document_title: Great Basin Desert

question_text: what is the climate of the great basin

question_tokens: what is the climate of the great basin

text: Great Basin Desert

text: Definition and boundaries[edit]

text: The Great Basin Desert is defined by its animals and plants,[4] yet the boundaries are unclear.[10]

text: Scientists have different definitions of the Great Basin Desert, which are often defined by negatives. J. Robert Macey defines the "Great Basin scrub desert as lacking creosote bush."[11] The Great Basin Desert includes several arid basins lacking Larrea tridentata (chaparral) such as the "Chalfant, Hammil, Benton, and Queen valleys," as well as all but the southeast portion of the Owens Valley. Conversely, the "Panamint, Saline, and Eureka valleys" have creosote bush, unlike the Deep Springs Valley which includes part of the Great Basin scrub desert.[11]

text: The study and definition of ecoregions can also indicate the boundaries of the Great Basin Desert. In 1987, J.M. Omernik defined a desert ecoregion between the Sierra Nevada and Wasatch Range, naming it the "Northern Basin and Range" ecoregion.[12] In 1999, the U.S. EPA renamed the "Northern Basin and Range" to "Central Basin and Range" and the "(Snake River) High Desert" to the "Northern Basin and Range".[13][a] The World Wildlife Fund adopted the Basin and Range ecoregions from Omernik,[14] but excised a small region of high-altitude areas which contain Holocene refugia,[15] from the former "Northern Basin and Range" ecoregion and renamed it the "Great Basin Shrub Steppe".[3][14] Although the EPA had refined the boundaries of the Central Basin and Range ecoregion by 2003,[13][b] when USGS geographer Christopher Soulard wrote his reports on the region, his maps used the 1999 boundary for the "Central Basin and Range",[1] which is essentially the same as the "Great Basin Shrub Steppe".[c] He states that the Great Basin Desert is "encompassed within" that area.[1]

text: This article describes the general ecology of the region, including the high-elevation areas, and does not rely on minor differences in the definitions of the ecoregion or desert. See Great Basin montane forests for more specific details on the high-elevation ecoregion.

text: Climate[edit]

text: The climate of the Great Basin desert is characterized by extremes: hot, dry summers and cold, snowy winters; frigid alpine ridges and warm, windy valleys; days over 90 °F (32 °C) followed by nights near 40 °F (4 °C). This is the climate of the high desert.[17]

text: The Great Basin desert climate begins with the Sierra Nevada in eastern California. Rising 14,000 feet (4,300 m) above sea level, this mountain range casts a large rain shadow over the desert. Weather coming in from the Pacific Ocean quickly loses its moisture as rain and snow as it is forced up and over the steep mountains. By the time it reaches the east side of the mountains, little moisture is left to bring to the desert. The rain shadow effect is more pronounced closer to the Sierra Nevada, with yearly precipitation in the Great Basin desert averaging 9 inches (230 mm) in the west and 12 inches (300 mm) inches in the east.[17] Moisture that manages to reach the ecoregion tends to precipitate as rain and snow in higher elevations, primarily over the region’s long, parallel mountains.[10] Ultimately, any precipitation that falls within the desert fails to drain either to the Atlantic Ocean or to the Pacific Ocean (thus the term "basin"). Instead, precipitation drains to ephemeral or saline lakes via streams, or disappears via evaporation or absorption into the soil.[5][6] The desert is the coldest of the deserts in North America.[5]

text: On any given day, the weather across the Great Basin desert is variable. The region is extremely mountainous, and the temperatures vary depending on the elevation. In general, temperature decreases 3.6 degrees F for every 1000 feet gained in elevation. This translates to as much as a 30 °F (17 °C) difference between mountain tops and valley floors on the same day at the same time. In the heat of summer this difference can be even more pronounced. With some exceptions, wind generally increases with elevation or altitude, and thus strong winds are often encountered on mountain tops and ridges.[17]

text: This dry climate and rugged topography proves too harsh for many plant and animal species; however, genetic adaptations to these conditions have led to reasonably high species richness within the ecoregion.[6]

text: The Great Basin National Park, located in a central part of the Great Basin desert, provides perhaps the best example of a typical climate for the region.

text:
[show]Climate data for Great Basin National Park - Lehman Caves Visitor Center (elevation 6,840 feet (2,080 m))

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °F (°C)
67
(19)
66
(19)
74
(23)
81
(27)
91
(33)
97
(36)
100
(38)
96
(36)
93
(34)
83
(28)
77
(25)
67
(19)
100
(38)

Average high °F (°C)
40.5
(4.7)
42.8
(6)
48.7
(9.3)
56.7
(13.7)
66.5
(19.2)
77.4
(25.2)
85.7
(29.8)
83.3
(28.5)
74.5
(23.6)
61.7
(16.5)
48.4
(9.1)
41.1
(5.1)
60.6
(15.9)

Average low °F (°C)
18.9
(−7.3)
21.2
(−6)
25.5
(−3.6)
31.5
(−0.3)
40.0
(4.4)
49.0
(9.4)
57.4
(14.1)
55.8
(13.2)
47.0
(8.3)
37.1
(2.8)
25.9
(−3.4)
19.6
(−6.9)
35.7
(2.1)

Record low °F (°C)
−20
(−29)
−15
(−26)
−2
(−19)
0
(−18)
6
(−14)
14
(−10)
32
(0)
32
(0)
10
(−12)
6
(−14)
−12
(−24)
−19
(−28)
−20
(−29)

Average precipitation inches (mm)
1.05
(26.7)
1.18
(30)
1.37
(34.8)
1.21
(30.7)
1.24
(31.5)
0.87
(22.1)
0.97
(24.6)
1.18
(30)
1.08
(27.4)
1.24
(31.5)
0.97
(24.6)
0.96
(24.4)
13.33
(338.6)

Average snowfall inches (cm)
12.8
(32.5)
13.8
(35.1)
13.2
(33.5)
7.1
(18)
2.1
(5.3)
0.2
(0.5)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0.2
(0.5)
3.7
(9.4)
8.7
(22.1)
10.7
(27.2)
72.6
(184.4)

[citation needed]

tag: table

text: Fallon's climate is typical of lower elevations in the western part of the Great Basin desert. Located in the Forty Mile Desert, precipitation is rare, and summers are hot, though temperatures are more moderate than those in deserts like the Mojave and Sonoran, due to the region's higher elevation and latitude. Winters in this section of the basin are still cold, however.

text:
[show]Climate data for Fallon, Nevada. (Elevation 3,960 feet (1,210 m))

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °F (°C)
71
(22)
78
(26)
84
(29)
90
(32)
102
(39)
106
(41)
108
(42)
105
(41)
100
(38)
92
(33)
81
(27)
72
(22)
108
(42)

Average high °F (°C)
44.3
(6.8)
51.3
(10.7)
58.9
(14.9)
65.9
(18.8)
73.9
(23.3)
83.1
(28.4)
92.2
(33.4)
90.1
(32.3)
81.1
(27.3)
69.2
(20.7)
55.4
(13)
45.4
(7.4)
67.6
(19.8)

Average low °F (°C)
18.1
(−7.7)
23.2
(−4.9)
27.8
(−2.3)
33.9
(1.1)
41.4
(5.2)
47.9
(8.8)
54.0
(12.2)
51.4
(10.8)
43.2
(6.2)
33.8
(1)
24.8
(−4)
18.9
(−7.3)
34.9
(1.6)

Record low °F (°C)
−25
(−32)
−27
(−33)
1
(−17)
13
(−11)
20
(−7)
27
(−3)
35
(2)
33
(1)
21
(−6)
12
(−11)
0
(−18)
−21
(−29)
−27
(−33)

Average precipitation inches (mm)
0.54
(13.7)
0.54
(13.7)
0.46
(11.7)
0.51
(13)
0.60
(15.2)
0.43
(10.9)
0.16
(4.1)
0.22
(5.6)
0.28
(7.1)
0.41
(10.4)
0.38
(9.7)
0.48
(12.2)
4.98
(126.5)

Average snowfall inches (cm)
1.8
(4.6)
0.9
(2.3)
0.8
(2)
0.2
(0.5)
0.1
(0.3)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0.1
(0.3)
0.5
(1.3)
1.3
(3.3)
5.7
(14.5)

Source: The Western Regional Climate Center[18]

text: The Great Salt Lake Desert, located near the north-east corner of the Great Basin desert, is an excellent example of a cold desert climate. Although still arid, it is worthy to note that this portion of the desert receives more precipitation than the similar playas and salt pans on the western edge of the Great Basin desert.

text:
[show]Climate data for Knolls, Great Salt Lake Desert, Utah. (Elevation 4,250 feet (1,300 m))

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °F (°C)
63
(17)
63
(17)
79
(26)
87
(31)
98
(37)
104
(40)
106
(41)
103
(39)
99
(37)
89
(32)
71
(22)
66
(19)
106
(41)

Average high °F (°C)
36.5
(2.5)
41.4
(5.2)
54.4
(12.4)
62.3
(16.8)
72.3
(22.4)
83.5
(28.6)
92.8
(33.8)
90.9
(32.7)
80.0
(26.7)
64.3
(17.9)
46.5
(8.1)
36.5
(2.5)
63.4
(17.4)

Average low °F (°C)
16.9
(−8.4)
19.3
(−7.1)
29.1
(−1.6)
36.6
(2.6)
44.9
(7.2)
54.7
(12.6)
62.1
(16.7)
59.5
(15.3)
48.0
(8.9)
34.4
(1.3)
23.3
(−4.8)
14.5
(−9.7)
37.0
(2.8)

Record low °F (°C)
−16
(−27)
−17
(−27)
−1
(−18)
14
(−10)
24
(−4)
35
(2)
43
(6)
39
(4)
25
(−4)
8
(−13)
−3
(−19)
−25
(−32)
−25
(−32)

Average precipitation inches (mm)
0.61
(15.5)
0.46
(11.7)
0.91
(23.1)
1.01
(25.7)
1.23
(31.2)
0.68
(17.3)
0.36
(9.1)
0.31
(7.9)
0.56
(14.2)
0.77
(19.6)
0.61
(15.5)
0.38
(9.7)
7.88
(200.2)

Average snowfall inches (cm)
0.3
(0.8)
0.1
(0.3)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0.1
(0.3)
0.5
(1.3)

Source: The Western Regional Climate Center[19]

text: Biological communities[edit]

text: The pattern of 'basin and range' with adjacent basins and ranges in this region results in incredible biological diversity. Climate, elevation, soil type, and many anthropogenic variables greatly influence the diversity and distribution of shrubland, grassland, and woodland communities in the desert. Across the high desert there are numerous sub-climates correlating to the varied elevations. Heading from the valley bottoms to the mountain peaks, one will encounter constantly changing combinations of plant and animal species making up some 200 distinct biological communities. These communities can be generally grouped into six general communities or “life zones”.[20]

text: Shadscale zone[edit]

text: In the lower valley bottoms, where mountain run off evaporates to create saline soils, is the shadscale zone. Plants in this community are adapted to living with very little precipitation, high heat, and saline conditions. The amount of water and the soil type in any one area will determine exactly which plants will live there. Certain areas of the valley floors may harbor no life. These parched areas that flood periodically are called playas. On the shores of the playas, shadscale is the dominant plant, but is kept company by iodine bush,[6] saltgrass,[6] spiny hopsage, winterfat, four-winged saltbrush, and green rabbitbrush. Trees are not found in this community. Big greasewood is the dominant shrub in more saline areas or where the water table is high. These shrubs and associated grasses typically produce abundant small seeds that are harvested by rodents and insects.[20] The soil salinity and lack of moisture in this zone is not very conducive to most agriculture; however, livestock grazing and grain farming have historically contributed to a decline in the already scattered vegetation.[6][21]

text: Sagebrush zone[edit]

text: The drop in soil salinity and increase in moisture as elevation increases leads to a transition to sagebrush (Artemisia) and grasses just above the shadscale zone. This expanse, called the sagebrush zone, constitutes the largest amount of land in the desert (38.7 percent) and is dominated by big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) shrubland.[10] The sagebrush zone occurs on the lower mountain slopes and alluvial fans and bajadas.[20] Areas in this zone that have wetter and less saline soils are dominated by big sagebrush. Low sagebrush or black sagebrush dominate areas with steep rocky slopes and shallow soils. Introduced annual grasses such as cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) and halogeton (Halogeton glomeratus) also characterize this zone, although native bunchgrasses once thrived amongst sagebrush. Historical fire suppression, adjusted fire frequency following the introduction of annual grasses, and widespread livestock grazing have contributed to contraction of the sagebrush zone.[22] According to Noss,[23] 99 percent of the sagebrush-grass zone has been damaged by livestock, with major damage in 30 percent of the zone.[6] Other shrubs commonly found in the sagebrush zone are rabbitbrush, bitterbrush, snowberry and Mormon tea (ephedra).[20]

text: Pinyon-Juniper community[edit]

text: Continuing up in elevation, you reach the pinyon-juniper community. The main plants in this community are singleleaf pinyon pine and Utah juniper, often with a sagebrush and bitterbrush understory.[10] Other species of junipers also occur in this zone, including Juniperus communis, and Juniperus occidentalis.

text: The elevational range of this zone varies, but it is usually found between 6,000 and 8,000 feet (1,800 and 2,400 m), with lower limits determined by lack of moisture and the upper limits determined by temperature. The pinyon-juniper community consists of short evergreen trees that rarely grow over 20 feet in height.[20] This zone of dense vegetation, made possible by thermal inversions and increased precipitation, is important to a wide variety of isolated animals that rely on this vegetation interface for survival (for example, Eutamias palmeri).[6][10]

text: The trees are widely spaced and have an understory of a mixture of shrubs and herbaceous plants, often with nearly bare ground. These characteristics have led this zone to be named the “pygmy forest” by many scientists. The lower end of this zone is dominated by juniper; the middle is a combination of both species, and the upper end is dominated by pinyon.[20]

text: Montane community[edit]

text: The taller ranges of the Great Basin desert have a montane community. Due to the great distances created by basins between these small forest habitats, various rock substrates, and local climates, montane forests are tremendously varied across the desert.[20]

text: Isolated from one mountain range to the next, montane communities in the region have long individual histories, each one affected differently by chance factors of migration over vast expanses of desert. Smaller communities are also vulnerable to adverse effects of climate change and to genetic drift.[20]

text: White fir, Douglas fir, and ponderosa pines are found in the middle elevations of some mountain ranges, while limber pine, subalpine fir, Engelmann spruce, and bristlecone pines occupy the higher elevations, continuing to the upper tree line. Mountain mahogany often dominates drier, warmer south-facing slopes.[20] Pure stands of aspen are also common in this community.[10]

text: The bristlecone pine is an important species that is indicative of the Great Basin desert. Bristlecones live a long time, some for thousands of years. The harsh areas they occupy are often devoid of other plant life, so there is little competition and reduced risk of fire. The trees grow very slowly, producing very dense, disease-resistant wood. These factors contribute to the bristlecone’s long life.[20]

text: Alpine community[edit]

text: Some mountain ranges in the Great Basin desert are high enough to have an alpine community; a community of low growing plants above the treeline. Treeline is generally found above 10,000 feet (3,000 m) in the Great Basin desert, moving downslope with higher latitudes. The plants that grow above treeline are separated from other such areas by miles of foothills and valleys. This “island” phenomenon produces many endemic species - species that have evolved while isolated on a particular mountain peak or range and are found only in that one place. Grasses, sedges, low perennial herbs, and wildflowers grow above treeline.[20]

text: Riparian community[edit]

text: The riparian communities of the Great Basin desert cut across all elevations and life zones. In the Great Basin desert surface water is rapidly lost by evaporation or infiltration. However, areas around streams where plant life is abundant constitute a riparian area. Water-loving plants like willow, narrowleaf cottonwood, choke cherry, wild rose, and aspen are found along these wet areas. The willow has a spreading root network that allows it to reach all around for water and it also helps streams by slowing erosion.[20] These plants provide wood for beavers. In this community, silver buffaloberry often provides shelter for North American porcupines.[10]

text: Subregions[edit]

text: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency defines its Central Basin and Range ecoregion as Level III: it is at the third level of a tree of ecoregions that cover North America. It further defines sub-ecoregions at Level IV, which describe differences in the ecoregion at different locations.[9] Below is a list of a number of the Level IV ecoregions. The low-elevation ecoregions lie in the Great Basin shrub steppe, while the high-elevation ones lie in the Great Basin montane forests (as defined by the WWF).[15]

text:
Central Basin and Range
Level IV ecoregions

code

13a
Salt Deserts

13b
Shadscale-Dominated Saline Basins

13c
Sagebrush Basins and Slopes

13d
Woodland and Shrub-Covered Low Mountains

13e
Carbonate High Elevation Mountains

13g
Wetlands

13h
Lahontan and Tonopah Playas

13j
Lahontan Salt Shrub Basin

13k
Lahontan Sagebrush Slopes

13l
Lahontan Uplands

13m
Upper Humboldt Plains

13n
Mid-Elevation Ruby Mountains

13o
High Elevation Ruby Mountains

13p
Carbonate Sagebrush Valleys

13q
Carbonate Woodland

13r
Central Nevada High Valleys

13s
Central Nevada Mid-Slope Woodland and Brushland

13t
Central Nevada Bald Mountains

13u
Tonopah Basin

13v
Tonopah Sagebrush Foothills

13w
Tonopah Uplands

13x
Sierra Nevada-Influenced Ranges

13y
Sierra Nevada-Influenced High Elevation Mountains

13z
Upper Lahontan Basin

13aa
Sierra Nevada-Influenced Semiarid Hills and Basins

text: Salt deserts[edit]

text: The Salt desert ecoregion is composed of nearly level playas, salt flats, mud flats, and saline lakes. These features are characteristic of the Bonneville Basin: they have a higher salt content than those of the Lahontan and Tonopah playas ecoregion, below. Water levels and salinity varies from year-to-year, during dry periods, salt encrustation and wind erosion occur. Vegetation is mostly absent, although scatted salt-tolerant plants, such as pickleweed, iodinebush, black greasewood, and inland saltgrass occur. Soils are not arable and there is very limited grazing potential. The salt deserts provide wildlife habitat and serve some recreational, military, and industrial uses.[24]

text: Shadscale-dominated saline basins[edit]

text: The Shadscale-dominated saline basins ecoregion is arid, internally drained, and gently sloping to nearly flat. These basins are in, or are characteristic of the Bonneville Basin: they are higher in elevation and colder in winter than the Lahontan salt shrub basin ecoregion to the west. Light-colored soils with high salt and alkali content occur and are dry for extended periods. The saltbush vegetation common to this ecoregion has a higher tolerance for extremes in temperature, aridity, and salinity than big sagebrush, which dominates ecoregion 13c at somewhat higher elevation. The basins in Nevada, in contrast to those in Utah, are more constricted in area and are more influenced by nearby mountain ranges with extensive carbonate rock exposures, which provide water by percolation through the limestone substrate to surface as valley springs. Isolated valley drainages support endemic fish, such as the Newark Valley tui chub.[24]

text: Lahontan and Tonopah playas[edit]

text: The nearly level and often barren Lahontan and Tonopah playas contain mudflats, alkali flats, and intermittent saline lakes, such as the Black Rock Desert, Carson Sink, and Sarcobatus Flat. Marshes, remnant lakes and playas are all that remain of Pleistocene Lake Lahontan, which was once the size of Lake Erie. Playas occur in the lowest elevation of the Lahontan Basin, and represent the terminus or sink of rivers running east of the Sierra Nevada. The playas fill with seasonal runoff from the surrounding mountains, providing habitat for migratory birds. Black greasewood or four-winged saltbush may grow around the perimeter in the transition to the salt shrub community, where they often stabilize areas of low sand dunes. This ecoregion has limited grazing potential. Windblown salt dust from exposed playas may affect upland soils and vegetation. The Lahontan and Tonopah playas are important as wildlife habitat, as well as for recreational and military uses.[24]

text: Lahontan salt shrub basin[edit]

text: The Lahontan salt shrub basin is an expansive dry plain that was once below Pleistocene Lake Lahontan. The Lahontan Basin, compared to the Bonneville Basin to the east, is lower in elevation and warmer in winter. Although there is a direct connection to the south to the Mojave Desert, winters are cold enough in this ecoregion to discourage the northward dispersal of Mojavean species into the Lahontan Basin. In addition to shadscale, other salt-tolerant shrubs, such as Shockley's desert-thorn and Bailey greasewood, cover the lower basin slopes. These shrubs distinguish the Lahontan salt shrub basin and the Tonopah Basin from other Nevada salt shrub ecoregions. Sand dunes may occur where windblown sand accumulates against a barrier; dune complexes support a specialized plant community and diverse small mammal populations. The Carson and Truckee Rivers, originating in the Sierra Nevada, provide water for irrigated farming. Riparian corridors along these rivers support the only trees found in this ecoregion.[24]

text: Lahontan sagebrush slopes[edit]

text: Hills, alluvial fans, and low mountains comprise the Lahontan sagebrush slopes ecoregion. These areas are rock controlled and their soils lack the fine lacustrine sediments that are found in lower parts of the Lahontan Basin. Because moisture increases and alkalinity decreases with elevation, the shrub community grades from the greasewood-shadscale community on the basin floor, to a shrub community dominated by Wyoming big sagebrush and the endemic Lahontan sagebrush at higher elevations. Understory grasses increase the productivity towards the northeast, outside the rain shadow influence of the Sierra Nevada. The low hills and mountains of the Lahontan Basin experience frequent summer lightning and fire. The introduced cheatgrass tends to replace the shrub community and provides fuel for recurrent fires.[24]

text: Lahontan uplands[edit]

text: The Lahontan uplands are restricted to the highest elevations of the mountains ranges within the Lahontan salt shrub basin. Slopes vary in elevation from 6,400 to 8,800 feet (2,000 to 2,700 m) and are covered in sagebrush, grasses, and scattered Utah juniper. Pinyon grows with juniper on the Stillwater Range and on Fairview Peak in the southeast portion of the Lahontan Basin, but it is otherwise absent from this ecoregion. Low sagebrush and black sagebrush grow to the mountaintops above the woodland zone. Cool-season grasses, including bluebunch wheatgrass, dominate the understory in the north, but are replaced by warm-season grasses, such as Indian ricegrass, in the south.[24]

text: Upper Humboldt Plain[edit]

text: The Upper Humboldt Plains ecoregion is an area of rolling plains punctuated by occasional buttes and low mountains. It is mostly underlain by volcanic ash, rhyolite, and tuffaceous rocks. Low sagebrush is common in extensive areas of shallow, stony soil, as are cool season grasses, such as bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, and Sandberg bluegrass. The ecoregion is wetter and cooler than other Nevada ecoregions in its elevation range. The ecoregion is transitional to the Northern Basin and Range ecoregion that spans the Nevada-Oregon border. However, as in the warmer Lahontan Basin to the west, lightning fires are common and a post-fire monoculture of cheatgrass tends to replace the native grasses and shrubs. Grazing is the major land use, though there is some agriculture near the Humboldt River.[24]

text: Carbonate Sagebrush Valleys[edit]

text: The basins and semi-arid uplands of the Carbonate Sagebrush Valleys surround the carbonate ranges of eastern Nevada. These valleys are underlain by limestone or dolomite. The combination of summer moisture and a limestone or dolomite substrate affects regional vegetation, particularly in terms of species dominance and elevational distribution. The substrate favors shrubs, such as black sagebrush and winterfat, that can tolerate shallow soil. Even in alluvial soils, root growth may be limited by a hardpan or caliche layer formed by carbonates leaching through the soil and accumulating. As a result, shrub cover is sparse in contrast to other sagebrush-covered ecoregions in Nevada. The grass understory grades from a dominance of cool season grasses, such as bluebunch wheatgrass, in the north, to warm season grasses, such as blue grama (an indicator of summer rainfall) in the south.[24]

text: Central Nevada high valleys[edit]

text: The Central Nevada high valleys ecoregion contains sagebrush-covered rolling valleys that are generally over 5,000 feet (1,500 m) in elevation. Alluvial fans spilling from the surrounding mountain ranges fill the valleys, often leaving little intervening flat ground. Wyoming big sagebrush and associated grasses are common on the flatter areas, and black sagebrush dominates on the volcanic hills and alluvial fans. This ecoregion tends to have lower species diversity than other sagebrush ecoregions, because of its aridity and isolation from more species-rich areas. Saline playas may occur on available flats. Less shadscale and fewer associated shrubs surround these playas than in other, lower more arid ecoregions in the west, including the Lahontan salt shrub ecoregion and the Tonopah Basin ecoregion. Valleys with permanent water support endemic fish populations, such as the Monitor Valley speckled dace.[24]

text: Central Nevada mid-slope woodland and brushland[edit]

text: The Central Nevada mid-slope woodland and brushland ecoregion at 6,500 to 8,000 feet (2,000 to 2,400 m) of elevation is analogous in altitudinal range to other woodland areas in Nevada. However, continuous woodland is not as prevalent on the mountains of central Nevada as in other woodland ecoregions, such as ecoregions 13d and 13q. Pinyon-juniper grows only sparsely through the shrub layer due to combined effects of past fire, logging, and local climate factors, including lack of summer rain and the pattern of winter cold air inversions. Where extensive woodlands do exist, understory diversity tends to be very low, especially in closed canopy areas. Areas of black and Wyoming big sagebrush grade upward into mountain big sagebrush and curlleaf mountain-mahogany, which straddles the transition between this mid-elevation brushland and the mountain brush zone of the higher Central Nevada Bald Mountains.[24]

text: Central Nevada Bald Mountains[edit]

text: The Central Nevada Bald Mountains are dry and mostly treeless. Although they rise only 100 miles (160 km) east of the Sierra Nevada, they lack Sierra species due to the dry conditions. These barren-looking mountains are covered instead by dense mountain brush that is dominated by mountain big sagebrush, serviceberry, snowberry, and low sagebrush. They contrast with the High-elevation Carbonate Mountains to the east, where the mountain brush zone is too narrow to be mapped as a separate ecoregion. Scattered groves of curlleaf mountain-mahogany and aspen in moister microsites grow above the shrub layer. A few scattered limber or bristlecone pines grow on ranges that exceed 10,000 feet (3,000 m). The Toiyabe Range (west of Big Smoky Valley) is high enough to have an alpine zone, but lacks a suitable substrate to retain snowmelt moisture. The isolation of these "sky islands" has led to the development of many rare and endemic plant species.[24]

text: Tonopah Basin[edit]

text: The Tonopah Basin lies in the transition between the Great Basin Desert and the more southerly Mojave Desert. The basin shows varying characteristics of both deserts. The west side of the Tonopah Basin is a continuation of the Lahontan Basin, while the lower and hotter Pahranagat Valley on the east side is more like the Mojave Desert. Similar to basins further north, shadscale and associated arid land shrubs cover broad rolling valleys, hills, and alluvial fans. However, unlike the Lahontan salt shrub basin and Upper Lahontan basin, the shrubs often co-dominate in highly diverse mosaics. The shrub understory includes warm-season grasses, such as Indian ricegrass and galleta grass. Endemic fish species, including the Railroad Valley tui chub, Pahranagat roundtail chub, Railroad Valley springfish, and the White River springfish are found in valleys with perennial water.[24]

text: Endangered species[edit]

text: The topography of the Great Basin desert (“island” mountain tops separated from one another by vast expanses of desert valleys) renders it vulnerable to extinctions. Populations that occupy the high peaks are isolated from one another; therefore, they cannot interbreed. Small populations are more vulnerable to the forces of extinction - generally small populations have less genetic diversity and therefore a lesser ability to adapt to changing conditions. Groundwater pumping, road and home construction, grazing, and mining are all activities that alter habitat; as more habitat is affected, the threat of extinction increases. The Great Basin desert is home to many threatened and endangered species:[20]

text:
Birds

Least tern (Sterna antillarum athalassos)

Plants

Sodaville milkvetch (Astragalas lentiginosus var. sesquimetralis)
Ute lady’s tresses (Spiranthes diluvialis)

Fish

Lahontan cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi)
Desert dace (Eremichthys acros)
White River spinedace (Lepidomeda albivallis)[25]

Mammals

Utah prairie dog (Cynomys parvidens)[26]


document_title: Francis I of France

question_text: who played the king of france in the tudors

root

text: Francis I of France

text: Early life and accession[edit]

text: Francis d'Orléans was born on 12 September 1494 at the Château de Cognac in the town of Cognac,[1] which at that time lay in the province of Saintonge, a part of the Duchy of Aquitaine.  Today the town lies in the department of Charente.

tag: p

text: Francis was the only son of Charles d'Orléans, Count of Angoulême, and Louise of Savoy and a great-great-grandson of King Charles V of France.[2]  His family was not expected to inherit the throne, as his third cousin King Charles VIII was still young at the time of his birth, as was his father's cousin the Duke of Orléans, later King Louis XII. However, Charles VIII died childless in 1498 and was succeeded by Louis XII, who himself had no male heir.[3]  The Salic Law prevailed in France, thus females were ineligible to inherit the throne.  Therefore, the four-year-old Francis (who was already Count of Angoulême after the death of his own father two years prior) became the heir presumptive to the throne of France in 1498 and was vested with the title of Duke of Valois.[3]

text: In 1505, Louis XII, having fallen ill, ordered that his daughter Claude and Francis be married immediately, but only through an assembly of nobles were the two engaged.[4] Claude was heiress to the Duchy of Brittany through her mother, Anne of Brittany. Following Anne's death, the marriage took place on 18 May 1514.[5] On 1 January 1515, Louis died, and Francis inherited the throne. He was crowned King of France in the Cathedral of Reims on 25 January 1515, with Claude as his queen consort.[6]

text: Reign[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: As Francis was receiving his education, ideas emerging from the Italian Renaissance were influential in France. Some of his tutors, such as François Desmoulins de Rochefort (his Latin instructor, who later during the reign of Francis was named Grand Aumônier de France) and Christophe de Longueil (a Brabantian humanist), were attracted by these new ways of thinking and attempted to influence Francis. His academic education had been in arithmetic, geography, grammar, history, reading, spelling, and writing and he became proficient in Hebrew, Italian, Latin and Spanish. Francis came to learn chivalry, dancing, and music and he loved archery, falconry, horseback riding, hunting, jousting, real tennis and wrestling. He ended up reading philosophy and theology and he was fascinated with art, literature, poetry and science. His mother, who had a high admiration for Italian Renaissance art, passed this interest on to her son. Although Francis did not receive a humanist education, he was more influenced by humanism than any previous French king.

text: Patron of the arts[edit]

text: By the time he ascended the throne in 1515, the Renaissance had arrived in France, and Francis became an enthusiastic patron of the arts. At the time of his accession, the royal palaces of France were ornamented with only a scattering of great paintings, and not a single sculpture, either ancient or modern. During Francis' reign, the magnificent art collection of the French kings, which can still be seen at the Louvre Palace, was begun.

text: Francis patronized many great artists of his time, including Andrea del Sarto and Leonardo da Vinci; the latter of whom was persuaded to make France his home during his last years. While da Vinci painted very little during his years in France, he brought with him many of his greatest works, including the Mona Lisa (known in France as La Joconde), and these remained in France after his death. Other major artists to receive Francis' patronage included the goldsmith Benvenuto Cellini and the painters Rosso Fiorentino, Giulio Romano, and Primaticcio, all of whom were employed in decorating Francis' various palaces. He also invited the noted architect Sebastiano Serlio (1475–1554), who enjoyed a fruitful late career in France.[7] Francis also commissioned a number of agents in Italy to procure notable works of art and ship them to France.

text: Man of letters[edit]

text: Francis was also renowned as a man of letters. When Francis comes up in a conversation among characters in Baldassare Castiglione's Book of the Courtier, it is as the great hope to bring culture to the war-obsessed French nation. Not only did Francis support a number of major writers of the period, he was a poet himself, if not one of particular abilities. Francis worked diligently at improving the royal library. He appointed the great French humanist Guillaume Budé as chief librarian and began to expand the collection. Francis employed agents in Italy to look for rare books and manuscripts, just as he had agents looking for art works. During his reign, the size of the library greatly increased. Not only did he expand the library, there is also evidence[citation needed] that he read the books he bought for it, a much rarer event in the royal annals. Francis set an important precedent by opening his library to scholars from around the world in order to facilitate the diffusion of knowledge.

text:
In 1537, Francis signed the Ordonnance de Montpellier, which decreed that his library be given a copy of every book to be sold in France.  Francis' older sister, Marguerite, Queen of Navarre, was also an accomplished writer who produced the classic collection of short stories known as the Heptameron.  Francis corresponded with the abbess and philosopher Claude de Bectoz, of whose letters he was so fond that he would carry them around and show them to the ladies of his court.[8]
Together with his sister, he visited her in Tarascon.[9][not in citation given]

text: Construction[edit]

text: Francis poured vast amounts of money into new structures. He continued the work of his predecessors on the Château d'Amboise and also started renovations on the Château de Blois. Early in his reign, he began construction of the magnificent Château de Chambord, inspired by the architectural styles of the Italian renaissance, and perhaps even designed by Leonardo da Vinci. Francis rebuilt the Château du Louvre, transforming it from a medieval fortress into a building of Renaissance splendour. He financed the building of a new City Hall (the Hôtel de Ville) for Paris in order to have control over the building's design. He constructed the Château de Madrid in the Bois de Boulogne and rebuilt the Château de St-Germain-en-Laye. The largest of Francis' building projects was the reconstruction and expansion of the Château de Fontainebleau, which quickly became his favourite place of residence, as well as the residence of his official mistress, Anne, Duchess of Étampes. Each of Francis' projects was luxuriously decorated both inside and out. Fontainebleau, for instance, had a gushing fountain in its courtyard where quantities of wine were mixed with the water.

text: Military action[edit]

text: Although the Italian Wars (1494–1559) came to dominate the reign of Francis I, the wars were not the sole focus of his policies.  Francis merely continued the incessant wars that his predecessors had started and that his successors on the throne of France would drag on after Francis' death.  Indeed, the Italian Wars had begun when Milan sent a plea to King Charles VIII of France for protection against the aggressive actions of the King of Naples.[10]  Militarily and diplomatically, Francis' reign was a mixed bag of success and failure.  Francis tried and failed to become Holy Roman Emperor at the Imperial election of 1519.  However, there were also temporary victories, such as in the portion of the Italian Wars called the War of the League of Cambrai (1508–1516) and, more specifically, to the final stage of that war, which history refers to simply as "Francis' First Italian War" (1515–1516), when Francis routed the combined forces of the Papal States and the Old Swiss Confederacy at Marignano on 13–15 September 1515. This victory at Marignano allowed Francis to capture the Italian city-state of Milan. Later, in November 1521, during the Four Years' War (1521–1526) and facing the advancing Imperial forces of the Holy Roman Empire and open revolt within Milan, Francis was forced to abandon Milan, thus, cancelling the triumph at Marignano.

text: Much of the military activity of Francis's reign was focused on his sworn enemy, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. Francis and Charles maintained an intense personal rivalry. Charles, in fact, brashly challenged Francis to single combat multiple times. In addition to the Holy Roman Empire, Charles personally ruled Spain, Austria, and a number of smaller possessions neighboring France. He was thus a constant threat to Francis' kingdom.

text: Francis attempted to arrange an alliance with Henry VIII of England at the famous meeting at the Field of Cloth of Gold on 7 June 1520, but despite a lavish fortnight of diplomacy they failed to reach an agreement.

text: Francis suffered his most devastating defeat at the Battle of Pavia on 24 February 1525,  during part of the continuing Italian Wars known as the Four Years' War. Francis was actually captured by the forces of Charles V after Cesare Hercolani was able to injure his horse, leading Francis to be captured by the Basque Juan de Urbieta and the Spaniards Diego Dávila and Alonso Pita da Veiga. For this reason, Hercolani was named "Victor of the battle of Pavia". Zuppa alla Pavese was supposedly invented on the spot to feed the captive king right after the battle.[11]

text: Francis I was held captive in Madrid. In a letter to his mother he wrote, "Of all things, nothing remains to me but honour and life, which is safe." This line has come down in history famously as "All is lost save honour."[12] In the Treaty of Madrid, signed on 14 January 1526, Francis was forced to make major concessions to Charles V before he was freed on 17 March 1526. An ultimatum from Ottoman Sultan Suleiman to Charles V also played an important role in his release. Among the concessions that Francis I yielded to Charles V were the surrender of any claims to Naples and Milan in Italy.[13] Francis I was also forced to recognise the independence of the duchy of Burgundy, which had become part of France since the death of Charles, Duke of Burgundy on 5 January 1477,[14] during the reign of Louis XI.

text: Furthermore, France was required to give up all claims to Flanders and the Artois.[13] Additionally, Francis I was allowed to return to France in exchange for his two sons, Francis and Henry, but once he was free he argued that his agreement with Charles was made under duress. He also claimed that the agreement was void because his sons were taken hostage with the implication that his word alone could not be trusted. Thus he firmly repudiated it.

text: Francis persevered in his hatred of Charles V and desire to control Italy by conquest. The repudiation of the Treaty of Madrid led to the War of the League of Cognac of 1526-30. Pope Clement VII had become fearful of the ambitions of the Holy Roman Empire in Italy, and he negotiated with Venice to form the League of Cognac. Francis I willingly joined this anti-empire league on 22 May 1526.[15]

text: After the league failed, Francis concluded a secret alliance with the Landgrave of Hesse on 27 January 1534. This was directed against Charles V on the pretext of assisting the Duke of Wurttemberg to regain his traditional seat, from which Charles had removed him in 1519. Francis also obtained the help of the Ottoman Empire and renewed the contest in Italy in the Italian War of 1536–1538 after the death of Francesco II Sforza, the ruler of Milan. This round of fighting, which had little result, was ended by the Truce of Nice. The agreement collapsed, however, which led to Francis' final attempt on Italy in the Italian War of 1542–1546. This time Francis managed to hold off the forces of Charles V and England's Henry VIII. Charles V was forced to sign the Treaty of Crépy because of his financial difficulties and conflicts with the Schmalkaldic League.

text: Relations with the New World and Asia[edit]

text: Francis had been much aggrieved at the papal bull Aeterni regis: in June 1481 Portuguese rule over Africa and the Indies was confirmed by Pope Sixtus IV. Thirteen years later, on 7 June 1494, Portugal and the Crown of Castille signed the Treaty of Tordesillas under which the newly discovered lands would be divided between the two signatories. All this prompted King Francis to declare, "The sun shines for me as it does for others. I would very much like to see the clause of Adam’s will by which I should be denied my share of the world."[16]

text: In order to counterbalance the power of the Habsburg Empire under Charles V, especially its control of large parts of the New World through the Crown of Spain, Francis I endeavoured to develop contacts with the New World and Asia. Fleets were sent to the Americas and the Far East, and close contacts were developed with the Ottoman Empire permitting the development of French Mediterranean trade as well as the establishment of a strategic military alliance.

text: The port city now known as Le Havre was founded in 1517 during the early years of Francis' reign. The construction of a new port was urgently needed in order to replace the ancient harbours of Honfleur and Harfleur, whose utility had decreased due to silting. Le Havre was originally named Franciscopolis after the King who founded it, but this name did not survive into later reigns.

text: Americas[edit]

text: In 1524, Francis assisted the citizens of Lyon in financing the expedition of Giovanni da Verrazzano to North America. On this expedition, Verrazzano visited the present site of New York City, naming it New Angoulême, and claimed Newfoundland for the French crown. Verrazzano's letter to Frances of 8 July 1524 is known as the Cèllere Codex.[17]

text: In 1531, Bertrand d'Ornesan tried to establish a French trading post at Pernambuco, Brazil.[18]

text: In 1534, Francis sent Jacques Cartier to explore the St. Lawrence River in Quebec to find "certain islands and lands where it is said there must be great quantities of gold and other riches".[19] In 1541, Francis sent Jean-François de Roberval to settle Canada and to provide for the spread of "the Holy Catholic faith."

text: Far East Asia[edit]

text: French trade with East Asia was initiated during the reign of Francis I with the help of shipowner Jean Ango. In July 1527, a French Norman trading ship from the city of Rouen is recorded by the Portuguese João de Barros as having arrived in the Indian city of Diu.[20] In 1529, Jean Parmentier, on board the Sacre and the Pensée, reached Sumatra.[20][21] Upon its return, the expedition triggered the development of the Dieppe maps, influencing the work of Dieppe cartographers such as Jean Rotz.[22]

text: Ottoman Empire[edit]

text: Under the reign of Francis I, France became the first country in Europe to establish formal relations with the Ottoman Empire and to set up instruction in the Arabic language under the guidance of Guillaume Postel at the Collège de France.[23]

text: In a watershed moment in European diplomacy, Francis came to an understanding with the Ottoman Empire that developed into a Franco-Ottoman alliance. The alliance has been called "the first nonideological diplomatic alliance of its kind between a Christian and non-Christian empire".[24] It did, however, cause quite a scandal in the Christian world[25] and was designated "the impious alliance", or "the sacrilegious union of the [French] Lily and the [Ottoman] Crescent." Nevertheless, it endured for many years, since it served the objective interests of both parties.[26] The two powers colluded against Charles V, and in 1543 they even combined for a joint naval assault in the Siege of Nice.

text: In 1533, Francis I sent colonel Pierre de Piton as ambassador to Morocco, initiating official France-Morocco relations.[27] In a letter to Francis I dated 13 August 1533, the Wattassid ruler of Fez, Ahmed ben Mohammed, welcomed French overtures and granted freedom of shipping and protection of French traders.

text: Implementation of bureaucratic reform[edit]

text: Francis took several steps to eradicate the monopoly of Latin as the language of knowledge. In 1530, he declared French the national language of the kingdom, and that same year opened the Collège des trois langues, or Collège Royal, following the recommendation of humanist Guillaume Budé. Students at the Collège could study Greek, Hebrew and Aramaic, then Arabic under Guillaume Postel beginning in 1539.[28]

text: In 1539, in his castle in Villers-Cotterêts,[29] Francis signed the important edict known as Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts, which, among other reforms, made French the administrative language of the kingdom as a replacement for Latin. This same edict required priests to register births, marriages, and deaths, and to establish a registry office in every parish. This initiated the first records of vital statistics with filiations available in Europe.

text: Religious policies[edit]

text: Divisions in Christianity in Western Europe during Francis' reign created lasting international rifts. Martin Luther's preaching and writing sparked the Protestant Reformation, which spread through much of Europe, including France.

text: Initially, Francis was relatively tolerant of the new movement, under the influence of his beloved sister Marguerite de Navarre, who was genuinely attracted by Luther's theology. He even considered it politically useful, as it caused many German princes to turn against his enemy Charles V. In 1533 Francis even dared to suggest to Pope Clement VII that he convene a church council in which Catholic and Protestant rulers would have an equal vote in order to settle their differences - an offer rejected by both the Pope and Charles V. Beginning in 1523, however, Francis burned several heretics at the Place Maubert.[30]

text: Francis' attitude towards Protestantism changed for the worse following the "Affair of the Placards", on the night of 17 October 1534, in which notices appeared on the streets of Paris and other major cities denouncing the Catholic mass. The most fervent Catholics were outraged by the notice's allegations. Francis himself came to view the movement as a plot against him and began to persecute its followers. Protestants were jailed and executed. In some areas whole villages were destroyed. In Paris, after 1540, Francis had heretics such as Etienne Dolet tortured and burned.[31] Printing was censored and leading Protestant reformers such as John Calvin were forced into exile. The persecutions soon numbered thousands of dead and tens of thousands of homeless.[32]

text: Persecutions against Protestants were codified in the Edict of Fontainebleau (1540) issued by Francis. Major acts of violence continued, as when Francis ordered the execution of one of the historical pre-Lutheran groups, the Waldensians, at the Massacre of Mérindol in 1545.

text: Death[edit]

text: Francis died at the Château de Rambouillet on 31 March 1547, on his son and successor's 28th birthday. It is said that "he died complaining about the weight of a crown that he had first perceived as a gift from God".[33] He was interred with his first wife, Claude, Duchess of Brittany, in Saint Denis Basilica. He was succeeded by his son, Henry II.

text: Francis' tomb and that of his wife and mother, along with the tombs of other French kings and members of the royal family, were desecrated on 20 October 1793 during the Reign of Terror at the height of the French Revolution.

text: Image[edit]

text: Francis' personal emblem was the salamander and his Latin motto was Nutrisco et extinguo ("I nourish [the good] and extinguish [the bad]").

text: His long nose earned him the nickname François du Grand Nez ("Francis of the Big Nose"), he was also colloquially known as the "Grand Colas" or "Bonhomme Colas". For his personal involvement in battles, he was known as le Roi-Chevalier ("the Knight-King") or the le Roi-Guerrier ("the Warrior-King").[34]

text: Marriage and issue[edit]

text: On 18 May 1514, Francis married his second cousin Claude, the daughter of King Louis XII of France and Duchess Anne of Brittany. The couple had seven children:

text:
Louise (19 August 1515 – 21 September 1517): died young; engaged to Charles I of Spain almost from birth until death.
Charlotte (23 October 1516 – 8 September 1524): died young; engaged to Charles I of Spain from 1518 until death.
Francis (28 February 1518 – 10 August 1536), who succeeded his mother Claude as Duke of Brittany, but died aged 18, unmarried and childless.
Henry II (31 March 1519 – 10 July 1559). Succeeded Francis I as King of France. Married Catherine de' Medici, had issue.
Madeleine (10 August 1520 – 2 July 1537), who married James V of Scotland and had no issue.
Charles (22 January 1522 – 9 September 1545), who died unmarried and childless.
Margaret (5 June 1523 – 14 September 1574), who married Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy, in 1559 and had issue.

tag: ul

text:
On 7 July 1530, Francis I married his second wife Eleanor of Austria,[35]
a sister of the Emperor Charles V. The couple had no children. During his reign, Francis kept two official mistresses at court. The first was Françoise de Foix, Countess of Châteaubriant. In 1526, she was replaced by the blonde-haired, cultured Anne de Pisseleu d'Heilly, Duchess of Étampes who, with the death of Queen Claude two years earlier, wielded far more political power at court than her predecessor had done. Another of his earlier mistresses was allegedly Mary Boleyn, mistress of King Henry VIII and sister of Henry's future wife, Anne Boleyn.[36]

text: Francis I in films, stage and literature[edit]

text: The amorous exploits of Francis inspired the 1832 play by Fanny Kemble, Francis the First, and the 1832 play by Victor Hugo, Le Roi s'amuse ("The King's Amusement"), which featured the jester Triboulet, the inspiration for the 1851 opera Rigoletto by Giuseppe Verdi.

text: Francis was first played in a George Méliès movie by an unknown actor in 1907, and has also been played by Claude Garry (1910), Aimé Simon-Girard (1937), Sacha Guitry (1937), Gérard Oury (1953), Jean Marais (1955), Pedro Armendáriz (1956), Claude Titre (1962), Bernard Pierre Donnadieu (1990). Timothy West (1998) and Emmanuel Leconte (2007- 2010).

text: Francis was portrayed by Peter Gilmore in the comedy film Carry on Henry charting the fictitious two extra wives of Henry VIII (including Marie cousin of King Francis).

text: Francis receives a mention in a minor story in Laurence Sterne's novel Tristram Shandy. The narrator claims that the king, wishing to win the favour of Switzerland, offers to make the country the godmother of his son. When, however, their choice of name conflicts, he declares war.

text: He is also mentioned in Jean de la Brète's novel Reine – Mon oncle et mon curé, where the main character Reine de Lavalle idolises him after reading his biography, much to the dismay of the local priest.

text: He often receives mentions in novels on the lives of either of the Boleyn sisters – Mary Boleyn (d. 1543) and her sister, Queen Anne Boleyn (executed 1536), both of whom were for a time educated at his court. Mary had, according to several accounts, been Francis' one-time mistress and Anne had been a favourite of his sister: the novels The Lady in the Tower, The Other Boleyn Girl, The Last Boleyn, Dear Heart, How Like You This? and Mademoiselle Boleyn feature Francis in their story. He appears in Hilary Mantel's Wolf Hall about Henry VIII's minister Thomas Cromwell and is often referred to in its sequel, Bring Up the Bodies.

text: Francis is portrayed in Diane Haeger's novel Courtesan about Diane de Poitiers and Henri II.

text: Francis appears as the patron of Benvenuto Cellini in the 1843 French novel L'Orfèvre du roi, ou Ascanio by Alexandre Dumas, père.

text: Samuel Shellabarger's novel The King's Cavalier describes Francis the man, and the cultural and political circumstances of his reign, in some detail.

text: He was a recurring character in the Showtime series The Tudors, opposite Jonathan Rhys Meyers as Henry VIII and Natalie Dormer as Anne Boleyn. Francis is played by French actor, Emmanuel Leconte.

text: He and his court set the scene for Friedrich Schiller's ballad Der Handschuh (The Glove).

text: Francis I (played by Timothy West) and Francis's son Henry II (played by Dougray Scott) are central figures in the 1998 movie Ever After, a retelling of the Cinderella story.  The plot includes Leonardo da Vinci (played by Patrick Godfrey) arriving at Francis's court with the Mona Lisa.

text: He is played by Alfonso Bassave in the TVE series Carlos, rey emperador, opposite Álvaro Cervantes as Charles V.

text: Ancestors[edit]

text: showAncestors of Francis I of France         16. Charles V of France[42]      8. Louis I, Duke of Orléans[37]         17. Joanna of Bourbon[42]      4. John, Count of Angoulême[37]           18. Gian Galeazzo Visconti[43]      9. Valentina Visconti[37]         19. Isabelle of Valois[43]      2. Charles, Count of Angoulême             20. Alain VIII, Viscount of Rohan[44]      10. Alain IX, Viscount of Rohan[38]         21. Béatrix de Clisson[44]      5. Marguerite de Rohan[38]           22. John IV, Duke of Brittany[45]      11. Margaret of Brittany[38]         23. Joan of Navarre[45]      1. Francis I of France              24. Antipope Felix V[40]      12. Louis, Duke of Savoy[40]         25. Mary of Burgundy[40]      6. Philip II, Duke of Savoy[39]           26. Janus of Cyprus[46]      13. Anne of Cyprus[40]         27. Charlotte of Bourbon[46]      3. Louise of Savoy             28. John I, Duke of Bourbon[47]      14. Charles I, Duke of Bourbon[41]         29. Marie, Duchess of Auvergne[47]      7. Margaret of Bourbon[39]           30. John II, Duke of Burgundy[48]      15. Agnes of Burgundy[41]         31. Margaret of Bavaria[49]


document_title: Twerking

question_text: who made twerking a global phenomenon in august

text: Twerking

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The Oxford English Dictionary defines an 18th century use of the word as a blend of "twist" and "jerk", which was reported by the BBC in conjunction with the black cultural context, but this seems to be an erroneous connection or a false cognate.[10] There is no reasonable connection to its usage in New Orleans bounce or sissy bounce culture in the late 1980s. Outsiders speculate that the term is a contraction of "footwork" and repeat the notion that it is a portmanteau of the words "twist" and "jerk". The Oxford Dictionaries blog states, "the most likely theory is that it is an alteration of work, because that word has a history of being used in similar ways, with dancers being encouraged to "work it".[11] Local bounce practitioners attribute the term to a contraction of "to work" or "t'werk".[12][13]

text: Background[edit]

text: The earliest use of the word "twerk" on record was produced in a local New Orleans recording by DJ Jubilee. The word specifically originated from the inner-city of New Orleans and was used frequently in New Orleans Bounce music by rappers and djs hosting block parties in the housing projects.[14] The word became popular In the 2000s when it was used by Atlanta rapper Lil Jon and The Eastside boys.[15] A Google Trends search reveals that interest in the word "twerk" arose in November 2011.[16] The diffusion of the dance phenomenon began earlier via local parties and eventually strip clubs often associated with mainstream rap music and video production aired by video cable television shows that featured rap and R&B music. Popular video-sharing channels amplified interest since the advent of digital social media platforms.

text: In 2013, the dance became a viral sensation beyond black culture. Miley Cyrus used the dance in a video that was uploaded first to Facebook and then YouTube in March.[17] Though twerking began trending as a web search in November 2011, and despite its origins in the bounce culture of New Orleans in the late 1980s, the word twerk would be added to the Oxford Dictionary Online[18] and attributed to Cyrus following her appearance at the MTV VMA Awards in August 2013. It became the number one "What is" Google search that year[19] as those outside the culture questioned the popularity of the booty-popping dance that showed up across social media feeds worldwide. The word was a runner-up to "selfie" in the Oxford Dictionaries Word of the Year 2013.[20]

text: Linked to Africa and the African diaspora[edit]

text: Historically and currently, similar styles of booty-shaking are found throughout the continent of Africa as well as the African and Afro-Latin diaspora. Similar styles of dance are known as mapouka in Ivory Coast,[21][22][23][23] leumbeul in Senegal,[24][25] and other styles can be found in Tanzania, Southeast Nigeria, Uganda and Kenya to name a few. This style of pelvic- and hip-isolated dancing is known as perreo or sandungueo associated with Reggaeton from Puerto Rico. Twerking can be said to be indirectly linked to African cultural dancing without any direct connections between people from Africa. Without knowledge of its historical or cultural roots in New Orleans and links to a diaspora of styles of dance, the trend was discussed in ahistorical ways.[12] Twerking like many cultural traditions or expressive dances associated with marginalized groups has become stigmatized in racialized and gendered ways that often associates those who perform the dance—primarily girls and women of color—with deviant behavior.[26][27]

text: In the recording industry[edit]

text: First time on record[edit]

text: The word "twerking" first appeared on record in "Do the Jubilee All" by DJ Jubilee in 1993, in which he chanted, "Twerk baby, twerk baby, twerk, twerk, twerk."[28][29] In 1995, New Orleans-based rapper Cheeky Blakk recorded the song "Twerk Something!", a call-and-response dance song dedicated to twerking. In 1997, DJ Jubilee recorded "Get Ready, Ready" in which he encouraged listeners to "Twerk it!".

text: Rise to national attention[edit]

text: Twerking first received national recognition in the United States in the early 2000s, when the song "Whistle While You Twurk" (2000), by Southern hip hop duo Ying Yang Twins, peaked at number 17 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs component chart. It was later referenced in their later track "Say I Yi Yi" (2002), in which the lyrics "she got her hands up on her knees and her elbows on her thighs / she like to twerk and that's for certain I can tell that she fly" are heard. In Silkk The Shocker's 2001 Song "That's Cool", which reached number 8 in the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs the chorus features the line "Somebody that's off the chain / who could twerk that thang". The first mainstream artist to use the word in a song occurred in 2005, when American recording artist Beyoncé sings "Dip it, pop it, twerk it, stop it, check on me tonight" in the song Check on It.[30] The single reached number-one on the US Billboard Hot 100, following its release. "Twerk" was also sung in the Destiny's Child's single "Jumpin' Jumpin'".

text: Billboard charts[edit]

text: In 2006, the song "Pop, Lock & Drop It", by American rapper Huey, reached number six on the US Billboard Hot 100. Also in 2006, the hit single "SexyBack", by American pop singer Justin Timberlake, featuring Timbaland, from the former's second studio album Futuresex/Lovesounds, featured Timbaland rapping the lyrics "Let me see what you're twerking with / Go ahead, be gone with it, Look at those hips". During her tenure in World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), Eve Torres would twerk before performing a standing moonsault on her opponent.[31][32]

text: Social media[edit]

text: In 2011, a group of female dancers who call themselves the Twerk Team and have posted several videos of themselves twerking on YouTube were mentioned during the song "Round of Applause" by Waka Flocka Flame featuring Drake, in the line "Bounce that ass, shake that ass like the Twerk Team".[33] Australian rapper Iggy Azalea has incorporated twerking into her live shows since 2011.[34][35]

text: In July 2012, during the Workaholics episode "The Lord's Force", Anders Holm says "Let's just, uh, put on some twerk videos or something, right?".[36] The 2012 single "Bandz a Make Her Dance" by Juicy J, contains the lyric "Start twerking when she hear her song",[37] while French Montana questions the ability of a girl to twerk by asking "What you twerkin' with," in his respective 2012 single "Pop That", featuring fellow rappers Drake, Lil Wayne and Rick Ross.[38] The aforementioned songs, along with "Express Yourself" by Nicky Da B and Diplo, "made twerking the most popular dance move since the Dougie".[39]

text: In March 2013, American pop singer Miley Cyrus posted a video on Facebook which featured her performing a twerking routine while wearing a unicorn suit, to the 2011 single "Wop" by J. Dash. The popularity of the video, along with parodies and responses made by fans, influenced the song's re-emergence on the Billboard Hot 100.[40] Miley Cyrus's "Wop" video would go to become viral; by April 9, 2013, copies of the video had amassed over 4 million views on YouTube. Also in March 2013, Mollie King, an English singer-songwriter and lead vocalist of British-Irish girl group The Saturdays, was seen twerking when her bandmate Rochelle Humes uploaded the footage on YouTube.[41] American actress and singer Vanessa Hudgens was also seen twerking in March on American late-night talk show The Tonight Show with Jay Leno.[42] In September 2013, Hudgens was later seen twerking, this time to the song "Bubble Butt", during her performance at Bootsy Bellows in West Hollywood, with her girl group YLA.[43][44] Hudgens was again seen twerking in a video for Shade 45's radio show Sway in the Morning.[45][46] American actress and singer Ashley Tisdale can also be seen twerking in a video for Shade 45's radio show Sway in the Morning.[47][48]

text: On July 9, 2013, a video was posted on the Twitter-owned video sharing service Vine entitled "Twerk Team", which featured a group of five women provocatively twerking to "Don't Drop That Thun Thun". The clip was shared by users over 100,000 times, and users created their own responses and parodies featuring the song, collected under the hashtags "#dontdropthat" and "#thunthun". The viral popularity of the Vine clips led to an unexpected increase in sales for the song; prior to the posting of the "Twerk Team" clip, only 4,000 copies of the song had been sold; in the following weeks, sales went up to 34,000, then to over 72,000. By late-July, "Don't Drop That Thun Thun" had reached #5 on Billboard's R&B/Hip-Hop Digital Songs chart, and it eventually peaked at #35 on Billboard's Hot 100 chart.[49]

text: Both "Wop" and "Don't Drop That Thun Thun" have been cited as examples of how viral and user-created videos can bring renewed interest to songs; Spin writer Jordan Sargent considered "Wop" to be rap music's "Harlem Shake moment", but not a meme to the same extent as it.[49][49][50] In April 2013, American rapper Danny Brown released the song "Express Yourself", inspired by music producer Diplo's song of the same name. The song, produced by Trampy, features a fast-paced electronic beat and is a composition about the popular dance craze twerking.[51] Brown dedicated the song "to all the ladies that like to turn up and have fun," in which he raps "Toes on the wall and her ass in the air / And she twerk that thing like she ain't have a care".[52][53]

text: In the music video for Barbadian singer Rihanna's single "Pour It Up", which was released in May 2013, the singer can be seen twerking.[54] In June 2013, American rapper Busta Rhymes released a Jamaican dancehall-inspired single titled "Twerk It", featuring Nicki Minaj, who has been featured on several other "twerking songs", including "Shakin' It 4 Daddy" by Robin Thicke, "Dance (A$$)" by Big Sean and "Clappers" by Wale. Minaj can be seen twerking in all four of the aforementioned songs' respective music videos. Minaj can also be seen twerking in the music videos for American rapper Nelly's single "Get Like Me" and American singer Ciara's single "I'm Out".[55][56] In August 2013, the song "Twerk", by Lil Twist, featuring pop singers Miley Cyrus and Justin Bieber, was leaked online.[57]

text: On July 14, 2013, Showtime broadcast Season 1 Episode 3, of the series, "Ray Donovan", entitled "Twerk," in which actor John Voight's character enters a college library and pays a student to give up his computer terminal so that he can watch online videos of women twerking.[58] A YouTube video of the scene has more than 38,000views.[59]

text: In August 2013, Juicy J announced via Twitter, that he would give out a $50,000 scholarship for the girl who can twerk the best. The competition is inspired by the track "Scholarship" on his third album Stay Trippy, which contains the lyric "Keep twerking baby, might earn you a scholarship."[60] In early September 2013, a video titled "Worst Twerk Fail EVER - Girl Catches Fire!", began circulating around online; the video went on to become viral with over 9 million views, and received media coverage. The following week, American comedian and television host Jimmy Kimmel revealed the video was a hoax that he and his team had devised, on Jimmy Kimmel Live!.[61][62][63] In April 2014, the video won the Webby Award for best viral clip of the year.[64]

text: Also in September, "Twerk" from the MTV VMA show was named the Top Television Word of the Year (Teleword) of the 2012–2013 TV season by the Global Language Monitor. In October 2013, American actress Beth Behrs, of American television sitcom 2 Broke Girls, was seen twerking on The Ellen DeGeneres Show.[65][66] Behrs was later seen twerking to the 1992 hit "Baby Got Back", in January 2014, during the 40th annual awards ceremony of the People's Choice Awards, which she hosted alongside her co-star Kat Dennings.[67][68] The fifth episode of the fifth season of the American musical television series Glee, which aired November 13, 2013 and was titled "The End of Twerk", revolved around the twerking phenomenon.[69] The seventh episode of the second season of the American reality television series Bad Girls All-Star Battle, which aired February 25, 2014 and was titled "Twerk It Out", featured the contestants twerking as fast as possible with pedometers on their back.[70]

text: In August 2013, American recording artist Miley Cyrus, generated controversy following a sexually provocative performance during the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards, in which Cyrus twerked during a medley of her track "We Can't Stop", "Blurred Lines" and "Give It 2 U" by Robin Thicke.[71]

text: In August 2014, American recording artist Taylor Swift, featured twerking in the music video to her single "Shake It Off".[72] This caused some controversy with American rapper Earl Sweatshirt saying that the video was "perpetuating stereotypes".[73]

text: YouTube twerking[edit]

text: In 2009, a trio of teenage African-American girls from Atlanta, Georgia founded "The Twerk Team."[74][75] After turning 18, they joined YouTube creating TheOfficialTwerkTeam channel with an upload on June 5, 2009 announcing themselves to the world as @BeTTyBuTT, @MizzTwerkSum and @TTLadyLuscious.[76] Their videos featured "them gyrating and shaking their butts, to a point that it's artistic."[33] In 2011 the Twerk Team got a shout out in the song and music video "Round of Applause" by Waka Flocka Flame featuring Drake, in the line "Bounce that ass, shake that ass like the Twerk Team".

text: The group was called "YouTube's foremost ass-shaking troupe" by gossip website Gawker.[77] As of December 2012 their channel had a total of more than 74 million views and more than 250,000 subscribers[76] and their Twitter account had about 115,000 followers. Founding member Jaime Adedra Moore (BeTTy BuTT) left the group in 2012 to pursue her education. Two years later she was fatally shot, murdered during an Atlanta drug deal gone wrong.[78][79] The Official Twerk Team continues with its two remaining members.[80] By June 2017, their YouTube channel had over 500,000 subscribers with over 160 twerking videos dating back to 2009, four years prior to the cultural appropriations that sparked outrage among black cultural critics from 2011 to 2013.[81][82][83][84]

text: Self-expression[edit]

text: An interview by BBC News [85] shows how Kelechi Okafor, an actress and twerk instructor in South London gets through the trauma of sexual abuse using dance twerking as a form of self-expression.[86] According to Kelechi, twerking is more than shaking your bum, it is a feminist movement that she uses to empower the women who come to her studio. "Dance, it’s a channel that you can use to express so much: joy, pain, sadness, you can express so much through it so I started to use that as a way of really communicating the things I felt there were really no words for," Kelechi says.[87]


document_title: Good Time Charlie's Got the Blues

question_text: who sang the song good time charlie's got the blues

question_tokens: who sang the song good time charlie 's got the blues

text: Good Time Charlie's Got the Blues

text:
"Good Time Charlie's Got the Blues"

Single by Danny O'Keefe

from the album O'Keefe

B-side
"The Valentine Pieces"

Released
August 1972

Genre
Country

Length
3:01

Label
Signpost

Songwriter(s)
Danny O'Keefe

Producer(s)
Ahmet Ertegün

Danny O'Keefe singles chronology

"Good Time Charlie's Got the Blues"
(1972)
"The Road"
(1972)

"Good Time Charlie's Got the Blues"
(1972)
"The Road"
(1972)

text: "Good Time Charlie's Got the Blues" is a song written and performed by Danny O'Keefe.

text: It was first recorded by O'Keefe in 1967, but not released. It was recorded by The Bards and released in 1968 as the b-side to the song "Tunesmith" on Parrot Records. The Bards were a band from Moses Lake, Washington.[1] The song was recorded by O'Keefe for his self-titled debut album in 1971.[2] The following year he re-recorded it (with a slower, more downbeat arrangement) for his second album, O'Keefe.[3] The second version was issued as a single, reaching number 9 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart, number 5 on the adult contemporary chart, and #63 on the country chart.[4] The song was also covered by Mel Tormé, especially for a 1986 episode of NBC's Night Court entitled "Leon, We Hardly Knew Ye".

text: It was covered by numerous artists. A cover by Leon Russell peaked at number 63 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in 1984.[5]

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (1972)
Peak
position

Canada RPM Top Singles[6]
19

US Billboard Hot 100[7]
9

US Billboard Adult Contemporary
5

US Cash Box Top 100
10

text: Selected list of recorded versions[edit]

text:
The Bards (1968) on Parrot Records
Danny O'Keefe (1971), on the album Danny O'Keefe
Dwight Yoakam
Willie Nelson
Waylon Jennings
Mike Farris
Elvis Presley
Leon Russell
Chris Hillman
Earl Klugh on his 1978 album Magic in Your Eyes
Rita Wilson
Charlie Rich (1980), on the album Once a Drifter
Jerry Lee Lewis and Leon Russell[8]
Holly Cole, from the album Night (2012)
Harry Manx (2008), from the album Live at the Glenn Gould Studio
Mel Tormé, (1986), for a Night Court episode entitled "Leon, We Hardly Knew Ye".
Conway Twitty (1977), on the album Play,Guitar Play
Nat Stuckey (1973), on the album Take Time To Love Her
Marco T (2001), on the album Marco T. Country Colombian edition

text: Shooter Jennings (2016), on the album "BCR Mixtape 2016".


document_title: Rock of Ages (2012 film)

question_text: what time period is rock of ages set in

question_tokens: what time period is rock of ages set in

text: Rock of Ages (2012 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (July 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In 1987, Sherrie Christian (Julianne Hough) arrives in Los Angeles from Oklahoma with dreams of becoming a singer. Meanwhile, barback Drew Boley (Diego Boneta) prepares for another night of work at The Bourbon Room ("Sister Christian/Just Like Paradise/Nothin' But a Good Time"). As Sherrie approaches The Bourbon, her suitcase is stolen. Drew tries to catch the robber, but fails. He comforts Sherrie and, upon learning of her situation, gets her a job at the Bourbon Room as a waitress.

text: The club's owner, Dennis Dupree (Alec Baldwin), and his right-hand man, Lonny Barnett (Russell Brand), are trying to find a way to pay off a tax debt that threatens the club. Hoping to raise enough money, Dennis and Lonny decide to book Stacee Jaxx (Tom Cruise), a detached and self-indulgent rock star preparing for his final gig with his band, Arsenal. That night, Drew tells Sherrie about his dreams of becoming a rock star, but that he has stagefright ("Juke Box Hero/I Love Rock 'n' Roll"). Upon hearing of Stacee's upcoming concert, Patricia Whitmore (Catherine Zeta-Jones), the religiously conservative wife of the mayor (Bryan Cranston), organizes a protest with other ladies in front of the Bourbon Room ("Hit Me with Your Best Shot")

text: Drew and Sherrie's relationship starts with their first date at the Hollywood Sign where Drew admits he has started writing a song for Sherrie ("Waiting for a Girl Like You"). On the night of Arsenal's final show, Dennis learns that their opening act has cancelled. Sherrie convinces him to use Drew and his band, Wolfgang Von Colt, as the replacement opener ("More Than Words/Heaven"). Meanwhile, Stacee's manager, Paul Gill (Paul Giamatti), schedules an interview between Stacee and Constance Sack (Malin Åkerman), a reporter for Rolling Stone.

text: During the interview, she mentions the rumors that Stacee is difficult to work with and implies that he was actually kicked out of Arsenal, a charge Stacee denies ("Wanted Dead or Alive"). Stacee asks Sherrie if she could bring him a bottle of scotch from his limo and she agrees. After the interview, Constance lashes out at him, claiming that he was once a great musician but now is on the verge of becoming a has-been. Stacee orders everyone out of the dressing room so he can settle things with Constance privately. Both recognize their attraction to each other and are about to have sex when Stacee sings ("I Want to Know What Love Is"). As Constance leaves the room ashamed of what she has done, Sherrie enters to give Stacee his scotch. Sherrie and Stacee collide and the bottle of scotch shatters on the floor. Drew is getting ready to open Arsenal's show when he sees Sherrie exit Stacee's room, where he infers that they had sex. Drew becomes angry at this and is inspired to sing ("I Wanna Rock") for the opening act. After he sings, Drew and Sherrie break up and Sherrie quits her job at the Bourbon Room. Drew attempts to run after Sherrie but Paul tells him to let her go and offers Drew a record deal since he was impressed with his performance as Arsenal sings their last song of the night ("Pour Some Sugar on Me").

text: An unemployed Sherrie takes refuge at a strip club bar known as the Venus Club, where she has no other choice but to work there ("Harden My Heart"). The club's owner, Justice Charlier (Mary J. Blige) offers Sherrie a job as a dancer ("Shadows of the Night/Harden My Heart"), but Sherrie instead chooses to wait tables. Sherrie soon realizes that she isn't making enough money as a waitress as Drew signs to Gill's record label ("Here I Go Again"). Back at the Bourbon Room, Dennis worries that the place will close and that he has "let everyone down." Lonny comforts him and proceeds to confess his love for him, learning that Dennis reciprocates. They kiss ("Can't Fight This Feeling"). Drew is disappointed in realizing that he has to be part of a boy band called "the Z Guyeezz" and not a rock band as part of his record deal while Sherrie decides to be a dancer in the Venus Club ("Any Way You Want It").

text: Sherrie visits the Hollywood sign, where she finds Drew. They both reveal to each other their current occupations and realize things didn't turn out the way they'd planned. Sherrie tells Drew that she didn't have sex with Stacee and that she is going home to Oklahoma. As they part ways, Sherrie and Drew both lament the situation ("Every Rose Has Its Thorn").

text: Stacee realizes he has feelings for Constance and calls the Rolling Stone office in an attempt to find her, but the receptionist tells him that "she is covering Stacee Jaxx's show at The Bourbon Room" and Stacee, unaware that he was supposed to perform that night, rushes to the venue, where Lonny leads the patrons of the club against Patricia and her protest group ("We're Not Gonna Take It/We Built This City"). When Stacee arrives at the club, he recognizes Patricia and greets her. Lonny discovers that Patricia was once a groupie for Arsenal as displayed on their album cover, and exposes this to the public, ruining her reputation. Meanwhile, Drew has found all of Sherrie’s stolen records at the Tower Records they first visited together. He buys them back and drops them off for her at the strip club.

text: The Z Guyeezz start the show, but the rocker crowd rejects them, and Drew, spotting Sherrie in the audience, leaves the stage. The two reconcile and Drew also dismisses Gill, telling him rock 'n' roll will never die. Sherrie reunites Wolfgang Von Colt for the opening act, where she and Drew perform the song he wrote for her ("Don't Stop Believin'"). Meanwhile, while Stacee and Constance are having sex in the bathroom, Stacee hears the song and is moved by it.

text: Eight months later, Stacee, who has rejoined Arsenal, performs the song with Drew and Sherrie, who is now part of Wolfgang Von Colt, in a concert at Dodger Stadium in front of a crowd that includes Dennis, Lonny, Justice, a pregnant Constance, and Patricia, who has returned to her rock 'n' roll persona.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Main characters

Julianne Hough as Sherrie Christian
Diego Boneta as Drew Boley
Tom Cruise as Stacee Jaxx
Alec Baldwin as Dennis Dupree
Russell Brand as Lonny Barnett
Paul Giamatti as Paul Gill
Catherine Zeta-Jones as Patricia Whitmore
Malin Åkerman as Constance Sack
Mary J. Blige as Justice Charlier
Bryan Cranston as Mayor Mike Whitmore

Supporting characters

Will Forte as Mitch Miley
Kevin Nash and Jeff Chase as Stacee Jaxx's bodyguards
T. J. Miller as Rolling Stone receptionist
Anne Fletcher as Church horse mother
Anya Garnis as Destiny
Josh Randall, John Mountford, and Elgin Kos Aponte as Donny, Joey Z, and Kevy - the Z Guyeezz
Celina Beach as Mayor Whitmore's secretary

Cameo appearances

Constantine Maroulis, who played Drew in the original Broadway cast, as the Capitol Records executive during "Any Way You'll Want It"
Kevin Cronin of REO Speedwagon
Sebastian Bach of Skid Row
Deborah "Debbie" Gibson
Nuno Bettencourt
Joel Hoekstra of Night Ranger (played guitar in the Broadway show's stage band)
Porcelain Black
Eli Roth as Stefano, the Z-Guyeezz music video director

text: Musical numbers[edit]

text:
"Paradise City" (Guns N' Roses) – Tom Cruise (opening credits)
"Sister Christian/Just Like Paradise/Nothin' but a Good Time" (Night Ranger/David Lee Roth/Poison) – Julianne Hough, Diego Boneta, Russell Brand and Alec Baldwin
"Juke Box Hero/I Love Rock 'n' Roll" (Foreigner/The Arrows) – Diego Boneta, Alec Baldwin, Russell Brand and Julianne Hough
"Hit Me with Your Best Shot" (Pat Benatar) – Catherine Zeta-Jones
"Waiting for a Girl (Boy) Like You" (Foreigner) – Diego Boneta and Julianne Hough
"More Than Words/Heaven" (Extreme/Warrant) – Julianne Hough and Diego Boneta
"Wanted Dead or Alive" (Bon Jovi) – Tom Cruise and Julianne Hough
"I Want to Know What Love Is" (Foreigner) – Tom Cruise and Malin Åkerman
"I Wanna Rock" (Twisted Sister) – Diego Boneta
"Pour Some Sugar on Me" (Def Leppard) – Tom Cruise
"Harden My Heart" (Quarterflash) – Julianne Hough and Mary J. Blige
"Shadows of the Night/Harden My Heart" (Pat Benatar/Quarterflash) – Mary J. Blige and Julianne Hough
"Here I Go Again" (Whitesnake) – Diego Boneta, Paul Giamatti, Julianne Hough, Mary J. Blige and Tom Cruise
"Can't Fight This Feeling" (REO Speedwagon) – Russell Brand and Alec Baldwin
"Any Way You Want It" (Journey) – Mary J. Blige, Constantine Maroulis and Julianne Hough
"Undercover Love" – Diego Boneta
"Every Rose Has Its Thorn" (Poison) – Julianne Hough, Diego Boneta, Tom Cruise and Mary J. Blige
"Rock You Like a Hurricane" (Scorpions) - Julianne Hough and Tom Cruise (extended cut)
"We Built This City/We're Not Gonna Take It" (Starship/Twisted Sister) – Russell Brand and Catherine Zeta-Jones
"Don't Stop Believin'" (Journey) – Julianne Hough, Diego Boneta, Tom Cruise, Alec Baldwin, Russell Brand, Mary J. Blige and Catherine Zeta-Jones
"Paradise City" (Guns N' Roses) – Tom Cruise (end credits)
"Rock You Like a Hurricane" (Scorpions) – Julianne Hough and Tom Cruise (end credits)

tag: ol

text: These songs appear in the film as sung by the original artists. These do not appear on the official soundtrack.

text:
"I Remember You" by Skid Row
"Everybody Wants Some!!" by Van Halen
"Rock of Ages" by Def Leppard
"Bringin' on the Heartbreak" by Def Leppard
"Talk Dirty to Me" by Poison
"No One Like You" by Scorpions
"Cum on Feel the Noize" by Slade covered by Quiet Riot
"Cherry Pie" by Warrant (extended cut)

text: Score production and changes[edit]

text: In bringing the musical from stage to screen, many of the songs used in the original musical were either moved around, shortened, or removed, while some new songs were added to the film.

text: "Cum On Feel the Noize/We're Not Gonna Take It (Reprise)", "The Final Countdown", "High Enough", "I Hate Myself for Loving You/Heat of the Moment", "Keep on Loving You", "Oh Sherrie", "The Search Is Over", and "Renegade" were completely cut from the film, although the version of "Cum on Feel the Noize" by Quiet Riot was used as background score and the intro to "Oh Sherrie" is heard briefly.

text: Similarly, many songs from the musical became mash-ups in the film or had sections of their original mash-up version removed in their film versions. "Just Like Paradise", "Nothin' but a Good Time", and "Sister Christian" all become one long mash-up instead of two individual songs ("Just Like Paradise/Nothin' but a Good Time" and "Sister Christian"). "Too Much Time on My Hands", originally mashed-up with "We Built This City", was removed, with "We're Not Gonna Take It", originally a full-length song in the musical, being mashed-up with "We Built This City" instead. "To Be with You" was removed from the mash-up that included "More Than Words" and "Heaven". The "I Wanna Rock (Reprise)" section originally mashed-up with "Any Way You Want It" was removed, with "Any Way You Want It" instead being the original full-length song.

text: Also, many songs from the musical were reordered in the film, mostly to accommodate character and storyline changes. "We Built This City", in its original mash-up form, and "We're Not Gonna Take It" were originally much earlier in the musical, giving depth to Regina. They were replaced with "Hit Me with Your Best Shot", another song sung by Regina in the musical, which now served to give more background to new character Patricia (as Regina was cut from the film), with both songs (in an abridged form) instead added to the climax of the film, as part of an anthem between Lonny and the rockers and Patricia and her conservative church group. "I Wanna Rock", originally the fourth song of the musical, was moved to after "I Want to Know What Love Is" (which in itself was changed from a duet between Sherrie and Jaxx to Jaxx and new character Constance), with the song now representing Drew's anger toward what he wrongly perceives to be Sherrie's infidelity. "Waiting for a Girl Like You" and "More Than Words/Heaven" switched order in the film version, in order to accommodate the changes in the relationship storyline between Drew and Sherrie. "Can't Fight This Feeling" was also placed before "Any Way You Want It" due to the restructure of storylines.

text: New songs added to the film include a mash-up of "Juke Box Hero/I Love Rock 'n' Roll", which replaced the original purpose of "I Wanna Rock" in the musical, "Undercover Love", which was used for Drew's short-lived boy band, and "Pour Some Sugar on Me", "Paradise City", and "Rock You Like a Hurricane" replacing "I Hate Myself for Loving You/Heat of the Moment" and serving as Arsenal's discography.

text: Production[edit]

text: Early development[edit]

text: After the success of the original Off-Broadway production, the film rights were sold to Warner Bros. and New Line Cinema.[3][4]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Tom Cruise played Stacee Jaxx in the film.[5] Shankman knew Cruise was in when he heard him on the first go around of his voice lesson, confirming he "actually has a fantastic voice."[6] Cruise, since, had been singing five hours a day to prepare for his work as musician Stacee Jaxx. "It's this brilliant mashup, it seems, of Axl Rose, Bret Michaels, Keith Richards and Jim Morrison," Shankman said of what to expect from Cruise.[7][8] All of the actors sing their own parts in the film.[9] Cruise himself told People Weekly Magazine that he had always wanted to appear in a musical but that, even so, he found the idea frightening because he was uncertain whether he could actually pull it off.[10] With Rock Of Ages, he told the interviewer, he had finally received his chance.

text: On February 14, 2011, it was announced that Mary J. Blige had signed on to play Justice Charler in the film.[11] On March 3, 2011, it was confirmed that Julianne Hough (of the 2011 remake of Footloose) would play the role of Sherrie, Drew's love interest.[12] On March 6, 2011, it was confirmed that Alec Baldwin would play the role of Dennis Dupree in the film.[13] On March 24, 2011, it was announced that Paul Giamatti would be in the film, playing the manager of Stacee Jaxx.[14]

text: Pretty Little Liars star Diego Boneta was confirmed to play the male protagonist, Drew Boley, on April 5, 2011.[6] Not wanting an older actor to act like he is 23, Shankman thought it better to go as authentic as possible, "and Diego is absolutely that. He is [a] kid who came to Los Angeles with a dream and who sings and has an amazing voice, and drive. And he's also as honest and sweet as you can possibly make him and he's authentically the age. It creates a piece of something on screen that I don't have to fabricate."[6] Of Boneta's audition, Shankman said, "It's that feeling you get when you realized you've discovered lightning in a bottle. It reminds me of when Zac Efron auditioned for Hairspray, Channing Tatum for Step Up, and Liam Hemsworth auditioned for The Last Song. When the guy walks in, the guy walks in!" Shankman also said he did not know that Boneta was a Latin music star until after he auditioned. "I have since seen him on stage and in his concerts, and he totally owns the room," Shankman said.[7] Constantine Maroulis (Drew Boley from the musical) made a cameo appearance in the film like Ricki Lake did for Hairspray.[6] On April 13, Russell Brand was confirmed to portray Lonny.[15] Both Anne Hathaway and Amy Adams declined to play a journalist who interviews Jaxx during the song "Wanted Dead or Alive" and is easily seduced by him. The two declined due to scheduling conflicts, with Hathaway filming The Dark Knight Rises and Adams filming Man of Steel.[15] Catherine Zeta-Jones joined the cast on April 20, and portrayed an original character added to the story line. The unnamed character is described as "the Villainess of the movie" who "wants to shut down rock’n roll in the great city of Los Angeles."[16] On May 1 Bryan Cranston joined the cast as the Mayor of Los Angeles, who is the husband of Catherine Zeta-Jones's character,[17] and Malin Åkerman completed the cast when she was added on May 3, 2011, taking the role initially offered to both Hathaway and Adams.[18]

text: Singer Porcelain Black made a cameo in the film, playing a 1980s hair metal singer. She performed one of the sole original tracks for the film, "Rock Angels".[19][20] "Rock Angels" was written and composed by Adam Anders and Desmond Child.[21] Professional wrestler Kevin Nash played Stacee's bodyguard.[22]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography began at Revolution Live, a small music venue in Fort Lauderdale, FL.[23] There was also filming in a Dania Beach Boomers. On July 18, filming took place at the Hard Rock Casino in Hollywood, Florida, for a concert scene with "Don't Stop Believin'" and "Wanted Dead or Alive".

text: The scenes at the iconic Hollywood Sign were filmed at the Monarch Hill Renewable Energy Park, known to locals as "Mount Trashmore", in Pompano Beach.[23]

text: In June 2011, a full six-block section of N.W. 14th Street in Downtown Miami was decorated as a late 1980s version set of the Hollywood, California Sunset Strip complete with the Whisky-a-Go-Go, Frederick's of Hollywood, Tower Records, Angelyne Billboard along with other landmarks.

text: Release[edit]

text: The film is distributed by New Line Cinema under the rule of Warner Bros., and was released theatrically on June 15, 2012. The first official trailer was released on December 11, 2011,[24] attached to Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows.

text: Box office[edit]

text: On its opening weekend in theaters, the film grossed $14,447,269, ranking third place, behind the previous week's holdovers Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted and Prometheus. The film did, however, do slightly better business than the other newcomer, That's My Boy.[25]

text: Rock of Ages was a box office bomb, grossing $38,518,613 in North America and $20,900,000 in other territories for a worldwide total of $59,418,613, failing to bring back its $75 million budget. However, the film still has the seventh-highest opening ever for a musical.[26]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2015)

text: The film received mixed reviews from critics, and has a critical evaluation of 41% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 215 reviews, with an average rating of 6/10. The site's consensus states: "its exuberant silliness is almost enough to make up for its utter inconsequentiality, but Rock of Ages is ultimately too bland and overlong to justify its trip to the big screen."[27] Metacritic reports a 47 out of 100 rating, based on 42 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[28]

text: However, most critics praised the performance by Cruise as Stacee Jaxx. For example, Rolling Stone critic Peter Travers wrote: "Rock of Ages is pretty fun despite a terrible script, bland leads and awful wigs, mainly thanks to a performance by Tom Cruise as fictional hair metal rocker Stacee Jaxx."[29]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
List of awards and nominations

Award
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result

ALMA Awards[30]
Favorite Movie Actor
Diego Boneta
Won

Golden Trailer Awards[31]
Best Comedy

Nominated

Teen Choice Awards[32]
Choice Summer Movie: Comedy/Musical

Nominated

Choice Movie: Breakout
Julianne Hough
Nominated

Grammy Awards[33]
Best Compilation Soundtrack For Visual Media

Nominated

text: Home media[edit]

text: Rock of Ages was released on DVD and Blu-ray on October 9, 2012. An extended cut is available on the Blu-ray,[34] however there is a 2-disc DVD set featuring the extended version (136 minutes); the film is then rated R for "some sexual violence", as opposed to the theatrically released PG-13.

text: This extended cut includes 13 additional minutes of footage, including "Rock You Like a Hurricane" edited back into the film, more risque humor from Russell Brand, and a few additional verses on "Waiting for a Girl/Boy Like You".

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Rock of Ages: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

Soundtrack album by Various Artists

Released
June 5, 2012 (June 5, 2012)

Recorded
September 7, 2011 (September 7, 2011)

Genre
Classic rock, Soundtrack

Length
59:27

Label
WaterTower Music

Producer
Adam Anders
Peer Astrom
Adam Shankman
Matt Sullivan[35]

text: The cover and track listing of the soundtrack was confirmed by Entertainment Weekly on April 30, 2012. The soundtrack was released on June 5, 2012.[36] It debuted at No. 15 on Billboard 200,[37] and peaked at No. 5 on that chart in its third week.[38] It also debuted at No. 1 on the Top Soundtracks chart. It sold 267,000 copies in the US in 2012, making it the second best-selling soundtrack album of the year.[39] It has sold 320,000 copies as of May 2013.[40]

text:
"Paradise City" – Tom Cruise
"Sister Christian" / "Just Like Paradise" / "Nothin' but a Good Time" – Julianne Hough, Diego Boneta, Russell Brand, Alec Baldwin
"Juke Box Hero" / "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" – Diego Boneta, Alec Baldwin, Russell Brand, Julianne Hough
"Hit Me With Your Best Shot" – Catherine Zeta-Jones
"Waiting for a Girl Like You" – Diego Boneta, Julianne Hough
"More Than Words" / "Heaven" – Julianne Hough, Diego Boneta
"Wanted Dead or Alive" – Tom Cruise, Julianne Hough
"I Want to Know What Love Is" – Tom Cruise, Malin Åkerman
"I Wanna Rock" – Diego Boneta
"Pour Some Sugar on Me" – Tom Cruise
"Harden My Heart" – Julianne Hough, Mary J. Blige
"Shadows of the Night" / "Harden My Heart" – Mary J. Blige, Julianne Hough
"Here I Go Again" – Diego Boneta, Paul Giamatti, Julianne Hough, Mary J. Blige, Tom Cruise
"Can't Fight This Feeling" – Russell Brand, Alec Baldwin
"Any Way You Want It" – Mary J. Blige, Constantine Maroulis, Julianne Hough
"Undercover Love" – Diego Boneta
"Every Rose Has Its Thorn" – Julianne Hough, Diego Boneta, Tom Cruise, Mary J. Blige
"Rock You Like a Hurricane" – Julianne Hough, Tom Cruise
"We Built This City" / "We're Not Gonna Take It" – Russell Brand, Catherine Zeta-Jones
"Don't Stop Believin'" – Julianne Hough, Diego Boneta, Tom Cruise, Alec Baldwin, Russell Brand, Mary J. Blige

text:
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales

Canada (Music Canada)[41]
Gold
40,000^

*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone


document_title: You're a Mean One, Mr. Grinch

question_text: who wrote the lyrics to youre a mean one mr grinch

text: You're a Mean One, Mr. Grinch

text: History[edit]

text: The lyrics were written by Theodor "Dr. Seuss" Geisel, the music was composed by Albert Hague, and the song was performed by Thurl Ravenscroft. The song's lyrics describe the Grinch as being foul, bad-mannered and sinister, using increasingly creative put-downs, metaphors and similes, beginning with the opening line "you're a mean one, Mr. Grinch".

text: Because Ravenscroft was not credited in the closing credits of the special, it is often mistakenly attributed to Boris Karloff, who served as narrator and the voice of the Grinch in the special but who himself could not sing. Until Ravenscroft was publicly credited, Tennessee Ernie Ford was also speculated to be the voice behind the song.[2]

text: Mainstream and pop acts have covered the song, usually for holiday-themed albums.

text: In 1992, an emerging alternative band from New Jersey named Whirling Dervishes covered the song for their Wish it Would Snow EP. Their cover version took on a cult status in the region and went on to outlast the band's existence eventually becoming one of their only breakthrough hits. The song is still requested regionally during the holidays.[3]

text: American singer and drag queen RuPaul covered the song for his 1997 Christmas album Ho Ho Ho, which incorporated elements from funk.[4] Billboard's Melinda Newman negatively responded to RuPaul's version, writing that "he should have left [it] alone".[5]

text: Jim Carrey sang this song in the 2000 live action film adaptation, Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas, as the Grinch himself.

text: In 2011, Electric Six performed a cover of the song as part of The AV Club's "Undercover Holiday" series.[6] They went on to perform the song at live shows on their 2011 tour.[7] The band will record the song for inclusion on their upcoming Christmas album A Very Electric SiXmas.[8]

text: In 2013 another New Jersey band, Misfits covered the song for Christmas-themed seven-inch promotion.[9]

text: In 2017, Lindsey Stirling released her version with Sabrina Carpenter singing on her holiday album Warmer in the Winter.[10]