document_title: Oath of office of the President of the United States

question_text: why are presidents sworn in on the bible

text: Text[edit]

text: Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation:—"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States."[2]

text: Administration of the oath[edit]

text: While the Constitution does not mandate that anyone in particular should administer the presidential oath of office, it is typically administered by the Chief Justice. There have been several exceptions, however. George Washington was sworn into office during his first inauguration, on April 30, 1789, by Chancellor of New York Robert Livingston.[3][4] William Cranch, chief judge of the U.S. Circuit Court, administered the oath to Millard Fillmore on July 10, 1850, when he became president after the death of Zachary Taylor.[5] Upon being informed of Warren Harding's death, while visiting his family home in Plymouth Notch, Vermont, Calvin Coolidge was sworn in as president by his father, John Calvin Coolidge Sr., a notary public.[6][7] Federal Judge Sarah T. Hughes administered the oath of office to Lyndon B. Johnson aboard Air Force One after John F. Kennedy's assassination on November 22, 1963. This was the first (and to date only) time a woman administered the oath of office. Overall, the presidential oath has been administered by 15 Chief Justices (one of whom—William Howard Taft—was also a former president), one Associate Justice, four federal judges, two New York state judges, and one notary public.

text: Option of taking an oath or an affirmation[edit]

text: The Constitutional language gives the option to "affirm" instead of "swear". While the reasons for this are not documented, it may relate to certain Christians, including Quakers, who apply this scripture literally: "But above all things, my brethren, swear not, neither by heaven, neither by the earth, neither by any other oath: but let your yea be yea; and your nay, nay; lest ye fall into condemnation" (James 5:12, KJV).[8] Franklin Pierce was the only president known to use the word "affirm" rather than "swear." Herbert Hoover is often listed to have used "affirm" as well, owing to his being a Quaker, but a newsreel taken of the ceremony indicates that the words used were "solemnly swear."[9] Richard Nixon, who was also a Quaker, also swore, rather than affirmed.[10][11]

text: Forms of administering the oath[edit]

text: There have been two forms of administering, and taking, the oath of office.

text: Under the first form, now in disuse, the administrator articulated the constitutional oath in the form of a question, and modifying the wording from the first to the second person, as in, "Do you, George Washington, solemnly swear ..." and then requested an affirmation. At that point a response of "I do" or "I swear" completed the oath.[citation needed]

text: It is believed that this was the common procedure at least until the early 20th century. In 1881, the New York Times article covering the swearing in of Chester A. Arthur, reported that he responded to the question of accepting the oath with the words, "I will, so help me God."[12] In 1929, Time magazine reported that the Chief Justice began the oath uttering, "You, Herbert Hoover, do you solemnly swear ...",[13] Hoover replied with a simple "I do".[14]

text: Under the second, and current form, the administrator articulates the oath in the affirmative, and in the first person, so that the president takes the oath by repeating it verbatim.[citation needed] Franklin Roosevelt, in 1933, stood silent as Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes recited the entire oath, then repeated that oath from beginning to end himself.[15] By the time of Harry Truman's inauguration in 1949, the practice was for the Chief Justice to utter the oath in phrases, with the president-elect repeating those phrases, until the oath was completed.[16]

text: Use of Bibles[edit]

text: By convention, incoming presidents raise their right hand and place the left on a Bible or other book while taking the oath of office. In 1789, George Washington took the oath of office with an altar Bible borrowed from the St. John's Lodge No. 1, Ancient York Masons lodge in New York, and he kissed the Bible afterward.[17][18] Subsequent presidents up to and including Harry Truman, followed suit.[19] Dwight Eisenhower broke that tradition in 1953 when he said a prayer instead of kissing the Bible.[20]

text: Theodore Roosevelt did not use a Bible when taking the oath in 1901.[21] Both John Quincy Adams and Franklin Pierce[22] swore on a book of law, with the intention that they were swearing on the constitution.[23] Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn in on a Roman Catholic missal on Air Force One.[24] Harry Truman, Dwight Eisenhower, Richard Nixon, George H. W. Bush, Barack Obama and Donald Trump each swore the oath on two Bibles.[21]

text: "So help me God"[edit]

text: It is uncertain how many presidents used a Bible or added the words "So help me God" at the end of the oath, or in their acceptance of the oath, as neither is required by law; unlike many other federal oaths which do include the phrase "So help me God."[25] There is currently debate as to whether or not George Washington, the first president, added the phrase to his acceptance of the oath. No contemporary sources mention Washington as adding a religious codicil to his acceptance.[26]

text: The historical debate over who first used "So help me God," is marred by ignoring the two forms of giving the oath. The first, now in disuse, is when the administrator articulates the constitutional oath in the form of a question, as in, "Do you George Washington solemnly swear...", requesting an affirmation. At that point a response of "I do" or "I swear" completes the oath. Without verbatim transcripts, the scant existing evidence shows this was the common procedure at least until the early 20th century. In 1865 the Sacramento Daily Union covered the second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln finished his oath with "So help me God," and he kissed the Bible.[27] However, the Daily Union's account seems embellished in a number of ways, and other newspaper accounts, published closer in time to the ceremony, do not mention Lincoln's uttering the phrase.[28] In 1881, the New York Times article covering the swearing in of Chester A. Arthur, reported that he responded to the question of accepting the oath with the words, "I will, so help me God".[12] In 1929, Time magazine reported that the Chief Justice began the oath uttering, "You, Herbert Hoover, do you solemnly swear..."[13] Hoover replied with a simple "I do".

text: A Federal lawsuit filed in the District of Columbia by Michael Newdow on December 30, 2008, contended the second, current form of administration, where both the chief justice and the president articulate the oath, appending "So help me God", to be a breach of the Constitutional instructions. The suit distinguishes between the words spoken by the administrator, which must conform to the exact 35 words of the Constitution, and the president, who has a right to add a personal prayer, such as "So help me God."[29]

text: Chief Justice Roberts' reply was that his "prompting" for these four extra-constitutional words were to be recited "after" the oath of office, and not as a part of the oath as claimed in the suit. After rendering the oath to President Barack Obama, Roberts prompted with a question "So help you God?", to which the president responded, "So help me God."[30]

text: The First Congress explicitly prescribed the phrase "So help me God" in oaths under the Judiciary Act of 1789 for all U.S. judges and officers other than the president. It was prescribed even earlier under the various first state constitutions[31] as well as by the Second Continental Congress in 1776.[32][33] Although the phrase is mandatory in these oaths, the said Act also allows for the option that the phrase be omitted by the officer, in which case it would be called an affirmation instead of an oath: "Which words, so help me God, shall be omitted in all cases where an affirmation is admitted instead of an oath."[34] In contrast, the oath of the president is the only oath specified in the Constitution. It does not include the closing phrase "So help me God", and it also allows for the optional form of an affirmation which is not considered an oath. In practice, however, most presidents, at least during the last century, have opted to take the oath (rather than an affirmation), to use a Bible to do so, and also to close the oath with the customary phrase.

text: The earliest known source indicating Washington added "So help me God" to his acceptance, not to the oath, is attributed to Washington Irving, aged six at the time of the inauguration, and first appears 65 years after the event.[35] The only contemporary account that repeats the oath in full, a report from the French consul, Comte de Moustier, states only the constitutional oath,[36] without reference to Washington's adding "So Help Me God" to his acceptance.

text: Evidence is lacking to support the claim that presidents between Washington and Abraham Lincoln used the phrase "So help me God." A contemporaneous newspaper account of Lincoln's 1865 inauguration states that Lincoln appended the phrase "So help me God" to the oath.[37] This newspaper report is followed by another account, provided later in the same year after Lincoln's death (April 15, 1865), that Lincoln said "So help me God" during his oath.[38] The evidence pertaining to the 1865 inauguration is much stronger than that pertaining to Lincoln's 1861 use of the phrase. Several sources claim that Lincoln said "So help me God" at his 1861 inauguration, yet these sources were not contemporaneous to the event.[39][40] During the speech, Lincoln stated that his oath was "registered in Heaven",[41] something some have taken as indicating he likely uttered the phrase "So help me God." Conversely, there was a claim made by A.M. Milligan (a Presbyterian minister who advocated for an official Christian U.S. government) that letters were sent to Abraham Lincoln asking him to swear to God during his inaugurations, and Lincoln allegedly wrote back saying that God's name was not in the Constitution, and he could not depart from the letter of that instrument.[42][43]

text: All federal judges and executive officers were required as early as 1789 by statute to include the phrase unless they affirmed, in which case the phrase must be omitted.[44] Given that nearly every president-elect since President Franklin D. Roosevelt has recited the codicil, it is likely that the majority of presidents-elect have uttered the phrase[45] (as well as some vice presidents, while taking their oaths). However, as President Theodore Roosevelt chose to conclude his oath with the phrase "And thus I swear," it seems that this current of tradition was not overwhelmingly strong even as recently as the turn of the twentieth century.

text: Oath mishaps[edit]

text:
In 1909, when President William Howard Taft was sworn in, Chief Justice Melville Fuller misquoted the oath, but the error was not publicized at the time. The mistake was similar to the one Taft himself would make twenty years later when swearing in President Hoover. Recalling the incident, Taft wrote, "When I was sworn in as president by Chief Justice Fuller, he made a similar slip," and added, "but in those days when there was no radio, it was observed only in the Senate chamber where I took the oath."[13]
In 1929, Taft, later the Chief Justice, garbled the oath when he swore in President Herbert Hoover using the words "preserve, maintain, and defend the Constitution", instead of "preserve, protect, and defend". The error was picked up by schoolgirl Helen Terwilliger on the radio. Taft eventually acknowledged his error, but did not think it was important, and Hoover did not retake the oath. In Taft's view, his departure from the text did not invalidate the oath.[13][46][47]
In 1945, President Harry S. Truman's bare initial caused an unusual slip when he first became president and took the oath. At a meeting in the Cabinet Room, Chief Justice Harlan Stone, apparently mistaken about the meaning of Truman's middle initial (which is not an abbreviation but rather the whole middle name in itself), began reading the oath by saying "I, Harry Shipp Truman...", Truman responded: "I, Harry S Truman,..."[48]
In both his 1953 and 1957 inaugurations, Dwight D. Eisenhower read the line "the office of President of the United States" as "the office of the President of the United States," even as Chief Justices Fred Vinson (in 1953) and Earl Warren (in 1957) said the line correctly.
In 1965, Chief Justice Earl Warren prompted Lyndon Johnson to say, "the Office of the Presidency of the United States".[49]
In 1973, President Richard Nixon added the word "and" between "preserve" and "protect", resulting in "preserve and protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States." Nixon had recited the line correctly during his first inauguration.
In 2009, Chief Justice John G. Roberts, while administering the oath to Barack Obama, incorrectly recited part of the oath. Roberts prompted, "That I will execute the Office of President to the United States faithfully." Obama stopped at "execute," and waited for Roberts to correct himself. Roberts, after a false start, then followed Obama's "execute" with "faithfully", which results in "execute faithfully," which is also incorrect. Obama then repeated Roberts' initial, incorrect prompt, with the word "faithfully" after "United States."[50][51] The oath was re-administered the next day by Roberts at the White House.[52][53]

tag: ul

text: List of oath takings[edit]

text: Since the office of president of the United States came into existence in 1789 there have been 58 inaugural ceremonies to mark the commencement of a new four-year presidential term, plus an additional nine marking the start of a partial presidential term following the intra-term death or resignation of an incumbent president. With the 2017 inauguration of Donald Trump, the oath has been taken 75 different times by 44 persons. This numerical discrepancy results chiefly from two factors: a president must take the oath at the beginning of each term of office, and, because Inauguration Day has sometimes fallen on a Sunday, five presidents have taken the oath privately before the public inaugural ceremonies. In addition, three have repeated the oath as a precaution against potential later constitutional challenges.[54]

text:
Date
Type
Event[a]
Location
Oath administered by

000000001789-04-30-0000April 30, 1789
(Thursday)
Public
washingtona !First inauguration of George Washington
Balcony,
Federal Hall
New York, New York
livingston !Robert Livingston,
Chancellor of New York

000000001793-03-04-0000March 4, 1793
(Monday)
Public
washingtonb !Second inauguration of George Washington
Senate Chamber,
Congress Hall
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
cushing !William Cushing,
Associate Justice, U.S. Supreme Court

000000001797-03-04-0000March 4, 1797
(Saturday)
Public
adamsa !Inauguration of John Adams
House Chamber,
Congress Hall
ellsworth !Oliver Ellsworth,
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001801-03-04-0000March 4, 1801
(Wednesday)
Public
jeffersona !First inauguration of Thomas Jefferson
Senate Chamber,
U.S. Capitol
Washington, D.C.
marshalla !John Marshall,
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001805-03-04-0000March 4, 1805
(Monday)
Public
jeffersonb !Second inauguration of Thomas Jefferson
Senate Chamber,
U.S. Capitol
marshallb !John Marshall,
Chief Justice

000000001809-03-04-0000March 4, 1809
(Saturday)
Public
madisona !First inauguration of James Madison
House Chamber,
U.S. Capitol
marshallc !John Marshall,
Chief Justice

000000001813-03-04-0000March 4, 1813
(Thursday)
Public
madisonb !Second inauguration of James Madison
House Chamber,
U.S. Capitol
marshalld !John Marshall,
Chief Justice

000000001817-03-04-0000March 4, 1817
(Tuesday)
Public
monroea !First inauguration of James Monroe
Front steps,
Old Brick Capitol
marshalle !John Marshall,
Chief Justice

000000001821-03-05-0000March 5, 1821[b]
(Monday)
Public
monroeb !Second inauguration of James Monroe
House Chamber,
U.S. Capitol
marshallf !John Marshall,
Chief Justice

000000001825-03-04-0000March 4, 1825
(Friday)
Public
adamsq !Inauguration of John Quincy Adams
House Chamber,
U.S. Capitol
marshallg !John Marshall,
Chief Justice

000000001829-03-04-0000March 4, 1829
(Wednesday)
Public
jacksona !First inauguration of Andrew Jackson
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
marshallh !John Marshall,
Chief Justice

000000001833-03-04-0000March 4, 1833
(Monday)
Public
jacksonb !Second inauguration of Andrew Jackson
House Chamber,
U.S. Capitol
marshalli !John Marshall,
Chief Justice

000000001837-03-04-0000March 4, 1837
(Saturday)
Public
vanburen !Inauguration of Martin Van Buren
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
tanneya !Roger B. Taney,
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001841-03-04-0000March 4, 1841
(Thursday)
Public
harrisonw !Inauguration of William Henry Harrison
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
tanneyb !Roger B. Taney,
Chief Justice

000000001841-04-06-0000April 6, 1841[c]
(Tuesday)
Private
tyler !Inauguration of John Tyler
Brown’s Indian Queen Hotel,
Washington, D.C.
crancha !William Cranch
Chief Judge, U.S. Circuit Court of the District of Columbia

000000001845-03-04-0000March 4, 1845
(Tuesday)
Public
polk !Inauguration of James K. Polk
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
tanneyc !Roger B. Taney,
Chief Justice

000000001849-03-05-0000March 5, 1849[b]
(Monday)
Public
taylor !Inauguration of Zachary Taylor
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
tanneyd !Roger B. Taney,
Chief Justice

000000001850-07-10-0000July 10, 1850[d]
(Wednesday)
Public
fillmore !Inauguration of Millard Fillmore
House Chamber,
U.S. Capitol
cranchb !William Cranch
Circuit Court Judge

000000001853-03-04-0000March 4, 1853
(Friday)
Public
pierce !Inauguration of Franklin Pierce
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
tanneye !Roger B. Taney,
Chief Justice

000000001857-03-04-0000March 4, 1857
(Wednesday)
Public
buchanan !Inauguration of James Buchanan
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
tanneyf !Roger B. Taney,
Chief Justice

000000001861-03-04-0000March 4, 1861
(Monday)
Public
lincolna !First inauguration of Abraham Lincoln
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
tanneyg !Roger B. Taney,
Chief Justice

000000001865-03-04-0000March 4, 1865
(Saturday)
Public
lincolnb !Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
chasea !Salmon P. Chase,
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001865-04-15-0000April 15, 1865
(Saturday)
Private
johnsona !Inauguration of Andrew Johnson
Kirkwood House Hotel,
Washington, D.C.
chaseb !Salmon P. Chase,
Chief Justice

000000001869-03-04-0000March 4, 1869
(Thursday)
Public
granta !First inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
chasec !Salmon P. Chase,
Chief Justice

000000001873-03-04-0000March 4, 1873
(Tuesday)
Public
grantb !Second inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
chased !Salmon P. Chase
Chief Justice

000000001877-03-03-0000March 3, 1877[55][b]
(Saturday)
Private
hayes !Inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes
Red Room,
White House
waitea !Morrison Waite,
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001877-03-05-0000March 5, 1877[b]
(Monday)
Public
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol

000000001881-03-04-0000March 4, 1881
(Friday)
Public
garfield !Inauguration of James A. Garfield
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
waiteb !Morrison Waite,
Chief Justice

000000001881-09-20-0000September 20, 1881[56][e]
(Tuesday)
Private
arthur !Inauguration of Chester A. Arthur
Chester A. Arthur Home,
New York, New York
brady !John R. Brady,
Justice of the New York Supreme Court

000000001881-09-22-0000September 22, 1881[e]
(Thursday)
Public
The Vice President's Room,
U.S. Capitol
waitec !Morrison Waite
Chief Justice

000000001885-03-04-0000March 4, 1885
(Wednesday)
Public
clevelanda !First inauguration of Grover Cleveland
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
waited !Morrison Waite,
Chief Justice

000000001889-03-04-0000March 4, 1889
(Monday)
Public
harrisonb !Inauguration of Benjamin Harrison
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
fullera !Melville Fuller,
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001893-03-04-0000March 4, 1893
(Saturday)
Public
clevelandb !Second inauguration of Grover Cleveland
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
fullerb !Melville Fuller,
Chief Justice

000000001897-03-04-0000March 4, 1897
(Thursday)
Public
mckinleya !First inauguration of William McKinley
Front of original Senate Wing
U.S. Capitol
fullerc !Melville Fuller,
Chief Justice

000000001901-03-04-0000March 4, 1901
(Monday)
Public
mckinleyb !Second inauguration of William McKinley
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
fullerd !Melville Fuller,
Chief Justice

000000001901-09-14-0000September 14, 1901
(Saturday)
Private
rooseveltta !First inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt
Ainsley Wilcox Home,
Buffalo, New York
hazel !John R. Hazel,
Judge, U.S. District Court for the Western District of New York

000000001905-03-04-0000March 4, 1905
(Saturday)
Public
roosevelttb !Second inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
fullere !Melville Fuller,
Chief Justice

000000001909-03-04-0000March 4, 1909
(Thursday)
Public
taft !Inauguration of William Howard Taft
Senate Chamber,
U.S. Capitol
fullerf !Melville Fuller,
Chief Justice

000000001913-03-04-0000March 4, 1913
(Tuesday)
Public
wilsona !First inauguration of Woodrow Wilson
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
whitea !Edward D. White,
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001917-03-04-0000March 4, 1917[57]
(Sunday)
Private
wilsonb !Second inauguration of Woodrow Wilson
The President's Room,
U.S. Capitol
whiteb !Edward D. White
Chief Justice

000000001917-03-05-0000March 5, 1917[b]
(Monday)
Public
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol

000000001921-03-04-0000March 4, 1921
(Friday)
Public
harding !Inauguration of Warren G. Harding
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
whitec !Edward D. White
Chief Justice

000000001923-08-03-0000August 3, 1923[58][f]
(Friday)
Private
coolidgea !First inauguration of Calvin Coolidge
Coolidge Homestead,
Plymouth Notch, Vermont
coolidge !John Calvin Coolidge
Notary public

000000001923-08-21-0000August 21, 1923[58][f]
(Tuesday)
Private
Willard Hotel
Washington, D.C.
hoehling !Adolph A. Hoehling, Jr.
Judge, U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia

000000001925-03-04-0000March 4, 1925
(Wednesday)
Public
coolidgeb !Second inauguration of Calvin Coolidge
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
tafta !William Howard Taft
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001929-03-04-0000March 4, 1929
(Monday)
Public
hoover !Inauguration of Herbert Hoover
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
taftb !William H. Taft
Chief Justice

000000001933-03-04-0000March 4, 1933
(Saturday)
Public
rooseveltfa !First inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
hughesa !Charles E. Hughes
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001937-01-20-0000January 20, 1937
(Wednesday)
Public
rooseveltfb !Second inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
hughesb !Charles E. Hughes
Chief Justice

000000001941-01-20-0000January 20, 1941
(Monday)
Public
rooseveltfc !Third inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
hughesc !Charles E. Hughes
Chief Justice

000000001945-01-20-0000January 20, 1945
(Saturday)
Public
rooseveltfd !Fourth inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt
South Portico,
White House
stonea !Harlan F. Stone
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001945-04-12-0000April 12, 1945
(Thursday)
Private
trumana !First inauguration of Harry S. Truman
Cabinet Room,
White House
stoneb !Harlan F. Stone
Chief Justice

000000001949-01-20-0000January 20, 1949
(Thursday)
Public
trumanb !Second inauguration of Harry S. Truman
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
vinsona !Fred M. Vinson
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001953-01-20-0000January 20, 1953
(Tuesday)
Public
eisenhowera !First inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
vinsonb !Fred M. Vinson
Chief Justice

000000001957-01-20-0000January 20, 1957
(Sunday)
Private
eisenhowerb !Second inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower
East Room,
White House
warrena !Earl Warren
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001957-01-21-0000January 21, 1957[g]
(Monday)
Public
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol

000000001961-01-20-0000January 20, 1961
(Friday)
Public
kennedy !Inauguration of John F. Kennedy
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
warrenb !Earl Warren
Chief Justice

000000001963-11-22-0000November 22, 1963
(Friday)
Private
johnsonla !First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson
Air Force One,
Dallas Love Field,
Dallas, Texas
hughes !Sarah T. Hughes
Judge, U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Texas

000000001965-01-20-0000January 20, 1965
(Wednesday)
Public
johnsonlb !Second inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
warrenc !Earl Warren
Chief Justice

000000001969-01-20-0000January 20, 1969
(Monday)
Public
nixona !First inauguration of Richard Nixon
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
warrend !Earl Warren
Chief Justice

000000001973-01-20-0000January 20, 1973
(Saturday)
Public
nixonb !Second inauguration of Richard Nixon
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
burgera !Warren Burger
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001974-08-09-0000August 9, 1974
(Friday)
Public
ford !Inauguration of Gerald Ford
East Room,
White House
burgerb !Warren Burger
Chief Justice

000000001977-01-20-0000January 20, 1977
(Thursday)
Public
carter !Inauguration of Jimmy Carter
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
burgerc !Warren Burger
Chief Justice

000000001981-01-20-0000January 20, 1981
(Tuesday)
Public
reagana !First inauguration of Ronald Reagan
West Front,
U.S. Capitol
burgerd !Warren Burger
Chief Justice

000000001985-01-20-0000January 20, 1985
(Sunday)
Private
reaganb !Second inauguration of Ronald Reagan
Entrance Hall,
White House
burgere !Warren Burger
Chief Justice

000000001985-01-21-0000January 21, 1985[g]
(Monday)
Public
Rotunda,
U.S. Capitol

000000001989-01-20-0000January 20, 1989
(Friday)
Public
bushh !Inauguration of George H. W. Bush
West Front,
U.S. Capitol
rehnquista !William Rehnquist
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001993-01-20-0000January 20, 1993
(Wednesday)
Public
clintona !First inauguration of Bill Clinton
West Front,
U.S. Capitol
rehnquistb !William Rehnquist
Chief Justice

000000001997-01-20-0000January 20, 1997
(Monday)
Public
clintonb !Second inauguration of Bill Clinton
West Front,
U.S. Capitol
rehnquistc !William Rehnquist
Chief Justice

000000002001-01-20-0000January 20, 2001
(Saturday)
Public
bushwa !First inauguration of George W. Bush
West Front,
U.S. Capitol
rehnquistd !William Rehnquist
Chief Justice

000000002005-01-20-0000January 20, 2005
(Thursday)
Public
bushwb !Second inauguration of George W. Bush
West Front,
U.S. Capitol
rehnquiste !William Rehnquist
Chief Justice

000000002009-01-20-0000January 20, 2009
(Tuesday)
Public
obamaa !First inauguration of Barack Obama
West Front,
U.S. Capitol
robertsa !John Roberts
Chief Justice of the United States

000000002009-01-21-0000January 21, 2009[59][h]
(Wednesday)
Private
Map Room,
White House

000000002013-01-20-0000January 20, 2013[60]
(Sunday)
Private
obamab !Second inauguration of Barack Obama
Blue Room,
White House
robertsb !John Roberts
Chief Justice

000000002013-01-21-0000January 21, 2013[g]
(Monday)
Public
West Front,
U.S. Capitol

000000002017-01-20-0000January 20, 2017
(Friday)
Public
trump !Inauguration of Donald Trump
West Front,
U.S. Capitol
robertsc !John Roberts
Chief Justice

ZZZDate
ZZZType
ZZZEvent
ZZZLocation
ZZZOath administered by

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Inaugurations sort alphabetically by president's last name.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Term began Sunday, March 4.
Jump up ^ Term began when President Harrison died on April 4.
Jump up ^ Term began when President Taylor died on July 9.
^ Jump up to: a b Term began when President Garfield died on September 19.
^ Jump up to: a b Term began when President Harding died on August 2.
^ Jump up to: a b c Term began Sunday, January 20.
Jump up ^ Term began on January 20, despite the oath mishap.

tag: ol


document_title: Finale (The Office)

question_text: who played erin's parents on the office

question_tokens: who played erin 's parents on the office

root

text: Finale (The Office)

text: Plot[edit]

text: One year since the documentary has aired, the crew has returned to gain more footage for the DVD bonus features. Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) and Angela Martin (Angela Kinsey) are about to get married. Andy Bernard (Ed Helms), after being humiliated with his talent show audition tape going viral on the internet, has found a job at his alma mater Cornell University in the Admissions Office. Darryl Philbin (Craig Robinson) has helped expand Athlead, now named Athleap, opening a branch in Austin, Texas. Stanley Hudson (Leslie David Baker) is enjoying retirement in Florida and Phyllis Vance (Phyllis Smith) tries to get Stanley's replacement Malcolm (Malcolm Barrett) fat on chocolates to make him look like Stanley. After being fired by Dwight, Kevin Malone (Brian Baumgartner) bought a bar and Toby Flenderson (Paul Lieberstein) started a career as an author in New York City. Nellie Bertram (Catherine Tate) has moved to Poland. Creed Bratton (Creed Bratton) had faked his death but was then revealed to be a wanted fugitive, so Dwight replaced him with former employee Devon White (Devon Abner). Oscar Martinez (Oscar Nunez) is preparing to run for a State Senate seat and is now Phillip's godfather. Andy, Darryl, Stanley, Toby, and Nellie return to Scranton for the wedding as well as a panel for the documentary.

tag: p

text: Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) has been appointed best man at the wedding and proceeds to plan a series of "good surprises" ("Guten Pranken") for Dwight during his bachelor party, which consists of most of the current and former male employees. At the bachelor party, the group has Dwight fire a bazooka and receive a lap dance from Elizabeth the Stripper (Jackie Debatin), though Dwight thinks she is their waitress and remains oblivious. At the bachelorette party, with the current and former female employees plus Angela's sister Rachael (Rachael Harris), the group is shocked to see that the stripper hired for entertainment is Meredith Palmer's (Kate Flannery) son Jake (Spencer Daniels). Angela is then kidnapped by Dwight's cousin Mose (Michael Schur). After hearing about Angela's kidnapping, Dwight and the male employees visit the bar that Kevin owns, where Dwight, at Jim's insistence to bury the hatchet, is forced to apologize to Kevin and confirm that his firing was not personal but based solely on his job performance, which cheers him up. The two decide to make amends. Mose then leads Dwight and Jim out to his car where Angela is stuck in the trunk and finally let out.

text: The following day, a panel is held for the office so that audience members can ask them questions. Dunder Mifflin CEO David Wallace (Andy Buckley) openly states his distaste for the documentary. Pam Halpert (Jenna Fischer) is pressed with questions about why she did not allow Jim to follow his dream after he has paid her so many romantic gestures. Jim attempts repeatedly to disperse the resulting tension. Erin Hannon (Ellie Kemper) finally meets her birth parents (Ed Begley, Jr. and Joan Cusack) who had put her up for adoption.

text: At the wedding, Kelly Kapoor (Mindy Kaling) arrives with her husband Ravi (Sendhil Ramamurthy), where Ryan Howard (B. J. Novak) surprises them with a baby, his son Drake, that he had with a former girlfriend who then abandoned them both. Jim tells Dwight that under Schrute tradition, he is not allowed to be best man as he is younger than him. Jim surprises him with the arrival of Michael Scott (Steve Carell). The wedding proceeds in Schrute tradition with Michael as Dwight's new best man. At the reception, Michael shows Pam pictures of his kids with Holly Flax, and Pam notes that he is paying for two phones just to hold all the images. Ryan deliberately gives Drake an allergic reaction so that Ravi, a pediatrician, can attend and Ryan can steal Kelly away. Kevin tells Ravi that Ryan wanted him to keep Drake so that Ryan can have Kelly and the two can start a new life together. Ravi then gives Kevin the baby to give to Child Services before leaving, but Nellie, who has still been wanting a child, takes Drake instead.

text: When Jim and Pam briefly return home, Jim is surprised to find Carol Stills (Nancy Carell) showing their house to another couple. Pam comes clean and admits she has been showing the house for two months. She wants to repay Jim for all his romantic gestures and says she wants him to go to Athleap in Austin, at which point the couple seeing the house make an offer. Jim and Pam go to an after party at the warehouse where they inform an elated Darryl of their plans, with Jim being able to rejoin the company with no change. Pam unveils a new painted mural featuring the history of their branch. A final picture is taken with the employees and the camera crew before the employees go back up to the office for a final toast. Jim and Pam tell Dwight they are quitting, but Dwight fires them instead so he can give them hefty severance packages, as a last gesture of friendship. The employees are surprised to find Creed, who has been living in Ryan's old closet since faking his death, in the office. Creed sings a song on the guitar for the office before being arrested. The employees give one last round of interviews before leaving, with Pam taking her watercolor of the office building that Michael bought from her in the third-season episode "Business School".

text: Production[edit]

text: Writing and filming[edit]

text: "Finale" was written by series developer and showrunner Greg Daniels, making it his second writing credit for the year, after the season debut "New Guys", and his 12th writing credit overall.[2][3] The episode was directed by Ken Kwapis. Kwapis had originally directed the series' pilot episode.[4] Daniels joked that Kwapis was "the country vet who birthed this puppy" and had come "back to put it down".[5] His last directorial credit for the series, prior to "Finale", however, was the fifth season episode "Company Picnic".[6] The initial idea for the finale was thought of by Daniels during production of the third season, described as "a reunion show", in the fashion of the post-competition cast rehashes familiar from reality shows like Survivor".[7] Daniels, at one point, approached Jeff Probst, the host of Survivor, to appear in the finale as a moderator for the fictional reunion, although he declined.[7] The initial table read for the episode took place on March 4, 2013.[8] Filming commenced on March 6.[9] According to Jenna Fischer, the episode took nine days to film, with the cast devoting 12 hours a day to the episode.[10] The finale was described as "ambitious", featuring multiple location shoots, including one in an AT&T Office Building, which stood in for the Scranton Cultural Center.[7] Filming for the episode and series as a whole came to an end on March 16, 2013.[11] Wilson later tweeted a picture of the empty set after all filming had been finished.[12]

text: Originally, the episode was supposed to be the 23rd and 24th episodes of the season, which would have meant that the series aired exactly 200 episodes. However, the series' penultimate episode was elongated into 2 separate episodes, resulting in "Finale" being the 24th and 25th episodes of the season. This meant that the last part of "Finale" is the series' 201st episode.[13] Once filming finished Daniels, in an interview with TVLine, expressed his hope to expand the episode, stating, "I was very excited with the footage we got ... It's very big. I'm going to beg NBC to super-size it or extend it."[14] Daniels later commented that when the editors cut together the first act, it was 23 minutes long; this is much longer than a normal first act for an hour long episode of television.[15] In response, OfficeTally—the largest fan site for the series—started an online petition to supersize the finale, similar to the petition to expand the second-season finale, "Casino Night".[15] By May 2, the petition had received over 20,000 signatures.[15] On May 7, it was announced that NBC had extended the episode by 15 minutes, meaning that the episode would air in a 75-minute time slot.[16] The episode is approximately 52 minutes in length.[17]

text: Casting[edit]

text: The series finale guest stars Rachael Barrett, Dakota Johnson, Joan Cusack, Ed Begley, Jr., and Malcolm Barrett.[18] The episode features the return of several of the series' actors and actresses, including former series writers and stars B. J. Novak and Mindy Kaling, as well as Andy Buckley, Robert R. Shafer, Michael Schur, and Matt L. Jones.[18] Other minor recurring characters also make appearances, such as Nancy Carell as Carol Stills (who played the recurring role as Michael's real-estate agent and short-time girlfriend), Sendhil Ramamurthy as Ravi (who first appeared in the eight season episode "Angry Andy"), Eric Wareheim as Gabor (who first appeared in the earlier ninth-season episode "Junior Salesman"), James Urbaniak as Rolf (who first appeared in the fifth-season episode "Company Picnic"), Jackie Debatin as Elizabeth (who first appeared in the third-season episode "Ben Franklin"), Devon Abner as Devon (who was a former Dunder Mifflin employee fired in second-season episode "Halloween"), and Spencer Daniels as Jake Palmer (who first played Meredith's son in the second-season episode "Take Your Daughter to Work Day").[3][19][20] The episode also features Bill Hader and Seth Meyers playing themselves.[3][20]

text: Many members of the show's crew made cameos in the episode. The documentary crewman's voice that speaks to Dwight was played by camera operator Matt Sohn. The "frat boy" who mocks Andy at the restaurant was Greg Daniels' former assistant, Jonah Platt. Jay Falk, a script editor for the series, and his wife stood in for the couple buying Jim and Pam's house.[20] Jennifer Celotta, a series writer and director, makes an appearance at Dwight's wedding. The episode's call sheet listed her character as "Jen Celotta Schrute".[21] Producer and writer Graham Wagner also makes a cameo in both Mose's group, as well as at the wedding.[20] Many of the individuals who asked questions were writers on the show: Brent Forrester asked about seeing their lives on TV, Amelie Gillette asked the question regarding Jim giving up Athlead, Steve Burgess asked if the camera changed the characters' behavior, Steve Hely asked if life has no meaning, Allison Silverman made the statement that Jim is attractive, and Dan Sterling asked what was in the teapot. Daniels' wife, Susanne Daniels, was the Q&A moderator.[20][22] Daniels himself appeared during the documentary after-party along with executive producer Howard Klein, editors David Rogers and Claire Scanlon, script supervisor Veda Semarne, first assistant director Rusty Mahmood, prop master Phil Shea, and casting director Allison Jones. The remaining extras in the scene were members of the crew of The Office.[19][20]

text: Jennie Tan, the founder of the largest The Office fansite OfficeTally appears in the episode as a fictional version of herself asking the members of the office questions. She initially emailed Daniels, asking if she could appear in the background in one of the scenes. He, however, hired her as a day actor and wrote her seven lines. During the filming, Daniels re-wrote part of Tan's line to make it more "pointed".[22] Tan called the experience "surreal", because she was "playing [herself] but talking to Jim and Pam", rather than Krasinski and Fischer.[22]

text:
"I figured the character would go back and visit everybody, but he wouldn't do it on camera at this point. I think he had grown past the idea of being in the documentary, that was my take on it. That [Michael Scott] had said goodbye to that aspect of his life, that that's not what was important to him. I just thought, yeah he'd go back and visit, but he wouldn't want the camera crew to be documenting it."

—Steve Carell, explaining his initial hesitation to return to The Office.[23]

tag: div

text: Early during production for the season, Kinsey and Wilson noted in an interview that the cast and crew were hoping for the return of former lead actor Carell.[24] In mid-December, Krasinski later revealed that he was optimistic about a return; in an interview with E! Online Krasinski said that the producers were supposedly "still trying to figure out [Carell's] schedule" and that the finale "just wouldn't be the same without him".[25] However, NBC chairman Robert Greenblatt later admitted during an interview that while he was "hopeful", he did not think Carell would return; he noted that Carell was satisfied with his character's exit and did not want to tarnish it.[26] On January 16, Daniels revealed that Carell would not appear in the finale in any capacity,[4] a decision that Carell later reiterated.[27] Several months later, however, the producers for The Office mounted "an 11th hour effort" to get Carell to make a cameo in the show's final episode, according to TVLine.[28] According to the article, "while no one is confirming that the final diplomatic push proved successful, no one is denying it either."[28] Carell's personal representative confirmed that Carell was on the set for the final episode, but that he did not film any scenes. However, an anonymous source close to the show cryptically said "don't rule anything out".[28] TVLine later reported on May 6, that Carell would appear in a cameo, although NBC declined to comment and Carell's representatives continued to deny the reports.[29] A month after the episode aired, Carell explained in an interview with TVLine that he "lied for months to the press, to almost everyone, really".[30] He noted that he "felt terribly for the cast and for [executive producer] Greg Daniels, because they all lied, too."[30] Krasinski, on the other hand, explained that "It was so thrilling. We all just flat-out lied... It was just one of those things that we all vowed and had to protect".[30] Even at the initial table read for the script, Carell's appearance was not revealed. In fact, his first line was not included in the read at all, and his second was scripted to be delivered by Creed Bratton.[31]

text: Deleted scenes[edit]

text: The Season Nine DVD contains a number of deleted scenes from this episode. Notable cut scenes include: more scenes from the Q&A panel; Pete discussing what he learned working at Dunder Mifflin; Angela's sister, Phyllis, and Andy giving toasts at the wedding; more scenes with Erin and her biological parents in which they reconnect; further shots of the office members reminiscing about shared memories; and the office taking one of the potted plants outside and planting it in actual soil.[32] The episode originally was scripted to begin with a different cold open; it would have entailed a prank on Dwight by Jim, in which Dwight is led to believe that he is actually living in the Matrix, a computer-simulation from the eponymous 1999 film of the same name. The scene was either not filmed, or cut from the episode and not included with the other deleted scenes. A table read of it—along with the rest of the episode—was included as a bonus feature on the ninth season DVD.[31]

text: Cultural references[edit]

text: The episode makes a reference to Creed being a member of the rock band The Grass Roots. In fact, Creed Bratton, who portrays a fictionalized version of himself on the show, actually did play with the band from 1967 to 1969.[33] The song he performs near the end is titled "All the Faces", which he wrote himself.[34] Andy mentions that both the "Double Rainbow Guy" and the "Star Wars Kid" reached out to help him after his viral video mishap.[35] Both Hader and Meyers appear in a fictional Saturday Night Live Weekend Update sketch involving Andy's viral fame.[36] After Pam compares her and Jim's relationship to a great book that never ends, Tan's character asks if it is comparable to the Harry Potter series.[22] Dwight claims that Google Inc. is actually a front for either the United States government or "the government of other countries".[37]

text: The episode also features several callback references to previous episodes. Oscar saying "Whazzup!" serves as a reference to a scene from "Pilot" between Michael, Dwight, and Jim.[19] Jim's description in his final talking head of his job is a direct quote from his first talking head in "Pilot".[38] Dwight hires Devon back after Creed quits, a reference to "Halloween", when Creed convinced Michael to fire Devon.[19] Pam sits at reception one final time and answers the phone, saying "Dunder Mifflin, this is Pam." This is a reference to Pam's former role as office receptionist and a common phrase that she said during the early seasons.[35] Pam's painting of the office building, introduced in "Business School", plays a prominent role in the final scene.[35]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: "Finale" originally aired on May 16, 2013, on NBC in a 75-minute timeslot, preceded by a one-hour retrospective.[39][40] The retrospective was viewed by 4.37 million viewers and received a 2.1/7% rating among adults between the ages of 18 and 49.[41] The finale itself was viewed by 5.69 million viewers and received a 3.0 rating/8% share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49.[41] This means that it was seen by 3.0 percent of all 18- to 49-year-olds, and 8 percent of all 18- to 49-year-olds watching television at the time of the broadcast. This marked a significant increase, of over one million viewers, in the ratings from the previous episode, "A.A.R.M.".[41][42] It also ranks as the highest rated episode of the season, as well as the highest-rated episode for the series since the eighth season entry, "Pool Party", which was viewed by 6.02 million viewers and received a 3.0/7% share.[41][43] The episode ranked second in its timeslot, being beaten by the ABC medical drama series, Grey's Anatomy.[41] NBC increased their usual ad price by 200 percent for "Finale", asking for $400,000 per commercial. This was largely due to the anticipated increase in viewership that the finale would bring.[44] Via DVR viewing, the episode was watched by an additional 2.38 million viewers with an added 18–49 rating of 1.4, bringing the total to 8.07 million viewers and an 18–49 rating of 4.4.[45]

text: Reviews[edit]

text: "Finale" was met with acclaim from television critics.[46] Alan Sepinwall of HitFix gave the episode a highly positive review and called it "a tremendously satisfying conclusion to a show that could make us gasp with laughter, but that could also make us cry or smile".[19] Sepinwall noted that, despite the inconsistency in the last few seasons, "the world was rich enough to fuel a lovely 75-minute trip through the past, present and future of The Office.[19] Ultimately, he noted that the "biggest emotional moments" belonged to Jim and Pam, and their final talking heads.[19] Roth Cornet of IGN awarded the episode a 9 out of 10, denoting an "amazing" episode. She was highly pleased with the final fifteen minutes, noting that "in those final moments, this series hit every note we could have wanted, without overplaying any of them." She concluded that it "was a strong hour of television [and] the finale shone and delivered on all of its promise."[47] Hillary Busis of Entertainment Weekly praised the entry, writing that "for anyone who's stuck with The Office through thick and thin ... last night's 75-minute-long finale was pretty much perfect."[48] She wrote that "the finale had no shortage of sob-inducing moments", and positively applauded all of the characters' various happy endings.[48]

text: Nick Campbell of TV.com wrote that the episode was "just right" for the series, and that it highlighted the fact that "the ending was more about the fact that you took a journey with these characters."[49] He wrote that all of the character's subplots had emotion, even if they appeared slightly contrived. Ultimately he concluded that "it felt okay to say goodbye because it was the right atmosphere."[49] James Poniewozik of Time wrote that the finale was "touching, sweet, funny, messy, a little manipulative. And in the end, it worked."[33] He found that "The stuff that was like latter-seasons Office", such as Andy and Dwight's antics, were "all right" but that "the stuff that recalled the sweep of the whole series was wonderful."[33] Poniewozik was slightly critical of Pam and Jim's story, noting that in the grand scheme of the show it was successful, but that it makes slightly less sense when one examines it closely; however, he felt that even "if the details don't add up, the emotions do".[33] He concluded that the episode "worked mostly as an epilogue" and allowed the cast of the series to have their final moments.[33]

text: Brian Lowry of Variety positively wrote that the finale "ignored" the last few seasons' missteps and was "awash in warmth and inside gags".[50] He concluded that the show "deserved to finish on top", and that while some of the scenes, such as Dwight's wedding seemed "a little bit trite", the resulting product was successful.[50] Michael Tedder of Vulture awarded the episode five stars out of five and wrote that the episode was able to provide solid conclusions for all of the characters.[35] Erik Adams of The A.V. Club awarded the episode an "A–" and wrote that "the quality of this series finale is found in the way it functions right now, in the afterglow of a TV show to which many devoted more than 100 hours of their lives. Some aspects of the episode fall flat, but when it hits, it hits."[51] Ultimately, he found that "'Finale' is not a great piece of television" but that it was the finale that "The Office needed" because it was "the right point to jump off ... the circular track", due to the series idea of thematic reoccurrence.[51] Tom Gliatto of People magazine, however, gave the episode a negative review, and wrote that "this episode was poorly conceived and clumsily structured. It really wasn't worthy of all the years of affectionate humor that had gone before it."[46]

text: Steve Carell's cameo received glowing reviews from critics. Campbell noted that he was "glad [Carell's] return was still uncertain [before the episode aired] because the reveal was made that much sweeter."[49] Sepinwall noted that Carell's return managed to not "overshadow the stories of the people who remained after he left, but which made sense for the characters, and the end of the series."[19] Adams noted that "Carell doesn't get a lot to say—he's already had his chance to say goodbye—but that just makes each of his lines count more".[51] Cornet felt that the cameo's "brevity" was "the perfect amount of Michael for this particular episode".[47] Poniewozik described it as "a way that as best as possible walked the line between overplaying and underplaying Steve Carell's cameo."[33] Lowry called it a "perfectly orchestrated cameo".[50] Basis wrote that the appearance was "pretty great" and that "the notion of Michael finally getting the family he's always wanted was enough to melt the heart of even the nit-pickiest fan."[48]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: This episode received three Primetime Emmy Award nominations for the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards. Greg Daniels was nominated for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series and Ben Patrick, John W. Cook, and Rob Carr were nominated for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series (Half-Hour) and Animation. David Rogers and Claire Scanlon won for Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series, marking the fifth win for The Office at the Emmys overall and the series' first win since 2009.[52][53] Rogers and Scanlon also won an ACE Eddie award for Best Edited Half-Hour Series for Television.[54]


document_title: Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle

question_text: who plays old alex in jumanji welcome to the jungle

text: Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1996 in Brantford, New Hampshire, teenager Alex Vreeke receives the Jumanji board game which was found by his father on a beach. Alex sets the game aside. That night, it transforms into a video game cartridge which catches Alex's attention when he is awakened by the Jumanji drums and he is transported into the game.

text: Twenty years later, in 2016, four Brantford High School students serve detention: Spencer Gilpin, caught writing an essay for former friend Anthony "Fridge" Johnson (also in detention); Bethany Walker, who answered a video call during an English-class quiz and Martha Kaply, who refused to participate in gym class. They are sent to the school basement to prepare magazines for recycling and to think about their future. Fridge discovers Alex's discarded video-game system when he explores the basement, and he and Spencer set up the game. Although it has five playable characters, the first one cannot be selected. Spencer and Fridge choose two characters, and the girls choose their own. When Spencer presses "Start", they are transported into the game.

text: They are in a jungle, in the forms of their game avatars. Spencer is tough, muscular explorer and archaeologist Smolder Bravestone; Fridge is diminutive zoologist Franklin "Mouse" Finbar, whom he chose after misreading "Mouse" as "Moose"; Bethany is a chubby male cartographer and intellectual Sheldon "Shelly" Oberon (whose nickname she mistook for a woman's), and Martha is beautiful commando and martial arts expert Ruby Roundhouse. They each have three lives; Spencer deduces that if they lose all three, they die in real life.

text: They learn the game's story from NPC Nigel: corrupt archeologist Russel Van Pelt stole the Jaguar's Eye (a magic jewel) from its shrine, cursing Jumanji. Nigel escaped Van Pelt with the jewel, and the players must return it to a jaguar statue and call "Jumanji" to lift the curse. Nigel warns them that Van Pelt will stop at nothing to retrieve the jewel, which gives him control of Jumanji's animals. They begin tackling the game's increasingly-difficult "levels", losing lives as they do so. The four are rescued by Alex (the missing fifth player, whose avatar is pilot Jefferson "Seaplane" McDonough). Taking shelter in a jungle house built by the game's previous player Alan Parrish, Alex believes that he has been in the game for a few months and is distressed to learn that it is really twenty years. The newcomers vow to help him return home. They break into a transportation shed, commandeering a helicopter to fly to the jaguar statue and return the jewel, but Fridge drops the jewel into a herd of white rhinoceros. Spencer uses one of Fridge's lives, pushing him out of the helicopter as a distraction, and retrieves the jewel. Alex loses his last life when a mosquito bites him, but Bethany performs CPR and transfers one of her lives to him.

text: At the statue, the players are surrounded by a pack of jaguars and Van Pelt's forces. They outmaneuver their opposition while Spencer and Martha race to the statue. Van Pelt confronts Martha (trapped in a pit of mambas) and demands the jewel, but she sacrifices one of her lives to re-spawn and get it to Spencer. With the players on their last lives, they end the game with Van Pelt disintegrating into a bunch of rats and return to the real world, but Alex does not appear with them. They find the formerly-dilapidated Vreeke home restored and decorated for a Christmas family gathering. An adult Alex arrives, having had returned to where he left off in 1996. Now married with children, he named his eldest daughter after Bethany out of gratitude for saving his life and introduces them to his infant son, Andy.

text: Spencer and Fridge reconcile, Bethany begins caring for others more than herself and plans a summer backpacking adventure, Martha and Spencer become romantically involved and the four are now friends after their experiences in the game. When they hear Jumanji's drumbeats, they bring the game behind the school and Fridge destroys it with a bowling ball (also found in detention) to prevent anyone from playing it again.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Players[edit]

text:
Dwayne Johnson as Smolder Bravestone, an Indiana Jones-like archaeologist and explorer who is Spencer's avatar; he is the leader of his team.
Alex Wolff as Spencer Gilpin, a nerdy gamer at Brantford High School. Panphobic; his experience as Smolder Bravestone helps him cope with his anxiety and develop assertiveness.
Jack Black as Sheldon "Shelly" Oberon, a cartographer, cryptographer, archaeologist, and paleontologist who is Bethany's male avatar.
Madison Iseman as Bethany Walker, a pretty, popular, self-centered teenage girl at Brantford High School.
Kevin Hart as Franklin "Mouse" Finbar, a zoologist and weapons specialist who is Fridge's avatar.
Ser'Darius Blain as Anthony "Fridge" Johnson, a Brantford High School football jock coasting on his athletic prowess who cares more about dating than studying.
Karen Gillan as Ruby Roundhouse, a Lara Croft-like martial artist, and dance fighter who is Martha's avatar.
Morgan Turner as Martha Kaply, a shy and cynical intellectual at Brantford High School who believes that physical education is needless and who dislikes popular peers like Bethany and Fridge.
Nick Jonas as Jefferson "Seaplane" McDonough, a young aircraft pilot in Jumanji who is Alex Vreeke's avatar.[9]
Mason Guccione as Alex Vreeke, a teenage gamer who was trapped inside the Jumanji video game for two decades.
Colin Hanks plays the adult Alex when he appears two decades later.

text: Game[edit]

text:
Bobby Cannavale as Russel Van Pelt, an archeologist-turned-mercenary and an enemy of Smolder Bravestone. He tries to retrieve the Jaguar's Eye, whose power possesses him.
Rhys Darby as Nigel Billingsley, the main guide.
William Tokarsky as a food vendor.
Rohan Chand as a young guide at the bazaar.

text: Reality[edit]

text:
Marc Evan Jackson as Principal Bentley, who makes Spencer, Bethany, Fridge, and Martha clean up the basement as part of their detention.
Carlease Burke as Miss Mathers, Spencer and Fridge's U.S. History teacher.
Sean Buxton as Mr. Vreeke, Alex's father who discovered the Jumanji game.
Tim Matheson (uncredited) as Old Man Vreeke. His narration at the beginning of the film implies that seeing his son teleported into the game had traumatized him. After Alex's return to him, he is a happy family man and close to his son and grandchildren.
Maribeth Monroe as Bethany's English teacher.
Missi Pyle as Coach Webb; Martha, Spencer and Bethany's gym teacher.
Kat Altman as Lucinda, Bethany's friend.
Marin Hinkle as Mrs. Gilpin, Spencer's mother.
Tracey Bonner as Mrs. Johnson, Fridge's mother.
Natasha Charles Parker as Mrs. Walker, Bethany's mother.
Michael Shacket as Fussfeld, a friend of Spencer at Brantford High School who is infatuated with Bethany.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In July 2012, rumors circulated that a remake of Jumanji was in development. In an interview with The Hollywood Reporter, Columbia Pictures president Doug Belgrad said: "We're going to try and reimagine Jumanji and update it for the present."[10] On August 1, 2012, it was confirmed that Matthew Tolmach would produce the new version with William Teitler (who produced the original film).[11]

text: In August 2015, Sony Pictures Entertainment announced that the film was scheduled for release on December 25, 2016.[12] Online reception to the news was negative, with some saying that the announcement came too soon after the August 2014 death of Robin Williams (who played Alan Parrish in the original film).[13][14] The announcement was criticized by Bradley Pierce (who played Peter Shepherd in Jumanji) and by E! News, which called the remake "unnecessary and kind of insulting".[15][16] On October 23, 2015, Scott Rosenberg was hired to rewrite the script for the film, whose production was a high priority for the studio.[17] On January 14, 2016, Deadline Hollywood reported that Jake Kasdan had been hired to direct the film from a script by Rosenberg and Jeff Pinkner based on a draft by original writers Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers.[18]

text:
On April 15, Variety reported that Dwayne Johnson and Kevin Hart were in early talks to star in the film (although both actors had other projects).[19] Later in the month, Johnson confirmed his casting on Instagram.[20] In July, it was reported that Nick Jonas had joined the film's cast with Johnson, Hart, and Jack Black.[21] The following month, Johnson said that the film would not be a reboot but a continuation of the 1995 film;[22] Karen Gillan was announced as part of the cast.[23] On September 20, Ser'Darius Blain was cast as Anthony "Fridge" Johnson and Madison Iseman as Bethany Walker. Two days later, Rhys Darby was cast as Nigel Billingsley, Morgan Turner as Martha Kaply, and Alex Wolff as Spencer Gilpin.[24][25][26] In November 2016, Bobby Cannavale announced his casting in the film,[27] and in December 2016, Tim Matheson joined the cast as Old Man Vreeke.[28]
Although James Newton Howard was originally signed to compose the film's score,[29] he was replaced by Henry Jackman when the film's release date was postponed six months.[1]

text: In March 2017, during CinemaCon, it was announced that the film's complete title was Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle. Its plot involved teenagers cleaning out a school's basement who find a vintage video-game version of Jumanji and are sucked into the first film's jungle setting. Although fans debated whether the film was a sequel or a reboot, the second trailer (released on September 20, 2017) indicated that the sequel is set 21 years after the first.

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography began on September 19, 2016, in Honolulu, Hawaii,[19][30] primarily at the Kualoa Ranch nature reserve.[31] The film wrapped on December 8 in Atlanta, Georgia.[32]

text: Release[edit]

text: In August 2015, Sony gave the film a release date of December 25, 2016.[33] Since filming did not begin until September 2016, the release was pushed back to July 28 and then to December 20, 2017.[2]

text: On November 29, 2017, it was announced that Amazon Prime members in the United States would have early access to tickets for a December 8 screening of the film at select Regal, National Amusements, ArcLight Cinemas and AMC theaters.[34] The screenings sold out at 1,200 theaters and earned $1.9 million.[35] The film was released on IMAX 2D on January 12, 2018.

text: Home media[edit]

text: Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle was released on Digital HD on March 6, 2018 and on DVD, Blu-ray and 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray on March 20, although the film was still in theatres. The Blu-ray and digital versions include two additional featurettes: "Surviving the Jungle: Spectacular Stunts!" and "Book to Board Game to Big Screen & Beyond! Celebrating The Legacy of Jumanji."[36]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle grossed $404.5 million in the United States and Canada and $557.7 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $962.2 million.[6] On April 10, 2018, the film passed Spider-Man ($403.7 million) to become Sony's highest-grossing film domestically. Deadline Hollywood calculated its net profit as $305.7 million when factoring all expenses and revenues, making it 2017's fourth-most-profitable release.[37]

text: In the U.S. and Canada, the film was released on December 20, 2017 with The Greatest Showman and was projected to gross about $60 million from 3,765 theaters in its six-day opening weekend; the studio predicted a $45 million debut.[38][39] It earned $7.2 million on its first day and $7.6 million on its second day. Over the three-day weekend, the film grossed $36.2 million (for a six-day total of $71.9 million), finishing second at the box office behind Star Wars: The Last Jedi.[4] Its weekend-only earnings increased to $50.1 million during its second weekend, again finishing in second place at the box office.[40] The 38.4-percent weekend-to-weekend increase was the fourth-largest for a film playing in over 3,000 theaters; The Greatest Showman set the record for best hold the same weekend.[41][42] The film passed Star Wars: The Last Jedi for the top spot the following weekend, declining 28.1 percent to $36 million,[43] and finished first again the following week with $28.1 million (and a total of $35.2 million over the four-day MLK weekend).[44] Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle remained atop the box office for its third weekend, earning $19.5 million.[45]

text: It again topped the box office for a fourth consecutive week (its sixth week overall in theatres) with $20 million, easily surpassing new releases 12 Strong and Den of Thieves (both films finished their entire run with box office lower than Jumanji: Welcome...  grossed in its first 10 days).[46] The film continued to do well the following week, dropping 16 percent (to $16.4 million) and finishing second to Maze Runner: The Death Cure,[47] before regaining the top spot for a fifth time the following weekend with $11.1 million.[48]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 76% based on 189 reviews (143 fresh and 46 rotten), and an average rating of 6.1/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle uses a charming cast and a humorous twist to offer an undemanding yet solidly entertaining update on its source material."[49] On Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average, the film has a normalized score of 58 out of 100, based on 44 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews."[50] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 84% overall positive score.[4]

text: Dave White of TheWrap praised the cast and called the film a pleasant surprise: "Jumanji: Welcome to The Jungle is the Christmas tentpole release that aims to please and succeeds, a funny family entertainment product that subverts more expectations than it was obligated to contractually".[51] David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film a C grade, calling it unnecessary but mildly amusing: "Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle is further proof that even the stalest whiff of brand recognition has become preferable to originality. Only part of the blame for that belongs to the studios but after cannibalizing themselves for much of the last 20 years, Hollywood has clearly eaten their way down to the crumbs".[52] For Variety, Owen Gleiberman wrote: "Excitement! Suspense! Childlike innocence! Ingeniously staged action set pieces! These are a few of the things you will not find, anywhere, in Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle ... It's supposed to be a board game come to life but really, it's just a bored game."[53]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award

Date of ceremony

Category

Recipient(s) and nominee(s)

Result

Ref.

Kids Choice Awards

March 2018

Kids Choice Awards for Favorite Movie

Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle

Won

[54]

Kids Choice Awards for Favorite Actor

Dwayne Johnson

Won

Kevin Hart

Nominated

MTV Movie & TV Awards

June 16, 2018

Best Comedic Performance

Jack Black

Nominated

Best On-Screen Team

Dwayne Johnson, Kevin Hart, Jack Black, Karen Gillan and Nick Jonas

Nominated

Saturn Awards

June 27, 2018

Best Fantasy Film

Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle

Nominated

[55]

Teen Choice Awards

August 12, 2018

Choice Comedy Movie

Pending

[citation needed]

Choice Comedy Movie Actress

Karen Gillan

Choice Comedy Movie Actor

Dwayne Johnson

Jack Black

Kevin Hart

tag: table

text: Sequel[edit]

text: Dwayne Johnson, Jack Black and Nick Jonas discussed Jumanji 3's plot in interviews, including the possibility of the film's exploring the origins of the game. According to Karen Gillan, the alternate ending of Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle would have left the door open for another installment.[56][57][58][59] In February 2018, it was announced that Kasdan would direct the sequel, with Rosenberg and Pinkner again writing the script and Johnson, Hart, Black and Gillan reprising their roles.[60] The film is slated to be released December 13, 2019.[61]


document_title: Incident report

question_text: what is the purpose of an accident report

text: Incident report

text: In a health care facility, such as a hospital, nursing home, or assisted living, an incident report or accident report is a form that is filled out in order to record details of an unusual event that occurs at the facility, such as an injury to a patient. The purpose of the incident report is to document the exact details of the occurrence while they are fresh in the minds of those who witnessed the event. This information may be useful in the future when dealing with liability issues stemming from the incident.[1]

text: Generally, according to health care guidelines, the report must be filled out as soon as possible following the incident (but after the situation has been stabilized). This way, the details written in the report are as accurate as possible.[2]

text: Most incident reports that are written involve accidents with patients, such as patient falls. But most facilities will also document an incident in which a staff member or visitor is injured.

text: In the event that an incident involves a patient, the patient will often be monitored for a period of time following the incident (for it may happen again), which may include taking vital signs regularly.

text: The latest guidebook for the index of the International Classification of Diseases, Edition 10, Clinical Modifications (the ICD-10-CM) has, in Chapter 20 (External Causes of Morbidity, Codes V00-Y99), a section of external cause codes to identify and track the occurrence of certain serious medical and surgical errors and other serious events, which could constitute malpractice. Some of this data this data is collected by the National Quality Forum's never events. The federal and state governments use the never events list as the basis for quality indicators and state-based reporting systems. Some of these are: Y65.51 (Performance of the wrong procedure or operation on the correct patient); Y65.52 (Performance of a procedure or operation on a patient not scheduled for a procedure or operation); and Y65.53 (Performance of the correct procedure or operation on the wrong side or the wrong body part of the patient).


document_title: Florence Nightingale effect

question_text: falling in love with the person who saved your life

text: Florence Nightingale effect

text: Origin[edit]

text: The effect is named for Florence Nightingale, a pioneer in the field of nursing in the second half of the 19th century. Due to her dedication to patient care, she was dubbed "The Lady with the Lamp" because of her habit of making rounds at night, previously not done. Her care would forever change the way hospitals treated patients. Most consider Nightingale the founder of modern nursing. There is no record of Florence Nightingale having ever fallen in love with one of her patients. In fact, despite multiple suitors, she never married for fear it might interfere with her calling for nursing. Albert Finney referred to the effect as the "Florence Nightingale syndrome" in a 1982 interview,[1] and that phrase was used earlier to refer to health workers pursuing non-tangible rewards in their careers.[2]

text: Medical[edit]

text: Florence Nightingale effect and Florence Nightingale syndrome are often considered to be the same thing. However, the latter typically refers to Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, from which Nightingale was said to have suffered. During the last years of her life, she suffered symptoms not unlike those of CFS.[3]

text: Florence Nightingale effect is not recognized as a medical condition;[citation needed] rather, it is a pop-culture[when defined as?] name given to a situation.[citation needed] It is generally[vague] considered[weasel words] unprofessional in the medical industry[according to whom?] for a care giver to become involved with a patient.[citation needed]

text: Misconception[edit]

text: Many[vague] often[weasel words] misunderstand the term to mean the opposite; that is, a patient falling in love with the caregiver as a result of interpreting an amiable bedside manner as affection. The correct term,[according to whom?] coined by Sigmund Freud,[citation needed] for this situation is transference.[citation needed]


document_title: List of countries by uranium reserves

question_text: which country has maximum reserve of uranium in the world

text: List of countries by uranium reserves

text: Uranium reserves are reserves of recoverable uranium, regardless of isotope, based on a set market price. The list given here is based on Uranium 2016: Resources, Production and Demand, a joint report by the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency and the International Atomic Energy Agency.[1]

text: Figures are given in tonnes. The reserves figures denote identified resources as of 1 January 2015, consisting of reasonably assured resources (RAR) plus inferred resources recoverable at a cost range of below 260 USD/kg U. The list also includes cumulative historical production figures.

text: The amount of ultimately recoverable uranium depends strongly on what one would be willing to pay for it. Uranium is a widely distributed metal with large low-grade deposits that are not currently considered profitable. As of 2015 646,900 tonnes of reserves are recoverable at 40 USD per kilogram of uranium, while 7,641,600 tonnes of reserves are recoverable at 260 USD per kilogram.[1] Moreover, much of Canada, Greenland, Siberia and Antarctica are currently unexplored due to permafrost and may hold substantial undiscovered reserves. When and if reserves from such remote locations will become profitable remains to be seen.

text:
Country
Reserves as of 2015
Historical Production to 2014

 Algeria
19,500
0

 Argentina
19,600
2,582

 Australia
1,780,800
194,646

 Belgium
0
686

 Botswana
73,500
0

 Brazil
276,800
4,172

 Bulgaria
0
16,364

 Canada
703,600
483,957

 Central African Republic
32,000
0

 Chad
2,400
0

 Chile
1,500
0

 China
272,500
39,849[2]

 Democratic Republic of the Congo
2,700
25,600[2]

 Czech Republic
119,300
111,765[2]

 Egypt
1,900
0

 Finland
1,200
30

 France
0
76,006

 Gabon
5,800
25,403

 Germany
7,000
219,686

 Greece
7,000
0

 Greenland
228,000
0

 Hungary
13,500
21,067

 India
138,700
11,398[2]

 Indonesia
7,200
0

 Iran
3,900
0

 Italy
6,100
0

 Japan
6,600
84

 Jordan
47,700
0

 Kazakhstan
941,600
244,707

 Madagascar
0
785

 Malawi
14,300
4,217

 Mali
13,000
0

 Mauritania
23,800
0

 Mexico
3,400
49

 Mongolia
141,500
535

 Namibia
463,000
120,418

 Niger
411,300
132,017

 Pakistan
0
1,439[2]

 Peru
33,400
0

 Poland
0
650

 Portugal
7,000
3,720

 Romania
6,600
18,899[2]

 Russia
395,200
158,844

 Slovakia
15,500
211

 Slovenia
9,200
382

 Somalia
7,600
0

 South Africa
449,300
159,510

 Soviet Union
NA
102,886

 Spain
33,900
8,028

 Sweden
9,600
200

 Tanzania
58,100
0

 Turkey
6,600
0

 Ukraine
220,700
129,804

 United States
138,200
373,075

 Uzbekistan
130,100
127,591[2]

 Vietnam
3,900
0

 Zambia
24,600
86

 Zimbabwe
1,400
0

Total
7,641,600
2,818,415

text: Notes: Historical production for the Czech Republic includes 102,241 tonnes of uranium produced in former Czechoslovakia from 1946 through the end of 1992. Historical production for Germany includes 213,380 tonnes produced in the German Democratic Republic from 1946 through the end of 1992. Historical production for the Soviet Union includes the former Soviet Socialist Republics of Estonia, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, but excludes Kazakhstan and Ukraine. Historical production for the Russian Federation and Uzbekistan is since 1992 only.