document_title: History of programming languages

question_text: when did the programming language came into existence

text: History of programming languages

text: Early history[edit]

text: During a nine-month period in 1842–1843, Ada Lovelace translated the memoir of Italian mathematician Luigi Menabrea about Charles Babbage's newest proposed machine, the analytical engine. With the article she appended a set of notes which specified in complete detail a method for calculating Bernoulli numbers with the engine, recognized by some historians as the world's first computer program.[1]

text: Herman Hollerith realized that he could encode information on punch cards when he observed that train conductors encode the appearance of the ticket holders on the train tickets using the position of punched holes on the tickets[citation needed]. Hollerith then encoded the 1890 American census data on punch cards.

text: The first computer codes were specialized for their applications. In the first decades of the 20th century, numerical calculations were based on decimal numbers. Eventually it was realized that logic could be represented with numbers, not only with words. For example, Alonzo Church was able to express the lambda calculus in a formulatic way. The Turing machine was an abstraction of the operation of a tape-marking machine, for example, in use at the telephone companies. Turing machines set the basis for storage of programs as data in the von Neumann architecture of computers by representing a machine through a finite number. However, unlike the lambda calculus, Turing's code does not serve well as a basis for higher-level languages—its principal use is in rigorous analyses of algorithmic complexity.

text: Like many "firsts" in history, the first modern programming language is hard to identify. From the start, the restrictions of the hardware defined the language. Punch cards allowed 80 columns, but some of the columns had to be used for a sorting number on each card. FORTRAN included some keywords which were the same as English words, such as "IF", "GOTO" (go to) and "CONTINUE". The use of a magnetic drum for memory meant that computer programs also had to be interleaved with the rotations of the drum. Thus the programs were more hardware-dependent.

text: To some people, what was the first modern programming language depends on how much power and human-readability is required before the status of "programming language" is granted. Jacquard Looms and Charles Babbage's Difference Engine both had simple, extremely limited languages for describing the actions that these machines should perform. One can even regard the punch holes on a player piano scroll as a limited domain-specific language, albeit not designed for human consumption without adult supervision .

text: First programming languages[edit]

text: In the 1940s, the first recognizably modern electrically powered computers were created. The limited speed and memory capacity forced programmers to write hand tuned assembly language programs. It was eventually realized that programming in assembly language required a great deal of intellectual effort.

text: The first programming languages designed to communicate instructions to a computer were written in the 1950s. An early high-level programming language to be designed for a computer was Plankalkül, developed by the Germans for Z1 by Konrad Zuse between 1943 and 1945. However, it was not implemented until 1998 and 2000.[2]

text: John Mauchly's Short Code, proposed in 1949, was one of the first high-level languages ever developed for an electronic computer.[3] Unlike machine code, Short Code statements represented mathematical expressions in understandable form. However, the program had to be translated into machine code every time it ran, making the process much slower than running the equivalent machine code.

text: At the University of Manchester, Alick Glennie developed Autocode in the early 1950s. A programming language, it used a compiler to automatically convert the language into machine code. The first code and compiler was developed in 1952 for the Mark 1 computer at the University of Manchester and is considered to be the first compiled high-level programming language.[4][5]

text: The second autocode was developed for the Mark 1 by R. A. Brooker in 1954 and was called the "Mark 1 Autocode". Brooker also developed an autocode for the Ferranti Mercury in the 1950s in conjunction with the University of Manchester. The version for the EDSAC 2 was devised by D. F. Hartley of University of Cambridge Mathematical Laboratory in 1961. Known as EDSAC 2 Autocode, it was a straight development from Mercury Autocode adapted for local circumstances, and was noted for its object code optimisation and source-language diagnostics which were advanced for the time. A contemporary but separate thread of development, Atlas Autocode was developed for the University of Manchester Atlas 1 machine.

text: In 1954, language FORTRAN was invented at IBM by John Backus; it was the first widely used high level general purpose programming language to have a functional implementation, as opposed to just a design on paper.[6][7] It is still a popular language for high-performance computing[8] and is used for programs that benchmark and rank the world's fastest supercomputers.[9]

text: Another early programming language was devised by Grace Hopper in the US, called FLOW-MATIC. It was developed for the UNIVAC I at Remington Rand during the period from 1955 until 1959. Hopper found that business data processing customers were uncomfortable with mathematical notation, and in early 1955, she and her team wrote a specification for an English programming language and implemented a prototype.[10] The FLOW-MATIC compiler became publicly available in early 1958 and was substantially complete in 1959.[11] Flow-Matic was a major influence in the design of COBOL, since only it and its direct descendent AIMACO were in actual use at the time.[12]

text: Other languages still in use today include LISP (1958), invented by John McCarthy and COBOL (1959), created by the Short Range Committee. Another milestone in the late 1950s was the publication, by a committee of American and European computer scientists, of "a new language for algorithms"; the ALGOL 60 Report (the "ALGOrithmic Language"). This report consolidated many ideas circulating at the time and featured three key language innovations:

text:
nested block structure: code sequences and associated declarations could be grouped into blocks without having to be turned into separate, explicitly named procedures;
lexical scoping: a block could have its own private variables, procedures and functions, invisible to code outside that block, that is, information hiding.

text: Another innovation, related to this, was in how the language was described:

text: a mathematically exact notation, Backus–Naur form (BNF), was used to describe the language's syntax. Nearly all subsequent programming languages have used a variant of BNF to describe the context-free portion of their syntax.

text: Algol 60 was particularly influential in the design of later languages, some of which soon became more popular. The Burroughs large systems were designed to be programmed in an extended subset of Algol.

text: Algol's key ideas were continued, producing ALGOL 68:

text:
syntax and semantics became even more orthogonal, with anonymous routines, a recursive typing system with higher-order functions, etc.;
not only the context-free part, but the full language syntax and semantics were defined formally, in terms of Van Wijngaarden grammar, a formalism designed specifically for this purpose.

text: Algol 68's many little-used language features (for example, concurrent and parallel blocks) and its complex system of syntactic shortcuts and automatic type coercions made it unpopular with implementers and gained it a reputation of being difficult. Niklaus Wirth actually walked out of the design committee to create the simpler Pascal language.

text: Some notable languages that were developed in this period include:

text:
1951 – Regional Assembly Language
1952 – Autocode
1954 – IPL (forerunner to LISP)
1955 – FLOW-MATIC (led to COBOL)
1957 – FORTRAN (First compiler)
1957 – COMTRAN (precursor to COBOL)
1958 – LISP
1958 – ALGOL 58
1959 – FACT (forerunner to COBOL)
1959 – COBOL

1959 – RPG
1962 – APL
1962 – Simula
1962 – SNOBOL
1963 – CPL (forerunner to C)
1964 – Speakeasy (computational environment)
1964 – BASIC
1964 – PL/I
1966 – JOSS
1967 – BCPL (forerunner to C)

text: Establishing fundamental paradigms[edit]

text: The period from the late 1960s to the late 1970s brought a major flowering of programming languages. Most of the major language paradigms now in use were invented in this period:

text:
Speakeasy (computational environment), developed in 1964 at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) by Stanley Cohen, is an OOPS (object-oriented programming, much like the later MATLAB, IDL (programming language) and Mathematica) numerical package. Speakeasy has a clear Fortran foundation syntax. It first addressed efficient physics computation internally at ANL, was modified for research use (as "Modeleasy") for the Federal Reserve Board in the early 1970s and then was made available commercially; Speakeasy and Modeleasy are still in use currently.
Simula, invented in the late 1960s by Nygaard and Dahl as a superset of Algol 60, was the first language designed to support object-oriented programming.
C, an early systems programming language, was developed by Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson at Bell Labs between 1969 and 1973.
Smalltalk (mid-1970s) provided a complete ground-up design of an object-oriented language.
Prolog, designed in 1972 by Colmerauer, Roussel, and Kowalski, was the first logic programming language.
ML built a polymorphic type system (invented by Robin Milner in 1973) on top of Lisp,[13] pioneering statically typed functional programming languages.

text: Each of these languages spawned an entire family of descendants, and most modern languages count at least one of them in their ancestry.

text: The 1960s and 1970s also saw considerable debate over the merits of "structured programming", which essentially meant programming without the use of "goto". A significant fraction of programmers believed that, even in languages that provide "goto", it is bad programming style to use it except in rare circumstances. This debate was closely related to language design: some languages did not include a "goto" at all, which forced structured programming on the programmer.

text: To provide even faster compile times, some languages were structured for "one-pass compilers" which expect subordinate routines to be defined first, as with Pascal, where the main routine, or driver function, is the final section of the program listing.

text:
1968 – Logo
1969 – B (forerunner to C)
1970 – Pascal
1970 – Forth
1972 – C

1972 – Smalltalk
1972 – Prolog
1973 – ML
1975 – Scheme
1978 – SQL (a query language, later extended)

text: 1980s: consolidation, modules, performance[edit]

text: The 1980s were years of relative consolidation in imperative languages. Rather than inventing new paradigms, all of these movements elaborated upon the ideas invented in the previous decade. C++ combined object-oriented and systems programming. The United States government standardized Ada, a systems programming language intended for use by defense contractors. In Japan and elsewhere, vast sums were spent investigating so-called fifth-generation programming languages that incorporated logic programming constructs. The functional languages community moved to standardize ML and Lisp. Research in Miranda, a functional language with lazy evaluation, began to take hold in this decade.

text: One important new trend in language design was an increased focus on programming for large-scale systems through the use of modules, or large-scale organizational units of code. Modula, Ada, and ML all developed notable module systems in the 1980s. Module systems were often wedded to generic programming constructs---generics being, in essence, parametrized modules[citation needed] (see also polymorphism in object-oriented programming).

text: Although major new paradigms for imperative programming languages did not appear, many researchers expanded on the ideas of prior languages and adapted them to new contexts. For example, the languages of the Argus and Emerald systems adapted object-oriented programming to distributed systems.

text: The 1980s also brought advances in programming language implementation. The RISC movement in computer architecture postulated that hardware should be designed for compilers rather than for human assembly programmers. Aided by processor speed improvements that enabled increasingly aggressive compilation techniques, the RISC movement sparked greater interest in compilation technology for high-level languages.

text: Language technology continued along these lines well into the 1990s.

text:
1980 – C++ (as C with classes, renamed in 1983)
1983 – Ada
1984 – Common Lisp
1984 – MATLAB
1985 – Eiffel
1986 – Objective-C

1986 – LabVIEW (Visual Programming Language)
1986 – Erlang
1987 – Perl
1988 – Tcl
1988 – Wolfram Language (as part of Mathematica, only got a separate name in June 2013)
1989 – FL (Backus)

text: 1990s: the Internet age[edit]

text: The rapid growth of the Internet in the mid-1990s was the next major historic event in programming languages. By opening up a radically new platform for computer systems, the Internet created an opportunity for new languages to be adopted. In particular, the JavaScript programming language rose to popularity because of its early integration with the Netscape Navigator web browser. Various other scripting languages achieved widespread use in developing customized applications for web servers such as PHP. The 1990s saw no fundamental novelty in imperative languages, but much recombination and maturation of old ideas. This era began the spread of functional languages. A big driving philosophy was programmer productivity. Many "rapid application development" (RAD) languages emerged, which usually came with an IDE, garbage collection, and were descendants of older languages. All such languages were object-oriented. These included Object Pascal, Visual Basic, and Java. Java in particular received much attention.

text: More radical and innovative than the RAD languages were the new scripting languages. These did not directly descend from other languages and featured new syntaxes and more liberal incorporation of features. Many consider these scripting languages to be more productive than even the RAD languages, but often because of choices that make small programs simpler but large programs more difficult to write and maintain.[citation needed] Nevertheless, scripting languages came to be the most prominent ones used in connection with the Web.

text:
1990 – Haskell
1991 – Python
1991 – Visual Basic
1993 – Ruby
1993 – Lua
1993 – R
1994 – CLOS (part of ANSI Common Lisp)

1995 – Ada 95
1995 – Java
1995 – Delphi (Object Pascal)
1995 – JavaScript
1995 – PHP
1997 – Rebol
1999 – D

text: Current trends[edit]

text: This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2015)

text: This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Programming language evolution continues, in both industry and research. Some of the recent trends have included:

text:
Increasing support for functional programming in mainstream languages used commercially, including pure functional programming for making code easier to reason about and easier to parallelise (at both micro- and macro- levels)
Constructs to support concurrent and distributed programming.
Mechanisms for adding security and reliability verification to the language: extended static checking, dependent typing, information flow control, static thread safety.
Alternative mechanisms for composability and modularity: mixins, traits, delegates, aspects.
Component-oriented software development.
Metaprogramming, reflection or access to the abstract syntax tree

AOP or Aspect Oriented Programming allowing developers to insert code in another module or class at "join points"
Domain specific languages and code generation

XML for graphical interface (XUL, XAML)

Increased interest in distribution and mobility.
Integration with databases, including XML and relational databases.
Open source as a developmental philosophy for languages, including the GNU Compiler Collection and languages such as Python, Ruby, and Scala.
Massively parallel languages for coding 2000 processor GPU graphics processing units and supercomputer arrays including OpenCL
Early research into (as-yet-unimplementable) quantum computing programming languages

text: Some notable languages developed during this period include:

text:
2000 – ActionScript
2001 – C#
2003 – Apache Groovy
2003 – Scala
2005 – F#
2006 – Windows PowerShell
2007 – Clojure

2009 – Go
2010 – Rust
2011 – Dart
2011 – Kotlin
2012 – Julia
2014 – Swift

text: Prominent people[edit]

text: Some key people who helped develop programming languages:

text:
Alan Cooper, developer of Visual Basic.
Alan Kay, pioneering work on object-oriented programming, and originator of Smalltalk.
Anders Hejlsberg, developer of Turbo Pascal, Delphi, C#, and TypeScript.
Bertrand Meyer, inventor of Eiffel.
Bjarne Stroustrup, developer of C++.
Brian Kernighan, co-author of the first book on the C programming language with Dennis Ritchie, coauthor of the AWK and AMPL programming languages.
Dennis Ritchie, inventor of C. Unix Operating System, Plan 9 Operating System.
Edsger W. Dijkstra, developed the framework for structured programming.
Grace Hopper, inventor of the first compiler and developer of Flow-Matic, influencing COBOL. Popularized machine-independent programming languages and the term "debugging".
Guido van Rossum, creator of Python.
James Gosling, developer of Oak, the precursor of Java.
Jean Ichbiah, chief designer of Ada, Ada 83
Jean-Yves Girard, co-inventor of the polymorphic lambda calculus (System F).
Jeff Bezanson, got a PhD for the Julia language, one of the designers, and one of the core developers (and only developer of FemtoLisp).
Joe Armstrong, creator of Erlang.
John Backus, inventor of Fortran and cooperated in the design of ALGOL 58 and ALGOL 60.
John C. Reynolds, co-inventor of the polymorphic lambda calculus (System F).
John McCarthy, inventor of LISP.
John von Neumann, originator of the operating system concept.
Ken Thompson, inventor of B, Go Programming Language, Inferno Programming Language, and Unix Operating System co-author.
Kenneth E. Iverson, developer of APL, and co-developer of J along with Roger Hui.
Konrad Zuse, designed the first high-level programming language, Plankalkül (which influenced ALGOL 58[14]).
Kristen Nygaard, pioneered object-oriented programming, co-invented Simula.
Larry Wall, creator of the Perl programming language (see Perl and Perl 6).
Martin Odersky, creator of Scala, and previously a contributor to the design of Java.
Nathaniel Rochester, inventor of first assembler (IBM 701).
Niklaus Wirth, inventor of Pascal, Modula and Oberon.
Ole-Johan Dahl, pioneered object-oriented programming, co-invented Simula.
Rich Hickey, creator of Clojure.
Robin Milner, inventor of ML, and sharing credit for Hindley–Milner polymorphic type inference.
Stephen Wolfram, creator of Mathematica.
Yukihiro Matsumoto, creator of Ruby.


document_title: IATA delay codes

question_text: what does code 11 mean in an airport

question_tokens: what does code 11 mean in an airport

root

text: IATA delay codes

text: Delay Codes starting with 0 (internal)[edit]

text: Delay codes starting with 0 are used for internal airline purposes. Airlines are free to define these codes and to determine particular application fields.

tag: p

text: However the following codes are standard, even if some airlines do not use them and create their own customized delay codes:

text:
00–05: These codes are left blank so that each airline may develop codes specifically to meet their own individual requirements, e.g., 03: "Three-class system" moving curtain.
06 (OA): No gate/stand availability due to own airline activity
07: Aircraft connection by maintenance
08: Aircraft connection by miscellaneous, traffic, marketing flight operations, ground handling, cabin services, etc.
09 (SG): Scheduled ground time less than declared minimum ground time

tag: ul

text: Delay Codes starting with 1 (passenger/baggage)[edit]

text: These Codes are used to describe delays caused by Passenger and Baggage handling.

text:
11 (PD): Late check-in, acceptance of passengers after deadline
12 (PL): Late Check-in, congestion in check-in area
13 (PE): Check-in error
14 (PO): Oversales, booking errors
15 (PH): Boarding, discrepancies and paging, missing checked-in passenger at gate
16 (PS): Commercial Publicity, Passenger Convenience, VIP, Press, Ground meals and missing personal items
17 (PC): Catering order, late or incorrect order given to supplier
18 (PB): Baggage processing, sorting, etc.
19 (PW): Reduced Mobility, Boarding/Deboarding of passengers with reduced mobility

text: Delay Codes starting with 2 (cargo/mail)[edit]

text: These Codes are used to describe delays caused by Cargo (21-26) and Mail Handling (27-29).

text:
21 (CD): Documentation, errors, etc.
22 (CP): Late positioning
23 (CC): Late acceptance
24 (CI): Inadequate packing
25 (CO): Oversales, booking errors
26 (CU): Late preparation in warehouse
27 (CE): Mail Oversales, packing, etc.
28 (CL): Mail Late positioning
29 (CA): Mail Late acceptance

text: Delay Codes starting with 3 (handling)[edit]

text: These Codes are used to describe delays caused by aircraft and ramp handling

text:
31 (GD): Aircraft documentation late or inaccurate, weight and balance (Loadsheet), general declaration, passenger manifest, etc.
32 (GL): Loading, Unloading, bulky/special load, cabin load, lack of loading staff
33 (GE): Loading Equipment, lack of or breakdown, e.g. container pallet loader, lack of staff
34 (GS): Servicing Equipment, lack of or breakdown, lack of staff, e.g. steps
35 (GC): Aircraft Cleaning
36 (GF): Fuelling, Defuelling, fuel supplier
37 (GB): Catering, late delivery or loading
38 (GU): ULD, Containers, pallets, lack of or breakdown
39 (GT): Technical equipment, lack of or breakdown, lack of staff, e.g. pushback

text: Delay Codes starting with 4 (technical)[edit]

text: These codes are used to describe technical delay reasons.

text:
41 (TD): Aircraft defects
42 (TM): Scheduled maintenance, late release
43 (TN): Non-scheduled maintenance, special checks and / or additional works beyond normal maintenance
44 (TS): Spares and maintenance equipment, lack of or breakdown
45 (TA): AOG (Aircraft on ground for technical reasons) Spares, to be carried to another station
46 (TC): Aircraft change for technical reasons
47 (TL): Standby aircraft, lack of planned standby aircraft for technical reasons
48 (TV): Scheduled cabin configuration and version adjustment

text: Delay Codes starting with 5 (damage/failure)[edit]

text: These Codes are used to describe damage to aircraft and automated equipment failure.

text:
51 (DF): Damage during flight operations, bird or lightning strike, turbulence, heavy or overweight landing
52 (DG): Damage during ground operations, collisions (other than during taxiing), loading/offloading damage, contamination, towing, extreme weather conditions.
55 (ED): Departure Control System, Check-in, weight and balance (loadcontrol), computer system error, baggage sorting, gate-reader error or problems
56 (EC): Cargo preparation/documentation system
57 (EF): Flight plans
58 (EO): Other computer systems

text: Delay Codes starting with 6 (operation)[edit]

text: These codes are assigned to Operations and Crew caused delays.

text:
61 (FP): Flight plan, late completion or change of flight documentation
62 (FF): Operational requirements, fuel, load alteration
63 (FT): Late crew boarding or departure procedures
64 (FS): Flight deck crew shortage, Crew rest
65 (FR): Flight deck crew special request or error
66 (FL): Late cabin crew boarding or departure procedures
67 (FC): Cabin crew shortage
68 (FA): Cabin crew error or special request
69 (FB): Captain request for security check, extraordinary

text: Delay Codes starting with 7 (weather)[edit]

text: These Codes explain weather caused delays.

text:
71 (WO): Departure station
72 (WT): Destination station
73 (WR): En route or Alternate
75 (WI): De-Icing of aircraft, removal of ice/snow, frost prevention
76 (WS): Removal of snow/ice/water/sand from airport/runway
77 (WG): Ground handling impaired by adverse weather conditions

text: Delay Codes starting with 8 (air traffic control)[edit]

text: These Codes are used for Air Traffic Control (ATC) Restrictions (81-84) and Airport or Governmental Authorities caused delays.

text:
81 (AT): ATC restriction en-route or capacity
82 (AX): ATC restriction due to staff shortage or equipment failure en-route
83 (AE): ATC restriction at destination
84 (AW): ATC restriction due to weather at destination
85 (AS): Mandatory security
86 (AG): Immigration, Customs, Health
87 (AF): Airport Facilities, parking stands, ramp congestion, buildings, gate limitations, ...
88 (AD): Restrictions at airport of destination, airport/runway closed due obstruction, industrial action, staff shortage, political unrest, noise abatement, night curfew, special flights, ...
89 (AM): Restrictions at airport of departure, airport/runway closed due obstruction, industrial action, staff shortage, political unrest, noise abatement, night curfew, special flights, start-up and pushback, ...

text: Delay Codes starting with 9 (miscellaneous)[edit]

text: Codes used for reactionary reasons or Miscellaneous.

text:
91 (RL): Passenger or Load Connection, awaiting load or passengers from another flight. Protection of stranded passengers onto a new flight.
92 (RT): Through Check-in error, passenger and baggage
93 (RA): Aircraft rotation, late arrival of aircraft from another flight or previous sector
94 (RS): Cabin crew rotation
95 (RC): Crew rotation, awaiting crew from another flight (flight deck or entire crew)
96 (RO): Operations control, rerouting, diversion, consolidation, aircraft change for reasons other than technical
97 (MI): Industrial action within own airline
98 (MO): Industrial action outside own airline, excluding ATS
99 (MX): Miscellaneous, not elsewhere specified


document_title: University of Texas at Arlington

question_text: what are the names of the uta spirit statues

question_tokens: what are the names of the uta spirit statues

text: University of Texas at Arlington

text: History[edit]

text: Establishment (1895–1916)[edit]

text: The university traces its roots back to the opening of Arlington College in September 1895. Arlington College was established as a private school for primary through secondary level students, equivalent to the modern 1st–10th grades. At the time, the public school system in the city of Arlington was underfunded and understaffed.[12] Local merchant Edward Emmett Rankin organized fellow citizens of the city to donate materials and land to build a schoolhouse where the modern campus is now located.[13]

text: Rankin also convinced the two co-principals of the public school in Arlington, Lee Morgan Hammond and William H. Trimble, to invest in and hold the same positions at Arlington College. In the first few years, between 75 and 150 students were enrolled in the college. The public school began to rent space at Arlington College, and was eventually sold to the city in 1900. The public school building became so unsafe that all of the space in Arlington College was rented for the 1901–1902 school year until the creation of the Arlington Independent School District in 1902. Although the public education system was set to improve, Arlington College was closed and the property was sold to James McCoy Carlisle.

text: Carlisle was already established as a respected educator in the North Texas region, and he opened the Carlisle Military Academy in the fall of 1902. His program consisted of a balance between course work and military training. Enrollment increased to 150 students by 1905, and he began a large expansion of the campus. Baseball, football, basketball, and track teams were begun between 1904–1908. Around the same time, new barracks, a track, a gymnasium, and an indoor pool were built. The academy became known as one of the best at its level in the country.[13] Unfortunately, enrollment did not continue to increase with the expansion in facilities and Carlisle ran into serious financial problems.

text: Lawsuits for the mortgages on the property were filed in 1911, and Carlisle Military Academy was closed in 1913. In the fall of 1913, Henry Kirby Taylor moved from Missouri where he was president of the Northwest State Teachers' College to set up another military academy called Arlington Training School.[14] He also was required to manage the finances and campus for the property owners. By the 1914–1915 school year, the campus contained 11 buildings on 10 acres (40,000 m2) of land with 95 students enrolled.[15] The school was incorporated in 1915 in order to raise funds to make improvements to the existing buildings, but more financial problems arose and another series of lawsuits were filed. Taylor left Arlington, and the property owners hired John B. Dodson to establish a third military academy for the 1916–1917 school year called Arlington Military Academy. Enrollment was apparently very low,[13] and Arlington Military Academy closed after one year.

text: Texas A&M University System (1917–1965)[edit]

text: Since the turn of the 20th century, the prospects for turning the campus into a public, junior vocational college had been discussed. By 1917, the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas in College Station was overcrowded and had only one branch campus, Prairie View A&M. Vincent Woodbury Grubb, a lawyer and education advocate, organized Arlington officials to lobby the state legislature to create a new junior college.[16] The Arlington campus was established as a branch of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas and was called Grubbs Vocational College.[17] Myron L. Williams was appointed as the first dean. Students were either enrolled in a high school or junior college program, and all men were required to be cadets.[18] Its name changed again in 1923 to the North Texas Agricultural College (NTAC). Edward Everett Davis replaced Williams as Dean in 1925 and held that position for 21 years.[13]

text: Davis worked continually to improve the quality of students, faculty, and facilities.[19] The Great Depression resulted in major cuts to funding and a decline in students, so more general college courses were gradually introduced at NTAC instead of vocational classes. During World War II, the college trained students with a 'war program' focus[20] and participated in the V-12 Navy College Training Program, offered at 131 colleges and universities in 1943, which gave students a path to a Navy commission.[21]

text: In 1948, the Texas A&M System was created and Dean Ernest H. Hereford was named the first president of NTAC.[22] The name was changed to Arlington State College (ASC) in 1949 to reflect the fact that agriculture was no longer an important part of the curriculum. Efforts were begun to turn ASC into a four-year institution, but the Texas A&M administration refused to consider the idea since it was possible that ASC could grow to be larger than College Station.[13][23][24] The growth of the city of Arlington in the 1950s led to a major expansion of ASC. The student population increased from 1,322 in 1952 to 6,528 in 1959,[13] which led to land acquisition and construction of many buildings. Jack Woolf was named president in 1959 as serious efforts began to make ASC a four-year college.[25] The Texas legislature approved the four-year status on April 27, 1959.[26] Enrollment reached 9,116 students in the fall of 1963, a larger total than the Texas A&M College Station campus.[13] Although Texas A&M proposed a reorganization for the system to recognize ASC's growth, President James Earl Rudder resisted developing ASC into a university with graduate programs.[27] Rudder and the Texas A&M board of directors, viewing ASC as a threat to the College Station campus, withheld construction funding and blocked degree development.[13]

text: University of Texas System (1965–present)[edit]

text: The decision by the Texas A&M University governing board to block development at Arlington State College led officials of the College and a number of Arlington citizens to enlist the support of Governor John Connally and key members of the Texas Legislature to separate Arlington State College from the Texas A&M University System and to join The University of Texas System.[13] As part of a plan that reorganized several university systems in Texas, Arlington State College officially became a part of The University of Texas System on September 1, 1965.  To reflect its new membership within the UT System, the university adopted its current name in 1967.[28]

text: Joining the UT System was of immediate consequence.  In 1966 the Graduate School was established with an initial slate of six master's degrees and new construction projects were started.[29]  The 1969 approval of the first PhD program, in engineering, was a landmark event which set a precedent for other units on campus to follow.

text: Controversy erupted in the late 1960s over the use of a rebel theme, including Confederate symbols, that had been established around 1950. After several years of efforts by President Frank Harrison to let students pick another theme, the UT System abolished the rebels.[30] The Maverick theme was adopted after a student vote in 1971.

text:
Wendell Nedderman served as acting president from 1972 to 1974 and president from 1974 to 1992. His tenure was characterized by increased growth and aspirations.  In these years, the graduate student population increased from 936 to 4,200 and the overall university enrollment reached 25,135 students. Faculty research and publishing was emphasized along with the addition of doctoral programs in science, engineering, business, social work, and public and urban administration.[13] The Texas Select Committee on Higher Education recognized UT Arlington as an emerging research institution in 1987.[31]
The university experienced significant enrollment gains and rapid acceleration in research under the leadership of former president James D. Spaniolo and current president Vistasp Karbhari.  The physical campus became much more residential in character and numerous major academic and student life buildings were added.

text: Campus[edit]

text: Surroundings[edit]

text: The 420 acre urban campus is at the southern edge of downtown Arlington.  The largest public library in Arlington, City Hall, Theatre Arlington, Levitt Pavilion, Arlington Museum of Art, churches, and numerous businesses are downtown.  The Texas and Pacific Railway line, around which the city was established, runs through downtown.[32]

text: The Barnett Shale formation sits below the campus and has earned the university millions of dollars from natural gas production since 2008. These funds are used for scholarships, faculty recruitment, and campus infrastructure upgrades.[33]

text: An unnamed branch of Johnson Creek, a tributary of the Trinity River, runs along the southern portion of the campus. Cooper Street (which forms a part of Farm to Market Road 157) runs through the campus and provides access to Interstates 20 and 30. The AT&T Stadium, Globe Life Park, Texas Live!, Six Flags Over Texas theme parks, and International Bowling Museum are two miles to the northeast.

text: Campus and architecture[edit]

text: The campus is organized on the town's former street grid.  The topography generally slopes to the south and east to landscaped creeks.  Decades of prodigious tree-planting and deliberate attention to landscape design have resulted in a shaded campus that is a pleasing pedestrian experience.  Most streets in the campus core are closed and converted into pedestrian malls.  The predominant east-west walk is the Second Street Mall, and the most important north-south passageway is Arlington Walk, extending from the Engineering Research Building on the north to the Science and Engineering Innovation and Research Building on the south.

text: The oldest buildings on campus, Ransom Hall, Preston Hall, and College Hall are on the Second Street Mall and date to 1919.[34]  The architecture of these pre-World War II buildings is traditional.  Later buildings from the 1960s, 70s, and 80s are typical of much campus construction of the period:  modern, functional, and not especially noteworthy.[35]  An exception is the Architecture Building (designed by the respected Dallas firm, Pratt, Box, and Henderson)[36] which forms an intimate and visit-worthy courtyard; the Nursing Building is noted for its unusual triangular shape. Texas Hall (George Dahl, architect) is a contributing building with its front portico, and Nedderman Hall is a contributing structure with its large atrium.[37]  An admirable feature of the campus is the aesthetic consistency of limestone and UTA-blend brick.  Metal panels have appeared in recent construction.[38]

text: The Central Library, designed by prominent 20th century architect George Dahl (notable contributions include Art Deco buildings at Dallas Fair Park), forms one side of a Library Quad which may be regarded as the heart of campus.[39]  Attention to building design and the definition of outdoor spaces is evident with the postmodern additions of the Chemistry & Physics Building (Perkins + Will), Maverick Activities Center (Hughes Group with Page), Engineering Research Building (ZGF Architects with Page), College Park Center (HKS, Inc.), and Science and Engineering Innovation and Research Building (ZGF with Page). The Chemistry & Physics Building contains one of the largest and most advanced planetariums in the state.[40]

text: The north and east sides of campus have defined edges, being bounded by UTA Blvd. and Center Street, respectively.  The south and west sides tend to blend more irregularly into the city.  Cooper Street is a major artery that runs through campus and is partially depressed and spanned by three pedestrian bridges.  Almost all academic buildings erected over the last three decades are on the east side of Cooper Street (defined by signage as "east campus").

text: Surface parking is pushed to the outer edges of campus, particularly south of the academic core, resulting in students getting more exercise than they may want during peak periods.  Parking structures on the northeast and northwest corners of campus provide some relief.  Green spaces, or outdoor rooms, have increased in recent years most notably with the creation of the Greene Research Quad, the Green at College Park, a sunken courtyard at Davis Hall, and the Davis St. west campus edge. Located in various regions of campus are fiberglass horse statues with uniquely colored blue and orange patterns called "Spirit Horses."[41]

text: The College Park District is a $160 million development completed in 2012 that significantly expanded the campus eastward.[42] The district has an arena with seating for 7,000 spectators, dormitory, student apartments, retail space, an 1,800 car parking garage, a welcome center, a credit union, and a 5-acre park called The Green at College Park.[43]

text: The on-campus resident population is over 5,000, creating a lively 24/7 environment.[44]  Large numbers of students live in Arlington Hall, Kalpana Chawla Hall, Vandergriff Hall, and numerous on-campus apartments.  The Dallas Morning News editorialized on June 23, 2012, that "UTA suddenly offers a new sense of place that surprises people who haven't taken a look for a few years."

text: Shown below are: Nedderman Hall, Engineering Research Building, Arlington Hall, CAPPA Building, Texas Hall, Jack Woolf Hall, Kalpana Chawla Hall, and College of Business.

text:
Nedderman Hall

Engineering Research Building

Arlington Hall

CAPPA Building

Texas Hall

Kalpana Chawla Hall

College of Business

text: Academic profile[edit]

text:
University rankings

National

Forbes[46]

558

U.S. News & World Report[47]

231-300

Washington Monthly[48]

92[45]

Global

Times[49]

501-600

U.S. News & World Report[50]

462

tag: table

text: UT Arlington is classified by the Carnegie Foundation as a "Highest Research Activity" institution and the only Texas institution named a "Next Generation University" by the New America Foundation for being a leader in diversity and innovation.[51][52]

text: As of 2018, UT Arlington has 12 professors as fellows in the National Academy of Inventors which is the highest number of any institution in Texas and eighth highest in the nation.[53]

text: UT Arlington leads all University of Texas System institutions in baccalaureate degree production ratio.[54]

text: The College of Engineering offers 11 baccalaureate, 14 master’s and nine doctoral programs. It is the third largest engineering college in Texas with over 7,000 students.[55] The engineering faculty includes over 50 Fellows in professional societies.[56] U.S. News & World Report ranked the engineering school among the 100 best in the country.[57]

text: The School of Social Work offers three main academic programs: the Bachelor of Social Work (BSW), the Master of Science in Social Work (MSSW), and the Ph.D. in social work. The BSW and MSSW programs are fully accredited by the Council on Social Work Education.[58]

text: The College of Nursing and Health Innovation is a nationally recognized program, the largest nursing program in Texas, and one of the five largest public nursing programs in the U.S. with over 8,000 nursing students in the BSN, RN‐to‐BSN, MSN, Post‐MSN, DNP, and PhD programs.

text: The College of Business is one of the largest and most comprehensive in the nation.  The College ranked 128 out of 472 ranked programs in the 2018 U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges list.[59] The part-time MBA program ranked 82 out of 470 programs and among the top 50 for public universities in the 2017 U.S. News & World Report graduate school rankings.[60] The College has one of the largest executive MBA programs in China, and offers a U.S. Executive MBA program that features a study trip to China.[61] CEO Magazine ranked the Executive MBA program No. 1 in Texas,  No. 16 in the nation, and No. 21 in the world.[62] The endowed Goolsby Leadership Academy is a highly selective cohort program for high-achieving undergraduate business students and distinguished faculty.[63]

text: The College of Science consists of six departments: Biology, Chemistry & Biochemistry, Earth & Environmental Sciences, Mathematics, Physics and Psychology. The College offers over 50 bachelor’s, master’s and doctoral degree programs, including fast-track programs in select departments which allow students to earn advanced degrees in a shorter period of time than traditional degree programs. The College's faculty includes members of the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Inventors, as well as Fellows in various professional organizations and recipients of numerous national, state and UT System teaching awards. Faculty in every department are engaged in cutting-edge, multidisciplinary research, supported by millions of dollars in federal, state and private funding annually. Students can engage in hands-on research from their first semester on campus. The College's High Energy Physics group is heavily involved in ongoing experiments at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN and made major contributions to the discovery of the Higgs boson particle in 2012, working on detectors and computational data analysis.[64]

text: The College of Education had a 95% pass rate on the Texas state licensure examination during the 2014-2015 academic school year.  The College of Education certification pass rates have consistently been above the state average.[65][66]

text: The College of Liberal Arts offers unique programs such as Southwestern Studies, and its Center for Mexican American Studies (CMAS) and Center for African American Studies (CAAS) offers minors in Mexican-American and African-American Studies respectively.

text: UT Arlington has the only accredited architecture, urban planning, and landscape architecture programs in the North Texas region.[67] The College of Engineering in conjunction with the architecture department is the first and only to offer a bachelor's degree in architectural engineering in the region as well.[68]

text: The Interdisciplinary Studies program (INTS), a program under the Honors College[69], is one of the fastest growing programs on campus. The INTS program allows students to custom build their own program of study resulting in either a B.A.I.S. or B.S.I.S. degree. Interdisciplinary studies is a thirty-five-year-old academic field and the thirteenth most popular major across the United States. The INTS program at UTA is the largest program of its kind in Texas. In building custom degree plans, students mix the required core components with various disciplinary components to meet the academic and professional needs of the student.

text: The Honors College is a highly selective interdisciplinary college that caters to the most high-achieving undergraduate students of all majors and interests.  UT Arlington's Honors College is the first of its kind in North Texas and third in Texas.[70]

text: Colleges and schools[edit]

text: The university consists of 11 colleges and schools, each listed with its founding date:[71]

text:
College of Engineering (1959)[72]
College of Liberal Arts (1959)
College of Architecture, Planning and Public Affairs (CAPPA) (2015)
School of Social Work (1967)
Graduate School (1966)[72]
College of Science (1959)
College of Nursing and Health Innovation (1976)
University College (2010)
College of Business (1959)
College of Education (1963)
Honors College (1998)

text: UTA Libraries[edit]

text: UT Arlington Libraries have three locations: Central Library, the Architecture and Fine Arts Library, and the Science and Engineering Library. Central Library is open 24/7 during the fall and spring semesters.

text: The Libraries Collections includes historical collections on Texas, Mexico, the Mexican–American War, and the greater southwest. An extensive cartography collection holds maps and atlases of the western hemisphere covering five centuries. Also included is the Fort Worth Star-Telegram photo archives, a collection representing over 100 years of North and West Texas history. All together, Special Collections holds more than 30,000 volumes, 7,000 linear ft. of manuscripts and archival collections, 5,000 historical maps, 3.6 million prints and negatives, and thousands of items in other formats. Some of the Library's more rare and interesting materials are available online in their digital collections.[73]

text: Research[edit]

text: UT Arlington has dozens of research institutes and facilities on campus. Some notable ones include:

text: The Shimadzu Institute for Research Technologies (SIRT) at UT Arlington is a centralized research resource focused on providing access to instrumentation and expertise to support research in biochemistry, biology, chemistry, cognition, engineering, geoscience, material science, nanotechnology, and neuroscience.[74]

text: The UTA Aerodynamics Research Center is a research facility that operates under the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering.

text: UT Arlington is home of a university-based nanotechnology research facility, NanoFab Research and Teaching Facility.[75]

text: The Center for Amphibian and Reptile Diversity Research is one of the world’s best collections of specimens from Central and South America and is used by herpetology researchers from around the world.[76]

text: The Center for Mexican American Studies (CMAS) at The University of Texas at Arlington is an academic research center that promotes research and the recruitment, retention, and professional development of UTA faculty actively engaged in studies on Latino issues. The Center hosts faculty research associates from several departments, and administers a minor in Mexican American Studies. The Director of the Center is Dr. Christian Zloniski from the Department of Sociology & Anthropology & the Associate Director is Dr. Ignacio Ruiz-Perez from the Department of Modern Languages. The Center was founded in 1993 by a Texas state mandate.[77]

text: The UT Arlington Research Institute (UTARI) is a research and development unit of The University of Texas at Arlington specializing in applying cutting-edge technologies to real-world engineering problems.[78]

text: The Genomics Core Facility (GCF) provides UT Arlington with one of the top interdisciplinary research facilities in North Texas.[79]

text: The Learning Innovation and Networked Knowledge Research (LINK) Research Lab is a research laboratory where researchers, educators, and graduate students connect, share, and collaborate in advancing social and technological networks, designing future learning models, and exploring the future of higher education.[80]

text: The Science, Engineering, Innovation and Research (SEIR) building is a state-of-the-art, six-story, 220,000-square-foot building set to be completed in 2018 for $125 million.  The SEIR building will house research laboratories and 900 teaching seats in lecture halls and classrooms.[81]

text: According to the university's Research Administration, total research expenditures for fiscal year 2017 totaled $94 million.  Up 11 percent from the previous fiscal year.[82]

text: Student life[edit]

text: Student profile[edit]

text: UT Arlington has a student population of nearly 42,000 as of spring 2017. The U.S. News & World Report ranked UT Arlington fifth (5th) in the nation for achieving the most ethnically diverse undergraduate student body.[83] Females account for about 55% of the total population. The top four countries of origin for international students are India, China, Taiwan, and Nigeria.[84]

text:
Demographics of Fall 2016 student body[85][86]

UTA
Texas
U.S. Census

African American

14%
13%
13%

Asian American

10%
5%
5%

Non-Hispanic White

37%
44%
62%

Hispanic American

23%
39%
17%

Other

4%
N/A
N/A

International students

12%
N/A
N/A

text: Residential life[edit]

text:
The campus has six residence halls with a total capacity of at least 5,300 students.[87] The university also has 18 on-campus apartment complexes and a limited number of houses for students with dependent children.
The six halls are Arlington Hall, Brazos House, Kalpana Chawla Hall (KC Hall), Lipscomb Hall North, Lipscomb Hall South, Trinity House and the newest Vandergriff Hall at College Park.  In 2016, construction of new residence halls and student center were approved by university officials to accommodate the growing demand for on-campus housing. The new residence halls and student center will be completed on the west side of campus by fall 2018.[88][89]

text: Traditions[edit]

text:
Bed Races: Since 1980, hundreds of students have gathered to watch teams consisting of four pushers and a rider race against each other in a race just over the length of a football field. Teams consist of student organizations, Greek organizations, and residence halls from around UT Arlington.[90]
Homecoming: Paired with the beginning of basketball season in the Fall, UT Arlington Homecoming features activities as diverse as the campus. Activities include several alumni events, The Bash, Boom at Noon firing of the Carlisle Cannons, the Parade, fireworks display, pep rally, and homecoming game match-ups.[91]
Mav Swap: This annual tradition encourages students to trade apparel from their high school or another college for free UT Arlington gear.[92]
International Week: "I-Week" is hosted by the International Student Organization, and branches out throughout the UT Arlington community in its entirety, celebrating diversity between cultures on campus. I-week typically includes a Food Fair, Fashion Show, Global Extravaganza, Exhibits, and more.[93]
MavsMeet Convocation: MavsMeet, the New Student Convocation, is a formal assembly commemorating the beginning of the academic year. Students, faculty and staff are welcomed by the University president, provost, student congress president, and a distinguished UT Arlington faculty speaker. This major academic event honors all undergraduate and graduate students, but particularly new UT Arlington students. Immediately following the New Student Convocation, the MavsMeet AfterParty kicks off the year with live music acts, free food, games and activities.[94]
Oozeball: An annual event hosted by the Student Alumni Association[95] and Campus Recreation[96] to raise money for the Student Alumni Association Sophomore Scholarship. Once the amount for the scholarship is reached, all excess funds are donated to charity. In Oozeball, students play volleyball in artificial mud pits. Since its creation in 1989 in the Greek Life community, Oozeball has become one of the most popular student traditions.[97]
Rubbing Hereford's Head: Dr. E.H. Hereford was president from 1946–58. His sculpted bust sits on a pedestal in the University Center. Superstition holds that rubbing Dr. Hereford's head gives good luck on exams.
Soaping the fountain: Occasionally mischievous students will pollute the main fountain at the east end of the flying bridge over Cooper street with soap, causing it to be filled with suds and requiring it to be drained and cleaned. Less often other fountains on campus are subject to the same soap abuse.
UT Arlington Marching Band: Known as "The Ambassadors of the University," the UT Arlington Marching Band is one of the few college marching bands in the nation to exist without a football team. The band performs annually for crowds numbering 100,000 and is featured in exhibition performances at state and local contests, such as Bands of America and Regional UIL, as well as festivals and high school and professional football games. In 2001, the band performed in exhibition at the Bands of America Grand Nationals Championship, held in Indianapolis, Indiana. The 175 student musicians in the band represent almost all academic disciplines and majors within the University.[98]
Graduation Celebration: Graduation Celebration is a formal assembly commemorating the conclusion of the academic year. This major academic event honors all undergraduate and graduate students, but particularly candidates for graduation.[99]

text: Greek life[edit]

text: The fraternity and sorority community at UT Arlington consists of 31 national and local organizations with four governing councils.[100] Traditionally, between five and ten percent of undergraduate students participate within the councils.[101] The year indicates the original charter date:

text: Interfraternity Council

text:
Alpha Tau Omega, 2004
Beta Theta Pi, 1971
Delta Tau Delta[102]
Delta Upsilon, 1967
Kappa Alpha Order, 1968
Kappa Sigma, 1967
Phi Delta Theta, 1968
Phi Gamma Delta, 1968 (suspended)[103]
Pi Kappa Alpha, 1973
Pi Kappa Phi, 1978 (inactive)[104]
Sigma Chi, 1984
Sigma Lambda Beta, 1996
Sigma Phi Epsilon, 1971 (suspended)[105]

text: National Pan-Hellenic Council

text:
Alpha Phi Alpha, 1970
Alpha Kappa Alpha, 1969
Delta Sigma Theta, 1975
Omega Psi Phi, 1971
Kappa Alpha Psi, 1977
Phi Beta Sigma, 1977
Sigma Gamma Rho, 1982
Iota Phi Theta, Colony
Zeta Phi Beta

text: College Panhellenic Council

text:
Alpha Chi Omega, 1969
Delta Delta Delta, 1969
Delta Zeta, 1967[106]
Zeta Tau Alpha, 1969

text: Multicultural Greek Council

text:
alpha Kappa Delta Phi, Colony
Delta Alpha Omega
Delta Alpha Sigma
Delta Epsilon Psi, Colony (inactive)
Delta Xi Nu, 2009
Kappa Delta Chi, 1992
Lambda Phi Epsilon, Colony
Lambda Theta Alpha, 2000
Lambda Theta Phi
Omega Delta Phi, 1997
Sigma Lambda Gamma

text: Athletics[edit]

text: UT Arlington's athletic teams are known as the Mavericks (the selection was made in 1971 and predated the Dallas Mavericks choice in 1980). UT Arlington was a charter member of the Southland Conference.[107] UT Arlington won the Southland Conference's Commissioners Cup three times since the award was first instituted in 1998. The Commissioners Cup is awarded to the athletics program with the highest all-around performance in all conference events, including all men's and women's events.

text: UT Arlington's basketball and volleyball teams play at College Park Center, which opened with a women/men basketball double header on February 1, 2012. The new arena seats about 7,000 fans for sporting events and cost an estimated 78 million dollars. Athletic director Jim Baker began work on the same date.

text: UT Arlington’s Movin’ Mavs wheelchair basketball team won seven national championships. They have a rich history of leading the nation in intercollegiate wheelchair basketball, exemplified by offering full athletic scholarships to team players. Team members are consistently being named to the First-Team All-American squads, and participating in the Paralympics.

text: UT Arlington became a member of the Western Athletic Conference on July 1, 2012.[108] After a single season in the WAC, the Mavericks joined the Sun Belt Conference on July 1, 2013.[109] The switch comes after continued shake-ups in college conference membership.

text: Varsity sports[edit]

text: UT Arlington fields teams or competitors in 15 NCAA Division I events, including baseball, basketball, tennis, golf, track and volleyball.

text: Volleyball achieved the greatest team success in the history of the university by advancing to the 1989 NCAA Volleyball Final Four. The women's basketball team played in the 2005 and 2007 NCAA tournaments; the men's basketball team made its first appearance in the 2008 NCAA tournament, losing in the first round against No. 1 seed Memphis, who was later forced to vacate this and all other wins from the 2007–2008 season. The men's basketball team earned a berth the National Invitation Tournament for the third time during the 2016-2017 season, advancing to the quarter finals.  The quarter final run included a win at BYU and two home games at College Park Center in front of large crowds (need citation).  In 2011-2012, the men's team advanced to the National Invitation Tournament, falling to the Washington Huskies on their home court in a highly competitive game in the opening round.[110]

text: UT Arlington fielded a football team, playing out of Maverick Stadium, until it was discontinued after the 1985 season. The university administration noted major financial losses of about $1 million per year and low average attendance (5,600, the student body at the time was 23,100). The program was funded by the university's auxiliary enterprise income while the other 14 sports were under-funded, as football accounted for half the total athletic budget.[111] Discussions take place periodically about restarting football but have not gained traction as an institutional priority.[112]

text: UTA Cheer[edit]

text: UTA's small coed cheerleading team has become a perennial power in Division I competitive cheerleading.  The team has been crowned National Cheerleaders Association Collegiate National Champions in 2010, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, and 2018.[113]

text: Sports rivalries[edit]

text: The Texas State Bobcats, from a Central Texas peer institution, are a primary in-conference rival dating back to 1987 with concurrent memberships in three different conferences.  As of the conclusion of the 2016-2017 seasons, UTA leads the all-time series in men's basketball (36–33), volleyball (42–35), softball (61–59), and football (2–0), and the Bobcats lead in women's basketball (31–39), and baseball (43–66).

text: UTA also maintains a relatively heated non-conference rivalry with the University of North Texas Mean Green.  Periodic sporting events between the two are among the best attended for each team. The longest standing sport rivalry is men's basketball, which began in 1925.[114]

text: One of UTA's most anticipated baseball rivalries is with the TCU Horned Frogs. The two Tarrant County teams play annually in games that generate high attendance from both universities. 4,015 saw the UTA/TCU match-up at Globe Life Park in Arlington in 2013. Five of the top nine most attended games at Clay Gould Ballpark feature TCU as the visiting team.

text: With UTA beginning Sun Belt membership in 2013, conference rivalries were resumed with the Arkansas State Red Wolves, Louisiana–Lafayette Ragin' Cajuns, and Louisiana–Monroe Warhawks, who were all members of the Southland Conference at various points during UTA's tenure.

text: Notable people[edit]

text: University leaders[edit]

text: Presidents, deans, and other heads of UT Arlington and its predecessor institutions:

text:
Lee Morgan Hammond & William H. Trimble, Co-principals, Arlington College, 1895–1902[115]
James McCoy Carlisle, Chief Administrator, Carlisle Military Academy, 1902–1913[115]
Henry Kirby Taylor, Chief Administrator, Arlington Training School, 1913–1916
John B. Dodson, Chief Administrator, Arlington Military Academy, 1916–1917
Myron L. Williams, Dean, Grubbs Vocational College, 1917–1923
Edward Everett Davis, Dean, North Texas Agricultural College, 1923–1946
Ernest H. Hereford, PhD, Dean, North Texas Agricultural College, 1946–1948
Ernest H. Hereford, PhD, President, Arlington State College 1948–1958
Jack R. Woolf, PhD, President, ASC and UT Arlington, 1959–1968[115]
Frank Harrison, PhD, President, UT Arlington, 1968–1972
Wendell Nedderman, PhD, President, UT Arlington, 1972–1992[115]
Ryan C. Amacher, PhD, President, UT Arlington, 1992–1995
Robert E. Witt, PhD, President, UT Arlington, 1995–2003
Charles A. Sorber, PhD, Interim President, UT Arlington, 2003–2004
James D. Spaniolo, M.P.A., J.D., President, UT Arlington, 2004–2013
Vistasp Karbhari, PhD, President, UT Arlington, 2013–present

text: Former students, Alumni/ Alumnae[edit]

text:
Pat Choate, American Economist, known for being the 1996 Reform Party candidate for Vice President, FEC certified the Reform Party eligible historic first, and graduate of the University of Oklahoma with a Ph.D.
Doug Russell (swimmer), Olympic champion, and former world record-holder in three different events.
Kalpana Chawla, the first Indian-American astronaut and first Indian woman in space.
Robert L. Stewart, Astronaut, the first active duty U.S. Army soldier to make a spaceflight.
R. Byron Pipes, educator, researcher in polymer sciences and the seventeenth president of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.
Waded Cruzado, educator, the 12th president of Montana State University.
Roland G. Fryer Jr., educator, Professor of Economics at Harvard University.
Lou Diamond Phillips, actor and director.
Penny L. Willrich, educator, lawyer, first African American woman state court judge in Arizona; Dean of Arizona Summit Law School.


document_title: Jury fees

question_text: who pays for a jury in a civil case

question_tokens: who pays for a jury in a civil case

text: Jury fees

text: Jury fees refer to the daily stipend paid to jurors. The source of these fees varies according to the kind of trial. Government pays the fees in criminal trials, while the litigants share the costs in a civil action as part of court costs. Not infrequently, the entire burden of court costs may be shifted to the loser of a civil action. A deposit of one day's fees may be required in advance of the trial by the litigant requesting the presence of a jury.

text: Example: California[edit]

text: California's jury fee provisions appear at Code of Civil Procedure section 215 and Code of Civil Procedure Sections 631-636. Here are notable excerpts:

text: Code of Civil Procedure Section 215

text: Code of Civil Procedure Section 631.


document_title: Errors and omissions excepted

question_text: what is the meaning of e.& o.e

question_tokens: what is the meaning of e. & o.e

text: Errors and omissions excepted

text: Look up E&OE in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

text: Errors and omissions excepted (E&OE[1]) is a phrase used in an attempt to reduce legal liability for potentially incorrect or incomplete information supplied in a contractually related document such as a quotation or specification.

text: It is often applied as a disclaimer in situations in which the information to which it is applied is relatively fast-moving. In legal terms, it seeks to make a statement that information cannot be relied upon, or may have changed by the time of use.

text: It is regularly used in accounting, to "excuse slight mistakes or oversights."[2]

text: It is also used when a large amount of information is listed against a product, to state that—to the best of the supplier's knowledge—the information is correct, but that they will not be held responsible if an error has been committed.


document_title: Days of Our Lives cast members

question_text: who is the actor that plays stefan on days of our lives

text: Days of Our Lives cast members

text: Cast

text: Main cast

text:
Actor
Character
Duration

Lucas Adams
Tripp Johnson
2017–

Kristian Alfonso
Hope Williams Brady
1983–87, 1990, 1994–

Gina Von Amberg
1998–2001, 2012, 2017

Lamon Archey
Eli Grant
2017–

Camila Banus
Gabi Hernandez
2010–

Nadia Bjorlin
Chloe Lane
1999–2005, 2007–11, 2013, 2015–

Tyler Christopher
Signore Christofero
2001

Stefan DiMera
2017–

Kassie DePaiva
Eve Donovan
2014–

Mary Beth Evans
Kayla Brady
1986–92, 2006–

Billy Flynn
Chad DiMera
2014–

Galen Gering
Rafe Hernandez
2008–

Rafe Hernandez 2
2011

Deidre Hall
Dr. Marlena Evans
1976–87, 1991–2009, 2011–

Samantha Evans
1992, 2008

Hattie Adams
2004, 2016–

Drake Hogestyn
John Black
1986–2009, 2011–

Olivia Rose Keegan
Claire Brady
2015–

Victoria Konefal
Ciara Brady
2017–

Lauren Koslow
Kate Roberts
1996–

Eric Martsolf
Brady Black
2008–

Chandler Massey
Will Horton
2010–14, 2017–

Marci Miller
Abigail Deveraux
2016–

Peggy McCay
Caroline Brady
1983, 1985–

Casey Moss
JJ Deveraux
2013–

Stephen Nichols
Steve Johnson
1985–90, 2006–09, 2015–

Thaao Penghlis
Tony DiMera
1981–85, 2007–09

André DiMera
1983–84, 1993–96, 2002–05, 2007, 2015–

Melissa Reeves
Jennifer Horton
1985–95, 2000–06, 2010–

James Reynolds
Abe Carver
1981–

Suzanne Rogers
Maggie Horton Kiriakis
1973–

Christopher Sean
Paul Narita
2014–

Freddie Smith
Sonny Kiriakis
2011–

Sal Stowers
Lani Price
2015–

Josh Taylor
Chris Kositchek
1977–87

Roman Brady
1997–

Greg Vaughan
Eric Brady
2012–

Vanessa A. Williams
Valerie Grant
2016–

text: Recurring cast

text:
Actor
Character
Duration

John Aniston
Eric Richards
1970

Victor Kiriakis
1985–

Phillip Anthony-Rodriguez
Miguel Garcia
2018–

Julian Barnes
Harold
2009–

Brandon Beemer
Shawn-Douglas Brady
2006–08, 2016–

Kurt Caceres
Guillermo
2016–

Laura Kai Chen
Melinda Trask
2013, 2016–

Bryan Dattilo
Lucas Horton
1993–2010, 2012–

Andy Demetrio
Milos
2017–

Judi Evans
Adrienne Johnson Kiriakis
1986–91, 2007–08, 2010–

Bonnie Lockhart
2003–07, 2017

Bill Hayes
Doug Williams
1970–84, 1986–87, 1993–96, 1999–

Byron Carmichael
1979

Leann Hunley
Anna DiMera
1982–86, 2007–10, 2017–

Andre Khabbazi
Henry Shah
2017–

Wally Kurth
Justin Kiriakis
1987–91, 2009–

Ron Leath
Henderson
1987–2004, 2008–

Meredith Scott Lynn
Anne Milbauer
2012–

James Read
Clyde Weston
2014–

Greg Rikaart
Leo
2018–

Colin and Kyle Schroeder
Tate Black
2018–

Susan Seaforth Hayes
Julie Olson Williams
1968–84, 1990–96, 1999–

Louise Sorel
Vivian Alamain
1992–2000, 2009–11, 2017–

Harper & Sydnee Udell
Arianna Horton
2013–

Craig Welzbacher
Myron
2016–

text: Cast changes

text: Debuting

text:
Actor
Character
Date
Ref.

Gilles Marini
Ted
June 2018
[6]

text: Returning

text:
Actor
Character
Date
Ref.

Martha Madison
Belle Black
March 2018
[7]

Scott Shilstone
Wyatt
April 2018
[8]

Jaime Lyn Bauer
Laura Horton
May 30, 2018
[9]

Denice Duff
Wendy Taylor
May 2018
[10]

Jen Lilley
Theresa Donovan
[11]

Robert Scott Wilson
Ben Weston
[12]

Alison Sweeney
Sami Brady
TBA 2018
[13]


document_title: The Help (film)

question_text: who played minnie in the movie the help

question_tokens: who played minnie in the movie the help

text: The Help (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1963, Aibileen Clark is an African-American maid in Jackson, Mississippi, and in intermittent voice overs she tells her "career" story to the aspiring writer Eugenia "Skeeter" Phelan, a recent graduate of Ole Miss and a friend of Aibileen's employer and fellow socialite Elizabeth Leefolt. Aibileen cares for the Leefolt's daughter, Mae Mobley, whom Elizabeth neglects. Aibileen's best friend is the plain-spoken Minny Jackson, who works for Mrs. Walters, the mother of Hilly Holbrook, the leader of the women's socialite group.

text: Skeeter is uncomfortable with the racist attitudes of her socialite friends towards their maids. She is shocked when Hilly forwards a letter to the Home Sanitation Initiative to install separate bathrooms for the help. Skeeter later learns that her mother Charlotte fired her childhood maid Constantine for unknown reasons.

text: During a terrible storm, Minny refuses to go out to use the help's toilet and uses the guest's bathroom, resulting in her getting fired by Hilly.

text: Minny finds a job with Celia, wife of Johnny Foote—Hilly's former beau. The two become friends through Minny's cooking lessons, though they keep Minny's employment secret from Johnny. Celia suffers a miscarriage and reveals to Minny that she suffered three miscarriages. Minny comes upon Skeeter's visiting Aibileen and joins in the book project effort. Skeeter is advised by her book editor at Harper & Row, Elaine Stein, that the stories of two maids are not enough, but potential retribution from the maid's employers hinders others from joining the project. Aibileen tells Skeeter about the pain she experiences about her son being fatally crushed while on the job. Aibileen has struggled to find closure from his death, and believes that helping with the book will enable her to find that closure.

text: Hilly refuses to lend more money to her replacement maid, Yule May, who is struggling to send her twin sons to college. One day, she discovers a discarded ring and pawns it. However, Yule May is brutally arrested after Hilly reports the theft. Following this and the assassination of Medgar Evers, more maids come forward with their stories, believing the book would put an end to the brutality against African-Americans.

text: Following the assassination of John F. Kennedy, Skeeter, Aibileen, and Minny fear that the maids' stories will be recognized. Minny then reveals the "terrible awful” that she did to Hilly. Following her termination, Minny baked her renowned chocolate pie and gave it to Hilly. Minny, however, prevented Mrs. Walters from having a slice and revealed that she baked her excrement into the pie. Its inclusion in the book would prompt Hilly to crusade in denial that the book is about Jackson.

text: Skeeter confronts her mother Charlotte about Constantine's termination. Charlotte reveals that during a lunch with the local chapter of the Daughters of America, Constantine's daughter Rachel arrived. Rachel disobeyed Charlotte's orders of entering through the kitchen and embarrassed her. In order to save face, Charlotte fired Constantine and ordered them both to leave. Shortly afterward, Rachel took Constantine to Chicago, where she later died. Charlotte had every intention to bring Constantine back to Jackson.

text: The book is published anonymously, and it is a success. Minny reveals the "terrible awful" to Celia, who finally sees Hilly as the manipulative bully that she is. Celia lets on that she knows about the "terrible awful" by writing a check to one of Hilly's charity groups. Hilly attempts to intimidate Skeeter through threat of legal proceedings, but she reminds Hilly that "that" is in chapter 12. Charlotte then intervenes, lets on that she knows about the terrible awful and orders Hilly off the property. Charlotte and Skeeter reconcile when Charlotte tells her how proud she is about her courage, the book and the job offer in New York City.

text: Johnny approaches Minny and reveals that he knew that she'd been working at his house, how appreciative he is about her friendship with Celia, how it saved her life, and that she has permanent job security. This act of kindness gives Minny the courage to take her children away from her abusive husband and never look back.

text: In an attempt to seek revenge for helping Skeeter, Hilly pressures Elizabeth to terminate Aibileen, with Hilly present and trying to frame Aibileen for theft. But Aibileen stands up to Hilly, calling her a godless woman, never satisfied until she gets what she wants. Elizabeth orders Aibileen to leave. Aibileen bids farewell to Elizabeth's daughter and pleads with Elizabeth to give her daughter a chance, as Elizabeth begins to cry. Aibileen reflects on the ordeal and finds closure. She looks to the future of becoming a writer.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Viola Davis as Aibileen Clark
Emma Stone as Eugenia "Skeeter" Phelan
Octavia Spencer as Minny Jackson
Jessica Chastain as Celia Rae Foote
Bryce Dallas Howard as Hilly Walters Holbrook
Allison Janney as Charlotte Phelan
Ahna O'Reilly as Elizabeth Leefolt
Chris Lowell as Stuart Whitworth
Sissy Spacek as Mrs. Walters
Cicely Tyson as Constantine Bates
Mike Vogel as Johnny Foote
Anna Camp as Jolene French
Brian Kerwin as Robert Phelan
Aunjanue Ellis as Yule May Davis
Ted Welch as William Holbrook
LaChanze as Rachel Bates
Mary Steenburgen as Elaine Stein
Leslie Jordan as Mr. Blackly
Wes Chatham as Carlton Phelan, Skeeter's brother.
David Oyelowo as Preacher Green
Dana Ivey as Grace Higginbotham
Ashley Johnson as Mary Beth Caldwell
Nelsan Ellis as Henry

text: Production[edit]

text: In December 2009, Variety reported that Chris Columbus, Michael Barnathan, and Mark Radcliffe would produce a film adaptation of The Help, under their production company 1492 Pictures. Brunson Green of Harbinger Productions also co-produced. The film was written and directed by Stockett's childhood friend, Tate Taylor, who optioned film rights to the book before its publication.[2] DreamWorks acquired the film rights to the novel in March 2010.[3] Reliance Entertainment and Participant Media co-produced the film.[4]

text: The first casting news for the production came in March 2010, was reported that Stone was attached to play the role of Eugenia "Skeeter" Phelan.[5] Other actors were since cast, including Davis as Aibileen; Howard as Hilly Holbrook, Jackson's snooty town ringleader; Janney as Charlotte Phelan, Skeeter's mother; and Lowell as Stuart Whitworth, Skeeter's boyfriend and a senator's son.[6][7][8] Leslie Jordan appears as the editor of the fictional local newspaper, The Jackson Journal.[9] Mike Vogel plays the character Johnny Foote. Octavia Spencer portrays Minny. A longtime friend of Stockett and Taylor, Spencer inspired the character of Minny in Stockett's novel and voiced her in the audiobook version.[10][11]

text: Filming began in July 2010 and extended through October. The town of Greenwood, Mississippi, was chosen to portray 1960s-era Jackson, and producer Green said he had expected to shoot "95 percent" of the film there.[12] Parts of the film were also shot in the real-life Jackson, as well as in nearby Clarksdale and Greenville. One of the few locations that existed in 1963 Jackson, the book and the film is Jackson landmark Brent's Drugs, which dates to 1946. Other locations that can still be found in Jackson include the New Capitol Building and the Mayflower Cafe downtown. Scenes set at the Jackson Journal office were shot in Clarksdale at the building which formerly housed the Clarksdale Press Register for 40 years until April 2010.[13]

text: The Help was the most significant film production in Mississippi since O Brother, Where Art Thou? (2000)[14][15][16] "Honestly, my heart would be broken if it were set anywhere but Mississippi", Stockett wrote in an e-mail to reporters. In order to convince producers to shoot in Greenwood, Tate Taylor and others had previously come to the town and scouted out locations; at his first meeting with DreamWorks executives, he presented them with a photo album of potential filming spots in the area. The state's tax incentive program for filmmakers was also a key enticement in the decision.[14][15][16]

text: Release[edit]

text: Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures distributed The Help worldwide through the studio's Touchstone Pictures banner.[17] On October 13, 2010, Disney gave the film a release date of August 12, 2011. On June 30, 2011, the film's release date was rescheduled two days earlier to August 10, 2011.[18]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was released by Touchstone Home Entertainment on Blu-ray Disc, DVD, and digital download on December 6, 2011. The release was produced in three different physical packages: a three-disc combo pack (Blu-ray, DVD, and Digital Copy); a two-disc combo pack (Blu-ray and DVD); and a single-disc DVD. It was also released as a digital download option in both standard and high definition. The DVD version includes two deleted scenes and The Living Proof music video by Mary J. Blige. The digital download version includes the same features as the DVD version, plus one additional deleted scene. Both the two-disc and three-disc combo packs include the same features as the DVD version, as well as "The Making of 'The Help': From Friendship to Film", "In Their Own Words: A Tribute to the Maids of Mississippi", and three deleted scenes with introductions by director Taylor.[19][20][21]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The Help received mostly positive reviews from critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 75% of 208 professional critics gave the film a positive review, with an average score of 7.1 out of 10. The site's consensus states, "Though arguably guilty of glossing over its racial themes, The Help rises on the strength of its cast—particularly Viola Davis, whose performance is powerful enough to carry the film on its own."[22] Metacritic, a review aggregator which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, gives the film a score of 62 based on 41 reviews.[23] CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade moviegoers gave the film was an "A+" on an A+ to F scale.[24]

text: Tom Long from The Detroit News remarked about the film: "Appealling, entertaining, touching and perhaps even a bit healing, The Help is an old-fashioned grand yarn of a film, the sort we rarely get these days."[25] Connie Ogle of The Miami Herald gave the film three out of four stars and said it "will make you laugh, yes, but it can also break your heart. In the dog days of August moviegoing, that's a powerful recommendation."[26]

text: A more mixed review from Karina Longworth of The Village Voice said: "We get a fairly typical Hollywood flattening of history, with powerful villains and disenfranchised heroes."[27] Rick Groen of The Globe and Mail, giving the film two out of four stars, said: "Typically, this sort of film is an earnest tear-jerker with moments of levity. Instead, what we have here is a raucous rib-tickler with occasional pauses for a little dramatic relief."[28] Referring to the film as a "big, ole slab of honey-glazed hokum", The New York Times noted that "save for Ms. Davis's, however, the performances are almost all overly broad, sometimes excruciatingly so, characterized by loud laughs, bugging eyes and pumping limbs."[29]

text: Some of the negative reviews criticized the film for its inability to match the quality of the book. Chris Hewitt of the St. Paul Pioneer Press said about the film: "Some adaptations find a fresh, cinematic way to convey a book's spirit but The Help doesn't."[30]

text: Many critics praised the performances of Davis and Spencer. Wilson Morales of Blackfilm.com gave the movie three out of four stars and commented, "With powerful performances given by Viola Davis and scene stealer Octavia Spencer, the film is an emotionally moving drama that remains highly entertaining."[31] David Edelstein from New York magazine commented that, "The Help belongs to Viola Davis."[32]

text: Ida E. Jones, the national director of the Association of Black Women Historians, released an open statement criticizing the film, stating "[d]espite efforts to market the book and the film as a progressive story of triumph over racial injustice, The Help distorts, ignores, and trivializes the experiences of black domestic workers." The ABWH accused both the book and the film of insensitive portrayals of African-American vernacular, a nearly uniform depiction of black men as cruel or absent, and a failure to acknowledge the sexual harassment that many black women endured in their white employers' homes. Jones concluded by saying that "The Association of Black Women Historians finds it unacceptable for either this book or this film to strip black women's lives of historical accuracy for the sake of entertainment."[33]

text: Roxane Gay of literary web magazine The Rumpus argues the film might be offensive to African Americans, saying the film uses racial Hollywood tropes like the Magical Negro character.[34] In 2014, the movie was one of several discussed by Keli Goff in The Daily Beast in an article concerning white savior narratives in film.[35]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Help earned $169,708,112 in North America and $46,931,000 in other territories for a worldwide total of $216,639,112.[1]

text: In North America, on its opening day (Wednesday, August 10, 2011), it topped the box office with $5.54 million. It then added $4.33 million on Thursday, declining only 21 percent, a two-day total to $9.87 million.[36] On its first weekend, the film grossed $26.0 million, coming in second place behind Rise of the Planet of the Apes.[37] However, during its second weekend, the film jumped to first place with $20.0 million, declining only 23 percent, the smallest drop among films playing nationwide.[38] The film crossed the $100 million mark on its 21st day of release, becoming one of only two titles in August 2011 that achieved this.[39] On its fourth weekend (Labor Day three-day weekend), it became the first film since Inception (2010), to top the box-office charts for three consecutive weekends.[40][41] Its four-day weekend haul of $19.9 million[42] was the fourth largest for a Labor-day weekend.[43] Notably, The Help topped the box office for 25 days in a row. This was the longest uninterrupted streak since The Sixth Sense (35 days), which was also a late summer release, in 1999.[44]

text: To promote the film, TakePart.com hosted a series of three writing contests.[45] Rebecca Lubin, of Mill Valley, California, who has been a nanny for nearly two decades won the recipe contest. Darcy Pattison's "11 Ways to Ruin a Photograph" won "The Help" Children's Story Contest with her story about a tenacious young girl who refuses to take a good photograph while her father is away "soldiering". After being chosen by guest judge and children's-book author Lou Berger, the story was professionally illustrated.[46] The final contest was about "someone who inspired you". Genoveva Islas-Hooker charmed guest judge Doc Hendley (founder of Wine to Water) with her story, A Heroine Named Confidential. A case manager for patients with HIV, Islas-Hooker was consistently inspired by one special individual who never gave up the fight to live.

text: Accolades[edit]

text: At the 84th Academy Awards, Octavia Spencer won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in this film. The film also received three other Academy Award nominations: Academy Award for Best Picture, Academy Award for Best Actress for Viola Davis, and Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for Jessica Chastain.[47]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
The Help: Music from the Motion Picture

Soundtrack album by Various artists

Released
July 26, 2011

Genre
Blues, soul, rhythm and blues, rock and roll

Label
Geffen

Singles from The Help

"The Living Proof"
Released: August 16, 2011

text: The original song is "The Living Proof" by Mary J. Blige.[48] The soundtrack was released on July 26, 2011, through Geffen Records.[49]

text:
Track listing

No.
Title
Performers
Length

1.
"The Living Proof"
Mary J. Blige
5:57

2.
"Jackson"
Johnny Cash and June Carter
5:28

3.
"Sherry"
Frankie Valli
5:35

4.
"I Ain't Never"
Webb Pierce
1:56

5.
"Victory Is Mine"
Dorothy Norwood
3:47

6.
"Road Runner"
Bo Diddley
2:48

7.
"Hallelujah I Love Her So"
Ray Charles
2:35

8.
"The Wah-Watusi"
The Orlons
2:32

9.
"Personality"
Lloyd Price
10:29

10.
"Don't Think Twice, It's All Right"
Bob Dylan
3:38

11.
"Let's Twist Again"
Chubby Checker
2:19

12.
"Don't Knock"
Mavis Staples
2:30

text: Score[edit]

text:
The Help: Original Motion Picture Score

Soundtrack album by Thomas Newman

Released
September 13, 2011

Length
59:34

Label
Varese Sarabande

text: The film's score was composed and conducted by Thomas Newman; Varese Sarabande released a score album on September 13, 2011.

text:
Track listing

No.
Title
Length

1.
"Aibilene"
3:07

2.
"Them Fools"
2:50

3.
"Upside-Down Cake"
1:22

4.
"Mississippi"
3:50

5.
"Heart Palpitations"
1:43

6.
"The Help"
2:19

7.
"Jim Crow"
1:45

8.
"Skeeter"
1:03

9.
"Miss Hilly"
1:14

10.
"Write That Down"
1:38

11.
"Bottom Of The List"
3:23

12.
"Deviled Eggs"
2:03

13.
"First White Baby"
2:00

14.
"Celia Digs"
2:06

15.
"November 22"
1:12

16.
"Not To Die"
1:28

17.
"My Son"
2:51

18.
"Trash On The Road"
1:37

19.
"The Terrible Awful"
2:57

20.
"Constantine"
4:09

21.
"Gripping Testimonials"
1:32

22.
"Sugar"
1:50

23.
"Amen"
3:06

24.
"Mile High Meringue"
2:00

25.
"Ain't You Tired (End Title)"
6:29