document_title: The Wizarding World of Harry Potter (Universal Orlando Resort)

question_text: how many harry potter rides are there at universal orlando

text: Background[edit]

text: Previous attempts[edit]

text: Rumors of a Harry Potter-themed area at a Universal Studios park or a Disney park started to circulate in 2003.[14][15] However, the rights to the Harry Potter franchise had been acquired by Warner Bros., who denied all the rumors.[16] In 2001, Time Warner used this license to construct and operate the Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience at Warner Bros. Movie World on the Gold Coast, Australia; it was a small indoor walkthrough featuring many re-creations of locations in the first two movies. After two years of operation, it was removed.[17][18]

text: The Walt Disney Company and Universal entered bidding negotiations with Warner Bros. and Rowling for the theme park rights to Harry Potter in the United States.[19] In 2004, Rowling signed a letter-of-intent with Disney, with the company intending to develop a Harry Potter section within the Magic Kingdom park at Walt Disney World.[20] Ultimately, Disney pulled out of negotiations, citing that Rowling's creative influence and the terms established by Warner Bros. were too stringent.[21]

text: Rumors and official announcement[edit]

text: In January 2007, About.com reported a rumor from a "highly credible source" that the Lost Continent area within Universal's Islands of Adventure park was to be re-themed "to the stories and characters of one of the most popular children's franchises".[22] Other sources followed up in the next few days with unofficial confirmation the new area would involve Harry Potter, and was being developed under the name "Project Strong Arm" in reference to the KUKA robotic arm technology it would utilise.[23][24] Nikki Finke reported her own confirmation of the Potter park plans in April,[25] followed shortly by a story in The Scotsman;[26] both reports were widely relayed by other media sources.[27][28][29] On May 31, 2007, Universal (in partnership with Warner Bros.) officially announced the 20-acre (8.1 ha) addition recreating Hogwarts, the Forbidden Forest and Hogsmeade, with a planned opening in 2009.[9][10][11][30]

text: Phase 1: Islands of Adventure[edit]

text: Construction of the Wizarding World of Harry Potter began seven months after the official announcement, in January 2008. By July, the Flying Unicorn and Enchanted Oak Tavern were closed. The Flying Unicorn then began an almost two-year refurbishment which transformed it into the Flight of the Hippogriff. The Enchanted Oak Tavern was later demolished. A bridge was built to connect The Lost Continent with Jurassic Park allowing guests to avoid the construction zone that was to become the Wizarding World. Construction progressed with the Hogwarts Castle slowly taking shape. By September 2008, the Dueling Dragons entrance was moved to Jurassic Park to make room for construction of Hogsmeade. One month later, the old entrance was demolished. By September 2009, the top shell of Hogwarts Castle was completed. On September 15, an announcement was made detailing what was going to be included in the Wizarding World. In early 2010, Universal increased its marketing of the area, which included newspaper advertisements, billboards and television commercials. The Dueling Dragons were closed for some maintenance before being transformed into the Dragon Challenge.[31] Construction was completed by June 1, 2010, when the area began soft openings.[3]

text: A soft opening weekend was held for the media and reserved guests, starting on May 28, 2010. The park had two opening ceremonies that took place on June 16 and on June 18, 2010. The Wizarding World of Harry Potter's grand opening ceremony took place on June 16 with book series author J. K. Rowling, and film series actors Daniel Radcliffe, Rupert Grint, Emma Watson, Michael Gambon, Robbie Coltrane, Tom Felton, Matthew Lewis, James and Oliver Phelps and Bonnie Wright, as well as Universal Orlando Resort officials, and representatives from the media. The ceremony, which was produced by Universal Orlando Events Production in conjunction with Thinkwell Group,[32] concluded with a fireworks display and a performance by the Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by original series' composer John Williams. On June 18, the second ceremony took place, which officially opened the Wizarding World of Harry Potter to the public. NBC's Today Show[33] and The Weather Channel broadcast segments live from the park.[34][35][36]

text: Phase 2: Universal Studios Florida[edit]

text: The opening of the Wizarding World of Harry Potter saw attendance at Islands of Adventure rise by as much as 36% in 2010. According to Jason Garcia of the Orlando Sentinel, this had resort executives pondering "when to expand Wizarding World and how to keep business balanced between Islands and Universal Studios Florida".[37] In April 2011, Brady MacDonald of the Los Angeles Times mentioned that rapid attendance growth led to speculation that The Wizarding World of Harry Potter would see a significant expansion, which would include Diagon Alley and a Gringotts-themed dark ride possibly replacing the Lost Continent themed area in Islands of Adventure.[38]

text: On December 6, 2011, Universal Parks & Resorts confirmed expansion plans but did not reveal specific details.[39][40] The announcement was made just four days after Universal revealed plans to permanently close the Jaws attraction.[41] Following its closure the following month, the Los Angeles Times stated that the site of the former Jaws ride in Universal Studios Florida would be used for The Wizarding World of Harry Potter expansion, despite what previous speculation suggested. These rides would be complemented by a replica of the Hogwarts Express to move guests between the two parks.[42] Demolition of the Jaws ride and the Amity area began almost immediately after their closure.[43][44] After the site was leveled, work began on land reclamation in the area's former lagoon, as well as construction of a series of buildings including a large show building.[45][46][47]

text: Further details about the expansion of the Wizarding World of Harry Potter were announced on May 8, 2013. Officials confirmed that the expansion would be set predominantly in the adjacent Universal Studios Florida theme park, and would feature areas themed after Diagon Alley and London. The rumored Hogwarts Express connection between the two parks was also confirmed. Officials stated the expansion should open in 2014.[48][49][50][51]

text: On January 23, 2014, officials announced the name of the flagship roller coaster would be Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts. They also indicated that a two-park pass would be necessary to ride the Hogwarts Express, which was set to connect Universal Studios Florida with the existing Harry Potter area at Universal's Islands of Adventure.[52][53][54]

text: The official opening date of the Diagon Alley phase was announced at an exclusive and private press conference on June 17, 2014, for July 8, 2014. On June 18, 2014, the Diagon Alley red carpet premiere took place with Domhnall Gleeson, Bonnie Wright, Evanna Lynch, Matthew Lewis, James and Oliver Phelps, Tom Felton, Robbie Coltrane, Warwick Davis and Helena Bonham Carter attending. New photos of Diagon Alley were later released the same night and the official opening date was  announced publicly by Universal Orlando's president, Bill Davis.[55] King's Cross station opened on July 1, 2014, as well as the Hogwarts Express Hogsmeade Station at Islands of Adventure and soft openings of Diagon Alley began on July 3, 2014.[5] Diagon Alley officially opened on July 8, 2014.[6][7][8]

text: Rides[edit]

text: The Wizarding World of Harry Potter has four rides. Three rides opened in 2010 as part of phase one, while additional two rides opened with phase two in 2014. Dragon Challenge, one of the rides from the first phase, was closed permanently in 2017.[56]

text: Dragon Challenge was a roller coaster featuring two distinct tracks built to overlap and intertwine with each other. The ride was formerly in operation since the park's 1999 opening under the name Dueling Dragons. The physical coaster is exactly the same, with some new decor.[57] The ride was renamed in homage to the first task of the Triwizard Tournament where Harry and the other contestants are each to duel with a dragon, depicted in chapter 20 of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire.[58] The two sides of the coaster have been renamed "Hungarian Horntail" and "Chinese Fireball",[57] after two of the dragon breeds which appear in the book. It was the only chasing inverted roller coaster in the world. The queue for this ride features many Harry Potter relics, including the Goblet of Fire and the Triwizard Cup. In addition, the hike to the ride features the flying car featured in the second film, as well as Hagrid's hut. Dragon Challenge closed on September 4, 2017, to make way for a new ride based on the Harry Potter franchise that is scheduled to open in 2019.[56][59][60]

text: Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey is a dark ride inside the replica of Hogwarts Castle, simulating a tour of the castle and its surrounding grounds. Visitors initially walk through the castle, interacting with various characters and props from the Potter series,[61] including a speech from Dumbledore, and directions from Harry, Hermione and Ron, before boarding a "magical bench" (controlled with a KUKA robotic arm system[62]). Throughout the ride, guests are taken around the outside of the castle, using a combination of simulated flight as well as encountering realistic animatronic versions of the Whomping Willow, a horde of dementors, giant spiders, the Hungarian Horntail Dragon, and a Quidditch match.[63]

text: Flight of the Hippogriff is a steel roller coaster designed for families, located adjacent to Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey. The ride opened in 2000 as the Flying Unicorn.[64] Similar to the Dragon Challenge, this ride was re-themed prior to the opening of the Wizarding World. The roller coaster's back-story is that Hogwarts's Care of Magical Creatures professor, Hagrid, is teaching young wizards to fly on a hippogriff (as Harry does in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban) by using a wicker replica of the creature. A recreation of Hagrid's Hut is passed on the way for a lesson from Hagrid himself on how to properly approach a hippogriff.[65][66]

text: Diagon Alley's flagship ride is Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts, a 3-D motion-based steel roller coaster dark ride based around Gringotts Bank, the wizarding bank in Diagon Alley.[67] Riders enter the bank into the queue area where Bogrod greets visitors and instructs them to continue past him to travel deep into the vaults of the bank to open an account. Unlike Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey, this ride is hosted by Bill Weasley, played by Domhnall Gleeson, reprising his role from Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 and Part 2.

text: A completely functioning full-scale replica of the Hogwarts Express was created for the Diagon Alley expansion, connecting King's Cross Station at Universal Studios to the Hogsmeade station at Islands of Adventure,[48][68] manufactured by Doppelmayr Garaventa Group in the form of a funicular railway people mover.[69] The Hogwarts Express King's Cross Station features a wall between Platforms 9 and 10, where guests can "walk through" to get to Platform 9¾, like in the first film.[70]

text: Dining and shopping[edit]

text: Other than the main rides, The Wizarding World of Harry Potter is also home to gift shops and restaurants. Several of these are recreations of locations in the Harry Potter books while others have been created specifically for the park. A recreation of Hogsmeade is housed at Islands of Adventure while a recreation of Diagon Alley is housed at Universal Studios Florida.

text: In the book series, Ollivanders wand shop is located in Diagon Alley, not Hogsmeade; however, installations of the shop are present in both areas of The Wizarding World of Harry Potter. The Hogsmeade area recreated the shop as "Ollivanders", portraying it as a branch of the original where Harry purchases his wand in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (known in the United States as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone). Unlike other shops in the Wizarding World of Harry Potter, visitors are admitted in groups of 20 to experience the premise from the Potter series, that "the wand chooses the wizard". Similar to the first film, the wand keeper and a selected guest test a variety of wands until the right one is found. Effects include flowers drying out or a thunderstorm erupting inside the shop. Shoppers can then purchase souvenir wands.[71]

text: Hogsmeade[edit]

text: A recreation of the Hogwarts Express lies at the entry to Hogsmeade. The recreation features "billowing steam and an iconic whistle" and is accompanied by the conductor of the train. In the Harry Potter series the Hogwarts Express is the train used to transport students from London to Hogwarts. The "Owl Post" is a working post office (where postcards and letters will be delivered with an authentic Hogsmeade postmark) that also sells stationery, writing implements, stamps, and owl-related gifts.

text: "The Three Broomsticks", based on the inn and pub from the Harry Potter series, offers a variety of food and beverage items from the Harry Potter universe, including Butterbeer, pumpkin juice, strawberry-peanut butter ice cream (as seen in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban), and chocolate Cauldron Cakes, in addition to a menu composed of traditional British fare (Shepherd's pie, fish and chips, etc.). The pub features many hidden references to the book, namely house elves and ghosts that roam the rafters.[72][73] Butterbeer, which can be purchased with a souvenir mug, is offered as a non-alcoholic beverage and comes in both regular and frozen forms, found at the beginning of Hogsmeade fresh off the tap from the butterbeer cart. Similarly, The Hog's Head is based on the pub from the Harry Potter series owned by Aberforth Dumbledore.[72][73] Honeydukes is a sweet shop, based on Honeydukes Sweetshop in the Harry Potter series. The shop sells many items from the Harry Potter universe including Chocolate Frogs, Acid Pops, exploding bonbons, Cauldron Cakes, treacle fudge, Fizzing Whizzbees, Pepper Imps, and Bertie Bott's Every Flavour Beans.[74]

text: Various Harry Potter merchandise items can be purchased from two different gift shops in Hogsmeade. Dervish and Banges is a store selling magical items, as well as Quidditch supplies, Hogwarts clothing, and other merchandise. The store is based on Dervish and Banges in the Harry Potter series.[75]  The second shop is Filch's Emporium of Confiscated Goods. It is a general gift shop (named for Hogwarts caretaker Argus Filch) offering Hogwarts souvenirs (such as clothing and stationery), replicas of props from the Harry Potter films, and other toys and souvenirs. The shop is at the exit to Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey, and is where guests can obtain photos of their ride experience.[76]

text: Diagon Alley[edit]

text: Live events at Diagon Alley include the Knight Bus interactive show at the London waterfront; "The Fountain of Fair Fortune" and "The Tale of The Three Brothers," which are puppet shows enacting stories from The Tales of Beedle the Bard; and live performances from musical group Celestina Warbeck and the Banshees (mentioned briefly by Molly Weasley in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets).

text: Gringotts Money Exchange is able to exchange American currency for Wizarding bank notes. Diagon Alley features The Leaky Cauldron restaurant,[50] The Hopping Pot, and Florean Fortescue's Ice Cream Parlour, which specializes in Butterbeer-flavored ice cream.[68] The Fountain of Fair Fortune is also a bar. Ollivander's Wand Shop sells interactive wands that activate features all around Diagon Alley, Quality Quidditch Supplies, Weasleys' Wizard Wheezes joke shop, Magical Menagerie, Madam Malkin's Robes for All Occasions, Wiseacre's Wizarding Equipment. Borgin and Burkes is the only shop located in Knockturn Alley.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The Wizarding World of Harry Potter was well received by Harry Potter fans. Matt Blum of Wired stated "every detail is finely crafted to enhance the experience".[77] An Orlando Sentinel article stated "muggles will love their Harry Potter adventure" but identifies the need for the park to offer Universal Express Passes due to large crowds. It also stated Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey is a truly one-of-a-kind experience that cannot easily be described.[78] Lisa Minot, from The Sun, stated "after a sneak peek, I can say it is the most faithful recreation of JK Rowling's books and movies ever seen. Fans will be in heaven."[79] Leigh Caldwell from Traveling Mamas noted that although The Wizarding World of Harry Potter is ideal for the whole family, it's not designed for anyone under 3 years old." She went on to consolidate others' comments about the area: "there is no doubt that fans of the Harry Potter books and movies are going to enjoy the heck out of a visit to the Wizarding World".[80] Boris Johnson, Mayor of London, criticized the fact that the park was chosen to be in Orlando, rather than in London, stating that it was "utterly mad" to leave it to the Americans "to make money from a great British invention."[81]


document_title: Cubic centimetre

question_text: 1 litre is equal to how many centimetre cube

root

text: Cubic centimetre

text: A cubic centimetre (or cubic centimeter in US English) (SI unit symbol: cm3; non-SI abbreviations: cc and ccm) is a commonly used unit of volume that extends the derived SI-unit cubic metre, and corresponds to the volume of a cube that measures 1 cm × 1 cm × 1 cm. One cubic centimetre corresponds to a volume of 1/1,000,000 of a cubic metre, or 1/1,000 of a litre, or one millilitre; thus, 1 cm3 ≡ 1 ml. The mass of one cubic centimetre of water at 3.98 °C (the temperature at which it attains its maximum density) is closely equal to one gram. SI supports only the use of symbols and deprecates the use of any abbreviations for units.[1] Hence cm3 is preferred to cc or ccm.

tag: p

text: Many scientific disciplines have replaced cubic centimeter measurements with milliliters, but the medical and automotive fields in the United States still use the term cubic centimetre. Much of the automotive industry outside the U.S. has switched to litres. The United Kingdom uses millilitres in preference to cubic centimetres in the medical field, but not the automotive. Most other English-speaking countries follow the UK example.[citation needed]

text: There is currently a movement within the medical field to discontinue the use of cc in prescriptions and on medical documents, as it can be misread as "00". This could cause a hundredfold overdose of medication, which could be dangerous or even lethal. In the United States, such confusion accounts for 12.6% of all errors associated with medical abbreviations.[2]

text: In automobile engines, "cc" refers to the total volume of its engine displacement in cubic centimetres. The displacement can be calculated using the formula

text: where d is engine displacement, b is the bore of the cylinders, s is length of the stroke and n is the number of cylinders.

text: Conversions

text:
1 millilitre = 1 cm3
1 litre = 1000 cm3
1 cubic inch = 16.387 cm3.

tag: ul


document_title: Calendar year

question_text: what are the quarters in a calendar year

text: Calendar year

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Generally speaking, a calendar year begins on the New Year's Day of the given calendar system and ends on the day before the following New Year's Day, and thus consists of a whole number of days. A year can be measured by also starting on any other named day of the calendar, and end on the day before this named day in the following year.[1] This may be termed as a "years time" but not in practice or an accepted means to term a Calendar year. To reconcile the calendar year with the astronomical cycle (which has a fractional number of days) certain years contain extra days.

text: The Gregorian year, which is in use in most of the world, begins on January 1 and ends on December 31. It has a length of 365 days in an ordinary year, with 8,760 hours, 525,600 minutes, and 31,536,000 seconds; but 366 days in a leap year, with 8,784 hours, 527,040 minutes, and 31,622,400 seconds. With 97 leap years every 400 years, the year has an average length of 365.2425 days. Other formula-based calendars can have lengths which are further out of step with the solar cycle: for example, the Julian calendar has an average length of 365.25 days, and the Hebrew calendar has an average length of 365.2468 days.

text: The astronomer's mean tropical year which is averaged over equinoxes and solstices is currently 365.24219 days, slightly shorter than the average length of the year in most calendars, but the astronomer's value changes over time, so William Herschel's suggested correction to the Gregorian calendar may become unnecessary by the year 4000.

text: Quarters[edit]

text: The calendar year can be divided into four quarters, often abbreviated as Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4.

text:
First quarter, Q1: 1 January – 31 March (90 days or 91 days in leap years)
Second quarter, Q2: 1 April – 30 June (91 days)
Third quarter, Q3: 1 July – 30 September (92 days)
Fourth quarter, Q4: 1 October – 31 December (92 days)

text: When combined with a year, the quarter/year combination may be written, for example, as Q42017 or 4Q2017 or 2017Q4.


document_title: Margin (typography)

question_text: what are normal margins for a word document

text: Margin (typography)

text: History[edit]

text: The Scroll[edit]

text: Margins are an important method of organizing the written word, and have a long history. In ancient Egypt, writing was recorded on papyrus scrolls.[4] Egyptian papyrus scrolls could reach up to 30 meters in length, and contained text organized in columns laid out from left to right along the scroll.[5] Columns were referred to as pagina (or pages) and were separated by margins, so that scrolls could be unrolled horizontally, uncovering individual sections one by one.[6] Thus, in papyrus scrolls margins performed the function of visually signaling to readers when to stop reading and move down to the next line of text.[7]

text: The Codex[edit]

text: During the first 3 centuries B.C.E., the scroll gradually began to be replaced by the codex.[8] Rather than storing text on one long, continuous piece of whatever papyrus, the codex was constructed of individual pieces of parchment, bound together on one side.[9] Now that each page was separated physically from all the rest, margins became less necessary in distinguishing the beginning and end of the text-block. However, they took on a new role. Before the codex, commentaries about a text were usually recorded on separate scrolls.[10] With the advent of the codex, margins (having been largely stripped of their original function) became extra space which could be used to incorporate commentaries next to the original text.[11] Extra text and images included in the margins of codices are called marginalia. Scholarly commentaries included in margins next to their source text are known as scholia. However, this was not the only purpose margins served in the codex. Even when no commentaries were added, most books continued to leave space around the text-block on all sides of each page. This marginal space served several practical purposes. Leaving blank space around text protects the typeblock by giving the reader somewhere to put his or her thumbs while holding the book.[12] In addition, that blank space serves an important role in reading and understanding text.[13] The exact effect of margins on legibility has been debated,[14] but some scholars contend that without empty space to offset text, the task of reading could take more than twice as long.[15] Finally, margins serve an aesthetic function by framing text inside a blank border.[16][17]

text: The Printed Book[edit]

text: With the invention of the printing press, books began to be manufactured in large numbers.[18] As paper began to be produced in bulk, page size and shape were increasingly determined by the size and shape of mould which was most practical for producers.[19] As pages became more standardized, so did the size and shape of margins.[20] In general, margins in books have grown smaller over time. The wide margins common during the Renaissance have given way to much narrower proportions.[21] However, there is still much variation depending on the size and purpose of the book.[22][23]

text: The Digital Page[edit]

text: Computers and the Internet have revolutionized our consumption of the written word. Books can now exist without physical pages, and text can be viewed on a myriad of devices. In the early days of the Internet, the concept of margins was foreign to web browsers.[24] However, as computer screens got bigger this became an issue for the readability and aesthetics of text.[25] The invention of more sophisticated techniques such as CSS allowed designers to control the margins of their web pages and leave more white space.[26] Although margin-less web pages do still exist, today it is generally understood that having wide enough margins to provide adequate white space around text is important to the usability and readability of digital text.[27][28][29] In fact, margins become even more important because web content shares visual space with other elements such as the web browser's interface, as well as other icons and windows.[30]

text: Margins also play an important role in digital word-processing. The default margins for Microsoft Word from version 2007 onward have been 1 inch (2.54 cm) all around; in Word 2003, the default top and bottom margins were 1 inch (2.54 cm), but 1.25 inches (3.17 cm) were given at the left and the right.[31][32] OpenOffice Writer has 0.79 inch (2 cm) all around.[33] LaTeX varies the width of its margins depending on the font size. By default, LaTeX uses 1.5 inches margin sizes for 12pt documents, 1.75 inches for 11pt, and 1.875 inches for 10pt—relatively large margins. These adjustments are intended to allow a maximum of 66 characters per line, to increase readability.[34][35] However, studies have shown that longer line lengths (more than 66 characters per line) can improve readability.[36][37]


document_title: The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo

question_text: where does girl with the dragon tattoo take place

text: The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo

text: Background[edit]

text: Larsson spoke of an incident which he said occurred when he was 15: he stood by as three men gang raped an acquaintance of his named Lisbeth. Days later, racked with guilt for having done nothing to help her, he begged her forgiveness—which she refused to grant. The incident, he said, haunted him for years afterward and in part inspired him to create a character named Lisbeth who was also a rape survivor.[2][3] The veracity of this story has been questioned since Larsson's death, after a colleague from Expo magazine reported to Rolling Stone that Larsson had told him he had heard the story secondhand and retold it as his own.[4] The murder of Catrine da Costa was also an inspiration when he wrote the book.[5]

text: With the exception of the fictional Hedestad,[6] the novel takes place in actual Swedish towns. The magazine Millennium in the books has characteristics similar to that of Larsson's magazine, Expo, such as its socio-political leanings and its financial difficulties.[7]

text: Both Larsson's longtime partner Eva Gabrielsson and English translator Steven T. Murray have said that Christopher MacLehose (who works for British publisher Quercus) "needlessly prettified" the English translation; as such, Murray requested he be credited under the pseudonym "Reg Keeland".[8] The English release also changed the title, even though Larsson specifically refused to allow the Swedish publisher to do so, and the size of Salander's dragon tattoo; from a large piece covering her entire back, to a small shoulder tattoo.[9]

text: Plot[edit]

text: In December 2002, Mikael Blomkvist, publisher of the Swedish political magazine Millennium, loses a libel case involving allegations about billionaire industrialist Hans-Erik Wennerström. Blomkvist is sentenced to three months (deferred) in prison, and ordered to pay hefty damages and costs. Soon afterwards, he is invited to meet Henrik Vanger, the retired CEO of the Vanger Corporation, unaware that Vanger has checked into his personal and professional history; the investigation of Blomkvist's circumstances has been carried out by Lisbeth Salander, a brilliant but deeply troubled researcher and computer hacker.

text: Vanger promises to provide Blomkvist with evidence against Wennerström in return for discovering what happened to Vanger's grandniece, Harriet, who disappeared in 1966; Vanger believes she was murdered by a member of the family. Harriet disappeared during a family gathering at the Vanger estate on Hedeby Island, when the island was temporarily cut off from the mainland by a traffic accident on the bridge.

text: Blomkvist moves to the island and begins to research the Vanger family history and Harriet's disappearance. As he does so, he meets most of the remaining Vanger clan, including Harriet's brother Martin, current CEO of the company; Isabella, Martin and Harriet's mother; and Cecilia, a headmistress who was Harriet's younger aunt and friend, though Cecilia's sister Anita was closer both in age and friendship to the missing girl.

text: Salander was ruled legally incompetent as a child and is under the care of a legal guardian, Holger Palmgren. When Palmgren suffers a stroke, he is replaced by Nils Bjurman, who uses his position to extort sexual favors from her and eventually rapes her. After using a hidden camera to record her assault, Salander takes her revenge, torturing Bjurman and threatening to ruin him unless he gives her full control of her life and finances. She then uses a tattoo machine to brand him as a rapist.

text: Despite all expectation to the contrary, Blomkvist identifies new evidence in Harriet's disappearance. One clue is a pair of photographs, detailing Harriet's sudden discomfort at the sight of a young man in a prep school blazer. Another lies in Harriet's journal, which contains a set of five names and five-digit numbers believed to be old telephone numbers; however, Blomkvist's daughter Pernilla, passing through on the way to Bible camp, identifies them as passages from the Book of Leviticus. They describe rules about the treatment and punishment of women, and Blomkvist correlates one of them with the grotesque murder of a Vanger Corporation secretary in 1949. Blomkvist realizes that he may be on the trail of a serial killer, and the scope of the resulting research makes Blomkvist request a research assistant. Vanger's lawyer suggests Salander.

text: When he sees the report she prepared for Vanger, Blomkvist realises that Salander has hacked into his computer. He confronts her and asks her to help him with the investigation, to which she agrees. The two eventually become lovers, but Salander continues to keep Blomkvist at an emotional distance. Their suspicions are heightened when a local cat is left dismembered on Blomkvist's porch, and Blomkvist is fired upon from a distance during an afternoon jog.

text: Blomkvist and Salander uncover the remaining four murders described in Harriet's journal, as well as several more that fit the profile: women who are sexually assaulted and then slain in accordance with a Leviticus verse. Moreover, most of the murders occurred in locations where the Vanger Corporation did business.

text: They settle on Gottfried Vanger, Martin and Harriet's father, as a likely candidate but are stymied when he is discovered to have predeceased the last victim. While Salander continues to hunt through Vanger Corporation archives, Blomkvist manages to identify the antagonist who frightened Harriet so: her brother Martin. Martin takes Blomkvist prisoner, reveals that Gottfried "initiated" him into the ritual rape and murder of women before his own death, and implies that Gottfried sexually abused both him and Harriet. Martin admits to murdering dozens of women but denies killing his sister. He decides to rid himself of Blomkvist once and for all, but Salander—who had discovered the connections independently—arrives and hits Martin over the head with a golf club before cutting Blomkvist out of his restraints. Martin flees by car, pursued by Salander on her motorbike, and chooses his own fate by purposely colliding headlong with an oncoming truck.

text: Believing that Cecilia's sister Anita, who now lives in London, is the only relative who might know something about Harriet's fate, Blomkvist and Salander pursue that lead and learn Harriet is still alive and is living under Anita's name in Australia. When Blomkvist flies there to meet her, Harriet tells him the truth about her disappearance: her father and brother had repeatedly raped her, until she killed her father in self-defense. Martin was sent away to preparatory school, but he returned the day of her disappearance. Harriet realized she needed to escape, so she found a place to hide during the tumult of the traffic accident, and Anita smuggled her to the mainland the next morning.

text: Blomkvist persuades her to return to Sweden, where she reunites with Henrik. Blomkvist then accompanies Salander to her mother's funeral.

text: Blomkvist learns that the evidence against Wennerström that Vanger promised him is useless, long past its statute of limitations. However, Salander has already hacked Wennerström's computer and discovered that his crimes go far beyond what Blomkvist documented. Using her evidence, Blomkvist prints an exposé and book which ruin Wennerström and catapults Millennium to national prominence. Salander, using her hacking skills, succeeds in stealing some 2.6 billion kr (about $260 million USD) from Wennerström's secret bank account.

text: Blomkvist and Salander spend Christmas together in his holiday retreat. A couple of days later, she goes to Blomkvist's home, intending to declare her love for him, but backs away when she sees him with his long-time lover and business partner Erika Berger.

text: As a postscript, Salander continues to monitor Wennerström and after six months, anonymously informs a lawyer in Miami of his whereabouts. He is found in Marbella, Spain, dead, shot three times in the head.

text: Characters[edit]

text:
Mikael Blomkvist – journalist, publisher, and part-owner of the monthly political magazine Millennium
Lisbeth Salander – freelance surveillance agent and researcher specialising in investigating people on behalf of Milton Security
Henrik Vanger – retired industrialist and former CEO of Vanger Corporation
Harriet Vanger – Henrik's grandniece
Martin Vanger – Harriet's brother and CEO of the Vanger Corporation
Gottfried Vanger – Martin and Harriet's deceased father
Isabella Vanger – Gottfried Vanger's widow, and Martin and Harriet's mother
Cecilia Vanger – daughter of Harald Vanger and one of Henrik's nieces
Anita Vanger – daughter of Harald Vanger and one of Henrik's nieces, resident in London
Birger Vanger – son of Harald Vanger and one of Henrik's nephews
Harald Vanger – Henrik's brother and member of the Swedish Nazi Party
Hans-Erik Wennerström – corrupt billionaire financier
Robert Lindberg – banker and Blomkvist's source for the libelous story
William Borg – Blomkvist's nemesis
Monica Abrahamsson – Blomkvist's wife whom he married in 1986 and divorced in 1991
Pernilla Abrahamsson – their daughter who was born in 1986
Holger Palmgren – Salander's legal guardian and lawyer who is disabled by a stroke
Nils Bjurman – Salander's legal guardian and lawyer after Palmgren
Erika Berger – editor-in-chief/majority owner of Millennium monthly magazine and Blomkvist's long-standing lover
Dirch Frode – former lawyer for Vanger Corporation, now lawyer with one client: Henrik Vanger
Dragan Armansky – CEO and COO of Milton Security
Plague – computer hacker/genius
Christer Malm – director, art designer, and part-owner of Millennium
Janne Dahlman – managing editor of Millennium
Gustaf Morell – Retired Detective Superintendent
Anna Nygren – Henrik Vanger's housekeeper
Gunnar Nilsson – Henrik's caretaker

text: Major themes[edit]

text: Larsson makes several literary references to the genre's classic forerunners and comments on contemporary Swedish society.[10] Reviewer Robert Dessaix writes, "His favourite targets are violence against women, the incompetence and cowardice of investigative journalists, the moral bankruptcy of big capital and the virulent strain of Nazism still festering away ... in Swedish society."[1] Cecilia Ovesdotter Alm and Anna Westerstahl Stenport write that the novel "reflects—implicitly and explicitly—gaps between rhetoric and practice in Swedish policy and public discourse about complex relations between welfare state retrenchment, neoliberal corporate and economic practices, and politicised gender construction. The novel, according to one article, endorses a pragmatic acceptance of a neoliberal world order that is delocalized, dehumanized and misogynistic."[11]

text: Alm and Stenport add, "What most international (and Swedish) reviewers overlook is that the financial and moral corruptibility at the heart of The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo is so profound as to indict most attributes associated with contemporary Sweden as democratic and gender-equal. The novel is in fact far from what American critic Maureen Corrigan calls an "unflinching ... commonsense feminist social commentary". (Corrigan's article was "Super-Smart Noir With a Feminist Jolt," National Public Radio, 23 September 2008.)[11]

text: Larsson further enters the debate as to how responsible criminals are for their crimes, and how much is blamed on upbringing or society.[1] For instance, Salander has a strong will and assumes that everyone else does, too. She is portrayed as having suffered every kind of abuse in her young life, including an unjustly ordered commitment to a psychiatric clinic and subsequent instances of sexual assault suffered at the hands of her court-appointed guardian.

text: Maria de Lurdes Sampaio, in the journal Cross-Cultural Communication, asserts that, "Blomkvist, a modern Theseus, leads us to the labyrinth of the globalized world, while the series' protagonist, Lisbeth Salander, modeled on the Amazon, is an example of the empowerment of women in crime fiction by playing the role of the 'tough guy' detective, while also personifying the popular roles of the victim, the outcast and the avenger." In this context, she discusses "Dialogues with Greek tragedy... namely Salander's struggles with strong father figures." Sampaio also argues,

text: Then, like so many other writers and moviemakers, Larsson plays with people's universal fascination for religious mysteries, enigmas and hermeneutics, while highlighting the way the Bible and other religious books have inspired hideous serial criminals throughout history. There are many passages dedicated to the Hebrew Bible, to the Apocrypha and to the controversies surrounding different Church's branches. The transcription of Latin expressions (e.g., "sola fide" or "claritas scripturae") together with the biblical passages, which provide the clues to unveil the secular mysteries, proves that Larsson was well acquainted with Umberto Eco's bestsellers and with similar plots. There are many signs of both The Name of the Rose and of Foucault's Pendulum in the Millennium series, and in some sense these two works are contained in the first novel.[12]

text: Locked room mystery[edit]

text: Larsson writes within the novel, in Chapter 12, "It's actually a fascinating case. What I believe is known as a locked room mystery, on an island. And nothing in the investigation seems to follow normal logic. Every question remains unanswered, every clue leads to a dead end." He supplies a family tree delineating the relationships of five generations of the Vanger family.

text: Reception and awards[edit]

text: The novel was released to great acclaim in Sweden and later, on its publication in many other European countries. In the original language, it won Sweden's Glass Key Award in 2006 for best crime novel of the year. It also won the 2008 Boeke Prize, and in 2009 the Galaxy British Book Awards[13] for Books Direct Crime Thriller of the Year, and the prestigious Anthony Award[14][15] for Best First Novel.

text: Larsson was awarded the ITV3 Crime Thriller Award for International Author of the Year in 2008.[16]

text: The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo received mixed reviews from American critics. It debuted at number four on The New York Times Best Seller list.[11] Alex Berenson wrote in The New York Times , "The novel offers a thoroughly ugly view of human nature"; while it "opens with an intriguing mystery" and the "middle section of Girl is a treat, the rest of the novel doesn't quite measure up. The book's original Swedish title was Men Who Hate Women, a label that just about captures the subtlety of the novel's sexual politics."[17] The Los Angeles Times said "the book takes off, in the fourth chapter: From there, it becomes classic parlor crime fiction with many modern twists....The writing is not beautiful, clipped at times (though that could be the translation by Reg Keeland) and with a few too many falsely dramatic endings to sections or chapters. But it is a compelling, well-woven tale that succeeds in transporting the reader to rural Sweden for a good crime story."[18] Several months later, Matt Selman said the book "rings false with piles of easy super-victories and far-fetched one-in-a-million clue-findings."[19] Richard Alleva, in Commonweal, wrote that the novel is marred by "its inept backstory, banal characterizations, flavorless prose, surfeit of themes (Swedish Nazism, uncaring bureaucracy, corporate malfeasance, abuse of women, etc.), and—worst of all—author Larsson's penchant for always telling us exactly what we should be feeling."[20]

text: On the other hand, Dr. Abdallah Daar, writing for Nature, said, "The events surrounding the great-niece's disappearance are meticulously and ingeniously pieced together, with plenty of scientific insight."[21] The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette wrote, "It's a big, intricately plotted, darkly humorous work, rich with ironies, quirky but believable characters and a literary playfulness that only a master of the genre and its history could bring off."[22]

text: As of 3 June 2011, The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo had sold over 3.4 million copies in hardcover or ebook formats, and 15 million copies altogether, in the United States.[23]

text: Book of essays[edit]

text: Wiley published a collection of essays, edited by Eric Bronson, titled The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo and Philosophy (2011).[24]

text: Film adaptations[edit]

text:
The Swedish film production company Yellow Bird created film versions of the first three Millennium books, all three films released in 2009, beginning with The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo, directed by Danish filmmaker Niels Arden Oplev. The protagonists were played by Michael Nyqvist and Noomi Rapace.
A Hollywood film adaptation of the book, directed by David Fincher, was released in December 2011. The main characters were portrayed by Daniel Craig[25] and Rooney Mara.[26]
Millennium, a Swedish six-part television miniseries based on the film adaptations of Stieg Larsson's series of the same name, was broadcast on SVT1 from 20 March 2010 to 24 April 2010. The series was produced by Yellow Bird in cooperation with several production companies, including SVT, Nordisk Film, Film i Västm, and ZDF Enterprises.
Dragon Tattoo Trilogy: Extended Edition is the title of the TV miniseries release on DVD, Blu-ray, and video on demand in the US. This version of the miniseries comprises nine hours of story content, including over two hours of additional footage not seen in the theatrical versions of the original Swedish films. The four-disc set includes: THE GIRL WITH THE DRAGON TATTOO – EXTENDED EDITION, THE GIRL WHO PLAYED WITH FIRE – EXTENDED EDITION, THE GIRL WHO KICKED THE HORNET’S NEST – EXTENDED EDITION, and a BONUS DISC including two hours of special features.[27]

text: Parodies[edit]

text:
The Dragon with the Girl Tattoo (2010) – Adam Roberts
The Girl with the Sturgeon Tattoo ([when?]) – Lars Arffssen[citation needed]
The Girl who Fixed the Umlaut (2010) – Nora Ephron[28]
The Girl with the Sandwich Tattoo: A cruel parody (2013) – Dragon Stiegsson[citation needed]
The Coach with the Dragon Tattoo (2016) – Patrick Ness


document_title: Complaint

question_text: in law the main reason for complaint or accusation

text: Complaint

text: United States[edit]

text: Virtually every U.S. state has some forms available on the web for most common complaints for lawyers and self-representing litigants; if a petitioner cannot find an appropriate form in their state, they often can modify a form from another state to fit his or her request. Several United States federal courts publish general guidelines for the petitioners and Civil Rights complaint forms.[1][2][3][4]

text: A complaint generally has the following structural elements:[2]

text:
Caption and Heading - lists name, address and telephone number of the filing attorney or self-representing litigant at the top of the complaint. The case caption usually also indicates the court in which the case originates, names of the parties and a brief description of the document.
Jurisdiction and venue - this section describes why the case should be heard in the selected court rather than some other court or forum.
Parties - identifies plaintiffs and defendants.
Definitions - optional section which defines some terms used throughout the document. The main purpose of a definition is to achieve clarity without needless repetition.[5]
Statement of facts - lists facts that brought the case to the court.
Cause of Action - a numbered list of legal allegations (called "counts"), with specific details about application of the governing law to each count. In this section the plaintiff usually cites existing Law, previous decisions of the court where the case is being processed, decisions of the higher appellate courts, and cases from other courts, - as an analogy to resolve similar questions of law.
Injury - plaintiff explains to the judge how the actions of the defendant(s) harmed his rights.
Demand for relief - describes the relief that plaintiff is seeking as a result of the lawsuit. The relief can include a request for declaratory judgment, a request for injunctive relief (non-monetary relief), compensatory and actual damages (such as monetary relief), punitive damages (non-compensatory), and other relief.

text: After the complaint has been filed with the court, it has to be properly served to the opposite parties, but usually petitioners are not allowed to serve the complaint personally.[6] The court also can issue a summons - an official summary document which the plaintiff needs to have served together with the complaint. The defendants have limited time to respond, depending on the State or Federal rules. A defendant's failure to answer a complaint can result in a default judgment in favor of the petitioner.

text: For example, in United States federal courts, any person who is at least 18 years old and not a party may serve a summons and complaint in a civil case.[6] The defendant must submit an answer within 21 days after being served with the summons and complaint, or request a waiver, according to FRCP Rule 12.[7] After the civil complaint has been served to the defendants, the plaintiff must, as soon as practicable initiate a conference between the parties to plan for the rest of the discovery process and then the parties should submit a proposed discovery plan to the judge within 14 days after the conference.[8]

text: In many U.S. jurisdictions, a complaint submitted to a court must be accompanied by a Case Information Statement, which sets forth specific key information about the case and the lawyers representing the parties. This allows the judge to make determinations about which deadlines to set for different phases of the case, as it moves through the court system.

text: There are also freely accessible web search engines to assist parties in finding court decisions that can be cited in the complaint as an example or analogy to resolve similar questions of law.[9] Google Scholar is the biggest database of full text state and federal courts decisions that can be accessed without charge.[9][10] These web search engines often allow one to select specific state courts to search.[9]

text: Federal courts created the Public Access to Court Electronic Records (PACER) system to obtain case and docket information from the United States district courts, United States courts of appeals, and United States bankruptcy courts.[11] The system is managed by the Administrative Office of the United States Courts; it allows lawyers and self-represented clients to obtain documents entered in the case much faster than regular mail.[11]

text: Filing and privacy[edit]

text: In addition to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, many of the U.S. district courts have developed their own requirements included in Local Rules for filing with the Court.[13] Local Rules can set up a limit on the number of pages, establish deadlines for motions and responses, explain whether it is acceptable to combine a motion petition with a response, specify if a judge needs an additional copy of the documents (called "judge’s copy"), etc.[14][15] Local Rules can define page layout elements like: margins, text font/size, distance between lines, mandatory footer text, page numbering, and provide directions on how the pages need to be bound together – i.e. acceptable fasteners, number and location of fastening holes, etc.[14][15][16] If the filed motion does not comply with the Local Rules then the judge can choose to strike the motion completely, or order the party to re-file its motion, or grant a special exception to the Local Rules.

text: According to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (FRCP) 5.2, sensitive text like Social Security number, Taxpayer Identification Number, birthday, bank accounts and children’s names, should be redacted from the filings made with the court and accompanying exhibits,[17] (however, exhibits normally do not need to be attached to the original complaint, but should be presented to Court after the discovery). The redacted text can be erased with black-out or white-out, and the page should have an indication that it was redacted - most often by stamping word "redacted" on the bottom. Alternately, the filing party may ask the court’s permission to file some exhibits completely under seal. A minor's name of the petitions should be replaced with initials.[17]

text: A person making a redacted filing can file an unredacted copy under seal, or the Court can choose to order later that an additional filing be made under seal without redaction.[17] Copies of both redacted and unredacted documents filed with court should be provided to the other parties in the case. Some courts also require that an additional electronic courtesy copy be emailed to the other parties.[16]

text: Attorney fees[edit]

text: Before filing the complaint, it is important for plaintiffs to remember that Federal courts can impose liability for the prevailing party's attorney fees to the losing party, if the judge considers the case frivolous or for purposes of harassment, even when the case was voluntarily dismissed.[18][19] In the case of Fox v. Vice, the U.S. Supreme Court held that reasonable attorneys' fees could be awarded to the defendant under 42 U.S.C. Sec. 1988, but only for costs that the defendant would not have incurred "but for the frivolous claims." [20][21] Even when there is no actual trial or judgment, if there is only pre-trial motion practice such as motions to dismiss, attorney fee shifting still can be awarded under FRCP Rule 11 when the opposing party files a Motion for Sanctions and the court issue an order identifying the sanctioned conduct and the basis for the sanction.[22] The losing party has a right to appeal any order for sanctions in the higher court.[23] In the state courts, however, each party is generally responsible only for its own attorney fees, with certain exceptions.[19]


document_title: Food Network Star

question_text: who won season one of food network star

question_tokens: who won season one of food network star

text: Food Network Star

text: Season one[edit]

text: Summary[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The first season of The Next Food Network Star series was taped in February 2005, and was composed of five episodes in June 2005.[1] Chicago area caterers Dan Smith and Steve McDonagh emerged as the winners, and went on to host a show called Party Line with Dan & Steve, now titled Party Line with The Hearty Boys, which premiered on September 18, 2005.

text: The runner-up, Deborah Fewell, was chosen to host a special on food at beaches, Surf N Turf, which aired in June 2006. Michael Thomas was the recurring chef on The Tyra Banks Show. Susannah Locketti made an appearance on The Tony Danza Show, and is also an on-air chef for Publix grocery stores in the southern United States.

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
Name

Age

Hometown

Place

Dan Smith & Steve McDonagh

42 and 40

Bellmore, NY and Wayne, NJ

Winners

Deborah Fewell

32

Los Angeles

Runner-up

Hans Rueffert

32

Jasper, GA

3rd

Susannah Locketti

33

Plymouth, MA

4th

Eric Warren

52

Los Angeles

5th

Michael Thomas

36

Venice, CA

6th

Harmony Marceau

30

New York City, NY

7th

Brook Harlan

24

Columbia, MO

8th

text: Season two[edit]

text: Summary[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The second season of The Next Food Network Star series was taped in December 2005 and began airing in March 2006. Guy Fieri was announced as the winner on April 23, 2006, beating Reggie Southerland.[2]

text: Fieri has achieved considerable success at Food Network since his victory, and is still regularly on air as of July 2018. Guy's Big Bite premiered in June 2006 and was picked up for a second season in 2008 and remains in production. Originally intended as a one-hour special, Fieri's second series, Diners, Drive-Ins and Dives, premiered April 23, 2007. He went on to the series, Ultimate Recipe Showdown, premiering February 17, 2008, and Guy Off The Hook on September 14, 2008. He has also started a new successful show called Guy's Grocery Games.

text: Fourth-place contestant Nathan Lyon began hosting his own series, A Lyon In the Kitchen,[3] on the Discovery Health Channel in March 2007.

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
Name

Age

Hometown

Culinary P.O.V.

Eliminated

Guy Fieri

38

Ferndale, CA

"Off the Hook" California Cuisine

Winner

Reggie Southerland

39

Los Angeles

Modern Soul Food

Runner-up

Carissa Seward

33

San Diego, CA

Simple Food for Entertaining

Week 6

Nathan Lyon

35

Los Angeles

Healthy and Seasonal Food

Week 5

Andrew Schumacher

26

Brooklyn, NY

Cooking Techniques

Week 4

Evette Rodriguez

35

Port St. Lucie, FL

Latin Cuisine

Week 3

Elizabeth Raynor

32

Sausalito, CA

Simple Mediterranean Cuisine

Week 2

Jess Dang

24

Menlo Park, CA

Asian Cuisine

Week 1

text: Season three[edit]

text: Summary[edit]

text: The third season began on June 3, 2007, and the winner was announced on Sunday, July 22.  In season 3, judges sent 1 or 2 contestants home weekly. Once the field was down to 2 final contestants, the viewers picked the winner. Marc Summers (host of the first 2 seasons) only returned for this season's finale.  Bobby Flay would host subsequent season finales.[4]

text: During the season, the contestants lived in a shared house in New York City. The contestants' challenges included cooking concession food for an NBA game (with guest Darryl Dawkins) to a mini version of Food Network's Iron Chef America (with guest judges Bobby Flay and Cat Cora). The Selection Committee consisted of Food Network executives Bob Tuschman and Susie Fogelson along with one guest. Guest judges included Alton Brown, Giada De Laurentiis, Duff Goldman, season two winner Guy Fieri, and Robert Irvine.

text: Paula Deen and Rachael Ray participated in contestant challenges, and Bobby Flay also played a role in the guidance and selection process.  Amy Finley was chosen by America as The Next Food Network Star on July 22, 2007. Her new show The Gourmet Next Door premiered on October 14, 2007 and ran for six episodes.  Finley later declined to continue with the series, citing relocation to France for family reasons.[4]

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
Name

Age

Hometown

Occupation

Eliminated

Amy Finley

33

San Diego, CA

Stay-at-Home Mom

Winner1

Rory Schepisi

31

Vega, TX

Restaurateur

Runner-Up

Joshua Adam "JAG" Garcia

25

Havelock, NC

Chef-de-Cuisine

Withdrew1

Paul McCullough

36

Los Angeles

Caterer

Week 6

Adrien Sharp

29

Jackson, MI

Local Cooking Show Host

Week 5

Michael Salmon

53

Brooklyn, NY

Director of Operations for Macy's

Week 4

Tommy Grella, Jr.

34

Methuen, MA

Self-Taught Chef

Week 3

Colombe Jacobsen-Derstine

29

New York, NY

Former Child Actress

Week 3

Nikki Shaw

38

Oakland, CA

Caterer

Week 2

Patrick Rolfe

33

Seattle, WA

Chef

Week 1

Vivien Cunha

40

Hermosa Beach, CA

Caterer

Week 1

text: ^Note 1 :  Amy Finley was eliminated Week 7, and the original finalists were Rory Schepisi and Joshua "JAG" Garcia.  After the final elimination episode was aired, evidence came to light that JAG had lied about both his culinary training and his military service, representing both as more extensive than they actually were.[5][6] Food Network allowed him to withdraw from the competition and reinstated Amy Finley, who was voted The Next Food Network Star.

text: Season four[edit]

text: Summary[edit]

text: Season four of The Next Food Network Star premiered on Sunday, June 1, 2008. Food Network executives Bob Tuschman and Susie Fogelson are joined by Bobby Flay as the selection committee for this season. Each new episode aired on Sundays at 10:00 PM EDT. For this season, the viewers no longer received the chance to vote for the winner; producers instead made the final decision. This led to an error by FoodNetwork.com, which briefly posted the winning moment video on their website three days before the finale aired.[7]  The winner for the fourth season was Aaron McCargo Jr. His winning show idea, Big Daddy's House, first aired August 3, 2008.[8]

text: Finalist Adam Gertler was hired to host a Food Network show called Will Work for Food, which debuted on January 19, 2009 and was cancelled after one season. He hosted the Food Network show Kid in a Candy Store, which aired two seasons.

text: Kelsey Nixon co-hosted a web show on food2.com (a Food Network sister site aka Cooking Channel) and also appeared in the premiere of Chefs vs. City in 2009. In 2010, Gertler and Nixon became co-hosts of The Next Food Network Star After Party, a half-hour recap/interview show following that night's episode of Star, on Cooking Channel. Nixon stars in Kelsey's Essentials, a program on kitchen and cooking basics for The Cooking Channel that ran November, 2010-2013.[9]

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
Name

Age

Hometown

Occupation

Eliminated

Aaron McCargo Jr.

36

Camden, NJ

Chef

Winner

Adam Gertler

30

Philadelphia, PA

Food Server

Runner-Up

Lisa Garza

32

Dallas, TX

Restaurateur/Designer

Runner-Up

Kelsey Nixon

23

North Ogden, UT

Assistant Culinary Director

Week 7

Shane Lyons

20

Colorado Springs, CO

Private Chef and actor

Week 6

Jennifer Cochrane

32

Woonsocket, RI

Chef

Week 5

Nipa Bhatt

35

Victoria, MN

Marketing Manager

Week 4

Jeffrey Vaden

43

White Plains, NY

Food Service Management

Week 3

Kevin Roberts

39

San Diego, CA

Radio Talk Show Host/Restaurant Owner/Author

Week 2

Cory Kahaney

45

New York, NY

Stand-up Comedian

Week 1

text: Season five[edit]

text: Summary[edit]

text: Season five of The Next Food Network Star premiered on June 7, 2009. Food Network executives Bob Tuschman and Susie Fogelson were joined by Bobby Flay as the Selection Committee for this season, which was filmed early 2009 in New York, New York and Miami, Florida. Melissa D'Arabian was declared the winner on August 2, 2009 with the title for her show being Ten Dollar Dinners.  Her show premiered on August 9, 2009.[1]

text: On August 17, 2009, Food Network announced Jeffrey Saad would return in a series of online videos based on his pilot, now called "The Spice Smuggler."[10] The program premiered with four 4-1/2 minute videos featuring one spice and a recipe incorporating it.[11] Saad was named the national representative for the American Egg Board.  In November, 2010, Saad debuted in a new show for The Cooking Channel titled United Tastes of America, which explores multiple aspects of traditional American food.[9]

text: Finalist Debbie Lee has carried her "Seoul to Soul" concept to the streets of L.A., opening a lunch truck, Ahn-Joo, featuring a range of Korean food.

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
Name

Age

Hometown

Occupation

Culinary P.O.V.

Eliminated

Melissa d'Arabian

40

Keller, TX

Stay-At-Home Mom

"Kitchen Survival Guide"

Winner

Jeffrey Saad

42

Los Angeles, California

Restaurateur/Food Consultant/Recipe Developer/Chef

"Ingredient Smuggler"

Runner-Up

Debbie Lee

39

West Hollywood, California

Restaurant Consultant

"From Seoul to Soul"

Week 8

Jamika Pessoa

30

Atlanta, Georgia

Personal Chef/Businesswoman

Caribbean Cuisine

Week 7

Michael Proietti

28

City Island, NY

Executive Chef

"Global A Go-Go"

Week 6

Katie Cavuto

30

Philadelphia, PA

Personal Chef & Dietician

Healthy and Green Cuisine

Week 5

Teddy Folkman

33

Alexandria, VA

Restaurant Owner/Executive Chef

"Gourmet Bar Food"

Week 4

Eddie Gilbert

30

Los Angeles

Apprentice Chef

"Modernized Traditional Food"

Week 3

Brett August

33

New York, New York

Executive Sous Chef

Italian-American Cuisine

Week 2

Jen Isham

30

Orlando, FL

Sales Manager

"Housewife 2.0"

Week 1

text: Season six[edit]

text: Summary[edit]

text: The sixth season of the series premiered on Sunday, June 6, 2010.  Food Network executives Bob Tuschman and Susie Fogelson were again joined by Bobby Flay as judges; in addition, Giada De Laurentiis served as an on-set mentor.   On July 17, 2010, a post-competition recap and discussion show premiered on The Cooking Channel.  Shows were filmed in Los Angeles, California and New York, New York.[12]

text: On August 15, 2010, Aarti Sequeira was declared the winner, and her new show Aarti Party[13] premiered on Sunday, August 22, 2010 and features American style cuisine with unique Indian flair. Season 2 of Aarti Party[13] premiered that December.

text: The Food Network also signed runner-up Tom Pizzica to host a new show called Outrageous Food, which premiered in November 2010.[14] The last new episodes of Aarti Party aired in mid-2013.

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
Name

Age

Hometown

Occupation

Culinary P.O.V.

Eliminated

Aarti Sequeira

31

Los Angeles, California

Food Blogger

"Aarti Paarti"

Winner

Herb Mesa

41

Atlanta, Georgia

Personal Trainer/Personal Chef

"Cooking Con Sabor"

Runner-Up

Tom Pizzica

32

San Francisco, CA

Unemployed Chef

"Big Chef"

Runner-Up

Aria Kagan

30

Hollywood, FL

Private Chef

"Family Style"

Week 9

Brad Sorenson

25

Austin, Texas

Professional Chef

"Pro"/"Culinary Quest"

Week 8

Serena Palumbo

31

New York, New York

Attorney

"Serena's Trattoria"

Week 7

Brianna Jenkins

30

Atlanta, Georgia

Caterer

"Sexy and Fabulous Flavors"

Week 6

Paul Young

32

Chicago, IL

Waiter

"Blue-Collar Dollar"

Week 5

Darrell "DAS" Smith

28

Los Angeles

High School Culinary Teacher

"Food is the Life of the Party"

Week 4

Dzintra Dzenis

44

Austin, TX

Private Cooking Instructor

Week 3

Doreen Fang

38

Los Angeles

Caterer/Cooking Instructor

"Simply Complex"

Week 2

Alexis Hernandez

40

Clarksville, IN

Part-time food Writer

Week 1

text: Season seven[edit]

text: Summary[edit]

text: For the seventh season, the reality television series was renamed, after the first episode, Food Network Star, dropping the word "Next".  It premiered Sunday, June 5, 2011. Food Network executives Bob Tuschman and Susie Fogelson were joined again by Bobby Flay and Giada De Laurentiis as the judges for this season. The series was filmed in Los Angeles, California and New York, New York.[15]

text: Season seven winner Jeff Mauro's show "Sandwich King" premiered on Sunday, August 21, 2011. In spring 2013, Jeff hosted $24 in 24, a show in which he went to several cities and ate an entire day's worth of meals on 24 dollars.

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
Name

Age

Hometown

Occupation

Culinary P.O.V.

Eliminated

Jeff Mauro
32
Chicago, IL
Corporate Chef
"Sandwich King"
Winner

Susie Jimenez
31
Carbondale, CO
Catering Company Owner
"Spice It Up"
Runner-Up

Vic "Vegas" Moea
36
Brooklyn, NY
Executive Chef
"Mama's Boy"
Week 11

Mary Beth Albright
38
Washington, DC
Food Writer and Blogger
"Sunday Supper"
Week 10

Whitney Chen
28
New York, NY
Chef
"Four Star Flair"
Week 9

Jyll Everman
31
Glendora, CA
Caterer
"Jyllicious Bites"
Week 8

Penny Davidi
39
Los Angeles
Restaurant Owner
"Stilettos in the Kitchen"/"Middle Eastern Mama"
Week 7

Chris Nirschel
28
Hoboken, NJ
Sous Chef
"On the Line"
Week 7

Orchid Paulmeier
38
Bluffton, SC
Restaurant Owner
"Asian Persuasion"
Week 6

Justin Davis
31
Minneapolis, MN
Food Blogger
"The Flavor Factory"
Week 5

Justin Balmes
32
Marietta, GA
Fishmonger/ Butcher
"Kitchen Workshop"
Week 4

Alicia Sanchez
33
New York, NY
Young Adult Culinary Teacher
"Alicia's Guilty Pleasures"
Week 3

Katy Clark
34
Long Beach, CA
Food and Fitness Company Operator
"Simply Fabulous"
Week 2

Juba Kali
29
New Orleans, LA
Research Chef
"Cuisine Made Simply"
Week 2

Howie Drummond
40
Highlands Ranch, CO
Radio Host
"Basic and Delicious"
Week 1

text: Season eight[edit]

text: Summary[edit]

text: Season 8 started May 13, 2012.  For season 8, the format changed, with the contestants divided into three five-member teams, each coached by a Food Network host, either Bobby Flay, Alton Brown, or Giada De Laurentiis.  Coaches worked with the teams as they prepared for and completed their tasks.  The winner's coach would also be the producer of the winner's show.

text: Each week, a winning team was selected, and one member of the teams that did not win was up for elimination in a new feature called Producers' Challenge. Each challenge was hosted by current Food Network personalities.

text: The final winner was decided by an audience vote cast on foodnetwork.com between July 15–17, 2012 and the winner was announced on July 22, 2012. The winner was Justin Warner, who hosted a one-hour special on The Food Network, but did not have a series produced. He has become a blogger on foodnetwork.com, makes appearances at Food Network events, and is an active Twitter presence.[16]

text: Coaches[edit]

text:
Alton Brown – host of Good Eats, Iron Chef America, The Next Iron Chef, and Cutthroat Kitchen.
Bobby Flay – host of Grill It! with Bobby Flay,  Throwdown! with Bobby Flay. Co-host of season 3 of Worst Cooks in America and Iron Chef on Iron Chef America
Giada De Laurentiis – host of Everyday Italian , Giada at Home and Giada in Italy.

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
Name

Age

Hometown

Occupation

Culinary P.O.V.

Team

Eliminated

Justin Warner
27
Brooklyn, NY
Chef and Restaurant Owner
"Rebel with a Culinary Cause"
Team Alton
Winner

Michele Ragussis
42
Brooklyn, NY[17]
Executive Chef
"My New England"
Team Bobby
Runner-Up

Yvan Lemoine
30
New York City
Bartender and Cook for the French Consulate
"Family Style"
Team Giada
Runner-Up

Martie Duncan
50[18]
Birmingham, AL
Blogger and Party Planner
"Martie with the Party"
Team Alton
Runner-Up

Philip "Ippy" Aiona
23
Kamuela, HI
Executive Chef
"Voyage to Paradise"
Team Giada
Week 10

Nikki Martin
31
West Hollywood, CA
Private Chef, Food and Beverage Consultant
"The Grill Next Door"
Team Bobby
Week 10

Martita Jara
35
San Diego, CA
Self-Taught Chef
"Martita's Mesa"
Team Giada
Week 9

Malcolm Mitchell
41
Washington, DC
Private Chef
"Simple and Soulful"
Team Bobby
Week 8

Emily Ellyn
29
Orlando, FL
College Student
"Cooking Retro Rad"
Team Alton
Week 7

Linkie Marais
28
North Attleborough, MA
Cake Baker
"Dessert Queen"
Team Giada
Week 6

Judson Allen
30
Chicago, IL
Catering Company Owner
"Weight Loss Journey"
Team Alton
Week 5

Eric Lee
44
Petaluma, CA
Winery Executive Chef
"Handcrafted in Wine Country"
Team Bobby
Week 4

Josh Lyons
42
Jupiter, FL
Restaurant Consultant and Sushi Chef
"Wok and Roll"
Team Giada
Week 3

Kara Sigle
31
Chicago, IL
Catering Company Owner
"Nostalgic Cooking with a Twist"
Team Bobby
Week 2

Cristie Schoen
35
New Orleans, LA
Caterer
"Healthy and Delicious"
Team Alton
Week 1

text: Season nine[edit]

text: Summary[edit]

text: Season 9 started on June 2, 2013.[19]  For season 9, Alton Brown, Bobby Flay, and Giada De Laurentiis mentored and judged twelve Food Network Star competitors, although the contestants were not divided into teams as in season 8. Many of this season's contestants had previously appeared on other Food Network shows.[20] The winner was Damaris Phillips, decided by an audience vote cast on foodnetwork.com and announced live on August 11, 2013.

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
Name

Age

Hometown

Occupation

Culinary P.O.V.

Eliminated

Damaris Phillips

31

Louisville, KY

Culinary Teacher

"Modern Southern Food"

Winner

Rodney Henry
47
Baltimore, MD
Pie Shop Owner
"Pie Style"
Runner-up

Russell Jackson
49
San Francisco, CA
Underground Chef
"Seven Culinary Sins"
Runner-up

Stacey Poon-Kinney
34
San Diego, CA
Restaurant Owner
"Vintage with a Modern Twist"
Week 10

Nikki Dinki
29
New York, NY
Food Blogger/Online Host
"Semi-Vegetarian" / "Meat on the Side"
Week 9

Connie "Lovely" Jackson
27
Los Angeles
Caterer
"Party on a Plate"
Week 4 & Week 8 (Winner of Star Salvation)

Chad Rosenthal
37
Ambler, PA
Restaurant Owner
"Jewish BBQ Guy"
Week 7

Chris Hodgson
26
Cleveland, OH
Chef/Restaurateur
"Compassion for Food"
Week 6

Viet Pham
33
Salt Lake City, UT
Chef/Restaurant Owner
"The American Dream"
Week 5

Danushka Lysek
37
New York, NY
Private Chef/Model
"Your Private Chef"
Week 3

Andres Guillama
26
Waynesville, NC
Childhood Obesity Prevention Coach
"Teaching Men to Cook"
Week 2

Daniela Perez-Reyes
28
Haleiwa, HI
Bartender/Caterer
"Peruvian Princess"
Week 1

text: Season ten[edit]

text: The winner was Lenny McNab, decided by an audience vote cast on foodnetwork.com and announced live on August 10, 2014.  It is the last season to date where the finale aired live—all subsequent season finales would be filmed months in advance prior to airing.[21]

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
Name

Age

Hometown

Occupation

Culinary P.O.V.

Eliminated

Lenny McNab
42
De Beque, CO
Executive Chef
Gourmet Cowboy
Winner

Luca Della Casa
38
San Antonio, TX (Originally from Turin, Italy)
Restaurateur
Luca's Feast
Episode 2 (Winner of Star Salvation) Runner-up

Nicole Gaffney
29
Atlantic City, New Jersey
Private Chef
Coastal Cuisine
Runner-up

Sarah Penrod
30
League City, TX
Private Chef
Devoted to Date Night/Texas Cuisine
Episode 10

Loreal Gavin
26
Indianapolis, IN
Butcher
Butcher Babe
Episode 9

Emma Frisch
30
Ithaca, NY
Farmer
Farm-to-Table
Episode 8

Chris Kyler
32
Stafford, VA
Caterer
elevating classics
Episode 7

Reuben Ruiz
27
Miami, FL
Restaurant Owner
Flavors of Miami
Episode 6

Christopher Lynch
39
New Orleans, LA
Executive Chef
New Orleans Inspired
Episode 5

Aryen Moore-Alston
31
Memphis, TN
Home Cook
International Cuisine Made Easy
Episode 4

Kenny Lao
36
New York, NY
Food Truck Chef
Fast-Casual
Episode 3

Donna Sonkin Shaw
42
New York, NY
Nutritionist
Healthy Comfort Food
Episode 1

text: Season eleven[edit]

text: Beginning with this season, Alton Brown no longer appeared as a judge. The winner was Eddie Jackson.[22]

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
Name

Age

Hometown

Occupation

Culinary P.O.V.

Eliminated

Eddie Jackson
34
Houston, TX
Food Truck Owner
Caribbean
Winner

Jay Ducote
33
Baton Rouge, LA
Radio Host
Louisiana
Runner up

Dominick "Dom" Tesoriero
31
Staten Island, NY
Food Truck Owner
Italian
Week 8 (Winner of Star Salvation; returned for semi-final) Runner up

Arnold Myint
38
Nashville, TN
Restaurant Owner
Effortless Home Entertainment
Week 10

Alex McCoy
31
Washington, D.C.
Chef, Restaurant Owner
Fusion Sandwiches
Week 9

Michelle Karam
39
Santa Barbara, CA
Food Blogger
Mediterranean
Week 7 (Withdrew)

Emilia Cirker
36
Reston, VA
Culinary Instructor
Spice Class
Week 6

Rue Rusike
26
Brooklyn, NY
Private Chef
South African
Week 5

Rosa Graziano
38
Los Angeles
Food Truck Owner
Southern Italian
Week 4

Sita Lewis
47
New York, NY
Culinary Instructor
Italian Soul
Week 3

Matthew Grunwald
22
Scottsdale, AZ
Restaurant Chef
Hashtag
Week 2

Christina Fitzgerald
29
St. Louis, MO
Executive Chef
Around The World
Week 1

text: Season twelve[edit]

text: Martita Jara originally competed in the eighth season of the series; she returned after winning the pre-season competition Comeback Kitchen.[23]

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
Name

Age

Hometown

Occupation

Eliminated

Tregaye Fraser
31
Atlanta, Georgia
Caterer
Winner

Jernard Wells
37
Executive chef
Runner-up

Damiano Carrara
30
Moorpark, California
Pastry chef

Yaku Moton-Spruill[A]
33
San Francisco, California
Basketball player, sous chef
Week 4 /Week 10

Ana Quincoces
49
Coral Gables, Florida
Cookbook writer, attorney
Week 9

Erin Campbell
24
Woodbury, Minnesota
Baker
Week 8

Joy Thompson
40
Thomasville, North Carolina
Baker, restaurateur
Week 7

Rob Burmeister
45
Staten Island, New York
School lunch administrator
Week 6

Monterey Salka
26
Nashville, Tennessee
Caterer
Week 5

Martita Jara
39
San Diego, California
Home cook
Week 3

Aaron Crumbaugh
36
Spokane, Washington
Caterer
Week 2

Melissa Pfeister
34
Los Angeles, California
Basketball player

Havird Usry
28
Augusta, Georgia
Restaurateur
Week 1

text: Season thirteen[edit]

text: Matthew Grunwald originally competed in season 11. He returned for a second chance after winning the Comeback Kitchen competition.

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
Name

Age

Hometown

Occupation

Eliminated

Jason Smith
39
Grayson, Kentucky
Cafeteria manager
Winner

Rusty Hamlin
42
Atlanta, Georgia
Executive chef
Runner-up

Cory Bahr
40
Monroe, Louisiana
Chef[B]

Matthew Grunwald
24
Scottsdale, Arizona
Restaurant chef
Week 10

Amy Pottinger
32
Honolulu, Hawaii
Food blogger
Week 9

David Rose
35
Atlanta, Georgia
Caterer
Week 7

Addie Gundry
30
Lake Forest, Illinois
Cookbook author; chef
Week 6

Caodan Tran
29
Dallas, Texas
Personal chef
Week 5

Trace Barnett
27
Brilliant, Alabama
Food blogger
Week 4

Suzanne Lossia
42
Detroit, Michigan
Personal chef
Week 3

Toya Boudy
34
New Orleans, Louisiana
Week 2

Nancy Manlove
65
Texas City, Texas
Chef

Blake Baldwin
30
Flemington, New Jersey
Marketing manager; home cook
Week 1

text: Season fourteen[edit]

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
Amy Pottinger originally competed in season 13. She returned for a second chance after winning the Comeback Kitchen competition, along with Adam Gertler, who originally competed in season four. Palak Patel also competed on Beat Bobby Flay, where she defeated him in the Chicken Curry episode.
[25]

text:
Name

Age

Hometown

Occupation

Eliminated

Christian Petroni
34
Port Chester, New York
Chef
Winner

Jess Tom
Princeton, New Jersey
Food Novelist[C]

Manny Washington
30
Orlando, Florida
Firehouse cook
Runner-up

Amy Pottinger
33
Honolulu, Hawaii
Food Blogger
Week 8

Palak Patel
38
New York, New York
Personal chef
Week 7

Katie Dixon
35
Hattiesburg, Mississippi
Private chef
Week 6

Harrison Bader
26
Los Angeles, California
Personal chef
Week 4

Adam Gertler
40
Chef, TV Personality, Actor, Podcaster

Rebekah Lingenfelser
34
Savannah, Georgia
Marketing and Public Relations director
Week 3

Samone Lett
46
Sanford, Florida
Personal chef and caterer
Week 2

Jason Goldstein
40
New York, New York
Chiropractor; culinary teacher
Week 1

Chris Valdes
26
Miami, Florida
Caterer

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Yaku Moton-Spruill returned to the competition in Week 10 of season 12 after winning Star Salvation, but was again eliminated midway through the latter episode.

Jump up ^ Cory Bahr returned to the competition in Week 10 of season 13 after winning Star Salvation.

Jump up ^ Tom won Star Salvation in Week 8 of season 14 to be reinstated in the competition.

tag: ol