document_title: Biblical Magi

question_text: where did the the three kings come from

question_tokens: where did the the three kings come from

text: Biblical Magi

text: Biblical account[edit]

text: Traditional nativity scenes depict three "Wise Men" visiting the infant Jesus on the night of his birth, in a manger accompanied by the shepherds and angels, but this should be understood as an artistic convention allowing the two separate scenes of the Adoration of the Shepherds on the birth night and the later Adoration of the Magi to be combined for convenience.[7] The single biblical account in Matthew simply presents an event at an unspecified point after Christ's birth in which an unnumbered party of unnamed "wise men" ("μάγοι") visits him in a house ("οἰκίαν"),[8] not a stable, with only "his mother" mentioned as present. The New Revised Standard Version of Matthew 2:1–12 describes the visit of the Magi in this manner:

text: In the time of King Herod, after Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judea, wise men from the East came to Jerusalem, asking, "Where is the child who has been born king of the Jews? For we observed his star at its rising, and have come to pay him homage." When King Herod heard this, he was frightened and all Jerusalem with him; and calling together all the chief priests and scribes of the people, he inquired of them where the Messiah was to be born. They told him, "In Bethlehem of Judea; for so it has been written by the prophet: 'And you, Bethlehem, in the land of Judah, are by no means least among the rulers of Judah; for from you shall come a ruler who is to shepherd my people Israel.'" Then Herod secretly called for the wise men and learned from them the exact time when the star had appeared. Then he sent them to Bethlehem, saying, "Go and search diligently for the child; and when you have found him, bring me word so that I may also go and pay him homage." When they had heard the king, they set out; and there, ahead of them, went the star that they had seen at its rising, until it stopped over the place where the child was. When they saw that the star had stopped, they were overwhelmed with joy. On entering the house, they saw the child with Mary his mother; and they knelt down and paid him homage. Then, opening their treasure chests, they offered him gifts of gold, frankincense, and myrrh. And having been warned in a dream not to return to Herod, they left for their own country by another path.

text: The text specifies no interval between the birth and the visit, and artistic depictions and the closeness of the traditional dates of December 25 and January 6 encourage the popular assumption that the visit took place the same winter as the birth, but later traditions varied, with the visit taken as occurring up to two winters later. This maximum interval explained Herod's command at Matthew 2:16–18 that the Massacre of the Innocents included boys up to two years old. More recent commentators, not tied to the traditional feast days, may suggest a variety of intervals.[9]

text: The wise men are mentioned twice shortly thereafter in verse 16, in reference to their avoidance of Herod after seeing Jesus, and what Herod had learned from their earlier meeting. The star which they followed has traditionally become known as the Star of Bethlehem.

text: Description[edit]

text: The Magi are popularly referred to as wise men and kings. The word magi is the plural of Latin magus, borrowed from Greek μάγος magos,[10] as used in the original Greek text of the Gospel of Matthew ("μάγοι"). Greek magos itself is derived from Old Persian maguŝ from the Avestan magâunô, i.e., the religious caste into which Zoroaster was born (see Yasna 33.7: "ýâ sruyê parê magâunô" = "so I can be heard beyond Magi"). The term refers to the Persian priestly caste of Zoroastrianism.[11] As part of their religion, these priests paid particular attention to the stars and gained an international reputation for astrology, which was at that time highly regarded as a science. Their religious practices and use of astrology caused derivatives of the term Magi to be applied to the occult in general and led to the English term magic, although Zoroastrianism was in fact strongly opposed to sorcery. The King James Version translates the term as wise men; the same translation is applied to the wise men led by Daniel of earlier Hebrew Scriptures (Daniel 2:48). The same word is given as sorcerer and sorcery when describing "Elymas the sorcerer" in Acts 13:6–11, and Simon Magus, considered a heretic by the early Church, in Acts 8:9–13. Several translations refer to the men outright as astrologers at Matthew Chapter 2, including New English Bible (1961); Phillips New Testament in Modern English (J.B.Phillips, 1972); Twentieth Century New Testament (1904 revised edition); Amplified Bible (1958-New Testament); An American Translation (1935, Goodspeed); and The Living Bible (K. Taylor, 1962-New Testament).

text: Although the Magi are commonly referred to as "kings," there is nothing in the account from the Gospel of Matthew that implies that they were rulers of any kind. The identification of the Magi as kings is linked to Old Testament prophecies that describe the Messiah being worshipped by kings in Isaiah 60:3, Psalm 68:29, and Psalm 72:10, which reads, "Yea, all kings shall fall down before him: all nations serve him."[12][13][14] Early readers reinterpreted Matthew in light of these prophecies and elevated the Magi to kings. By AD 500 all commentators adopted the prevalent tradition that the three were kings.[15] Later Christian interpretation stressed the Adorations of the Magi and shepherds as the first recognition by the people of the earth of Christ as the Redeemer, but the reformer John Calvin was vehemently opposed to referring to the Magi as kings. He once wrote: "But the most ridiculous contrivance of the Papists on this subject is, that those men were kings... Beyond all doubt, they have been stupefied by a righteous judgment of God, that all might laugh at [their] gross ignorance."[16][17]

text: Names[edit]

text: The New Testament does not give the names of the Magi. However, traditions and legends identify a variety of different names for them.[18] In the Western Christian church, they have been all regarded as saints and are commonly known as:

text:
Melchior (/ˈmɛlkiˌɔːr/;[19] also Melichior[20]), a Persian scholar;
Caspar (/ˈkæspər/ or /ˈkæspɑːr/;[21] also Gaspar, Jaspar, Jaspas, Gathaspa,[20][22] and other variations), an Indian scholar;
Balthazar (/ˈbælθəˌzɑːr/ or /bælˈθæzər/;[23] also Balthasar, Balthassar, and Bithisarea[20]), a Babylonian scholar.

text: Encyclopædia Britannica[24] states: "according to Western church tradition, Balthasar is often represented as a king of Arabia, Melchior as a king of Persia, and Gaspar as a king of India." These names apparently derive from a Greek manuscript probably composed in Alexandria around 500, and which has been translated into Latin with the title Excerpta Latina Barbari.[20] Another Greek document from the 8th century, of presumed Irish origin and translated into Latin with the title Collectanea et Flores, continues the tradition of three kings and their names and gives additional details.[25][26]

text: One candidate for the origin of the name Caspar appears in the Acts of Thomas as Gondophares (21 – c. AD 47), i.e., Gudapharasa (from which "Caspar" might derive as corruption of "Gaspar"). This Gondophares declared independence from the Arsacids to become the first Indo-Parthian king, and he was allegedly visited by Thomas the Apostle. According to Ernst Herzfeld, his name is perpetuated in the name of the Afghan city Kandahar, which he is said to have founded under the name Gundopharron.[27]

text: In contrast, many Syrian Christians name the Magi Larvandad, Gushnasaph, and Hormisdas.[28] These names have a far greater likelihood of being originally Persian, though that does not guarantee their authenticity.

text: In the Eastern churches, Ethiopian Christianity, for instance, has Hor, Karsudan, and Basanater, while the Armenian Catholics have Kagpha, Badadakharida and Badadilma.[29][30] Many Chinese Christians believe that one of the magi came from China.[31]

text: Country of origin and journey[edit]

text: The phrase from the east (ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν), more literally from the rising [of the sun], is the only information Matthew provides about the region from which they came. The Parthian Empire, centered in Persia, occupied virtually all of the land east of Judea and Syria (except for the deserts of Arabia to the southeast). Though the empire was tolerant of other religions, its dominant religion was Zoroastrianism, with its priestly magos class.[32]

text: Although Matthew's account does not explicitly cite the motivation for their journey (other than seeing the star in the east, which they took to be the star of the King of the Jews), the Syriac Infancy Gospel provides some clarity by stating explicitly in the third chapter that they were pursuing a prophecy from their prophet, Zoradascht (Zoroaster).[33]

text: There is an Armenian tradition identifying the "Magi of Bethlehem" as Balthasar of Arabia, Melchior of Persia, and Gaspar of India.[34] Evangelical Bible teacher Chuck Missler has also written about this tradition.[35] Historian John of Hildesheim relates a tradition in the ancient silk road city of Taxila (near Islamabad in Pakistan) that one of the Magi passed through the city on the way to Bethlehem.[36]

text: Sebastian Brock, a historian of Christianity, has said: "It was no doubt among converts from Zoroastrianism that… certain legends were developed around the Magi of the Gospels".[37][38] And Anders Hultgård concluded that the Gospel story of the Magi was influenced by an Iranian legend concerning magi and a star, which was connected with Persian beliefs in the rise of a star predicting the birth of a ruler and with myths describing the manifestation of a divine figure in fire and light.[39]

text: A model for the homage of the Magi might have been provided, it has been suggested, by the journey to Rome of King Tiridates I of Armenia, with his magi, to pay homage to the Emperor Nero, which took place in 66 AD, a few years before the date assigned to the composition of the Gospel of Matthew.[40][41]

text: There was a tradition that the Central Asian Naimans and their Christian relatives, the Keraites, were descended from the Biblical Magi.[42] This heritage passed to the Mongol dynasty of Genghis Khan when Sorghaghtani, niece of the Keraite ruler Toghrul, married Tolui, the youngest son of Genghis, and became the mother of Möngke Khan and his younger brother and successor, Kublai Khan. Toghrul became identified with the legendary Central Asian Christian king, Prester John, whose Mongol descendants were sought as allies against the Muslims by contemporary European monarchs and popes.[43] Sempad the Constable, elder brother of King Hetoum I of Cilician Armenia, visited the Mongol court in Karakorum in 1247–1250 and in 1254. He wrote a letter to Henry I King of Cyprus and Queen Stephanie (Sempad’s sister) from Samarkand in 1243, in which he said: “Tanchat [Tangut, or Western Xia], which is the land from whence came the Three Kings to Bethlehem to worship the Lord Jesus which was born. And know that the power of Christ has been, and is, so great, that the people of that land are Christians; and the whole land of Chata [Khitai, or Kara-Khitai] believes those Three Kings. I have myself been in their churches and have seen pictures of Jesus Christ and the Three Kings, one offering gold, the second frankincense, and the third myrrh. And it is through those Three Kings that they believe in Christ, and that the Chan and his people have now become Christians”.[44] The legendary Christian ruler of Central Asia, Prester John was reportedly a descendant of one of the Magi.[45]

text: "Long before the time of Christ, India had trade relations with Palestine; much of the commerce between the Orient and the Mediterranean civilizations (including Egypt, Greece, and Rome) passed through Jerusalem", so it is very likely that Wise Men could have been "great sages of India", as Paramahansa Yogananda wrote in his “The Second Coming of Christ – The Resurrection of the Christ Within You” (2004, pp. 56–59).

text: Gestures of respect[edit]

text: The Magi are described as "falling down", "kneeling" or "bowing" in the worship of Jesus.[46] This gesture, together with Luke's birth narrative, had an important effect on Christian religious practices. They were indicative of great respect, and typically used when venerating a king. While prostration is now rarely practised in the West it is still relatively common in the Eastern Churches, especially during Lent. Kneeling has remained an important element of Christian worship to this day.

text: Traditional identities and symbolism[edit]

text: Apart from their names, the three Magi developed distinct characteristics in Christian tradition, so that between them they represented the three ages of (adult) man, three geographical and cultural areas, and sometimes other things. In the normal Western account, reflected in art by the 14th century (for example in the Arena Chapel by Giotto in 1305) Caspar is old, normally with a white beard, and gives the gold; he is "King of Tarsus, land of merchants" on the Mediterranean coast of modern Turkey, and is first in line to kneel to Christ. Melchior is middle-aged, giving frankincense from his native Arabia, and Balthazar is a young man, very often and increasingly black-skinned, with myrrh from Saba (modern south Yemen). Their ages were often given as 60, 40 and 20 respectively, and their geographical origins were rather variable, with Balthazar increasingly coming from Ethiopia or other parts of Africa, and being represented accordingly.[47] Balthazar's blackness has been the subject of considerable recent scholarly attention; in art it is found mostly in northern Europe, beginning from the 12th century, and becoming very common in the north by the 15th.[48]

text: Gifts[edit]

text: Three gifts are explicitly identified in Matthew: gold, frankincense, and myrrh, in Koine Greek: chrysós (χρυσός), líbanos (λίβανος) and smýrna (σμύρνα). Many different theories of the meaning and symbolism of the gifts have been brought forward. While gold is fairly obviously explained, frankincense, and particularly myrrh, are much more obscure. See the previous section for who gave which.

text: The theories generally break down into two groups:

text:
All three gifts are ordinary offerings and gifts given to a king. Myrrh being commonly used as an anointing oil, frankincense as a perfume, and gold as a valuable.
The three gifts had a spiritual meaning: gold as a symbol of kingship on earth, frankincense (an incense) as a symbol of deity, and myrrh (an embalming oil) as a symbol of death.

This dates back to Origen in Contra Celsum: "gold, as to a king; myrrh, as to one who was mortal; and incense, as to a God."[49]
These interpretations are alluded to in the verses of the popular carol "We Three Kings" in which the magi describe their gifts. The last verse includes a summary of the interpretation: "Glorious now behold Him arise/King and God and sacrifice."
Sometimes this is described more generally as gold symbolizing virtue, frankincense symbolizing prayer, and myrrh symbolizing suffering.

tag: ol

text: Myrrh was used as an embalming ointment and as a penitential incense in funerals and cremations until the 15th century. The "holy oil" traditionally used by the Eastern Orthodox Church for performing the sacraments of chrismation and unction is traditionally scented with myrrh, and receiving either of these sacraments is commonly referred to as "receiving the myrrh". The picture of the Magi on the 7th century Franks Casket shows the third visitor – he who brings myrrh – with a valknut over his back, a pagan symbol referring to Death.[50]

text: It has been suggested by scholars that the "gifts" were medicinal rather than precious material for tribute.[51][52][53]

text: The Syrian King Seleucus II Callinicus is recorded to have offered gold, frankincense and myrrh (among other items) to Apollo in his temple at Miletus in 243 BC, and this may have been the precedent for the mention of these three gifts in Gospel of Matthew (2:11). It was these three gifts, it is thought, which were the chief cause for the number of the Magi becoming fixed eventually at three.[54]

text: This episode can be linked to Isaiah 60 and to Psalm 72 which report gifts being given by kings, and this has played a central role in the perception of the Magi as kings, rather than as astronomer-priests. In a hymn of the late 4th-century hispanic poet Prudentius, the three gifts have already gained their medieval interpretation as prophetic emblems of Jesus' identity, familiar in the carol "We Three Kings" by John Henry Hopkins, Jr., 1857.

text: John Chrysostom suggested that the gifts were fit to be given not just to a king but to God, and contrasted them with the Jews' traditional offerings of sheep and calves, and accordingly Chrysostom asserts that the Magi worshiped Jesus as God.

text: What subsequently happened to these gifts is never mentioned in the scripture, but several traditions have developed.[55] One story has the gold being stolen by the two thieves who were later crucified alongside Jesus. Another tale has it being entrusted to and then misappropriated by Judas. One tradition suggests that Joseph and Mary used the gold to finance their travels when they fled Bethlehem after an angel had warned, in a dream, about King Herod's plan to kill Jesus. And another story proposes the theory that the myrrh given to them at Jesus' birth was used to anoint Jesus' body after his crucifixion.

text: There was a 15th-century golden case purportedly containing the Gift of the Magi housed in the Monastery of St. Paul of Mount Athos. It was donated to the monastery in the 15th century by Mara Branković, daughter of the King of Serbia Đurađ Branković, wife to the Ottoman Sultan Murat II and godmother to Mehmet II the Conqueror (of Constantinople). After the Athens earthquake of September 9, 1999 they were temporarily displayed in Athens in order to strengthen faith and raise money for earthquake victims. The relics were displayed in Ukraine and Belarus in Christmas of 2014, and thus left Greece for the first time since the 15th century.[56]

text: Martyrdom traditions[edit]

text: Christian Scriptures record nothing about the Biblical Magi after reporting their going back to their own country (Matthew 2:12 uses the feminine singular noun, χώραν, noting one country, territory or region of origin). Two separate traditions have surfaced claiming that they were so moved by their encounter with Jesus that they either became Christians on their own or were quick to convert fully upon later encountering an Apostle of Jesus. The traditions claim that they were so strong in their beliefs that they willingly embraced martyrdom.

text: Chronicon of Dexter[edit]

text: One tradition gained popularity in Spain during the 17th century; it was found in a work called the Chronicon of Dexter. The work was ascribed to Flavius Lucius Dexter the bishop of Barcelona, under Theodosius the Great. The tradition appears in the form of a simple martyrology reading, "In Arabia Felix, in the city of Sessania of the Adrumeti, the martyrdom of the holy kings, the three Magi, Gaspar, Balthassar, and Melchior who adored Christ."[57] First appearing in 1610, the Chronicon of Dexter was immensely popular along with the traditions it contained throughout the 17th century. Later, this was all brought into question when historians and the Catholic hierarchy in Rome declared the work a pious forgery.[58]

text: Relics at Cologne[edit]

text: A competing tradition asserts that the Biblical Magi "were martyred for the faith, and that their bodies were first venerated at Constantinople; thence they were transferred to Milan in 344. It is certain that when Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor (Barbarossa) imposed his authority on Milan, the relics there were transferred to Cologne Cathedral, housed in the Shrine of the Three Kings, and are venerated there today."[57] The Milanese treated the fragments of masonry from their now-empty tomb as secondary relics and these were widely distributed around the region, including southern France, accounting for the frequency with which the Magi appear on chasse reliquaries in Limoges enamel.[59]

text: Tombs[edit]

text: There are several traditions on where the remains of the Magi are located, although none of the traditions is considered as an established fact or even as particularly likely by secular history. Marco Polo claimed that he was shown the three tombs of the Magi at Saveh south of Tehran in the 1270s:

text: In Persia is the city of Saba, from which the Three Magi set out and in this city they are buried, in three very large and beautiful monuments, side by side. And above them there is a square building, beautifully kept. The bodies are still entire, with hair and beard remaining.

text: Paul William Roberts provides some modern-day corroboration of this possibility in his book Journey of the Magi.[60]

text: A Shrine of the Three Kings at Cologne Cathedral, according to tradition, contains the bones of the Three Wise Men. Reputedly they were first discovered by Saint Helena on her famous pilgrimage to Palestine and the Holy Lands. She took the remains to the church of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople; they were later moved to Milan (some sources say by the city's bishop, Eustorgius I[61]), before being sent to their current resting place by the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I in 1164. The Milanese celebrate their part in the tradition by holding a medieval costume parade every 6 January.

text: A version of the detailed elaboration familiar to us is laid out by the 14th century cleric John of Hildesheim's Historia Trium Regum ("History of the Three Kings"). In accounting for the presence in Cologne of their mummified relics, he begins with the journey of Helena, mother of Constantine I to Jerusalem, where she recovered the True Cross and other relics:

text: Queen Helen… began to think greatly of the bodies of these three kings, and she arrayed herself, and accompanied by many attendants, went into the Land of Ind… after she had found the bodies of Melchior, Balthazar, and Gaspar, Queen Helen put them into one chest and ornamented it with great riches, and she brought them into Constantinople... and laid them in a church that is called Saint Sophia.

text: Religious significance[edit]

text: The visit of the Magi is commemorated in most Western Christian churches by the observance of Epiphany, 6 January, which also serves as the feast of the three as saints. The Eastern Orthodox celebrate the visit of the Magi on 25 December.

text: Qur'an omits Matthew's episode of the Magi. However, the Persian Muslim encyclopaedist al-Tabari, writing in the 9th century, gives the familiar symbolism of the gifts of the Magi. Al-Tabari gave his source for the information to be the later 7th century Perso-Yemenite writer Wahb ibn Munabbih.[62]

text: Traditions[edit]

text: Holidays celebrating the arrival of the Magi traditionally recognise a distinction between the date of their arrival and the date of Jesus' birth. The account given in the Gospel of Matthew does not state that they were present on the night of the birth; in the Gospel of Luke, Joseph and Mary remain in Bethlehem until it is time for Jesus' dedication, in Jerusalem, and then return to their home in Nazareth.

text: Spanish customs[edit]

text: Western Christianity celebrates the Magi on the day of Epiphany, January 6, the day immediately following the twelve days of Christmas, particularly in the Spanish-speaking parts of the world. In these areas, the Three Kings ("los Reyes Magos de Oriente", and "Los Tres Reyes Magos" or simply "Los Reyes Magos") receive letters from children and so bring them gifts on the night before Epiphany. In Spain, each one of the Magi is supposed to represent one different continent, Europe (Melchior), Asia (Caspar) and Africa (Balthasar). According to the tradition, the Magi come from the Orient on their camels to visit the houses of all the children, much like Sinterklaas and Santa Claus with his reindeer elsewhere, they visit everyone in one night. In some areas, children prepare a drink for each of the Magi. It is also traditional to prepare food and drink for the camels, because this is the only night of the year when they eat.

text: In Spain, Argentina, Mexico, Paraguay and Uruguay, there is a long tradition for having the children receive presents by the three "Reyes Magos" on the night of January 5 (Epiphany Eve) or morning of January 6. Almost every Spanish city or town organises cabalgatas in the evening, in which the kings and their servants parade and throw sweets to the children (and parents) in attendance. The cavalcade of the three kings in Alcoy claims to be the oldest in the world, having started in 1886. The Mystery Play of the Three Magic Kings is also presented on Epiphany Eve. There is also a "Roscón" (Spain) or "Rosca de Reyes" (Mexico) as explained below.

text: In the Philippines, beliefs concerning the Three Kings (Filipino: Tatlóng Haring Mago, lit. "Three Magi Kings"; shortened to Tatlóng Harì or Spanish Tres Reyes) follows Hispanic influence, with the Feast of the Epiphany considered by many Filipinos as the traditional end of their Christmas season. The tradition of the Three Kings' cabalgada is today done only in some areas, such as the old city of Intramuros in Manila, and the island of Marinduque. Another dying custom is children leaving shoes out on Epiphany Eve, so that they may receive sweets and money from the Three Kings. With the arrival of American culture in the early 20th century, the Three Kings as gift-givers have been largely replaced in urban areas by Santa Claus, and they only survive in the greeting "Happy Three Kings!" and the surname Tatlóngharì. The Three Kings are especially revered in Gapan, Nueva Ecija, where they are enshrined as patron saints in the National Shrine of Virgen La Divina Pastora.[citation needed]

text: In Paraguay, Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic, children cut grass or greenery on January 5 and put it in a box under their bed for the Kings' camels. Children receive gifts on January 6, which is called Día de Reyes, and is traditionally the day in which the Magi arrived bearing gifts for the Christ child. Christmas starts in December and ends in January after Epiphany, although in Puerto Rico there are eight more days of celebration (las octavitas).

text: Campaign for a real black Balthazar in Spain[edit]

text: In 2009 a campaign started in Spain over the fact that Balthazar is commonly played by a white person in blackface.[63][64]

text: Central Europe[edit]

text: A tradition in Poland and German-speaking Catholic areas is the writing of the three kings' initials (C+M+B or C M B, or K+M+B in those areas where Caspar is spelled Kaspar) above the main door of Catholic homes in chalk. This is a new year's blessing for the occupants and the initials also are believed to also stand for "Christus mansionem benedicat" ("May/Let Christ Bless This House").[65] Depending on the city or town, this will be happen sometime between Christmas and the Epiphany, with most municipalities celebrating closer to the Epiphany. Also in Catholic parts of the German-speaking world, these markings are made by the "Sternsinger" (literally, "star singers") – a group of children dressed up as the magi.[66] The Sternsinger carry a star representing the one followed by the biblical magi and sing Christmas carols as they go door to door, such as "Stern über Bethlehem". An adult chaperones the group but stays in the background of the performance. After singing, the children write the three kings' initials on the door frame in exchange for charitable donations. Each year, German and Austrian dioceses pick one charity towards which all Sternsinger donations nationwide will be contributed.[citation needed] Traditionally, one child in the Sternsinger group is said to represent Baltasar from Africa and so, that child typically wears blackface makeup.[67][68][69] Many Germans do not consider this to be racist because it is not intended to be a negative portrayal of a black person, but rather, a "realistic" or "traditional" portrayal of one.[70] The dialogue surrounding the politics of traditions involving blackface is not as developed as in Spain or the Netherlands.[citation needed] In the past, photographs of German politicians together with children in blackface have caused a stir in English-language press.[71][72] Moreover, Afro-Germans have written that this use of blackface is a missed opportunity to be truly inclusive of Afro-Germans in German-speaking communities and contribute to the equation of "blackness" with "foreignness" and "otherness" in German culture.[73]

text: In 2010 the day of Epiphany, January 6, was made a holiday in Poland and thus a pre-war tradition was revived.[74] Since 2011, celebrations with biblical costuming have taken place throughout the country. For example, in Warsaw there are processions from Plac Zamkowy down Krakowskie Przedmieście to Plac Piłsudskiego.[75]

text: Roscón de Reyes[edit]

text: In Spain and in Portugal (where it is called Bolo-rei[76]), the cake, which is ring-shaped, is most commonly bought, not baked, and it contains both a small figurine of one of the Magi (or another surprise depending on the region) and an actual dry broad bean. The one who gets the figurine is "crowned" (with a crown made of cardboard or paper), but whoever gets the bean has to pay the value of the cake to the person who originally bought it. In Mexico they also have the same ring-shaped cake Rosca de Reyes (Kings Bagel or Thread) with figurines inside it. Whoever gets a figurine is supposed to organize and be the host of the family celebration for the Candelaria feast on February 2.

text: In France and Belgium, a cake containing a small figure of the baby Jesus, known as the "broad bean", is shared within the family. Whoever gets the bean is crowned king for the remainder of the holiday and wears a cardboard crown purchased with the cake. A similar practice is common in many areas of Switzerland, but the figurine is a miniature king. The practice is known as tirer les Rois (Drawing the Kings). A queen is sometimes also chosen.

text: In New Orleans, Louisiana, parts of southern Texas, and surrounding regions, a similar ring-shaped cake known as a "King Cake" traditionally becomes available in bakeries from Epiphany to Mardi Gras. The baby Jesus figurine is inserted into the cake from underneath, and the person who gets the slice with the figurine is expected to buy or bake the next King Cake. There is wide variation among the types of pastry that may be called a King Cake, but most are a baked cinnamon-flavoured twisted dough with thin frosting and additional sugar on top in the traditional Mardi Gras colours of gold, green and purple. To prevent accidental injury or choking, the baby Jesus figurine is frequently not inserted into the cake at the bakery, but included in the packaging for optional use by the buyer to insert it themselves. Mardi Gras-style beads and doubloons may be included as well.

text: In art[edit]

text: The Magi most frequently appear in European art in the Adoration of the Magi; less often in the Journey of the Magi has been a popular subject in art, and topos, and other scenes such as the Magi before Herod and the Dream of the Magi also appear in the Middle Ages. In Byzantine art they are depicted as Persians, wearing trousers and phrygian caps. Crowns appear from the 10th century. Despite being saints, they are very often shown without halos, perhaps to avoid distracting attention from either their crowns or the halos of the Holy Family. Sometimes only the lead king, kneeling to Christ, has a halo the two others lack, probably indicating that the two behind had not yet performed the act of worship that would ensure their status as saints. Medieval artists also allegorised the theme to represent the three ages of man. Beginning in the 12th century, and very often by the 15th, the Kings also represent the three parts of the known (pre-Columbian) world in Western art, especially in Northern Europe. Balthasar is thus represented as a young African or Moor and Caspar may be depicted with distinctly Oriental features.

text: An early Anglo-Saxon depiction survives on the Franks Casket (early 7th century, whalebone carving), the only Christian scene, which is combined with pagan and classical imagery. In its composition it follows the oriental style, which renders a courtly scene, with the Virgin and Christ facing the spectator, while the Magi devoutly approach from the (left) side. Even amongst non-Christians who had heard of the Christian story of the Magi, the motif was quite popular, since the Magi had endured a long journey and were generous. Instead of an angel, the picture places a swan-like bird, perhaps interpretable as the hero's fylgja (a protecting spirit, and shapeshifter).

text: Austrian artist Gottfried Helnwein depicted a more controversial tableau in his painting, Epiphany I: Adoration of the Magi (1996). Intended to represent the "many connections between the Third Reich and the Christian churches in Austria and Germany",[77] Nazi officers in uniform stand around an Aryan woman, a Madonna. The Christ toddler who stands on Mary's lap resembles Adolf Hitler.[78]

text: More generally they appear in popular Nativity scenes and other Christmas decorations that have their origins in the Neapolitan variety of the Italian presepio or Nativity crèche.


document_title: U.S. state temperature extremes

question_text: what is the lowest recorded temperature in texas

root

text: U.S. state temperature extremes

text: The following table lists the highest and lowest temperatures recorded in each state in the United States, in both Fahrenheit and Celsius during the past two centuries. [1]

tag: p

text:
State
Record high
temperature
Date
Place(s)
Record low
temperature
Date
Place(s)

Alabama
112 °F / 44 °C
000000001925-09-05-0000September 5, 1925
Centreville
−27 °F / −33 °C
000000001966-01-30-0000January 30, 1966
New Market

Alaska
100 °F / 38 °C
000000001915-06-27-0000June 27, 1915
Fort Yukon
−80 °F / −62 °C
000000001971-01-23-0000January 23, 1971
Prospect Creek

Arizona
128 °F / 53 °C
000000001994-06-29-0000June 29, 1994
Lake Havasu City
−40 °F / −40 °C
000000001971-01-07-0000January 7, 1971
McNary

Arkansas
120 °F / 49 °C
000000001936-08-10-0000August 10, 1936
Ozark
−29 °F / −34 °C
000000001905-02-13-0000February 13, 1905
Gravette

California
134 °F / 57 °C
000000001913-07-10-0000July 10, 1913
Furnace Creek
−45 °F / −43 °C
000000001937-01-20-0000January 20, 1937
Boca

Colorado
114 °F / 46 °C
000000001954-07-11-0000July 11, 1954
Sedgwick
−61 °F / −52 °C
000000001985-02-01-0000February 1, 1985
Maybell

Connecticut
106 °F / 41 °C
000000001995-07-15-0000July 15, 1995
Danbury
−37 °F / −38 °C
000000001943-02-16-0000February 16, 1943
Norfolk[2]

Delaware
110 °F / 43 °C
000000001930-07-21-0000July 21, 1930
Millsboro
−17 °F / −27 °C
000000001893-01-17-0000January 17, 1893
Millsboro

District of Columbia
106 °F / 41 °C
000000001930-07-20-0000July 20, 1930
Washington
−15 °F / −26 °C
000000001899-02-11-0000February 11, 1899
Washington

Florida
109°F / 43 °C
000000001931-06-29-0000June 29, 1931
Monticello
−2 °F / −19 °C
000000001899-02-13-0000February 13, 1899
Tallahassee

Georgia
112 °F / 44 °C
000000001983-08-20-0000August 20, 1983*
Greenville
−17 °F / −27 °C
000000001940-01-27-0000January 27, 1940
Chatsworth

Hawaii
98 °F / 37 °C
000000001957-07-14-0000July 14, 1957
Puunene*[3]
15 °F / -9 °C
000000001975-01-05-0000January 5, 1975
Mauna Kea Observatories[3]

Idaho
118 °F / 48 °C
000000001934-07-28-0000July 28, 1934
Orofino
−60 °F / −51 °C
000000001943-01-18-0000January 18, 1943
Island Park

Illinois
117 °F / 47 °C
000000001954-07-14-0000July 14, 1954
East Saint Louis
−36 °F / −38 °C
000000001999-01-05-0000January 5, 1999
Congerville

Indiana
116 °F / 47 °C
000000001936-07-14-0000July 14, 1936
Collegeville
−36 °F / −38 °C
000000001994-01-19-0000January 19, 1994
New Whiteland

Iowa
118 °F / 48 °C
000000001934-07-20-0000July 20, 1934
Keokuk
−47 °F / −44 °C
000000001996-02-03-0000February 3, 1996*
Elkader

Kansas
121 °F / 49 °C
000000001936-07-24-0000July 24, 1936*
Alton
−40 °F / −40 °C
000000001905-02-13-0000February 13, 1905
Lebanon

Kentucky
114 °F / 46 °C
000000001930-07-28-0000July 28, 1930
Greensburg
−37 °F / −38 °C
000000001994-01-19-0000January 19, 1994
Shelbyville

Louisiana
114 °F / 46 °C
000000001936-08-10-0000August 10, 1936
Plain Dealing
−16 °F / −27 °C
000000001899-02-13-0000February 13, 1899
Minden

Maine
105 °F / 41 °C
000000001911-07-10-0000July 10, 1911*
North Bridgton
−50 °F / −45 °C
000000002009-01-16-0000January 16, 2009
Clayton Lake

Maryland
109 °F / 43 °C
000000001936-07-10-0000July 10, 1936*
Cumberland
−40 °F / −40 °C
000000001912-01-13-0000January 13, 1912
Oakland

Massachusetts
107 °F / 42 °C
000000001975-08-02-0000August 2, 1975
New Bedford
−40 °F / −40 °C
000000001984-01-22-0000January 22, 1984
Chester[2]

Michigan
112 °F / 44 °C
000000001936-07-13-0000July 13, 1936
Mio
−51 °F / −46 °C
000000001934-02-09-0000February 9, 1934
Vanderbilt

Minnesota
115 °F / 46 °C
000000001917-07-29-0000July 29, 1917
Beardsley
−60 °F / −51 °C
000000001996-02-02-0000February 2, 1996
Tower

Mississippi
115 °F / 46 °C
000000001930-07-29-0000July 29, 1930
Holly Springs
−19 °F / −28 °C
000000001966-01-30-0000January 30, 1966
Corinth

Missouri
118 °F / 48 °C
000000001954-07-14-0000July 14, 1954*
Warsaw
−40 °F / −40 °C
000000001905-02-13-0000February 13, 1905
Warsaw

Montana
117 °F / 47 °C
000000001937-07-05-0000July 5, 1937
Medicine Lake
−70 °F / −57 °C
000000001954-01-20-0000January 20, 1954
Lincoln (Rogers Pass)

Nebraska
118 °F / 48 °C
000000001936-07-24-0000July 24, 1936*
Minden
−47 °F / −44 °C
000000001989-12-22-0000December 22, 1989*
Oshkosh

Nevada
125 °F / 52 °C
000000001994-06-29-0000June 29, 1994
Laughlin
−50 °F / −46 °C
000000001937-01-08-0000January 8, 1937
San Jacinto

New Hampshire
106 °F / 41 °C
000000001911-07-04-0000July 4, 1911
Nashua
−47 °F / −44 °C
000000001885-01-22-0000January 22, 1885
Randolph

New Jersey
110 °F / 43 °C
000000001936-07-10-0000July 10, 1936
Runyon
−34 °F / −37 °C
000000001904-01-05-0000January 5, 1904
River Vale

New Mexico
122 °F / 50 °C
000000001994-06-27-0000June 27, 1994
Carlsbad
−50 °F / −46 °C
000000001951-02-01-0000February 1, 1951
Gavilan

New York
109 °F / 42 °C
000000001926-07-22-0000July 22, 1926
Troy
−52 °F / −46 °C
000000001979-02-18-0000February 18, 1979*
Old Forge

North Carolina
110 °F / 43 °C
000000001983-08-21-0000August 21, 1983
Fayetteville
−34 °F / −37 °C
000000001985-01-21-0000January 21, 1985
Burnsville

North Dakota
121 °F / 49 °C
000000001936-07-06-0000July 6, 1936
Steele
−60 °F / −51 °C
000000001936-02-15-0000February 15, 1936
Parshall

Ohio
113 °F / 45 °C
000000001934-07-21-0000July 21, 1934
Gallipolis
−39 °F / −39 °C
000000001899-02-10-0000February 10, 1899
Milligan

Oklahoma
120 °F / 49 °C
000000001936-08-12-0000August 12, 1936*
Altus
−31 °F / −35 °C
000000002011-02-10-0000February 10, 2011
Nowata

Oregon
117 °F / 47 °C
000000001939-07-27-0000July 27, 1939
Umatilla[2]
−54 °F / −48 °C
000000001933-02-10-0000February 10, 1933*
Seneca

Pennsylvania
111 °F / 44 °C
000000001936-07-10-0000July 10, 1936*
Phoenixville
−42 °F / −41 °C
000000001904-01-05-0000January 5, 1904
Smethport

Rhode Island
104 °F / 40 °C
000000001975-08-02-0000August 2, 1975
Providence
−28 °F / −34 °C
000000001942-01-17-0000January 17, 1942
Richmond

South Carolina
113 °F / 45 °C
000000002012-06-30-0000June 30, 2012*
Camden
−22 °F / −30 °C
000000001985-01-21-0000January 21, 1985
Landrum[2]

South Dakota
120 °F / 49 °C
000000002006-07-15-0000July 15, 2006*
Fort Pierre*
−58 °F / −50 °C
000000001936-02-17-0000February 17, 1936
McIntosh

Tennessee
113 °F / 45 °C
000000001933-08-09-0000August 9, 1933*
Perryville
−32 °F / −36 °C
000000001917-12-30-0000December 30, 1917
Mountain City

Texas
120 °F / 49 °C
000000001994-06-28-0000June 28, 1994*
Monahans
−23 °F / −31 °C
000000001933-02-08-0000February 8, 1933*
Seminole

Utah
117 °F / 47 °C
000000001985-07-05-0000July 5, 1985
Saint George
−50 °F / −46 °C
000000001913-01-05-0000January 5, 1913
Strawberry Tunnel

Vermont
105 °F / 41 °C
000000001911-07-04-0000July 4, 1911
Vernon[2]
−50 °F / −46 °C
000000001933-12-30-0000December 30, 1933
Bloomfield

Virginia
110 °F / 43 °C
000000001954-07-15-0000July 15, 1954
Balcony Falls
−30 °F / −34 °C
000000001985-01-22-0000January 22, 1985
Pembroke

Washington
118 °F / 48 °C
000000001961-08-05-0000August 5, 1961*
Burbank
−48 °F / −44 °C
000000001968-12-30-0000December 30, 1968
Mazama

West Virginia
112 °F / 44 °C
000000001936-07-10-0000July 10, 1936*
Martinsburg
−37 °F / −38 °C
000000001917-12-30-0000December 30, 1917
Lewisburg

Wisconsin
114 °F / 46 °C
000000001936-07-13-0000July 13, 1936
Wisconsin Dells
−55 °F / −48 °C
000000001996-02-04-0000February 4, 1996
Couderay

Wyoming
115 °F / 46 °C
000000001983-08-08-0000August 8, 1983
Basin
−63 °F / −53 °C
000000001933-02-09-0000February 9, 1933
Moran[2]

tag: table

text: *Also on earlier date or dates in that state


document_title: Fox News

question_text: who is the parent company of fox news

question_tokens: who is the parent company of fox news

text: Fox News

text: Early years[edit]

text: In May 1985, Australian publisher Rupert Murdoch announced that he and American industrialist and philanthropist Marvin Davis intended to develop "a network of independent stations as a fourth marketing force" to compete directly with CBS, NBC, and ABC through the purchase of six television stations owned by Metromedia.[17] In July 1985, 20th Century Fox announced that Murdoch had completed his purchase of 50 percent of Fox Filmed Entertainment, the parent company of 20th Century Fox Film Corporation.[18] A year later, 20th Century Fox earned $5.6 million in its fiscal third period ended May 31, 1986, in contrast to a loss of $55.8 million in the third period of the previous year.[19]

text: Prior to founding FNC, Murdoch had gained experience in the 24-hour news business when News Corporation's BSkyB subsidiary began Europe's first 24-hour news channel (Sky News) in the United Kingdom in 1989.[20] With the success of his fourth network efforts in the United States,[21] experience gained from Sky News and the turnaround of 20th Century Fox, Murdoch announced on January 31, 1996, that News Corp. would launch a 24-hour news channel on cable and satellite systems in the United States as part of a News Corp. "worldwide platform" for Fox programming: "The appetite for news – particularly news that explains to people how it affects them – is expanding enormously".[22]

text: In February 1996, after former U.S. Republican Party political strategist and NBC executive[23] Roger Ailes left cable television channel America's Talking (now MSNBC), Murdoch asked him to start Fox News Channel. Ailes demanded five months of 14-hour workdays and several weeks of rehearsal shows before its launch on October 7, 1996.[24]

text: At its debut 17 million households were able to watch FNC;[3] however, it was absent from the media markets of New York City and Los Angeles. Rolling news coverage during the day consisted of 20-minute single-topic shows such as Fox on Crime or Fox on Politics, surrounded by news headlines. Interviews featured facts at the bottom of the screen about the topic or the guest. The flagship newscast at the time was The Schneider Report, with Mike Schneider's fast-paced delivery of the news. During the evening, Fox featured opinion shows: The O'Reilly Report (now The O'Reilly Factor), The Crier Report (hosted by Catherine Crier) and Hannity & Colmes.

text: From the beginning, FNC has placed heavy emphasis on visual presentation. Graphics were designed to be colorful and attention-getting; this helped the viewer to grasp the main points of what was being said, even if they could not hear the host (with on-screen text summarizing the position of the interviewer or speaker, and "bullet points" when a host was delivering commentary). Fox News also created the "Fox News Alert," which interrupted its regular programming when a breaking news story occurred.

text: To accelerate its adoption by cable providers, Fox News paid systems up to $11 per subscriber to distribute the channel.[25] This contrasted with the normal practice, in which cable operators paid stations carriage fees for programming. When Time Warner bought Ted Turner's Turner Broadcasting System, a federal antitrust consent decree required Time Warner to carry a second all-news channel in addition to its own CNN on its cable systems. Time Warner selected MSNBC as the secondary news channel, not Fox News. Fox News claimed that this violated an agreement (to carry Fox News). Citing its agreement to keep its U.S. headquarters and a large studio in New York City, News Corporation enlisted the help of Mayor Rudolph Giuliani's administration to pressure Time Warner Cable (one of the city's two cable providers) to transmit Fox News on a city-owned channel.[26] City officials threatened to take action affecting Time Warner's cable franchises in the city.[27]

text: During the September 11, 2001 attacks, Fox News was the first news organization to run a news ticker on the bottom of the screen to keep up with the flow of information that day. The ticker has remained, informing viewers about additional news which reporters may not mention on-screen and repeating news mentioned during a broadcast; it has proven popular with viewers.[28]

text: Outlets[edit]

text: FNC maintains an archive of most of its programs. This archive also includes Fox Movietone newsreels. Licensing for the Fox News archive is handled by ITN Source, the archiving division of ITN.[29]

text: Television[edit]

text: FNC presents a variety of programming, with up to 15 hours of live broadcasting per day in addition to programming and content for the Fox Broadcasting Company. Most programs are broadcast from Fox News headquarters in New York City (at 1211 Avenue of the Americas), in its streetside studio on Sixth Avenue in the west wing of Rockefeller Center, sharing its headquarters with sister channel Fox Business Network. Fox News Channel has eight studios at its New York City headquarters that are used for its and Fox Business' programming: Studio B (used for Fox Business programming), Studio D (which has an area for studio audiences; and is used by Outnumbered), Studio E (used for Fox & Friends, Happening Now, Your World with Neil Cavuto, and certain editions of America's News HQ), Studio F (used for The Story With Martha Maccallum, The Five, and America's Election Headquarters) Studio G (which houses Fox Business shows), Studio H (Fox News Deck used for Shepard Smith Reporting and breaking news coverage), Studio J (used for Fox & Friends First, America's Newsroom, Hannity and Justice with Judge Jeanine) and the Web Studio (used for Fox News Live internet shows).

text: The remaining programs (such as Special Report with Bret Baier, On the Record w/ Greta Van Susteren, and editions of America's News HQ not broadcast from the New York City studios) are broadcast from Fox News's Washington, D.C. studio, located on Capitol Hill across from Union Station in a secured building shared by a number of other television networks (including NBC News and C-SPAN). Audio simulcasts of the channel are aired on XM Satellite Radio and Sirius Satellite Radio.

text: In an October 11, 2009 New York Times article, Fox articulated that its hard-news programming runs from "9 a.m. to 4 p.m. and 6 to 8 p.m. on weekdays" and "[is] objective"; however, it makes no such claims for its other broadcasts, which primarily consist of editorial journalism and commentary.[30]

text: Fox News Channel began broadcasting in the 720p resolution format on May 1, 2008.[31] This format is available on all major cable and satellite providers.

text: Radio[edit]

text: With the growth of FNC, the company introduced a radio division, Fox News Radio, in 2003.[32] Syndicated throughout the United States, the division provides short newscasts and talk radio programs featuring personalities from the television and radio divisions. In 2006, the company also introduced Fox News Talk, a satellite radio station featuring programs syndicated by (and featuring) Fox News personalities.

text: Online[edit]

text: Introduced in December 1995,[33] the Fox News website features the latest coverage (including columns by FNC television, radio and online personalities). Video clips are also available on Foxnews.com and Foxbusiness.com. Fox News Latino is the version aimed at the Hispanic audience, although presented almost entirely in English, with a Spanish section.[34]

text: In September 2008, FNC joined other channels in introducing a live streaming segment to its website: The Strategy Room, designed to appeal to older viewers. It airs weekdays from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. and takes the form of an informal discussion, with running commentary on the news. Regular discussion programs include Business Hour, News With a View and God Talk.[35] In March 2009, The Fox Nation was launched as a website intended to encourage readers to post, commenting on the news.[36] Fox News Mobile is the portion of the FNC website dedicated to streaming news clips formatted for video-enabled mobile phones.[37]

text: Notable personalities[edit]

text: Program hosts[edit]

text:
David Asman
Bret Baier
Julie Banderas
Maria Bartiromo
Shannon Bream
Tucker Carlson
Neil Cavuto
Steve Doocy
Ainsley Earhardt
Harris Faulkner
Melissa Francis
Kimberly Guilfoyle
Greg Gutfeld
Sean Hannity
Pete Hegseth
Bill Hemmer
Abby Huntsman
Gregg Jarrett
Kennedy
Brian Kilmeade
Howard Kurtz
Martha MacCallum
Arthel Neville
Uma Pemmaraju
Dana Perino
Jeanine Pirro
Elizabeth Prann
Jon Scott
Eric Shawn
Sandra Smith
Shepard Smith
Leland Vittert
Chris Wallace
Jesse Watters
Juan Williams

tag: ul

text: Correspondents and substitute anchors[edit]

text:
Dr. Manny Alvarez
Ellison Barber
Heather Childers
Patti Ann Browne
Christine Clayburg
Claudia Cowan
Janice Dean
Peter Doocy
Mike Emanuel
Kristin Fisher
Lea Gabrielle
Trace Gallagher
Anna Gilligan
Lauren Green
Jennifer Griffin
Molly Henneberg
Catherine Herridge
Adam Housley
Brit Hume
Phil Keating
Rick Leventhal
Molly Line
Dagen McDowell
Hollie McKay
Andrew Napolitano
Kate Obenshain
Charles Payne
Katie Pavlich
Uma Pemmaraju
Geraldo Rivera
John Roberts
James Rosen
Eric Shawn

text: Regular guests and contributors[edit]

text:
Dr. Keith Ablow
Mike Baker
Guy Benson
John R. Bolton
Lisa Boothe
Tammy Bruce
Pat Caddell
Herman Cain
Rep. Jason Chaffetz
Mo Elleithee[38]
Ezekiel Emanuel[38]
Erick Erickson
Nigel Farage[39]
Ari Fleischer
Steve Forbes
Newt Gingrich
Bernard Goldberg
Jonah Goldberg
Marie Harf[38]
Stephen Hayes
Mollie Hemingway[38]
Steve Hilton[38]
Governor Mike Huckabee
Charles Hurt
Laura Ingraham
Charles Krauthammer
Dennis Kucinich
Tomi Lahren
John "Bradshaw" Layfield
Rich Lowry
Frank Luntz
Leslie Marshall
Dennis Miller
Judith Miller
Fr. Jonathan Morris
Lt. Col. Oliver North
Charles Payne
Lt. Col. Ralph Peters
Karl Rove
Mercedes Schlapp
Douglas Schoen
Dr. Ben Stein
Jessica Tarlov
Katherine Timpf
Joe Trippi
Gillian Turner
Tyrus
Stuart Varney
Lis Wiehl
Byron York

text: Former hosts and contributors[edit]

text:
Jim Angle
Louis Aguirre (former morning host, now host of The Insider)
Dari Alexander (now at WNYW in New York City)
Dr. Jennifer Ashton (now at ABC News)
Tiki Barber (now with CBS Sports Network)
Fred Barnes (journalist)
Rudi Bakhtiar (now PR Director for the Public Affairs Alliance of Iranian Americans)
Glenn Beck (former afternoon host; now on TheBlaze)
Bob Beckel (terminated amid racist remarks)
Lisa Bernhard (entertainment correspondent)
Jedediah Bila
Tony Blankley (deceased)
Eric Bolling (terminated amid sexual harassment allegations)
Dave Briggs
Scott Brown
Eric Burns (not renewed)
Brenda Buttner (deceased)
Joseph A. Cafasso (stepped down over allegations he overrepresented his military record)
Carl Cameron (retired in August 2017)
Alisyn Camerota (now at CNN)
Gretchen Carlson
Dr. Ben Carson (joined Trump cabinet)
Steve Centanni (retired in August 2014)
Liz Cheney (now in public service)
Kiran Chetry (later worked for CNN)
Wesley Clark (now at CNN)
Alan Colmes (deceased)
Rita Cosby (later worked at MSNBC)
Catherine Crier (now at TruTV)
Monica Crowley
S. E. Cupp (now at CNN)
Stacey Dash (not renewed)
Jill Dobson
Laurie Dhue (not renewed)
Matt Drudge
Darby Dunn (now at CNBC)
Donna Fiducia (no longer active in cable news industry, went into Georgia real estate)
Rick Folbaum (now at WFOR-TV)
Harold Ford, Jr. (now at MSNBC)
Courtney Friel (now at KTLA-TV)
Neal Gabler
Major Garrett (now at CBS News)
Alexis Glick (left Fox Business in December 2009; now at CNN)
Wendell Goler
Mary Katharine Ham (now at CNN)[40]
Elisabeth Hasselbeck
E. D. Hill (now at CNN)
Marc Lamont Hill (now at BET and CNN)
Kit Hoover (now at TLC)
Margaret Hoover (left network 2012)
Page Hopkins (left network September 26, 2008; now at MSNBC)
Juliet Huddy
Carol Iovanna (now runs production company)
Marvin Kalb (not renewed)
John Kasich
Terry Keenan (deceased)
Greg Kelly (now at WNYW in New York City)
Megyn Kelly (now at NBC News)
Mort Kondracke
Anna Kooiman
Bill Kristol
Jenna Lee
Andy Levy (now at HLN)
Dana Lewis (now at WSAW-TV in Wausau)
G. Gordon Liddy
Rachel Marsden (contributor and Red Eye panelist; now lives in France)
Meghan McCain
Bill McCuddy
Zell Miller
Maria Molina
Clayton Morris
Dick Morris (contributor not renewed)
Heather Nauert (now U.S. State Department Spokesperson)
Joanne Nosuchinsky
Robert Novak (deceased)
Bill O'Reilly (terminated amid sexual harassment allegations)
Barbara Olson (killed in the September 11 attacks in 2001)
Julian Phillips
Kirsten Powers (now at CNN)
Judith Regan
Julie Roginsky
Ed Rollins (not renewed)
Rick Santorum
Mike Schneider (left for Bloomberg Television, most recently at NJTV)
Laura Schwartz
Bob Sellers (now morning co-anchor at WZTV in Nashville)
Suzanne Sena (now at HLN)
David Shuster (left Fox for MSNBC, later worked at Al Jazeera America)
Jane Skinner
Tony Snow (became White House Press Secretary, deceased)
Andrea Tantaros
Cal Thomas (not renewed)
Greta Van Susteren (now at MSNBC)
Linda Vester
George Will
Brian Wilson (presently morning drive time host on WMAL-FM)
Paula Zahn (left for CNN, now at Investigation Discovery)

text: Ratings and reception[edit]

text: FNC saw a large ratings jump during the early stages of the US invasion of Iraq. According to some reports, at the height of the conflict Fox News had as much as a 300-percent increase in viewership (averaging 3.3 million viewers daily).[41] In 2004, FNC's ratings for its broadcast of the Republican National Convention exceeded those of the three major broadcast networks. During President George W. Bush's address, Fox News attracted 7.3 million viewers nationally; NBC, ABC, and CBS had a viewership of 5.9 million, 5.1 million and 5.0 million respectively.

text: In late 2005 and early 2006, FNC saw a brief decline in ratings. One decline was in the second quarter of 2006, when Fox News lost viewers for every prime-time program compared with the previous quarter. The audience for Special Report with Brit Hume, for example, dropped 19 percent. Several weeks later, in the wake of the 2006 North Korean missile test and the 2006 Lebanon War, Fox saw a surge in viewership and remained the #1-rated cable news channel.[42] Fox produced eight of the top ten most-watched nightly cable news shows, with The O'Reilly Factor and Hannity & Colmes finishing first and second respectively.[43]

text: FNC ranked #8 in viewership among all cable channels in 2006, and #6 in 2007.[44] The channel ranked #1 during the week of Barack Obama's election (November 3–9) in 2008, and reached the top spot again in January 2010 (during the week of the special Senate election in Massachusetts).[45] Comparing Fox to its 24-hour-news-channel competitors, in May 2010 the channel drew an average daily prime-time audience of 1.8 million viewers (versus 747,000 for MSNBC and 595,000 for CNN).[46]

text: In September 2009, the Pew Research Center published a report on the public view of national news organizations. In the report, 72 percent of polled Republican Fox viewers rated the channel as "favorable", while 43 percent of polled Democratic viewers and 55 percent of all polled viewers shared that opinion. However, Fox was given the highest "unfavorable" rating of all national outlets studied (25 percent of all polled viewers). The report went on to say, "partisan differences in views of Fox News have increased substantially since 2007".[47] A Public Policy Polling poll concluded in 2013 that perceptions of FNC had declined from 2010. 41% of polled voters said they trust it, down from 49% in 2010, while 46% said they distrust it, up from 37% in 2010. It was also called the "most trusted" network by 34% of those polled, more than had said the same of any other network.[48]

text: On the night of October 22, 2012, Fox set a record for its highest-rated telecast ever, with 11.5 million viewers for the third U.S. presidential debate.[49] In prime time the week before, Fox averaged almost 3.7 million viewers with a total day average of 1.66 million viewers.[50]

text: In primetime and total day ratings for the week of April 15 to 21, 2013, Fox News, propelled by its coverage of the Boston Marathon bombing, was the highest-ranked network on U.S. cable television, for the first time since August 2005, when Hurricane Katrina hit the Gulf Coast of the United States.[51] January 2014 marked Fox News's 145th consecutive month as the number one rated cable news channel. During that month, Fox News beat CNN and MSNBC combined in overall viewers in both prime time hours and the total day.[52] In the third quarter of 2014, the network was the most-watched cable channel during prime time hours.[53] During the final week of the campaign for the United States elections, 2014, Fox News had the highest ratings of any cable channel, news or otherwise. On election night itself, Fox News' coverage had higher ratings than that of any of the other five cable or network news sources among viewers between 25 and 54 years of age.[54] The network hosted the first prime-time GOP candidates' forum of the 2016 campaign on August 6. The debate reached a record-breaking 24 million viewers, by far the largest audience ever for any cable news event.[55]

text: Demographics[edit]

text: As indicated by a New York Times article, based on Nielsen statistics, Fox appears to have a mostly aged demographic.[56] In 2008, in the 25–54 age group, Fox News had an average of 557,000 viewers, but dropped to 379,000 in 2013 while increasing its overall audience from 1.89 million in 2010 to 2.02 million in 2013. The median age of a prime-time viewer was 68 as of 2015.[57]

text: Slogan[edit]

text: Fox News Channel originally used the slogan "Fair and Balanced", which was coined by network co-founder Roger Ailes while the network was being established. The New York Times described the slogan as being both a "blunt signal that Fox News planned to counteract what Mr. Ailes and many others viewed as a liberal bias ingrained in television coverage by establishment news networks."[58][59]

text: In August 2003, Fox sued comedian Al Franken over his use of the slogan as a subtitle for his book, Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them: A Fair and Balanced Look at the Right, which is critical of Fox News Channel.[60] The lawsuit was dropped three days later, after Judge Denny Chin refused its request for an injunction. In his decision, Chin ruled the case was "wholly without merit, both factually and legally". He went on to suggest that Fox News' trademark on the phrase "fair and balanced" could be invalid.[61] In December 2003, FNC won a legal battle concerning the slogan, when AlterNet filed a cancellation petition with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) to have FNC's trademark rescinded as inaccurate. AlterNet included the documentary film Outfoxed as supporting evidence in its case.[62] After losing early motions, AlterNet withdrew its petition; the USPTO dismissed the case.[63] In 2008, FNC used the slogan "We Report, You Decide", referring to "You Decide 2008" (FNC's original slogan for its coverage of election issues).

text: In August 2016, Fox News Channel began to quietly phase out the "Fair and Balanced" slogan in favor of "Most Watched, Most Trusted"; when these changes were reported in June 2017 by Gabriel Sherman (a writer who had written a biography on Ailes), a network executive stated that the change "has nothing to do with programming or editorial decisions." It was speculated by media outlets that Fox News Channel was wishing to distance itself from Ailes' tenure at the network.[58][64][59]

text: Controversies[edit]

text: Alleged bias[edit]

text: Fox News Channel has been widely criticized for biased reporting in favor of conservative political positions[65][66][6] and the Republican Party.[7] A 2008 study found that Fox News gave disproportionate attention to polls that showed low approval for President Bill Clinton.[67] A 2009 study found that Fox News was less likely to pick up stories that reflected well on Democrats, and more likely to pick up stories that reflected well on Republicans.[68] A 2010 study comparing Fox News Channel's Special Report With Brit Hume and NBC's Nightly News coverage of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan during 2005 concluded that "Fox News was much more sympathetic to the administration than NBC", suggesting that "if scholars continue to find evidence of a partisan or ideological bias at FNC... they should consider Fox as alternative, rather than mainstream, media".[69]

text: Research also shows that Fox News increases Republican vote shares and makes Republican politicians more partisan.[9][10][70][71] A 2007 study, using the introduction of Fox News into local markets (1996-2000) as an instrumental variable, found that in the 2000 presidential election "Republicans gained 0.4 to 0.7 percentage points in the towns that broadcast Fox News", suggesting that "Fox News convinced 3 to 28 percent of its viewers to vote Republican, depending on the audience measure".[10] These results were confirmed by a 2015 study.[71] A 2014 study, using the same instrumental variable, found that congressional "representatives become less supportive of President Clinton in districts where Fox News begins broadcasting than similar representatives in similar districts where Fox News was not broadcast."[70] A 2017 study, using channel positions as an instrumental variable, found that "Fox News increases Republican vote shares by 0.3 points among viewers induced into watching 2.5 additional minutes per week by variation in position."[9] Another 2014 paper found that Fox News viewing increased Republican vote shares among voters who identified as Republican or independent.[72]

text: Fox News publicly denies that it is biased, with Murdoch and Ailes saying have included Murdoch's statement that Fox has "given room to both sides, whereas only one side had it before".[73] Fox News host Chris Wallace has said, "I think we are the counter-weight [to NBC News] ... they have a liberal agenda, and we tell the other side of the story."[74] In 2004, Robert Greenwald's documentary film Outfoxed: Rupert Murdoch's War on Journalism argued that Fox News had a conservative bias and featured clips from Fox News and internal memos from editorial vice president John Moody directing Fox News staff on how to report certain subjects.[75][76]

text: A leaked memo from Fox News vice president Bill Sammon to news staff at the height of the health care reform in the United States debate has been cited as an example of the pro-Republican Party bias of Fox News. His memo asked the staff to "use the term 'government-run health insurance,' or, when brevity is a concern, 'government option,' whenever possible". The memo was sent shortly after Republican pollster Frank Luntz advised Sean Hannity on his Fox show that "If you call it a public option, the American people are split. If you call it the government option, the public is overwhelmingly against it".[77]

text: Surveys show that Fox News is widely perceived to be ideological. A 2009 Pew survey found that Fox News is viewed as the most ideological channel in America, with 47 percent of those surveyed said Fox News is "mostly conservative", 14 percent said "mostly liberal" and 24 percent said "neither". In comparison, MSNBC had 36 percent identify it as "mostly liberal", 11 percent as "mostly conservative" and 27 percent as "neither". CNN had 37 percent describe it as "mostly liberal", 11 percent as "mostly conservative" and 33 percent as "neither".[78] A 2004 Pew Research Center survey showed that FNC was cited (unprompted) by 69 percent of national journalists as a conservative news organization.[79] A Rasmussen poll found that 31 percent of Americans felt that Fox News had a conservative bias, and 15 percent that it had a liberal bias. The poll also reported that 36 percent believed Fox News delivers news with neither a conservative or liberal bias, compared with 37 percent who said NPR delivers news with no conservative or liberal bias and 32 percent who said the same of CNN.[80]

text: David Carr, media critic for The New York Times, praised the 2012 presidential election results coverage on Fox News for the network's response to Republican adviser and Fox News contributor Karl Rove challenging its call that Barack Obama would win Ohio and the election. Fox's prediction was correct. Carr wrote:

text: Over many months, Fox lulled its conservative base with agitprop: that President Obama was a clear failure, that a majority of Americans saw [Mitt] Romney as a good alternative in hard times, and that polls showing otherwise were politically motivated and not to be believed. But on Tuesday night, the people in charge of Fox News were confronted with a stark choice after it became clear that Mr. Romney had fallen short: was Fox, first and foremost, a place for advocacy or a place for news? In this moment, at least, Fox chose news.[81]

text: A May 2017 study conducted by Harvard University's Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy examined coverage of U.S. President Donald Trump's first 100 days in office by several major mainstream media outlets including Fox.[82] It found that, altogether, Trump received 80% negative coverage from the media, and that he received the least negative coverage on Fox – 52% negative and 48% positive.[83]

text: False claims about the New York Times[edit]

text: In July 2017, a report by Fox & Friends falsely said that the New York Times had disclosed intelligence in one of its stories and that this intelligence disclosure helped Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the leader of the Islamic State, to evade capture.[84] The report cited an inaccurate assertion by Gen. Tony Thomas, the head of the United States Special Operations Command, that a major newspaper had disclosed the intelligence.[84][85] Fox News said that it was the New York Times, repeatedly running the chyron “NYT FOILS U.S. ATTEMPT TO TAKE OUT AL-BAHGDADI".[85] Pete Hegseth, one of the show's hosts, criticized the “failing New York Times”.[85] President Donald Trump tweeted about the Fox & Friends report shortly after it first aired, saying “The Failing New York Times foiled U.S. attempt to kill the single most wanted terrorist, Al-Baghdadi. Their sick agenda over National Security.”[84] Fox News later updated the story, but without apologizing to the New York Times or responding directly to the inaccuracies.[85]

text: In a Washington Post column, Erik Wemple said that Chris Wallace had covered the New York Times story himself on Fox News Sunday. "Here’s another case of the differing standards between Fox News’s opinion operation," which has given "a state-run vibe on all matters related to Trump," compared to Fox News’s news operation, which has provided "mostly sane coverage."[86]

text: Climate change[edit]

text: A 2011 study found that Fox News "takes a more dismissive tone toward climate change than CNN and MSNBC".[87] A 2008 study found that Fox News emphasized the scientific uncertainty of climate change more than CNN, less likely to state that climate change was real, and more likely to interview climate change skeptics.[87]

text: Shepard Smith has drawn attention for being one of few voices on Fox News to forcefully state that climate change is real, that human activities are a primary contributor to it and that there is a scientific consensus on the issue.[88][89] His acceptance of the scientific consensus on climate change has drawn criticism from Fox News viewers and conservatives.[90][91]

text: Donald Trump wiretapping claim[edit]

text: On March 14, 2017, Andrew Napolitano, a Fox News commentator, claimed on Fox & Friends that British intelligence agency GCHQ had wiretapped Donald Trump on behalf of Barack Obama during the 2016 United States presidential election.[92][93] On March 16, 2017, White House spokesman Sean Spicer repeated the claim.[92] When Trump was questioned about the claim at a news conference, he said "All we did was quote a certain very talented legal mind who was the one responsible for saying that on television. I didn't make an opinion on it."[94] On March 17, 2017, Shepard Smith, a Fox News anchor, acknowledged that the network had no evidence that Trump was under surveillance. British officials said the White House was backing off the claim, but the White House did not release a public statement expressing regret.[94] Napolitano was later suspended by Fox News for making the claim.[95]

text: Encouragement of violence against protesters[edit]

text: In January 2017, the Daily Caller published a video which encouraged violence against protesters.[96][97][98] The video was subsequently reposted by Fox Nation, an offshoot of Fox News' website.[96] The video in question showed a car plowing through protesters, with the headline "Here's A Reel Of Cars Plowing Through Protesters Trying To Block The Road" and set to a cover of Ludacris' "Move Bitch."[96] The video drew attention in August 2017 when a white supremacist plowed his car through a group of counterprotesters at a white nationalist rally in Charlottesville.[96] After the video attracted attention, Fox News deleted it from its website.[96][98]

text: Murder of Seth Rich conspiracy[edit]

text: On 16 May 2017, the same day that other news organizations were extensively covering Donald Trump' revelation of classified information to Russia,[99] Fox News ran a lead story about a private investigator's uncorroborated claims about the murder of Seth Rich, a DNC staffer.[100][101][102] The private investigator asserted that he had uncovered evidence that Rich was in contact with Wikileaks and that law enforcement were covering it up.[100] The killing of Rich has given rise to conspiracy theories in rightwing circles that Hillary Clinton and the Democratic Party had Seth Rich killed allegedly because he was the source of the DNC leaks.[100] U.S. intelligence agencies had determined that Russia was the source of the leaks.[103] In reporting the investigator's claims, the Fox News report re-ignited right-wing conspiracy theories about the killing.[100][102]

text: Other news organizations revealed that the investigator was a Donald Trump supporter and had according to NBC News "developed a reputation for making outlandish claims, such as one appearance on Fox News in 2007 in which he warned that underground networks of pink pistol-toting lesbian gangs were raping young women."[100][104] The family of Seth Rich, the Washington D.C police department, the Washington D.C. mayor's office, the FBI, and law enforcement sources familiar with the case, rebuked the investigator's claims.[100][101] The family said, "We are a family who is committed to facts, not fake evidence that surfaces every few months to fill the void and distract law enforcement and the general public from finding Seth’s murderers."[100] The spokesperson for the family criticized Fox News for its reporting, alleging that the outlet was motivated by a desire to deflect attention from the Trump-Russia story: "I think there’s a very special place in hell for people that would use the memory of a murder victim in order to pursue a political agenda."[99] The family has called for retractions and apologies from Fox News for the inaccurate reporting.[105][106]Over the course of the day, Fox News altered the contents of the story and the headline, but did not issue corrections.[107][108] When CNN contacted the private investigator later that day, the investigator said that he had no evidence that Rich had contacted Wikileaks.[102] The investigator claimed that he only learned about the possible existence of the evidence from a Fox News reporter.[102] Fox News did not respond to inquiries by CNN, and the Washington Post.[102][101] Fox News later on 23 May retracted its original report, stating that the original report did not meet its standards.[109]

text: Nicole Hemmer, assistant professor at the Miller Center of Public Affairs, wrote that the promotion of the conspiracy theory demonstrated how Fox News was "remaking itself in the image of fringe media in the age of Trump, blurring the lines between real and fake news."[110] Max Boot of the Council on Foreign Relations said that while intent behind Fox News, as a counterweight to the liberal media was laudable, the culmination of those efforts have been to create an alternative news source that promotes hoaxes and myths, of which the promotion of the Seth Rich conspiracy is an example.[111] Fox News was also criticized by conservative outlets, such as the Weekly Standard,[112] National Review,[113][114] and conservative columnists, such as Jennifer Rubin,[115] Michael Gerson,[116] and John Podhoretz.[117]

text: Obama administration conflict with Fox News[edit]

text: In September 2009, the Obama administration engaged in a verbal conflict with Fox News Channel. On September 20, President Obama appeared on all major news programs except Fox News, a snub partially in response to remarks about the president by commentators Glenn Beck and Sean Hannity, and Fox coverage of Obama's health-care proposal.[118][119]

text: In late September 2009, Obama senior advisor David Axelrod and Roger Ailes met in secret to attempt to smooth out tensions between the two camps. Two weeks later, White House officials referred to FNC as "not a news network", communications director Anita Dunn stating that "Fox News often operates as either the research arm or the communications arm of the Republican Party".[120][121] President Obama observed, "If media is operating basically as a talk radio format, then that's one thing, and if it's operating as a news outlet, then that's another".[122] White House chief of staff Rahm Emanuel stated that it was important "to not have the CNNs and the others in the world basically be led in following Fox".[123]

text: Within days, it was reported that Fox had been excluded from an interview with administration official Ken Feinberg, with bureau chiefs from the White House press pool (ABC, CBS, NBC, and CNN) coming to Fox's defense.[124] A bureau chief stated, "If any member had been excluded it would have been the same thing, it has nothing to do with Fox or the White House or the substance of the issues".[125] Shortly after the story broke, the White House admitted to a low-level mistake, saying that Fox had not made a specific request to interview Feinberg. Fox White House correspondent Major Garrett responded by stating that he had not made a specific request, but that he had a "standing request from me as senior White House correspondent on Fox to interview any newsmaker at the Treasury at any given time news is being made".[126]

text: On November 8, 2009, the Los Angeles Times reported that an unnamed Democratic consultant was warned by the White House not to appear on Fox News again. According to the article, Anita Dunn claimed in an e-mail to have checked with colleagues who "deal with TV issues" and had been told that nobody had been instructed to avoid Fox. Patrick Caddell, a Fox News contributor and former pollster for President Jimmy Carter, said he had spoken with other Democratic consultants who had received similar warnings from the White House.[127]

text: On October 2, 2013, Fox News host Anna Kooiman cited on the air a fake story from the National Report parody site, which claimed that President Obama had offered to keep the International Museum of Muslim Cultures open with cash from his own pocket.[128][129][130]

text: White supremacist rally in Charlottesville[edit]

text: Various Fox News hosts and contributors defended President Trump's remarks that "many sides" were to blame for violence at a gathering of hundreds of white nationalists in Charlottesville, Virginia.[131][132] Some Fox News hosts and contributors criticized Trump.[133][132] In a press conference on 15 August, Trump used the term "alt-left" to describe counterprotesters at the white supremacist rally, a term which had been used in Fox News' coverage of the white supremacist rally.[131] Several of Trump's comments at the press conference mirrored those appearing earlier on Fox News.[134]

text: Fox News contributor Laura Ingraham offered a partial defense of Trump, saying that Trump was right to point out "the evil of a far left that is trying to tear down both history and intimidate free speech in the country."[131] On the day of Trump's press conference, Fox News hosts Tucker Carlson and Sean Hannity focused their shows on criticizing liberals and the media.[133] The next day, Hannity focused his show on the racist past of the Democratic Party, as well as "left-wing acceptance of black radicalism".[132] Fox News host Tucker Carlson also covered historical figures, such as Thomas Jefferson, Mohammed, Simon Bolivar and Plato, who owned slaves on his show, and said that individuals who wanted to remove confederate monuments would want to remove statues of Abraham Lincoln next.[131][133][135] Carlson also questioned whether it was a violation of the First Amendment for businesses to deny services to white supremacists.[132] A guest on Tucker Carlson's show equated individuals who want to remove confederate monuments to "Weimar thugs" and the Taliban.[133] A guest on Fox & Friends equated the confederate flag with the rainbow flag, saying they "represent the exact same thing," and the hosts of Fox & Friends did not provide a response to the guest's remarks.[136][137] The Fox & Friends host, Pete Hegseth, blamed the media for the violence at the white supremacist gathering.[138]

text: According to Dylan Byers of CNN, Fox News' coverage on the day of the press conference "was heavy with "whataboutism". The average Fox viewer was likely left with the impression that the media's criticism of Trump and leftist protestors' toppling of some Confederate statues were far greater threats to America than white supremacism or the president's apparent defense of bigotry."[133] Byers wrote, "it showed that if Fox News has a line when it comes to Trump's presidency, it was not crossed on Tuesday."[133]

text: International transmission[edit]

text: The Fox News Channel feed is available internationally via a number of providers, while Fox Extra segments provide alternate programming.[139]

text: Fox Extra[edit]

text: Initially, U.S. advertisements were replaced on FNC with viewer e-mail and profiles of FNC anchors set to music. In 2002, these were replaced with international weather forecasts. In 2006, the weather forecasts were replaced with Fox Extra (originally Fox News Extra, prior to the international launch of Fox Business) segments, narrated reports from Fox on a variety of topics. These reports generally concern lighter issues unrelated to current news events, and the segments are repeated. FNC also shows international weather forecasts when Fox Extra segments run short. In the United Kingdom, after a period when local commercials were inserted into breaks, Fox Extra now fills most breaks.

text: Australia[edit]

text: In Australia, FNC is broadcast on the dominant pay television provider Foxtel, which is 50% owned by News Corp Australia, the Australian arm of News Corp and the sister company of 21st Century Fox which owns FNC. Local cable news channel Sky News Australia is wholly owned by News Corp Australia[140] and is therefore FNC's de facto sister channel, although has formal partnerships with FNC competitor CNN as well as both ABC News and CBS News.[141]

text: Brazil[edit]

text: Since 2002, FNC has been broadcast to Brazil; however, commercials are replaced with Fox Extra. It is available in packages of Vivo TV.

text: Canada[edit]

text: In 2003, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) rejected a Canadian Cable Telecommunications Association (CCTA) application to bring Fox News to Canada due to concerns that Fox News U.S. and the Global Television Network were planning to create a combined American-Canadian news network. In 2004, after a Fox News U.S. executive said there were no plans to create a combined channel, the CRTC approved an application to bring Fox News to Canada.[142]

text: France[edit]

text: Fox News is available on cable through French internet provider Free on Canal 352. As of Spring 2017, the channel was no longer found on the provider Orange's lineup.

text: Indonesia[edit]

text: In Indonesia, It is available in Channel 335 in pay TV provider Indovision.

text: Ireland[edit]

text: Broadcast of FNC in the Republic of Ireland ended in 2017. Fox news was formerly carried by Sky.[143]

text: Israel[edit]

text: In Israel, FNC is broadcast on Channel 105 of the satellite provider yes, as well as being carried on Cellcom TV.[144] It is also broadcast on channel 200 on cable operator HOT.[145]

text: Italy[edit]

text: Broadcast of FNC in the Italy ended in 2017.[143] Fox news was launched on Stream TV in 2001, and moved to SKY Italia in 2003.

text: Netherlands[edit]

text: In the Netherlands, Fox News has been carried by cable providers UPC Nederland and CASEMA, and satellite provider Canaldigitaal; all have dropped the channel in recent years. At this time, only cable provider Caiway (available in a limited number of towns in the central part of the country) is broadcasting the channel. The channel is also carried by IPTV provider KNIPPR.

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: In New Zealand, FNC is broadcast on Channel 088 of pay satellite operator SKY Network Television's digital platform. It was formerly broadcast overnight on free-to-air UHF New Zealand TV channel Prime (owned by SKY); this was discontinued in January 2010, reportedly due to an expiring broadcasting license.[146] Fox News' former parent company News Corporation has a stake in both SKY and Prime.

text: Pakistan[edit]

text: In Pakistan, Fox News Channel is available on PTCL Smart TV and a number of cable and IPTV operators.

text: Philippines[edit]

text: In the Philippines, Fox News Channel was available on cable operator Destiny Cable channel 21 (analog)/channel 112 (digital) Now on SkyCable Channel 112 it is available only on digital platform. And now on Skycable available on High Definition Channel 211. It is also seen on Cignal Digital TV channel 131.

text: Scandinavia[edit]

text: Between 2003 and 2006, in Sweden and the other Scandinavian countries, FNC was broadcast 16 hours a day on TV8 (with Fox News Extra segments replacing U.S. advertising). Fox News was dropped by TV8 and replaced by German news channel Deutsche Welle in September 2006.

text: Singapore[edit]

text: In Singapore, FNC is broadcast on channel 702 on pay cable operator StarHub TV digital platform. It also broadcasts its sister channel, Sky News.

text: South Africa[edit]

text: In South Africa, FNC is broadcast on channel 405 of pay satellite operator TopTV's digital platform.[147]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: Broadcast of FNC in the United Kingdom ended in 2017. Fox news was formerly carried by Sky.[143]

text: Other countries[edit]

text: Fox News is carried in more than 40 other countries. Although service to Japan ceased in summer 2003, it can still be seen on Americable (distributor for American bases),[148] Mediatti (Kadena Air Base)[149] and Pan Global TV Japan.[150]