document_title: NBA All-Star Game

question_text: when was the last time east won all star game

text: NBA All-Star Game

text: History[edit]

text: The idea of holding an All-Star Game was conceived during a meeting between NBA President Maurice Podoloff, NBA publicity director Haskell Cohen and Boston Celtics owner Walter A. Brown. At that time, the basketball world had just been stunned by the college basketball point-shaving scandal.

text: In order to regain public attention to the league, Cohen suggested the league to host an exhibition game featuring the league's best players, similar to Major League Baseball's All-Star Game.[4] Although most people, including Podoloff, were pessimistic about the idea, Brown remained confident that it would be a success, and he even offered to host the game and to cover all the expenses or potential losses incurred from the game.[5] In the first All-Star Game, the Eastern All-Stars team defeated the Western All-Stars team 111–94.

text: Boston Celtics' Ed Macauley was named as the first NBA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player, and the All-Star Game became a success, drawing an attendance of 10,094, much higher than that season's average attendance of 3,500.[6] In 2010, the NBA All Star Game attendance record was set when 108,713 fans jammed Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas. This shattered the existing attendance record previously held at Ford Field on Dec. 13, 2003 when 78,129 attendees watched Michigan State play Duke.[7]

text: On October 3, 2017, the NBA and NBPA announced the changes to the NBA All-Star Game format starting with the 2018 NBA All-Star Game. The vote leaders for each conferences will be assigned as team captains and will be able to select players from the rest of the starters and the reserves, regardless of the conference they play in, to form their own teams. This marks the first time, the conferences will not play against each other since the inaugural All-Star game.[3]

text: Features of the All-Star Game[edit]

text: The starting five from each conference consists of three frontcourt players and two guards, selected by a combination of fan, player, and media voting. In 2017, the NBA moved from a pure fan vote to a weighted process wherein fan voting accounts for 50% of the total and player and media voting account for 25% each.[8] The league made the change in response to social media campaigns that resulted in mediocre players such as journeyman Zaza Pachulia nearly being voted as All-Star starters over more deserving players.[9], [10] Prior to 2013, fans selected two forwards and one center instead of generic frontcourt players.[11] The NBA in 2003 began offering All-Star ballots in three languages—English, Spanish and Chinese—for fan voting of the starters.[12]

text: NBA coaches vote for the reserves for their respective conferences, none of which can be players on their own team. Each coach selects two guards, three frontcourt players and two wild cards, with each selected player ranked in order of preference within each category. If a multi-position player is to be selected, coaches are encouraged to vote for the player at the position that is "most advantageous for the All-Star team", regardless of where the player is listed on the All-Star ballot or the position he is listed in box scores.[13] If a player is unavailable for the game due to injury, the NBA commissioner selects a replacement for the roster. If the replacement is for a fan-selected starter, the all-star coach chooses the replacement in the starting lineup, and is not limited to the commissioner's addition to the roster.[14] It is also possible for more than one All-Star to be selected from one team, but there has never been more than 4 All-Stars represent a team in the game. Most recently was the 2017 Golden State Warriors who had 4 players represent that team (Stephen Curry, Kevin Durant, Draymond Green, and Klay Thompson.) This has only occurred 8 times dating back to 1962 Boston Celtics and the 1962 Los Angeles Lakers.[15]

text: The Game is played under normal NBA rules, but there are notable differences from an average game. Since the starting All-Stars are selected by fan vote, players sometimes start the game at atypical positions. For instance, in 2007 Kobe Bryant and Tracy McGrady had the two highest fan vote totals among Western Conference guards. As both players normally play shooting guard, Bryant, who is 6'6" (198 cm), started the game as a point guard, despite him also manning the shooting guard position on his team.

text: The player introductions are usually accompanied by a significant amount of fanfare, including lighting effects, dance music, and pyrotechnics. Special uniforms are designed for the game each year, usually red for the Western Conference and blue for the Eastern Conference, but the 1997–2002 games allowed players the opportunity to wear their respective team uniforms, and until 2009 and from 2015 to the present, the host conference wore light uniforms. Originally players from the same team who share a number have the option to either keep or change numbers (e.g. Patrick Ewing trading his familiar #33 for #3 because of Larry Bird wearing the same number), but since 1997 players from the same team can keep their customary uniform numbers even if they share them. A major recording artist typically sings "O Canada" and "The Star-Spangled Banner" prior to tipoff. One of the more memorable performances was given by Marvin Gaye during the 1983 game; Gaye was accompanied by Gordon Banks, who played a tape from an all night session that used numerous elements of soul music and funk, and Banks still has that historic tape of the music to which Gaye sang his soulful version.

text: Gameplay usually involves players attempting spectacular slam dunks and alley oops. Defensive effort is usually limited and the final score of the game is generally much higher than an average NBA game. The coaches also try to give most of the reserve players some time on the court instead of using a limited rotation as they would in a normal game, but giving the starters more minutes because that's who the fans want to see most. The fourth quarter of the game is often played in a more competitive fashion, if the game is close.

text: Halftime is also longer than a typical NBA game due to musical performances by popular artists. Recent guests have included Michael Jackson, Snoop Dogg, Ariana Grande, Elton John, Beyoncé, Mariah Carey, OutKast, Alicia Keys, Shakira, Rihanna, Nicki Minaj, Kendrick Lamar, Christina Aguilera, and John Legend.

text: All-Star Game records[edit]

text: All-Star Game results[edit]

text: This is a list of each All-Star Game, the venue at which it was played, and the Game MVP. Parenthesized numbers indicate multiple times that venue, city, or player has occurred as of that instance (e.g. "Michael Jordan (2)" in 1996 indicates that was his second All-Star MVP award). As of the 2017 All-Star Game (the 2016–17 NBA season)[update], the Eastern Conference leads with a record of 37 wins and 29 losses. The Western Conference has won the last 3 games.

text:
Eastern Conference (37 wins)
Western Conference (29 wins)

text: Note: Stadium names are named based on the name at the day of the All-Star Game.

text:
Year
Result
Host arena
Host city
Game MVP

1951
East 111, West 94
Boston Garden
Boston, Massachusetts
Ed Macauley, Boston Celtics

1952
East 108, West 91
Boston Garden (2)
Boston, Massachusetts (2)
Paul Arizin, Philadelphia Warriors

1953
West 79, East 75
Allen County War Memorial Coliseum
Fort Wayne, Indiana
George Mikan, Minneapolis Lakers

1954
East 98, West 93 (OT)
Madison Square Garden (1925)**
New York City, New York
Bob Cousy, Boston Celtics

1955
East 100, West 91
Madison Square Garden (1925)** (2)
New York City, New York (2)
Bill Sharman, Boston Celtics

1956
West 108, East 94
Rochester War Memorial Coliseum
Rochester, New York
Bob Pettit, St. Louis Hawks

1957
East 109, West 97
Boston Garden (3)
Boston, Massachusetts (3)
Bob Cousy (2), Boston Celtics

1958
East 130, West 118
St. Louis Arena
St. Louis, Missouri
Bob Pettit (2), St. Louis Hawks

1959
West 124, East 108
Olympia Stadium
Detroit, Michigan
Elgin Baylor, Minneapolis Lakers
Bob Pettit (3), St. Louis Hawks

1960
East 125, West 115
Convention Hall
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Wilt Chamberlain, Philadelphia Warriors

1961
West 153, East 131
Onondaga County War Memorial Coliseum
Syracuse, New York
Oscar Robertson, Cincinnati Royals

1962
West 150, East 130
St. Louis Arena (2)
St. Louis, Missouri (2)
Bob Pettit (4), St. Louis Hawks

1963
East 115, West 108
LA Sports Arena
Los Angeles, California
Bill Russell, Boston Celtics

1964
East 111, West 107
Boston Garden (4)
Boston, Massachusetts (4)
Oscar Robertson (2), Cincinnati Royals

1965
East 124, West 123
St. Louis Arena (3)
St. Louis, Missouri (3)
Jerry Lucas, Cincinnati Royals

1966
East 137, West 94
Cincinnati Gardens
Cincinnati, Ohio
Adrian Smith, Cincinnati Royals

1967
West 135, East 120
Cow Palace
Daly City, California
Rick Barry, San Francisco Warriors

1968
East 144, West 124
Madison Square Garden (1925)** (3)
New York City, New York (3)
Hal Greer, Philadelphia 76ers

1969
East 123, West 112
Baltimore Civic Center
Baltimore, Maryland
Oscar Robertson (3), Cincinnati Royals

1970
East 142, West 135
The Spectrum
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (2)
Willis Reed, New York Knicks

1971
West 108, East 107
San Diego Sports Arena
San Diego, California
Lenny Wilkens, Seattle SuperSonics

1972
West 112, East 110
The Forum
Inglewood, California
Jerry West, Los Angeles Lakers

1973
East 104, West 84
Chicago Stadium
Chicago, Illinois
Dave Cowens, Boston Celtics

1974
West 134, East 123
Seattle Center Coliseum
Seattle, Washington
Bob Lanier, Detroit Pistons

1975
East 108, West 102
Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum
Phoenix, Arizona
Walt Frazier, New York Knicks

1976
East 123, West 109
The Spectrum (2)
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (3)
Dave Bing, Washington Bullets

1977
West 125, East 124
Milwaukee Arena
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Julius Erving, Philadelphia 76ers

1978
East 133, West 125
Omni Coliseum
Atlanta, Georgia
Randy Smith, Buffalo Braves

1979
West 134, East 129
Pontiac Silverdome
Pontiac, Michigan†
David Thompson, Denver Nuggets

1980
East 144, West 136 (OT)
Capital Centre
Landover, Maryland
George Gervin, San Antonio Spurs

1981
East 123, West 120
Coliseum at Richfield
Richfield, Ohio
Nate Archibald, Boston Celtics

1982
East 120, West 118
Brendan Byrne Arena
East Rutherford, New Jersey
Larry Bird, Boston Celtics

1983
East 132, West 123
The Forum (2)
Inglewood, California (2)
Julius Erving (2), Philadelphia 76ers

1984
East 154, West 145 (OT)
McNichols Sports Arena
Denver, Colorado
Isiah Thomas, Detroit Pistons

1985
West 140, East 129
Hoosier Dome
Indianapolis, Indiana†
Ralph Sampson, Houston Rockets

1986
East 139, West 132
Reunion Arena
Dallas, Texas
Isiah Thomas (2), Detroit Pistons

1987
West 154, East 149 (OT)
Kingdome
Seattle, Washington† (2)
Tom Chambers, Seattle SuperSonics

1988
East 138, West 133
Chicago Stadium (2)
Chicago, Illinois (2)
Michael Jordan, Chicago Bulls

1989
West 143, East 134
Astrodome
Houston, Texas†
Karl Malone, Utah Jazz

1990
East 130, West 113
Miami Arena
Miami, Florida
Magic Johnson, Los Angeles Lakers

1991
East 116, West 114
Charlotte Coliseum
Charlotte, North Carolina
Charles Barkley, Philadelphia 76ers

1992
West 153, East 113
Orlando Arena
Orlando, Florida
Magic Johnson (2), Los Angeles Lakers

1993
West 135, East 132 (OT)
Delta Center
Salt Lake City, Utah
Karl Malone (2), Utah Jazz
John Stockton, Utah Jazz

1994
East 127, West 118
Target Center
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Scottie Pippen, Chicago Bulls

1995
West 139, East 112
America West Arena§
Phoenix, Arizona (2)
Mitch Richmond, Sacramento Kings

1996
East 129, West 118
Alamodome
San Antonio, Texas
Michael Jordan (2), Chicago Bulls

1997
East 132, West 120
Gund Arena
Cleveland, Ohio
Glen Rice, Charlotte Hornets

1998
East 135, West 114
Madison Square Garden***
New York City, New York (4)
Michael Jordan (3), Chicago Bulls

1999
Canceled due to the league's lockout.
The game was originally set to play at the First Union Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[16]

2000
West 137, East 126
The Arena in Oakland
Oakland, California
Tim Duncan, San Antonio Spurs
Shaquille O'Neal, Los Angeles Lakers

2001
East 111, West 110
MCI Center
Washington, D.C.
Allen Iverson, Philadelphia 76ers

2002
West 135, East 120
First Union Center
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (4)
Kobe Bryant, Los Angeles Lakers

2003
West 155, East 145 (2 OT)
Philips Arena
Atlanta, Georgia (2)
Kevin Garnett, Minnesota Timberwolves

2004
West 136, East 132
Staples Center
Los Angeles, California (2)
Shaquille O'Neal (2), Los Angeles Lakers

2005
East 125, West 115
Pepsi Center
Denver, Colorado (2)
Allen Iverson (2), Philadelphia 76ers

2006
East 122, West 120
Toyota Center
Houston, Texas (2)
LeBron James, Cleveland Cavaliers

2007
West 153, East 132
Thomas & Mack Center
Las Vegas, Nevada*
Kobe Bryant (2), Los Angeles Lakers

2008
East 134, West 128
New Orleans Arena§
New Orleans, Louisiana
LeBron James (2), Cleveland Cavaliers

2009
West 146, East 119
US Airways Center (2)
Phoenix, Arizona (3)
Kobe Bryant (3), Los Angeles Lakers
Shaquille O'Neal (3), Phoenix Suns

2010
East 141, West 139
Cowboys Stadium
Arlington, Texas#†
Dwyane Wade, Miami Heat

2011
West 148, East 143
Staples Center (2)
Los Angeles, California (3)
Kobe Bryant (4), Los Angeles Lakers

2012
West 152, East 149
Amway Center
Orlando, Florida (2)
Kevin Durant, Oklahoma City Thunder

2013
West 143, East 138
Toyota Center (2)
Houston, Texas (3)
Chris Paul, Los Angeles Clippers

2014
East 163, West 155
Smoothie King Center (2)
New Orleans, Louisiana (2)
Kyrie Irving, Cleveland Cavaliers

2015
West 163, East 158
Madison Square Garden (2)*** / Barclays Center
New York City, New York (5)
Russell Westbrook, Oklahoma City Thunder

2016
West 196, East 173
Air Canada Centre
Toronto, Ontario
Russell Westbrook (2), Oklahoma City Thunder

2017
West 192, East 182
Smoothie King Center (3)
New Orleans, Louisiana (3)
Anthony Davis, New Orleans Pelicans

2018[3]
TBA vs. TBA
Staples Center (3)
Los Angeles, California (4)

2019[17]
TBA vs. TBA
Spectrum Center
Charlotte, North Carolina (2)

2020[18]
TBA vs. TBA
United Center
Chicago, Illinois (3)

2021[19]
TBA vs. TBA
Bankers Life Fieldhouse
Indianapolis, Indiana (2)

text:
* denotes a city without an NBA team in play during that calendar year.
** denotes game played at the "third" Madison Square Garden on 8th Avenue between 49th and 50th Streets, which the first three NBA All-Star Games played in Madison Square Garden (1954, '55 and '68) were.
*** denotes game played at the "fourth" (or current as of 2017) Madison Square Garden that runs from 31st to 33rd Streets from 8th to west of 7th Avenues above the western half of Penn Station in Manhattan that opened in February 1968, approximately one month after the 1968 game was played in the "old" MSG.
† denotes an NBA All-Star game that is held at an NFL or MLB stadium.
§ denotes a stadium or arena whose venue name has since changed AND the venue has hosted a subsequent NBA All-Star game under the alternate name.
Portland, Sacramento, Memphis, and Oklahoma City are the only current NBA cities that have not yet hosted an NBA All-Star Game.[a]
New arenas that have not hosted the All-Star Game in markets that have hosted it previously are BMO Harris Bradley Center in Milwaukee, United Center in Chicago (currently scheduled to host the 2020 Game), TD Garden in Boston, American Airlines Arena in Miami, Bankers Life Fieldhouse in Indianapolis, American Airlines Center in Dallas, Spectrum Center in Charlotte, AT&T Center in San Antonio, and Little Caesars Arena (opened in 2017) in Detroit.
# Arlington, Texas does not have an NBA team within its city limits, but it is a part of the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex that has an NBA team (the Dallas Mavericks).

text: Other All-Star events[edit]

text: The All-Star Game is the featured event of All-Star Weekend, and it is held on a Sunday night. All-Star Weekend also includes a number of popular exhibition games and competitions featuring NBA players and alumni as well as players from the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) and NBA G League (G League).


document_title: Umayyad conquest of Hispania

question_text: who forced the umayyads out of spain by 1492

root

text: Umayyad conquest of Hispania

text: Background[edit]

text: Precisely what happened in Iberia in the early 8th century is uncertain. There is one contemporary Christian source, the Chronicle of 754 (which ends on that date), regarded as reliable but often vague.[2] There are no contemporary Muslim accounts. What Muslim information there is comes from later compilations subject to contemporary ideological influence.[3] The most prominent such compilation is that of Al-Maqqari, which dates from the 17th century. This paucity of sources means that any specific or detailed claims need to be regarded with caution.[4]

tag: p

text: The manner of King Roderic's ascent to the throne is unclear; there are accounts of dispute with Achila II, son of his predecessor Wittiza, and later regnal lists who cite Achila omit Roderic, which fits in with the contemporary account of a civil war.[5] Numismatic evidence suggests a division of royal authority, with several coinages being struck, and Achila II remaining king on the Tarraconsense (the Ebro basin) and Septimania until circa 713.[6] Roderic is treated by the nearly contemporary Chronicle of 754 as an usurper who by deception earned the allegiance of other Goths, while the less reliable late-9th century Chronicle of Alfonso III shows a clear hostility towards Oppa, bishop of Seville (or Toledo) and probably a brother of Wittiza, who appears in a unlikely heroic dialogue between him and Pelagius.[7]

text: There is also a story of one Julian, count of Ceuta, whose wife or daughter was raped by Roderic and who also sought help from Tangier.[8] However, these stories are not included in the earliest accounts of the conquest.[9]

text: As to the initial nature of the expedition, historical opinion takes four directions:[citation needed] (1) that a force was sent to aid one side in a civil war in the hope of plunder and a future alliance; (2) that it was a reconnaissance force sent to test the military strength of the Visigothic kingdom; (3) that it was the first wave of a full–scale invasion; (4) that it was an unusually large raiding expedition with no direct strategic intentions.

text: Invasion[edit]

text: According to the later chronicler Ibn Abd-el-Hakem, in 711, Tariq Ibn Ziyad led an approximately 1,700-strong raiding force from North Africa to southern Spain.[10] However, 12,000 seems a more accurate figure.[11] Ibn Abd-el-Hakem reports, one and a half centuries later, that "the people of Andalus did not observe them, thinking that the vessels crossing and recrossing were similar to the trading vessels which for their benefit plied backwards and forwards." They defeated the Visigothic army, led by King Roderic, in a decisive battle at Guadalete in 712. Tariq's forces were then reinforced by those of his superior, the wali Musa ibn Nusair, and both took control of most of Iberia with an army estimated at approximately 10,000–15,000 combatants.[12]

text: According to the Muslim historian Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari,[13] Iberia was first invaded some sixty years earlier during the caliphate of Uthman (Rashidun era). Another prominent Muslim historian of the 13th century, Ibn Kathir,[14] quoted the same narration, pointing to a campaign led by Abd Allah bin Nafi al Husayn and Abd Allah bin Nafi al Abd al Qays[15] in 32 AH. However, this putative invasion is not accepted by modern historians.

text: The conquering army was made up mainly of Berbers who had themselves only recently come under Muslim influence. It is probable that this army represented a continuation of a historic pattern of large-scale raids into Iberia dating to the pre–Islamic period, and hence it has been suggested that actual conquest was not originally planned. Both the Chronicle of 754 and later Muslim sources speak of raiding activity in previous years, and Tariq's army may have been present for some time before the decisive battle. It has been argued that this possibility is supported by the fact that the army was led by a Berber and that Musa, who was the Umayyad Governor of North Africa, only arrived the following year—the governor had not stooped to lead a mere raid, but hurried across once the unexpected triumph became clear. The Chronicle of 754 states that many townspeople fled to the hills rather than defend their cities, which might support the view that this was expected to be a temporary raid rather than a permanent change of government.

text: The Chronicle of 754 stated that "the entire army of the Goths, which had come with him [Roderic] fraudulently and in rivalry out of hopes of the Kingship, fled". This is the only contemporary account of the battle and the paucity of detail led many later historians to invent their own. The location of the battle is not totally clear but was probably the Guadalete River.

text: Roderic was believed to have been killed and a crushing defeat would have left the Visigoths largely leaderless and disorganized. In this regard, the ruling Visigoth population is estimated at a mere 1 to 2% of the total population,[16] which on one hand led to 'a reasonably strong and effective instrument of government’; however, it was highly 'centralised to the extent that the defeat of the royal army left the entire land open to the invaders’.[17] The resulting power vacuum, which may have indeed caught Tariq completely by surprise, would have aided the Muslim conquest immensely. Indeed, it may have been equally welcome to the Hispano-Roman peasants who—as D.W. Lomax claims—were disillusioned by the prominent legal, linguistic and social divide between them and the 'barbaric' and 'decadent' Visigoth royal family.[18]

text: In 714, Musa ibn Nusayr headed north-west up the Ebro river to overrun the western Basque regions and the Cantabrian mountains all the way to Gallaecia, with no relevant or attested opposition. During the period of the second (or first, depending on the sources) Arab governor Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa (714–716), the principal urban centres of Catalonia surrendered. In 714, his father, Musa ibn Nusair, advanced and overran Soria, the western Basque regions, Palencia, and as far west as Gijón or León, where a Berber governor was appointed with no relevant or attested opposition. The northern areas of Iberia drew little attention to the conquerors and were hard to defend when taken. The high western and central sub-Pyrenean valleys remained unconquered.

text: At this time, Umayyad troops reached Pamplona, and the Basque town submitted after a compromise was brokered with Arab commanders to respect the town and its inhabitants, a practice that was common in many towns of the Iberian Peninsula.[19] The Umayyad troops met little resistance. Considering that era's communication capabilities, three years was a reasonable time spent almost reaching the Pyrenees, after making the necessary arrangements for the towns' submissions and their future governance.[20]

text: New territorial and civil administration[edit]

text: In 713, Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa subdued the forces of the Visigothic count Theudimer (or Tudmir), who had taken over southeastern Iberia from his base in Murcia after the power vacuum following king Roderic's defeat. Theudimer then signed a conditional capitulation by which his lands were made into an autonomous client state under Umayyad rule ("the rule of God"). His government and the Christian beliefs of his subjects were respected; in exchange, he pledged to pay a tax and to hand over any rebels plotting against Umayyad rule or the Islamic religion. In this way, the life of many inhabitants remained much the same as before Tariq's and Musa's campaigns.[21] The treaty signed with Theudimer set a precedent for the whole of Iberia, and towns surrendering to Umayyad troops experienced a similar fate, including probably the muwallad Banu Qasi based in the Ebro valley, and other counts and landowners.

text: In exception to this pattern, some towns (Cordova, Toledo, etc.) were stormed and captured unconditionally by the Umayyads, to be governed by direct Arab rule. In the area thought to be part of King Roderic's territory, Mérida also staged a prolonged resistance to the Umayyad advance, but was ultimately conquered in mid-summer 712.[22] As of 713 (or 714), the last Visigothic king Ardo took over from Achila II, with an effective control just over Septimania, and probably the eastern Pyrenean threshold and coastal areas of the Tarraconense.

text: Islamic laws did not apply to all the subjects of the new rulers. Christians were ruled by their own Visigothic law code (Forum Iudicum) as before. In most of the towns, ethnic communities remained segregated and newly arriving ethnic groups (Syrians, Yemenites, Berbers and others) would erect new boroughs outside existing urban areas. However, this would not apply to towns under direct Umayyad rule. In Cordova, the Cathedral was partitioned and shared to provide for the religious needs of Christians and Muslims. This situation lasted some 40 years until Abd ar-Rahman's conquest of southern Spain (756).

text: An early governor (wali) of al-Andalus, al-Hurr ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Thaqafi, spread the rule of the Umayyad Caliphate up to the Ebro valley and the northeastern borders of Iberia, pacifying most of the territory and initiating in 717 the first forays across the Pyrenees into Septimania. In addition, he laid out the foundations of Umayyad civil administration in Iberia, by sending civil administration officials (judges) to conquered towns and lands guarded by garrisons established usually next to the population nuclei.[23] Moreover, al-Hurr restored lands to their previous Christian landowners, which may have added greatly to the revenue of the Umayyad governors and the caliph of Damascus, since only non-Muslims were subject to taxation. The task of establishing a civil administration in conquered al-Andalus was essentially completed by the governor Yahya ibn Salama al-Kalbi 10 years later.

text: The period following al-Hurr's office saw the establishment of the Arabs in southern Septimania during Al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani's tenure as wali. Narbonne fell (720), and no sooner had he garrisoned it than the Arab commander led an offensive against Toulouse. During this Umayyad thrust or its aftermath, King Ardo died (721).

text: Ethnic groups and internal tensions[edit]

text: In the first stage of the invasion, the armies were made up of Berbers and different Arab groups. These peoples clustered around the banner of the Umayyads didn't mix together, but remained in separate towns and boroughs. The Berbers, recently subdued and superficially Islamized, were usually in charge of the most difficult tasks and the most rugged terrains, similar to the ones found in their homeland of north Africa, while the Arabs occupied the more gentle plains of southern Iberia.[24]

text: Consequently, the Berbers went on to station in Galicia (possibly including Asturias) and the Upper Marches (Ebro basin), but these lands remained unpleasant, humid and cold. The grievances resented by the Berbers under Arab rulers (attempts to impose a tax on Muslim Berbers, etc.) sparked rebellions in north Africa that expanded into Iberia. An early uprising took place in 730, when Uthman ibn Naissa (Munuza), master of the eastern Pyrenees (Cerretanya), allied with the duke Odo of Aquitaine and detached from Cordova.

text: Those internal frictions continually threatened (or sometimes may, paradoxically, have spurred) the Umayyad ever-expanding military effort in al-Andalus during the conquest period. Circa 739, on learning the news of Charles Martel's second intervention in Provence, Uqba ibn al-Hajjaj had to call off an expedition to the Lower Rhone in order to deal with the Berber Revolt in the south instead. Later next year, the Berber garrisons stationed in León, Astorga and other north-western outposts gave up their positions, and some of them even embraced the Christian religion.[25] The Muslim settlement was thereafter established permanently south of the Douro's banks.

text: The Berber rebellions swept the whole al-Andalus under Abd al-Malik ibn Katan al-Fihri's term as governor. Reinforcements were then called from the other end of the Mediterranean in a military capacity: the "Syrian" junds (actually Yemeni Arabs). The Berber rebellions were quelled in blood, and the Arab commanders came up reinforced after 742. Different Arab factions reached an agreement to alternate in office, but this didn't last long, since Yusuf ibn 'Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri (opposed to the Umayyads) remained in power up to his defeat by Abd-ar-Rahman I in 756, and the establishment of the independent Umayyad Emirate of Cordova. It was in this period of unrest that the Frankish king Pepin finally captured Narbonne from the Andalusians (759).

text: In Yusuf's and Abd-ar-Rahman's fight for power in al-Andalus, the "Syrian" troops, a mainstay of the Umayyad Caliphate, split. For the most part, Arabs from the Mudhar and Qais tribes sided with Yusuf, so did the indigenous (second or third generation) Arabs from northern Africa, while Yemeni units and some Berbers took sides with Abd-ar-Rahman, probably born to a north African Berber mother himself. In 756, south and central al-Andalus (Cordova, Sevilla) were in the hands of Abd-ar-Rahman, but it took still 25 years for him to hold sway over the Upper Marches (Pamplona, Zaragoza and all the northeast).[26]

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: The Iberian Peninsula was the westernmost tip of the Umayyad Caliphate of Damascus and was under the rule of the governor of Ifriqiya. In 720, the caliph even considered abandoning the territory. The conquest was followed by a period of several hundred years during which most of the Iberian peninsula was known as Al-Andalus, dominated by Muslim rulers. Only a handful of new small Christian realms managed to reassert their authority across the faraway mountainous north of the peninsula.

text: In 756, Abd ar-Rahman I, a survivor of the recently overthrown Umayyad Dynasty, landed in al-Andalus and seized power in Cordova and Seville, and proclaimed himself emir or malik, removing any mentions of the Abbasid Caliphs of Damascus from the Friday prayers.[27] In the wake of these events, southern Iberia became de jure and de facto independent from the Damascus Caliphate. Although this was not accepted outside al-Andalus and those North African territories with which it was affiliated, Abd ar-Rahman, and especially his successors, considered that they were the legitimate continuation of the Umayyad caliphate, i.e. that their rule was more legitimate than that of the Abbasids. It seems that Abd ar-Rahman never considered establishing a separate principality. (See Caliphate of Córdoba.)

text: During the unification of al-Andalus in the reign of Abd ar-Rahman before his death in 788, al-Andalus underwent centralization and slow but steady homogenization. The autonomous status of many towns and regions negotiated in the first years of the conquest was reversed by 778,[28] in some cases much earlier (Pamplona by 742, for example). The Hispanic Church based in Toledo, whose status remained largely undiminished under the new rulers, fell out with the Roman Church during the Adoptionist controversy (late 8th century). Rome relied on an alliance with Charlemagne (in war with the Cordovan emirs) to defend its political authority and possessions, and went on to recognize the northern Asturian principality (Gallaecia) as a kingdom apart from Cordova, and Alfonso II as king.

text: The population of al-Andalus, especially local nobles who aspired to a share in power, began to embrace Islam and the Arabic language. However, the majority of the population remained Christian (using the Mozarabic Rite), and Latin (Mozarabic) remained the principal language until the 11th century.

text: Abd ar-Rahman I founded an independent dynasty that survived until the 11th century. That line was succeeded by a variety of short and small emirates (taifas) unable to stop the push of the expansionist northern Christian kingdoms. The Almoravids (1086-1094) and the Almohads (1146-1173) occupied al-Andalus next, and the Marinids in 1269, but that could not prevent the fragmentation of Muslim-ruled territory. The last Muslim emirate, Granada, was defeated by the armies of Castile (successor to Asturias) and Aragon under Isabella and Ferdinand in 1492. The last wave of expulsions from Spain of the native population of Muslim descent took place in 1614.

text: Chronology[edit]

text:
History of Al-Andalus

Muslim conquest
(711–732)

Battle of Guadalete
Battle of Toulouse
Battle of Tours

Umayyads of Córdoba
(756–1031)

Emirate of Córdoba
Caliphate of Córdoba
Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir

First Taifa period
(1009–1110)

Almoravid rule
(1085–1145)

Conquest
Battle of Sagrajas

Second Taifa period
(1140–1203)

Almohad rule
(1147–1238)

Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa

Third Taifa period
(1232–1287)

Emirate of Granada
(1238–1492)

Nasrid dynasty
Granada War

Related articles

Iberia
Reconquista

v
t
e

tag: table

text:
Part of a series on the

History of Gibraltar

Prehistory[show]

Prehistoric Iberia
Neanderthals of Gibraltar
Gibraltar 1
Gibraltar 2

Medieval[show]

Umayyad conquest of Hispania
Al-Andalus
Moorish Gibraltar
Reconquista
First Siege of Gibraltar
Second Siege of Gibraltar
Third Siege of Gibraltar
Fourth Siege of Gibraltar
Fifth Siege of Gibraltar
Sixth Siege of Gibraltar
Seventh Siege of Gibraltar

Early modern[show]

Eighth Siege of Gibraltar
Ninth Siege of Gibraltar
Tenth Siege of Gibraltar
Catholic Monarchs
Marquisate of Gibraltar
War of the Spanish Succession
Capture of Gibraltar
Twelfth Siege of Gibraltar
Treaty of Utrecht
Thirteenth Siege of Gibraltar
Great Siege of Gibraltar

19th century[show]

Royal Calpe Hunt

20th century[show]

Military history of Gibraltar during World War II

Evacuation of the Gibraltarian civilian population during World War II

Operation Felix
First sovereignty referendum
First constitution
Border closure
Operation Flavius/Death on the Rock

Modern Gibraltar[show]

Second sovereignty referendum
Cordoba Agreement, 2006
Second constitution

See also[show]

History of nationality in Gibraltar

Political development in modern Gibraltar

Fortifications of Gibraltar

Timeline

 Gibraltar portal

v
t
e

text: As discussed above, much of the traditional narrative of the Conquest is more legend than reliable history. Some of the key events and the stories around them are outlined below.

text:
710 – Tariq ibn Ziyad, a Berber freedman, lands with 400 men and 100 horses on the tiny peninsula now called Gibraltar (Jebel Tarik), after his name.
711 – Musa ibn Nusair, Governor of Ifriqiya in North Africa, dispatches Tariq into the Iberian Peninsula.
711 (July 19) – King Roderick's army utterly routed in the Battle of Guadalete somewhere in the Guadalquivir valley.
712 – Musa ibn Nusair joins Tariq after the Battle of Guadalete and both go on to attack towns and strongholds previously avoided. Abu Zora Tarif lands in Algeciras.[29]
713 – Theudimer's conditional surrender, allowing him to remain lord of his south-eastern region around Murcia (Tudmir).
715 – Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa announces first wali of Andalus and marries the widow of King Roderick, Egilona. Seville becomes the capital.
717–18 – Al-Hurr ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Thaqafi starts the first military campaigns into Gothic Septimania.
719 – Al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani, 4th wali, transfers the seat of Governor from Seville to Cordova. Barcelona and Narbonne captured.
721 – An Umayyad army led by Al-Samh crushed by duke Odo's Aquitanian army at the Battle of Toulouse ("Balat Al Shuhada" of Toulouse).
722 – An Umayyad patrol defeated by Pelagius at the Battle of Covadonga in the mountains of Asturias.
725 – Anbasa ibn Suhaym Al-Kalbi subdues all Septimania, raids the Lower Rhone, and captures Autun.
731 – Munuza defeated in Cerdanya by Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi.
Spring 732 – An expedition led by the wali Al Ghafiqi vanquishes duke Odo at the Battle of the River Garonne.
October 732 – Al Ghafiqi totally routed by Charles Martel (Mayor of the Palace at the Merovingian court) at the Battle of Tours ("Balat Al Shuhada" of Poitiers).
734 – Count Maurontus calls Umayyad forces on a military capacity into Arles, Avignon, and probably Marseille.
740–42 – Berbers in northern Iberia (Galicia, Leon, Astorga, upper Ebro) give up their positions to join the Berber Revolts.
743-757 – Alfonso I of Asturias raids the territory between the rivers Duero and Ebro but doesn't retain it.
743 – Mudarites and Yemenites agree on choosing alternately one of their numbers each year to rule Al–Andalus.
747 – Governor Yusuf ibn 'Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri, a Mudarite and descendant of Uqbah ibn Nafia, refuses to give turn to the Yemenite candidate and rules autonomously.
755 – Rebellion in Zaragoza quashed, and Yusuf's detachment annihilated by the Basques near Pamplona.
755 – Abd Al-Rahman Al Dakhel ("Saqr Quraysh") lands on the southern coast, taking in a quick succession Granada, Seville and Cordova.
756 – After refusing to compromise with Yusuf, Abd ar-Rahman I independent Umayyad emir of Córdova. Yusuf defeated.
759 – Narbonne captured by the Frankish king Pepin the Short.
763 – Pro-Abbasid army defeated by Abd ar-Rahman I in Carmona.
778 – Charlemagne repelled in Zaragoza by Muslim local lords.
779 – Abd ar-Rahman I campaigns to the Upper Marches and subdues its main city, Zaragoza.
781 – Pamplona and the Basque lords south of the Pyrenean fringes subdued. All Al Andalus unified.
788 – Abd ar-Rahman I dies.

tag: ul


document_title: List of top-selling candy brands

question_text: what is the best selling chocolate in the world

text: List of top-selling candy brands

text: The table below summarizes some of the top-selling candy brands in different countries. Candy is a confection that features sugar as a principal listing life line for an example of an ingredient. The category, called sugar confectionery, encompasses any sweet confection, including chocolate, chewing gum, and sugar candy. Vegetables, fruit, or nuts which have been glazed and coated with sugar are said to be candied.

text: Top-selling candy brands[edit]

text:
Country
Top Brands[1]
Image
2012 Annual Sales
(In millions USD)
Description

 United States
Reese's Peanut Butter Cups

2,603
Reese's Peanut Butter Cups are the No. 1 selling candy brand in the United States,[2] consisting of milk, white, or dark chocolate cups filled with peanut butter. They were invented by H.B. Reese after he founded the H.B. Reese Candy Company in 1923. Initially working from the basement of his Hershey, PA home, Reese's success eventually allowed him to build 2 modern factories.[3] Reese died on May 16, 1956 in West Palm Beach, Florida leaving the company to his six sons.[4] On July 2, 1963 the H.B. Reese Candy Company was acquired by the Hershey Chocolate Corporation in a tax free stock-for-stock merger. In 2017 after 54-years of stock splits, the original 666,316 shares of Hershey common stock received by the Reese family represented 16 million Hershey shares valued at over $1.8 billion that paid annual cash dividends of $42 million.[5] In 1969, only 6-years after the Reese/Hershey merger, Reese's Peanut Butter Cups became The Hershey Company's top seller.[6]

 United States
M&M's

2,300
Mars, Inc. owns M&M's which are "colorful button-shaped chocolates," each of which has the letter "m" printed in lower case on one side and are surrounded by a filling that differs depending upon the variety of the M&M's. In 1940, M&M Limited was founded in Newark, New Jersey[7] The name "M&Ms" stands for Mars and Murrie, which were the last names of the two company founders, Forrest Mars Sr. and Bruce Murrie (who owned 20% of M&M Limited). Murrie was the son of Hershey Chocolate president William F. R. Murrie. This arrangement allowed M&Ms to be made with Hershey Chocolate, as Hershey had control of rationed chocolate during World War II.[8]

 Brazil
Trident

682
Trident, made by Cadbury, is not only the No. 1 candy in Brazil, it is also the No. 1 brand of chewing gum in the world.

 United Kingdom
Cadbury's Dairy Milk

852
Cadbury's Dairy Milk is a chocolate bar that claims to have a glass and a half of milk in every bar. This chocolate treat was created in 1904 and became an instant hit following its initial sales in 1905.[9] Cadbury was bought out by Kraft Foods in 2010.[10]

 Germany
Milka

733
Milka is milk chocolate that is manufactured by the Mondelēz International (formerly Kraft Foods) Company. It was first created in 1901. The candy's packaging is unique and includes its iconic lilac-colored cow, which helps tie the candy back to its Alpine heritage.[11]

 France
Hollywood

318
Hollywood Chewing Gum was the first French chewing gum, and it was created in 1952. The French were introduced to chewing gum for the first time by the American troops stationed there in 1944. In 1958, the gum's main advertising focus was that of the American Dream. While Hollywood now offers a variety of different flavors, the very first flavor was spearmint.[12]

 Italy
Vivident Gum

313
Vivident is a sugar-free gum that is manufactured by the Perfetti Van Melle Group and is wildly popular in Italy. Advertisements for the gum has been claimed to be behind the gum's popularity.[13]

 Russia
Orbit Gum

445
Orbit gum first got its name during the Second World War when Wrigley shipped all of their chewing gum overseas to the troops and began manufacturing gum for the civilians under the name of Orbit. After the war, the name Orbit disappeared again. In the 1970s, Wrigley began selling sugar-free gum under the name of Orbit in European countries. It was not until 2001 that Orbit gum returned to the United States.[14]

 Russia
Alpen Gold

198
Alpen Gold is a brand of chocolate produced in Russia. They sell chocolate bars, pralines, and boxes of chocolates. Their chocolate often includes ingredients such as raisins, nuts, and liqueur.[15]

 Czech Republic
Orion

142
Production of Orion chocolate began in 1896 as a part of a small family business in Prague. The chocolate became very popular, representing 1/3 of the chocolate produced in the Czech Republic. In 1991, Nestlé took over Orion chocolate, which has only helped boost the popularity of the candy.[16]

 China
Hsu Fu Chi

256
The Hsu Fu Chi company started in 1992 with brothers by the name of Hsu. The company makes a wide variety of candy, including lollipops, gummies, jelly beans, chocolates, and pastries. The company was bought out by Nestle in 2011.[17]

 Japan
Meiji

479
Meiji chocolate is manufactured by Meiji Seika Kaisha Ltd., which was established in 1916 and is located in Tokyo. Meiji chocolates flavors include cheese, black pepper, jasmine, basil, and lemon salt.[18]

 India
Cadbury's Dairy Milk

127
Cadbury's Dairy Milk is a chocolate bar that claims to have a glass and a half of milk in every bar. This chocolate treat was created in 1904 and became an instant hit following its initial sales in 1905.[9]

 United Kingdom
Galaxy bar

94
The bars are milk chocolate and are made by Mars Inc. This same candy is known as Dove in the United States.

 Israel
Elite

93
Elite candy is manufactured by the Strauss Group and includes a variety of different types of candies.

 Argentina
TopLine gum

124
TopLine gum is manufactured by a company by the name of Arcor, which was started in 1951.[19]

 Chile
Ambrosoli

102
Ambrosoli is the largest candy manufacturer in Chile. The company produces a wide variety of candies, including jelly and hard candy.[20]

 Colombia
Jet

47
Jet chocolate bars are produced by Compania Nacional de Chocolates. The candy was first manufactured in the 1960s.

 South Africa
Beacon Sweets and Chocolates

69
Candy manufactured by the Beacon Sweets and Chocolates company is the top-selling candy in South Africa. They produce a wide variety of candies, including gummies, jelly candy, chocolate, and more.

 Australia
Cadbury's Dairy Milk

197
Cadbury's Dairy Milk is a chocolate bar that claims to have a glass and a half of milk in every bar. This chocolate treat was created in 1904 and became an instant hit following its initial sales in 1905.[9]


document_title: Rajya Sabha

question_text: what is the strength of bjp in rajya sabha

text: Rajya Sabha

text: Qualifications[edit]

text: Article 84 of the Constitution lays down the qualifications for membership of Parliament. A member of the Rajya Sabha must:[7]

text:
Must be a citizen of India.
Must make and subscribe before some person authorized in that behalf by the Election Commission an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule to the Constitution.
Must be at least 30 years old.
Must be elected by the Legislative Assembly of States and Union territories by means of Single transferable vote through Proportional representation.[8]
Cannot be a proclaimed criminal.
Cannot be an insolvent, i.e. he/she should not be in debt that he/she is not capable of repaying in a current manner and should have the ability to meet his/her financial expenses.
Should not hold any other office of profit under the Government of India.
Should not be of unsound mind.
Must possess such other qualifications as may be prescribed in that behalf by or under any law made by Parliament.

text: In addition, twelve members are nominated by the President of India having special knowledge in various areas like arts and science. However, they are not entitled to vote in Presidential elections as per Article 55 of the Constitution.

text: Limitations[edit]

text: The Constitution of India places some restrictions on Rajya Sabha which makes Lok Sabha more powerful in certain areas in comparison.

text: Money bills[edit]

text: Money bills, as defined in the Constitution of India Act 110, can only be introduced in Lok Sabha. When Lok Sabha passes a money bill, and transmits it to Rajya Sabha, Rajya Sabha has only fourteen days to return the bill (with or without amendments) to Lok Sabha. If Rajya Sabha fails to return the bill in fourteen days, that bill is deemed to have passed by both the Houses. Also, if Lok Sabha rejects any (or all) of the amendments proposed by Rajya Sabha, the bill is deemed to have been passed by both Houses of Parliament in the form Lok Sabha finally passes it. Hence, Rajya Sabha cannot stall, or amend, a money bill without Lok Sabha's concurrence on the same.[9]

text: Joint Sitting of the Parliament[edit]

text: Article 108 provides for a joint sitting of the two Houses of Parliament in certain cases. A joint sitting can be convened by the President of India when one house has either rejected a bill passed by the other house, has not taken any action on a bill transmitted to it by the other house for six months, or has disagreed to the amendments proposed by the Lok Sabha on a bill passed by it. Considering that the numerical strength of Lok Sabha is more than twice that of Rajya Sabha, Lok Sabha tends to have a greater influence in a joint sitting of Parliament. A joint session is chaired by the Speaker of Lok Sabha. Also, because the joint session is convened by the President on advice of the government, which already has a majority in Lok Sabha, the joint session is usually convened to get bills passed through a Rajya Sabha in which the government has a minority.

text: Joint sessions of Parliament are a rarity, and have been convened three times in last 69 years, for the purpose of passage of a specific legislative act, the latest time being in 2002:

text:
1961: Dowry Prohibition Act, 1958
1978: Banking Services Commission (Repeal) Act, 1977
2002: Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002

text: No-confidence motion[edit]

text: Unlike the Lok Sabha, a member of the Rajya Sabha cannot bring to the house a no-confidence motion against the government.

text: Powers[edit]

text: In Indian federal structure, Rajya Sabha is a representative of the States in the Union legislature (Hence the name, Council of States). Hence, Rajya Sabha is granted powers that protect the rights of States against the Union.

text: Union-States Relations[edit]

text: The Constitution empowers Parliament of India to make laws on the matters reserved for States (States List). However, this can only be done if Rajya Sabha first passes a resolution by two-thirds special majority granting such a power to the Union Parliament. The union government cannot make a law on a matter reserved for states without any authorisation from Rajya Sabha.

text: Creation of All-India Services[edit]

text: Rajya Sabha, by a two-thirds super majority can pass a resolution empowering the Government of India to create more All-India Services common to both Union and States, including a judicial service.

text: Membership and composition[edit]

text: Seats are allotted in proportion to the population of people of each state or union territory in such a manner that smaller states have slight advantage over more populous states.[10] In addition, smaller Union Territories, which are not States and which do not have legislatures, do not have representation in Rajya Sabha. Hence, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, Chandigarh, Daman & Diu and Dadra & Nagar Haveli do not send any representatives to Rajya Sabha. 12 members are nominated by the President.[11][12]

text: As per the Fourth Schedule to the Constitution of India on 26 January 1950, the Rajya Sabha was to consist of 216 members of which 12 members were to be nominated by the President and the remaining 204 elected to represent the States.[12] The present strength, however, is 245 members of whom 233 are representatives of the states and union territories and 12 are nominated by the President.[12] The twelve nominated members of the Rajya Sabha are persons who are eminent in particular fields, and are well known contributors in the particular field. A few examples of such nominated persons are cricketing icon Sachin Tendulkar, former RBI Governor Bimal Jalan and famous lyricist and poet Javed Akhtar. As of March 2014, each state or union territory specified in the first column of the following table, there shall be allotted the number of seats specified in the second column thereof opposite to that State or that union territory, as the case may be:[13]

text:
Name of state and union territory
No. of Seats

Andhra Pradesh[14]
11

Arunachal Pradesh
1

Assam
7

Bihar
16

Chhattisgarh
5

Goa
1

Gujarat
11

Haryana
5

Himachal Pradesh
3

Jammu & Kashmir
4

Jharkhand
6

Karnataka
12

Kerala
9

Madhya Pradesh
11

Maharashtra
19

Manipur
1

Meghalaya
1

Mizoram
1

Nagaland
1

National Capital Territory of Delhi
3

Nominated
12

Odisha
10

Puducherry
1

Punjab
7

Rajasthan
10

Sikkim
1

Tamil Nadu
18

Telangana[14]
7

Tripura
1

Uttar Pradesh
31

Uttarakhand
3

West Bengal
16

Total
245

text: Membership by party[edit]

text: Rajya Sabha Secretariat (As of 1 March 2018):[15]

text:
Alliances
Party
MP

National Democratic Alliance
Seats: 83
Bharatiya Janata Party
58

Janata Dal (United)
7

Telugu Desam Party
6

Shiromani Akali Dal
3

Shiv Sena
3

Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party
2

Bodoland People's Front
1

Naga People's Front
1

Republican Party of India (A)
1

Sikkim Democratic Front
1

United Progressive Alliance
Seats: 60
Indian National Congress
54

Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
4

Indian Union Muslim League
1

Kerala Congress (M)
1

Janata Parivar
Seats: 5
Rashtriya Janata Dal
3

Indian National Lok Dal
1

Janata Dal (Secular)
1

Other Parties
Seats: 76
Samajwadi Party
18

All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
13

All India Trinamool Congress
12

Biju Janata Dal
8

Communist Party of India (Marxist)
6

Bahujan Samaj Party
5

Nationalist Congress Party
5

Aam Aadmi Party
3

Telangana Rashtra Samithi
3

Communist Party of India
1

Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
1

YSR Congress Party
1

Nominated

8

Independents

7

Vacant Seats

6

Total

245

text: Officers[edit]

text: Leader of the House[edit]

text: Besides the Chairman (Vice-President of India) and the Deputy Chairman, there is also a position called Leader of the House. This is a cabinet minister – the prime minister if he is a member of the House, or another nominated minister. The Leader has a seat next to the Chairman, in the front row.

text: Leader of the Opposition[edit]

text: Besides the Leader of the House, who is leading the majority, there is also a Leader of the Opposition (LOP) – leading the opposition parties. The function was only recognized in the Salary and Allowances of Leaders of the Opposition in Parliament Act 1977. This is commonly the leader of the largest non-government party, and is recognized as such by the Chairman.

text: The following people have been the Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha:

text:
Sr No
Name
Portrait
Term of office
Political party
(Alliance)
Prime Minister

1
Shyam Nandan Mishra

December 1969
March 1971

INC (O)
Indira Gandhi

2
M. S. Gurupadaswamy

March 1971
April 1972

3
Kamalapati Tripathi

30 March 1977
15 February 1978

INC
Morarji Desai

4
Bhola Paswan Shastri

24 February 1978
23 March 1978

INC (O)

5
Kamalapati Tripathi

23 March 1978
8 January 1980

INC

Charan Singh

6
Lal Krishna Advani

21 January 1980
7 April 1980

Janata Party
Indira Gandhi

7
P. Shiv Shankar

18 December 1989
2 January 1991

INC
V. P. Singh

Chandra Shekhar

8
M. S. Gurupadaswamy

28 June 1991
21 July 1991

Janata Dal
P. V. Narasimha Rao

9
S. Jaipal Reddy

22 July 1991
29 June 1992

10
Sikander Bakht

7 July 1992
23 May 1996

BJP

11
Shankarrao Chavan

23 May 1996
1 June 1996

INC
Atal Bihari Vajpayee

12
Sikander Bakht

1 June 1996
19 March 1998

BJP
H. D. Deve Gowda

I. K. Gujral

13
Dr. Manmohan Singh

21 March 1998
21 May 2004

INC
Atal Bihari Vajpayee

14
Jaswant Singh

3 June 2004
16 May 2009

BJP
Manmohan Singh

15
Arun Jaitley

3 June 2009
26 May 2014

16
Ghulam Nabi Azad

8 June 2014
Incumbent

INC
Narendra Modi

text: Secretariat[edit]

text: The Secretariat of Rajya Sabha was set up pursuant to the provisions contained in Article 98 of the Constitution. The said Article, which provides for a separate secretarial staff for each House of Parliament, reads as follows:- 98. Secretariat of Parliament – Each House of Parliament shall have a separate secretarial staff: Provided that nothing in this clause shall be construed as preventing the creation of posts common to both Houses of Parliament. (2) Parliament may by law regulate the recruitment and the conditions of service of persons appointed to the secretarial staff of either House of Parliament.

text: The Rajya Sabha Secretariat functions under the overall guidance and control of the Chairman. The main activities of the Secretariat inter alia include the following :

text: (i) providing secretarial assistance and support to the effective functioning of the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) possible to Members of Rajya Sabha; (iv) servicing the various Parliamentary Committees; (v) preparing research and reference material and bringing out various publications; (vi) recruitment of manpower in the Sabha Secretariat and attending to personnel matters; and (vii) preparing and publishing a record of the day-to-day proceedings of the Rajya Sabha and bringing out such other publications, as may be required concerning the functioning of the Rajya Sabha and its Committees. In the discharge of his constitutional and statutory responsibilities, the Chairman, Rajya Sabha is assisted by the Secretary-General, who holds the rank equivalent[16] to the Cabinet Secretary to the Government of India. The Secretary-General, in turn, is assisted by senior functionaries at the level of Secretary, Additional Secretary, Joint Secretary and other officers and staff of the Secretariat.

text: Media[edit]

text: Rajya Sabha Television (RSTV) is a 24-hour a day, seven day a week parliamentary TV channel fully owned and operated by the Rajya Sabha. The channel is aimed at providing in-depth coverage and analysis of parliamentary affairs especially the functioning of and developments related to Rajya Sabha. During sessions of Parliament, apart from telecasting live coverage of the proceedings of Rajya Sabha, RSTV presents incisive analysis of the proceedings of the House as well as other day-to-day parliamentary events and developments.[16]


document_title: McMillan & Wife

question_text: how did sally die on mcmillan and wife

question_tokens: how did sally die on mcmillan and wife

text: McMillan & Wife

text: Plot[edit]

text: McMillan & Wife revolved around a 40-ish San Francisco police commissioner, Stuart McMillan (Rock Hudson) and his attractive, bright and affable 20-something wife Sally (Susan Saint James). Often, the storylines featured Mac and Sally attending fashionable parties and charity benefits before solving robberies and murders. John Schuck appeared as Sgt. Charles Enright and Nancy Walker was Mildred, the couple's sarcastic, hard-drinking maid, both characters serving as comic relief.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Actor
Role

Rock Hudson
Police Commissioner Stuart "Mac" McMillan

Susan Saint James
Sally Hull McMillan

John Schuck
Sergeant/ Lt. Charles Enright

Nancy Walker
Mildred

Martha Raye
Agatha

Bill Quinn
Police Chief Paulson

Mildred Natwick
Beatrice McMillan (Mac's mother)

Linda Watkins
Emily Hull (Sally's mother)

Richard Gilliland
Sergeant Steve DiMaggio

Gloria Stroock
Maggie

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season

On-screen title

Episodes

First aired

Last aired

1

McMillan & Wife

8

September 17, 1971 (1971-09-17)

March 1, 1972 (1972-03-01)

2

McMillan & Wife

7

September 24, 1972 (1972-09-24)

April 1, 1973 (1973-04-01)

3

McMillan & Wife

6

September 30, 1973 (1973-09-30)

February 17, 1974 (1974-02-17)

4

McMillan & Wife

6

September 29, 1974 (1974-09-29)

March 16, 1975 (1975-03-16)

5

McMillan & Wife

7

September 28, 1975 (1975-09-28)

March 7, 1976 (1976-03-07)

6

McMillan

6

December 5, 1976 (1976-12-05)

April 24, 1977 (1977-04-24)

text: The show ran for five seasons as McMillan & Wife and a sixth season as McMillan on the NBC television network, from September 17, 1971, to April 24, 1977, for a total of 40 episodes.

text: Popularity[edit]

text: Like the other two original shows in the NBC Mystery Movie, McMillan & Wife was an immediate hit. After its network run on NBC, it appeared regularly as part of The CBS Late Movie and later, in the form of syndicated reruns on local and cable television in the United States.

text: On January 1, 2015, McMillan & Wife began airing on Me-TV as part of the "MeTV Mystery Movie" late night block. That block included the other two long running Sunday Mystery Movie series, McCloud and Columbo, the Wednesday Mystery Movie series Banacek, and the Perry Mason television movies. Each week featured a different series, with the series airing every night during its feature week. These airings have since ceased.

text: Cast and series name change[edit]

text: For its sixth and final season, the series underwent a major retooling. Susan Saint James left after being unable to come to terms on a new contract.[citation needed] Nancy Walker also left the series before the sixth season premiered in 1976 to star in an eponymous sitcom.

text: With these developments, the show became known as McMillan and Sally was killed off in a plane crash along with the couple's never-seen son. Mac, now a widower, moved out of the family home and into a luxury apartment. Mildred, meanwhile, was written out as having left the McMillans to open her own diner on the East Coast, which was an inside joke playing up her role as Rosie the waitress in a then-ongoing series of commercials for Bounty Paper Towels.

text: John Schuck had his role reduced as he joined the sitcom Holmes and Yo-Yo, which show director Leonard B. Stern was working on. Martha Raye, who had played Mildred's sister Agatha in an earlier episode, joined the series full-time with Agatha taking over Mildred's role as Mac's housekeeper in his new apartment. Meanwhile, Sergeant Enright was promoted to Lieutenant and became Deputy Chief of the San Francisco Police, which took him away from his position as Mac's liaison. Richard Gilliland joined the cast as Enright's replacement, Sergeant DiMaggio, who always introduced himself by saying "no relation" (in reference to Joe DiMaggio).

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: Universal Studios Home Entertainment released the first season of McMillan & Wife on DVD in Region 1 & Region 2 in 2005/2006.

text: On May 21, 2010, Visual Entertainment announced it had acquired the rights to distribute McMillan & Wife on DVD in Region 1.  They subsequently released seasons 2-6 on DVD in Canada and the USA.[1][2] All US releases are distributed by Millennium Entertainment.

text: On November 30, 2012, VEI released McMillan & Wife - The Complete Series on DVD in both the US and Canada.[3] This 24-disc set features all 40 episodes of the series as well as bonus copy of The Snoop Sisters Complete Collection.

text: In Region 4, Madman Entertainment has released all six seasons on DVD in Australia.  On November 20, 2013, it released McMillan and Wife: The Complete Collection, a 19-disc set featuring all 40 episodes of the series.[4]

text:
DVD Name

Ep#

Release dates

Region 1 (US)

Region 1 (CAN)

Region 4

Season One

8

August 9, 2005[5]

April 19, 2010

Season Two

7

June 7, 2011[6]

August 24, 2010[7]

September 15, 2010

Season Three

6

June 7, 2011[8]

March 8, 2011[9]

March 16, 2011

Season Four

6

July 5, 2011

July 26, 2011

July 20, 2011

Season Five

7

July 5, 2011

July 26, 2011

October 19, 2011

Season Six

6

September 20, 2011

September 20, 2011

March 20, 2013

Complete Series

40

November 30, 2012

November 20, 2013

text: Filming locations[edit]

text: The interior set of the McMillans' home in the pilot episode was actually Rock Hudson's house. In the second episode they moved to a new home, exterior shots were done on Greenwich Street in San Francisco. The address for the couple was once given in the show as 250 Carson Street. In later episodes a different house was used as the exterior shot of the house. In the final season McMillan, newly widowed, moved into an apartment and the house was never seen or mentioned again.[citation needed]


document_title: Life Is Strange: Before the Storm

question_text: when does the bonus episode of life is strange before the storm come out

text: Life Is Strange: Before the Storm

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: Life Is Strange: Before the Storm is a graphic adventure played from a third-person view. The player assumes control of sixteen-year-old Chloe Price, three years before Life Is Strange. Unlike its predecessor, the game does not include time travel. Instead, Before the Storm features the ability "Backtalk", which the player can use to call upon Chloe to get out of certain precarious situations; "Backtalk" may also make a situation worse. A dialogue tree is used when a conversation or commentary is prompted. Occasional decisions will temporarily or permanently change outcomes. The environment can be interacted with and altered, including marking walls with graffiti.[3][4]

text: Plot[edit]

text: In her Oregon hometown of Arcadia Bay, sixteen-year-old Chloe Price sneaks into a house concert at an old mill. Conflict arises with two men inside, but she evades them when schoolmate Rachel Amber causes a distraction. The next day, Chloe and Rachel reunite at Blackwell Academy and decide to ditch class, stowing away on a cargo train and ending up at a lookout point. They people-watch through a viewfinder and see a man and woman kiss in the park, which upsets Rachel. They steal wine from local campers and take a walk to a scrapyard. Chloe confronts Rachel about her change in mood, but she refuses to answer. When Chloe meets Rachel later, she discloses that she witnessed her father, James, through the viewfinder, cheating on her mother. Rachel destroys a family photo in a burning trash bin, and in a fit of rage kicks it over, igniting a wildfire.[5]

text: The next day, Chloe and Rachel are reprimanded by Principal Wells for ditching school. Chloe hides out at the scrapyard where she finds an old truck in need of repair. She then receives a call from local drug dealer Frank Bowers, who arranges a meeting to discuss settling her debt with him. Chloe agrees to repay him by helping him steal money from her classmate Drew, who owes Frank a large sum. However, Chloe learns that Drew is being violently extorted by another drug dealer, Damon Merrick, and she must decide whether to pay off the dealer with the stolen money to protect Drew or keep it. Later, when a student is unable to participate in the school's theater production of The Tempest due to road closures caused by the wildfire, Chloe reluctantly takes on the role opposite Rachel. After the play, they decide to leave Arcadia Bay with the truck from the scrapyard, and return to Rachel's house to pack. There, following a confrontation, James reveals that the woman they saw him kissing was Rachel's biological mother.[6]

text: Rachel is told that her biological mother, Sera, is a drug addict, and that on the day her father kissed her, he had rejected Sera's plea to reunite with Rachel, after she adopted her away years before. Chloe vows to find Sera, against James' wishes. Chloe contacts Frank, who agrees to meet her at the scrapyard. She repairs the truck there before Rachel arrives. They are ambushed by Frank and Damon, who stabs Rachel after he realises she is the district attorney's daughter. Surviving the wound, Rachel recovers at the hospital. Chloe continues the search by investigating James' office for clues about Sera, instead revealing that James has been in contact with Damon; Chloe uses James' phone to convince Damon to disclose where Sera is located, and finds out that Damon has kidnapped her for ransom. She races to Damon to pay him off, but learns, when she reaches him, that James wanted him to kill Sera. Frank appears and fights Damon, after which Sera entreats Chloe to never tell Rachel about James' actions. Back at the hospital, Chloe is faced with a choice: tell Rachel everything or protect her from the truth.[7]

text: Bonus episode[edit]

text: In the bonus episode "Farewell", a 13-year old Max Caulfield struggles to break the news to Chloe that her family is moving to Seattle in three days. The two find a recording of their 8-year old selves speaking of a buried treasure. After finding the map and an amulet in the attic, Max and Chloe discover the treasure's spot, only to find that Chloe's dad, William, had put their time capsule in a keg, along with his own recording, for safekeeping. Max can choose to either tell Chloe the truth, or hide it; regardless of her decision, their plans for the rest of the day are cut short when Chloe's mother, Joyce, returns home with the terrible news of William's death. Max attends William's funeral days later and leaves for Seattle with her parents immediately after, leaving Chloe in grief.[8]

text: Development and release[edit]

text: Publisher Square Enix chose Deck Nine to develop the prequel to Life Is Strange after the developer's proprietary StoryForge tools, made up of a screenwriting software and cinematic engine, had made an impression.[9] Development began in 2016 with assistance from Square Enix London Studios, employing the Unity game engine.[10] Rhianna DeVries, who initially did the game's motion capture for Chloe Price, voiced the character, while the original voice actress Ashly Burch served as writing consultant.[3][11][12] Burch did not reprise her role due to the SAG-AFTRA strike.[13] With the strike over, Burch and Hannah Telle, who voiced Max Caulfield in Life Is Strange, returned for the bonus episode.[14] The game went under different working titles during casting,[15] according to Kylie Brown, who was cast as Rachel Amber (then codenamed Rebecca) in February 2017.[16] The music was written and performed by the British indie folk band Daughter, and released as an official soundtrack by Glassnote Records on 1 September 2017.[17] Instrumentation was employed to represent different sides of the lead character: piano for isolation, electric guitar for rebelliousness, and layered vocals for friendship.[18] Daughter took the script and concept artwork as inspiration.[19] The writers researched memoirs and psychology to understand Chloe's grieving process.[20] The script was composed of 1,500 pages, written by lead writer Zak Garriss and a writers' room.[21] The first pitch for the bonus episode revolved around its ending and how to build from that.[22]

text: Prior to its official announcement, images had leaked online indicating that a prequel to Life Is Strange was in development.[23] Square Enix revealed Life Is Strange: Before the Storm on 11 June during E3 2017, saying it would be released over three chapters starting on 31 August for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One.[3] The Deluxe Edition includes the bonus chapter "Farewell" – featuring Max Caulfield of the original game as a playable character – three additional outfits, and Mixtape Mode, allowing players to customise playlists using the game's soundtrack.[4] The bonus episode launched on 6 March 2018, the same day as the physical releases of the Limited and Vinyl Edition; the Limited Edition contains an art book and the soundtrack on CD, while the Vinyl Edition includes the latter on phonograph record, and if pre-ordered, figures of Chloe and Rachel – both have content found in the Deluxe Edition, but add episode 1 of Life Is Strange.[24] Feral Interactive, who published Life Is Strange for macOS and Linux in 2016, is also porting Before the Storm for the same platforms, with a release dated sometime in Q1/Q2 2018.[25]

text: Reception[edit]

text:
Aggregate review scores

Game
Metacritic

Episode 1: Awake
(PC) 80/100[26]
(PS4) 78/100[27]
(XONE) 79/100[28]

Episode 2: Brave New World
(PC) 76/100[29]
(PS4) 79/100[30]
(XONE) 76/100[31]

Episode 3: Hell Is Empty
(PC) 75/100[32]
(PS4) 77/100[33]
(XONE) 81/100[34]

text: Following E3 2017, Life Is Strange: Before the Storm received one of GamesRadar's Best of E3 awards[35] and was nominated for Hardcore Gamer's Adventure Game award.[36] It was also nominated for "Best Simulation Game" and "Best Family Game" at the Gamescom 2017 Awards.[37] The game was met with generally favourable reviews for the PC and "mixed or average" for PlayStation 4, according to Metacritic.[38][39] Critics praised the characters, themes, and story, but criticised plotholes, the main relationship, and the impact of players' decisions near the end of the game.[40][41][42][43]

text: It was nominated in the Games for Impact category at The Game Awards 2017.[44] At the 2017 Golden Joystick Awards, it was nominated for Best Audio and Best Performer for Kylie Brown.[45] It won the award for Best Soundtrack and Most Touching Moment (The Tempest school play with Chloe and Rachel) in Game Informer's 2017 Adventure Game of the Year Awards, while it took the lead for Best Adventure Game in their Reader's Choice Best of 2017 Awards.[46][47] Eurogamer ranked the game 16th on their list of the Top 50 Games of 2017.[48] It was also nominated for the "Matthew Crump Cultural Innovation Award" at the 2018 SXSW Gaming Awards,[49][50] and for "Game Beyond Entertainment" at the 14th British Academy Games Awards;[51][52] it won the award for "Song Collection" at the 2018 National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards, whereas its other nominations were for "Game, Franchise Adventure" and "Writing in a Drama".[53][54]

text: Critics mostly praised Episode 1: Awake for the character development of Chloe Price and Rachel Amber.[55][56][57] Jeremy Peeples of Hardcore Gamer found Chloe's behaviour "endearing" and noted that her personality was portrayed with multiple layers. Sam Loveridge at GamesRadar wrote that Rachel was the more authentic character because of her more "grounded" dialogue. Despite disparaging Chloe for being "her same tiresomely combative self" early on, Metro saw her fleshed out by enduring the loss of her father. Game Informer's Kimberley Wallace thought the younger version of Chloe brought a "naivety and vulnerability" worthy of sympathy. Conversely, the relationship between the leads was said to have formed "at unnatural speed." Peeples and Loveridge favoured the "Backtalk" gameplay feature, while Metro and Wallace cared little for it.[58][59][60][61]

text: Reviewers found Episode 2: Brave New World to either be better than the first instalment or one of the series' greatest.[62][63] Metro praised how choices made a difference with a "profound effect" on character arc, while Ozzie Mejia of Shacknews relished in Chloe's "genuine growth" contrasting her "fiery spirit". Similarly, Game Informer's Joe Juba appreciated the continued comprehension of the character, declaring this "its biggest strength". However, Juba's biggest complaint echoed that of Wallace, in reference to the "forced" manner with which Chloe and Rachel become friends. Brett Makedonski, writing for Destructoid, thought that the character exposition was done "to great effect." Most noted was The Tempest school play sequence, which Metro said was their favorite, Mejia called "one of the funniest" in Before the Storm, and Juba observed as the culmination of all past choices. Metro criticised the script for being "uneven" and disapproved of the voice acting. Mejia felt the ending could have been done away with, saying it was "a bit drawn out," though he was impressed with "Backtalk".[62][63][64][65]

text: Metro and Peeples agreed that Episode 3: Hell Is Empty was the most emotional of the season. The writing was lauded as authentic and genuine, with Wallace noting that it showed new sides to minor characters; conversely, Makedonski criticised that an ancillary character with little development became a primary antagonist. Although Metro observed some inconsistent dialogue and voice acting, Peeples said the cast showed "incredible chemistry". Metro saw the relationship between Rachel and Chloe as "the least compelling" aspect, Wallace thought their "tender moments" were the best parts of the episode, and Makedonski said "their struggles, their mutual escapism, and their sacrifices" provided more than enough investment. Reviewers generally approved of how the game concluded. Wallace declared it "gripping and satisfying" and Metro called it "every bit as earth-shattering as the first game."[66][67][68][69]


document_title: Pork ribs

question_text: what's the difference between spare ribs and st louis ribs

question_tokens: what 's the difference between spare ribs and st louis ribs

text: Pork ribs

text: Cuts of pork ribs[edit]

text: Several different types of ribs are available, depending on the section of rib cage from which they are cut. Variation in the thickness of the meat and bone, as well as levels of fat in each cut, can alter the flavor and texture of the prepared dish. The inner surface of the rib cage is covered by a layer of connective tissue (pleura) that is difficult to cook tender; it is usually removed before marinating or cooking.

text: Baby back ribs[edit]

text: Baby back ribs (also back ribs or loin ribs) are taken from the top of the rib cage between the spine and the spare ribs, below the loin muscle. They have meat between the bones and on top of the bones, and are shorter, curved, and sometimes meatier than spare ribs. The rack is shorter at one end, due to the natural tapering of a pig's rib cage. The shortest bones are typically only about 3 in (7.6 cm) and the longest is usually about 6 in (15 cm), depending on the size of the hog. A pig side has 15 to 16 ribs (depending on the breed), but usually two or three are left on the shoulder when it is separated from the loin. So, a rack of back ribs contains a minimum of eight ribs (some may be trimmed if damaged), but can include up to 13 ribs, depending on how it has been prepared by the butcher. A typical commercial rack has 10–13 bones. If fewer than 10 bones are present, butchers call them "cheater racks".

text: Spare ribs[edit]

text:
Spare ribs, also called "spareribs" or "side ribs", are taken from the belly side of the rib cage, below the section of back ribs and above the sternum (breast bone). Spare ribs are flatter and contain more bone than meat, but more fat that can make the ribs more tender than back ribs. The term "spare ribs" is a Middle English corruption (via "sparrib") of "rippspeer", a Low German term that referred to racks of meat being roasted on a turning spit.[1][2]
St. Louis style ribs (or St. Louis cut spare ribs) have had the sternum bone, cartilage, and rib tips (see below) removed. The shape is almost rectangular.
Kansas City style ribs are trimmed less closely than the St. Louis style ribs, and have the hard bone removed.

text: Rib tips[edit]

text: Rib tips are short, meaty sections of rib attached to the lower end of the spare ribs, between the ribs and the sternum. Unlike back ribs or spare ribs, the structure of the rib is provided by dense costal cartilage, not bone. Rib tips are cut away from the spare ribs when preparing St. Louis style spare ribs.

text: Riblets[edit]

text: Riblets are prepared by butchers by cutting a full set of spare ribs approximately in half. This produces a set of short, flat ribs where the curved part of the rib is removed and gives them a more uniform look. Loin back ribs don't always have this removed. When not removed they have a rounded look to them and are often referred to as baby back ribs. Another product (imprecisely) called riblets is actually the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae. Riblets used to be thrown out by butchers, but have become popular due to their excellent flavor and lower cost.

text: Button ribs (or feather bones) are often confused with riblets mostly because Applebee's sells these as "riblets". In fact, what Applebee's sells is found just past the ribs near the back bone, just underneath the tenderloin. This cut of meat actually has no bones, but instead has "buttons" of cartilaginous material with meat attached.

text: Rib tips (or brisket) are found at the bottom of the spare ribs by the sternum. The rib tips have a high proportion of cartilage. The rib tips give the spare ribs a rounded appearance. In an attempt to give the meat a more uniform appearance and make it easier to eat, this piece is sometimes removed, and the remaining spare ribs are referred to as Saint Louis style ribs.

text: Other cuts and preparations[edit]

text:
Button ribs are flat, circular-shaped bones located at the sirloin end of the loin. They are not actually ribs, as they are not taken from the rib cage. The button ribs consist of the last four to six bones on the backbone; they do not have actual ribs connected to them. The meat on the button ribs consists of meat that covers each button and connects them together.
Country-style ribs are cut from the blade end of the loin close to the pork shoulder. They are meatier than other rib cuts. They contain no rib bones, but instead contain parts of the shoulder blade (scapula).
Rib roast (or bone-in pork loin rib roast, bone-in loin rib roast, center cut rib roast, prime rib of pork, standing rib roast) is a whole pork loin with the back ribs attached. They can be up to 2 ft long and 6 in thick. They are sold whole or in sections.
Rib chops are pork steaks or chops that include a back rib bone and the loin meat attached. They are lean and tender.
Rib patties – The meat from the ribs is taken off the bone and ground to make rib patties.[3] McDonald's McRib patties contain pork meat mostly from non-rib sections of the hog.
Christmas ribs – About half of Norwegian families eat oven-cooked rib at Christmas Eve.[4] Normally, they are referred to as ribbe or juleribbe. Traditional recipes include steaming half an hour before cooking in the oven to achieve a crisp surface.[5]