document_title: Special session

question_text: when can a president call a special session of congress

text: Special session

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In a legislature, a special session (also extraordinary session) is a period when the body convenes outside of the normal legislative session. This most frequently occurs in order to complete unfinished tasks for the year (often delayed by conflict between political parties), such as outlining the government's budget for the next fiscal year, biennium, or other period. Special sessions may also be called during an economic downturn in order to cut the budget. In other cases, a special session may be convened to address special topics, or emergencies such as war or natural disaster.

text: Who calls a special session varies - by vote of the legislature during regular session, by the executive, or by the legislature's speaker or presiding officer. The United Nations has both special sessions and emergency special sessions.

text: United States[edit]

text: In the United States of America, Article II, Section 3 of the United States Constitution gives the President of the United States the power to "on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses or either of them." [1]

text: This power exists for urgent or extraordinary situations that require congressional action when Congress is adjourned. Presidents have exercised this power 46 times to recall only the Senate and 28 times to recall both Chambers of Congress, most recently by Harry Truman in 1948.[2]

text: The Senate itself differentiates between "extraordinary sessions" called by the Presidential proclamation and "special sessions" that merely indicate a session not normally scheduled.[3] The term "session" can refer to either the formal start and end of a Congressional session or the daily sessions of the chambers of Congress.[4] Thus a formal "special session" will only happen when Congress has adjourned sine die and is not simply in recess (in other words Congress may or may not already be in an official session, but in recess, when convened).[4]

text: The power is also given to some principals in the United States by their respective school constitutions. An example is the Constitution of TCM states that on extraordinary occasions the principal may convene neither or both houses of the legislature.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ United States Archives: Transcript of the Constitution
Jump up ^ U.S. Senate History
Jump up ^ "Types of Sessions". Retrieved 26 January 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Beth, Richard; Tollestrup, Jessica (23 February 2013). "Sessions, Adjournments, and Recesses of Congress" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. pp. Summary. Retrieved 26 January 2014.

tag: ol

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document_title: Sons of Anarchy (season 3)

question_text: where was sons of anarchy filmed in ireland

root

text: Sons of Anarchy (season 3)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Gemma has been hiding in Rogue River, Oregon with Tig at the home of Gemma's father, Nate (Hal Holbrook), who suffers from dementia. Gemma struggles when she takes Nate to his new assisted living home, and he pleads to be taken back to his house. She returns to Charming to reunite with her grandson, unaware he has been kidnapped. The return of A.T.F. agent Stahl twists the facts about the murder of Donna, Stahl attempts to make a deal with Jax behind the club's back. Father Kellan Ashby's sister, Maureen, contacts Gemma at Ashby's request and tells her Abel is safe in Belfast. Upon learning of her grandson's abduction, Gemma suffers a cardiac arrhythmia and collapses in the Teller-Morrow lot. After the club returns from Ireland and brings home Abel, agent Stahl double crosses Jax and tells the club about the side deal Jax made with her, unaware that Jax and the club had it planned all along knowing Stahl would back out of the deal. Jax, Clay, Bobby, Tig, Juice and Happy are hauled away to jail. While Opie, Chibbs, and the Prospects are all en route following Stahl. Opie kills Stahl to avenge the death of his wife, Donna.

tag: p

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Sons of Anarchy is the story of the Teller-Morrow family of Charming, California, as well as the other members of Sons of Anarchy Motorcycle Club, Redwood Original (SAMCRO), their families, various Charming townspeople,  allied and rival gangs, associates, and law agencies that undermine or support SAMCRO's legal and illegal enterprises.

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Charlie Hunnam as Jackson "Jax" Teller
Katey Sagal as Gemma Teller Morrow
Mark Boone Junior as Robert "Bobby Elvis" Munson
Dayton Callie as Wayne Unser
Kim Coates as Alex "Tig" Trager
Tommy Flanagan as Filip "Chibs" Telford
Ryan Hurst as Harry "Opie" Winston
William Lucking as Piermont "Piney" Winston
Theo Rossi as Juan-Carlos "Juice" Ortiz
Maggie Siff as Dr. Tara Knowles
Ron Perlman as Clarence "Clay" Morrow

tag: ul

text: Special guest cast[edit]

text:
Paula Malcomson as Maureen Ashby
Ally Walker as Agent June Stahl
Kenny Johnson as Herman Kozik
Mitch Pileggi as Ernest Darby
Stephen King as Bachman
Sonny Barger as Lenny "The Pimp" Janowitz

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
David LaBrava as Happy Lowman (11 episodes)
McNally Sagal as Margaret Murphy (9 episodes)
Jose Pablo Cantillo as Hector Salazar (9 episodes)
Michael Marisi Ornstein as Chuck Marstein (9 episodes)
Titus Welliver as Jimmy O'Phelan (9 episodes)
James Cosmo as Father Kellan Ashby (8 episodes)
Jeff Kober as Jacob Hale, Jr. (8 episodes)
Zoe Boyle as Trinity Ashby (7 episodes)
Winter Ave Zoli as Lyla Winston (7 episodes)
Andrew McPhee as Keith McGee (6 episodes)
Arie Verveen as Liam O'Neill (6 episodes)
Pamela J. Gray as Agent Amy Tyler (6 episodes)
Marcello Thedford as Lander Jackson (5 episodes)
Michael Beach as T.O. Cross (5 episodes)
Joel Tobeck as Donny (5 episodes)
Hal Holbrook as Nate Madock (4 episodes)
Patrick St. Esprit as Elliott Oswald 4 episodes)
Darin Heames as Seamus Ryan (4 episodes)
Q'orianka Kilcher as Kerrianne Larkin-Telford (4 episodes)
Bellina Logan as Fiona Larkin (4 episodes)
Emilio Rivera as Marcus Alvarez (4 episodes)
Jamie McShane as Cameron Hayes (3 episodes)
Monique Gabriela Curnen as Amelia Dominguez (3 episodes)
Kristen Renton as Ima (3 episodes)
Taryn Manning as Cherry/Rita (3 episodes)
Michael Fairman as Lumpy Feldstein (3 episodes)
Robin Weigert as Ally Lowen (3 episodes)
Marcos de la Cruz as Agent Estevez (3 episodes)
Taylor Sheridan as Deputy Chief David Hale ("SO")
Tory Kittles as Laroy Wayne ("SO")
Kenneth Choi as Henry Lin ("Caregiver")
Kurt Sutter as "Big" Otto Delaney (1 uncredited)

text: Guest stars[edit]

text:
Leo Fitzpatrick as Prospect Shephard (2 episodes)
Bob McCracken as Brendan Roarke (2 episodes)
Keith Szarabajka as Victor Putlova (2 episodes)
Dorian Missick as Pony Joe ("SO")
Olivia Burnette as Homeless Woman ("Bainne")

text: Production[edit]

text: Although Sons of Anarchy is set in Northern California's Central Valley, it is filmed primarily at Occidental Studios Stage 5A in North Hollywood. Main sets located there include the clubhouse, St. Thomas Hospital and Jax's house. The production rooms at the studio used by the writing staff also double as the Charming police station. External scenes are often filmed nearby in Sun Valley and Tujunga.[1] Interior and exterior scenes set in Northern Ireland during season 3 were also filmed at Occidental Studios and surrounding areas. A second unit shot footage in Northern Ireland used in the third season.[2]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Some critics felt the third season was dragged down by the previous season's cliffhanger.[3][4] James Poniewozik of TIME called the season three premiere "breathtaking" and praised Sagal’s performance with Holbrook.[5] He later stated that Abel's disappearance helped return the show to its central problem: Jax's allegiance to the club.[6] Entertainment Weekly’s Ken Tucker agreed that Holbrook and Sagal’s scenes were "beautiful". He also commented that the series handled themes of loyalty and family especially well.[7] Maureen Ryan commented that the third season divided critics and fans alike, suggesting the expanded Belfast cast made it harder for the audience to invest in the characters' journeys.[8] Ryan later questioned the credibility of Hector Salazar's story, noting that he was inferior to other villainous characters such as Stahl, Zobelle and Weston. However, she praised Ally Walker's performance, comparing her character to The Shield's Vic Mackey.[9] Critic Alan Sepinwall said the season was "interesting but uneven", noting that the plot gained traction in later episodes.[10][11] Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter said "Sutter should be applauded for shaking things up", calling the slower pace a "creative necessity".[12]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)271"SO"Stephen KayKurt SutterSeptember 7, 2010 (2010-09-07)3WAB014.13[13]
The aftermath of Abel's kidnapping has the Sons reeling, especially Jax; Gemma gets hit with some unexpected news from her past. Stahl continues with her coverup while Tara finds it difficult to return to work. Cameron makes it back home.
282"Oiled"Gwyneth Horder-PaytonKurt Sutter & Dave EricksonSeptember 14, 2010 (2010-09-14)3WAB023.37[14]
To get intel on Abel's whereabouts, Jax and the club help a bounty hunter track down a skip. Gemma deals with her family issues, along with a suspicious caregiver. In Ireland, Cameron seeks council with the IRA.
293"Caregiver"Billy GierhartChris Collins & Regina CorradoSeptember 21, 2010 (2010-09-21)3WAB033.48[15]
The club exploits its porn connections to entertain Henry Lin's clients, which does not sit well with Opie. Tara, Gemma, and Tig turn to an unlikely source when the situation with the caregiver goes sideways. Jax and The Sons receive disturbing information about Cameron Hayes. Stephen King guest stars as Bachman, a "cleaner."
304"Home"Guy FerlandKurt Sutter & Liz SagalSeptember 28, 2010 (2010-09-28)3WAB042.98[16]
Jax and Clay head down to Nate's home to pick up Gemma. The rest of SAMCRO goes north to help Happy with a pharmaceutical favor in redneck territory. Tara's honesty with Jax comes at an inopportune time. As Gemma puts old family matters to rest, new issues reveal themselves to her. Maureen reaches out to SAMCRO.
315"Turning and Turning"Gwyneth Horder-PaytonDave Erickson & Marco RamirezOctober 5, 2010 (2010-10-05)3WAB053.12[17]
To help his mother, club, and son, Jax conspires with an unlikely source. In order to get more information on the Mayan's drug trade, SAMCRO puts Chucky and Tig undercover. Gemma confronts Tara about the secret she's been hiding.
326"The Push"Stephen KayChris Collins & Julie BushOctober 12, 2010 (2010-10-12)3WAB062.85[18]
In order to raise money to get the Sons to Belfast, Jax is forced to involve Tara in their latest dealing. To gain the friendship of the Mayans, SAMCRO must handle a rat at St. Thomas. Kozik's vote to get patched in hits a roadblock.
337"Widening Gyre"Billy GierhartKurt Sutter & Regina CorradoOctober 19, 2010 (2010-10-19)3WAB072.59[19]
The Grim Bastards have a problem that could jeopardize SAMCRO's new business arrangements. As The Sons prepare for their departure to Belfast, Gemma learns of a dark secret from John Teller's past. Tara gets support from an unlikely source after her breakup with Jax, while Lyla and Opie hit a snag in their relationship.
348"Lochan Mor"Guy FerlandDave Erickson & Liz Sagal & Kurt SutterOctober 26, 2010 (2010-10-26)3WAB082.67[20]
When SAMCRO pays a visit to another charter, not everyone is happy to see the mother charter.
359"Turas"Stephen KayStory by: Kurt SutterTeleplay by: Chris Collins & Brady DahlNovember 2, 2010 (2010-11-02)3WAB093.35[21]
The club embarks on a protection run, the likes of which they have never seen before.
3610"Firinne"Gwyneth Horder-PaytonKurt Sutter & Vaun WilmottNovember 9, 2010 (2010-11-09)3WAB103.18[22]
The IRA wants proof that one of their own has flipped and SAMCRO intends to give it to them.
3711"Bainne"Adam ArkinDave Erickson & Regina Corrado & Kurt SutterNovember 16, 2010 (2010-11-16)3WAB113.40[23]
While the club's on a manhunt, Jax faces the toughest decision of his life.
3812"June Wedding"Phil AbrahamStory by: Kurt SutterTeleplay by: Chris CollinsNovember 23, 2010 (2010-11-23)3WAB123.27[24]
With Tara held hostage by Salazar, Jax is forced to choose between revenge and the good of Charming. Jimmy's faith in his comrade is tested when he reaches out to the Russians. As Gemma tries to intervene in her son's dealings, Stahl makes a play to fulfill her bargain with Jax, turning on one of her own in the process.
3913"NS"Kurt SutterKurt Sutter & Dave EricksonNovember 30, 2010 (2010-11-30)3WAB133.59[25]
While The Sons figure out a way to have the Russian Mob hand over Jimmy, Jax and Stahl's deal comes to a head. SAMCRO begins to heal old wounds. Meanwhile, just as Tara and Jax have solidified their relationship, Tara discovers more about Teller family history than she could have ever imagined.

tag: table

text: Home media release[edit]

text: The third season was released on DVD and Blu-ray in region 1 on August 30, 2011.[26]


document_title: A Visit from St. Nicholas

question_text: who wrote twas the night before christmas poem

text: A Visit from St. Nicholas

text: Plot[edit]

text: On Christmas Eve night, while his wife and children sleep, a father awakens to noises outside his house. Looking out the window, he sees Santa Claus (Saint Nicholas) in an air-borne sleigh pulled by eight reindeer. After landing his sleigh on the roof, the saint enters the house through the chimney, carrying a sack of toys with him. The father watches Santa filling the children's Christmas stockings hanging by the fire, and laughs to himself. They share a conspiratorial moment before Santa bounds up the chimney again. As he flies away, Santa wishes everyone a "Happy Christmas to all, and to all a good night."

text: Meter[edit]

text: The poem's meter is anapestic tetrameter (four feet of unstressed-unstressed-stressed). The anapest is the same foot used to construct limericks, and the common metrical modifications that can be observed in the limerick form also can be observed in Moore's poem. For example, while the first two lines each use full anapests, lines 3 and 4 each drop the first unstressed syllable. Likewise, lines 9 and 10 drop the first unstressed syllable; they also add an extra unstressed syllable to the end.

text: Literary history[edit]

text: According to legend,[3] "A Visit" was composed by Clement Clarke Moore on a snowy winter's day during a shopping trip on a sleigh. His inspiration for the character of Saint Nicholas was a local Dutch handyman as well as the historical Saint Nicholas. Moore originated many of the features that are still associated with Santa Claus today while borrowing other aspects, such as the use of reindeer.[4] The poem was first published anonymously in the Troy, New York Sentinel on 23 December 1823, having been sent there by a friend of Moore,[2] and was reprinted frequently thereafter with no name attached. It was first attributed in print to Moore in 1837. Moore himself acknowledged authorship when he included it in his own book of poems in 1844. By then, the original publisher and at least seven others had already acknowledged his authorship.[5][6] Moore had a reputation as an erudite professor and had not wished at first to be connected with the unscholarly verse. He included it in the anthology at the insistence of his children, for whom he had originally written the piece.[5]

text: Moore's conception of Saint Nicholas was borrowed from his friend Washington Irving (see below), but Moore portrayed his "jolly old elf" as arriving on Christmas Eve rather than Christmas Day. At the time that Moore wrote the poem, Christmas Day was overtaking New Year's Day as the preferred genteel family holiday of the season, but some Protestants viewed Christmas as the result of "Catholic ignorance and deception"[2] and still had reservations. By having Saint Nicholas arrive the night before, Moore "deftly shifted the focus away from Christmas Day with its still-problematic religious associations." As a result, "New Yorkers embraced Moore's child-centered version of Christmas as if they had been doing it all their lives."[2]

text: In An American Anthology, 1787–1900, editor Edmund Clarence Stedman reprinted the Moore version of the poem, including the German spelling of "Donder and Blitzen" that he adopted, rather than the earlier Dutch version from 1823 "Dunder and Blixem." Both phrases translate as "Thunder and Lightning" in English, though the German word for thunder is "Donner" and the words in modern Dutch would be "Donder en Bliksem."

text: Modern printings frequently incorporate alterations that reflect changing linguistic and cultural sensibilities. For example, breast in "The moon on the breast of the new-fallen snow" is frequently bowdlerized to crest; the archaic ere in "But I heard him exclaim ere he drove out of sight" is frequently replaced with as. Note that this change implies that Santa Claus made his exclamation during the moment that he disappeared from view, while the exclamation came before his disappearance in the original. "Happy Christmas to all, and to all a good-night" is frequently rendered with the traditional English locution "Merry Christmas".

text: Original copies[edit]

text: Four hand-written copies of the poem are known to exist and three are in museums, including the New-York Historical Society library.[7] The fourth copy, written out and signed by Clement Clarke Moore as a gift to a friend in 1860, was sold by one private collector to another in December 2006. It was purchased for $280,000 by an unnamed "chief executive officer of a media company" who resides in New York City, according to Dallas, Texas-based Heritage Auctions which brokered the private sale.[8]

text: Authorship controversy[edit]

text: Moore's connection with the poem has been questioned by Professor Donald Foster,[9] who used textual content analysis and external evidence to argue that Moore could not have been the author.[10] Foster believes that Major Henry Livingston Jr., a New Yorker with Dutch and Scottish roots, should be considered the chief candidate for authorship, a view long espoused by the Livingston family. Livingston was distantly related to Moore's wife.[10] Foster's claim, however, has been countered by document dealer and historian Seth Kaller, who once owned one of Moore's original manuscripts of the poem. Kaller has offered a point-by-point rebuttal of both Foster's linguistic analysis and external findings, buttressed by the work of autograph expert James Lowe and Dr. Joe Nickell, author of Pen, Ink and Evidence.[5][11][12]

text: Evidence in favor of Moore[edit]

text: Moore is credited by his friend Charles Fenno Hoffman as author in the 25 December 1837 Pennsylvania Inquirer and Daily Courier. Further, the Rev. David Butler, who allegedly showed the poem to Sentinel editor Orville L. Holley, was a relative of Moore's. A letter to Moore from the publisher states, "I understand from Mr. Holley that he received it from Mrs. Sackett, the wife of Mr. Daniel Sackett who was then a merchant in this city"[citation needed]. Moore preferred to be known for his more scholarly works, but allowed the poem to be included in his anthology in 1844 at the request of his children. By that time, the original publisher and at least seven others had already acknowledged his authorship. Livingston family lore gives credit to their forebear rather than Moore, but there is no proof that Livingston himself ever claimed authorship, nor has any record ever been found of any printing of the poem with Livingston's name attached to it, despite more than 40 years of searches.

text: Evidence in favor of Livingston[edit]

text: Advocates for Livingston's authorship argue that Moore "tried at first to disavow" the poem.[13] They also posit that Moore falsely claimed to have translated a book.[14] Document dealer and historian Seth Kaller has challenged both claims. Kaller examined the book in question, A Complete Treatise on Merinos and Other Sheep, as well as many letters signed by Moore, and found that the "signature" was not penned by Moore, and thus provides no evidence that Moore made any plagiaristic claim. Kaller's findings were confirmed by autograph expert James Lowe, by Dr. Joe Nickell, the author of Pen, Ink & Evidence, and by others. According to Kaller, Moore's name was likely written on the book by a New-York Historical Society cataloger to indicate that it had been a gift from Moore to the Society.[5][15][16]

text: The following points have been advanced in order to credit the poem to Major Henry Livingston Jr.:

text: Livingston also wrote poetry primarily using an anapaestic metrical scheme, and it is claimed that some of the phraseology of A Visit is consistent with other poems by Livingston, and that Livingston's poetry is more optimistic than Moore's poetry published in his own name. But Stephen Nissenbaum argues in his Battle for Christmas that the poem could have been a social satire of the Victorianization of Christmas. Furthermore, Kaller claims that Foster cherry-picked only the poems that fit his thesis and that many of Moore's unpublished works have a tenor, phraseology, and meter similar to A Visit. Moore had even written a letter titled "From Saint Nicholas" that may have predated 1823.

text: Foster also contends that Moore hated tobacco and would, therefore, never have depicted Saint Nicholas with a pipe. However, Kaller notes, the source of evidence for Moore's supposed disapproval of tobacco is The Wine Drinker, another poem by him. In actuality, that verse contradicts such a claim. Moore's The Wine Drinker criticizes self-righteous, hypocritical advocates of temperance who secretly indulge in the substances which they publicly oppose, and supports the social use of tobacco in moderation (as well as wine, and even opium, which was more acceptable in his day than it is now).

text: Foster also asserts that Livingston's mother was Dutch, which accounts for the references to the Dutch Sinteklaes tradition and the use of the Dutch names "Dunder and Blixem". Against this claim, it is suggested by Kaller that Moore — a friend of writer Washington Irving and member of the same literary society — may have acquired some of his knowledge of New York Dutch traditions from Irving. Irving had written A History of New York in 1809 under the name of "Dietrich Knickerbocker." It includes several references to legends of Saint Nicholas, including the following that bears a close relationship to the poem:

text: And the sage Oloffe dreamed a dream,—and lo, the good St. Nicholas came riding over the tops of the trees, in that self-same wagon wherein he brings his yearly presents to children, and he descended hard by where the heroes of Communipaw had made their late repast. And he lit his pipe by the fire, and sat himself down and smoked; and as he smoked, the smoke from his pipe ascended into the air and spread like a cloud overhead. And Oloffe bethought him, and he hastened and climbed up to the top of one of the tallest trees, and saw that the smoke spread over a great extent of country; and as he considered it more attentively, he fancied that the great volume of smoke assumed a variety of marvelous forms, where in dim obscurity he saw shadowed out palaces and domes and lofty spires, all of which lasted but a moment, and then faded away, until the whole rolled off, and nothing but the green woods were left. And when St. Nicholas had smoked his pipe, he twisted it in his hatband, and laying his finger beside his nose, gave the astonished Van Kortlandt a very significant look; then, mounting his wagon, he returned over the tree-tops and disappeared.

text: MacDonald P. Jackson, Emeritus Professor of English at the University of Auckland, New Zealand and a Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand, has spent his entire academic career analyzing authorship attribution. He has written a book titled Who Wrote "the Night Before Christmas"?: Analyzing the Clement Clarke Moore Vs. Henry Livingston Question,[18] published in 2016, in which he evaluates the opposing arguments and, for the first time, uses the author-attribution techniques of modern computational stylistics to examine the long-standing controversy. Jackson employs a range of tests and introduces a new one, statistical analysis of phonemes; he concludes that Livingston is the true author of the classic work.


document_title: h-index

question_text: who has the highest h index in the world

text: h-index

text: Definition and purpose[edit]

text: The definition of the index is that a scholar with an index of h has published h papers each of which has been cited in other papers at least h times.[4] Thus, the h-index reflects both the number of publications and the number of citations per publication. The index is designed to improve upon simpler measures such as the total number of citations or publications. The index works properly only for comparing scientists working in the same field; citation conventions differ widely among different fields.

text: Calculation[edit]

text: Formally, if f is the function that corresponds to the number of citations for each publication, we compute the h index as follows. First we order the values of f from the largest to the lowest value. Then, we look for the last position in which f is greater than or equal to the position (we call h this position). For example, if we have a researcher with 5 publications A, B, C, D, and E with 10, 8, 5, 4, and 3 citations, respectively, the h index is equal to 4 because the 4th publication has 4 citations and the 5th has only 3. In contrast, if the same publications have 25, 8, 5, 3, and 3, then the index is 3 because the fourth paper has only 3 citations.

text: If we have the function f ordered in decreasing order from the largest value to the lowest one, we can compute the h index as follows:

text: The Hirsch index is equivalent to the Eddington number, an earlier metric used for evaluating cyclists. The h-index serves as an alternative to more traditional journal impact factor metrics in the evaluation of the impact of the work of a particular researcher. Because only the most highly cited articles contribute to the h-index, its determination is a simpler process. Hirsch has demonstrated that h has high predictive value for whether a scientist has won honors like National Academy membership or the Nobel Prize. The h-index grows as citations accumulate and thus it depends on the "academic age" of a researcher.

text: Input data[edit]

text: The h-index can be manually determined using citation databases or using automatic tools. Subscription-based databases such as Scopus and the Web of Science provide automated calculators. Harzing's Publish or Perish program calculates the h-index based on Google Scholar entries. From July 2011 Google have provided an automatically-calculated h-index and i10-index within their own Google Scholar profile.[5] In addition, specific databases, such as the INSPIRE-HEP database can automatically calculate the h-index for researchers working in high energy physics.

text: Each database is likely to produce a different h for the same scholar, because of different coverage.[6] A detailed study showed that the Web of Science has strong coverage of journal publications, but poor coverage of high impact conferences. Scopus has better coverage of conferences, but poor coverage of publications prior to 1996; Google Scholar has the best coverage of conferences and most journals (though not all), but like Scopus has limited coverage of pre-1990 publications.[7][8] The exclusion of conference proceedings papers is a particular problem for scholars in computer science, where conference proceedings are considered an important part of the literature.[9] Google Scholar has been criticized for producing "phantom citations," including gray literature in its citation counts, and failing to follow the rules of Boolean logic when combining search terms.[10] For example, the Meho and Yang study found that Google Scholar identified 53% more citations than Web of Science and Scopus combined, but noted that because most of the additional citations reported by Google Scholar were from low-impact journals or conference proceedings, they did not significantly alter the relative ranking of the individuals. It has been suggested that in order to deal with the sometimes wide variation in h for a single academic measured across the possible citation databases, one should assume false negatives in the databases are more problematic than false positives and take the maximum h measured for an academic.[11]

text: Comparing results across fields and career levels[edit]

text: Little systematic investigation has been done on how the h-index behaves over different institutions, nations, times and academic fields/disciplines, but it is clear that differences between disciplines can be at a factor of x10 and more. Also, h values have gone up in recent decades. An academic with h 20 may thus be a modest scientist, or a leader in their field.

text: Comparing results between individuals will have to take into account (a) career stage, (b) publication frequency in the field, and (c) citation frequency in the field. An individual (a) at a more senior career stage will have published more and the publications will have had more time to accumulate citations. How many publications a person authors or co-authors per year (b), and many citations a publication attracts per year (c) differs greatly between academic fields. How much more a senior person (a) is cited differs from field to field - e.g. in lab sciences it is common to always cite the director of the lab. How citations are distributed over time (c) is different - e.g. medical science publications attract many citations in the first years, while humanities publications have a slower but more lasting citation pattern. Finally, the correlation between publications and "success" differs widely between fields and other social factors (e.g. Oxford/Cambridge dons used to care about peer recognition, but not publications or citations).

text: Hirsch suggested that, for physicists, a value for h of about 12 might be typical for advancement to tenure (associate professor) at major [US] research universities. A value of about 18 could mean a full professorship, 15–20 could mean a fellowship in the American Physical Society, and 45 or higher could mean membership in the United States National Academy of Sciences.[12]

text: For the most highly cited scientists in the period 1983–2002, Hirsch identified the top 10 in the life sciences (in order of decreasing h): Solomon H. Snyder, h = 191; David Baltimore, h = 160; Robert C. Gallo, h = 154; Pierre Chambon, h = 153; Bert Vogelstein, h = 151; Salvador Moncada, h = 143; Charles A. Dinarello, h = 138; Tadamitsu Kishimoto, h = 134; Ronald M. Evans, h = 127; and Axel Ullrich, h = 120. Among 36 new inductees in the National Academy of Sciences in biological and biomedical sciences in 2005, the median h-index was 57.[3] However, he points out that values of h will vary between different fields.[13]

text: Among the 22 scientific disciplines listed in the Thomson Reuters Essential Science Indicators Citation Thresholds [thus excluding non-science academics], physics has the second most citations after space science.[14] During the period January 1, 2000 – February 28, 2010, a physicist had to receive 2073 citations to be among the most cited 1% of physicists in the world.[14] The threshold for space science is the highest (2236 citations), and physics is followed by clinical medicine (1390) and molecular biology & genetics (1229). Most disciplines, such as environment/ecology (390), have fewer scientists, fewer papers, and fewer citations.[14] Therefore, these disciplines have lower citation thresholds in the Essential Science Indicators, with the lowest citation thresholds observed in social sciences (154), computer science (149), and multidisciplinary sciences (147).[14]

text: Numbers are very different in social science disciplines: The Impact of the Social Sciences team at London School of Economics found that social scientists in the United Kingdom had lower average h-indices. The h-indices for ("full") professors, based on Google Scholar data ranged from 2.8 (in law), through 3.4 (in political science), 3.7 (in sociology), 6.5 (in geography) and 7.6 (in economics). On average across the disciplines, a professor in the social sciences had an h-index about twice that of a lecturer or a senior lecturer, though the difference was the smallest in geography.[15]

text: Advantages[edit]

text: Hirsch intended the h-index to address the main disadvantages of other bibliometric indicators, such as total number of papers or total number of citations. Total number of papers does not account for the quality of scientific publications, while total number of citations can be disproportionately affected by participation in a single publication of major influence (for instance, methodological papers proposing successful new techniques, methods or approximations, which can generate a large number of citations), or having many publications with few citations each. The h-index is intended to measure simultaneously the quality and quantity of scientific output.

text: Criticism[edit]

text: There are a number of situations in which h may provide misleading information about a scientist's output:[16] Most of these however are not exclusive to the h-index.

text:
The h-index does not account for the typical number of citations in different fields. It has been stated that citation behavior in general is affected by field-dependent factors,[17] which may invalidate comparisons not only across disciplines but even within different fields of research of one discipline.[18]
The h-index discards the information contained in author placement in the authors' list, which in some scientific fields is significant.[19][20]
The h-index has been found in one study to have slightly less predictive accuracy and precision than the simpler measure of mean citations per paper.[21] However, this finding was contradicted by another study by Hirsch.[22]
The h-index is a natural number that reduces its discriminatory power. Ruane and Tol therefore propose a rational h-index that interpolates between h and h + 1.[23]
The h-index can be manipulated through self-citations,[24][25][26] and if based on Google Scholar output, then even computer-generated documents can be used for that purpose, e.g. using SCIgen.[27]
The h-index does not provide a significantly more accurate measure of impact than the total number of citations for a given scholar. In particular, by modeling the distribution of citations among papers as a random integer partition and the h-index as the Durfee square of the partition, Yong[28] arrived at the formula

h
≈
0.54

N

{\displaystyle h\approx 0.54{\sqrt {N}}}

, where N is the total number of citations, which, for mathematics members of the National Academy of Sciences, turns out to provide an accurate (with errors typically within 10–20 percent) approximation of h-index in most cases.

text: Alternatives and modifications[edit]

text: Various proposals to modify the h-index in order to emphasize different features have been made.[29][30][31][32][33][34] As the variants have proliferated, comparative studies have become possible showing that most proposals are highly correlated with the original h-index,[35] although alternative indexes may be important to decide between comparable CVs, as often the case in evaluation processes.

text:
An individual h-index normalized by the number of author has been proposed:

h

I

=

h

2

/

N

a

(
T
)

{\displaystyle h_{I}=h^{2}/N_{a}^{(T)}}

, with

N

a

(
T
)

{\displaystyle N_{a}^{(T)}}

 being the number of authors considered in the

h

{\displaystyle h}

 papers.[29] It was found that the distribution of the h-index, although it depends on the field, can be normalized by a simple rescaling factor. For example, assuming as standard the hs for biology, the distribution of h for mathematics collapse with it if this h is multiplied by three, that is, a mathematician with h = 3 is equivalent to a biologist with h = 9. This method has not been readily adopted, perhaps because of its complexity. It might be simpler to divide citation counts by the number of authors before ordering the papers and obtaining the h-index, as originally suggested by Hirsch.
The m-index is defined as h/n, where n is the number of years since the first published paper of the scientist;[3] also called m-quotient.[36][37]
There are a number of models proposed to incorporate the relative contribution of each author to a paper, for instance by accounting for the rank in the sequence of authors.[38]
A generalization of the h-index and some other indices that gives additional information about the shape of the author's citation function (heavy-tailed, flat/peaked, etc.) has been proposed.[39]
A successive Hirsch-type-index for institutions has also been devised.[40][41] A scientific institution has a successive Hirsch-type-index of i when at least i researchers from that institution have an h-index of at least i.
Three additional metrics have been proposed: h2 lower, h2 center, and h2 upper, to give a more accurate representation of the distribution shape. The three h2 metrics measure the relative area within a scientist's citation distribution in the low impact area, h2 lower, the area captured by the h-index, h2 center, and the area from publications with the highest visibility, h2 upper. Scientists with high h2 upper percentages are perfectionists, whereas scientists with high h2 lower percentages are mass producers. As these metrics are percentages, they are intended to give a qualitative description to supplement the quantitative h-index.[42]
The g-index can be seen as the h-index for an averaged citations count.[43]
It has been argued that "For an individual researcher, a measure such as Erdős number captures the structural properties of network whereas the h-index captures the citation impact of the publications. One can be easily convinced that ranking in coauthorship networks should take into account both measures to generate a realistic and acceptable ranking." Several author ranking systems such as eigenfactor (based on eigenvector centrality) have been proposed already, for instance the Phys Author Rank Algorithm.[44]
The c-index accounts not only for the citations but for the quality of the citations in terms of the collaboration distance between citing and cited authors. A scientist has c-index n if n of [his/her] N citations are from authors which are at collaboration distance at least n, and the other (N − n) citations are from authors which are at collaboration distance at most n.[45]
An s-index, accounting for the non-entropic distribution of citations, has been proposed and it has been shown to be in a very good correlation with h.[46]
The e-index, the square root of surplus citations for the h-set beyond h2, complements the h-index for ignored citations, and therefore is especially useful for highly cited scientists and for comparing those with the same h-index (iso-h-index group).[47][48]
Because the h-index was never meant to measure future publication success, recently, a group of researchers has investigated the features that are most predictive of future h-index. It is possible to try the predictions using an online tool.[49] However, later work has shown that since h-index is a cumulative measure, it contains intrinsic auto-correlation that led to significant overestimation of its predictability. Thus, the true predictability of future h-index is much lower compared to what has been claimed before.[50]
The h-index has been applied to Internet Media, such as YouTube channels. The h-index is defined as the number of videos with ≥ h × 105 views. When compared with a video creator's total view count, the h-index and g-index better capture both productivity and impact in a single metric.[51]
The i10-index indicates the number of academic publications an author has written that have at least ten citations from others. It was introduced in July 2011 by Google as part of their work on Google Scholar.[52]
The h-index has been shown to have a strong discipline bias. However, a simple normalization

h

/

⟨
h

⟩

d

{\displaystyle h/\langle h\rangle _{d}}

 by the average h of scholars in a discipline d is an effective way to mitigate this bias, obtaining a universal impact metric that allows comparison of scholars across different disciplines.[53] Of course this method does not deal with academic age bias.
The h-index can be timed to analyze its evolution during one's career, employing different time windows.[54]
The o-index corresponds to the geometric mean of the h-index and the most cited paper of a researcher.[55]


document_title: Cola

question_text: what type of acid is in coca cola

question_tokens: what type of acid is in coca cola

text: Cola

text: Flavorings[edit]

text: The primary modern flavoring ingredients in a cola drink are sugar, citrus oils (from oranges, limes, or lemon fruit peel), cinnamon, vanilla, and an acidic flavorant.[2][3] Manufacturers of cola drinks add trace ingredients to create distinctively different tastes for each brand. Trace flavorings may include nutmeg and a wide variety of ingredients, but the base flavorings that most people identify with a cola taste remain vanilla and cinnamon. Acidity is often provided by phosphoric acid, sometimes accompanied by citric or other isolated acids. Coca-Cola's recipe is maintained as a corporate trade secret.

text: A variety of different sweeteners may be added to cola, often partly dependent on local agricultural policy. High-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is predominantly used in the United States and Canada due to the lower cost of government-subsidized corn. In Europe, however, HFCS is subject to production quotas designed to encourage the production of sugar; sugar is thus typically used to sweeten sodas.[4] In addition, stevia or an artificial sweetener may be used; "sugar-free" or "diet" colas typically contain artificial sweeteners only.

text: Cola can be manufactured with sugar as in Mexican Coca-Cola.[5][6] Kosher for Passover Coca-Cola sold in the U.S. around the Jewish holiday also uses sucrose rather than HFCS and is also highly sought after by people who prefer the original taste.[7] In addition, PepsiCo has recently been marketing versions of its Pepsi and Mountain Dew sodas that are sweetened with sugar instead of HFCS. These are marketed under the name Throwback and became permanent products.[8]

text: Clear cola[edit]

text: In the 1940s, Coca-Cola produced White Coke at the request of Marshal of the Soviet Union Georgy Zhukov.[citation needed]

text: Clear colas were again produced during the Clear Craze of the early 1990s. Brands included Crystal Pepsi, Tab Clear, and 7 Up Ice Cola. Crystal Pepsi has been repeatedly reintroduced in the 2010s.

text: In Denmark a popular clear cola was made by the Cooperative FDB in 1976. It was especially known for being the "Hippie Cola" because of the focus of the harmful effects the colour additive could have on children, and the boycott of multinational brands. It was inspired by a campaign on harmful additives in Denmark by the Environmental-Organisation NOAH, an independent Danish division of Friends of the Earth. This was followed up with a variete of sodas without artificial clouring[9] Today many organic colas are available in Denmark, but for nostalgic reasons the Cola still has remained its popularity to a certain degree [10]

text: Health effects[edit]

text: A 2007 study found that consumption of colas, both those with natural sweetening and those with artificial sweetening, was associated with increased risk of chronic kidney disease. The phosphoric acid used in colas was thought to be a possible cause.[11]

text: Studies indicate "soda and sweetened drinks are the main source of calories in [the] American diet",[12] so most nutritionists advise that Coca-Cola and other soft drinks can be harmful if consumed excessively, particularly to young children whose soft drink consumption competes with, rather than complements, a balanced diet. Studies have shown that regular soft drink users have a lower intake of calcium, magnesium, ascorbic acid, riboflavin, and vitamin A.[13]

text: The drink has also aroused criticism for its use of caffeine, which can cause physical dependence (caffeine addiction).[14] A link has been shown between long-term regular cola intake and osteoporosis in older women (but not men).[15] This was thought to be due to the presence of phosphoric acid, and the risk was found to be the same for caffeinated and noncaffeinated colas, as well as the same for diet and sugared colas.

text: Many soft drinks are sweetened mostly or entirely with high-fructose corn syrup, rather than sugar. Some nutritionists caution against consumption of corn syrup because it may aggravate obesity and type-2 diabetes more than cane sugar.[16]

text: Regional brands[edit]

text: This article contains a list of miscellaneous information. Please relocate any relevant information into other sections or articles. (December 2017)

text: Asia[edit]

text:
Amrat Cola, popular in Pakistan
Big Cola, popular in Indonesia
Bovonto, popular in South India
Campa Cola was India's most popular brand prior to the introduction of Coca-Cola and Pepsi to the Indian market in 1991
Clemon by Akij Group, popular in Bangladesh
Cola Turka is a local brand in Turkey
Est Cola, a local brand in Thailand
Future Cola, a local brand in China
Laoshan Cola, a local brand in China
Mecca Cola, sold in the Middle East, North Africa, as well as parts of Europe
Pakola, popular in Pakistan
Parsi Cola, popular in Iran
Red Bull Cola, popular in Thailand
Thums Up, popular in India
Topsia Cola, popular in Iran
Zamzam Cola, popular in Iran and parts of the Arab world

text: Europe[edit]

text:
Afri-Cola, a German brand, was relaunched in April 2006 with the original formulation with the higher caffeine content.
Barr Cola made by A.G. Barr (the makers of the popular Irn-Bru drink) in the United Kingdom
Breizh Cola is a local brand from Brittany (France).[17]
Brisa Cola is a local brand from Madeira, Portugal and produced by Empresa de Cervejas da Madeira.
Cadet-Cola, an Irish brand
Cockta is a local brand from former Yugoslavia, which does not contain any caffeine or phosphoric acid.
Corsica Cola is a regional cola distributed by the Corsican brewery Pietra.
Cuba Cola is the native cola of Sweden.
Evoca Cola is a cola made with mineral water made by Evoca Drinks.
Fentimans Curiosity Cola, is an upmarket botanically brewed cola produced by Fentimans, from the UK.
Fritz-Kola, a cola soft drink from Hamburg, Germany, uses the highest possible concentration of caffeine for beverages allowed by German law.
Jolly Cola, which was more popular than Coca-Cola and Pepsi Cola during the 1960s and 1970s in Denmark.[citation needed]
Karma Cola, fair trade cola from the UK
Kofola is the primary rival to Coca-Cola and Pepsi in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, and does not contain phosphoric acid.
Planet Cola, a brand sold at Auchan
Polo-Cockta, a Polish brand
Red Bull Cola has been available throughout Europe since 2008.
Sky Cola, a Bosnian brand since 2002 made by water-bottling company Sarajevski kiseljak[18]
Sky Cola, a Croatian brand since 2002 made by water-bottling company Jamnica
Ubuntu Cola is a fair trade cola from the United Kingdom available in parts of Western Europe.
Virgin Cola was popular in South Africa and Western Europe in the 1990s but has waned in availability.
Vita-Cola is a German cola brand with a distinct citrus flavor; nowadays it is mostly sold in eastern Germany.
XL Cola was a Swedish cola brand introduced in 1985, but the drink is not at the market anymore.
Mole Cola Is an Italian cola sold in Italy it is also occasionally sold in France in stores called Noz only.

text: North America[edit]

text:
Big Cola, made by Peruvian transnational Ajegroup, sold in the northern parts of Mexico
Coca-Cola, often referred to simply as Coke, is one of the most popular cola brands in North America and worldwide.
Cott produces many house brand beverages as well as its own line of products, most notably its Black Cherry cola.
The Double Cola Company, Double Cola
Faygo Cola is distributed in the Eastern United States and can be found in some regions of Canada.
Fentimans Curiosity Cola, originating from the United Kingdom in 1905, now sold across Europe and North America
Jarritos Cola is a brand of cola from Mexico, native to Mexico and widely distributed to Latino residents of the United States.
Jolt Cola is sold by Wet Planet Beverages of Rochester, New York.
Jones Soda also makes a cola using cane sugar.
Pepsi-Cola, often referred to simply as Pepsi, produced and manufactured by PepsiCo, is also one of the most popular cola brands in North America and worldwide. PepsiCo is the main competitor of Coca-Cola.
Polar Beverages of Worcester, MA produces its own brand of cola under the Polar name.
Red Bull Cola was available in the United States from 2008-2011.
RC Cola, short for Royal Crown Cola, produced by the Dr Pepper Snapple Group
Shasta Cola, produced by Shasta
TuKola and Tropicola are brands from Cuba (also sold widely in Italy).
Zevia Cola is a zero calorie soft drink sweetened with Stevia combined with Monk Fruit and Erythritol.

text: South America[edit]

text:
Big Cola, a cola produced by Peruvian company Ajegroup which operates in 14 countries in Latin America.[19]
Perú Cola, created by Peruvian bottler Embotelladora Don Jorge S.A.C. to compete with Coca-Cola and Kola.Real.[20]

text: Oceania[edit]

text: LA Ice Cola is an Australian cola owned by P&N Beverages, similar to Coca-Cola and Pepsi, which are its rivals.


document_title: Assyrian captivity

question_text: in what bce year did the assyrian empire destroy the northern kingdom of israel

text: Assyrian captivity

text: Biblical account[edit]

text: The captivities began in approximately 740 BCE (or 733/2 BCE according to other sources).[1]

text: And the God of Israel stirred up the spirit of Pul king of Assyria, and the spirit of Tilgathpilneser king of Assyria, and he carried them away, even the Reubenites, and the Gadites, and the half tribe of Manasseh, and brought them unto Halah, and Habor, and Hara, and to the river Gozan, unto this day. (1 Chronicles 5:26)

text: In the days of Pekah king of Israel came Tiglathpileser king of Assyria, and he took Ijon, and Abelbethmaachah, and Janoah, and Kedesh, and Hazor, and Gilead, and Galilee, all the land of Naphtali, and carried them captive to Assyria. (2 Kings 15:29)

text: In 722 BCE, nearly ten to twenty years after the initial deportations, the ruling city of the Northern Kingdom of Israel, Samaria, was finally taken by Sargon II after a three-year siege started by Shalmaneser V.

text: Against him came up Shalmaneser king of Assyria; and Hoshea became his servant, and gave him presents.

text:
And the king of Assyria found conspiracy in Hoshea: for he had sent messengers to So king of Egypt, and brought no present to the king of Assyria, as he had done year by year: therefore the king of Assyria shut him up, and bound him in prison.
Then the king of Assyria came up throughout all the land, and went up to Samaria, and besieged it three years.

text: In the ninth year of Hoshea the king of Assyria took Samaria, and carried Israel away into Assyria, and placed them in Halah and in Habor by the river of Gozan, and in the cities of the Medes. (2 Kings 17:3–6)

text: And the king of Assyria did carry away Israel unto Assyria and put them in Halah and in Habor by the river of Gozan, and in the cities of the Medes: because they obeyed not the voice of the LORD their God, but transgressed his covenant, and all that Moses the servant of the LORD commanded and would not hear them, nor do them. (2 Kings 18:11–12)

text: The term "cities of the Medes" mentioned above may be a corruption from an original text "Mountains of Media".[2][3]

text: The Book of Kings states several times that the entire people of the Kingdom of Israel had been taken into exile by the Assyrians. Some believe that the Books of Chronicles information about the fate of the Northern Kingdom adds up differently. What is often cited is 2nd Chronicles, Chapter 15, which mentions that there had been people from the hill-country cities of Ephraim and Manasseh who were captured by the Judean king, Asa of Judah. And Asa, sojourning among the Judean kingdom population, returned practicing the Hebrew belief. However, this is a mis-characterization of the events. Since those scriptures clearly declare that it was at a time when the Northern Kingdom was still intact, this happened in an era before the Assyrian Captivity.

text: And when Asa heard these words, even the prophecy of Oded the prophet, he took courage, and put away the detestable things out of all the land of Judah and Benjamin, and out of the cities which he had taken from the hill-country of Ephraim; and he renewed the altar of the LORD, that was before the porch of the LORD.

text: And he gathered all Judah and Benjamin, and them that sojourned with them out of Ephraim and Manasseh, and out of Simeon; for they fell to him out of Israel in abundance, when they saw that the LORD his God was with him.

text: So they gathered themselves together at Jerusalem in the third month, in the fifteenth year of the reign of Asa. (2 Chronicles 15:8–10)

text: According to 2nd Chronicles, Chapter 30, there is evidence that at least some people of the Northern Kingdom of Israel were not exiled. These were invited by king Hezekiah to keep the Passover in a feast at Jerusalem with the Judean population. (The holiday was set one month forward from its original date.) Hezekiah sent his posts to spread the word among the remnant of the Northern kingdom; the posts were mocked during their visit to the country of Ephraim, Manasseh and Zebulun. However, some people of Asher and Manasseh and of Zebulun humbled themselves and came to Jerusalem. In a later part of the chapter, even people from the Tribe of Issachar and the strangers that "came out from the land of Israel" were said to take part in the passover event. Biblical scholars such as Umberto Cassuto and Elia Samuele Artom claimed that Hezekiah might have annexed these territories, in which inhabitants of the Kingdom of Israel remained, into his own kingdom.

text: And Hezekiah sent to all Israel and Judah, and wrote letters also to Ephraim and Manasseh, that they should come to the house of the LORD at Jerusalem, to keep the passover unto the LORD, the God of Israel. (2 Chronicles 30:1)

text: So they established a decree to make proclamation throughout all Israel, from Beer-sheba even to Dan, that they should come to keep the passover unto the LORD, the God of Israel, at Jerusalem; for they had not kept it in great numbers accordingly, as it is written.

text:
So the posts went with the letters from the king and his princes throughout all Israel and Judah, according to the commandment of the king, saying: 'Ye children of Israel, turn back unto the LORD, the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Israel, that He may return to the remnant that are escaped out of the hand of the kings of Assyria.
And be ye not like your fathers and like your brethren who acted treacherously against the LORD, the God of their fathers, so that He delivered them to desolation, as ye see.
Now be ye not stiffnecked as your fathers were, but yield yourselves unto the LORD and enter into His sanctuary which He hath sanctified for ever; and serve the LORD your God that His fierce anger may turn away from you.

text: For if ye turn back unto the LORD, your brethren and your children shall find compassion before them that led them captive, and shall come back into this land; for the LORD your God is gracious and merciful, and will not turn away His face from you if ye return unto Him.' (2 Chronicles 30:5–9)

text:
So the posts passed from city to city through the country of Ephraim and Manasseh, even unto Zebulun; but they laughed them to scorn, and mocked them.
Nevertheless certain men of Asher and Manasseh and of Zebulun humbled themselves, and came to Jerusalem. (2 Chronicles 30:11–12)

text: For a multitude of the people, even many of Ephraim and Manasseh, Issachar and Zebulun, had not cleansed themselves, yet did they eat the passover otherwise than it is written. For Hezekiah had prayed for them, saying: 'The good LORD pardon ...' (2 Chronicles 30:18)

text:
And all the congregation of Judah, with the priests and the Levites, and all the congregation that came out of Israel, and the strangers that came out of the land of Israel, and that dwelt in Judah, rejoiced.
So there was great joy in Jerusalem; for since the time of Solomon the son of David king of Israel there was not the like in Jerusalem. (2 Chronicles 30:25–26)

text: In 2nd Chronicles, Chapter 31, it is said that the remnant of the Kingdom of Israel returned to their homes, but not before destroying Ba'al and Ashera places of Idol worship left in "all Judah and Benjamin, in Ephraim also and Manasseh".

text: Now when all this was finished, all Israel that were present went out to the cities of Judah, and broke in pieces the pillars, and hewed down the Asherim, and broke down the high places and the altars out of all Judah and Benjamin, in Ephraim also and Manasseh, until they had destroyed them all. Then all the children of Israel returned, every man to his possession, into their own cities. (2 Chronicles 31:1)

text: Assyrian cuneiform[edit]

text: Assyrian cuneiform states that 27,290 captives were taken from Samaria,[4] the capital of the Northern Kingdom of Israel, by the hand of Sargon II.

text: Sargon records his first campaign on the walls of the royal palace at Dur-Sharrukin (Khorsabad):

text: In my first year of reign *** the people of Samaria *** to the number of 27,290 ... I carried away.

text: Fifty chariots for my royal equipment I selected. The city I rebuilt. I made it greater than it was before.

text: People of the lands I had conquered I settled therein. My official (Tartan) I placed over them as governor. (L.ii.4.)[4]

text: The description of the final defeat of the Northern Kingdom of Israel above appears to be a minor event in Sargon's legacy. Some historians attribute the ease of Israel's defeat to the previous two decades of invasions, defeats, and deportations.

text: Some estimates assume a captivity numbering in the hundreds of thousands, minus those who died in defense of the kingdom and minus those who fled voluntarily before and during the invasions.

text: However, it has also been suggested that the numbers deported by the Assyrians were rather limited and the bulk of the population remained in situ.[5] There is also evidence that significant numbers fled south to the Kingdom of Judah.

text: Return[edit]

text: Unlike the Kingdom of Judah, which was able to return from its Babylonian captivity, the ten tribes of the Northern Kingdom never had a foreign edict granting permission to return and rebuild their homeland. Many centuries later, rabbis of the restored Kingdom of Judah were still debating the return of the lost ten tribes.[6] [7] However, Assyria had been conquered by Babylon, and Babylon had been conquered by the Medo-Persians.

text: According to the Books of Chronicles chapter 9 line 3, the Israelites, who took part in The Return to Zion, are stated to be from the Tribe of Judah alongside the Tribe of Simeon that was absorbed into it, the Tribe of Benjamin, the Tribe of Levi (Levites and Priests) alongside the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh, which according to the Book of Kings 2 Chapter 7 were supposedly exiled by the Assyrians (The Biblical scholars Umberto Cassuto and Elia Samuele Artom claimed these two tribes' names to be a reference to the remnant of all Ten Tribes that was not exiled and absorbed into the Judean population).[1]

text: And in Jerusalem dwelt of the children of Judah, and of the children of Benjamin, and of the children of Ephraim and Manasseh. This particular verse is often misconstrued, since the obvious declaration being made in 1 Chronicles 9:1 are that of a genealogical reference. The clear indication is seen when directing the readers attention to 1 Chronicles 9:2 when mentioning the Nethinims of which were a people conquered by Joshua (Joshua 9:27. This thereby dictates that it's referring to a completely different time and era, as further seen with the description in verse 2 where it indicates that the Israelites were gaining their land-designated possessions attributed to their God YHWH and his General in charge Joshua. (1 Chronicles 9:3)

text:
The scriptures of the titled "Old Testament" are not accurately complete without the records of those Hebrew writers that penned them. This points to the complete records that declare the clarity of the Grecian conquests of the Judeans during and after the reign of Alexander, as indicated by the book of Maccabbees.[8]
The historical accuracy by the prophet Ezra is complete only when the details of the Apocrypha's 1st and 2nd Esdras are referenced, since there is where the complete history of the dispersion of the Northern Kingdom tribes is seen, in 2 Esdras 13:40–48.[9]


document_title: Bansi Lal

question_text: who did the good job of electrifying all villages of haryana

text: Bansi Lal

text: Early life[edit]

text: He was born in a Hindu Jat family in the village of Golagarh in Bhiwani district of present-day Haryana state.

text: Education[edit]

text: Bansi Lal studied at the Punjab University Law College, Jalandhar.

text: Political career[edit]

text:
Lal was secretary of Parja mandal in the Loharu State, from 1943 to 1944.
Lal was president of the Bar Association, Bhiwani from 1957 to 1958. He was president of the District Congress Committee, Hisar, from 1959 to 1962 and later became a member of the Congress Working Committee and Congress Parliamentary Board.
He was a member of the Punjab Pradesh Congress Committee between 1958 and 1962.
He was the Defence minister of India from December 1975 to March 1977.
He was also the chairman of the Committee of Parliament and Committee on Public Undertakings, 1980–82, and the Committee on Estimates, 1982–84.
He became railways minister on 31 December 1984 and later minister for transport.
He was a Rajya Sabha member from 1960 to 1966 and 1976 to 1980. He was a Lok Sabha member—1980 to 1984, 1985 to 1986 and 1989 to 1991.
After he parted company with Congress in 1996, Bansi Lal set up the Haryana Vikas Party and his campaign against prohibition propelled him to power in the assembly polls the same year.

text: Chief Minister of Haryana[edit]

text: Bansi Lal became the Chief Minister of Haryana four times in 1968, 1972, 1986 and 1996. He was the third chief minister of Haryana after Bhagwat Dayal Sharma and Rao Birender Singh. He became Haryana chief minister for the first time on 31 May 1968 and remained in office till 13 March 1972. On 14 March 1972, he occupied the top post in the state for the second time and was in office till 29 November 1975. The third and fourth times he was appointed chief minister was from 5 July 1985 to 19 June 1987 and 11 May 1996 to 23 July 1999.

text: Bansi Lal was elected to the state assembly seven times, the first time being in 1967. After Haryana was formed in 1966, much of the state's industrial and agricultural development, especially creation of infrastructure, took place due to Lal's initiatives. He was elected to the state assembly for seven times in 1967, 1968, 1972, 1986, 1991 and 2000. He was responsible for electrifying all villages in Haryana during his tenure as chief minister in the late sixties and seventies. He was also the pioneer of highway tourism in the state – a model later adopted by a number of states. He is regarded by many as an "Iron man" who was always close to reality and took keen interest in the upliftment of the community.Lal became one of the first Chief Ministers to visit Israel, when he led a delegation of agriculturalists and sarpanches to the country in 1971.

text: Bansi Lal did not contest the assembly elections in 2005 but his sons Surender Singh and Ranbir Singh Mahendra were elected to the state assembly. Surrender Singh died in a helicopter crash near Saharanpur in Uttar Pradesh on 31 March 2005.

text: Role during Emergency[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Lal was in the limelight when Emergency was imposed by the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1975. He was a confidante of Indira Gandhi and her son Sanjay Gandhi during the controversial Emergency days in 1975. He along with Sanjay Gandhi was said to be responsible for various steps during the Emergency.

text: He was the defence minister from 21 December 1975 to 24 March 1977 and a minister without portfolio in the Union government from 1 December 1975 to 20 December 1975.

text: Death[edit]

text: Lal died in New Delhi on 28 March 2006. He had been unwell for quite some time.[2]

text: Awards and Honours[edit]

text: In 1972, the Kurukshetra University and the Haryana Agricultural University awarded him honorary degrees of Doctor of Law and Doctor of Science respectively.

text: Legacy[edit]

text: In 2008, the Jui canal was named the Bansi Lal Canal in his memory.[3]

text: Family[edit]

text:
Lal's elder son, Ranbir Singh Mahendra, is a Member of the Legislative Assembly (2005) from Mundhal constituency.
Lal's younger son's wife, Mrs. Kiran Choudhry, is a Member of the Legislative Assembly (2005,2009) from Tosham constituency.
Lal's grand daughter, Mrs. Shruti Choudhry, is Member of the Parliament (2009) from Bhiwani constituency.


question_text: who is the next person to be executed in the united states

text: List of offenders executed in the United States in 2018[edit]

text:
Number

Date of execution

Name

Date of birth

Age of offender

Gender

Ethnicity

State

Method

Source

At execution

At offense

Age difference

1

January 18, 2018

Anthony Allen Shore

June 25, 1962

55

24–33

22–31

Male

White

Texas

Lethal injection

[2][3]

2

January 30, 2018

William Earl Rayford

May 21, 1953

64

46

18

Black

[4]

3

February 1, 2018

John David Battaglia

August 2, 1955

62

45

17

White

[5]

4

February 22, 2018

Eric Scott Branch

February 7, 1971

47

21

26

Florida

[6]

5

March 15, 2018

Michael Wayne Eggers

March 24, 1967

50

33

17

Alabama

[7]

6

Carlton Michael Gary

September 24, 1950

67

26–27

40–41

Black

Georgia

[8]

7

March 27, 2018

Rosendo Rodriguez III

March 26, 1980

38

25

13

Hispanic

Texas

[9]

8

April 19, 2018

Walter Leroy Moody, Jr.

March 24, 1935

83

54

29

White

Alabama

[10]

9

April 25, 2018

Erick Daniel Davila

April 4, 1987

31

21

10

Black

Texas

[11][12]

10

May 4, 2018

Robert Earl Butts, Jr.

May 14, 1977

40

18

22

Georgia

[13]

11

May 16, 2018

Juan Edward Castillo

April 3, 1981

37

22

15

Hispanic

Texas

[14][15]

12

June 27, 2018

Daniel Paul "Danny" Bible

August 28, 1951

66

27-31

35-39

White

[16][17]

13

July 17, 2018

Christopher Anthony Young

September 24, 1983

34

21

13

Black

[18][19]

14

July 18, 2018

Robert J. van Hook

January 14, 1960

58

25

33

White

Ohio

[20]

15

August 9, 2018

William Ray "Billy" Irick

August 26, 1958

59

26

Tennessee

[21]

16

August 14, 2018

Carey Dean Moore

October 26, 1957

60

21

39

Nebraska

[22]

17

September 26, 2018

Troy James Clark

September 2, 1967

51

30

21

Texas

[23]

18

September 27, 2018

Daniel Clate Acker

October 9, 1971

46

28

18

[24]

19

October 29, 2018

Rodney Scott Berget

May 5, 1962

56

48

8

South Dakota

[25]

text: Executions scheduled for 2018 in the United States[edit]

text: See also: List of offenders scheduled to be executed in the United States

text:
Number

Date of execution

Name

Date of birth

Age of offender

Gender

Ethnicity

State

Method

Source

At execution

At offense

Age difference

1

November 1, 2018

Edmund George Zagorski

December 27, 1954

63

28

35

Male

White

Tennessee

Electrocution

Profile: [1]

2

November 14, 2018

Robert Moreno Ramos

May 23, 1954

64

37

27

Hispanic

Texas

Lethal injection

Profile: [2]

3

November 28, 2018

Sedrick Clayton

May 15, 1983

35

28

7

Black

Tennessee

Profile: [3]

4

December 4, 2018

Joseph Christopher Garcia

November 6, 1971

47

29

18

Hispanic

Texas

Profile: [4]

5

December 6, 2018

David Earl Miller

July 16, 1957

61

23

38

White

Tennessee

Profile: [5]

6

December 11, 2018

Alvin Avon Braziel, Jr.

March 16, 1975

43

18

25

Black

Texas

Profile: [6]

text: Demographics[edit]

text:
Gender

Male

19

100%

Female

0

0%

Ethnicity

White

11

61%

Black

5

28%

Hispanic

2

11%

State

Texas

10

56%

Alabama

2

11%

Georgia

2

11%

Florida

1

6%

Nebraska

1

6%

Ohio

1

6%

Tennessee

1

6%

South Dakota

1

6%

Month

January

2

11%

February

2

11%

March

3

17%

April

2

11%

May

2

11%

June

1

6%

July

2

11%

August

2

11%

September

2

11%

October

1

6%

November

0

0%

December

0

0%

Age

30 - 39

4

22%

40 - 49

3

17%

50 - 59

6

27%

60 - 69

5

28%

70 - 79

0

0%

80 - 89

1

6%

Day

Monday

1

6%

Tuesday

4

22%

Wednesday

5

28%

Thursday

8

44%

Friday

1

6%

Saturday

0

0%

Sunday

0

0%

Total

18

100%

text: Executions in recent years[edit]

text:
Number of executions

2019

0

2018

18

2017

23

Total

41


document_title: My Fair Lady (film)

question_text: who played mr doolittle in my fair lady

question_tokens: who played mr doolittle in my fair lady

text: My Fair Lady (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In Edwardian London, Professor Henry Higgins (Rex Harrison), a scholar of phonetics, believes that the accent and tone of one's voice determines a person's prospects in society. In Covent Garden one evening, he boasts to a new acquaintance, Colonel Hugh Pickering (Wilfrid Hyde-White), himself an expert in phonetics, that he could teach any person to speak in a way that he could pass them off as a duke or duchess at an embassy ball. Higgins selects as an example a young flower seller, Eliza Doolittle (Audrey Hepburn), who has a strong Cockney accent. Eliza's ambition is to work in a flower shop, but her thick accent makes her unsuitable. Having come from India to meet Higgins, Pickering is invited to stay with the professor. The following morning, Eliza shows up at Higgins' home, seeking lessons. Pickering is intrigued and offers to cover all expenses, should the experiment be successful.

text: Eliza's father, Alfred P. Doolittle (Stanley Holloway), a dustman, shows up three days later, ostensibly to protect his daughter's virtue, but in reality simply to extract some money from Higgins, and is bought off with £5. Higgins is impressed by the man's honesty, his natural gift for language, and especially his brazen lack of morals. Higgins recommends Alfred to a wealthy American who is interested in morality. Eliza goes through many forms of speech training, such as speaking with marbles in her mouth, enduring Higgins' harsh approach to teaching and his treatment of her personally. She makes little progress, but just as she, Higgins, and Pickering are about to give up, Eliza finally "gets it"; she instantly begins to speak with an impeccable upper class accent.

text: As a test, Higgins takes her to Ascot Racecourse, where she makes a good impression initially, only to shock everyone by a sudden lapse into vulgar Cockney while cheering on a horse. Higgins, who dislikes the pretentiousness of the upper class, partly conceals a grin behind his hand. He next has Eliza pose as a mysterious lady at an embassy ball where she dances with a foreign prince. At the ball is Zoltan Karpathy (Theodore Bikel), a Hungarian phonetics expert trained by Higgins. After a brief conversation with Eliza, he certifies that she is not only Hungarian, but of royal blood, declaring her to be a Princess.

text: After all the effort she has put in, however, Eliza's actions are barely acknowledged, with all the praise going to Higgins. This, and his callous treatment towards her afterwards, especially his indifference to her future, causes her to throw Higgins' slippers at him, and to walk out on him, leaving him mystified by her ingratitude. Accompanied by Freddy Eynsford-Hill (Jeremy Brett), a young man she met at Ascot and who is charmed by her, Eliza makes an attempt to return to her old life, but finds that she no longer fits in. She meets her father, who has been left a large fortune by the wealthy American to whom Higgins had recommended him, and is resigned to marrying Eliza's stepmother. Alfred feels that Higgins has ruined him, since he is now bound by morals and responsibility. Eliza kindly refuses an invitation to the wedding and eventually ends up visiting Higgins' mother (Gladys Cooper), who is outraged at her son's behaviour.

text: The next day, Higgins finds Eliza gone and searches for her, eventually finding her at his mother's house. Higgins attempts to talk Eliza into coming back to him. He becomes angered when Eliza announces that she is going to marry Freddy and become Karpathy's assistant. He makes his way home, stubbornly predicting that she will come crawling back. However, he comes to the realization that he has "grown accustomed to her face." Henry returns to his study to lament his loneliness. As he listens to Eliza's recorded voice, she reappears in the doorway behind him, turning off the recording and saying in her old Cockney accent, "I washed my hands and face before I come I did."  Higgins looks surprised then pleased before asking for his slippers once more as Eliza smiles on behind him, leaving the audience to decide what happens next.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Audrey Hepburn as Eliza Doolittle
Marni Nixon as Eliza's singing voice (uncredited)
Rex Harrison as Professor Henry Higgins
Stanley Holloway as Alfred P. Doolittle
Wilfrid Hyde-White as Colonel Hugh Pickering
Gladys Cooper as Mrs. Higgins
Jeremy Brett as Freddy Eynsford-Hill
Bill Shirley as Freddy's singing voice (uncredited)
Theodore Bikel as Zoltan Karpathy
Mona Washbourne as Mrs. Pearce, Higgins' housekeeper
Isobel Elsom as Mrs. Eynsford-Hill
John Holland as the Butler

text: Uncredited Cast

text:
Henry Daniell as the British Ambassador (in his last film role)
Baroness Rothschild as the Queen of Transylvania
Buddy Bryant as Prince Gregor of Transylvania
Charles Fredericks as the King in Eliza's fantasy
Lillian Kemble-Cooper as female Ambassador (in yellow dress) at Ball
Queenie Leonard as Cockney bystander
Moyna MacGill as Lady Boxington
Alan Napier as gentleman escorting Eliza to the Queen
Betty Blythe as Lady at Ball
Marjorie Bennett as Cockney with pipe
Marni Nixon as Waiter from bar (Get Me to the Church on Time)

text: Musical numbers[edit]

text:
"Overture" – played by orchestra.
"Why Can't the English Learn to Speak?" – performed by Rex Harrison, Wilfrid Hyde-White and Audrey Hepburn.
"Wouldn't It Be Loverly?" – performed by Audrey Hepburn (dubbed by Marni Nixon) and chorus.
"An Ordinary Man" – performed by Rex Harrison.
"With a Little Bit of Luck" – performed by Stanley Holloway, John Alderson, John McLiam, and chorus.
"Just You Wait" – sung by Audrey Hepburn (partially dubbed by Marni Nixon) and Charles Fredericks.
"Servants Chorus" – sung by Mona Washbourne and chorus.
"The Rain in Spain" – performed by Rex Harrison, Wilfrid Hyde-White, and Audrey Hepburn (partially dubbed by Marni Nixon).
"I Could Have Danced All Night" – performed by Audrey Hepburn (mostly dubbed by Marni Nixon), Mona Washbourne and chorus.
"Ascot Gavotte" – sung by chorus.
"Ascot Gavotte (Reprise)" – sung by chorus.
"On the Street Where You Live" – sung by Jeremy Brett (dubbed by Bill Shirley).
"Intermission" – played by orchestra.
"Transylvanian March" – played by orchestra.
"Embassy Waltz" – played by orchestra.
"You Did It" – performed by Rex Harrison, Wilfrid Hyde-White, and chorus.
"Just You Wait (Reprise)" – sung by Audrey Hepburn.
"On the Street Where You Live" (reprise) – sung by Jeremy Brett (dubbed by Bill Shirley).
"Show Me" – sung by Audrey Hepburn (dubbed by Marni Nixon) and Jeremy Brett (dubbed by Bill Shirley).
"Wouldn't It Be Loverly" (reprise) – sung by Audrey Hepburn (dubbed by Marni Nixon) and chorus.
"Get Me to the Church on Time" – performed by Stanley Holloway, John Alderson, John McLiam, and chorus.
"A Hymn to Him (Why Can't A Woman Be More Like a Man?)" – performed by Rex Harrison and Wilfrid Hyde-White.
"Without You" – sung by Audrey Hepburn (dubbed by Marni Nixon) and Rex Harrison.
"I've Grown Accustomed to Her Face" – performed by Rex Harrison.
"Finale" – played by orchestra.

text: Production[edit]

text: The head of CBS, William S. Paley, put up the money for the original Broadway production in exchange for the rights to the cast album (through Columbia Records). When Warner bought the film rights in February 1962 for the then-unprecedented sum of $5 million, it was agreed that the rights to the film would revert to CBS seven years following release.[4]

text: Order of musical numbers[edit]

text: The order of the songs in the show was followed faithfully, except for "With a Little Bit of Luck". The song is listed as being the third musical number in the play; in the film it is the fourth. Onstage, the song is split into two parts sung in two different scenes. Part of the song is sung by Doolittle and his cronies just after Eliza gives him part of her earnings, immediately before she makes the decision to go to Higgins's house to ask for speech lessons. The second half of the song is sung by Doolittle just after he discovers that Eliza is now living with Higgins. In the film, the entire song is sung in one scene that takes place just after Higgins has sung "I'm an Ordinary Man". However, the song does have a dialogue scene (Doolittle's conversation with Eliza's landlady) between verses.

text: The instrumental "Busker Sequence", which opens the play immediately after the Overture, is the only musical number from the play omitted in the film version. However, there are several measures from this piece that can be heard as we see Eliza in the rain, making her way through the cars and carriages in Covent Garden.

text: All of the songs in the film were performed near complete; however, there were some verse omissions, as there sometimes are in film versions of Broadway musicals. For example, in the song "With a Little Bit of Luck", the verse "He does not have a Tuppence in his pocket", which was sung with a chorus, was omitted, due to space and its length. The original verse in "Show Me" was used instead.

text: The stanzas of "You Did It" that came after Higgins says "she is a Princess" were originally written for the Broadway version, but Harrison hated the lyrics, and refused to perform the song unless and until those lyrics were omitted, which they were in most Broadway versions. However, Cukor insisted that the omitted lyrics be restored for the film version or he would not direct at all, causing Harrison to oblige. The omitted lyrics end with the words "Hungarian Rhapsody" followed by the servants shouting "Bravo" three times, to the strains of Liszt's "Hungarian Rhapsody" before the servants sing "Congratulations, Professor Higgins".[5]

text: Dubbing[edit]

text: Hepburn's singing was judged inadequate, and she was dubbed by Marni Nixon,[6] who sang all songs except "Just You Wait", where Hepburn's voice was left undubbed during the harsh-toned chorus of the song and Nixon sang the melodic bridge section. Some of Hepburn's original vocal performances for the film were released in the 1990s, affording audiences an opportunity to judge whether the dubbing was necessary. Less well known is the dubbing of Jeremy Brett's songs (as Freddy) by Bill Shirley.[7]

text: Harrison declined to pre-record his musical numbers for the film, explaining that he had never talked his way through the songs the same way twice and thus could not convincingly lip-sync to a playback during filming (as musical stars had, according to Jack L. Warner, been doing for years. "We even dubbed Rin-Tin-Tin"[8]). George Groves decided to use a wireless microphone, the first such use during filming of a motion picture.[9] The sound department earned an Academy Award for its efforts.

text: Intermission[edit]

text: One of the few differences in structure between the stage version and the film is the placement of the intermission. In the stage play, the intermission comes after  the embassy ball where Eliza dances with Karpathy. In the film, the intermission comes before the ball, as Eliza, Higgins, and Pickering are seen departing for the embassy.

text: Art direction[edit]

text: Gene Allen, Cecil Beaton, and George James Hopkins won an Academy Award for Best Production Design for art direction of the film. Beaton's inspiration for the library in Higgins' home, where much of the action takes place, was a room at the Château de Groussay, Montfort-l'Amaury, in France, which had been decorated opulently by its owner Carlos de Beistegui.[citation needed] Hats were created by Parisian milliner Paulette[fr] at Beaton's request.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Original Columbia Records LP
All tracks played by the Warner Bros. Studio Orchestra conducted by André Previn. Between brackets the singers.

"Overture"
"Why Can't the English Learn to Speak?" (Rex Harrison, Audrey Hepburn, Wilfrid Hyde-White)
"Wouldn't It Be Loverly?" (Marni Nixon (for Hepburn))
"I'm an Ordinary Man" (Harrison)
"With a Little Bit of Luck" (Stanley Holloway)
"Just You Wait" (Hepburn, Nixon)
"The Rain in Spain" (Harrison, Hepburn, Nixon, Wilfrid Hyde-White)
"I Could Have Danced All Night" (Nixon)
"Ascot Gavotte"
"On the Street Where You Live" (Bill Shirley (for Jeremy Brett))
"You Did It" (Harrison, Hyde-White) (without the choir "Congratulations")
"Show Me" (Nixon, Shirley)
"Get Me to the Church on Time" (Holloway)
"A Hymn to Him (Why Can't a Woman Be More Like a Man?)" (Harrison, Hyde-White)
"Without You" (Nixon, Harrison)
"I've Grown Accustomed to Her Face" (Harrison)

Previously unreleased on LP, included on the CD
"The Flower Market"
"Servants' Chorus"
"Ascot Gavotte (Reprise)"
"Intermission"
"The Transylvanian March"
"The Embassy Waltz"
"You Did It" (Harrison, Hyde-White) (with the servant's final choir "Congratulations")
"Just You Wait (Reprise)" (Audrey Hepburn)
"On the Street Where You Live (Reprise)" (Shirley)
"The Flowermarket" (containing the reprise of "Wouldn't It Be Loverly?") (Nixon)
"End Titles"
"Exit Music"

text: Reception[edit]

text: With a production budget of $17 million, My Fair Lady was the most expensive film shot in the United States up to that time.[10] The film was re-released in 1971 and earned North American rentals of $2 million. It was re-released again in 1994 after a thorough restoration.[11]

text: My Fair Lady currently holds a 96% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 46 reviews, with an average rating of 8.1/10. The consensus states: "George Cukor's elegant, colorful adaptation of the beloved stage play is elevated to new heights thanks to winning performances by Audrey Hepburn and Rex Harrison."[12] Chicago Sun-Times critic Roger Ebert gave the film four stars out of four, and, in 2006, he put it on his "Great Movies" list, praising Hepburn's performance, and calling the film "the best and most unlikely of musicals."[13]

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text: Academy Awards: 1964[edit]

text: My Fair Lady won eight Oscars:[3][14]

text:
Academy Award for Best Picture – Jack L. Warner
Academy Award for Best Director – George Cukor
Academy Award for Best Actor – Rex Harrison
Academy Award for Best Cinematography – Harry Stradling
Academy Award for Best Sound – George R. Groves, Warner Brothers Studio
Academy Award for Best Adaptation or Treatment Score – André Previn
Academy Award for Best Art Direction – Gene Allen, Cecil Beaton, and George James Hopkins
Academy Award for Best Costume Design – Cecil Beaton
Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay – Alan Jay Lerner - Nominated
Academy Award for Best Film Editing – William Ziegler - Nominated
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor – Stanley Holloway - Nominated
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress – Gladys Cooper - Nominated

text: Golden Globe Awards[edit]

text: My Fair Lady won three Golden Globes:

text:
Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy
Golden Globe Award for Best Director – Motion Picture – George Cukor
Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy – Rex Harrison

text: BAFTA Awards[edit]

text: My Fair Lady won the BAFTA Award for Best Film from any source

text: Restoration[edit]

text: The film was restored in 1994 by James C. Katz and Robert A. Harris, who had restored Spartacus three years earlier. The restoration was commissioned and financed by CBS, to which the film rights reverted from Warner Bros. in 1971.[15] CBS would later hire Harris to lend his expertise to a new 4K restoration of the film for a 2015 Blu-ray release, working from 8K scans of the original camera negative and other surviving 65mm elements.[16]

text: Planned remake[edit]

text: A new film of the musical was planned in 2008 with a screenplay by Emma Thompson but the project did not materialize. Keira Knightley, Carey Mulligan, and Colin Firth were among those in consideration for the lead roles.[17][18][19]


document_title: Zuma Rock

question_text: where is zuma rock located in niger state

text: Zuma Rock

text: This article appears to contradict the  article Abuja. Please see discussion on the linked talk page. (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Zuma Rock

monolith

Country

Nigeria

State

Niger State

Region

west

Location

West of Abuja

 - elevation

1,125 m (3,691 ft)

 - prominence

725 m (2,379 ft)

 - coordinates

9°7′32″N 7°13′44″E / 9.12556°N 7.22889°E / 9.12556; 7.22889Coordinates: 9°7′32″N 7°13′44″E / 9.12556°N 7.22889°E / 9.12556; 7.22889

text: Zuma Rock is a large monolith, an igneous intrusion  composed of gabbro and granodiorite, that is located in Niger State, Nigeria. It rises spectacularly immediately west of Nigeria's capital Abuja, along the main road from Abuja to Kaduna off Madala, and is sometimes referred to as the "Gateway to Abuja from Suleja".[1] Zuma Rock rises 725 metres (2,379 ft) above its surroundings.[2]

text: Zuma is depicted on the 100 naira note.  It was used for a defensive retreat by the Gbagyi people against invading neighbouring tribes during intertribal warring.[3]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Abah, Adah; Chikelo, Chinelo (2016-04-08). "Zuma Rock Losing Its Face". Leadership. Archived from the original on 2016-04-22. Retrieved 2016-11-19.

Jump up ^ Alofetekun, Akin (2008-05-28). "All Eyes on Zuma Rock". Daily Sun. Archived from the original on 2010-03-23. Retrieved 2009-01-07.

Jump up ^ According to numerous on-line sites describing Nigeria as a tourist destination, such as National Youth Services Corps: "The Power State: Niger" Archived April 16, 2014, at the Wayback Machine..