document_title: Daylight saving time in the United States

question_text: when did day light savings time start in the united states

text: History of DST in the United States[edit]

text: Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. His essay, “An Economical Project for Diminishing the Cost of Light”, written to the editor of The Journal of Paris, observed that Parisians could save on candles by getting out of bed earlier in the morning, making use of the natural morning light instead. Franklin's suggestion seems to have been more of a joke than a real proposal, and nothing came of it.[3]

text: 1916–1966: Early, inconsistent use[edit]

text: During World War I, in an effort to conserve fuel, Germany began observing DST on May 1, 1916. The rest of Europe soon followed. The plan was not adopted in the United States until the Standard Time Act of March 19, 1918, which confirmed the existing standard time zone system and set summer DST to begin on March 31, 1918 (reverting October 27).[4] The idea was unpopular and Congress abolished DST after the war, overriding President Woodrow Wilson's veto.[5] DST became a local option and was observed in some states until World War II, when President Franklin Roosevelt instituted year-round DST, called "War Time", on February 9, 1942.[6] It lasted until the last Sunday (the 30th) in September 1945. After 1945 many states and cities east of the Mississippi River (and mostly north of the Ohio and Potomac rivers) adopted summer DST.[7]

text: From 1945 to 1966 there was no federal law on daylight saving time, so localities could choose when it began and ended or drop it entirely. As of 1954, only California and Nevada had statewide DST west of the Mississippi, and only a few cities between Nevada and St. Louis. In the 1964 Official Railway Guide, 21 of the 48 contiguous states had no DST anywhere.

text: 1966–1972: Federal standard established[edit]

text: By 1962, the transportation industry found the lack of consistency confusing enough to push for federal regulation. The result was the Uniform Time Act of 1966 (P.L. 89-387). Beginning in 1967, the act mandated standard time within the established time zones and provided for advanced time: clocks would be advanced one hour beginning at 2:00 a.m. on the last Sunday in April and turned back one hour at 2:00 a.m. on the last Sunday in October. States were allowed to exempt themselves from DST as long as the entire state did so. If a state chose to observe DST, the time changes were required to begin and end on the established dates. In 1967, Arizona and Michigan became the first states to exempt themselves from DST (Michigan would begin observing DST in 1972). In 1972, the act was amended (P.L. 92-267), allowing those states split between time zones to exempt either the entire state or that part of the state lying within a different time zone. The newly created Department of Transportation (DOT) was given power to enforce the law. As of 2014, the following states and territories are not observing DST: Arizona, Hawaii, American Samoa, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands.[7]

text: 1973–1975: Year-round experiment[edit]

text: During the 1973 oil embargo by the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC), in an effort to conserve fuel, Congress enacted a trial period of year-round DST (P.L. 93-182), beginning January 6, 1974, and ending April 27, 1975.[8] The trial was hotly debated. Those in favor pointed to increased daylight hours in the summer evening: more time for recreation, reduced lighting and heating demands, reduced crime, and reduced automobile accidents. The opposition was concerned about children leaving for school in the dark. The act was amended in October 1974 (P.L. 93-434) to return to standard time for the period beginning October 27, 1974, and ending February 23, 1975, when DST resumed. When the trial ended in 1975, the country returned to observing summer DST (with the aforementioned exceptions).[7]

text: 1975–1986: Extension of daylight saving time[edit]

text: The DOT, evaluating the plan of extending DST into March, reported in 1975 that "modest overall benefits might be realized by a shift from the historic six-month DST (May through October) in areas of energy conservation, overall traffic safety and reduced violent crime." However, DOT also reported that these benefits were minimal and difficult to distinguish from seasonal variations and fluctuations in energy prices.[7]

text: Congress then asked the National Bureau of Standards (NBS, today NIST) to evaluate the DOT report. Its report, "Review and Technical Evaluation of the DOT Daylight Saving Time Study" (April 1976), found no significant energy savings or differences in traffic fatalities.[9] It did find statistically significant evidence of increased fatalities among school-age children in the mornings during the four-month period January–April 1974 as compared with the same period (non-DST) of 1973. NBS stated that it was impossible to determine, what, if any, of this increase was due to DST. When this data was compared between 1973 and 1974 for the months of March and April, no significant difference was found in fatalities among school-age children in the mornings.[7]

text: In 1986 Congress enacted P.L. 99-359, amending the Uniform Time Act by changing the beginning of DST to the first Sunday in April and having the end remain the last Sunday in October.[7] These start and end dates were in effect from 1987 to 2006. The time was adjusted at 2:00 a.m. local time.

text: 2005–2009: Second extension[edit]

text: By the Energy Policy Act of 2005, daylight saving time (DST) was extended in the United States beginning in 2007.[10] As from that year, DST begins on the second Sunday of March and ends on the first Sunday of November. In years when April 1 falls on Monday through Wednesday, these changes result in a DST period that is five weeks longer; in all other years the DST period is instead four weeks longer.[11] In 2008 daylight saving time ended at 2:00 a.m. DST (0200) (1:00 a.m. ST) on Sunday, November 2, and in 2009 it began at 2:00 a.m. (3:00 a.m. DST) on Sunday, March 8.[12]

text: Under Section 110 of the Act, the U.S. Department of Energy was required to study the impact of the 2007 DST extension no later than nine months after the change took effect. The report, released in October 2008, reported a nationwide electricity savings of 0.03% for the year of 2007.[13]

text: An October 2008 study conducted by the University of California at Santa Barbara for the National Bureau of Economic Research found that the 2006 DST adoption in Indiana increased energy consumption in Indiana by an average of 1%. Although consumption for lighting dropped as a result of the DST adoption, consumption for heating and cooling increased by 2% to 4%. The cost to the average Indiana household of the DST adoption was determined to be $3.29 per year, for an aggregate cost of $1.7 million to $5.5 million per year.[14]

text: The United States Chamber of Commerce has praised the extension of daylight's saving under the 2005 law, which increased the amount of shopping and commerce from after work in evenings. In the golf industry, the group has noted exceptional increase in revenue of "$200 million in additional sales of golf clubs and greens fees".[15] The extension of Daylight's Saving has also had a notable impact on Halloween and candy sales.[16] Wyoming Senator Michael Enzi and Michigan Representative Fred Upton advocated the extension from October into November especially to allow children to go trick-or-treating in more daylight.[17] In some areas, the extension of daylight saving time in March and November has pushed back sunrise to as late as 8:30 am.[16]

text: Procedure for modifications[edit]

text: Changing an area's time zone[edit]

text: Under the Standard Time Act of 1918, as amended by the Uniform Time Act of 1966, moving a state or an area within a state from one time zone to another requires a regulation issued by DOT. The governor or state legislature may initiate a request for the state or any part of the state; the highest elected officials in the county may make a request for that county. The standard in the statute for such decisions is the convenience of commerce in that area. The convenience of commerce is defined broadly to consider such circumstances as the shipment of goods within the community; the origin of television and radio broadcasts; the areas where most residents work, attend school, worship, or receive health care; the location of airports, railway, and bus stations; and the major elements of the community's economy.[7]

text: After receiving a request for altering a time zone, DOT determines whether it meets the requirement of minimum statutory criteria before issuing a notice of proposed rulemaking, soliciting public comment and scheduling a public hearing. Usually the hearing is held in the area requesting the change so that all affected parties can be represented. After the close of the comment period, the comments are reviewed and appropriate final action taken. If the Secretary agrees that the statutory requirement has been met, the change is instituted, usually at the next changeover to or from DST.[7]

text: Moving an area on or off DST[edit]

text: Under the Uniform Time Act, moving an area on or off DST is accomplished through legal action at the state level. Some states require legislation while others require executive action such as a governor's executive order. Information on procedures required in a specific state may be obtained from that state's legislature or governor's office. Although it may exempt itself, if a state decides to observe DST, the dates of observance must comply with federal legislation.[7]

text: Local DST observance[edit]

text: Alaska[edit]

text: This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2017)

text: Alaska observes DST. Due to its high latitude, Alaska has nearly round-the-clock daylight during summer, and DST is seen by some Alaskans as unnecessary and a nuisance. Another issue is that the Alaskan mainland's single time zone, which approximates solar time in the capital, Juneau, leads to a large disparity between civil time and solar time for much of the state, with solar noon occurring as late as 2:00 p.m. in the population centers of Anchorage and Fairbanks, and as late as 3:00 p.m. in places such as Nome. In Fairbanks, for example, sunset occurs well after civil midnight in the summer. Others argue that ending daylight saving time will place Alaska as much as five hours from Eastern Daylight Time, making coordination of travel and phone conversations more difficult.

text: In March 2015 the Alaska Senate passed a bill, introduced by state senator Anna MacKinnon, to end daylight saving time. The Alaska House formed a sub-committee that was due to look into the issue during the 2016 legislative session.[18]

text: Arizona[edit]

text: Arizona observed DST in 1967 under the Uniform Time Act because the state legislature did not enact an exemption statute that year. In March 1968 the DST exemption statute was enacted and the state of Arizona has not observed DST since 1967. This is in large part due to an effort to conserve energy. Phoenix and Tucson are among the hottest U.S. metropolitan areas during the summer, resulting in more power usage from air conditioning units and evaporative coolers in homes and businesses. An extra hour of sunlight while people are active would cause people to run their cooling systems longer, thereby using more energy.[19]

text: Reservations in Arizona[edit]

text: The Navajo Indian Reservation extends into Utah and New Mexico and does observe daylight saving time.[20] The Hopi Reservation is entirely within the state of Arizona and is an enclave within the Navajo Indian Reservation, but does not observe DST.

text: California[edit]

text: California voters passed Proposition 12[21] in 1949, approving DST in the state.[22] In February 2017, California Assembly member Kansen Chu introduced A.B. 807,[23] proposing to enable the legislature to eliminate DST in the state, or, if federal law allows, to adopt DST for the entire year.[24] However, Chu later shelved his bill in September 2017.[25]

text: Florida[edit]

text: Daylight time is less useful in Florida compared to other states because its southern location leads to less variations in day length between winter and summer. Without DST, Miami, for instance, would experience similar sunrise and sunset times throughout the year to cities including Honolulu or Hong Kong, which have both abandoned DST for decades. There is opposition to DST in Florida.[26] State senator Bill Posey introduced a bill in March 2008 to abolish daylight time in the state and keep Florida on year-round standard time.[27] Because Florida straddles two time zones, the Florida legislature has the option of returning all or part of the state to standard time along time zone boundaries (i.e. placing the portion of the state in the Eastern time zone on standard time, while leaving the portion in the Central time zone on DST, so that the whole state had a common time). There are currently no states that keep daylight saving time year round.

text: On March 6, 2018, the Florida Senate approved the “Sunshine Protection Act” which would put Florida on permanent Daylight Saving Time year round, and Governor Rick Scott signed it March 23. Congress would need to amend the existing 1966 federal law to allow the change.[15][28]

text: Hawaii[edit]

text: Hawaii has never observed daylight saving time under the Uniform Time Act, having opted out of the Act's provisions in 1967.[29]

text: Because of Hawaii's tropical latitude, there is not a large variation in daylight length between winter and summer. Advancing the clock in Hawaii would make sunrise times close to 7:00 a.m. even in June.[30] Most of the inhabited islands are located close to the west end of the Hawaii-Aleutian time zone, but Oahu, Kauai, and Niihau are located more than 7 degrees west of the Hawaii-Aleutian time zone's meridian and should, theoretically, be located in the next time zone to the west. (Until about 1946 Hawaiian standard time was based on longitude 157.5 degrees west rather than 150 degrees.)

text: On April 26, 1933, the Territorial Legislature enacted a bill placing Hawaii on daylight saving time from the last Sunday in April (April 30 in that year) to the last Sunday in September, but the law was repealed three weeks later on May 21, 1933.[31] During World War II between February 9, 1942 and September 30, 1945, Hawaiian Standard Time was advanced one hour to so-called "Hawaiian War Time," effectively placing the territory on year-round daylight saving time.[32]

text: Indiana[edit]

text: From 1970 until 2006, most of Indiana in the Eastern Time Zone did not observe daylight saving time, but the entire state started to do so in April 2006 after eight counties in western Indiana were shifted from the Central Time Zone to the Eastern Time Zone.[33] One goal for observing DST was to get more Indiana counties observing the same time zone; formerly, 77 counties observed EST, 5 observed EST/EDT (the EDT usage being unofficial only), and 10 observed CST/CDT. As of 2016[update], Indiana has 12 counties observing Central Daylight Time while the remaining 80 counties observe Eastern Daylight Time. Those counties observing CST are in two groups: one near or in the Chicago metropolitan area, and the other around Evansville in the southwest corner of the state.

text: Michigan[edit]

text: In 1967, the Michigan Legislature adopted a statute, Act 6 of the Public Acts of 1967, exempting the state from the observance of DST. The exemption statute was suspended on June 14, 1967, however, when the referendum was invoked. From June 14, 1967 until the last Sunday in October 1967, Michigan observed DST, and did so in 1968 as well. The exemption statute was submitted to the voters at the General Election held in November 1968, and, in a close vote, the exemption statute was sustained. As a result, Michigan did not observe DST in 1969, 1970, 1971, or 1972. (Radio station CKLW in Windsor, Ontario, just across the river from Detroit, was popular on both sides of the border and would often give both times on the air, e.g. "It's 4:30 in Detroit and 5:30 in Windsor!") In November 1972, an initiative measure, repealing the exemption statute, was approved by the voters. Michigan again observed DST in 1973, and has continued to do so since then.

text: The vast majority of Michigan is in the Eastern Time Zone. Only the Upper Peninsula counties that border Wisconsin (Gogebic, Iron, Dickinson, and Menominee) are in the Central Time Zone.

text: Nevada[edit]

text: In 2015, the Nevada Senate passed Nevada Assembly Joint Resolution 4[34], which urged Congress to enact legislation allowing individual states to establish daylight saving time as the standard time in their respective states throughout the calendar year. This would mean that Nevada is on the same time as Arizona all year, but would be an hour ahead of California in the winter.[35] The United States Congress has not yet enacted any enabling legislation in this regard.

text: Washington[edit]

text: In 2015, Rep. Elizabeth Scott (R-Monroe) filed a House bill to end DST in Washington, and a companion bill was filed in the Senate.[36] She told a House committee that the semiannual time switches are not only inconvenient but lead to health problems and accidents due to lost sleep.[37] She added that the bill to drop daylight saving time would reduce heart attacks, car wrecks, and work accidents found to increase with the sleep-schedule disruptions.[36] A different Senate Bill would petition the federal government for year-round DST.[36] The bills were defeated.[38]

text: Other U.S. locations[edit]

text: All U.S. insular territories with civilian government (American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands) lie in the tropics and do not observe DST.

text: While neighboring Samoa began observing DST in September 2010, the smaller American Samoa cannot legally follow because of the DST observation period mandated by the Uniform Time Act. This period is actually wintertime in this Southern Hemisphere territory.

text: Time zones[edit]

text: Many computer operating systems (such as Microsoft Windows, Linux, UNIX, and macOS) and programming languages (such as Java, perl, and most shell languages) allow a local time zone setting in the format of (standard time zone abbreviation)(UTC hour difference)(daylight saving time zone abbreviation). This allows programs and programming languages that must do calculations based on local time to more easily calculate differences between local time and UTC, as well as knowing whether calculations should be changed during daylight saving time. For example, a time zone setting of EST5EDT indicates that local time on the computer is 5 hours behind UTC and should be adjusted for daylight saving time.

text:
Time Zone
Standard Time
Daylight Saving Time
TZ

Atlantic Time Zone
AST (UTC-4)
ADT (UTC-3)
AST4ADT

Eastern Time Zone
EST (UTC-5)
EDT (UTC-4)
EST5EDT

Central Time Zone
CST (UTC-6)
CDT (UTC-5)
CST6CDT

Mountain Time Zone
MST (UTC-7)
MDT (UTC-6)
MST7MDT

Pacific Time Zone
PST (UTC-8)
PDT (UTC-7)
PST8PDT

Alaska Time Zone
AKST (UTC-9)
AKDT (UTC-8)
AKST9AKDT

Hawaii–Aleutian Time Zone
HAST (UTC-10)
HADT (UTC-9)
Aleutian Islands only
HAST10HADT


document_title: Project Mc2

question_text: when is part 6 of project mc squared coming out

root

text: Project Mc2

text: Plot[edit]

text: The series is set in a fictional city called Maywood Glen, California, it revolves around the fields of STEAM, and the adventures of McKeyla McAlister and her best friends, who work for a government organization called NOV8 (pronounced "innovate"), a highly secretive group of teenage female government operatives who are trying to protect the world.

tag: p

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Mika Abdalla as McKeyla McAlister, the lead girl and an agent of NOV8. At the beginning of Part 4, she was given the name "The Owl".
Ysa Penarejo as Camryn Coyle, the engineer with a high IQ
Victoria Vida as Adrienne Attoms, the culinary chemist from Spain[2] who always wears high heels
Genneya Walton as Bryden Bandweth, the tech junkie of the group
Antonio Marziale as Prince Xander (main: Part 1, recurring: Part 4)
Marcus Choi (main: Part 1) and Ash Lee (recurring: Part 5) as Charles Coyle
Madeline Whitby as Jillian (Part 1)
Bernardo De Paula as Defector (Part 1)
Troy Fromin as George the Security Guard (Part 1)
Oliver Vaquer as Francois (Part 1)
Danica McKellar as the Quail (Parts 1–2, 4–6), the group's chief intelligence agent in NOV8[3] and McKeyla's mother[4]
Alyssa Lynch (main: Parts 2–4[note 1]) and Maddie Phillips (recurring: Part 5) as Devon D'Marco
Belle Shouse as Ember Evergreen (Parts 2–6)

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Jonathon Buckley as Henry (Part 1)
Melissa Mabie as A.D.I.S.N. (voice), McKeyla's talking notebook. Her name is short for "Advanced Digital Intelligence Spy Notebook".[5] It is pronounced as "Addison".
Johanna Newmarch as Carson Lazarus (Parts 2–3)
Ty Wood as Justin (Parts 2–3)
Maxwell Haynes as Kyle (Parts 2–6)
Adrian Petriw as Retro (voice; Part 2)
Kurt Evans as Assistant Principal Wilson (Part 2)
Vanessa Parise as the Falcon (Part 3), McKeyla's aunt Montana[6] who is also a substitute for the Quail while she's off the grid
Sarah Desjardins as Maddy McAlister (Parts 3–4, 6), McKeyla's big sister. At the beginning of Part 4, she was given the name "The Nighthawk".
Adam Beauchesne as Simon Temple (Part 3)
Emily Delahunty as Tessa (Part 5)
Houston Stevenson as Zach (Parts 5–6)
Jody Thompson as Jenny Wallis (Part 5)
Catherine Haggquist as Dr. A. Crawford (Part 5)
Richard Ian Cox as Professor Kato (Part 5)
Jay Hindle as Max McAlister (Part 6), McKeyla's father
Chris Rosamond as Bobby Stone (Part 6)
Loretta Walsh as Charlotte Adele (Part 6)

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Part
Episodes
Originally released

1
3
August 7, 2015 (2015-08-07)

2
6
August 12, 2016 (2016-08-12)

3
6
October 14, 2016 (2016-10-14)

4
1
February 14, 2017 (2017-02-14)

5
5
September 15, 2017 (2017-09-15)

6
5
November 7, 2017 (2017-11-07)

tag: table

text: Part 1 (2015)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in part
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date

1
1
"The New Girl"
Michael Younesi
Jordana Arkin
August 7, 2015 (2015-08-07)

McKeyla McAlister receives a new mission. She transfers to a school in Maywood Glen, where she bumps into two girls, Camryn and Bryden. A computer AI program in her notebook, A.D.I.S.N., accidentally speaks in front of the girls, which causes them to become suspicious. Meanwhile, Space Inc. receives an anonymous phone call threatening them with serious consequences for everyone if they don't cancel Prince Xander's space flight. Camryn's dad remembers that he left his laptop closed at the office, but when he went back in the morning, it was open. The girls suspect McKeyla is involved, and ask Adrienne to help them get the fingerprint from the laptop. They steal McKeyla's pen and manage to get a partial fingerprint match. They follow her, but shortly, McKeyla notices that they had given her a camera pen and catches the girls spying on her. They get into the house before she can stop them, and they meet McKeyla's boss, the Quail, who is a member of NOV8. She reveals that they are trying to protect the prince, and invites the girls to join McKeyla in the mission.

2
2
"Secret Agenting"
Michael Younesi
Jordana Arkin
August 7, 2015 (2015-08-07)

McKeyla is doubting that the girls can take the job seriously enough, and would prefer working alone, but NOV8 wants her to have extra support due to the threat against the prince. McKeyla wants the girls to show her their skills. Adrienne makes a volcano cake. Bryden takes a picture of McKeyla and hacks into her lab's wireless system to display it on every screen in the lab. Camryn makes a "portable police scanner with added features", which they use to locate the prince. The girls notice a suspicious car, and manage to distract the guards and break into the facility where they're keeping the prince. They warn the prince that someone might be trying to kidnap him, and they take him to Bryden's house. NOV8 discovers that the prince's capsule will come close to a U.S. government cyber-satellite at the peak of his flight. Meanwhile, their location is discovered because Bryden tweeted from there, so they take the prince to a NOV8 safe house. Later, they find out that the logo they saw on the car belongs to a cyber security company called Black Star. A few minutes later, the girls get distracted and the prince disappears.

3
3
"Smart Is the New Cool"
Michael Younesi
Jordana Arkin
August 7, 2015 (2015-08-07)

The girls research the organization called Black Star, and interrogate one of their top agents, who believes that they are doing wrong but is too scared to turn them in to the authorities. It turns out that they were not trying to kidnap the prince at all, but instead they are using his luggage to store a device that can be used to hack into a government satellite. It will allow Black Star to access each and every person's personal data, such as email, texting, and other information that they can then sell for billions of dollars. The four sneak into the launch site, find the device inside the prince's luggage, and destroy it before they are caught by security. Black Star's head, Darone, is caught and Jillian, the prince's assistant, is revealed to be working for them out of contempt that the prince can boss her around and she can do nothing about it, and sent to jail as well. In the end, the prince goes to space and he sends the girls a Snapchat from space, and McKeyla is given permission from the Quail to stay at Maywood Glen as her base. She is shown to be attending school with her friends.

text: Part 2 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in part
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date

4
1
"Back to Basics"
Michael Younesi
Mitchel Katlin & Nat Bernstein
August 12, 2016 (2016-08-12)

The four girls are demoted back to basics after they make a big deal out of saving the prince in Part 1. They are not allowed on any mission, even as a suspicious figure, Carson Lazarus, a criminal mastermind, is released from jail. Soon after, a figure who calls themselves "Retro" causes all technology to malfunction and glitch in Maywood Glen. The girls strongly suspect that the two are linked. The video shows that in the background, there is something labeled "Property of MGA" – where MGA stands for Maywood Glen Academy – and it is very possible that Retro is a student at the academy. Meanwhile, McKeyla tries to fit in and becomes "study buddies" with Kyle Lewis, a rather awkward and suspicious teenager.

5
2
"No Laughing Matter"
Michael Younesi
Paul Ciancarelli & David DiPietro
August 12, 2016 (2016-08-12)

The Quail allows the four girls to figure out this case. McKeyla becomes increasingly suspicious of Kyle, but soon dismisses the idea of him being Retro. They also suspect Devon D'Marco, a troublemaker, as she spray-paints handcuffs on a picture of a drone on a poster about the upcoming launch. All four girls except Bry, who has to babysit, make ways to get detention on Saturday with Devon. Bry runs a vocal recognition as Cam and Adri confront the troublemaker and McKeyla looks through her bag. Devon is proven to be innocent, just using the school's 3D printer to make skulls for her nana's birthday. The three hide in the janitor's closet as the assistant principal walks by, and find out that Retro is planning to send a radio signal to the drone, making it crash, and pipe laughing gas through the vents so when the drone crashes, everybody will be laughing. The girls block the radio signal, and heat up the gas so it separates and becomes harmless.

6
3
"Trashed"
Vanessa Parise
Jessica Kaminsky
August 12, 2016 (2016-08-12)

7
4
"Dam Fine Mess"
Vanessa Parise
Elizabeth Hackett & Hilary Galanoy
August 12, 2016 (2016-08-12)

8
5
"Bye Bye Birdie"
Michael Younesi
Annie Burgstede & Kate Duffy
August 12, 2016 (2016-08-12)

9
6
"Mission Totally Possible"
Michael Younesi
Kathy Fischer
August 12, 2016 (2016-08-12)

text: Part 3 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in part
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date

10
1
"Finding Maddy"
Michael Robison
Nat Bernstein & Mitchel Katlin
October 14, 2016 (2016-10-14)

11
2
"Gummying Up the Works"
Michael Robison
Paul Ciancarelli & David DiPietro
October 14, 2016 (2016-10-14)

12
3
"Crate Expectations"
Ken Friss
Jessica Kaminsky
October 14, 2016 (2016-10-14)

13
4
"One Track Mind"
Ken Friss
Elizabeth Hackett & Hilary Galanoy
October 14, 2016 (2016-10-14)

14
5
"Simon Sayz"
Jon Rosenbaum
Elaine Aronson
October 14, 2016 (2016-10-14)

15
6
"Ear Today. Gone Tomorrow"
Jon Rosenbaum
Kathy Fischer
October 14, 2016 (2016-10-14)

text: Part 4 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in part
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date

16
1
"A Royal Pain"
Ken Friss
Elizabeth Hackett & Hilary Galanoy
February 14, 2017 (2017-02-14)

text: Part 5 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in part
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date

17
1
"If You Fail on Mars Can Anyone Hear You Scream"
Ken Friss
Mitchel Katlin
September 15, 2017 (2017-09-15)

18
2
"Nanobots, Souffles and Gray Goo, Oh My"
Ken Friss
Nat Bernstein
September 15, 2017 (2017-09-15)

19
3
"Bad Air Day"
Michael Younesi
Elizabeth Hackett & Hilary Galanoy
September 15, 2017 (2017-09-15)

20
4
"Totally Marble Nailed It"
Michael Younesi
Kathleen Fischer
September 15, 2017 (2017-09-15)

21
5
"Gray Goo on the Loose"
Ken Friss
Nat Bernstein & Mitchel Katlin
September 15, 2017 (2017-09-15)

text: Part 6 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in part
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date

22
1
"Stone Acres Is the Place to Be"
Ken Friss
Mitchel Katlin
November 7, 2017 (2017-11-07)

23
2
"Smoke Gets in Your Eyes"
Allan Harmon
Elaine Aronson
November 7, 2017 (2017-11-07)

24
3
"Zorro Dark Thirty"
Allan Harmon
Elizabeth Hackett & Hilary Galanoy
November 7, 2017 (2017-11-07)

25
4
"Water from a Bobby Store"
Ken Friss
Kathleen Fischer
November 7, 2017 (2017-11-07)

26
5
"Family Affair"
Ken Friss
Elaine Aronson
November 7, 2017 (2017-11-07)

text: Production[edit]

text: The first season of the series, consisting of three episodes, was released on August 7, 2015.[7] On April 6, 2016, Netflix announced that the series has been renewed for its second and third seasons. The second season was released on August 12, 2016,[8] and the third season was released on October 14, 2016.[9] Both consisted of six episodes. An extended 34-minute Valentine's Day special was released as the first and only episode of the fourth season on February 14, 2017.[10] A fifth season consisting of five episodes was released on September 15, 2017. A sixth season, also consisting of five episodes, was released on November 7, 2017.

text: The series is filmed primarily in and around the San Fernando Valley area of Los Angeles, including Chatsworth, Woodland Hills, Van Nuys, and Northridge, as well as in Alhambra.

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ Lynch appears in archive footage, and is credited, in the final episode of Part 6, "Family Affair".

tag: ol


document_title: Far from the Madding Crowd

question_text: who played captain troy in far from the madding crowd

text: Far from the Madding Crowd

text: Plot[edit]

text: Gabriel Oak is a young shepherd. With the savings of a frugal life, and a loan, he has leased and stocked a sheep farm. He falls in love with a newcomer six years his junior, Bathsheba Everdene, a proud beauty who arrives to live with her aunt, Mrs. Hurst. Over time, Bathsheba and Gabriel grow to like each other well enough, and Bathsheba even saves his life once. However, when he makes her an unadorned offer of marriage, she refuses; she values her independence too much, and him too little. Feeling betrayed and embarrassed, Gabriel offers blunt protestations that only foster her haughtiness. After a few days, she moves to Weatherbury, a village some miles off.

text: When next they meet, their circumstances have changed drastically. An inexperienced new sheepdog drives Gabriel's flock over a cliff, ruining him. After selling off everything of value, he manages to settle all his debts but emerges penniless. He seeks employment at a hiring fair in the town of Casterbridge. When he finds none, he heads to another such fair in Shottsford, a town about ten miles from Weatherbury. On the way, he happens upon a dangerous fire on a farm and leads the bystanders in putting it out. When the veiled owner comes to thank him, he asks if she needs a shepherd. She uncovers her face and reveals herself to be none other than Bathsheba. She has recently inherited her uncle's estate and is now wealthy. Though somewhat uncomfortable, she employs him.

text: Bathsheba's valentine to Boldwood[edit]

text: Meanwhile, Bathsheba has a new admirer: the lonely and repressed William Boldwood. Boldwood is a prosperous farmer of about forty, whose ardour Bathsheba unwittingly awakens when – her curiosity piqued because he has never bestowed on her the customary admiring glance – she playfully sends him a valentine sealed with red wax on which she has embossed the words, "Marry me". Boldwood, not realising the valentine was a jest, becomes obsessed with Bathsheba and soon proposes marriage. Although she does not love him, she toys with the idea of accepting his offer; he is, after all, the most eligible bachelor in the district. However, she postpones giving him a definite answer. When Gabriel rebukes her for her thoughtlessness regarding Boldwood, she dismisses him.

text: When Bathsheba's sheep begin dying from bloat, she discovers to her chagrin that Gabriel is the only man who knows how to cure them. Her pride delays the inevitable, but finally she is forced to beg him for help. Afterwards, she offers him back his job and their friendship is restored.

text: Sergeant Troy returns[edit]

text: At this point, the dashing Sergeant Francis "Frank" Troy returns to his native Weatherbury and by chance encounters Bathsheba one night. Her initial dislike turns to infatuation after he excites her with a private display of swordsmanship. Gabriel observes Bathsheba's interest in the young soldier and tries to discourage it, telling her she would be better off marrying Boldwood. Boldwood becomes aggressive towards Troy, and Bathsheba goes to Bath to prevent Troy returning to Weatherbury, as she fears Troy may be harmed on meeting Boldwood. On their return, Boldwood offers his rival a large bribe to give up Bathsheba. Troy pretends to consider the offer, then scornfully announces they are already married. Boldwood withdraws, humiliated, and vows revenge.

text: Bathsheba soon discovers that her new husband is an improvident gambler with little interest in farming. Worse, she begins to suspect he does not love her. In fact, Troy's heart belongs to her former servant, Fanny Robin. Before meeting Bathsheba, Troy had promised to marry Fanny; on the wedding day, however, the luckless girl went to the wrong church. She explained her mistake, but Troy, humiliated at being left at the altar, angrily called off the wedding. When they parted, unbeknownst to Troy, Fanny was pregnant with his child.

text: Fanny Robin[edit]

text: Some months later, Troy and Bathsheba encounter Fanny on the road, destitute, as she painfully makes her way toward the Casterbridge workhouse. Troy sends his wife onward with the horse and gig before she can recognise the girl, then gives Fanny all the money in his pocket, telling her he will give her more in a few days. Fanny uses up the last of her strength to reach her destination. A few hours later, she dies in childbirth, along with the baby. Mother and child are then placed in a coffin and sent home to Weatherbury for interment. Gabriel, who has long known of Troy's relationship with Fanny, tries to conceal the child's existence – but Bathsheba agrees that the coffin can be left in her house overnight, from her sense of duty towards a former servant of the household.[2] Her new servant, Liddy, repeats the rumour that Fanny had a child; when all the servants are in bed, Bathsheba unscrews the lid and sees the two bodies inside.

text: Troy then comes home from Casterbridge, where he had gone to keep his appointment with Fanny. Seeing the reason for her failure to meet him, he gently kisses the corpse and tells the anguished Bathsheba, "This woman is more to me, dead as she is, than ever you were, or are, or can be". The next day he spends all his money on a marble tombstone with the inscription: "Erected by Francis Troy in beloved memory of Fanny Robin ..." Then, loathing himself and unable to bear Bathsheba's company, he leaves. After a long walk he bathes in the sea, leaving his clothes on the beach. A strong current carries him away, but he is rescued by a rowing boat.

text: Climax[edit]

text: A year later, with Troy presumed drowned, Boldwood renews his suit. Burdened with guilt over the pain she has caused him, Bathsheba reluctantly consents to marry him in six years, long enough to have Troy declared dead.

text: Troy, however, is not dead. When he learns that Boldwood is again courting Bathsheba, he returns to Weatherbury on Christmas Eve to claim his wife. He goes to Boldwood's house, where a party is under way, and orders Bathsheba to come with him; when she shrinks back in surprise, he seizes her arm, and she screams. At this, Boldwood shoots Troy dead and tries unsuccessfully to turn the gun on himself. Although Boldwood is condemned to hang for murder, his friends petition the Home Secretary for mercy, citing insanity. This is granted, and Boldwood's sentence is changed to "confinement during Her Majesty's pleasure". Bathsheba, profoundly chastened by guilt and grief, buries her husband in the same grave as Fanny and the child, and adds a suitable inscription.

text: Ending[edit]

text: Throughout her tribulations, Bathsheba comes to rely increasingly on her oldest and, as she admits to herself, only real friend, Gabriel. When he gives notice that he is leaving her employ, she realises how important he has become to her well-being. That night, she goes alone to visit him in his cottage, to find out why he is deserting her. Pressed, he reluctantly reveals that it is because people have been injuring her good name by gossiping that he wants to marry her. She exclaims that it is "... too absurd – too soon – to think of, by far!" He bitterly agrees that it is absurd, but when she corrects him, saying that it is only "too soon", he is emboldened to ask once again for her hand in marriage. She accepts, and the two are quietly wed.

text: Title[edit]

text: Hardy took the title from Thomas Gray's poem Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard (1751).

text:
Far from the madding crowd's ignoble strife
Their sober wishes never learn'd to stray;
Along the cool sequester'd vale of life
They kept the noiseless tenor of their way.

text: "Madding" here means "frenzied".[3]

text: Lucasta Miller points out that the title is an ironic literary joke as Gray is idealising the noiselessness and sequestered calm whereas Hardy "disrupts the idyll, and not just by introducing the sound and fury of an extreme plot ... he is out to subvert his readers' complacency".[4]

text: Hardy's Wessex[edit]

text: Far from the Madding Crowd offers in ample measure the details of English rural life that Hardy so relished.[5]

text: Hardy first employed the term "Wessex" in Far from the Madding Crowd to describe the "partly real, partly dream-country" that unifies his novels of South West England. He found the word in the pages of early English history as a designation for an extinct, pre-Norman conquest kingdom, the Wessex from which Alfred the Great established England.[6] In the first edition, the word "Wessex" is used only once, in chapter 50; Hardy extended the reference for the 1895 edition.[7] The village of Puddletown, near Dorchester, is the inspiration for the novel's Weatherbury. Dorchester, in turn, inspired Hardy's Casterbridge.[8]

text: In The Mayor of Casterbridge, Hardy briefly mentions two characters from Far from the Madding Crowd – Farmer Everdene and Farmer Boldwood, both in happier days.

text: Honours[edit]

text: In 2003, the novel was listed at number 48 on the BBC's survey The Big Read.[9] In 2007, the book finished 10th on the Guardian's list of greatest love stories of all time.[10]

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: Radio[edit]

text: The novel was adapted by Graham White in 2012 into a three-part series on BBC Radio 4's Classic Serial. The production was directed by Jessica Dromgoole and featured Alex Tregear as Bathsheba, Shaun Dooley as Gabriel, Toby Jones as Boldwood and Patrick Kennedy as Troy.

text: Comics[edit]

text: Tamara Drewe is a comic strip serial based upon a modern reworking of the novel by Posy Simmonds. It was itself adapted into a film, Tamara Drewe (2010), directed by Stephen Frears.

text: Film[edit]

text:
Far from the Madding Crowd (1915) directed by Laurence Trimble, starring Florence Turner and Henry Edwards.
Far from the Madding Crowd (1967) directed by John Schlesinger, starring Julie Christie as Bathsheba Everdene, Terence Stamp as Sergeant Troy, Peter Finch as Mr Boldwood, and Alan Bates as Farmer Oak.
Far from the Madding Crowd (1998) directed by Nicholas Renton, starring Paloma Baeza, Nathaniel Parker, Jonathan Firth and Nigel Terry.
Far from the Madding Crowd (2015) directed by Thomas Vinterberg, screenplay by David Nicholls, with Carey Mulligan as Bathsheba Everdene, Matthias Schoenaerts as Farmer Oak, Michael Sheen as Mr Boldwood, Tom Sturridge as Sergeant Troy and Juno Temple as Fanny Robin.[11][12]

text: Stage productions[edit]

text: Dance[edit]

text: Far from the Madding Crowd (1996) is a ballet by David Bintley for the Birmingham Royal Ballet[citation needed]

text: Musical[edit]

text: Far from the Madding Crowd (2000), a musical with music by Gary Schocker, based on the novel

text: Opera[edit]

text: Far from the Madding Crowd (2006) is an opera by Andrew Downes

text: Plays[edit]

text:
Hardy wrote an 1882 stage adaptation with J. Comyns Carr, which starred Marion Terry
In autumn 2008, English Touring Theatre (ETT) toured Britain with a new stage adaptation of Far from the Madding Crowd directed by Kate Saxon[13]
In March 2013 Myriad Theatre & Film toured South-East England with their original stage adaptation of Far from the Madding Crowd for five actors. The show also incorporated some of Hardy's poetry.

text: Other[edit]

text: In October 2016, the first episode of a web series transmedia modernisation of the novel, Away from it All, was released.[14] Based around the antics and video blogs of a group of twenty-somethings working at a village pub, the series was created by Hazel Jeffs.

text: References in popular culture[edit]

text: Anime[edit]

text: Episode 20 of the anime Kill la Kill, is titled "Far from the Madding Crowd".

text: Music[edit]

text:
British musician Nick Bracegirdle, better known as Chicane, released Far from the Maddening Crowds, a studio album, in 1997.
In 2000, the New York rock band Nine Days titled their debut The Madding Crowd to express their allegiance to modernity in opposition to Hardy.[15]
The Danish metal band Wuthering Heights released a studio album, Far From the Madding Crowd in 2004.
Nanci Griffith included the lyric "You're a Saturday night, Far from the madding crowd" in the song On Grafton Street on her 1994 release Flyer.


document_title: Malice (law)

question_text: two kinds of malice recognized by law are

text: Malice (law)

text:
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text:
Criminal law

Elements

Actus reus
Mens rea
Causation
Concurrence

Scope of criminal liability

Complicity
Corporate
Vicarious

Severity of offense

Felony
Infraction (also called violation)
Misdemeanor

Inchoate offenses

Attempt
Conspiracy
Incitement
Solicitation

Offence against the person

Assassination
Assault
Battery
Bigamy
Criminal negligence
False imprisonment
Home invasion
Homicide
Kidnapping
Manslaughter (corporate)
Mayhem
Murder

corporate

Negligent homicide
Public indecency
Rape
Robbery
Sexual assault

Crimes against property

Arson
Blackmail
Bribery
Burglary
Embezzlement
Extortion
False pretenses
Fraud
Larceny
Payola
Pickpocketing
Possessing stolen property
Robbery
Smuggling
Tax evasion
Theft

Crimes against justice

Compounding
Malfeasance in office
Miscarriage of justice
Misprision
Obstruction
Perjury
Perverting the course of justice

Victimless crimes

Adultery
Apostasy
Buggery
Providing contraception information (Comstock law)
Dueling
Fornication
Gambling
Incest
Lewd and lascivious behavior
Exhibitionism
Creation of obscenity
Prostitution
Recreational drug use (including alcohol, when prohibited)
Sodomy
Suicide

Crimes against animals

Cruelty to animals
Wildlife smuggling
Bestiality

Defences to liability

Automatism
Consent
Defence of property
Diminished responsibility
Duress
Entrapment
Ignorantia juris non excusat
Infancy
Insanity
Justification
Mistake (of law)
Necessity
Provocation
Self-defence

Other common-law areas

Contracts
Evidence
Property
Torts
Wills, trusts and estates

Portals

Criminal justice
Law

v
t
e

text: Malice is a legal term referring to a party's intention to do injury to another party. Malice is either expressed or implied. Malice is expressed when there is manifested a deliberate intention to unlawfully take away the life of a human being. Malice is implied when no considerable provocation appears, or when the circumstances attending the killing show an abandoned and malignant heart. Cal. Pen. Code § 188. Malice, in a legal sense, may be inferred from the evidence and imputed to the defendant, depending on the nature of the case.

text: In many kinds of cases, malice must be found to exist in order to convict (for example malice is an element of the crime of arson in many jurisdictions). In civil law cases, a finding of malice allows for the award of greater damages, or for punitive damages. The legal concept of malice is most common in Anglo-American law, and in legal systems derived from the English common law system.

text: In English civil law (being the law of England and Wales), relevant case law in negligence and misfeasance in a public office includes Dunlop v. Woollahra Municipal Council [1982] A.C. 158; Bourgoin S.A. v. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food [1986] Q.B. 716; Jones v Swansea City Council [1990] 1 WLR 1453; Three Rivers District Council and Others v Governor and Company of The Bank of England [2000][1] and Elguzouli-Daf v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis [1995] 2 QB 335 in which Steyn LJ. found that malice could be made out if the acts were done with an actual intention to cause injury. Malice could be shown if the acts were done in the knowledge of invalidity or lack of power and with knowledge that it would cause or be likely to cause injury. Malice would also exist if the acts were done with reckless indifference or deliberate blindness to that invalidity or lack of power and that likely injury. These elements, with respect, are consistent with the views of the majority albeit that some of those views were expressed tentatively having regard to the basis upon which the case before them was presented.

text: In English criminal law on mens rea (Latin for "guilty mind"), R v. Cunningham (1957) 2 AER 412 was the pivotal case in establishing both that the test for "maliciously" was subjective rather than objective, and that malice was inevitably linked to recklessness. In that case, a man released gas from the mains into adjoining houses while attempting to steal money from the pay-meter:

text:
an actual intention to do the particular kind of harm that in fact was done; or
recklessness as to whether such harm should occur or not (i.e. the accused has foreseen that the particular kind of harm might be done and yet has gone on to take the risk of it).

text: Lord Diplock confirmed the relationship to recklessness in R v Mowatt (1968) 1 QB 421:

text: In the United States, the malice standard was set in the Supreme Court case of New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, allowing free reporting of the civil rights campaign. The malice standard decides whether press reports about a public figure can be considered defamation or libel.

text: Malice murder[edit]