions of 13 million, ranking third of all time. [3]

text: American release[edit]

text: In the US, Paramount edited the film to about 145 minutes for the wide release, but the film underperformed at the box office, earning $2.1M in rentals in North America.[28]

text: The following scenes were cut for the American release:

text:
The entire scene at Lionel Stander's trading post. Cheyenne (Robards) was not introduced in the American release until his arrival at the McBain ranch later in the film. Stander remained in the credits, even though he did not appear in this version at all.
The scene in which Morton and Frank discuss what to do with Jill at the Navajo Cliffs.
Morton's death scene was reduced considerably.
Cheyenne's death scene was completely excised.

text:
Otherwise, one scene was slightly longer in the US version than in the international film release:
Following the opening duel (where all four gunmen fire and fall), Charles Bronson's character stands up again showing that he had only been shot in the arm. This part of the scene had been originally cut by director Sergio Leone for the worldwide theatrical release. It was added again for the U.S. market because the American distributors feared American viewers would not understand the story otherwise, especially since Harmonica's arm wound is originally shown for the first time in the scene at the trading post which was cut for the shorter U.S. version.

text: The English-language version was restored to approximately 165 minutes for a re-release in 1984, and for its video release the following year.

text: Director's cut[edit]

text: In Italy, a 175-minute director's cut features a yellow tint filter, and several scenes augmented with additional material. This director's cut was released on home video until the early 2000s, and still airs on TV, but more recent home video releases have used the international cut.

text: Home video releases[edit]

text: After years of public requests, Paramount released a 2-Disc "Special Collector's Edition" of Once Upon a Time in the West on November 18, 2003, with a running time of 165 minutes (158 minutes in some regions).[nb 1] This release is the color 2.35:1 aspect ratio version in anamorphic wide-screen, closed captioned and Dolby. Commentary is also provided by film experts and historians including John Carpenter, John Milius, Alex Cox, film historian and Leone biographer Sir Christopher Frayling, Dr. Sheldon Hall, as well as actors Claudia Cardinale and Gabriele Ferzetti, and director Bernardo Bertolucci, a co-writer of the film.

text: The second disc has special features, including three recent documentaries on several aspects of the film:

text:
An Opera of Violence
The Wages of Sin
Something to Do with Death

text: The film was released on Blu-ray on May 31, 2011.

text: Film references[edit]

text: Leone's intent was to take the stock conventions of the American Westerns of John Ford, Howard Hawks and others, and rework them in an ironic fashion, essentially reversing their intended meaning in their original sources to create a darker connotation.[29] The most obvious example of this is the casting of veteran film good guy Henry Fonda as the villainous Frank, but there are also many other, more subtle reversals throughout the film. According to film critic and historian Christopher Frayling, the film quotes from as many as 30 classic American Westerns.

text: The major films referenced include:

text:
The Comancheros (1961): The names "McBain" and "Sweetwater" may come from this film. (Contrary to popular belief, the name of the town "Sweetwater" was not taken from Victor Sjöström's silent epic drama The Wind. Bernardo Bertolucci has stated that he looked at a map of the southwestern United States, found the name of the town in Arizona, and decided to incorporate it into the film. However, both "Sweetwater" and a character named "McBain" appeared in The Comancheros, which Leone admired.[30])
Johnny Guitar (1954): Jill and Vienna have similar backstories (both are former prostitutes who become saloonkeepers), and Harmonica, like Sterling Hayden's title character, is a mysterious, gunslinging outsider known by his musical nickname. Some of West's central plot (Western settlers vs. the railroad company) may be recycled from Nicholas Ray's film.[30]
The Iron Horse (1924): West may contain several subtle references to this film, including a low angle shot of a shrieking train rushing towards the screen in the opening scene, and the shot of the train pulling into the Sweetwater station at the end.[30]
Shane (1953): The massacre scene in West features young Timmy McBain out hunting with his father, just as Joey does in this movie. The funeral of the McBains is borrowed almost shot-for-shot from Shane.[30] Also, the movie ends with the wounded gunslingers leaving town, unable to stay in civilization, as does Shane.
The Searchers (1956): Leone admitted that the rustling bushes, the silencing of insect sounds, and the fluttering grouse that suggest menace approaching the farmhouse when the McBain family is massacred were all taken from The Searchers. The ending of the film—where Western nomads Harmonica and Cheyenne move on rather than join modern society—also echoes the famous ending of Ford's film.[30]
Winchester '73 (1950): It has been claimed that the scenes in West at the trading post are based on those in Winchester '73, but the resemblance is slight.[30]
The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (1962): The dusters (long coats) worn by Cheyenne and his gang (and by Frank and his men while impersonating them) resemble those worn by Liberty Valance (Lee Marvin) and his henchmen when they are introduced in this film. In addition, the auction scene in West was intended to recall the election scene in Liberty Valance.[30]
The Last Sunset (1961): The final duel between Frank and Harmonica is shot almost identically to the duel between Kirk Douglas and Rock Hudson in this film.[30]
Duel in the Sun (1946): The character of Morton, the crippled railroad baron in West, was based on the character played by Lionel Barrymore in this film.[30]

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ The 7-minute regional variation in DVD running time is due to the 4% speed difference between the 24 fps NTSC and 25 fps PAL video formats. There is no difference in content.

tag: ol


document_title: List of Waterloo Road characters

question_text: who did holly matthews play in waterloo toad

text: List of Waterloo Road characters

text: Main characters

text: Final cast

text: The final ensemble, present during the final episode of Waterloo Road, first broadcast on 9 March 2015, was headlined by Melanie Hill, rounding out her fourth year as Maggie Bugden. Other cast members included Laurie Brett, as English teacher, Christine Mulgrew, and Neil Pearson as dynamic headmaster Vaughan Fitzgerald. It was Pearson who spoke the final, original line, "Cue the music!", but this was followed by the camera going to different points in the school with different quotes from the past being spoken above. The final quote made was by longest-serving cast member Phillip Martin Brown (who played Grantly Budgen), who said: "I turned up for a week's cover and ended up staying 25 years!".

text:
Character
Series
Portrayer
Role

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

a
b
a
b
a
b
a
b
a
b
c
a
b
c
a
b
a
b

Maggie Budgen

Melanie Hill
Senior Canteen Assistant (s. 7–8)
Housemistress (s. 8–)
Home Economics Teacher (s. 8–)

Audrey McFall

Georgie Glen
History Teacher

Christine Mulgrew

Laurie Brett
Head of English (s.8)
English Teacher (s. 8, 10)
Head Teacher (s. 8-9)

Rhiannon Salt

Rebecca Craven
Pupil

Sonya Donnegan

Victoria Bush
School Secretary

George Windsor

Angus Deayton
Head of Modern Languages
Deputy Head (s. 9)

Lenny Brown

Joe Slater
Pupil

Lisa Brown

Caitlin Gillespie
Pupil

Darren Hughes

Mark Beswick
Pupil

Shaznay Montrose

Je'Taime Morgan Hanley
Pupil

Justin Fitzgerald

Max Bowden
Pupil

Leo Fitzgerald

Zebb Dempster
Pupil

Olga Fitzgerald

Pooky Quesnel
Parent
Supply Teacher (s.10)
Geography Teacher (s.10)

Vaughan Fitzgerald

Neil Pearson
Headteacher
English Teacher (s.10)

Kenzie Calhoun

Charlotte Beaumont
Pupil

Scott Fairchild

Andrew Still
Pupil

Carrie Norton

Tahirah Sharif
Pupil

Bonnie Kincaid

Holly Jack
Pupil

Lorna Hutchinson

Laura Aikman
Deputy Headteacher
Science Teacher

Dale Jackson

Finlay MacMillan
Pupil

Abdul Bukhari

Armin Karim
Pupil

Marco D'Olivera

Stefano Braschi
Science Teacher

Guy Braxton

Regé-Jean Page
Graphics & Product Design Teacher

text: Former cast

text: Throughout its ten series, Waterloo Road featured a large ensemble including original cast members Denise Welch, Adam Thomas and Jason Merrells; former Coronation Street actors, Katy Carmichael, Tina O'Brien and Angela Griffin; ex-EastEnders stars, Jill Halfpenny, Daniela Denby-Ashe and Zöe Lucker and Britain's Got Talent winner, George Sampson.

text: Headteachers

text: Waterloo Road has seen six headteachers, two acting headteachers and one executive headteacher, including Jason Merrells as original head, Jack Rimmer, Laurie Brett as Christine Mulgrew and Neil Pearson as the final headteacher, Vaughan Fitzgerald. Merrells made one other appearance as Jack, after he left his headteacher post. Christine was an acting headteacher, before her role as headteacher and Simon Lowsley was an acting headteacher, without becoming a headteacher. Tom Chambers played Max Tyler, who was an executive head of Waterloo Road.

text:
Character
Portrayer
Duration
Official Title

Jack Rimmer
Jason Merrells
1x01−3x06
Headmaster

3x19
Guest appearance

Rachel Mason
Eva Pope
3x07−5x20
Headmistress

Max Tyler
Tom Chambers
5x01–5x10
Executive Headmaster

Karen Fisher
Amanda Burton
6x01−7x10
Headmistress

Michael Byrne
Alec Newman
7x11−8x26, 8x28
Headmaster

Nikki Boston
Heather Peace
8x27
Headmistress

Christine Mulgrew
Laurie Brett
8x28−9x10
Acting Headmistress

9x10−9x19
Headmistress

Simon Lowsley
Richard Mylan
9x20
Acting Headmaster

Vaughan Fitzgerald
Neil Pearson
10x01−10x20
Headmaster

text: Deputy Headteachers

text: Waterloo Road has had nine deputy headteachers including Jason Done as long-standing English teacher turned deputy head Tom Clarkson, Jaye Jacobs as intelligent and sexy Sian Diamond and Neil Morrissey as charismatic and inspirational Eddie Lawson. Jamie Glover made two other appearances as original deputy head Andrew Treneman, after he left his post. Tom, George Windsor and Nikki Boston (Done, Angus Deayton and Heather Peace) were the only deputy headteachers to have not been deputy headteachers throughout all their time at Waterloo Road.

text:
Character
Portrayer
Duration
Other Titles while Deputy Head

Andrew Treneman
Jamie Glover
1x01−2x12
English Teacher

4x19-4x20
Guest appearance

Eddie Lawson
Neil Morrissey
3x01−4x20
Maths Teacher

Christopher Mead
William Ash
5x01–7x10
Science Teacher

Sian Diamond
Jaye Jacobs
7x11−8x19
Science Teacher

Tom Clarkson
Jason Done
7x11−8x30
English Teacher

Nikki Boston
Heather Peace
8x21−8x26, 8x28−8x29
English Teacher
Physical Education Teacher
Head of Pupil Referral Unit

Simon Lowsley
Richard Mylan
8x29−9x20, 10x01−10x09
English Teacher
Physical Education Teacher
Resilience Teacher

George Windsor
Angus Deayton
9x03−9x18
Head of Modern Languages

Lorna Hutchinson
Laura Aikman
10x11−10x20
Science Teacher

text: Subject Heads

text: There has been lots of subject heads over the ten series, including sarcastic Head of Modern Languages, George Windsor (Angus Deayton), original Head of English, Grantly Budgen (Phillip Martin Brown) and vain Head of Physical Education, Jez Diamond (Alex Walkinshaw). Several subject heads have done other roles outside of being subject heads. Esther Fairclough (Daniela Nardini) was the only subject head to have the position of acting subject head.

text:
Character
Portrayer
Duration
Subject

Grantly Budgen
Phillip Martin Brown
1x01−4x20
English

Izzie Redpath
Jill Halfpenny
1x01−2x12
Drama

Matt Wilding
Chris Geere
3x01–4x20, 7x11−7x30
Music and Drama

Rob Cleaver
Elyes Gabel
4x01−4x10
Physical Education

Tom Clarkson
Jason Done
5x01−7x10
English

Ruby Fry
Elizabeth Berrington
5x01−6x20
Food Technology

Jo Lipsett
Sarah-Jane Potts
5x01−5x20
Modern Languages

Francesca Montaya
Karen David
6x01−6x20
Spanish

Jez Diamond
Alex Walkinshaw
7x11−7x28
Physical Education

Linda Radleigh
Sarah Hadland
7x13−7x21
English

Nikki Boston
Heather Peace
7x23−7x30
English

Christine Mulgrew
Laurie Brett
8x01−8x28
English

Esther Fairclough
Daniela Nardini
8x25−8x28
Acting Science

George Windsor
Angus Deayton
8x29−10x20
Modern Languages

Allie Westbrook
Nicola Stephenson
10x01−10x10
Art

text: Staff members

text: This is a list of regular members of the Waterloo Road staff that didn't appear in the final episode of Waterloo Road. The roles from this list includes teachers, teaching assistants, school secretaries, housemasters, canteen assistants, pastoral care leaders, finance directors, investors/benefactors, developers, supply teachers, head of governors, head of extended services, site managers and maintenance assistants.

text: Regular   Guest

text:
Character
Series
Portrayer
Role

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

a
b
a
b
a
b
a
b
a
b
c
a
b
c
a
b
a
b

Grantly Budgen

Phillip Martin Brown
English Teacher
Head of English (s. 1–4)
Housemaster (s. 8–9)

Kim Campbell

Angela Griffin
Head of Pastoral Care
Art Teacher

Tom Clarkson

Jason Done
English Teacher
Head of Pastoral Care (s. 3–4)
Head of English (s. 5–7)
Deputy Head (s. 7–8)

Estelle Cooper

Judith Barker
School Secretary

Lorna Dickey

Camilla Power
English Teacher

Steph Haydock

Denise Welch
French Teacher (s. 1–5)
Head of Pastoral Care (s. 3)
Finance Director (s. 3)

Izzie Redpath

Jill Halfpenny
Drama Teacher

Andrew Treneman

Jamie Glover
Deputy Head (s. 1–2)
English Teacher (s. 1−2)

Janeece Bryant

Chelsee Healey
Pupil (s. 1–4)
School Secretary (s. 6–8)

Lewis Seddon

Craig Fitzpatrick
Pupil (s. 1)
Canteen Assistant (s. 3)

Roger Aspinall

Nick Sidi
Investor

Davina Shackleton

Christine Tremarco
School Secretary (s. 2)
Teaching Assistant (s. 3–4)

Jasmine Koreshi

Shabana Bakhsh
English Teacher

Eddie Lawson

Neil Morrissey
Deputy Head
Maths Teacher

Bridget Morley

Jacqueline Kington
School Secretary
School Bursar

Candice Smilie

Kay Purcell
Senior Canteen Assistant

Stuart Hordley

Silas Carson
Developer

Rose Kelly

Elaine Symons
Parent
Canteen Assistant

Ralph Mellor

Malcolm Scates
Parent
Head of Governors
Police Chief Constable

Melissa Ryan

Katy Carmichael
Head of Extended Services

Helen Hopewell

Vinette Robinson
English Teacher

Christopher Mead

William Ash
Deputy Head
Science Teacher

Charlie Fisher

Ian Puleston-Davies
Supply Teacher

Marcus Kirby

Wil Johnson
Geography Teacher

Adanna Lawal

Sharlene Whyte
Head of Pastoral Care

Daniel Chalk

Mark Benton
Maths Teacher (s. 7–8)
Adoptive Parent (s. 8–9)

Eleanor Chaudry

Poppy Jhakra
English Teacher

Rob Scotcher

Robson Green
Site Manager

Sian Diamond

Jaye Jacobs
Deputy Head
Science Teacher

Nikki Boston

Heather Peace
English Teacher
Head of English (s. 7)
Head of Pupil Referral Unit (s. 8–9)
Physical Education Teacher (s. 8–9)
Deputy Head (s. 8)
Head Teacher (s. 8)

Lorraine Donnegan

Daniela Denby-Ashe
Benefactor

Carol Barry

Zöe Lucker
Parent
Canteen Assistant (s. 9–10)

Ndale Kayuni

Richie Campbell
Maintenance Assistant

Esther Fairclough

Daniela Nardini
Acting Head of Science

Simon Lowsley

Richard Mylan
Deputy Head
English Teacher
Physical Education Teacher
Resilience Teacher (s. 9)
Acting Headteacher (s. 9)

Sue Lowsley

Vanessa Hehir
Science Teacher

Hector Reid

Leon Ockenden
Physical Education Teacher

Character
1
2
a
b
a
b
a
b
a
b
a
b
c
a
b
c
a
b
a
b
Portrayer
Role

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Series

text: Pupils

text: This is a list of regularly-appearing Waterloo Road pupils that didn't appear in the final episode of Waterloo Road. Many students have appeared in Waterloo Road and few have made reappearances since their departures, as students, such as ambitious Dynasty Barry (Abby Mavers), troubled Bolton Smilie (Tachia Newall) and paraplegic Tariq Siddiqui (Naveed Choudhry).

text: Regular   Guest

text:
Character
Series
Portrayer
Roles outside Pupil

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

a
b
a
b
a
b
a
b
a
b
c
a
b
c
a
b
a
b

Donte Charles

Adam Thomas

Chlo Grainger

Katie Griffiths

Mika Grainger

Lauren Drummond

Janeece Bryant

Chelsee Healey
School Secretary (s. 6–8)

Yasmin Deardon

Rhea Bailey

Lewis Seddon

Craig Fitzpatrick
Canteen Assistant (s. 3)

Brett Aspinall

Tom Payne

Celine Dixon

Zeriozha Burt-Skeete

Maxine Barlow

Ellie Paskell

Karla Bentham

Jessica Baglow

Aleesha Dillon

Lauren Thomas

Danielle Harker

Lucy Dixon

Bolton Smilie

Tachia Newall
Visitor (s. 8)

Paul Langley

Thomas Milner
Friend (s. 6)

Michaela White

Zaraah Abrahams

Denzil Kelly

Reece Douglas

Earl Kelly

Reece Noi

Marley Kelly

Luke Bailey

Sambuca Kelly

Holly Kenny
Daughter/Friend (s. 6−7)

Flick Mellor

Sadie Pickering

Phillip Ryan

Dean Smith

Lauren Andrews

Darcy Isa

Emily James

Shannon Flynn

Lindsay James

Jenna-Louise Coleman

Siobhan Mailey

Phoebe Dynevor

Ros McCain

Sophie McShera

Luke Pendle

Richie Jeeves

Amy Porter

Ayesha Gwilt

Josh Stevenson

William Rush
Son (s. 8)

Vicki MacDonald

Rebecca Ryan

Finn Sharkey

Jack McMullen

Ronan Burley

Ben-Ryan Davies

Bex Fisher

Tina O'Brien

Harry Fisher

Ceallach Spellman

Jess Fisher

Linzey Cocker

Jonah Kirby

Lucien Laviscount

Ruth Kirby

Anna Jobarteh

Nate Gurney

Scott Haining

Kyle Stack

George Sampson
Former Pupil (s. 7)

Rhona Mansfield

Hope Katana

Shona Mansfield

Millie Katana

Aiden Scotcher

Oliver Lee

Jodie 'Scout' Allen

Katie McGlynn

Tariq Siddiqui

Naveed Choudhry
Friend (s. 9)

Trudi Siddiqui

Aryana Ramkhalawon

Phoenix Taylor

Kaya Moore

Harley Taylor

Kane Tomlinson-Weaver

Madi Diamond

Georgia Henshaw

Zack Diamond

Lee Abbate

Naseem Siddiqui

Shifaa Arfann

Jade Fleming

Paige Meade

Angus Hancock

Benjamin Gur

Connor Mulgrew

Shane O'Meara

Imogen Stewart

Kirstie Steele

Lula Tsibi

Marlene Madenge

Liberty Gordon

Adiza Shardow

Kevin Chalk

Tommy Lawrence Knight

Barry Barry

Carl Au

Dynasty Barry

Abby Mavers
Daughter/Friend (s. 10)

Kacey Barry

Brogan Ellis

Jack MacAllister

Taylor Rhys

Archie Wong

Christopher Chung

Gabriella Wark

Naomi Battrick

Floyd Westbrook

Leo Flanagan

Tiffany Westbrook

Sammy Oliver

Character
1
2
a
b
a
b
a
b
a
b
a
b
c
a
b
c
a
b
a
b
Portrayer
Roles outside Pupil

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Series

text: Guest characters

text: Throughout its ten series, Waterloo Road featured a large guest cast, which featured many parents, partners, community friends, brief-appearing members of staff and pupils. Actors that have made guest appearances in the show include Louise Delamere, Jody Latham, Tim Healy, John Thomson and Lisa Riley.

text:
Character
Series
Portrayer
Role
Episode Count

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

a
b
a
b
a
b
a
b
a
b
c
a
b
c
a
b
a
b

Fleur Budgen

Uncredited (s. 1)
Lorraine Cheshire (s. 3–7)
Wife
12

Clarence Charles

Steve Money
Relative
9

Jimmy Grainger

David Crellin
Relative
4

Holly Tattersall

Daisy Wignall
Friend
5

Leigh-Ann Galloway

Holly Matthews
Pupil
3

Stacey Appleyard

Holly Grainger
Pupil
4

Jerry Preston

Paul Birchard
Executive Investor
2

Colin

Chris Finch
Partner
5

Colin Hastings

Adam Long
Pupil
5

Prince Kelly

Charlie and Taylor Sheldrick
Relative
6

Dave Miller

Tim Healy
Security Guard
5

Grace Campbell

Meaghan McPherson-Gowe
Relative
6

Marion James

Louise Delamere
Relative
4

Georgia Stevenson

Fiona Allen
Former Partner
4

John Fry

Ralph Ineson
Husband
6

Adam Fleet

Steven Waddington
Healthy Schools Co-ordinator
8

Oliver Mead

John McArdle
Partner
6

Ryan Sharkey

Paul Opacic
Relative
2

Dylan Hodge

Ciarian Griffiths
Criminal
5

Naomi Scotcher

Debra Stephenson
Relative
4

Richard Whitman

Nicholas Gleaves
Director of Education
6

Tina Allen

Lisa Riley
Relative
6

Wayne Johnson

Rob Haythorne
Michael Byrne's Attacker
5

Nelson Smith

John Thomson
Relative
4

Rosie Matthews

Jo-Anne Knowles
Friend
5

Craig O'Leary

Matt Kennard
Fiancée
6

Eugene Garvey

Stefan Gumbs
Gang Leader
5

Gerard Findlay

Alex Norton
Head of Havelock High
5

Billy Byrne

Ron Donachie
Relative
7

Sally Stewart

Jenny Ryan
Relative
4

Steve-O Malone

Jody Latham
Former Partner
4

Robert Bain

Shaun Prendergast
Head of Education
Relative
6

Princess Windsor

Elizabeth Tan
Wife
Mandarin Teaching Assistant (s. 9)
4

Eve Boston

Sophie Skelton
Relative
4

Vix Spark

Kristin Atherton
Partner
Relative
10

Amelia Wark

Connie Hyde
Relative
3

Sammy Hughes

Keeley Forsyth
Relative
2

Grace Drummond

Judith Barker
Friend
4

Hassan Bukhari

Ian Aspinall
Relative
7

Ronnie Fairchild

Robin Laing
Police Constable
Relative
5

Steph Norton

Nadine Marshall
Relative
4

Rob Hutchinson

Gareth David-Lloyd
Husband
3

Character
1
2
a
b
a
b
a
b
a
b
a
b
c
a
b
c
a
b
a
b
Portrayer
Role
Episode Count

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Series


document_title: Cabinet of Nigeria

question_text: name of present minister of education in nigeria

text: Cabinet of Nigeria

text: Relationship to Civil Service[edit]

text: The ministries and parastatals are staffed by career civil servants. Each is headed by a Permanent Secretary, a senior civil servant appointed by the Head of the Civil Service. The Permanent Secretary is accountable to a Minister, who sits in the Cabinet and reports to the President. The Minister is appointed by the President subject to approval by the Senate and is responsible for policy, while the Permanent Secretary is responsible for implementation of policy.[2]

text: Ministers and Ministers of State[edit]

text: By convention, there must be one Cabinet member from each of the 36 states in Nigeria, although there are only 19 ministries and at times a Federal minister is responsible for more than one ministry (e.g. Environment and Housing), or the President takes direct control of a key ministry such as Petroleum Resources. To ensure representation from each state, a Minister is often assisted by one or more Ministers of State.[3]

text: Current cabinet[edit]

text:
Cabinet of Nigeria: 11 November 2015 – Present[4]

Portrait
Portfolio
Incumbent
Term

President
Commander-in-chief of the Nigerian Armed Forces
Minister of Petroleum

Muhammadu Buhari
2015–

Vice President

Yemi Osinbajo
2015–

Minister of Justice
Attorney General[5]

Abubakar Malami
2015–

Minister of Foreign Affairs

Geoffrey Onyeama
2015–

Minister of Finance

Folake Adeosun
2015–

Minister of Defence

Mansur Dan Ali
2015–

Minister of Education

Adamu Adamu
2015–

Minister of Industry, Trade and Investment[6]

Okechukwu Enelamah
2015–

Minister of Labour and Employment

Chris Ngige
2015–

Minister of Federal Capital Territory

Mohammed Musa Bello
2015–

Minister of Science and Technology

Ogbonnaya Onu
2015–

Minister of Solid Minerals

John Kayode Fayemi
2015–

Minister of Interior

Abdulrahman Bello Dambazau
2015–

Minister of Budget and National Planning

Udoma Udo Udoma
2015–

Minister of Power, Works and Housing

Babatunde Fashola
2015–

Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development

Audu Ogbeh
2015–

Minister of Transportation

Rotimi Amaechi
2015–

Minister of Health

Isaac Adewole
2015–

Minister of Women Affairs

Aisha Alhassan
2015–

Minister of Niger Delta

Usani Uguru Usani
2015–

Minister of Information

Lai Mohammed
2015–

Minister of Environment

Amina J. Mohammed
2015–2016

Minister of Water Resources

Suleiman Adamu Kazaure
2015–

Minister of Youth and Sports

Solomon Dalong
2015–

Minister of State for Aviation

Sirika Hadi
2015–

Minister of State for Environment

Ibrahim Jibrin
2015–

Minister of State for Foreign Affairs

Khadija Bukar Abba Ibrahim
2015–

Minister of State for Solid Minerals

Bawa Bwari Abubakar
2015–

Minister of State for Health

Osagie Ehanire
2015–

Minister of State for Niger Delta

Omole Daramola
2015–

Minister of State for Power, Works and Housing

Mustapha Baba Shauri
2015–

Minister of State for Power, Works and Housing

Suleiman Hassan
2017–

Minister of State for Education

Anthony Onwuka
2015–

Minister of State for Agriculture and Rural Development

Heineken Lokpobiri
2015–

Minister of State for Labour and Employment

Stephen Ocheni
2017– **

Minister of State for Budget and National Planning

Zainab Ahmed
2015–

Minister for Communication

Adebayo Shittu
2015–

Minister of State for Industry, Trade and Investment

Aisha Abubakar
2015–

Minister of State for Petroleum

Emmanuel Ibe Kachikwu
2015–

text: Predecessor, James Ocholi Died in Office