document_title: List of Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir episodes

question_text: how many episodes are in miraculous ladybug season 2

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Series
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
26
19 October 2015 (2015-10-19) (France)
6 December 2015 (2015-12-06) (U.S.)
30 October 2016 (2016-10-30) (France)
22 October 2016 (2016-10-22) (U.S.)

2
26[9]
26 October 2017 (2017-10-26) (France)
Spring 2018 (Netflix)[10]
TBA

text: Episode list[edit]

text: Season 1 (2015–16)[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
English Title
French Title [11][12]
Directed by
Written by
Original air date (France)
U.S. air date [11]
Prod.
code [11]
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Stormy Weather"
"Climatika"
Thomas Astruc
Fred Lenoir
19 October 2015 (2015-10-19)[14]
20 December 2015[11]
101
1.47[15]

Marinette Dupain-Cheng is babysitting a child named Manon when her best friend Alya visits her. Alya tells Marinette that her crush, Adrien Agreste, is having a photoshoot nearby and takes them to see him. Meanwhile, Aurore Borell has just lost to her competitor, Mireille Jattée, to become the next weather forecaster. Infuriated, she becomes influenced by the villain Hawk Moth and turns into 'Stormy Weather', a villain who controls the weather. When Stormy wrecks havoc on Paris and interrupts the photoshoot, Marinette transforms into her secret super-hero persona, 'Ladybug'. At the same time, Adrien transforms into his secret super-hero persona, 'Cat Noir'. Together, they work to defeat Stormy, but are oblivious to each other's identities.

This episode was first shown in South Korea on 1 September 2015 as episode 1.[13]

2
2
"The Bubbler"
"Le Bulleur"
Thomas Astruc
Thomas Astruc
Sébastien Thibaudeau
20 October 2015 (2015-10-20)
6 December 2015[11]
109
1.40[17]

It is Adrien's birthday and Marinette is struggling to give him the present she made for him. When Adrien's father won't allow Adrien to have a birthday party, his best friend Nino becomes angry about how unfair he's being towards Adrien. Claiming that all parents want to stop kids from having fun, Nino becomes influenced by Hawk Moth's power and turns into 'Bubbler', a villain who sends all the parents into outer space through his bubbles.

This episode was first shown in South Korea on 8 September 2015 as episode 2.[16]

3
3
"The Pharaoh"
"Le Pharaon"
Thomas Astruc
Cédric Bacconnier
21 October 2015 (2015-10-21)
10 January 2016[11]
115
1.11[19]

Marinette accidentally drops her history textbook while transformed as Ladybug. Alya, who happened to be at the scene, trying to film Ladybug in action, picks up the book, and speculates that Ladybug could be a Parisian collégienne. Marinette starts to panic when she finds out, and by Tikki's suggestion, brings Alya to visit a new Pharaoh exhibition at the Louvre, in order to try to get the book back. As they arrive, Alix's brother, Jalil, is discussing with his father about how one of the exhibitions on display is a resurrection spell. He believes that it could work, and wants to try it out, but Jalil's father gets angry and claims that such an important historical artifact cannot be misused. Angry that his father does not believe him, Jalil becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into the Pharaoh, a villain with Egyptian god powers who intends to bring back Nefertiti. In this episode, we are told that there was a long line of Ladybugs going back over 5,000 years with Marinette being the latest Ladybug.

This episode was first shown in South Korea on 13 October 2015 as episode 7.[18]

4
4
"Lady Wifi"
Thomas Astruc
Sébastien Thibaudeau
22 October 2015 (2015-10-22)
17 January 2016[11]
103
1.43[21]

Alya is out to expose Ladybug's true identity when she finds Chloé with Ladybug's yo-yo and mask. When Alya attempts to take a photo of Chloé's open locker for evidence, Chloé accuses her of invasion of privacy, and has the principal suspend her. Alya becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into Lady Wifi, a villain whose smartphone can fire different icons such as pause and lock, who can travel through wifi-serviced phones, and who stops at nothing to expose Ladybug, including invading Chloé's apartment.

This episode was first shown in South Korea on 6 October 2015 as episode 6.[20]

5
5
"Timebreaker"
"Chronogirl"
Thomas Astruc
Sébastien Thibaudeau
Michaël Delachenal
23 October 2015 (2015-10-23)
27 December 2015[11]
116
1.17[23]

Marinette's parents are celebrating their twentieth anniversary, leaving Marinette to take care of one of her father's special cake orders. However, she gets a call from Alya, who reminds her to bring a banner she made for a race between two of her classmates, Alix and Kim, and she rushes off to Trocadéro. Alix has received a family heirloom pocket watch for her fifteenth birthday, and passes it to Alya to safeguard it for her while racing. However, during the race, the watch passes hands multiple times, before it is dropped by Chloé onto the ground and skated over by Alix, destroying the watch. Angry at her friends, Alix becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into Timebreaker, a speedy villain who freezes people with a touch to get energy to travel back through time.

This episode was first shown in South Korea on 22 September 2015 as episode 4.[22]

6
6
"Mr. Pigeon"
"M. Pigeon"
Thomas Astruc
Guillaume Mautalent
Sébastien Oursel
23 October 2015 (2015-10-23)
13 December 2015[11]
106
1.09[25]

A fashion competition is to be held at Marinette's school where the winner will have their derby hat worn by none other than Adrien Agreste. Marinette is determined to win in the hope that Adrien will then notice her. Meanwhile, Officer Roger, a police officer, orders Xavier Ramier, a pigeon-loving man, to stop feeding the pigeons and to leave the park. Dejected, Xavier becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into "Mr. Pigeon", a villain who controls massive flocks of pigeons.

This episode was first shown in South Korea on 29 September 2015 as episode 5.[24]

7
7
"The Evillustrator"
"Le Dessinateur"
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
26 October 2015 (2015-10-26)
24 January 2016[11]
102
1.18[27]

Nathaniel is daydreaming in class of being a superhero who is rescuing his crush, Marinette, from "Stormy Weather" and "Lady Wifi". Soon embarrassed by Chloé for his comic drawings of his daydream, he becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into the "Evillustrator", a villain whose drawings come to life.

This episode was shown in South Korea on 27 October 2015 as episode 9.[26]

8
8
"Rogercop"
Thomas Astruc
Denis Bardiau
27 October 2015 (2015-10-27)
31 January 2016[11]
111
1.18[29]

During Career Day in Marinette's class, Chloé loses an expensive bracelet and accuses Marinette of stealing it, as she had just slipped over Chloé's bag. Mr Bourgeois, Chloé's father, orders Officer Roger, Sabrina's father, to arrest Marinette and search her belongings. Officer Roger, however, refuses, saying that he cannot do that, unless there is evidence Marinette stole Chloé's bracelet, as it is against the law. As a result, Mr. Bourgeois, who is the Mayor of Paris, fires Officer Roger. Angry at the mayor for asking him to disobey the law and firing him, Roger becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into "Rogercop", a RoboCop-themed villain who wants to bring justice to those who break the law.

This episode was first shown in South Korea on 20 October 2015 as episode 8.[28]

9
9
"Copycat"
"L'Imposteur"
Thomas Astruc
Sébastien Thibaudeau
Pascal Boutboul
28 October 2015 (2015-10-28)
3 January 2016[11]
108
1.29[31]

Attempting to ask Adrien out to the movies over the phone, Marinette instead accidentally leaves behind an embarrassing voicemail and rushes to delete it before he listens to it. Meanwhile, an artist named Theo is revealing a statue in the park, which he built in honor of Ladybug and Cat Noir. He has a crush on Ladybug and is looking forward to seeing her at the unveiling event, but only Cat Noir ends up arriving. After the event, Cat Noir insinuates to Theo that he and Ladybug are a couple. Feeling rejected and upset, Theo becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into Copycat, a villain who is able to become an exact replica of Cat Noir.

This episode was first shown in South Korea on 15 September 2015 as episode 3.[30]

10
10
"Dark Cupid"[32]
"Dislocœur"[33]
Thomas Astruc
Régis Jaulin
29 October 2015 (2015-10-29)
7 February 2016[32]
105
1.27[34]

It's Valentine's Day and love is in the air! After reading a love poem thrown away by Adrien, Marinette comes to the conclusion that the poem is about her, making her ecstatic even though the poem was originally intended for Ladybug. Meanwhile one of her classmates, Kim, is planning to ask his crush to be his Valentine. Marinette, in her love-sick daze, encourages Kim to go for it. When Kim sees his crush — Chloé — he is humiliated and rejected cruelly. Heartbroken, Kim is influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into Dark Cupid, a villain whose arrows can replace true love and friendship with pure hate and mean-spiritedness. One of his targets is Cat Noir, who turns into Ladybug's enemy, just as he was about to confess his love to her.

11
11
"Horrificator"[35][36]
Thomas Astruc
Fred Lenoir
30 October 2015 (2015-10-30)
21 February 2016[35]
117
1.13[37]

Nino is filming a movie in his classroom for a film contest, but Mylène, his classmate and one of the actors, is unsure about her ability as the leading actress, as she is easily frightened. After many failed attempts of shooting a single scene, Chloé makes fun of her fright and Mylène flees the classroom in tears. Disappointed in herself, Mylène becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into Horrificatior, a monster who scares people and feeds on their fear.

12
12
"Darkblade"[41]
"Le Chevalier Noir"[42]
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
Léonie de Rudder
6 December 2015 (2015-12-06)
28 February 2016[41]
114
1.06[43]

After finding out that Chloé has been blackmailing people from running against her as the class representative, Marinette decides to nominate herself for the position. Wanting to prevent Marinette from winning, Chloé organizes an autograph session by rock musician Jagged Stone to bribe her classmates into voting for her. When Marinette finds out about the autograph session and leaves her home to intervene, Chloé sends Sabrina to Marinette's home, in hopes of finding something humiliating which can be used against Marinette. Meanwhile, Armand D'Argencourt, Collège Françoise-Dupont's fencing teacher, has just lost the Paris mayoral elections by a landslide defeat. In anger and humiliation, he becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into "Darkblade", an armored black knight, who zaps people and knights them, transforming them into an army of armored knights to take over Paris.

This episode was first shown in South Korea on 17 November 2015 as episode 12.[38]
The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 6 April 2016.[39][40]

13
13
"The Mime"[47]
"Le Mime"[42]
Thomas Astruc
Thomas Astruc
François Charpiat
Michaël Delachenal
Karine Lollichon
Sébastien Thibaudeau
13 December 2015 (2015-12-13)
7 May 2016[47]
119
N/A

Alya shows Marinette a video she recorded of Ladybug talking to her, but Marinette accidentally deletes it. Before Alya finds out, Marinette steals her phone and frantically tries to re-create the footage. Meanwhile, Mylène's father, Fred Haprèle, is getting his first major performance at the Eiffel Tower. However, his partner Chris deliberately makes him late, and convinces their manager Sarah (named Josiane in French version) to let Chris take the lead role instead. Disheartened, Fred becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into the "Mime", a supervillain who can pantomime anything to make it reality.

Guest star: Josiane Balasko as herself in French version[44][45]
This episode was first shown in South Korea on 24 November 2015 as episode 13.[46]
The English version of this episode was first shown in the UK and Ireland on 26 March 2016.[citation needed]

14
14
"Kung Food"[49]
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
Fred Lenoir
10 January 2016 (2016-01-10)
10 September 2016[11]
125
N/A

Marinette's great uncle, the world-renowned Chinese chef Wang Cheng, visits Paris to participate in a cooking show called The Greatest Chef in the World. Before the competition begins, Marinette and Adrien run into Chloé, who is on the judges' panel. Chloé mocks Cheng for being a foreigner, and in retaliation, Marinette fires back with her own insults. Chloé sabotages Cheng's famous Celestial Soup, causing him to get poor results in front of the judges. Confused and upset, Cheng becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into "Kung Food", a villain who enslaves those who had eaten his ruined soup and who plans to cook Chloé in the soup.

The English version of this episode was first shown in the UK and Ireland on 2 April 2016.[48]

15
15
"Gamer"[51]
"Le Gamer"
Thomas Astruc
Morade Rahni
17 January 2016 (2016-01-17)
24 September 2016[11]
112
N/A

Collège Françoise-Dupont is sending two students to represent them at a video game tournament, where they will compete with other schools in a fighting game known as Ultimate Mega Strike III. After Marinette notices that Adrien is one of the potential candidates, she participates in the selections in order to be able to team up with Adrien. She manages to defeat another candidate, her classmate Max, who has been training for the tournament for a whole year and was looking forward to participating. Angry about all his gaming training gone to waste, Max becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into the "Gamer", a villain who uses a pyramid-shaped mecha-like ship, from the Ultimate Mega Strike III game that zaps people and objects, turning them into green "experience point" balls, which upgrades his ship.

The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 18 April 2016[50]

16
16
"Animan"
Thomas Astruc
Cédric Perrin
Jean-Christophe Hervé
24 January 2016 (2016-01-24)
13 August 2016[53]
113
N/A

Nino develops a crush on Marinette so Adrien tries to help him by asking her out to the zoo. Marinette, however, thinks Adrien is asking her out and happily accepts. When at the zoo, Nino and Marinette are the only ones to show up; Adrien and Alya, at the same time, are hiding out in bushes nearby, helping the two talk to each other by instructing them via earpiece. Meanwhile, Marinette's classmate Kim mocks the new black panther in the zoo, claiming to the zookeeper, Otis, that he can run faster than it. Enraged by his remarks, Otis becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into "Animan", a supervillain who can shape-shift into any animal he desires including extinct species.

The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 12 April 2016.[52]

17
17
"Antibug"[55]
Thomas Astruc
Sébastien Thibaudeau
31 January 2016 (2016-01-31)
15 October 2016
124
0.96[56]

Chloé is being harassed by something invisible, and Adrien and Marinette are immediately on the case. After talking with the concierge of the Grand Paris hotel, where Chloé lives, they discover Chloé had a fight with Sabrina, and had claimed that Sabrina is no longer her friend and is completely invisible to her. Heartbroken over her words, Sabrina was influenced by Hawk Moth, turning into the "Vanisher". As Ladybug and Cat Noir fight the Vanisher, who has just shown up, Chloé decides to join in, donning a fake Ladybug costume. However, this only causes the fight to get more difficult and Ladybug forces Chloé to leave, claiming that she is endangering everyone by staying. Chloé tries to tell Ladybug that the akuma is in Sabrina's rose brooch, but Ladybug does not listen, thinking that she is lying. Only when Chloé has left the scene does Ladybug realize that Chloé was right all along, but despite this, Ladybug does not apologize to Chloé. Feeling betrayed by her idol, Chloé becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into "Antibug", a darker, opposite version of Ladybug.

The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 21 April 2016.[54]

18
18
"The Puppeteer"[57]
"La Marionnettiste"
Thomas Astruc
Sébastien Thibaudeau
7 February 2016 (2016-02-07)
8 October 2016
118
0.99[58]

Marinette is babysitting Manon. They are playing with hand-crafted dolls that Marinette made herself, Marinette playing as Ladybug and Cat Noir and Manon playing as Lady Wifi, Rogercop and Evillustrator. Because Marinette always plays as the Ladybug and Cat Noir dolls, Manon laments that Marinette always wins and bursts into tears. Feeling guilty, Marinette allows Manon to borrow her Ladybug doll. However, Nadja Chamack, Manon's mother, does not want her to borrow it, as she complains that Manon already has too many toys; they get into a dispute, resulting in the Ladybug doll getting torn. Despite that, Manon still wants to borrow the Ladybug doll, so she asks Marinette for it behind her mother's back. Marinette hesitates and decides on a compromise instead, allowing her to borrow the Lady Wifi doll instead. Chamack notices Manon playing with the new doll and becomes angry that Manon had defied her instructions so she confiscates it from her. Upset, Manon becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into the "Puppeteer", a villain who can control the people Marinette's dolls are based on.

The English version of the episode was first shown in Australia on 20 April 2016.[50]

19
19
"Reflekta"
Thomas Astruc
Sophie Lodwitz
Eve Pisler
21 February 2016 (2016-02-21)
1 October 2016 [60]
121
0.91[61]

At class picture day, Marinette's classmate Juleka is hesitant about participating, as she believes that she is under a curse where any picture she is in will have her face covered. Wanting to be closer to Adrien in the photo, Chloé has her friend Sabrina lock Juleka in the bathroom while she takes her place in the centre of the photo, beside Adrien. Believing that she'll always stay cursed and unnoticed, Juleka becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into Reflekta, a flamboyant villain who can zap people into making them look exactly like her.

The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 19 April 2016.[59][50]

20
20
"Guitar Villain"[64]
"Guitar Vilain"
Thomas Astruc
Sébastien Thibaudeau
28 February 2016 (2016-02-28)
3 September 2016[64]
120
N/A

Rock musician Jagged Stone has problems with his manager, who wants to change the look of his new album's cover and make him record a duet with XY, a hot new music artist who replaced Stone at the number-one position on the music charts. Although they agree on a compromise on the cover by having Marinette design it, Stone is later offended when he sees Marinette's first design (insisted on by his producer) and further enraged when he watches a interview given by XY, who arrogantly claims that technology matters more than music, rock 'n' roll is no longer in style, and that Stone was no match for him. Enraged, Stone becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into "Guitar Villain" (a reference to the title of "guitar hero" given to legendary guitarists in France[62]), a wild musician with a pet dragon, who influences people into headbanging and dancing uncontrollably by playing his guitar.

The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 14 April 2016.[50][63]

21
21
"Pixelator"[65]
"Numéric"
Thomas Astruc
Guillaume Mautalent
Sébastien Oursel
13 March 2016 (2016-03-13)
27 August 2016[65]
107
N/A

Marinette's class is visiting the Grand Paris hotel, as part of a program to try out some of the jobs that the staff do in the hotel on a daily basis, when rock idol Jagged Stone arrives. While Jagged is checking in, an overly-obsessed fan named Vincent Aza sneaks in behind him and tries to take a picture with Stone, but he is swiftly kicked out of the hotel by Jagged's assistant, and warned to never approach Stone again. Angry at being shunned by his idol, Vincent becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into "Pixelator", a supervillain who uses a head-mounted telescopic camera to take photos of people, making them vanish and trapping them in a white empty space by "digitising" them into living portraits that appear on his apartment wall.

This episode was first shown in Quebec, Canada on 3 March 2016.[12]
This English version of the episode was first shown in Australia on 25 April 2016.[54]

22
22
"Princess Fragrance"[67]
"Princesse Fragrance"
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
Léonie De Rudder
20 March 2016 (2016-03-20)
14 May 2016[67]
104
N/A

Marinette's classmate Rose is excited about Prince Ali's visit to Paris, but is caught at school spraying perfume on her fan letter and using a cellphone in class. Tikki feels ill, so Marinette plans to take her to a healer, but when Marinette trips on the stairs, Tikki is picked up by Chloe, who plans to give Tikki as a plush toy gift to Prince Ali. Chloe tears up Rose's letter, telling Rose that Prince Ali has no interest in her. Hurt, Rose is influenced by Hawk Moth and becomes "Princess Fragrance", a villain whose perfume spray makes people serve her, and who desires to have Prince Ali for herself. The untransformed Marinette must recover Tikki and stop Princess Fragrance from taking over all of Paris.

This episode was first shown in Quebec, Canada on 13 March 2016.[12]
The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 22 April 2016.[66][54]

23
23
"Simon Says"
"Jackady"
Thomas Astruc
Fred Lenoir
27 March 2016 (2016-03-27)
20 August 2016
110
0.86[70]

Nino is a contestant in a game show called The Challenge, where he has to get Mayor Bourgeois to dance. Despite being invited to see Nino, Marinette is grounded by her parents for missing too many classes at school, not knowing that she had been working as Ladybug. As Nino completes his challenge, the next contestant, a hypnotist named Simon Grimault (Jacques Grimeau in French version), is given the challenge to hypnotize Adrien's father Gabriel Agreste. However, Gabriel refuses to participate in the challenge, causing Simon to fail. Angry that he was not given the chance to at least try, Simon becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into "Simon Says" (Jackady in French version), an extravagant villain who can hypnotize someone by throwing playing cards at them.

This episode was first shown in Quebec, Canada on 6 March 2016.[12]
The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 13 April 2016.[68][69]

24
24
"Volpina"
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
Léonie de Rudder
3 April 2016 (2016-04-03)
22 October 2016
126
0.96[71]

Adrien discovers a book in his father's safe with pictures of the different Miraculous heroes and steals it to learn more. Later, a new student named Lila arrives who claims to be good friends with Ladybug in order to wow Adrien. Jealous and upset by Lila's lies, Marinette begins to tail her, during which time she watches Lila steal the Miraculous book from Adrien. Tikki notices the cover design and insists upon taking the book for further study. Lila then tells Adrien that she is descended from the Miraculous holder Volpina, prompting Marinette to transform into Ladybug and call Lila on her lies in front of Adrien. Embarrassed, Lila runs off and becomes influenced by Hawk Moth, who transforms her into "Volpina", a superhero with the power to create illusions, with the hope that she can gain Ladybug and Cat Noir's trust and betray them. The plan fails, though Hawk Moth is not concerned, proclaiming that his "big day" is at hand. Afterwards, Tikki's suspicions about the book are confirmed: it is the long-lost book of lore that contains coded secrets about the Miraculouses. She then brings Marinette to meet the Great Guardian, Master Fu.

This episode was first shown in Quebec, Canada on 19 March 2016.[12]
The English version of the episode was first shown in Australia on 26 April 2016.[54]

25
25
"Ladybug & Cat Noir - Origins, Part 1"[39]
"Ladybug et Chat Noir (Origines - Partie 1)"
Thomas Astruc
Thomas Astruc
Quentin
Sébastien Thibaudeau
30 October 2016 (2016-10-30)
6 August 2016[77][78]
122
0.97[79]

A prequel of the series. It's Marinette's first day of school. Hawk Moth captures a butterfly kwami named Nooroo[72][73] and forces his allegiance. Hawk Moth's butterfly brooch allows him to give someone a superpower they desire and to make that person obey his will. He plans on using his new powers for evil purposes, intending to create villains to lure the heroes out to fight them, so he can steal their Miraculouses and gain absolute power. Master Fu, a 186-year-old Chinese man,[a] is notified of Hawk Moth's capture of Nooroo through Wayzz,[72][73] his own kwami, a turtle. However, he is too old to fight anymore, so he pretends to be a weak old man, travelling Paris to find suitable charges for the Black Cat and Ladybug Miraculouses, hoping they can stop Hawk Moth and free Nooroo. He is helped by Marinette when he crosses a road and is almost hit by a car, and Adrien when he pretends to have fallen down. As school is dismissed, Ivan and Kim, two of Marinette's classmates, have a dispute, after Kim sends Ivan an offensive message on paper. Upset and angry, Ivan becomes Hawk Moth's first ever victim, turning into "Stone Heart", a giant rock monster who grows in size after taking damage. Master Fu learns of this, and has no choice but to quickly deploy both the Black Cat and Ladybug Miraculouses, sending them to Adrien and Marinette. Marinette and Adrien both find a small box in their room, and after touching them, are quickly greeted by Tikki and Plagg. Both kwamis give their charges a quick explanation; soon Marinette and Adrien transform into Ladybug and Cat Noir and rush to stop Stone Heart. Despite their lack of experience and poor fighting skills, they manage to defeat "Stone Heart" and free the akuma. However, Ladybug forgets to purify the akuma after the fight; it flies off, duplicating itself and infecting many people, turning them into immobilised Stone Hearts. The episode ends as Marinette learns of her fatal mistake, and in her despair, thinking that she cannot do her job as Ladybug, removes her earrings and puts them away under her dressing table, causing Tikki to disappear.

This episode was first shown in South Korea on 1 March 2016 as episode 14.[74][75]
The French version of this episode was first shown in Quebec, Canada on 4 March 2016 as episode 21.[76]
The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 6 April 2016.[39][40]

26
26
"Stoneheart - Origins, Part 2"[81]
"Cœur de pierre (Origines - Partie 2)"
Thomas Astruc
Thomas Astruc
Quentin
Sébastien Thibaudeau
30 October 2016 (2016-10-30)
6 August 2016[77][82]
123
0.97[79]

The next morning, Marinette brings her earrings to school and slips them into Alya's bag, still upset for forgetting to purify the akuma and convinced Alya would be a better Ladybug. Adrien sneaks to school, desperate to leave his house and make friends. Questioned by his classmates, nobody believes Ivan when he claims not to remember anything; he storms off in anger when Chloé mocks him. Marinette comforts Ivan; encouraged by her, Ivan sings Mylène a love song, but accidentally scares her off. Ivan turns into "Stone Heart" again with Hawk Moth's akuma, and takes control of his duplicates around Paris, which come to life. Stone Heart breaks into the classroom, grabs Chloé and Mylène and runs off, summoning his duplicates. Adrien rushes to stop Stone Heart as Alya takes chase to film the battle; Marinette runs after her, wanting to pass her the earrings. Stone Heart's duplicates catch Cat Noir as he saves Alya from being crushed by a flying car. Marinette has no choice but to transform; breaking Cat Noir out, they rush to Trocadéro. Ladybug catches Chloé when Stone Heart throws her towards Pont d'Iéna from the Eiffel Tower's lower deck. A swarm of akumas fly out of Stone Heart's mouth, forming Hawk Moth's face, who declares that Paris will be spared if Ladybug and Cat Noir's Miraculouses are surrendered. Ladybug refuses, stating that Hawk Moth is the one at wrong, and cleanses the akuma cloud. Hawk Moth orders Stone Heart to take their Miraculouses; he and his duplicates begin to climb the Eiffel Tower. Ladybug climbs to the top of the tower, using her yo-yo to make Mylène kiss Stone Heart's chest; surprised, he drops the paper ball the akuma is in. Ladybug crushes it and cleanses the akuma. After her magic cleans up the damage, Ladybug passes Mylène Ivan's song lyrics. Mylène hugs Ivan; Ladybug and Cat Noir run off to transform back. Later, Adrien's father allows him to go to school while Marinette stands up to Chloé, retaking her seat. That evening after school, it's raining outside; Adrien hands Marinette his umbrella, and the two share an intimate moment before parting ways. Master Fu and Wayzz watch from afar, satisfied with their decision to give them the Miraculouses.

This episode was first shown in Quebec, Canada on 5 March 2016 as episode 22.[80]
The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 7 April 2016.[81]

text: Season 2 (2017–present)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
English Title
French Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date (France)
Netflix release date
Prod.
code

27
1
"The Collector"
"Le Collectionneur"
Thomas Astruc[7]
Wilfried Pain
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
Fred Lenoir
Sébastien Thibaudeau[7]
26 October 2017 (2017-10-26)[83]
TBA
201

Master Fu explains to Marinette his role as a Guardian of the Miraculouses; due to a mistake he made in the past, their temple was wiped out, and the Butterfly and Peacock Miraculouses were lost. He suspects that whoever owned the Miraculous book must be Hawk Moth, sending Marinette into a panic at the thought that it could be Adrien. Meanwhile, Gabriel grounds Adrien for stealing and losing the book. When Marinette learns the book was Gabriel's, she suspects he may be Hawk Moth instead. Meanwhile, Hawk Moth unleashes an akuma, but then de-transforms into Gabriel and then akumatizes himself into "The Collector", a supervillain who throws a book around to capture anything it touches into his book. After Ladybug and Cat Noir eventually defeat him and transform him back to Gabriel, Master Fu is not so sure he is cleared of being Hawk Moth. Master Fu captures the contents of the book onto a smartphone, and Marinette returns the book to Gabriel, who reveals that he obtained the book during an overseas trip with his wife and that it is his last memento of her. He rescinds Adrien's grounding and shares a hug with him and Adrien returns to school to the joy of his classmates. Gabriel returns to his secret lair and transforms into Hawk Moth, having fooled the heroes and vowing to get their Miraculouses.

The English version of this episode was first shown on Disney Channel in the UK and Ireland on 4 November 2017.[citation needed]

28
2
"Despair Bear"
"Doudou Vilain"
Thomas Astruc
Jun Violet
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
Fred Lenoir
Nolwenn Pierre
Sébastien Thibaudeau
27 October 2017 (2017-10-27)[85]
TBA
TBA

After a false fire alarm prank forces the entire student body except for Chloé to do chores as punishment, Adrien tells Chloé she must be nicer to people if she wants them to remain friends. Chloé's butler Jean has her host a party for everyone and tells her to be nice as what her old teddy bear would do. During the party, Chloé tries her best, but when she sees Adrien dancing with Marinette, she loses her temper and Jean accidentally embarrasses her when he reveals her teddy bear, leading Chloé to berate and fire him. Feeling rejected, Jean becomes influenced by Hawk Moth, and turns into "Despair Bear", a villain who has the ability to control anyone he hugs.

The English version of this episode was first shown on Disney Channel in the UK and Ireland on 11 November 2017.[84]

29
3
"Prime Queen"
"Audimatrix"
Thomas Astruc[87]
Christelle Abgrall
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
Fred Lenoir
Sébastien Thibaudeau[87]
29 October 2017 (2017-10-29)[88]
TBA
TBA

Marinette has to babysit Manon, but realizes Ladybug has to interview for a television show, so she invites Alya over and excuses herself to help her parents downstairs. Realizing she needs higher television ratings, host Nadja Chamack resorts to asking about Ladybug and Cat Noir's supposed romantic relationship, which causes Ladybug to depart, dragging Cat Noir in tow. Heartbroken, Nadja becomes influenced by Hawk Moth, and turns into "Prime Queen", who has to ability to teleport through television screens and posters; she creates a show in order to capture the two heroes.

The English version of this episode was first shown on Disney Channel in the UK and Ireland on 18 November 2017.[86]

30
4
"Befana"
"La Béfana"
Thomas Astruc
Benoît Boucher
Thomas Astruc
Mélanie Duval
Sébastien Thibaudeau
30 October 2017 (2017-10-30)[91]
TBA
TBA

Marinette is excited because today is her birthday. Not only that, but her grandmother Gina Dupain is also visiting. Despite being excited to visit Marinette, Gina is surprised to see how much Marinette has grown up, but is saddened when Marinette does mostly new things. While hanging out, Marinette heads to where her friends planned her surprise party and ditches Gina. Hurt and rejected, Gina becomes influenced by Hawk Moth, and turns into "Befana", a villain with the ability to turn people who do bad things into coal and those who do good into angels, who become her servants, with a gun filled with candy she wanted to give Marinette.

The English version of this episode was first shown on Disney Channel in the UK and Ireland on 25 November 2017.[89][90]

31
5
"Riposte"
Thomas Astruc
Jun Violet
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
Fred Lenoir
Sébastien Thibaudeau
1 November 2017 (2017-11-01)[93]
TBA
TBA

A new student, Kagami Tsurugi, the daughter of a famous fencer, arrives at school and challenges Adrien to show everyone she's the best fencer. After a duel, Marinette, not wanting Adrien to be second best and not sure how the battle ended, due to Kagami chasing Adrien around and battling fiercely and roughly, declares Adrien the winner, much to Kagami's dismay and humiliation, causing her to depart from the school. Feeling down, Kagami becomes influenced by Hawk Moth, and turns into "Riposte", a samurai villain with the power to slice and cut anything in half with one armed sword.

The English version of this episode was first shown on Disney Channel in the UK and Ireland on 2 December 2017.[92]

32
6
"Robostus"
"Robustus"
Thomas Astruc
Wilfried Pain
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
Fred Lenoir
Sébastien Thibaudeau
3 November 2017 (2017-11-03)[95]
TBA
TBA

When Max builds Markov, a miniature robot capable of real human emotions, he is hesitant to even reveal him. After helping prevent a computer virus from wiping the school's servers, Principal Damocles instead confiscates Markov thinking that he's a toy. Markov becomes influenced by Hawk Moth, and turns into "Robostus", a villain capable of giving life to mechanical devices. When Hawk Moth tells Robustus to bring him the Miraculous, he mistakenly informs him of their power to grant wishes. Markov takes Max with him in his new megasized body to the Paris Stadium, where he ambushes Ladybug and Cat Noir. When Robustus is about to gain the heroic duo's Miraculouses, he reveals he will take them for their power to grant any wish; only for Max, wanting his friend back, to free Ladybug and Cat Noir, who capture and de-evilize Markov. Marinette returns to Master Fu, who elaborates the Miraculouses' ability to grant wishes. Due to the universe needing to maintain balance who ever is granted a wish, someone else must lose the very thing wished for, such as Markov becoming human meant another would lose their humanity in return. Marinette promises Master Fu to not allow this, and to continue guarding her own Miraculous.

The English version of this episode was first shown on Disney Channel in the UK and Ireland on 9 December 2017.[94]

33
7
TBA
"Gigantitan"
Thomas Astruc
Christelle Abgrall
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
Fred Lenoir
Sébastien Thibaudeau
26 November 2017 (2017-11-26)[96][97]
TBA
TBA

Today is a great day for Marinette: she and her friends Mylène, Rose, Juleka, Alix and, of course, Alya, have come up with a flawless plan to help Marinette propose a romantic stroll to Adrien. But nothing is going as planned and Adrien's bodyguard, annoyed by the girls, becomes Hawk Moth's target. However, while the latter tries to akumatize him, the Gorilla calms down. The akuma then transforms a young child, who is on his way and upset at not having his candy, into Gigantitan, a giant villain.

34
8
"The Dark Owl"
"Le Hibou Noir"
Thomas Astruc
Jun Violet
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
Fred Lenoir
Sébastien Thibaudeau
10 December 2017 (2017-12-10)[99]
TBA
TBA

Mr. Damocles, the school principal, starts characterizing his favorite hero Knightowl and acts like him as well. However, while performing, he becomes the laughing stock of the school when Ladybug and Cat Noir thought he was trying to become a hero and tried to perform a stunt that went horribly wrong. Humiliated and enraged, Damocles becomes akumatized and turns into Dark Owl, the actual superhero, and traps the heroes in a warehouse to reveal their true identities. Not ready to know each other's identity yet, they de-transform with their eyes closed as Ladybug gives Hawk Moth fake Miraculouses, unaware that Tikki and Plagg start to meet each other and begin to know the identities of one another, but Ladybug and Cat Noir do not.

This episode first premiered worldwide in Spain on December 5, 2017[98]

35
9
TBA
"Glaciator"
Thomas Astruc
Wilfried Pain
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
Fred Lenoir
Sébastien Thibaudeau
14 January 2018 (2018-01-14)[102]
TBA
TBA

Marinette, Alya and her other friends go to eat some ice cream together at André, a famous glacier in Paris. According to a legend, the couple who eats an ice cream at André's place will love each other forever! Marinette hopes that Adrien will be there, but he did not come. For a good reason: he transformed into Cat Noir to prepare a candlelight dinner for Ladybug. Disappointed by the absence of Adrien, Marinette refuses to eat the ice cream André gave her. Collapsed, the glacier becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into Glaciator, a giant ice cream snowman monster with the power that transforms people into ice cream and they start to melt! Ladybug and Cat Noir must not get cold feet if they want to stop him.

This episode was scheduled to premiere on TFOU on December 17, 2017, but it did not air due to production issues.[100][101]

36
10
TBA
"Sapotis"
Thomas Astruc
Jun Violet
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
Fred Lenoir
Sébastien Thibaudeau
21 January 2018 (2018-01-21)[103]
TBA
TBA

Marinette helps Alya babysit Ella and Etta, Alya's twin sisters, and the twins are making things difficult for their sister and her friend. When they keep staying up and refuse to go to bed, Alya forbids them from going to amusement park tomorrow and takes away one of their hats. Fighting over one hat, the twins become influenced by Hawk Moth and turn into Sapotis, a set of small but totally unpredictable monsters that multiply and cause havoc. When Ladybug and Cat Noir get quickly overwhelmed by thousands of small monsters and need some help, Alya receives the Fox Miraculous from Ladybug and she becomes a fox-themed superhero named Rena Rouge. After the battle, Alya reluctantly returns the Fox Miraculous to Ladybug and decides to keep the details of her adventure a secret.

text: Specials[edit]

text:
No.
English Title
French Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date (France)
U.S. release date
Prod.
code [11]

S1
"A Christmas Special"[5]
"Pire Noël"[105]
Thomas Astruc
Thomas Astruc
Fred Lenoir
Sébastien Thibaudeau
11 December 2016 (2016-12-11)[105]
20 December 2016 (Netflix)[5]
TBA

While preparing for Christmas Eve, Adrien is about to spend his first Christmas without his mother. Thinking that his father does not want to celebrate the holidays this year, Adrien turns into Cat Noir and leaves his home to sing his anger in snowy Paris. When his father discovers that Adrien is not in his room, he becomes extremely worried. Hearing the news, Marinette transforms into Ladybug and finds Adrien, who has reverted back to his normal self, in the company of a Santa. Ladybug thinks the Santa is akumatized and wants to trouble Adrien, so she pushes him away. Scorned, the Santa actually becomes a victim of Hawk Moth as "Santa Claws",[b] who plans to make this Christmas the worst in the history of Paris.
The special is done in a musical format, with various characters breaking into song throughout the episode.[104]

text: Webisodes[edit]

text: A series of webisodes, Miraculous: La Webserie, was released by TF1. They can also be found on the official YouTube channel of the cartoon. They contain clips from various episodes and are usually narrated by Marinette, who writes in her diary, or by the others.[106] Nick also released the English version on their website as Miraculous Secrets (also A Miraculous Message), as well as on YouTube.[107] A 2D-animated series of webisodes was also released, titled Miraculous: Tales from Paris (Miraculous, une journée à Paris).

text: Miraculous Secrets[edit]

text:
No.
English title (web title / title card)
French title [107]
Original release date (France)
English release date (U.S.)

W1
"Cat Noir as seen by Marinette"
"Chat Noir vu par Marinette"
5 October 2016
24 September 2016

Marinette writes about having Cat Noir as a superhero partner in her diary.

W2
"Marinette and Adrien"
"Marinette et Adrien"
5 October 2016
24 September 2016

Marinette writes about her feelings for Adrien in her diary and decides to make him the scarf seen in "The Bubbler".

W3
"Marinette's Double Life"
"La double vie de Marinette (The double life of Marinette)"
5 October 2016
24 September 2016

Marinette talks about her superhero life as Ladybug

W4
"My Birthday Party"
"Ma fête d'anniversaire (The Birthday Party)"
5 October 2016
24 September 2016

Marinette talks about her classmates while wondering whom to invite to her birthday party

W5
"Marinette and Alya"
"Marinette et Alya"
5 October 2016
24 September 2016

Marinette talks about her friendship with Alya and what they like to do together

W6
"Marinette in Paris / The City of Paris / A Miraculous message from Marinette: Paris!"[108]
"Marinette et Paris (Marinette and Paris)"
12 October 2016
17 December 2015

Marinette talks about her favorite monuments in Paris, including the Louvre, the Trocadéro and the Eiffel Tower.

W7
"Marinette and Fashion / A Miraculous message from Marinette: Fashion!"[109]
"Marinette et la mode"
20 October 2016
8 January 2016

When asked about her career plans, Marinette talks about being a fashion designer, what she has designed, and what inspires her.

W8
"Ladyblog / Alya's Ladyblog / A Miraculous message from Alya"[110]
"Ladyblog"
27 October 2016
22 January 2016

Alya talks about her Ladyblog website.

W9
"Adrien's Double Life / A Miraculous message from Adrien"[111]
"La double vie d'Adrien"
27 October 2016
29 January 2016

Adrien talks about his life as a teenage model, the son of a rich and famous fashion designer, and his excitement about being a student. He also talks about life as Cat Noir.

W10
"Ladybug as seen by Adrien / Adrien's Love Letter / A Miraculous message from Adrien: Love Letter!"[112]
"Ladybug vue par Adrien (Ladybug seen by Adrien)"
3 November 2016
9 January 2016

Adrien brainstorms some ideas in writing a love letter to Ladybug, and ends up crumpling it and tossing it in the garbage.

text: Tales from Paris[edit]

text:
No.
English title (web title / title card)
French title [107]
Original release date (France)
English release date (U.S.)

T1
"The Notebook"
"Le carnet"
3 February 2017 (2017-02-03) (TF1)
18 January 2017

Marinette, Alya, and Juleka cheer up Rose after Chloe makes fun of her notebook.

T2
"Inspiration"
"Inspiration"
3 February 2017 (2017-02-03) (TF1)
26 January 2017

Marinette works on a design for a dress to wear to a school dance.

T3
"Repetition"
"Répétition"
30 January 2017 (2017-01-30) ((TF1)
15 February 2017

Tikki helps Marinette practise asking out Adrien.

T4
"Busy Day"
"Grosse journée"
3 February 2017 (2017-02-03) (TF1)
16 March 2017

Marinette helps her parents in the bakery.

T5
"Homework Essay"
"L'exposé"
3 February 2017 (2017-02-03) (TF1)
3 April 2017

Marinette has to make a presentation on a person who inspires her.

text: Home media[edit]

text: In the United States and Canada, the first DVD, featuring seven episodes from season one, with both English and French audio tracks, was released on 3 May 2016 by Shout! Factory.[113][114] Another DVD, subtitled Spots On!, which contains six episodes, was released on 30 August 2016.[115] A third DVD, Be Miraculous, which contains seven episodes (including the two-part prequel), was released on 10 January 2017 .[116] A fourth DVD, It's Ladybug was released on 11 April 2017.

text:
DVD title
Season
Episodes
Release date

Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir
1
7

List[show]

"The Bubbler"
"Mr. Pigeon"
"Stormy Weather"
"Timebreaker"
"Copycat"
"The Pharaoh"
"Lady Wifi"

3 May 2016

Miraculous: Tales Of Ladybug & Cat Noir: Spots On!
1
6

List[show]

"The Evillustrator"
"Rogercop"
"Dark Cupid"
"Horrificator"
"Darkblade"
"The Mime"

30 August 2016

Miraculous: Tales Of Ladybug & Cat Noir: Be Miraculous
1
7

List[show]

"Ladybug & Cat Noir (Origins, Part 1)"
"Stone Heart (Origins, Part 2)"
"Animan"
"Simon Says"
"Pixelator"
"Guitar Villain"
"Kung Food"

10 January 2017

Miraculous: Tales Of Ladybug & Cat Noir: It's Ladybug
1
6

List[show]

"Gamer"
"Antibug"
"The Puppeteer"
"Refletka"
"Princess Fragrance"
"Volpina"

11 April 2017

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ "Ladybug et Chat Noir (Origines - Partie 1)". Miraculous: Les Aventures de Ladybug et Chat Noir. Season 1. Episode 22 (in French). 4 March 2016. Event occurs at 02:40. Télé-Québec. Encore jeune! Je n'ai que cent-quatre-vingt-six ans! (Still young! I am only 186 years old!
Jump up ^ In the Christmas special, Santa, or Père Noël (lit. Father Christmas) is akumatized into Pire Noël (lit. "worst Christmas").


question_text: where do army medics go to basic training

root

text: Description[edit]

text: The primary role of 68W combat medic specialists in the U.S. Army is providing medical treatment to wounded soldiers. Other nations and services also have similarly-trained personnel, but this discussion and the following details apply only to those within the United States Army. These medics serve as the basic or first tier of the Army medical system accompanying units as small as platoons (approximately 12-40 soldiers) during training and deployments. Medics provide initial emergency medical care, evacuation, and supervision to other soldiers with medical training (such as Combat Lifesavers) as well as provide medical advice to unit chains of command.

tag: p

text: In addition to first responder or combat medical support, medics provide paraprofessional care in medical treatment facilities—battalion aid stations, clinics, hospitals, etc.--to soldiers, military dependents, and authorized civilian personnel. In this capacity, healthcare specialists work under the supervision and purview of physician assistants and physicians and alongside other medical professionals.

text: Healthcare specialists are initially trained as Nationally Registered Emergency Medical Technicians (at the EMT-B level) with additional training in trauma and Army specific techniques and procedures. Maintenance of civilian accreditation is currently required and further education is commonly offered including the opportunity to add additional skill training or—with acceptable civilian education—application to the Inter-service Physician Assistant Program.

text: Civilian equivalents are difficult to assess given the broad range of skills and training healthcare specialists may have but most healthcare specialists without additional specialized training are trained in or work in areas overlapping civilian EMTs, medical assistants, patient administration personnel, office managers, schedulers, ambulance drivers, pharmacy technicians, phlebotomists, patient care assistants, and others.

text: Advanced level healthcare specialists who have not specialized generally assume more administrative duties in medical sections or treatment facilities as well as training and supervisory duties while maintaining perishable treatment skills.

text: Skill Levels[edit]

text: Skill levels are appended to the MOS to identify positions a soldier may be assigned to and are followed by a letter code, Special Qualification Identifier, identifying special skills such as parachute qualification ("P") or Airborne Ranger qualification ("V"). When no appropriate skill modifier is used, a letter "O", erroneously read as a zero "0". For example, a healthcare specialist would be awarded MOS 68W1O.

text:
0 is an untrained medic prior to school completion.
1 is the basic entry level medic with ranks of Private through Specialist/Corporal (E-1 through E-4)
2 is a medic with the rank of Sergeant (E-5)
3 is a medic with the rank of Staff Sergeant (E-6)
4 is a medic with the rank of Sergeant First Class (E-7)
5 is a medic with the rank of Master Sergeant/First Sergeant (E-8) or Sergeant Major (E-9)

tag: ul

text: Skill Identifiers[edit]

text: Skill identifiers are awarded to personnel with additional training in a particular specialty and affects what positions a soldier holding the skill identifier may be assigned to. Most require formal school training.

text:
F2 is an Army Critical Care Flight Paramedic (Awarded after completion of the Flight Paramedic Course 300-F1/F2)
F3 is an Army Flight Medic
M6 is the Army's Licensed Practical Nurse (No longer an ASI of 68W, M6 is now identified as 68C)
P1 is an Orthopedics specialist (No longer an ASI of 68W, P1 is now Identified as 68B)
Y8 is an Immunization-allergy specialist (clinical, lab)
N3 is the Army's Occupational Therapy Assistant (No longer an ASI of 68W, N3 is now identified as 68L)
N9 is a Physical Therapy Technician (No longer an ASI of 68W, N9 is now identified as 68F)
Y2 is the code used to identify those who have not finished the upgrade classes
18D is a Special Forces Medical Sergeant
W1 is a Special Operations Combat Medic (SOCM)
W2 is an Army Civil Affairs Medical Sergeant
W4 is an Army Civil Affairs Trauma Medical Sergeant
P3 is an Optometry specialist(No longer an ASI of 68W, P3 is now identified as 68Y)
Y6 is a Cardiovascular specialist (Cardiac Catheterization Technologist and Echocardiographer)(No longer an ASI of 68W, Y6 is now identified as 68N)
P2 is an Ear Nose and Throat (ENT) specialist (No longer an ASI of 68W, P2 is now identified as 68U)

text: History[edit]

text: Currently known as 68W, the Army's basic medical MOS was changed, effective October 1, 2006. During the Vietnam War era, the MOS codes 91W (91 Whiskey, nuclear medicine specialist), 91B (91 Bravo, medical NCO) and 91A (91 Alpha, medical corpsman) were used.

text: The Department of the Army Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel issued a notice for future change for the MOS 91B and 91C (Licensed Practical Nurse) in September 1999. The notice established the transition of personnel holding both MOSs to 91W to begin on 1 October 2001 and end on 30 September 2007. The 91W MOS required additional training and the maintenance of civilian EMT certification which was previously optional for soldiers. Army personnel holding MOS 91C would become 91Ws (and later 68Ws) with an additional skill identifier of M6. During the transitory period, all 91B and 91C classified soldiers were given the Y2 identifier until completion of additional training to become 91W, reclassification to a different MOS, or discharge from the US Army.

text: Later—as part of an ongoing administrative revision of Army Enlisted MOSs—MOS 91W was redesignated 68W.[citation needed]

text: Medal of Honor Recipients[edit]

text: Notable Medal of Honor recipients who served as combat medics include Joseph G. LaPointe Jr., Desmond Doss, and Thomas W. Bennett.

text: Training[edit]

text: After completion of Basic Combat Training, soldiers training for 68W10 ship to Fort Sam Houston, Texas for Advanced Individual Training (AIT). The AIT or job training may last for 16 to 68 weeks, depending what additional skill training is completed. Training includes a combination of lecture, hands-on, and practical field exercises with many skills—including starting intravenous lines—practiced on each other. The first part of the course focuses on CPR and EMT-Basic training and concludes with certification tests for both skills. Further training is on Army specific tasks.

text: After assignment to a unit, 68Ws may, at the request of their unit's Physician Assistant (PA), attend any number of advanced topics. Topics are generally prescribed per each unit's functional role. For example, front-line combat medic (aka "line medic") may learn about advanced trauma treatments including venous cutdowns, placement of chest tubes, or use of specialty hemorrhage control methods. In the case of those attached to medical units, they may learn to administer medications which result in more definitive treatment than their civilian counterparts are allowed to.

text: Unlike civilian hospitals, field hospital units usually do not have a large number of 68WM6 (LPN), and instead use the combat medic who is readily available and partially trained. Some medics opt for EMT-I or EMT-P certification or additional certifications through civilian education.

text: Medics completing the equivalent of a bachelor's degree with required science prerequisites may apply for the Interservice Physician Assistant Program (IPAP). The intensive two-year program results in a Master of Physician Assistant Studies degree from the University of Nebraska Medical College, an officer's commission, and the opportunity to sit for civilian certification.[1]

text: Healthcare specialist also serve as the primary source for recruiting for special operations medics including "18D" Special Forces Medical Sergeant and Ranger Medics. Those completing the assessment course for Special Forces, 160th SOAR, or the 75th Ranger Regiment are required to complete the Special Operations Combat Medic (SOCM) course ("W1"). SOCM qualified medics are assigned to the 75th Ranger Regiment (Ranger Medic), 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (SOAR Flight Medic), 96th Civil Affairs Battalion (CA-Med SGT), Special Operations Support Command, and in direct support positions of these United States Army Special Operation Command (USASOC) positions. The training is an intensive 10month Special Operations Combat Medic Course/18D located at Ft.Bragg, NC to be awarded the W1 identifier. The SOCM 68W is currently the most independent-duty enlisted medical personnel in the CMF 68 field.

text: SOCM medics work independently within specific protocols; the scope of practice may be expanded during the absence of a medical officer. SOCM medics assigned to special operations units regularly attend advanced medical and military training after the SOCM course to maintain interoperability with special operations forces.

text: SOCM (W1's) Credentials include:

text:
EMT Basic
ATLS
BTLS/PHTLS (Basic Trauma Life Support/Prehospital Trauma Life Support) now called ITLS
ACLS (Advanced Cardiac Life Support)
PALS (Pediatric Advanced Life Support)
SOCOM ATP (Advanced Tactical Practitioner)
Current Tactical Combat Casualty Care (TCCC)guidelines
Advanced trauma surgical procedures

text: Recognition[edit]

text: Health Care Specialists may be awarded the Combat Medical Badge (CMB) and Expert Field Medical Badge (EFMB), if they meet qualification requirements. The EFMB is awarded following successful completion of an extensive 2 week-long test of field medical skills (Many excellent medics fail this test).

text: AR 600-8-22 Chapter 8 section 7: (4) On or after 18 September 2001: (a) Medical personnel assigned or attached to, or under operational control of any ground combat arms or combat aviation units of brigade or smaller size, who satisfactorily perform medical duties while the unit is engaged in active ground combat, provided they are personally present and under fire.

text: Responsibilities[edit]

text: The Health Care Specialist is primarily responsible for providing emergency medical treatment, limited primary care and health protection and evacuation from a point of injury or illness. Some of the duties as a Health Care Specialist may include:

text:
Administering emergency medical treatment to battlefield casualties
Assisting with outpatient and inpatient care and treatment
Interviewing patients and recording their medical histories
Taking patients' temperature, pulse and blood pressure
Preparing blood samples for laboratory analysis
Keeping health records and clinical files up-to-date
Giving shots and medicines to patients
Preparing patients, operating rooms, equipment and supplies for surgery[2]
Initial stabilizing treatment and triage
Plan and conduct evacuation from the field of battle and en route life support
Preventive medicine
Field sanitation
Clinical medicine
Supportive care in the event of delayed transport
Plan and Provide instructions for unit Combat Lifesaver programs

text: Plan and conduct Combat Lifesaver training[edit]

text: A Combat Lifesaver (CLS) is non-medic soldier with moderate emergency medical training to provide care at the point of wounding. Combat Lifesaver skills are intended for use in combat; however, the skills may be applied to soldiers in non-combat situations. The Combat Lifesaver is instructed in various techniques to treat and stabilize injuries related to combat. To include, but not limited to, blast injury, amputation, severe bleeding, penetrating chest injuries, simple airway management, and evacuation techniques. The Combat Lifesaver doctrine was developed as an effort to increase survivability in combat environments where the combat medic may not be readily available. The Combat Lifesaver is a bridge between self aid or buddy aid, and the Combat Medic (68W). The Combat Lifesaver can augment the Combat Medic, as needed. The 68W trains the Combat Lifesaver. It is a requirement that all IET (Initial Entry Training) soldiers complete the CLS (Combat Lifesaver) course, and pass the CLS exam during BCT (Basic Combat Training). Those IET Soldiers who fail to complete the course, or pass the exam are recycled to another Troop that is beginning the CLS Course.

text: Skills of the Combat Lifesaver[edit]

text:
Basic casualty evaluation
Airway management
Chest injury and tension pneumothorax management
Controlling Bleeding
Requesting medical evacuation


document_title: Arthur Conan Doyle

question_text: who inspired arthur conan doyle to create his fictional character sherlock holmes

text: Arthur Conan Doyle

text: Name[edit]

text: Doyle is often referred to as "Sir Arthur Conan Doyle" or simply "Conan Doyle" (implying that Conan is part of a compound surname, as opposed to his given middle name). His baptism entry in the register of St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh, gives "Arthur Ignatius Conan" as his given names and "Doyle" as his surname. It also names Michael Conan as his godfather.[1] The cataloguers of the British Library and the Library of Congress treat "Doyle" alone as his surname.[2]

text: Steven Doyle, editor of the Baker Street Journal, wrote, "Conan was Arthur's middle name. Shortly after he graduated from high school he began using Conan as a sort of surname. But technically his last name is simply 'Doyle'."[3] When knighted, he was gazetted as Doyle, not under the compound Conan Doyle.[4] Nevertheless, the actual use of a compound surname is demonstrated by the fact that Doyle's second wife was known as Jean Conan Doyle rather than Jean Doyle.[5]

text: Early life[edit]

text: Doyle was born on 22 May 1859 at 11 Picardy Place, Edinburgh, Scotland.[6][7] His father, Charles Altamont Doyle, was born in England, of Irish Catholic descent, and his mother, Mary (née Foley), was Irish Catholic. His parents married in 1855.[8] In 1864 the family dispersed because of Charles's growing alcoholism, and the children were temporarily housed across Edinburgh. In 1867, the family came together again and lived in squalid tenement flats at 3 Sciennes Place.[9] Doyle's father died in 1893, in the Crichton Royal, Dumfries, after many years of psychiatric illness.[10][11]

text: Supported by wealthy uncles, Doyle was sent to England, at the Jesuit preparatory school Hodder Place, Stonyhurst in Lancashire at the age of nine (1868–70). He then went on to Stonyhurst College until 1875. From 1875 to 1876, he was educated at the Jesuit school Stella Matutina in Feldkirch, Austria.[9] He later rejected the Catholic faith and became an agnostic.[12] He also later became a spiritualist mystic.[13]

text: Medical career[edit]

text: From 1876 to 1881, Doyle studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh Medical School, including periods working in Aston (then a town in Warwickshire, now part of Birmingham), Sheffield and Ruyton-XI-Towns, Shropshire.[14] During that time, he studied practical botany at the Royal Botanic Garden in Edinburgh.[15] While studying, Doyle began writing short stories. His earliest extant fiction, "The Haunted Grange of Goresthorpe", was unsuccessfully submitted to Blackwood's Magazine.[9] His first published piece, "The Mystery of Sasassa Valley", a story set in South Africa, was printed in Chambers's Edinburgh Journal on 6 September 1879.[9][16] On 20 September 1879, he published his first academic article, "Gelsemium as a Poison" in the British Medical Journal,[9][17][18] a study which the Daily Telegraph regarded as potentially useful in a 21st-century alleged murder investigation.[19]

text: Doyle was the doctor on the Greenland whaler Hope of Peterhead in 1880.[20] As M.B., C.M. after his graduation from university in 1881, he was ship's surgeon on the SS Mayumba during a voyage to the West African coast.[9] He completed his M.D. degree (an advanced degree in Scotland beyond the usual medical degrees) on the subject of tabes dorsalis in 1885.[21]

text: In 1882, Doyle joined former classmate George Turnavine Budd as his partner at a medical practice in Plymouth, but their relationship proved difficult, and Doyle soon left to set up an independent practice.[9][22] Arriving in Portsmouth in June 1882, with less than £10 (£900 today[23]) to his name, he set up a medical practice at 1 Bush Villas in Elm Grove, Southsea.[24] The practice was not successful. While waiting for patients, Doyle returned to writing fiction.

text: Doyle was a staunch supporter of compulsory vaccination and wrote several articles advocating for the practice and denouncing the views of anti-vaccinators.[25][26]

text: In early 1891, Doyle attempted the study of ophthalmology in Vienna. He had previously studied at the Portsmouth Eye Hospital to qualify to perform eye tests and prescribe glasses. Vienna was suggested by his friend Vernon Morris as a place to spend six months and train to be an eye surgeon. Doyle, however, found it too difficult to understand the German medical terms at the classes in Vienna and quickly quit his studies there. For the rest of his two-month stay in Vienna, he pursued other activities, such as ice skating with his wife Louisa and drinking with Brinsley Richards of the London Times. He also wrote The Doings of Raffles Haw.

text: After visiting Venice and Milan, he spent a few days in Paris observing Edmund Landolt, an expert on diseases of the eye. Within three months of his departure for Vienna, Doyle returned to London. He opened a small office and consulting room at 2 Upper Wimpole Street, or 2 Devonshire Place as it was then. A Westminster City Council commemorative plaque is over the front door. He had no patients according to his autobiography and his efforts as an ophthalmologist were a failure.[27][28][29]

text: Literary career[edit]

text: Sherlock Holmes[edit]

text: Doyle struggled to find a publisher for his work. His first work featuring Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson, A Study in Scarlet, was taken by Ward Lock & Co on 20 November 1886, giving Doyle £25 (£2500 today) for all rights to the story. The piece appeared one year later in the Beeton's Christmas Annual and received good reviews in The Scotsman and the Glasgow Herald.[9]

text: Holmes was partially modelled on his former university teacher Joseph Bell. In 1892, in a letter to Bell, Doyle wrote, "It is most certainly to you that I owe Sherlock Holmes ... round the centre of deduction and inference and observation which I have heard you inculcate I have tried to build up a man,"[30] and, in his 1924 autobiography, he remarked, "It is no wonder that after the study of such a character [viz., Bell] I used and amplified his methods when in later life I tried to build up a scientific detective who solved cases on his own merits and not through the folly of the criminal."[31] Robert Louis Stevenson was able, even in faraway Samoa, to recognise the strong similarity between Joseph Bell and Sherlock Holmes: "My compliments on your very ingenious and very interesting adventures of Sherlock Holmes. ... can this be my old friend Joe Bell?"[32] Other authors sometimes suggest additional influences—for instance, the famous Edgar Allan Poe character C. Auguste Dupin.[33] Dr. (John) Watson owes his surname, but not any other obvious characteristic, to a Portsmouth medical colleague of Doyle's, Dr James Watson.[34]

text: A sequel to A Study in Scarlet was commissioned, and The Sign of the Four appeared in Lippincott's Magazine in February 1890, under agreement with the Ward Lock company. Doyle felt grievously exploited by Ward Lock as an author new to the publishing world and he left them.[9] Short stories featuring Sherlock Holmes were published in the Strand Magazine. Doyle wrote the first five Holmes short stories from his office at 2 Upper Wimpole Street (then known as Devonshire Place), which is now marked by a memorial plaque.[35]

text: Doyle's attitude towards his most famous creation was ambivalent.[34] In November 1891 he wrote to his mother: "I think of slaying Holmes, ... and winding him up for good and all. He takes my mind from better things." His mother responded, "You won't! You can't! You mustn't!"[36] In an attempt to deflect publishers' demands for more Holmes stories, he raised his price to a level intended to discourage them, but found they were willing to pay even the large sums he asked.[34] As a result, he became one of the best-paid authors of his time.

text: In December 1893, to dedicate more of his time to his historical novels, Doyle had Holmes and Professor Moriarty plunge to their deaths together down the Reichenbach Falls in the story "The Final Problem". Public outcry, however, led him to feature Holmes in 1901 in the novel The Hound of the Baskervilles.

text: In 1903, Doyle published his first Holmes short story in ten years, "The Adventure of the Empty House", in which it was explained that only Moriarty had fallen, but since Holmes had other dangerous enemies—especially Colonel Sebastian Moran—he had arranged to also be perceived as dead. Holmes was ultimately featured in a total of 56 short stories—the last published in 1927—and four novels by Doyle, and has since appeared in many novels and stories by other authors.

text: Jane Stanford compares some of Moriarty's characteristics to those of the Fenian John O'Connor Power. "The Final Problem" was published the year the Second Home Rule Bill passed through the House of Commons. "The Valley of Fear" was serialised in 1914, the year Home Rule, the Government of Ireland Act (18 September) was placed on the Statute Book.[37]

text: Other works[edit]

text: Doyle's first novels were The Mystery of Cloomber, not published until 1888, and the unfinished Narrative of John Smith, published only in 2011.[38] He amassed a portfolio of short stories including "The Captain of the Pole-Star" and "J. Habakuk Jephson's Statement", both inspired by Doyle's time at sea. The latter popularised the mystery of the Mary Celeste[39] and added fictional details such as the perfect condition of the ship (which had actually taken on water by the time it was discovered) and its boats remaining on board (the one boat was in fact missing) that have come to dominate popular accounts of the incident.[9][39] Doyle's spelling of the ship's name as Marie Celeste has become more common in everyday use than the original form.[40]

text: Between 1888 and 1906, Doyle wrote seven historical novels, which he and many critics regarded as his best work.[34] He also authored nine other novels, and later in his career (1912–29) five stories, two of novella length, featuring the irascible scientist Professor Challenger. The Challenger stories include what is probably his best-known work after the Holmes oeuvre, The Lost World. He was a prolific author of short stories, including two collections set in Napoleonic times featuring the French character Brigadier Gerard.

text: Doyle's stage works include Waterloo, the reminiscences of an English veteran of the Napoleonic Wars, the character of Gregory Brewster being written for Henry Irving; The House of Temperley, the plot of which reflects his abiding interest in boxing; The Speckled Band, after the short story "The Adventure of the Speckled Band"; and the 1893 collaboration with J.M. Barrie on the libretto of Jane Annie.[41]

text: Sporting career[edit]

text: While living in Southsea, Doyle played football as a goalkeeper for Portsmouth Association Football Club, an amateur side, under the pseudonym A. C. Smith.[42]

text: Doyle was a keen cricketer, and between 1899 and 1907 he played 10 first-class matches for the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). He also played for the amateur cricket team the Allahakbarries alongside authors J. M. Barrie and A. A. Milne.[43] His highest score, in 1902 against London County, was 43. He was an occasional bowler who took just one first-class wicket, although one of the highest pedigree as it was W. G. Grace.[44]

text: Also a keen golfer, Doyle was elected captain of the Crowborough Beacon Golf Club in Sussex for 1910. He had moved to Little Windlesham house in Crowborough with Jean Leckie, his second wife, and resided there with his family from 1907 until his death in July 1930.[45])

text: Family life[edit]

text: In 1885 Doyle married Louisa (sometimes called "Touie") Hawkins. She was the youngest daughter of J. Hawkins, of Minsterworth, Gloucestershire, and the sister of one of Doyle's patients. Louisa suffered from tuberculosis and died on 4 July 1906.[46] The following year he married Jean Elizabeth Leckie, whom he had first met and fallen in love with in 1897. He had maintained a platonic relationship with Jean while his first wife was still alive, out of loyalty to her.[47] Jean died in London on 27 June 1940.[48]

text: Doyle fathered five children. He had two with his first wife: Mary Louise (28 January 1889 – 12 June 1976) and Arthur Alleyne Kingsley, known as Kingsley (15 November 1892 – 28 October 1918). He had an additional three with his second wife: Denis Percy Stewart (17 March 1909 – 9 March 1955), second husband of Georgian Princess Nina Mdivani; Adrian Malcolm (19 November 1910 – 3 June 1970); and Jean Lena Annette (21 December 1912 – 18 November 1997).[49]

text: Political campaigning[edit]

text: Following the Boer War in South Africa at the turn of the 20th century and the condemnation from some quarters over the United Kingdom's role, Doyle wrote a short work titled The War in South Africa: Its Cause and Conduct, which argued that the UK's role in the Boer War was justified, and which was widely translated. Doyle had served as a volunteer doctor in the Langman Field Hospital at Bloemfontein between March and June 1900.[50] Doyle believed that this publication was responsible for his being knighted as a Knight Bachelor by King Edward VII in 1902[4] and for his appointment as a Deputy-Lieutenant of Surrey.[51] Also in 1900 he wrote a book, The Great Boer War.

text: He stood for Parliament twice as a Liberal Unionist—in 1900 in Edinburgh Central and in 1906 in the Hawick Burghs—but although he received a respectable vote, he was not elected.[52] Doyle was appointed a Knight of Grace of the Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem in 1903.[53]

text: Doyle was a supporter of the campaign for the reform of the Congo Free State, led by the journalist E. D. Morel and diplomat Roger Casement. During 1909 he wrote The Crime of the Congo, a long pamphlet in which he denounced the horrors of that colony. He became acquainted with Morel and Casement, and it is possible that, together with Bertram Fletcher Robinson, they inspired several characters in the 1912 novel The Lost World.[54] Doyle broke with Robinson when he became one of the leaders of the pacifist movement during the First World War. When Casement was found guilty of treason against the Crown after the Easter Rising, Doyle tried unsuccessfully to save him from facing the death penalty, arguing that Casement had been driven mad and could not be held responsible for his actions.[55]

text: Justice advocate[edit]

text: Doyle was also a fervent advocate of justice and personally investigated two closed cases, which led to two men being exonerated of the crimes of which they were accused. The first case, in 1906, involved a shy half-British, half-Indian lawyer named George Edalji who had allegedly penned threatening letters and mutilated animals in Great Wyrley. Police were set on Edalji's conviction, even though the mutilations continued after their suspect was jailed.[56] Apart from helping George Edalji, Doyle's work helped establish a way to correct other miscarriages of justice, as it was partially as a result of this case that the Court of Criminal Appeal was established in 1907.[57]

text: The story of Doyle and Edalji was dramatised in an episode of the 1972 BBC television series, The Edwardians. In Nicholas Meyer's pastiche The West End Horror (1976), Holmes manages to help clear the name of a shy Parsi Indian character wronged by the English justice system. Edalji was of Parsi heritage on his father's side. The story was fictionalised in Julian Barnes's 2005 novel Arthur and George, which was adapted into a three-part drama by ITV in 2015.

text: The second case, that of Oscar Slater, a Yekke and gambling-den operator convicted of bludgeoning an 82-year-old woman in Glasgow in 1908, excited Doyle's curiosity because of inconsistencies in the prosecution case and a general sense that Slater was not guilty. He ended up paying most of the costs for Slater's successful appeal in 1928.[58]

text: Spiritualism, Freemasonry[edit]

text: Doyle had a longstanding interest in mystical subjects. He was initiated as a Freemason (26 January 1887) at the Phoenix Lodge No. 257 in Southsea. He resigned from the Lodge in 1889, but returned to it in 1902, only to resign again in 1911.[59]

text: Also in Southsea in 1887, influenced by a member of the Portsmouth Literary and Philosophical Society, Major-General Alfred Wilks Drayson, he began a series of psychic investigations. These included attending around 20 seances, experiments in telepathy and sittings with mediums. Writing to Spiritualist journal Light, that year, he declared himself to be a Spiritualist and spoke of one particular psychic event that had convinced him.[60]

text: Though he later wavered, he remained fascinated by the paranormal. He was a founding member of the Hampshire Society for Psychical Research in 1889 and joined the London-based Society for Psychical Research in 1893. He joined Sir Sidney Scott and Frank Podmore on a poltergeist investigation in Devon in 1894. Nevertheless, during this period, he remained, in essence, a dilettante.[61]

text: During 1916, at the height of World War I, a change came over Conan Doyle's beliefs prompted by the apparent psychic abilities of his children's nanny, Lily Loder Symonds.[62] This, combined with the deaths he saw around him, made him rationalise that Spiritualism was a "New Revelation"[63] sent by God to bring solace to the bereaved. The New Revelation was the title of his first Spiritualist work, published two years later. In the intervening years, he wrote to Light magazine about his faith and lectured frequently on the truth of Spiritualism.

text: War-related deaths close to him certainly strengthened his long-held belief in life after death and spirit communication, though it is wrong to claim that the death of his son, Kingsley, turned him to Spiritualism, as is often stated. Doyle came out as a Spiritualist to the public in 1916, a full two years before his son's death.[64] It was on 28 October 1918 that Kingsley died from pneumonia contracted during his convalescence after being seriously wounded in the 1916 Battle of the Somme. Doyle's brother Brigadier-general Innes Doyle died, also from pneumonia, in February 1919. His two brothers-in-law (one of whom was E. W. Hornung, creator of the literary character Raffles) and his two nephews also died shortly after the war. His second book on Spiritualism, The Vital Message, appeared in 1919.

text: Doyle found solace supporting spiritualism and its attempts to find proof of existence beyond the grave. In particular, according to some,[65] he favoured Christian Spiritualism and encouraged the Spiritualists' National Union to accept an eighth precept – that of following the teachings and example of Jesus of Nazareth. He was a member of the renowned supernatural organisation The Ghost Club.[66]

text: In 1919, the magician P. T. Selbit staged a séance at his own flat in Bloomsbury. Doyle attended the séance. Some later commentators have stated that he declared the clairvoyance manifestations to be genuine.[67][68] However, the contemporary report by the Sunday Express quotes Doyle as saying: "I should have to see it again before passing a definite opinion on it," and: "I have my doubts about the whole thing".[69] In 1920, Doyle debated the claims of Spiritualism with the notable sceptic Joseph McCabe at Queen's Hall in London. McCabe later published his evidence against the claims of Doyle and Spiritualism in a booklet entitled Is Spiritualism Based on Fraud? which claimed Doyle had been duped into believing Spiritualism by mediumship trickery.[70]

text: Doyle believed that many cases of diagnosed mental illness were the result of spirit possession. He debated with the psychiatrist Harold Dearden on the subject who was diametrically opposed to Doyle's views.[71] He travelled to Australia and New Zealand on Spiritualist missionary work in 1920, and continued his mission all the way up to his death, speaking about his Spiritualist conviction in Britain, Europe and the USA.[61]

text: Doyle was also inspired by his Spiritualist beliefs to write a novella on the subject, The Land of Mist, featuring the character Professor Challenger. He wrote many other non-fictional Spiritualist works; perhaps his most famous being The Coming of the Fairies (1922)[72] which reveals Conan Doyle's conviction in the veracity of the five Cottingley Fairies photographs. He reproduced them in the book, together with theories about the nature and existence of fairies and spirits. Initially suspected of being falsified, the photos were decades later determined to be faked (along with admissions from the photographers).

text: Doyle was friends for a time with Harry Houdini, the American magician who himself became a prominent opponent of the Spiritualist movement in the 1920s following the death of his beloved mother. Although Houdini insisted that Spiritualist mediums employed trickery (and consistently exposed them as frauds), Doyle became convinced that Houdini himself possessed supernatural powers—a view expressed in Doyle's The Edge of the Unknown. Houdini was apparently unable to convince Doyle that his feats were simply illusions, leading to a bitter public falling out between the two.[73] A specific incident is recounted in memoirs by Houdini's friend Bernard M. L. Ernst, in which Houdini performed an impressive trick at his home in the presence of Conan Doyle. Houdini assured Conan Doyle the trick was pure illusion and that he was attempting to prove a point about Doyle not "endorsing phenomena" simply because he had no explanation. According to Ernst, Conan Doyle refused to believe it was a trick.[74]

text: In 1922, the psychical researcher Harry Price accused the spirit photographer William Hope of fraud. Doyle defended Hope, but further evidence of trickery was obtained from other researchers.[75] Doyle threatened to have Price evicted from the National Laboratory of Psychical Research and claimed if he persisted to write "sewage" about spiritualists, he would meet the same fate as Harry Houdini.[76] Price wrote "Arthur Conan Doyle and his friends abused me for years for exposing Hope."[77] Because of the exposure of Hope and other fraudulent spiritualists, Doyle led a mass resignation of eighty-four members of the Society for Psychical Research, as they believed the Society was opposed to spiritualism.[78]

text: Doyle and spiritualist William Thomas Stead were duped into believing Julius and Agnes Zancig had genuine psychic powers, both claiming that the Zancigs used telepathy. In 1924 Julius and Agnes Zancig confessed that their mind reading act was a trick and published the secret code and all the details of the trick method they had used, under the title Our Secrets!! in a London newspaper.[79] Doyle praised the psychic phenomena and spirit materializations produced by Eusapia Palladino and Mina Crandon, who were both exposed as frauds.[80]

text: Doyle's two volume, The History of Spiritualism was published in 1926. W. Leslie Curnow a spiritualist, contributed much research to the book.[81][82] In 1926, Robert John Tillyard wrote a predominantly supportive review of Doyle's book The History of Spiritualism in the journal Nature.[83] This caused controversy, and several critics such as A. A. Campbell Swinton pointed to the evidence of fraud in mediumship and Doyle's non-scientific approach to the subject.[84][85][86] In 1927, Doyle spoke in a filmed interview about Sherlock Holmes and spiritualism.[87]

text: Richard Milner, an American historian of science, has presented a case that Doyle may have been the perpetrator of the Piltdown Man hoax of 1912, creating the counterfeit hominid fossil that fooled the scientific world for over 40 years. Milner says that Doyle had a motive—namely, revenge on the scientific establishment for debunking one of his favourite psychics—and that The Lost World contains several encrypted clues regarding his involvement in the hoax.[88][89] Samuel Rosenberg's 1974 book Naked is the Best Disguise purports to explain how, throughout his writings, Doyle left open clues that related to hidden and suppressed aspects of his mentality.[90]

text: Architecture[edit]

text: Doyle commissioned a newly-built home from Joseph Henry Ball, an architect friend, in 1895, and played an active part of the design process.[91] [92] He lived in Undershaw which is near Hindhead in Surrey from October 1897 to September 1907.[93] It was a hotel and restaurant from 1924 until 2004, when it was bought by a developer and stood empty while conservationists and Doyle fans fought to preserve it.[46] In 2012, the High Court in London ruled the redevelopment permission be quashed because proper procedure had not been followed,[94] but it is now due to become part of the Stepping Stones school for children with disabilities and additional needs.

text: Doyle was staying at the Lyndhurst Grand Hotel during March 1912 and made his most ambitious foray into architecture: sketching the original designs for a third storey extension and altering the front facade to the building.[95] Work began later that year and the building as it is today is a near perfect expression of Doyle's plans.[96]

text: In 1914, on a family trip to the Jasper National Park in Canada, he designed a golf course and ancillary buildings for a hotel. The plans were realised in full, but neither the golf course nor the buildings have survived.[97]

text: In 1926, Doyle laid the foundation stone for a Spiritualist temple in Camden, London. Of the building's total £600 construction costs, he provided £500.[98]

text: Honours and awards[edit]

text: Death[edit]

text: Doyle was found clutching his chest in the hall of Windlesham Manor, his house in Crowborough, East Sussex, on 7 July 1930. He died of a heart attack at the age of 71. His last words were directed toward his wife: "You are wonderful."[99] At the time of his death, there was some controversy concerning his burial place, as he was avowedly not a Christian, considering himself a Spiritualist. He was first buried on 11 July 1930 in Windlesham rose garden.

text: He was later reinterred together with his wife in Minstead churchyard in the New Forest, Hampshire.[9] Carved wooden tablets to his memory and to the memory of his wife, originally from the church at Minstead, are on display as part of a Sherlock Holmes exhibition at Portsmouth Museum.[100][101] The epitaph on his gravestone in the churchyard reads, in part: "Steel true/Blade straight/Arthur Conan Doyle/Knight/Patriot, Physician, and man of letters".[102]

text: A statue honours Doyle at Crowborough Cross in Crowborough, where he lived for 23 years.[103] There is a statue of Sherlock Holmes in Picardy Place, Edinburgh, close to the house where Doyle was born.[104]

text: Bibliography[edit]