document_title: Venom (2018 film)

question_text: who does the voice for venom in the movie

text: Venom (2018 film)

text: Plot

text: While exploring space for new habitable worlds, a probe belonging to the Life Foundation, a bio-engineering corporation, discovers a comet covered in symbiotic lifeforms. They bring four samples back to Earth, but one escapes and causes the ship to crash in Malaysia. The Life Foundation recovers the other three and transports them to their research facility in San Francisco, where CEO Carlton Drake learns that the symbiotes cannot survive without oxygen-breathing hosts, which often fatally reject the symbiosis. Investigative journalist Eddie Brock reads about Drake's human trials in a classified document in the possession of his fiancée Anne Weying, an attorney involved in preparing a lawsuit defense for the Life Foundation. Brock confronts Drake, leading to both Brock and Weying losing their jobs. Consequently, Weying ends their relationship.

text: Six months later, Drake is getting closer to achieving successful symbiosis. Brock is approached by Dora Skirth, one of Drake's scientists who disagrees with his methods and wants to help Brock expose him. She helps Brock break into the research facility to search for evidence, and he learns that an acquaintance of his, a homeless woman named Maria, has become one of Drake's test subjects. Brock attempts to rescue Maria, but she attacks him and the symbiote possessing her transfers from her body to his, leaving her dead. Brock escapes, but he soon begins displaying strange symptoms and reaches out to Weying for help. Her new boyfriend, Dr. Dan Lewis, examines Brock and discovers the symbiote. Meanwhile, Drake executes Skirth for her betrayal by exposing her to the remaining captive symbiote, which ultimately dies. This leaves the symbiote inside Brock as the only known surviving specimen.

text: Drake sends mercenaries to retrieve the symbiote from Brock, but it manifests around Brock's body as a monstrous creature that fights off the attackers. Taking shelter outside the city, the symbiote communicates with Brock and introduces itself as Venom. It explains that the comet is an invasion force searching for new worlds where the symbiotes can possess and devour the inhabitants. Venom offers to spare Brock if he helps the symbiotes achieve their goal, and Brock soon comes to enjoy the superhuman attributes that the symbiote gives him. Brock breaks into his old workplace to turn in evidence of Drake's crimes, but he is surrounded by SWAT officers on the way out and transforms once again to escape. Weying witnesses this transformation and takes Brock back to Lewis's office, where they reveal to Brock that the symbiote is slowly rotting his internal organs. Brock also admits that the symbiote has two weaknesses: high-pitched noises and fire. Although the symbiote claims the organ damage is a fixable part of their symbiosis, Weying uses an MRI machine to weaken the symbiote long enough for Brock to separate from it. Brock is then captured by Drake's men.

text: Meanwhile, the fourth symbiote, Riot, makes its way from Malaysia to San Francisco by hopping from body to body. It bonds with Drake, who agrees to take Riot in a Life Foundation space probe to collect the rest of the symbiotes and bring them to Earth. Weying reluctantly bonds with Venom so they can free Brock. When Brock and Venom are bonded again, the latter states that he has been convinced to help protect the Earth from his kind through his interactions with Brock, and the pair attempt to stop Riot and Drake with Weying's help. Venom damages the probe as it takes off, causing it to explode and kill both Riot and Drake. Weying believes Brock is no longer bonded to Venom after this, and that the symbiote also died in the explosion. However, the pair remain secretly bonded and set out to protect the city by killing criminals.

text: Brock also returns to journalism, and in a mid-credits scene he is invited to interview incarcerated serial killer Cletus Kasady, who promises "carnage" if and when he escapes.

text: Cast

text:
Tom Hardy as Eddie Brock / Venom: An investigative journalist who becomes the host of an alien symbiote that imbues him with super-human abilities and a violent alter-ego: Venom.[11][12][13] Director Ruben Fleischer said that unlike a werewolf or Jekyll and Hyde, the relationship between Brock and the symbiote is a "hybrid", with the two characters sharing a body and working together. Hardy was drawn to this duality, and compared the two characters to Ren and Stimpy. He gave each a distinctive voice: an "aw-shucks American accent" for Brock; and a "James Brown lounge lizard"-like voice for Venom,[14] that was "modulated to sound more sinister".[15] Hardy called Brock an antihero who would "do whatever he has to" to accomplish a goal.[13] Hardy planned to use performance capture to portray Venom,[16] but this idea was abandoned due to the difference between his face and the character's.[17]
Michelle Williams as Anne Weying: A district attorney and Eddie's ex-fiancée.[18][19] Williams was excited at the prospect of her character becoming She-Venom in the future, and Fleischer felt that it would be fun to give fans an Easter egg of this by briefly showing She-Venom in the film. This was kept a secret until the release of the film, and Flesicher hoped that the positive response to the appearance would lead to more She-Venom in future Venom films or even a standalone She-Venom film.[20]
Riz Ahmed as Carlton Drake / Riot: A genius inventor and leader of the Life Foundation experimenting on the symbiotes.[12][13] Ahmed explained that Drake is trying to save the future of humanity when he discovers the symbiote,[13] with Fleischer adding that Drake has a positive goal but a "moral ambiguity" that leads to him testing his science on other people.[20] Drake is eventually bonded to another symbiote known as Riot, which Fleischer described as "a body-hopper".[13]
Scott Haze as Roland Treece: Drake's head of security.[21]
Reid Scott as Dan Lewis: Anne's new boyfriend, a doctor who tries to help Eddie.[22]

text: Additionally, Jenny Slate and Melora Walters respectively portray Dora Skirth, a Life Foundation scientist,[23] and Maria, a homeless woman that Brock befriends.[24] Chris O’Hara has a brief appearance as astronaut John Jameson.[25] Woody Harrelson is introduced in the film's mid-credits scene as Cletus Kasady,[26] while Stan Lee makes a cameo appearance as a dog-walker who talks to Brock and Venom.[27] Sope Aluko,[21] Scott Deckert,[28] Marcella Bragio, Michelle Lee, Mac Brandt, Christian Convery, Sam Medina,[29] and Ron Cephas Jones also appear in the film.[30]

text: Production

text: Development

text: By 1997, David S. Goyer had written a script for a film featuring the Marvel Comics character Venom, which was to be produced by New Line Cinema.[31] Dolph Lundgren was in talks to star in the film,[31] which would have included the character Carnage as the main antagonist.[32] The project ultimately did not move forward, and the rights to the character moved to Sony Pictures along with those for the character Spider-Man, of whom Venom is an antagonist in the comics.[32][31] Eddie Brock, the alter-ego of Venom, was introduced to film in Sony's Spider-Man 3 (2007), with Topher Grace in the role.[33] Grace was intended to only briefly appear as Brock,[34] but became a major villain as both Brock and Venom because producer Avi Arad felt the series had relied too much on director Sam Raimi's personal favorite Spider-Man villains, and not characters that modern fans were actually interested in.[35] Raimi had been hesitant to explore the character due to his "lack of humanity".[33] Arad revealed plans for a spinoff film focused on Venom in July 2007.[36]

text: Sony was actively developing Venom alongside direct sequels to Spider-Man 3 by July 2008, hoping the character could "add longevity" to the franchise in a similar fashion to Wolverine in 20th Century Fox's X-Men films. Jacob Estes had written a script for the film, but the studio was considering taking it in a different direction from that draft and was seeking new writers. Sony was also not yet convinced that Grace could "carry" the film.[37] That September, Sony hired Paul Wernick and Rhett Reese to write a new script, while industry insiders suggested that Grace should return for the spinoff "because the likeable actor could be a sympathetic evildoer", in response to Venom co-creator Todd McFarlane suggesting that a Venom film could not do well with a villain as the central character.[38][39] Wernick and Reese had pitched an original story idea for the film to Sony, which Reese described as a "realistic, grounded, a little more dark take on the character".[40] The pair then worked on an outline with Sony and Marvel, who "had specific rules about the villain and the backstory and stuff like that". They had completed a draft by April 2009,[41] which included a role written specifically for Stan Lee,[42] and featured a sequence where the Venom symbiote jumps "from body to body [through a city], and each person that it inhabits ends up becoming really violent and striking someone else and then it jumps to [them]."[40]

text:
He was a journalist [who] got in trouble for it ... the whole essence to us for the Marvel characters: stay close to the bible, stay close to the emotional story, and the rest is fun.
—Producer Matt Tolmach, on staying true to the character's comic-book origins when developing Venom[43]

tag: div

text: Wernick and Reese had turned in a second draft by September 2009, and Reese said that Sony was "pushing forward in whatever ways they push forward".[44][45] A month later, Gary Ross, who was rewriting the script for Spider-Man 4 at the time, was hired to also rewrite the Venom script, as well as direct, and produce alongside Arad. Grace was "not considered likely" to return to the role then, with the film starting "from the drawing board" and looking to make the villain "an antihero who becomes a defender of the innocent."[46] In January 2010, Sony announced that the Spider-Man franchise would be rebooted after Raimi decided to no longer pursue direct sequels to Spider-Man 3.[47] By March 2012, Sony was still interested in a Venom film, now looking to capitalize on the release of the first reboot film, The Amazing Spider-Man. The studio was in negotiations with Josh Trank to direct after Ross had left the project to direct The Hunger Games (2012).[48] That June, Arad and fellow producer Matt Tolmach discussed Venom connecting to The Amazing Spider-Man, after comparisons to the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films crossing over in The Avengers (2012). Arad called it "an Eddie Brock story" only, but Tolmach added, "Hopefully all these worlds will live together in peace someday."[43]

text: In December 2013, Sony revealed plans to use The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014) to establish their own expanded universe based on the Marvel properties the studio had the film rights to, including Venom. Arad and Tolmach would produce the films as part of a franchise brain trust, with Alex Kurtzman, Roberto Orci, and Ed Solomon set to write the screenplay for Venom, and Kurtzman set to direct.[49] In April 2014, Arad and Tolmach said Venom would be released after The Amazing Spider-Man 3—which was set for release on May 27, 2016—but before The Amazing Spider-Man 4.[50] However, The Amazing Spider-Man 2 underperformed, and, with Sony "under tremendous pressure to perform [that had them taking] a hard look at their most important franchise", the direction of the shared universe was rethought. The Amazing Spider-Man 3 was pushed back to 2018, and the Venom film, now known as Venom Carnage, was moved up to 2017. Kurtzman was still attached to direct, and write alongside Solomon.[51] In February 2015, Sony and Marvel Studios announced a new partnership that would see Marvel produce the next Spider-Man film for Sony, and integrate the character into their MCU.[52] Sony still planned to produce the spinoff films without Marvel's involvement,[53][51] but by November they were believed to have been canceled so Sony could focus on its new reboot with Marvel.[54]

text: Venom was again revived by Sony in March 2016, with Arad and Tolmach producing, and Dante Harper writing a new screenplay. The project was envisioned as a standalone film launching its own franchise, unrelated to Sony and Marvel's new Spider-Man films.[55] A year later, Sony gave the film an October 5, 2018, release date, and explained that Kurtzman was not involved with the new project. No new director had been signed, and Scott Rosenberg and Jeff Pinkner were now writing the screenplay.[56] Venom was expected to begin both a new franchise and a new shared universe independent of the MCU, and was initially aiming for an R-rating on a smaller budget, inspired by 20th Century Fox's success doing so with the X-Men films Deadpool (2016) and Logan (2017).[57] Sony's director shortlist for the film was believed to include Adi Shankar, known for his dark, R-rated takes "on the properties he grew up on",[58] and Adam Wingard.[59] In May, Sony announced that Tom Hardy would star as Eddie Brock / Venom in Venom, to be directed by Ruben Fleischer and officially begin "Sony's Marvel Universe". Venom is not considered a spinoff of any other film.[60] Fleischer was chosen after a long search by Sony, while the casting of Hardy, a "huge fan" of Venom, happened very quickly after he left director J. C. Chandor's Triple Frontier in April and Sony "saw an opportunity to court an in-demand talent."[11]

text: Pre-production

text: In June 2017, Marvel Studios president Kevin Feige confirmed that the film was solely a Sony project and Marvel had no plans to connect it with the MCU.[6] However, producer Amy Pascal soon clarified that Sony intended to have their MU films take place in "the same world" as the new MCU films starting with Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), describing them as "adjunct" to that world. She said that Venom would connect to the next planned film in Sony's MU, Silver & Black, and that there was potential for Tom Holland's Spider-Man to appear in either.[7] Carnage was also expected to appear in Venom at that point.[61] In July, Columbia Pictures president Sanford Panitch explained that Sony was not interested in producing "conventional comic-book movies" and was looking to give each film in their MU a distinct style. Venom was considered "a spin on a horror film", inspired by the works of John Carpenter and David Cronenberg but with "more pop and fun". Fleischer said he has "always been drawn to the more antihero superheroes. There's a dark element to [Venom] and a wit that has always appealed to me." He said the film would explore Venom's origins and the "Jekyll and Hyde" relationship that Brock has with the symbiote.[62]

text: Riz Ahmed was in talks to join the film in August,[63] with Matt Smith, Pedro Pascal, and Matthias Schoenaerts also up for the same role.[64] In September, Michelle Williams entered talks to join the film as a district attorney and Brock's love interest.[65] By October, Jenny Slate,[66] Reid Scott,[67] and Scott Haze were in negotiations to join the film,[68] with Slate up for a role as a scientist.[66] Kelly Marcel was writing the latest draft of the film's script.[69] Hardy recorded his lines for the symbiote during pre-production, and they were modulated to sound more threatening. These could then be played back to the actor through an earpiece on set during scenes where Brock and the symbiote talk to each other.[15] The final budget that Sony allocated for the film's production was $100 million, though Chinese production company Tencent Pictures ultimately covered a third of these costs for the studio.[70]

text: Writing and Spider-Man connection

text:
You're Eddie Brock. I'm the symbiote. Together we are Venom.
—Director Ruben Fleischer was inspired by this comic quote for the film's depiction of the title character[14]

text: Venom is primarily based on the Venom: Lethal Protector miniseries and the "Planet of the Symbiotes" story arc.[71] Hardy said that, like Lethal Protector, the film is set in San Francisco.[71] Fleischer chose to base the film on Lethal Protector because, as the first solo Venom series, "it broke him free from Spider-Man."[72] Spider-Man ultimately could not be included in the film because of the deal between Sony and Marvel Studios, challenging the writers to "make a movie with a character that's defined by Spider-Man without Spider-Man." For this reason, they looked to the Ultimate Marvel version of Venom—whose origin is not tied to Spider-Man—for inspiration.[73] Lethal Protector also gave the writers a "solid foundation" to explore the more heroic side of Venom, rather than the villainous side.[72] One of Venom's lines in the film, "Eyes, lungs, pancreas... so many snacks, so little time," was lifted unaltered from The Amazing Spider-Man #374.[74]

text: In July, Fleischer described the film as having "no heroes", and said that they were planning a "huge world" with many characters while developing the film; he revealed that another symbiote, Riot, would be appearing as a villain in the film. Additionally, he confirmed Spider-Man would not be appearing but said a crossover could happen in a future film.[13] Since Venom's origin is not tied to Spider-Man in the film, as it is in the comics, it did not make sense for the filmmakers to add a version of Spider-Man's symbol to Venom's chest. However, they still wanted to be as accurate to the comic designs as possible, and an all-black character would have been difficult to see in night scenes, so Venom has a unique symbol on his chest instead in the film which is formed from the white veins of the symbiote.[75] Fleischer wanted Venom to stand out compared to other comic book-based films, and felt tonally that it would not remind viewers of the lighter MCU or the somber DC Extended Universe.[15] It was important for him to honor the violence of Venom from the comics, where "he bites people's heads off and eats brains. It would be weird to make a movie with Venom if he wasn't doing that."[76] Sony executives were reluctant to push this element so far that the film would earn an R-rating, which they believed would cause problems for crossovers with the family-friendly Spider-Man, as well as other MCU characters, in future films.[77] Venom was ultimately rated PG-13, with the violence toned down to allow for possible crossovers.[2]

text: Filming

text: Principal photography began on October 23, 2017,[78] with filming taking place in Atlanta and New York City.[79] Marvel's Iron Man (2008) cinematographer Matthew Libatique returned in that role for the film,[80] while Oliver Scholl served as production designer after also doing so for Spider-Man: Homecoming.[81] Williams was confirmed to have joined the film in November, with Sony organizing her filming schedule to ensure her availability for concurrent, unexpected reshoots on All the Money in the World (2017).[18] By December, Woody Harrelson was in talks to appear in the film,[82] and Williams was revealed to be portraying Anne Weying.[19] Fleischer allowed Hardy to improvise on set, and take the scenes where he felt they needed to go. For instance, Hardy noticed that a restaurant set for one scene had a lobster tank in it and decided that his character would get into the tank in the scene; the production design team had to work overnight to reinforce the tank and fill it with fake lobsters so Hardy could get in it the next day.[20] Additional filming took place in San Francisco from January 16 to 26, 2018. Locations included Russian Hill, North Beach, Chinatown, and the Financial District.[83][84] Hardy wrapped filming on January 27.[85]

text: Post-production

text: Ahmed and Scott were confirmed to appear in the film in February 2018, and Will Beall was revealed to have done additional writing for the film.[22] In the following months, Sope Aluko and Scott Deckert were revealed to be cast in the film,[21][28] Haze and Harrelson were confirmed to appear,[21][86] and Ahmed's role was confirmed to be that of Carlton Drake.[12] Harrelson, who had previously worked with Fleischer on Zombieland (2009), explained that he signed on to the film for a small role—he described himself as being "in a little fraction of this movie"—knowing that he would have a bigger part in a potential sequel.[87] The film underwent reshoots in Los Angeles in June 2018,[77] which were reportedly overseen by Hardy.[88] Venom was one of the first films to take advantage of the new post-production facilities at Sony Pictures' Stage 6 building in Culver City, California, with two new theaters equipped for sound design using the immersive Dolby Atmos technology, two new stages for sound mixing with Avid Technology's Pro Tools workstations, and a theater set-up for remote visual effects and color grading review.[89] Maryann Brandon and Alan Baumgarten served as editors for the film.[90] Fleischer's focus during the editing process was to "cultivate" the relationship between Brock and Venom, which he felt was the core of the film. The opening of the film went through several iterations, but Fleischer always wanted it to "start with a bang" which led to a spaceship crash in the opening scene. The Venom symbiote is shown shortly after as an introduction of the film's "hero" before the villain's plot begins and becomes the focus of the scene.[20]

text: Music

text: Ludwig Göransson signed on to compose the score for Venom in March 2018, reuniting with Fleischer after the pair worked together on the 2011 film 30 Minutes or Less.[91] Having composed the music for Marvel Studios' Black Panther (2018), Göransson said that he was interested in continuing to explore music for superhero films because "as a young film composer that is one of the things you dream of ... superhero themes really resonate with audiences."[92] In August, rapper Eminem teased that he had contributed a new song to the soundtrack for Venom,[93] and his album Kamikaze—released on August 31—features a bonus song called "Venom (Music from the Motion Picture)" that includes references to the film.[94][95] The song was subsequently released by Aftermath Records as a digital single on September 23.[95]

text: Marketing

text: For the Sony Pictures panel at Comic Con Experience 2017, Fleischer and Hardy appeared in a video from the film's set to promote it.[71] A teaser for the film was released in February 2018,[22] which Dani Di Placido called "comically underwhelming" for Forbes. He felt this was a major misstep by Sony given the teaser was meant to win over uninterested Spider-Man fans, particularly after the character's portrayal in Spider-Man 3.[96] The fact that the teaser did not include the title character was a common criticism by commentators.[96][97][98] Sony chairman Tom Rothman later acknowledged this, explaining that the intention had been to "heighten anticipation" for the film.[12] In August, Fleischer revealed the trailer did not showcase Venom because the visual effects for the character were incomplete at the time.[99]

text: Rothman presented new footage of the film at CinemaCon 2018, and acknowledged that it revealed the film's version of Venom by saying, "See, we didn't forget to put Venom in the movie!"[12] Placido was more positive of this trailer, praising the appearance of and visuals for Venom, but being concerned about the dialogue.[100] During the trailer, actress Jenny Slate pronounces the word symbiote as SIM-bye-oht rather than SIM-bee-oht as many commentators believed it should be pronounced. This led to widespread criticism and a 35,700 percent increase in searches for "symbiote pronunciation" according to dictionary Merriam-Webster, which noted both pronunciations are technically considered acceptable.[23] Hannah Shaw-Williams of Screen Rant noted that the trailer reused music from a major, recently-released trailer for the Marvel film Avengers: Infinity War (2018), questioning whether this was a coincidence or if Sony was "deliberately trying to tie Venom to the MCU in the minds of audiences. Whatever the reason, Venom will need more than just a familiar piece of trailer music in order to win over audiences".[101] According to Fizziology, an analytics company that takes different social media platforms into account, the second trailer was watched 64.3 million times within 24 hours, a 72 percent increase over the first trailer. Fizziology said it was rare for a second trailer to get more views than the first and noted that general positive responses were up 46 percent. The majority of positive responses were directed towards the appearance and design of Venom.[102]

text: Fleischer, Hardy, and Ahmed promoted the film at the 2018 San Diego Comic-Con, where the audience was given Venom masks and chanted "We are Venom". New footage from the film was debuted at the panel, including the reveal of the villainous symbiote Riot.[13] A third trailer was subsequently released online. It was criticized by Scott Mendelson (also of Forbes), who said the film was looking comparable to Catwoman (2004)—"the shining example of how not to do this kind of movie". He also felt that Fleischer's decision to make a sequel to his successful film Zombieland before Venom's release was an indication that the film was not going to be good.[103] Richard Newby, writing for The Hollywood Reporter, felt that the film was being marketed as if it was in an "earlier era", saying it "looks pre-Iron Man cool" and more like a cross between An American Werewolf in London (1981) and Blade (1998) than a modern superhero film. He noted that despite early fears, the latest trailer showed that Venom would be featured throughout the film, and believed that the film's lack of shared universe connections, and distinct tone, could help Sony prove it has "a handle on these characters after all".[104] A tie-in comic book, serving as both a prequel and a teaser for the film and simply titled Venom, was released digitally by Marvel on September 14, with a physical version available to those who purchased tickets for the film from AMC Theatres. Written by Sean Ryan and illustrated by Szymon Kudranski, the comic establishes the film's backstory for the symbiote. SKAN provided the cover art for the comic.[105]

text: Release

text: Venom had its world premiere at the Regency Village Theatre in Westwood, Los Angeles on October 1, 2018,[106] and was released in the United States and Canada on October 5.[60] This followed a release in several other countries on October 3.[107] The film will be released in China on November 9, a date that was approved by the country's film board following an unexpected drop in box office sales there earlier in 2018.[108]

text: Reception

text: Box office

text: As of  October 28, 2018[update], Venom has grossed $187.1 million in the United States and Canada, and $321.1 million in other territories, for a total worldwide gross of $508.2 million.[4] With a production budget between $100–116 million, Deadline Hollywood estimates the film needed to gross around $450 million to break even.[3]

text: In the United States and Canada, Venom was initially projected to gross $60–70 million from 4,250 theaters in its opening weekend.[70] It made $10 million from Thursday night previews, the highest-ever for an October release, beating Paranormal Activity 3's $8 million. After making $32.7 million on its first day, weekend estimates were raised to $80 million. It went on to gross $80.3 million, marking the best October opening weekend of all-time (beating Gravity's $55.9 million in 2013), as well as the seventh best opening for a Sony film. 68% of the opening day weekend was male (with 36% being over 25), while 36% was Caucasian, 27% Hispanic and 19% African American. Most audience members surveyed by Fandango wanted to see the film because it featured a Marvel antihero, because it had the potential to crossover with Spider-Man, and/or because they were fans of Hardy. The film then made $9.6 million on Columbus Day to set the record for best Monday gross in October, again topping Gravity.[3] The film remained in first the following weekend, dropping 55% to $35.7 million.[109] It finished in third place in its third and fourth weekends, making $18.1 million and $10.8 million, respectively.[110][111]

text: Worldwide, it was expected to debut to $160–175 million, including $100–110 million from 58 markets internationally.[112] It ended up over-performing, making $125.2 million from foreign territories for a global opening weekend of $205.5 million, the highest-ever in October. It finished first in all but one country, including South Korea ($16.4 million over its five-day debut), Russia ($13.6 million), the United Kingdom ($10.5 million) and Mexico ($10.2 million, the best-ever start for a Sony film in the country).[113]

text: Critical response

text: Venom received generally negative reviews from critics.[8][9] On Rotten Tomatoes, a film and television review aggregator, it holds an approval rating of 30% based on 260 reviews, with an average rating of 4.5/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Venom's first standalone movie turns out to be like the comics character in all the wrong ways—chaotic, noisy, and in desperate need of a stronger attachment to Spider-Man."[114] Another review aggregator, Metacritic, gave the film a weighted average score of 35 out of 100, based on 46 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[115] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale, while those at PostTrak gave it an 80% positive score; social media monitor RelishMix noted online responses to the film were "mixed...leaning positive".[3]

text: Alonso Duralde of TheWrap gave the film a negative review, calling it a "listless dud" and writing, "Leaping from plot point to plot point without the hindrance of logic or characters, this big-screen return of the legendary Spider-Man nemesis — last seen in the franchise-hobbling Spider-Man 3 — is aggressively loud and stupid without being much fun at all."[116] Owen Gleiberman of Variety wrote, "Venom is a textbook case of a comic-book film that’s unexciting in its ho-hum competence, and even its visual-effects bravura...This gateway into the Sony Universe of Marvel Characters (get ready: there are 90!) may not sputter as badly as Tom Cruise's The Mummy, but it could turn out to be a similar case of a franchise kickoff that doesn't fully attain franchise liftoff."[117] Katie Walsh, writing for the Chicago Tribune, gave the film 2.5 out of 4 stars and said, "It's a mess, but wow, is it ever a fun, fascinating mess. Those are always so much more thrilling than any of the formulaic superhero movies that parade through multiplexes all year."[118] Perri Nemiroff of Collider graded the film a C+, citing a weak first act and "worthless" supporting characters, although said the film "almost gets away with its nonsensical plot in the end thanks to that Eddie and Venom bromance".[119]

text: Future

text: Sony plans for Venom to launch its own film series.[55] In July 2017, Panitch indicated that future Venom films could crossover with the Spider-Man films.[62] Harrelson revealed in May 2018 that he was expected to have a larger role in a Venom sequel, describing this move as a roll of the dice since he was unable to read a script for the sequel before signing on to the first film.[87] That July, Fleischer and Hardy both expressed interest in a crossover with Spider-Man, and indicated that Sony was interested in the idea as well;[13] in August, the studio confirmed that it planned to crossover Spider-Man and Venom by saying they "are already in the same universe—so without giving too much away, we are looking forward to the two of them eventually facing off in the future".[120] The same month, Hardy revealed he is signed on for two more Venom films.[121]

text: Notes

text: Jump up ^ Marvel Studios is not involved with this film, and does not plan to integrate it with the MCU,[6] but Sony does consider it to be set in "the same world" as MCU films such as Spider-Man: Homecoming; producer Amy Pascal described Venom as being "adjunct" to that world.[7]

tag: ol


document_title: Ferry

question_text: who has the largest ferry system in the world

root

text: Ferry

text: History[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2008)

tag: table

text: In ancient times[edit]

text: The profession of the ferryman is embodied in Greek mythology in Charon, the boatman who transported souls across the River Styx to the Underworld.

tag: p

text: Speculation that a pair of oxen propelled a ship having a water wheel can be found in 4th century Roman literature "Anonymus De Rebus Bellicis". Though impractical, there is no reason why it could not work and such a ferry, modified by using horses, was used in Lake Champlain in 19th-century America. See "When Horses Walked on Water: Horse-Powered Ferries in Nineteenth-Century America" (Smithsonian Institution Press; Kevin Crisman, co-authored with Arthur Cohn, Executive Director of the Lake Champlain Maritime Museum). See Experiment (horse powered boat).

text: Notable services[edit]

text: Africa[edit]

text: The Marine Services Company of Tanzania offers passenger and cargo services in three of the African Great Lakes viz. Lake Victoria, Lake Tanganyika and Lake Nyasa. It also operates one of the oldest ferries in the region, the MV Liemba which was built in 1913 during the German colonial rule.

text: Europe[edit]

text: The busiest seaway in the world, the English Channel, connects Great Britain and mainland Europe, sailing mainly to French ports, such as Calais, Dunkirk, Dover, Dieppe, Roscoff, Cherbourg-Octeville, Caen, St Malo and Le Havre. Ferries from Great Britain also sail to Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain and Ireland. Some ferries carry mainly tourist traffic, but most also carry freight, and some are exclusively for the use of freight lorries. In Britain, car-carrying ferries are sometimes referred to as RORO (roll-on, roll-off) for the ease by which vehicles can board and leave.

text: The busiest single ferry route (at least in terms of the number of departures) is across the northern part of Øresund, between Helsingborg, Scania, Sweden and Elsinore, Denmark. Before the Øresund bridge was opened in July 2000, car and "car & train" ferries departed up to seven times every hour. In 2013, this has been reduced, but a car ferry still departs from each harbor every 15 minutes during daytime.[1] The route is around 2.2 nautical miles (4.1 km; 2.5 mi) and the crossing takes 22 minutes. Today, all ferries on this route are constructed so that they do not need to turn around in the harbors. This also means that the ferries lack natural stems and sterns, since the vessels sail in both directions (rather than "sail backwards"). Due to the same circumstances, starboard and port-side are "dynamic" and depending of in what direction the ferry sails. Despite the short crossing, the ferries are equipped with restaurants (on 3 out of 4 ferries), cafeteria, kiosks and WC toilets. (Passengers without cars often make a "double or triple return" journey in the restaurants; for this, a common single journey ticket is sufficient. Passenger and bicycle passenger tickets are inexpensive compared with longer routes.)

text: Large cruiseferries sail in the Baltic Sea between Finland, Åland, Sweden, Estonia, Latvia and Saint Petersburg, Russia and from Italy to Sardinia, Corsica, Spain and Greece. In many ways, these ferries are like cruise ships, but they can also carry hundreds of cars on car decks. Besides providing passenger and car transport across the sea, Baltic Sea cruiseferries are a popular tourist destination unto themselves, with multiple restaurants, nightclubs, bars, shops and entertainment on board. Also many smaller ferries operate on domestic routes in Finland, Sweden and Estonia.

text: The south-west and southern parts of the Baltic Sea has several routes mainly for heavy traffic and cars. The ferry routes of Trelleborg-Rostock SWE-GER, Trelleborg-Travemünde SWE-GER, Trelleborg-Świnoujście SWE-POL, Gedser-Rostock DEN-GER, Gdynia-Karlskrona POL-SWE, and Ystad-Świnoujście SWE-POL are all typical transports ferries. On the longer of these routes, simple cabins are available. The Rødby-Puttgarden DEN-GER route also carries day passenger trains between Copenhagen and Hamburg, and on the Trelleborg-Sassnitz SWE-GER route, it also has capacities for the daily night trains between Berlin and Malmö.

text: In Istanbul, ferries connect the European and Asian shores of Bosphorus, as well as Princes Islands and nearby coastal towns. In 2014 İDO transported 47 million passengers, the largest ferry system in the world.[2]

text: North America[edit]

text: Due to the numbers of large freshwater lakes and length of shoreline in Canada, various provinces and territories have ferry services.

text: BC Ferries operates the third largest ferry service in the world which carries travellers between Vancouver Island and the British Columbia mainland on the country's west coast. This ferry service operates to other islands including the Gulf Islands and Haida Gwaii. In 2015, BC Ferries carried more than 8 million vehicles and 20 million passengers.[3]

text: Canada's east coast has been home to numerous inter- and intra-provincial ferry and coastal services, including a large network operated by the federal government under CN Marine and later Marine Atlantic. Private and publicly owned ferry operations in eastern Canada include Marine Atlantic, serving the island of Newfoundland, as well as Bay, NFL, CTMA, Coastal Transport, and STQ to name but a few. Canadian waters in the Great Lakes once hosted numerous ferry services, however these have been reduced to those offered by Owen Sound Transportation and several smaller operations. There are also several commuter passenger ferry services operated in major cities, such as Metro Transit in Halifax, Toronto Island ferries in Toronto and SeaBus in Vancouver.

text: Washington State Ferries operates the most extensive ferry system in the United States and the second largest in the world by vehicles carried, with ten routes on Puget Sound and the Strait of Juan de Fuca serving terminals in Washington and Vancouver Island.[4] In 2016, Washington State Ferries carried 10.5 million vehicles and 24.2 million riders in total.[5]

text: The Staten Island Ferry in New York City, sailing between the boroughs of Manhattan and Staten Island, is the nation's single busiest ferry route by passenger volume. Unlike riders on many other ferry services, Staten Island Ferry passengers do not pay any fare to ride it. New York City also has a network of smaller ferries, or water taxis, that shuttle commuters along the Hudson River from locations in New Jersey and Northern Manhattan down to the midtown, downtown and Wall Street business centers. Several ferry companies also offer service linking midtown and lower Manhattan with locations in the boroughs of Queens and Brooklyn, crossing the city's East River. New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio announced in February 2015 that city would begin an expanded Citywide Ferry Service some time in 2017 linking heretofore relatively isolated communities such as Manhattan's Lower East Side, Soundview in The Bronx, Astoria and the Rockaways in Queens and such Brooklyn neighborhoods as Bay Ridge, Sunset Park, and Red Hook with existing ferry landings in Lower Manhattan and Midtown Manhattan.

text: The New Orleans area also has many ferries in operation that carry both vehicles and pedestrians. Most notable is the Algiers Ferry. This service has been in continuous operation since 1827 and is one of the oldest operating ferries in North America.

text: In New England, vehicle-carrying ferry services between mainland Cape Cod and the islands of Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket are operated by The Woods Hole, Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket Steamship Authority, which sails year-round between Woods Hole and Vineyard Haven as well as Hyannis and Nantucket. Seasonal service is also operated from Woods Hole to Oak Bluffs from Memorial Day to Labor Day. As there are no bridges or tunnels connecting the islands to the mainland, The Steamship Authority ferries in addition to being the only method for transporting private cars to or from the islands, also serves as the only link by which heavy freight and supplies such as food and gasoline can be trucked to the islands. Additionally, Hy-Line Cruises operates high speed catamaran service from Hyannis to both islands, as well as traditional ferries, and several smaller operations run seasonal passenger only service primarily geared towards tourist day-trippers from other mainland ports, including New Bedford, (New Bedford Fast Ferry) Falmouth, (Island Queen ferry and Falmouth Ferry) and Harwich (Freedom Cruise Line). Ferries also bring riders and vehicles across Long Island Sound to such Connecticut cities as Bridgeport and New London, and to Block Island in Rhode Island from points on Long Island.

text: The San Francisco Bay Area has several ferry services, such as the Blue & Gold Fleet, connecting with cities as far as Vallejo. The majority of ferry passengers are daily commuters and tourists. A ferry serves Angel Island (which also accepts private craft). The only way to get to Alcatraz is by ferry.

text: Until the completion of the Mackinac Bridge in the 1950s, ferries were used for vehicle transportation between the Lower Peninsula of Michigan and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, across the Straits of Mackinac in the United States. Ferry service for bicycles and passengers continues across the straits for transport to Mackinac Island, where motorized vehicles are almost completely prohibited. This crossing is made possible by three ferry lines, Arnold Transit Company, Shepler's Ferry, and Star Line Ferry.

text: Mexico also has ferry services run by Baja Ferries that connect La Paz located on the Baja California Peninsula with Mazatlán and Topolobampo. There are also passenger ferries that run from Playa del Carmen to the island of Cozumel.

text: Oceania[edit]

text: In Australia, two Spirit of Tasmania ferries carry passengers and vehicles 300 kilometres across Bass Strait, the body of water that separates Tasmania from the Australian mainland, often under famously turbulent sea conditions. These run overnight but also include day crossings in peak time. Both ferries are based in the northern Tasmanian port city of Devonport and sail to Melbourne.

text: In New Zealand, ferries connect Wellington in the North Island with Picton in the South Island, linking New Zealand's two main islands. The 92 km route takes three hours, and is run by two companies – government-owned Interislander, and independent Bluebridge.

text: Asia[edit]

text: Hong Kong has the Star Ferry carry passengers across Victoria Harbour and various carriers carrying travellers between Hong Kong Island to outlying islands like Cheung Chau, Lantau Island and Lamma Island.

text: Water transport in Mumbai consists of ferries, hovercrafts, and catamarans, operated by various government agencies as well as private entities. The Kerala State Water Transport Department (SWTD), operating under the Ministry of Transport, Government of Kerala, India regulates the inland navigation systems in the Indian state of Kerala and provides inland water transport facilities. It stands for catering to the passenger and cargo traffic needs of the inhabitants of the waterlogged areas of the Districts of Alappuzha, Kottayam, Kollam, Ernakulam, Kannur and Kasargode. SWTD ferry service is also one of the most affordable modes to enjoy the beauty of the scenic Kerala backwaters.

text: The Malaysian state of Penang is home to the oldest ferry service in the country. This famous ferry service, now renamed Rapid Ferry, connects the Raja Tun Uda Ferry Terminal at Weld Quay in George Town on Penang Island with the Sultan Abdul Halim Ferry Terminal in Butterworth on Peninsular Malaysia. It has also become a famous tourist attraction among foreigners. Along the way, ferry commuters will get to see the skyline of George Town and Butterworth, as well as the Penang Bridge.

text: India[edit]

text: India's ro-ro ferry service between Ghogha and Dahej was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on October 22, 2017. It aims to connect South Gujarat and Saurashtra currently separated by 360 km of roadway to 31 km of ferry service. It is a part of the larger Sagar Mala project. [6]

text: Types[edit]

text: Ferry designs depend on the length of the route, the passenger or vehicle capacity required, speed requirements and the water conditions the craft must deal with.

text: Double-ended[edit]

text: Double-ended ferries have interchangeable bows and sterns, allowing them to shuttle back and forth between two terminals without having to turn around. Well-known double-ended ferry systems include the Staten Island Ferry, Washington State Ferries, Star Ferry, several boats on the North Carolina Ferry System, and the Lake Champlain Transportation Company. Most Norwegian fjord and coastal ferries are double-ended vessels. All ferries from southern Prince Edward Island to the mainland of Canada are double-ended. Some ferries in Sydney, Australia and British Columbia are also double-ended. In 2008, BC Ferries launched three of the largest double-ended ferries in the world.

text: Hydrofoil[edit]

text: Hydrofoils have the advantage of higher cruising speeds, succeeding hovercraft on some English Channel routes where the ferries now compete against the Eurotunnel and Eurostar trains that use the Channel Tunnel. Passenger-only hydrofoils also proved a practical, fast and relatively economical solution in the Canary Islands but were recently replaced by faster catamaran "high speed" ferries that can carry cars. Their replacement by the larger craft is seen by critics as a retrograde step given that the new vessels use much more fuel and foster the inappropriate use of cars[7] in islands already suffering from the impact of mass tourism.

text: Hovercraft[edit]

text: Hovercraft were developed in the 1960s and 1970s to carry cars. The largest was the massive SR.N4 which carried cars in its centre section with ramps at the bow and stern between England and France. The hovercraft was superseded by catamarans which are nearly as fast and are less affected by sea and weather conditions. Only one service now remains, a foot passenger service between Portsmouth and the Isle of Wight run by Hovertravel.

text: Catamaran[edit]

text: Since 1990 high speed Catamarans have revolutionised ferry services, replacing hovercraft, hydrofoils and conventional monohull ferries. In the 1990s there were a variety of builders, but the industry has consolidated to two builders of large vehicular ferries between 60 and 120 metres. Incat of Hobart, Tasmania favours a Wave-piercing hull to deliver a smooth ride, while Austal of Perth, Western Australia builds ships based on SWATH designs. Both these companies also compete in the smaller river ferry industry with a number of other ship builders.

text: Stena Line once operated the largest catamarans in the world, the Stena HSS class, between the United Kingdom and Ireland. These waterjet-powered vessels, displaced 19,638 tonnes, accommodating 375 passenger cars and 1,500 passengers. Other examples of these super-size catamarans are found in the Brittany Ferries fleet with the Normandie Express and the Normandie Vitesse.

text: Roll-on/roll-off[edit]

text: Roll-on/roll-off ferries (RORO) are large conventional ferries named for the ease by which vehicles can board and leave.

text: Cruiseferry[edit]

text: A cruiseferry is a ship that combines the features of a cruise ship with a roll-on/roll-off ferry.

text: Fast RoPax ferry[edit]

text: Fast RoPax ferries are conventional ferries with a large garage intake and a relatively large passenger capacity, with conventional diesel propulsion and propellers that sail over 25 knots (46 km/h; 29 mph). Pioneering this class of ferries was Attica Group, when it introduced Superfast I between Greece and Italy in 1995 through its subsidiary company Superfast Ferries. Cabins, if existent, are much smaller than those on cruise ships.[citation needed]

text: Turntable ferry[edit]

text: This type of ferry allows vehicles to load from the "side". The vehicle platform can be turned. When loading, the platform is turned sideways to allow sideways loading of vehicles. Then the platform is turned back, in line with the vessel, and the journey across water is made.

text: Pontoon ferry[edit]

text: Pontoon ferries carry vehicles across rivers and lakes and are widely used in less-developed countries with large rivers where the cost of bridge construction is prohibitive. One or more vehicles are carried on a pontoon with ramps at either end for vehicles to drive on and off. Cable ferries (next section) are usually pontoon ferries, but pontoon ferries on larger rivers are motorised and able to be steered independently like a boat.

text: Train ferry[edit]

text: A train ferry is a ship designed to carry railway vehicles. Typically, one level of the ship is fitted with railway tracks, and the vessel has a door at the front and/or rear to give access to the wharves.

text: Foot ferry[edit]

text: Foot ferries are small craft used to ferry foot passengers, and often also cyclists, over rivers. These are either self-propelled craft or cable ferries. Such ferries are for example to be found on the lower River Scheldt in Belgium and in particular the Netherlands. Regular foot ferry service also exists in the capital of the Czech Republic, Prague, and across the Yarra River in Melbourne, Australia at Newport. Restored, expanded ferry service in the Port of New York and New Jersey uses boats for pedestrians only.

text: Cable ferry[edit]

text: Very short distances may be crossed by a cable or chain ferry, which is usually a pontoon ferry (see above), where the ferry is propelled along and steered by cables connected to each shore. Sometimes the cable ferry is human powered by someone on the boat. Reaction ferries are cable ferries that use the perpendicular force of the current as a source of power. Examples of a current propelled ferry are the four Rhine ferries in Basel, Switzerland.[8] Cable ferries may be used in fast-flowing rivers across short distances. With an ocean crossing of approximately 1900 metres, the cable ferry between Vancouver Island and Denman Island in British Columbia; is the longest one in the world.

text: Free ferries operate in some parts of the world, such as at Woolwich in London, England (across the River Thames); in Amsterdam, Netherlands (across the IJ waterway); along the Murray River in South Australia, and across many lakes in British Columbia. Many cable ferries operate on lakes and rivers in Canada, among them a cable ferry that charges a toll operates on the Rivière des Prairies between Laval-sur-le-Lac and Île Bizard in Quebec, Canada.

text: Air ferries[edit]

text: In the 1950s and 1960s, travel on an "air ferry" was possible—airplanes, often ex-military, specially equipped to take a small number of cars in addition to "foot" passengers. These operated various routes including between the United Kingdom and Continental Europe. Companies operating such services included Channel Air Bridge, Silver City Airways, and Corsair.

text: The term is also applied to any "ferrying" by air, and is commonly used when referring to airborne military operations.

text: Docking[edit]

text: Ferry boats often dock at specialized facilities designed to position the boat for loading and unloading, called a ferry slip. If the ferry transports road vehicles or railway carriages there will usually be an adjustable ramp called an apron that is part of the slip. In other cases, the apron ramp will be a part of the ferry itself, acting as a wave guard when elevated and lowered to meet a fixed ramp at the terminus — a road segment that extends partially underwater.

text: First, shortest, largest[edit]

text: The world's largest ferries are typically those operated in Europe, with different vessels holding the record depending on whether length, gross tonnage or car vehicle capacity is the metric.

text: On 11 October 1811, inventor John Stevens' ship the Juliana, began operation as the first steam-powered ferry (service was between New York City, and Hoboken, New Jersey).[9]

text: The Elwell Ferry, a cable ferry in North Carolina, travels a distance of 110 yards (100 m),[10] shore to shore, with a travel time of five minutes.[11]

text: A contender as oldest ferry in continuous operation is the Mersey Ferry from Liverpool to Birkenhead, England. In 1150, the Benedictine Priory at Birkenhead was established. The monks used to charge a small fare to row passengers across the estuary.[12] In 1330, Edward III granted a charter to the Priory and its successors for ever: "the right of ferry there… for men, horses and goods, with leave to charge reasonable tolls". However, there may have been a short break following the Dissolution of the monasteries.

text: Another claimant as the oldest ferry service in continuous operation is the Rocky Hill - Glastonbury Ferry, running between the towns of Rocky Hill and Glastonbury, Connecticut.[13] Established in 1655, the ferry has run continuously since, only ceasing operation every winter when the river freezes over. A long running salt water ferry service is the Halifax/Dartmouth ferry, running between the cities of Halifax and Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, which has run year-round since 1752, and is currently run by the region's transit authority, Metro Transit.[14] However the Mersey Ferry predates it as the oldest salt water ferry.

text: By far the largest commuter ferry system in the world is the Ferries in Istanbul, Turkey, operated by İDO with 87 vessels serving 86 ports of call. Another two of the world's large ferry systems are located in the Strait of Georgia, in the Canadian province of British Columbia, and Puget Sound, in the U.S. state of Washington. BC Ferries in British Columbia operates 36 vessels, visiting 47 ports of call, while Washington State Ferries owns 28 vessels, travelling to 20 ports of call around Puget Sound. On the west coast of Scotland, Caledonian MacBrayne operate a network calling at 50 ports using a fleet of 31 vessels, 10 of which are 80m or longer. This includes a high proportion of lifeline services to island communities and as such most of the routes are heavily subsidised by the government.

text: Sydney Ferries in Sydney, Australia operates 31 passenger ferries in Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour), carrying 18 million passengers annually. It operates catamarans and other types of ferries on these routes, with the most famous likely being the Circular Quay-Manly route. Between 1938 and 1974 this route operated the South Steyne, billed at the time as the largest and fastest ferry of its type. Sydney Ferries became an independent corporation owned by the government in 2004.

text: Some of world's busiest ferry routes include the Star Ferry in Hong Kong and the Staten Island Ferry in New York City.

text: Metrolink Queensland operates 21 passenger ferries on behalf of Brisbane City Council, 12 being single-hulled ferries and 9 CityCats (catamarans), along the Brisbane River from the University of Queensland through the city to Brett's Wharf.

text: The gas turbine powered Luciano Federico L operated by Montevideo-based Buquebus, holds the Guinness World Record for the fastest car ferry boat in the world, in service between Montevideo, Uruguay and Buenos Aires, Argentina: its maximum speed, achieved in sea trials, was 60.2 knots (111.5 km/h; 69.3 mph).[15] It can carry 450 passengers and 52 cars along the 110-nautical-mile (200 km; 130 mi) route.[16]

text: Sustainability[edit]

text: The contributions of ferry travel to climate change have received less scrutiny than land and air transport, and vary considerably according to factors like speed and the number of passengers carried. Average carbon dioxide emissions by ferries per passenger-kilometre seem to be 0.12 kg (4.2 oz).[17] However, 18-knot ferries between Finland and Sweden produce 0.221 kg (7.8 oz) of CO2, with total emissions equalling a CO2 equivalent of 0.223 kg (7.9 oz), while 24–27-knot ferries between Finland and Estonia produce 0.396 kg (14.0 oz) of CO2 with total emissions equalling a CO2 equivalent of 0.4 kg (14 oz).[18]

text: With the price of oil at high levels, and with increasing pressure from consumers for measures to tackle global warming, a number of innovations for energy and the environment were put forward at the Interferry conference in Stockholm. According to the company Solar Sailor, hybrid marine power and solar wing technology are suitable for use with ferries, private yachts and even tankers.[19] Megawatt-class battery electric ferries operate in Scandinavia, with several more scheduled for operation.[20]

text: Alternative fuels[edit]

text: Alternative fuels are becoming more widespread on ferries. The fastest passenger ferry in the world Buquebus, runs on LNG, while Sweden's Stena plans to operate its 1500-passenger ferries on methanol in 2015.[21] Both fuels reduce emissions considerably and displace costly diesel fuel.

text: Accidents[edit]

text: The following notable maritime disasters involved ferries.

text:
MS Estonia – 852 deaths
MS Herald of Free Enterprise – 193 deaths
MS Scandinavian Star – 159 deaths
MV Doña Paz – 4,386 deaths
MV Sewol – 304 deaths
TEV Wahine – 53 deaths

tag: ul


document_title: Mamie Johnson (The Young and the Restless)

question_text: who played mamie on the young and the restless

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2006) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Mamie Johnson

Veronica Redd as Mamie Johnson

Young and the Restless character

Portrayed by

Marguerite Ray (1980–90)
Veronica Redd
(1990–2004)

Duration

1980–95
1999–2004

First appearance
1980

Last appearance
September 14, 2004

Created by
William J. Bell

Profile

Occupation
Former Abbott family housekeeper and nanny

[show]Family

Sisters
Lillie Belle Barber

Nieces
Olivia Barber
Drucilla Barber

text: Mamie Johnson is a fictional character on the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless. The role was originated in 1980 by Marguerite Ray, who was replaced in 1990 by Veronica Redd. Redd departed the series in 1995, and returned from 1999 to 2004. Mamie was the series' first regular African American character.

text: Character History[edit]

text: Jabot Cosmetics founder, John Abbott, was left alone to raise his three adolescent children when his wife Dina Mergeron left him. The Abbott children were mostly raised by long-time family maid, Mamie Johnson, whom they thought of as their mother.

text: Mamie was at John's side after his heart attack, which was caused by Jack almost selling Jabot out from under him. When John married Jill Foster, Mamie disapproved. She kept a sharp eye on Jill, was suspicious when Jill mysteriously "fell" from a ladder and miscarried, and kept John up to date on her. Mamie nursed John back to health from the stroke caused when John discovered Jill had a one-night stand with his son, Jack, so the baby could have been his. Then she stood by his side during his divorce and the crushing settlement which gave Jill one-fourth of Jabot Cosmetics, a seat on the board of directors, and a cushy executive position with Jabot at $150,000 a year.

text: Mamie's niece, Drucilla Barber, a teen runaway who had been missing for years, showed up desperately looking for her aunt at the Abbotts' door. Mamie talked John into letting Dru live with her in the servants' quarters. John took a liking to Dru, and got her a job in the Jabot mailroom. Mamie was there as a sounding board and problem solver for Dru over the years, and Dru ended up a successful fashion model. The same was true for niece Olivia Barber, who was a doctor at Genoa City Memorial, and Olivia's son Nate and Dru's daughter Lily.

text: Mamie approved when John fell in love and married Jessica Blair. Even though Jessica had AIDS, she was a wonderful woman and Mamie thought she was good for John. Mamie once again stood by John's side when Jessica died too soon afterward. Another heart attack nearly killed John when Jabot was taken over by Newman, thanks to Jack's taking the company public.

text: Years later, Mamie and John's children were equally appalled to find that Jill wormed her way back into John's heart, and they remarried. Jill wanted to have a baby, though John felt he was too old. But Jill managed to get pregnant and gave birth to William "Billy" Abbott, whom John eventually accepted and came to love. Jill's affair with Jed Sanders due to John's impotence caused John to file for their second divorce. It resulted in a bitter custody battle over Billy, which was interrupted by another stroke for John. Mamie nursed him back to health and admitted to John that she was in love with him. John returned her feelings, but later lapsed into a coma. Jill, who was making an 11th hour effort to get back in John's good graces, overheard them, fired Mamie, and tried to pay her to leave town. When John came to, he devastated Mamie by agreeing to remain married to Jill for Billy's sake. The broken-hearted Mamie accepted Jill's million dollars and left on a world cruise with debonair Chancellor executive Trent Jordan. Of course, it wasn't long before John divorced the ever-intolerable Jill. John got custody of Billy and, unable to bear Jabot being owned by Newman, moved to New York City.

text: Years later, John returned to Genoa City with his then 16-year-old son, Billy, to head up the again family-owned Jabot in its fight for survival. Not long after John returned, he happily welcomed Mamie at his front door. Mamie looked great! Being rich had been very good for her. She explained that her liaison with Brent didn't work out, but she wanted to help Jabot financially to get them out of debt. John and Jack refused her money, but Mamie remained living with them as a guest for a long while after. She helped out when needed, taking care of Jack's toddler son, Kyle, and Ashley's daughter, Abby, and sometimes cooking a special family dinner, but sitting down to the table as part of the family instead of a being a servant.

text: When last heard from, Mamie was not able to attend John Abbott's funeral nor Drucilla's memorial service.


document_title: List of Game of Thrones episodes

question_text: what's the most recent season of game of thrones

question_tokens: what 's the most recent season of game of thrones

text: List of Game of Thrones episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Avg. viewers
(millions)

First aired
Last aired

1
10
April 17, 2011 (2011-04-17)
June 19, 2011 (2011-06-19)
2.52[14]

2
10
April 1, 2012 (2012-04-01)
June 3, 2012 (2012-06-03)
3.80[14]

3
10
March 31, 2013 (2013-03-31)
June 9, 2013 (2013-06-09)
4.97[15]

4
10
April 6, 2014 (2014-04-06)
June 15, 2014 (2014-06-15)
6.84[16]

5
10
April 12, 2015 (2015-04-12)
June 14, 2015 (2015-06-14)
6.88[17]

6
10
April 24, 2016 (2016-04-24)
June 26, 2016 (2016-06-26)
7.69[18]

7
7
July 16, 2017 (2017-07-16)
August 27, 2017 (2017-08-27)
10.26[19]

8
6
2018/19
2018/19
TBA

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2011)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Winter Is Coming"
Tim Van Patten
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 17, 2011 (2011-04-17)
2.22[20]

2
2
"The Kingsroad"
Tim Van Patten
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 24, 2011 (2011-04-24)
2.20[21]

3
3
"Lord Snow"
Brian Kirk
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 1, 2011 (2011-05-01)
2.44[22]

4
4
"Cripples, Bastards, and Broken Things"
Brian Kirk
Bryan Cogman
May 8, 2011 (2011-05-08)
2.45[23]

5
5
"The Wolf and the Lion"
Brian Kirk
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 15, 2011 (2011-05-15)
2.58[24]

6
6
"A Golden Crown"
Daniel Minahan
Story by : David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
Teleplay by : Jane Espenson and David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 22, 2011 (2011-05-22)
2.44[25]

7
7
"You Win or You Die"
Daniel Minahan
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 29, 2011 (2011-05-29)
2.40[26]

8
8
"The Pointy End"
Daniel Minahan
George R. R. Martin
June 5, 2011 (2011-06-05)
2.72[27]

9
9
"Baelor"
Alan Taylor
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 12, 2011 (2011-06-12)
2.66[28]

10
10
"Fire and Blood"
Alan Taylor
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 19, 2011 (2011-06-19)
3.04[29]

text: Season 2 (2012)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

11
1
"The North Remembers"
Alan Taylor
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 1, 2012 (2012-04-01)
3.86[30]

12
2
"The Night Lands"
Alan Taylor
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 8, 2012 (2012-04-08)
3.76[31]

13
3
"What Is Dead May Never Die"
Alik Sakharov
Bryan Cogman
April 15, 2012 (2012-04-15)
3.77[32]

14
4
"Garden of Bones"
David Petrarca
Vanessa Taylor
April 22, 2012 (2012-04-22)
3.65[33]

15
5
"The Ghost of Harrenhal"
David Petrarca
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 29, 2012 (2012-04-29)
3.90[34]

16
6
"The Old Gods and the New"
David Nutter
Vanessa Taylor
May 6, 2012 (2012-05-06)
3.88[35]

17
7
"A Man Without Honor"
David Nutter
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 13, 2012 (2012-05-13)
3.69[36]

18
8
"The Prince of Winterfell"
Alan Taylor
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 20, 2012 (2012-05-20)
3.86[37]

19
9
"Blackwater"
Neil Marshall
George R. R. Martin
May 27, 2012 (2012-05-27)
3.38[38]

20
10
"Valar Morghulis"
Alan Taylor
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 3, 2012 (2012-06-03)
4.20[39]

text: Season 3 (2013)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

21
1
"Valar Dohaeris"
Daniel Minahan
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
March 31, 2013 (2013-03-31)
4.37[40]

22
2
"Dark Wings, Dark Words"
Daniel Minahan
Vanessa Taylor
April 7, 2013 (2013-04-07)
4.27[41]

23
3
"Walk of Punishment"
David Benioff
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 14, 2013 (2013-04-14)
4.72[42]

24
4
"And Now His Watch Is Ended"
Alex Graves
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 21, 2013 (2013-04-21)
4.87[43]

25
5
"Kissed by Fire"
Alex Graves
Bryan Cogman
April 28, 2013 (2013-04-28)
5.35[44]

26
6
"The Climb"
Alik Sakharov
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 5, 2013 (2013-05-05)
5.50[45]

27
7
"The Bear and the Maiden Fair"
Michelle MacLaren
George R. R. Martin
May 12, 2013 (2013-05-12)
4.84[46]

28
8
"Second Sons"
Michelle MacLaren
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 19, 2013 (2013-05-19)
5.13[47]

29
9
"The Rains of Castamere"
David Nutter
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 2, 2013 (2013-06-02)
5.22[48]

30
10
"Mhysa"
David Nutter
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 9, 2013 (2013-06-09)
5.39[49]

text: Season 4 (2014)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

31
1
"Two Swords"
D. B. Weiss
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 6, 2014 (2014-04-06)
6.64[50]

32
2
"The Lion and the Rose"
Alex Graves
George R. R. Martin
April 13, 2014 (2014-04-13)
6.31[51]

33
3
"Breaker of Chains"
Alex Graves
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 20, 2014 (2014-04-20)
6.59[52]

34
4
"Oathkeeper"
Michelle MacLaren
Bryan Cogman
April 27, 2014 (2014-04-27)
6.95[53]

35
5
"First of His Name"
Michelle MacLaren
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 4, 2014 (2014-05-04)
7.16[54]

36
6
"The Laws of Gods and Men"
Alik Sakharov
Bryan Cogman
May 11, 2014 (2014-05-11)
6.40[55]

37
7
"Mockingbird"
Alik Sakharov
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 18, 2014 (2014-05-18)
7.20[56]

38
8
"The Mountain and the Viper"
Alex Graves
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 1, 2014 (2014-06-01)
7.17[57]

39
9
"The Watchers on the Wall"
Neil Marshall
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 8, 2014 (2014-06-08)
6.95[58]

40
10
"The Children"
Alex Graves
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 15, 2014 (2014-06-15)
7.09[59]

text: Season 5 (2015)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

41
1
"The Wars to Come"
Michael Slovis
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 12, 2015 (2015-04-12)
8.00[60]

42
2
"The House of Black and White"
Michael Slovis
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 19, 2015 (2015-04-19)
6.81[61]

43
3
"High Sparrow"
Mark Mylod
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 26, 2015 (2015-04-26)
6.71[62]

44
4
"Sons of the Harpy"
Mark Mylod
Dave Hill
May 3, 2015 (2015-05-03)
6.82[63]

45
5
"Kill the Boy"
Jeremy Podeswa
Bryan Cogman
May 10, 2015 (2015-05-10)
6.56[64]

46
6
"Unbowed, Unbent, Unbroken"
Jeremy Podeswa
Bryan Cogman
May 17, 2015 (2015-05-17)
6.24[65]

47
7
"The Gift"
Miguel Sapochnik
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 24, 2015 (2015-05-24)
5.40[66]

48
8
"Hardhome"
Miguel Sapochnik
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 31, 2015 (2015-05-31)
7.01[67]

49
9
"The Dance of Dragons"
David Nutter
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 7, 2015 (2015-06-07)
7.14[68]

50
10
"Mother's Mercy"
David Nutter
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 14, 2015 (2015-06-14)
8.11[69]

text: Season 6 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

51
1
"The Red Woman"
Jeremy Podeswa
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 24, 2016 (2016-04-24)
7.94[70]

52
2
"Home"
Jeremy Podeswa
Dave Hill
May 1, 2016 (2016-05-01)
7.29[71]

53
3
"Oathbreaker"
Daniel Sackheim
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 8, 2016 (2016-05-08)
7.28[72]

54
4
"Book of the Stranger"
Daniel Sackheim
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 15, 2016 (2016-05-15)
7.82[73]

55
5
"The Door"
Jack Bender
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 22, 2016 (2016-05-22)
7.89[74]

56
6
"Blood of My Blood"
Jack Bender
Bryan Cogman
May 29, 2016 (2016-05-29)
6.71[75]

57
7
"The Broken Man"
Mark Mylod
Bryan Cogman
June 5, 2016 (2016-06-05)
7.80[76]

58
8
"No One"
Mark Mylod
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 12, 2016 (2016-06-12)
7.60[77]

59
9
"Battle of the Bastards"
Miguel Sapochnik
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 19, 2016 (2016-06-19)
7.66[78]

60
10
"The Winds of Winter"
Miguel Sapochnik
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 26, 2016 (2016-06-26)
8.89[79]

text: Season 7 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

61
1
"Dragonstone"
Jeremy Podeswa
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
July 16, 2017 (2017-07-16)
10.11[80]

62
2
"Stormborn"
Mark Mylod
Bryan Cogman
July 23, 2017 (2017-07-23)
9.27[81]

63
3
"The Queen's Justice"
Mark Mylod
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
July 30, 2017 (2017-07-30)
9.25[82]

64
4
"The Spoils of War"
Matt Shakman
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
August 6, 2017 (2017-08-06)
10.17[83]

65
5
"Eastwatch"
Matt Shakman
Dave Hill
August 13, 2017 (2017-08-13)
10.72[84]

66
6
"Beyond the Wall"
Alan Taylor
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
August 20, 2017 (2017-08-20)
10.24[85]

67
7
"The Dragon and the Wolf"
Jeremy Podeswa
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
August 27, 2017 (2017-08-27)
12.07[86]

text: Season 8[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by [87][88]
Written by [89]
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

68
1
TBA
David Nutter
Dave Hill
TBA
TBD

69
2
TBA
David Nutter
Bryan Cogman
TBA
TBD

70
3
TBA
Miguel Sapochnik
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
TBA
TBD

71
4
TBA
David Nutter
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
TBA
TBD

72
5
TBA
Miguel Sapochnik
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
TBA
TBD

73
6
TBA
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
TBA
TBD

text: Home media releases[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
DVD release date

Region 1
Region 2
Region 4

1
10
March 6, 2012[90]
March 5, 2012[91]
August 10, 2012[92]

2
10
February 19, 2013[93]
March 4, 2013[94]
March 6, 2013[95]

3
10
February 18, 2014[96]
February 17, 2014[97]
February 19, 2014[98]

4
10
February 17, 2015[99]
February 16, 2015[100]
February 18, 2015[101]

5
10
March 15, 2016[102]
March 14, 2016[103]
March 16, 2016[104]

6
10
November 15, 2016[105]
November 14, 2016[106]
November 16, 2016[107]

7
7
December 12, 2017[108]
December 11, 2017[109]
December 11, 2017[110]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Ep. 1
Ep. 2
Ep. 3
Ep. 4
Ep. 5
Ep. 6
Ep. 7
Ep. 8
Ep. 9
Ep. 10
Average

1
2.22
2.20
2.44
2.45
2.58
2.44
2.40
2.72
2.66
3.04
2.52[111]

2
3.86
3.76
3.77
3.65
3.90
3.88
3.69
3.86
3.38
4.20
3.80[111]

3
4.37
4.27
4.72
4.87
5.35
5.50
4.84
5.13
5.22
5.39
4.97[112]

4
6.64
6.31
6.59
6.95
7.16
6.40
7.20
7.17
6.95
7.09
6.84[113]

5
8.00
6.81
6.71
6.82
6.56
6.24
5.40
7.01
7.14
8.11
6.88[114]

6
7.94
7.29
7.28
7.82
7.89
6.71
7.80
7.60
7.66
8.89
7.69[115]

7
10.11
9.27
9.25
10.17
10.72
10.24
12.07
N/A
10.26[116]


document_title: Antony Hodgkinson

question_text: who is the guy dancing on stage with nirvana at reading

text: Antony Hodgkinson

text:
Antony Hodgkinson

Background information

Origin
Nottingham, United Kingdom

Years active
1990 – present

text: Antony Hodgkinson (or Antronhy) was the drummer for the indie rock band Bivouac. He has also played drums in several bands such as Punish the Atom, Julian Cope & also his Black Sheep and White Hills. Hodgkinson is best known for dancing on stage for Nirvana's 1992 Reading Festival show.[1][2]


document_title: Longest recorded sniper kills

question_text: who holds the record for longest sniper shot

text: Longest recorded sniper kills

text: Sniper technology[edit]

text: Although technology such as electronics have improved, optical equipment such as rangefinders and ballistic calculators have eliminated manual mathematical calculations to determine elevation and windage, the fundamentals of accurate and precise long-range shooting are the same as throughout the history of shooting, and the skill and training of the shooter and his spotter where applicable are the primary factors. Accuracy and precision of ammunition and firearms are also still reliant primarily on human factors and attention to detail in the complex process of producing maximum performance.

text: The modern method of long-distance sniping (shots over 1.1 kilometres or 0.7 miles) requires intense training and practice. A sniper must have the ability to accurately estimate the various factors that influence a bullet's trajectory and point of impact, such as range to the target, wind direction, wind speed, air density, elevation, and even the Coriolis effect due to the rotation of the Earth. Mistakes in estimation compound over distance and can cause a shot to only injure, or to miss completely.[5] Any given combination of firearm and ammunition will have an associated value, known as the circular error probable (CEP), defined as the radius of a circle whose boundary is expected to contain the impact points of half of the rounds fired.[6]

text: If the shooter wishes to improve accuracy and precision, wishes to increase range or wishes to do all of these things, the accuracy of "estimates" of external factors must improve accordingly. At extreme ranges, extremely accurate "estimates" are required and even with the most accurate estimates, hitting the target becomes subject to uncontrollable factors. For example, a rifle capable of firing a 1/2 MOA (approximately 1/2" center to center of the two holes furthest apart) 5-round group (often referred to as "grouping") at 100 yards will fire a theoretical 12.5" group at 2500 yards. Unless the group is centered perfectly on the target at 100 yards, the 2500- yard group will be centered 25 times the off-center error at 100 yards. This example ignores all other factors and assumes "perfect" no-wind shooting conditions and identical muzzle velocities and ballistic performance for each shot.

text: USMC Gunnery Sergeant Carlos Hathcock's confirmed 2500-yard kill in Vietnam was primarily due to the enemy soldier stopping his bicycle on the spot Hathcock had fired at while sighting in his Browning M2 heavy machine-gun.

text: Devices such as laser rangefinders, handheld meteorological measuring equipment, handheld computers, and ballistic-prediction software can contribute to increased accuracy (i.e. reduced CEP), although they rely on proper use and training to realize any advantages. In addition, as instruments of measure, they are subject to accuracy errors and malfunction. Handheld meteorological instruments only measure conditions at the location they are used. Wind direction and speed can vary dramatically along the path of the bullet.

text: History[edit]

text: The science of long-range sniping came to fruition in the Vietnam War. Carlos Hathcock held the record from 1967 to 2002 at 2,286 m (2,500 yd).[7] He recorded 93 official kills.[8] After returning to the U.S., Hathcock helped to establish the Marine Corps Scout Sniper School at Quantico, Virginia.[9]

text: In addition to his success as a USMC Scout-Sniper during multiple deployments to Vietnam, Gunnery Sergeant Hathcock competed in multiple USMC shooting teams. Hathcock also won the 1966 Wimbledon Cup, which is earned by the winner of the U.S. 1000-yard high-powered rifle National Championship. Even after being severely burned during an attack on an Amtrac on which he was riding and his efforts to rescue other soldiers, and after being diagnosed with multiple sclerosis, Hathcock continued to serve, shoot and instruct. In Vietnam, Hathcock also completed missions involving a "through the scope" shot which killed an enemy sniper specifically hunting him, and a multiple-day solo stalk and kill of an enemy general.

text: Hathcock's record stood until Canadian Master Corporal Arron Perry of Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry beat it with a shot of 2,310 metres. Perry held the title for only a few days, as another man in his unit (Corporal Rob Furlong) beat Perry's distance with a 2,430 m (2,657 yd) shot in March 2002. Perry and Furlong were part of a six-man sniper team during 2002's Operation Anaconda, part of the War in Afghanistan.[4]

text: Corporal Furlong's record was bested by a British soldier, Corporal of Horse Craig Harrison, of the Blues and Royals, Household Cavalry, who recorded two 2,475 m (2,707 yd) shots (confirmed by GPS) in November 2009, also during the War in Afghanistan, in which he hit two Taliban insurgents consecutively.[10] Harrison killed the two Taliban machine gunners with shots that took the 8.59 mm rounds almost five seconds to hit their targets, which were 900 metres (1000 yd) beyond the L115A3 sniper rifle’s recommended range. A third shot took out the insurgents' machine gun. The rifle used was made by Accuracy International.

text: In June 2017, an unnamed sniper of Canada's special forces Unit Joint Task Force 2 surpassed the 2009 record by over a kilometre, with a 3,540 m (3,871 yd) shot in the Iraqi Civil War. As with the previous two Canadian records, a McMillan Tac-50 with Hornady A-MAX .50 (.50 BMG) ammunition was used.[1][2][3]

text: Confirmed kills 1,250 m (1,367 yd) or greater[edit]

text: This list is not exhaustive, as such data is generally not tracked nor managed under any official procedure. For example, the Canadian Army 2002 sniper team that saw two soldiers (Arron Perry/2,310 m and Rob Furlong/2,430 m) set consecutive new records, also made a number of kills at 1,500 m that are not counted here.[11] The list also shows that, in some cases, an armed force command may choose to withhold the name of the actual sniper for security reasons. The United Nations Security Forces, such as in the Balkans, also had one American Sniper (name withheld) attributed with a 1271-metre shot.

text: While not on the list due to the range being less than the minimum distance used to compile it, Hathcock's second-longest confirmed kill was 1,200 yards (1,100 m) using a "standard" USMC sniper rifle chambered in .30-06 Springfield. At the time of Hathcock's service, snipers had essentially been eliminated from the USMC, and its sniper rifles were a hodgepodge mix of commercial Remington 700 and Winchester Model 70 rifles chambered for multiple cartridges. The major challenge for Hathcock and other scout-snipers was improving the performance and reliability of their rifles and ammunition.

text:
Sniper
Date
Distance
Weapon
Ammunition
Nationality
Military Unit
Conflict
References

N !JTF-2 sniper
(name withheld)
2017–06 !May 2017
3,540 m (3,871 yd)
McMillan Tac-50
.50 !Hornady A-MAX .50
(.50 BMG)
 Canada
Joint Task Force 2
Iraq Civil War
[1][2][3][4]

Harrison !Corporal of Horse (CoH) Craig Harrison
2009–11 !November 2009
2,475 m (2,707 yd)
Accuracy International L115A3
.338 Lapua Magnum LockBase B408 bullets
 United Kingdom
Household Cavalry
War in Afghanistan
[10][12][13][14]

Furlong, RobCorporal Rob Furlong
2002–03 !March 2002
2,430 m (2,657 yd)
McMillan Tac-50
.50 !Hornady A-MAX .50
(.50 BMG)
 Canada
3rd Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry
War in Afghanistan
[11][4]

Perry !Master Corporal Arron Perry
2002–03 !March 2002
2,310 m (2,526 yd)
McMillan Tac-50
.50 !Hornady A-MAX .50
(.50 BMG)
 Canada
3rd Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry
War in Afghanistan
[11][4]

Kremer !Sgt. Brian Kremer
2004 !October 2004
2,300 m (2,515 yd)
Barrett M82A1
Raufoss NM140 MP (.50 BMG)
 United States
2nd Ranger Battalion, 75th Ranger Regiment, United States Army
Iraq War
[15]

Hathcock !Gunnery Sergeant Carlos Hathcock [A 1]
1967-02 !February 1967
2,286 m (2,500 yd)
M2 Browning machine gun
.50 BMG
 United States
1st Marine Division, United States Marine Corps
Vietnam War
[7]

N !Special Forces sniper (name withheld) [A 2]
2013–08 !August 2013
2,125 m (2,324 yd)
Denel NTW-14.5
14.5×114mm
 South Africa
South African Special Forces Brigade [A 3]
United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
[16][17][18][19]

Ranstad , NicholasNicholas Ranstad
2007-01 !January 2008
2,092 m (2,288 yd)
Barrett M82A1
.50 BMG
 United States
1st Squadron, 91st Cavalry Regiment, United States Army
War in Afghanistan
[20]

Kyle !Chief Petty Officer Chris Kyle [A 4]
2009-08 !August 2008
1,920 m (2,100 yd)
McMillan Tac-338
.338 Lapua Magnum
 United States
US Navy SEAL – Team 3, Charlie
Iraq War – Sadr City
[21][22][23]

Reynolds !Corporal Christopher Reynolds
2009-08 !August 2009
1,853 m (2,026 yd)
Accuracy International L115A3
.338 Lapua Magnum LockBase B408 bullets
 United Kingdom
3 Scots – The Black Watch
War in Afghanistan
[24]

N !AL-GNAS AL SABOR (name withheld)
2016-01-24 !January 24, 2016
1,700 m (1,859 yd)
LRT-3 sniper rifle
.50 BMG
 Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabian army
Yemeni Civil War (2015–present) – Harth (Jizan Region)
[25]

Staff Sgt. Reichert !Steve Reichert
2004-04 !April 2004
1,614 m (1,765 yd)
Barrett M82A3
Raufoss NM140 MP (.50 Cal)
 United States
2nd Battalion, 2nd Marine Regiment, United States Marine Corps
Iraq War - Latifiya
[26]

Dixon !Billy Dixon
1874-06 !June 1874
1,406 m (1,538 yd)
Sharps .50-90
.50-90 Sharps
 United States
Civilian Buffalo Hunter
American Indian Wars
[27]

N !Army sniper (name withheld) [A 5]
2007–11 !November 2007
1,380 m (1,509 yd)
Barrett M82A1
Raufoss NM140 MP (.50 Cal)
 Norway
Norwegian Army 2nd Battalion
War in Afghanistan
[28]

Sergeant Vladimir Ilyin !Vladimir Ilyin
1985
1,350 m (1,476 yd)
Dragunov SVD
7.62×54mmR 7N1
 Soviet Union
345th Independent Guards Airborne Regiment (Soviet Union), Soviet Army
Soviet war in Afganistan
[29]

McGuire Brandon !Sgt. First Class Brandon McGuire
2007-04 !April 2007
1,310 m (1,433 yd)
M107 (M82A1)
Raufoss NM140 MP (.50 Cal)
 United States
3rd Battalion, 509th Parachute Infantry Regiment, United States Army
Iraq War
[30]

Sleigh !Sergeant Major Herbert Sleigh
1918–02 !Feberuary 1918
1,280 m (1,400 yd)
M1903A4 Springfield [A 6]
.30-06 (7.62×63mm)
 United States
American Expeditionary Forces
World War I
[31]

C !Confederate sniper (Name unknown)
1864-12-06 !December 5, 1864
1,271 m (1,390 yd)
Whitworth Rifle
.451 caliber hexagonal bullet
 Confederate States
South Carolina Troops
American Civil War – Fort Sumter to Morris Island, South Carolina
[32]

Gilliland !Staff Sergeant Jim Gilliland [A 7]
2005-09-27 !September 27, 2005
1,250 m (1,367 yd)
M24 rifle
7.62×51mm NATO
 United States
2nd Battalion, 69th Armored Regiment, United States Army
Iraq War – Ramadi
[33]

text:
Jump up ^ During the Vietnam War Hathcock had 93 confirmed kills of North Vietnamese Army and Viet-Cong personnel. During the Vietnam War, kills had to be confirmed by an acting third party, who had to be an officer, besides the sniper's spotter. Hathcock himself estimated that he had killed 300 or more enemy personnel during his time in Vietnam.
Jump up ^ Longest confirmed kill using 14.5×114 mm ammunition
Jump up ^ Serving as part of the UN Force Intervention Brigade
Jump up ^ Christopher Scott "Chris" Kyle (April 8, 1974 – February 2, 2013) was a United States Navy SEAL who claimed to be the most lethal sniper in American military history with 160 "confirmed" kills out of 255 claimed kills. This figure has been corroborated by the Department of Defense, U.S. Special Operations Command, and the U.S. Navy Special Warfare Command.
Jump up ^ Longest confirmed kill using 12.7 mm multi-purpose ammunition
Jump up ^ Officially adopted as a United States military bolt-action rifle on June 19, 1903, and issued to soldiers in WWI. The A4 was a sniper variant modified to accept a scope
Jump up ^ Longest confirmed kill with a 7.62×51mm NATO chambered rifle


document_title: Gas-pak

question_text: what is the purpose of the indicator strip in the gaspak system

text: Gas-pak

text: Constituents of gas-pak sachets[edit]

text:
Sodium borohydride - NaBH4
Sodium bicarbonate - NaHCO3
Citric acid - C3H5O(COOH)3
Cobalt chloride - CoCl2 (catalyst)

text: The addition of a Dicot Catalyst maybe required to initiate the reaction.

text: Reactions[edit]

text:
NaBH4 + 2 H2O = NaBO2 + 4 H2↑
C3H5O(COOH)3 + 3 NaHCO3 + [CoCl2] = C3H5O(COONa)3 + 3 CO2 + 3 H2 + [CoCl2]
2 H2 + O2 + [Catalyst] = 2 H2O + [Catalyst]

text: Consumption of oxygen[edit]

text: These chemicals react with water to produce hydrogen and carbon dioxide along with sodium citrate (C3H5O(COONa)3) and water as byproducts [1]. Again, hydrogen and oxygen reacting on a catalyst like Palladiumised alumina (supplied separately) combine to form water.

text: Culture method[edit]

text: The medium, the gas-pak sachet (opened and with water added) and an indicator are placed in an air-tight gas jar which is incubated at the desired temperature. The indicator tells whether the environment was indeed oxygen free or not.

text: The chemical indicator generally used for this purpose is "chemical methylene blue solution" that since synthesis has never been exposed to elemental oxygen. It is colored deep blue on oxidation in presence of atmospheric oxygen in the jar, but will become colorless when oxygen is gone, and anaerobic conditions are achieved.