document_title: Sex and the City

question_text: how many seasons of sex and the coty are there

question_tokens: how many seasons of sex and the coty are there

text: Sex and the City

text: Origins[edit]

text: The show was based in part on writer Candace Bushnell's 1997 book of the same name, compiled from her column with The New York Observer. Bushnell has stated in several interviews that the Carrie Bradshaw in her columns is her alter ego; when she wrote the "Sex and the City" essays, she used her own name initially; for privacy reasons, however, she created the character of Carrie Bradshaw, played by Sarah Jessica Parker. Carrie Bradshaw was a writer living in New York City. Carrie Bradshaw and Candace Bushnell have the same initials, a flourish emphasizing their connection. Moreover, just as Carrie Bradshaw eventually gets her articles for the fictional 'New York Star' published as a book in later series, the entire Sex and the City series is based on a compilation of Bushnell's own columns for the 'New York Observer.'

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text:
Primary cast of Sex and the City

Parker in 2013

Davis in 2008

Cattrall in 2012

Nixon in 2009

text: Carrie Bradshaw[edit]

text: Carrie Bradshaw (Sarah Jessica Parker) is the narrator. Each episode is structured around her train of thought while writing her weekly column, "Sex and the City", for the fictitious newspaper the New York Star. A member of the New York glitterati, she is a club/bar/restaurant staple known for her unique fashion sense. Carrie lives in a one-room (studio) apartment in an Upper East Side brownstone. Stanford Blatch, a gay talent agent from an aristocratic family (played by Willie Garson), is Carrie's best friend outside of the other three women.

text: Carrie is entangled with Mr. Big (Chris Noth), whose real name is revealed in the final episode (Season 6, Episode 8) to be John James Preston, in a tumultuous, on-and-off-again relationship. (In a running joke, whenever Carrie is about to introduce Mr. Big on-camera to another character, she is interrupted before she can say his name.) He is the reason for many of Carrie's breakdowns as he never seems ready to fully commit to her. He is once-divorced by the time the series opens and is a prominent businessman and an aficionado of jazz and cigars.

text: Carrie and Big break up, when he leaves New York for a work secondment to Paris and does not show willingness for Carrie to accompany him or continue a long-distance relationship, citing commitment issues. Carrie is heartbroken and some months later she runs into Big at a party in the Hamptons; he is accompanied by his 20-something year old girlfriend, Natasha, whom he met in Paris. Despite this, Carrie attempts to be friends with Big, however this goes awry when he tells her that he and Natasha are getting married; something he'd never considered with Carrie.

text: In season three, Carrie meets and is instantly attracted to up-and-coming Manhattan furniture designer Aidan Shaw (John Corbett) who becomes her boyfriend. Aidan is more traditional and patient about relationships than many of Carrie's other love interests and for a while they are happy together. At a furniture show, the pair run into Big and now-wife Natasha, where Mr. Big confides to Carrie that he made a mistake marrying Natasha and wants out. Soon after, Big and Carrie begin an affair, with it ending only when she is caught at Big's apartment by Natasha. Wracked with guilt, Carrie tells Aidan of the affair on the day of Charlotte's wedding to Trey, and the two break up. They reunite in Season four, when Aidan opens a bar with Miranda's ex, Steve. Carrie realizes she is still in love with Aidan and wins him back. He struggles to trust her, particularly as Mr. Big has gotten divorced from his wife and he and Carrie have a platonic friendship. Carrie stands firm on her friendship with Big, even inviting him up to Aidan's cabin after a girl had broken up with him. When Carrie's building goes co-op, Aidan offers to buy her apartment (and the one next door) so they can move in together. She agrees and later finds an engagement ring in his gym bag. Aidan later proposes and Carrie accepts.

text: Aidan is initially patient at Carrie's reluctance to set a wedding date, but soon begins to push her, suggesting they get married in Hawaii. Carrie has a panic attack whilst trying on wedding dresses with Miranda, and again when Aidan is knocking down the wall between her apartment and the one next door. She confesses to Aidan that she's not ready and needs more time. He agrees to slow things down but at a Black and White ball not long after, he pressures her to commit, making it clear that he still doesn't trust she's over Big. Carrie cannot commit and they break up soon after.

text: Aleksandr Petrovsky (Mikhail Baryshnikov) is a famous artist who becomes Carrie's lover in the final season. Despite their age difference, he sweeps her off her feet with huge romantic gestures and shows her the foreign pockets of New York she has never seen before. Carrie also makes plans to move to Paris with Aleksandr for his work. The rest of the women are not keen on Aleksandr, particularly Miranda who feels that he is controlling and that Carrie is different around him. On the night before she leaves, Mr. Big turns up at her home. The two argue in the street with Carrie accusing him of turning up whenever she's happy to ruin things for her. She tells him to leave her alone.

text: When Carrie arrives in Paris, she finds Aleksandr to be frequently absent with work on his art show. She is left to wander the streets of Paris alone day after day and begins to regret her decision. She confides in Miranda during a phone conversation that she is lonely and that Aleks is neglecting her. Meanwhile, back in New York, Charlotte hears a message Mr. Big leaves Carrie on her answering machine admitting that he loves her. She invites Mr. Big to the coffee shop where he enlists the help of Carrie's friends, asking if they think he has a chance. Miranda, armed with the information from Carrie simply says "go get our girl" and Big goes to Paris to win her back. Carrie, having once again been abandoned by Aleksandr (having given up the opportunity to go to a party with some new friends to accompany him to a preview of his show) has it out with him in their hotel room and Aleksandr accidentally hits Carrie in the face.

text: As Carrie is in the lobby, trying to obtain a room for the night, Big walks in. They see each other and he tells her she's "the one" (something she's been waiting for their entire relationship) and he takes her home to New York.

text: Samantha Jones[edit]

text: The oldest and most sexually confident of the foursome, Samantha Jones (Kim Cattrall) is an independent businesswoman with a career in public relations. She is confident, strong, and outspoken, and calls herself a "try-sexual" (meaning she'll try anything once). Early on in the show, Samantha declares she has given up on relationships and has decided to just have sex "like a man", that is without emotions or feelings and purely for physical gratification.

text: Samantha has numerous, extremely brief sexual relationships throughout the show, including a lesbian relationship with an artist named Maria (Sônia Braga). This is her first stab at monogamy but she soon gets bored and goes back to her old ways. Later, she wins the PR business for hotel magnate Richard Wright (James Remar) who is the male equivalent of herself; good-looking, sexually carefree and not interested in long-term relationships. She and Richard soon end up together and Samantha feels herself falling for him and finds herself unattracted to other men. Scared of this, she attempts to hide her feelings but Richard is also falling for her and pursues her with expensive gifts and romantic gestures and despite her reluctance they begin a monogamous relationship. Not long after, Samantha becomes suspicious of Richard and catches him cheating on her which breaks her heart. They reunite not long after when Richard apologises, but Samantha develops jealousy and is unable to trust him around other women so breaks it off before he can break her heart again.

text: In the final season, Samantha seduces young waiter Jerry/Smith Jerrod (Jason Lewis), a much younger struggling actor whose career jump starts thanks to Samantha's PR connections. He mentions being a recovering alcoholic who attends AA. Smith manages to win Samantha's heart thanks to the strength of their physical connection and his patience with her issues with commitment. In the final season, Samantha is diagnosed with breast cancer and is subject to chemo. She loses her hair and Smith shaves his head to support her. They remain together and in the first movie, it is revealed that Samantha has moved to Los Angeles with Smith to further his career and become his manager/agent, however breaks up with him in the end because she can't adapt to the Californian lifestyle and misses being her old self and New York.

text: Charlotte York[edit]

text: Charlotte York (Kristin Davis) has had a conventional, privileged Episcopalian Connecticut upbringing and works in an art gallery. Charlotte is a classic over-achiever and perfectionist; a "straight A" student who attended Smith College, where she was a member of Kappa Kappa Gamma (note that there are no sororities at the real Smith College) majoring in art history with a minor in finance. During the series, it is also revealed that Charlotte was voted homecoming queen, prom queen, "most popular", student body president, and track team captain, in addition to being an active cheerleader and teen model.

text: She is the antithesis of Samantha; optimistic, hopelessly romantic and a believer in true love and soul mates. She places the most emphasis on emotional love as opposed to lust. From the beginning Charlotte is searching for her "knight in shining armor" and nothing shakes her belief of finding "the one" and getting married and starting a family. All her dating activity during the show is in pursuit of a long-term, monogamous boyfriend with a view to marriage and as such she typically dates men of 'pedigree' and money (bankers, lawyers, doctors etc.). Charlotte can be a dark horse and we learn that she once had a dalliance with an Orthodox Jewish artist, she dressed in drag for a portrait and allowed an artist to paint a picture of her vulva. She can be an 'East Side Princess' sometimes and she and Samantha occasionally come to blows over their differing opinions about love and sex.

text: In season three, Charlotte decides she will be married that year and sets about canvassing her married friends to set her up on dates. One married friend usurps her blind date to try and start an affair with her. Horrified, she dashes into the street and trips in front of a taxi, carrying Trey MacDougal (Kyle MacLachlan), an attractive, old-money, Scottish-American cardiologist with pedigree, a Park Avenue apartment and country estate in Connecticut. They fall in love at first sight and he appears to be everything she has always wanted. Things move quickly and Charlotte, convinced he is the one, suggests they marry, he agrees and they are married very shortly after (having enlisted the help of wedding planner Anthony Marentino; a gay, bitchy Sicilian who is as forceful as Charlotte is timid).

text: Wishing to 'do things the right way' Charlotte has withheld having sex with Trey, hoping for a romantic and traditional wedding night. On the evening before the big day, she gets drunk with the other women and goes to Trey for sex. Unfortunately it does not go well and Trey reveals he suffers from impotence. Whilst concerned, Charlotte presses ahead with the wedding, although she confides in Carrie just before walking down the aisle. As the marriage begins things do not get any better in their intimate relationship and Trey refuses to address matters either physically or psychologically, resisting their marriage counselor's advice. Matters are not helped by Trey's overbearing mother Bunny (Frances Sternhagen), a manipulative sort who intrudes on Trey and Charlotte's relationship and apartment on a regular basis. Not long into the marriage on a weekend trip to the MacDougal country estate, Charlotte is caught in a clinch with the hunky gardener and this seals the fate of her marriage to Trey. They separate and Charlotte moves back into her old apartment.

text: While separated, they mend their sexual relationship and get back together. All seems to be well and Charlotte returns to live with Trey. To mark a new beginning and letting go of Bunny's control, she redecorates the apartment and they decide to create a baby room and try for a baby. Having no luck, Charlotte seeks fertility treatment and is told she has a very low chance of becoming pregnant. Seeking other options, she begins hormone injections and looks into adopting a Chinese baby girl. A combination of these factors once again ignite old tensions with Trey and Bunny, culminating in Trey deciding he no longer wants a family. This blow to her hopes and dreams proves too much for Charlotte and she finishes the marriage once and for all.

text: When their marriage ends, she meets Harry Goldenblatt (Evan Handler), her Jewish divorce lawyer, at the beginning of season five. She is not attracted to him initially but spurred on by Anthony she starts a purely physical relationship with him. Harry is the opposite of Trey; short, bald, hairy, uncouth but funny, passionate and attentive. Their sexual relationship is fulfilling and eventually they begin dating properly. However, Harry says he cannot be serious with her because she isn't a Jew. Believing Harry to be her future, Charlotte converts to Judaism and this sees her struggle with losing her Christian faith and ideologies including Christmas and Easter. After her conversion, Charlotte celebrates her first Shabbat with Harry but loses her temper when he appears to not appreciate all her efforts. The row quickly evolves into Charlotte badgering Harry to propose and, feeling pressured, he storms out and they break up.

text: Charlotte is heartbroken and some time later a singles event at the synagogue she bumps into Harry. She tells him she loves him and doesn't care if he never marries her as long as they can be together. Having missed her too, Harry proposes and they marry in a traditional Jewish ceremony. Charlotte, against all the odds, becomes pregnant after acupuncture therapy but loses the baby very early on. They later go on to adopt a baby girl, Lily, from China, and it is revealed during Sex and the City: The Movie that Charlotte later naturally conceives and gives birth to the couple's second daughter Rose.

text: Miranda Hobbes[edit]

text: Miranda Hobbes (Cynthia Nixon) is a career-minded lawyer with cynical views on relationships and men. A 1990 Harvard Law School graduate from the Philadelphia area, she is Carrie's confidante and voice of reason. In the early seasons she is somewhat portrayed as distrustful of men and this is something she struggles with throughout most of the show. Carrie sets up Miranda on a blind date with her geeky friend Skipper, but he is too sweet and passive for Miranda.

text: Miranda's main relationship is with bartender Steve Brady (David Eigenberg) who she meets by chance one night. They have a one-night stand but Steve pursues Miranda, eventually becoming her boyfriend. Steve and Miranda have a great relationship, but Steve feels uncomfortable with Miranda's success and money given that he makes a low wage. Things come to a head when Miranda attempts to buy Steve a suit to wear to an event at her law firm. He refuses, maxes out his credit cards to buy it, but then returns it, and breaks up with her, saying that she deserves someone who is more on her level.

text: Later, in season two, Miranda runs from Steve when she sees him on the street, but he goes to her house to confront her. They start hanging out as friends, but eventually end up getting back together, and Steve moves into Miranda's apartment. Steve is keen to move things forward in their relationship by having a baby, but Miranda cites her career as a barrier to this as she is on Partner track at her law firm. Instead they agree on a puppy which proves to be disaster as she feels she is doing all the work and Steve behaves like an overgrown child. They break up.

text: Steve takes Miranda's criticisms to heart and later opens his own bar with Carrie's ex Aiden Shaw. Miranda runs into Steve who tells her about the bar and thanks her for spurring him on. They begin a friendship of sorts. In season four, we discover that Steve has testicular cancer and Miranda sets out to "help" Steve, realizing that he doesn't have healthcare. She helps him through his operation and subsequent treatment and they become close. Steve confides that he is depressed at losing a testicle. Feeling sorry for him, Miranda has sex with him. Soon after, Miranda discovers she is pregnant (something she thought was not possible as she had been diagnosed with a 'lazy ovary').

text: At the same time, Charlotte is struggling to get pregnant with Trey's baby and is furious when she discovers that Miranda is not only pregnant, but she is planning to have an abortion. At the clinic with Carrie, Miranda decides she cannot go through with the procedure and decides to keep the baby. She later gives birth to a son who she names Brady (which is also Steve's last name). She and Steve share custody (along with her hired housekeeper/nanny Magda, an older Ukrainian/Eastern European woman who remains a constant in Miranda's life). The show charts Miranda's struggle as a single, working professional mother and her feelings at losing her old single life.

text: Miranda later realizes she is still in love with Steve. Unfortunately, before she can confess this to Steve, he announces he has a new girlfriend, Debbie—a much younger girl from his native Queens area of New York. Not wishing to rock the boat, Miranda decides not to tell Steve and things remain platonic between them. Soon after, a new man moves into her building—Robert Leeds, an attractive African-American doctor who works for the New York Knicks basketball team. He is divorced, handsome, and makes it clear that he is interested in Miranda. They start a relationship that becomes serious when Robert tells Miranda he loves her (albeit by giving her a giant cookie with the words "I Love You" written on it in chocolate chips).

text: Miranda feels unable to say it back to him though and in a moment of epiphany at Brady's first birthday party, she blurts out to Steve that she loves him and is sorry for losing him. Steve reassures her that he loves her too and soon after they break up with their respective partners and get back together. They decide to marry in a low-key ceremony in a community garden. Living together in Miranda's one-bedroom apartment (still in the same building as now-hostile ex, Robert) proves to be cramped, and they decide to buy a bigger place and eventually move to a house in Brooklyn (much to Miranda's initial dismay).

text: In the final shows of Season six, we see Miranda and Steve care for Steve's mother, Mary who is suffering from dementia/Alzheimer's.

text: Recurring roles[edit]

text:
Actor or actress
Character
Notes
Recurring seasons
Episodes
Episode count

Chris Noth
Mr. Big (John James Preston)
Carrie's on-again-off-again boyfriend now husband
1–6
1.01–6.20
41

David Eigenberg
Steven "Steve" Brady
Miranda's boyfriend, then husband
2–6
2.08–6.20
41

Willie Garson
Stanford Blatch
Carrie's friend
1–6
1.01–6.18
27

Kyle MacLachlan
Trey MacDougal
Charlotte's first husband
3–4
3.07–4.18
23

John Corbett
Aidan Shaw
Carrie's boyfriend
3–4, 6
3.05–4.16, 6.01
22

Evan Handler
Harry Goldenblatt
Charlotte's lawyer and second husband
5–6
5.06–6.20
18

Jason Lewis
Jerry "Smith" Jerrod
Samantha's boyfriend
6
6.02–6.20
18

Lynn Cohen
Magda
Miranda's housekeeper
3–6
3.03–6.20
13

James Remar
Richard Wright
Samantha's boyfriend
4–5, 6
4.10–5.03, 6.13
12

Mario Cantone
Anthony Marantino
Charlotte's wedding planner and friend
4–6
3.11–6.20
12

Frances Sternhagen
Bunny MacDougal
Trey's mother
3–5
3.09–5.06
10

Mikhail Baryshnikov
Aleksandr Petrovsky
Carrie's boyfriend, 'The Russian'
6
6.12–6.20
9

Ron Livingston
Jack Berger
Carrie's boyfriend
5–6
5.05–6.06
8

Sean Palmer
Marcus Adant
Stanford's boyfriend
5–6
5.04–6.18
8

Bridget Moynahan
Natasha Naginsky
Mr. Big's second wife
2–3
2.17–3.17
7

Ben Weber
Skipper Johnston
Miranda's boyfriend
1–2
1.01–2.14
7

Blair Underwood
Dr. Robert E. Leeds
Miranda's boyfriend
6
6.09–6.14
5

Candice Bergen
Enid Mead (later changed to Enid Frick)
Carrie's publisher at Vogue magazine
4–6
4.17-6.18
3

Sônia Braga
Maria Diega Reyes
Samantha's girlfriend
4
4.03–4.05
3

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
12
June 6, 1998 (1998-06-06)
August 23, 1998 (1998-08-23)

2
18
June 6, 1999 (1999-06-06)
October 3, 1999 (1999-10-03)

3
18
June 4, 2000 (2000-06-04)
October 15, 2000 (2000-10-15)

4
18
June 3, 2001 (2001-06-03)
February 10, 2002 (2002-02-10)

5
8
July 21, 2002 (2002-07-21)
September 8, 2002 (2002-09-08)

6
20
12
June 22, 2003 (2003-06-22)
September 14, 2003 (2003-09-14)

8
January 4, 2004 (2004-01-04)
February 22, 2004 (2004-02-22)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Season 1 (1998)[edit]

text: Carrie Bradshaw lives in Manhattan and writes a column called "Sex and the City". At a birthday party for Miranda, Carrie and her friends decide to start having sex "like men", meaning without emotional attachment. However, she realizes she cannot after getting brushed off by a man she has sex with one time later.

text: Carrie has many chance encounters with a handsome businessman whom Samantha refers to as "Mr. Big". They begin to date, but Carrie is dismayed to find out he is still seeing other people. Although he eventually agrees to exclusivity, he doesn't introduce Carrie to his mother and won't refer to her as "the one", so rather than going on a planned vacation with him, Carrie breaks it off.

text: Carrie sets up Miranda with her friend Skipper. Miranda and he date on and off; he is more laid back while Miranda is more forceful. After they break up, Miranda sees him with another woman and feels compelled to resume their relationship, but they again break up when he wants exclusivity and she does not.

text: Charlotte dates a marriage-minded man but they clash over china patterns. She declines to have anal sex with another boyfriend and also consents to pose nude for a famous painter.

text: Samantha sleeps with an artist who likes to videotape his encounters, with Charlotte's doorman, with a married couple, and with others. When she meets James, who seems utterly perfect for her, she's heartbroken to discover that he has an extremely small penis.

text: Season 2 (1999)[edit]

text: Carrie dates a baseball player while on the rebound but breaks it off when she realizes she's not over Big. She then dates a sell-out filmmaker, a shoplifter, and a nice guy she scares away by snooping, and then takes up with Big again. She at first keeps this from her friends. Her and Big's relationship is rocky, and when he announces that he might have to move to Paris for a year but doesn't overtly invite Carrie to come with him, they break up a second time. Carrie then tries without success to convert a friend-with-benefits to something more, dates a writer with a great family but who is always "early" in bed, and then a recovering alcoholic who uses Carrie to replace his old addiction. She then runs into Big, returned from Paris, and his new 20-something fiancee, Natasha (played by Bridget Moynahan).

text: Miranda dates a dirty talker, fakes it with an ophthalmologist, and tries to adjust to a guy who likes to watch porn during sex. By the time she meets Steve, the bartender, she's unwilling to believe he is as nice as he seems. They start dating but the differences in their schedules and their finances lead to a breakup. She winds up back in bed with Steve, but not before dating a guy who wants to get caught, a Peeping Tom in the next building, and a divorced dad.

text: Charlotte encounters a legendary purveyor of cunnilingus, a handy actor next door, a widower on the make, a man who undergoes adult circumcision, a famous actor, a too-effeminate pastry chef, a shoe salesman with a foot fetish, and a 20-something guy who gives her crabs.

text: Despite a brief attempt at couples therapy, Samantha breaks up with James. She then sleeps with a litigator, a salsa dancer, her personal trainer, a sports fan who can only rally when his team does well, and Charlotte's brother. She then meets a man whose penis is too big even for her.

text: The end of Season two also marks the end of characters' talking directly to the camera.

text: Season 3 (2000)[edit]

text: Carrie starts off dating a politician, followed by a bisexual. Big marries Natasha, and Carrie meets Aidan, a furniture maker. They have a virtually flaw-free relationship until Carrie and Big begin an affair. When Natasha catches Carrie in Natasha and Big's apartment, Carrie and Big's affair ends as do eventually both Big's marriage and Carrie's relationship with Aidan.

text: Miranda and Steve move in together. He tells Miranda he'd like them to have a baby, but a puppy purchase instead alerts Miranda to the fact that they're very different when it comes to maturity. Steve moves out and Miranda makes partner at her law firm. She also goes on to date a phone sex guy, a fake ER doctor, a guy who doesn't swallow his food, and a police detective.

text: Charlotte, looking for a husband, dates an investment banker with an anger management problem, a photographer who gets her into menswear, a bad kisser, and a climax name caller. She then meets Trey MacDougal; despite an awkward "proposal", the discovery of his low libido and inability to perform sexually the night before their marriage, and conflict with his domineering mother, the two marry. They begin their marriage with a sexless honeymoon, and as sex remains an ongoing problem in their relationship, the two eventually separate.

text: Samantha sleeps with a fireman, a short man, her assistant, a black guy with a disapproving sister, a recreational Viagra user, a guy who tastes bad, Trey's Scottish cousin, a dildo model, and a college-aged virgin. She also has a menopause scare, gets tested for HIV, and buys a new apartment in the Meatpacking District, where she has to make peace with the transgender women on her street.

text: After Carrie's break-ups with Big and Aidan, she dates a guy who still lives at home, teaches a class at the Learning Annex on how to meet men, gets mugged, and tries to apologize to Natasha. She and Big also make an attempt at being friends.

text: Season 4 (2001–02)[edit]

text: After a chance meeting with Aidan at the opening of a bar he co-owns, Carrie convinces him to restart their relationship. He moves into her apartment after purchasing it when her building goes co-op and then proposes. Despite her misgivings, Carrie accepts the proposal and then eventually realizes she's not ready for marriage. Despite discussing her concerns and initially agreeing to give her more time, Aidan soon pressures Carrie for marriage. She realizes this is because he does not trust her, given her past affair with Big. They break up and he moves out, and Carrie purchases her apartment after Charlotte lends her the down payment in the form of the engagement ring she received from Trey. At the end of Season Four, Carrie discovers that Big has sold his apartment and is moving to Napa, California.

text: Charlotte and Trey are living apart but continuing to have marital relations; they eventually reconcile and Charlotte moves back into their shared apartment. They decide to try for a baby but realize Charlotte is reproductively challenged; after fertility treatments and discussing adoption, their marriage breaks apart under the strain and they decide to divorce.

text: Miranda supports Steve through testicular cancer and surgery. Later, when he feels emasculated by the surgery, they have sex and Miranda gets pregnant. She initially considers an abortion, which is particularly distressing to Charlotte, as she deals with her struggles to get pregnant, but Miranda decides to keep the baby.

text: Samantha flirts with a priest, has nude photos taken of herself, tries to have a relationship with a lesbian, and sleeps with a baby talker, a wrestling coach, and a farmer. She then lands a big PR account with resolutely single hotel magnate Richard Wright. They begin a relationship that starts out as purely sexual but becomes something more to both of them, and they attempt monogamy. However, she eventually catches him cheating, and they break up.

text: Season 5 (2002)[edit]

text: Carrie spends time by herself in Season Five; she fears this means she will be fired from writing her sex column, but instead a publisher wants to turn the columns into a book. A book tour lands her in San Francisco, where she reunites briefly with Big. In New York, she meets Jack Berger, a fellow author with whom she feels sparks, but who is attached.

text: Samantha tries again with Richard but cannot overcome her lack of trust in him, and she breaks it off for good.

text: Miranda is now mother to son Brady and finds it difficult to work, date, and carry on her previous lifestyle. Steve is supportive, and she falls into bed with him one afternoon, making her question her feelings for him.

text: Charlotte has a run-in with her former mother-in-law over the legalities of the apartment she shared with Trey, and she hires Harry Goldenblatt as her divorce attorney. Despite his physical shortcomings she finds herself attracted to him, and they begin a sexual relationship. She soon finds that she is developing real feelings for him. Harry, however, reveals that he must marry within his Jewish faith, causing Charlotte to actually consider conversion.

text: Season 6 (2003–04)[edit]

text: Carrie begins dating Jack Berger, who is termed her best 'mental match' of all her relationships. However, his struggles as an author and her success with her upcoming book cause too much conflict between them, and they break up. Big returns to New York for angioplasty, and Carrie realizes she still has feelings for him; she also realizes he still cannot fully commit. After he returns to Napa, she meets Aleksandr, a famous Russian artist. Aleksandr seems to be attentive to her in a way that Big never was, and he asks her to come to Paris with him. She does, briefly, but realizes how inattentive he is when working, and she breaks it off with him just as Big arrives in Paris, looking for her, ready to finally commit to her being "the one".

text: Charlotte decides that life with Harry, who accepts her fertility issues, would be worth converting to Judaism. After this process, she presses Harry to "set the date" in an insulting way and he breaks it off with her. However, they run into each other at a mixer and, after her tearful apology, rekindle their relationship and eventually marry. After fertility treatments fail, they decide to adopt, and eventually learn they have been approved to adopt a child from China.

text: Once Miranda realizes she's still in love with Steve, he begins a serious relationship with someone else (Debbie), and so she does the same with Robert (played by Blair Underwood). However, at their son Brady's first birthday party, they reveal their feelings for each other and renew their relationship. Miranda proposes to Steve and they marry in a community park. Needing more room for their growing family, she consents to moving to Brooklyn, where they buy a brownstone. After Steve's mother Mary (played by Anne Meara) is revealed to have suffered a stroke and subsequent memory loss, she moves in with the couple.

text: Samantha begins a relationship with a much younger waiter, Jerry Jerrod, who turns out to be a struggling actor. She uses her PR skills to help his career, even changing his name to Smith Jerrod. Despite trying to keep their relationship as casual as her others, she develops true feelings for him. Smith supports her after she is diagnosed with breast cancer, shaving his own head in sympathy after catching her shaving her head when chemotherapy makes her hair fall out. He also insists on waiting for her when her treatment diminishes her sex drive. When he flies home from his movie shoot just to tell her that he loves her, she replies, "You have meant more to me than any man I've ever known."

text: The season and the series concludes with the four girlfriends reunited in New York City, and with Carrie receiving a phone call from Big (which finally reveals his first name, John), telling her that his Napa house is up for sale and he is headed back to New York. Carrie's final voiceover states: "The most exciting, challenging and significant relationship of all is the one you have with yourself. And if you find someone to love you you love, well, that's just fabulous."

text: Reception[edit]

text: Sex and the City premiered on HBO, June 6, 1998, and was one of the highest-rated sitcoms of the season.[5] The last original episode, "An American Girl in Paris, Part Deux", aired on February 22, 2004.

text: Awards and recognition[edit]

text: Over the course of its six seasons, Sex and the City was nominated for over 50 Emmy Awards, and won seven: two for Outstanding Casting for a Comedy Series (Jennifer McNamara), one for Costumes, one for Outstanding Comedy Series, one for Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series, one for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series (Sarah Jessica Parker), and one for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series (Cynthia Nixon).

text: The show has also been nominated for 24 Golden Globe Awards, and won eight. In 2007, it was listed as one of TIME magazine's "100 Best TV Shows of All-TIME".[2] Entertainment Weekly put it on its end-of-the-decade, "best-of" list, saying, "The clothes from SATC raise your cosmos! A toast to the wonderful wardrobe from Sex and the City, which taught us that no flower is too big, no skirt too short, and no shoe too expensive."[6]

text: Fashion[edit]

text: The New York Times in 2013 credited Sex and the City and its costume designer Patricia Field with "starting crazes for nameplate necklaces, Manolo Blahnik shoes, flower corsages and visible bra straps". Field described the show's influence as "like sitting at the bottom of an atom bomb".[7]

text: Criticism[edit]

text: Criticism has been expressed about the influence the show has on adolescents and how the images displayed on the show affect the way women and young girls view themselves.[8] Unplanned pregnancy was a topic during episode "The Baby Shower" (1.10) when Carrie found herself in a potential unplanned pregnancy situation with Mr. Big (it was a false alarm). In the episode "Coulda Woulda Shoulda" (4.11), Miranda did find herself dealing with an unplanned pregnancy and potential abortion. Miranda opted against the abortion and throughout season 5 and 6, we saw how Miranda dealt with raising a child as a single mother. There were also two episodes that dealt with sexually transmitted diseases. In the episode "Are we Sluts" (3.06), Miranda had to deal with a case of chlamydia along with contacting her former lovers so they could also be tested. In "Running with Scissors" (3.11), Samantha faced having an HIV test after a partner refused to have sex with her until she gets tested.

text: Tanya Gold of The Daily Telegraph stated, "Sex and the City is to feminism what sugar is to dental care. The first clue is in the opening credits of the television show. Carrie is standing in a New York street in a ballet skirt, the sort that toddlers wear. She is dressed, unmistakably, as a child. And, because she is sex columnist on a newspaper, a bus wearing a huge photo of her in a tiny dress trundles past. 'Carrie Bradshaw knows good sex,' says the bus. And there, before any dialogue hits your ears, you have the two woeful female archetypes that Sex and the City loves—woman as sex object and woman as child ... In another [episode], Carrie realizes she is homeless because she has spent $40,000 on shoes and does not have a deposit for an apartment. (In this crisis, she cries and borrows the money for the deposit—what child would do anything else?)."[9]

text: Joan Swirsky, a New York–based journalist and author, wrote in 2003: "Another example that feminism is dead is the popularity of Sex and the City, the HBO show that features 30- and 40-something women sending out the unmistakable messages to females both younger and older that careers, money, looks and, ostensibly, intelligence are nothing compared to doing anything to get a man, including endlessly obsessing about the subject, engaging in loveless or even like-less sexual encounters."[10]

text: Academic critics of the series, however, disagree on whether Sex and the City was truly anti-feminist, feminist, or post-feminist. Some argue whatever label is applied to the show, it offered an important contribution "to ongoing dialogue"[11] and that because it "shows women in a world where they can be feminine, attractive, and feminist at the same time ... the series gives a forum to a renewed postfeminist debate."[12]

text: In retrospective analysis of the show, critics have generally reassessed Carrie Bradshaw as an unsympathetic protagonist, despite the show's portrayal of her as a positive figure. In 2013, Glamour magazine called Carrie "the worst" character on the show, saying that "her brattiness and self-absorption eclipsed her redeeming qualities and even her awesome shoes."[13] In a 2010 retrospective about the previous two decades in pop culture, ABC News named Carrie one of the ten worst characters of the past twenty years, calling her a "snippy, self-righteous Manhattan snob" and citing the character's actions in Sex and the City 2 as evidence that she was beyond personal growth or redemption.[14] Emily Nussbaum of The New Yorker, looking back on the show a decade after it went off the air, argued Bradshaw was "the unacknowledged first female anti-hero on television," who began as a "happy, curious explorer, out companionably smoking with modellizers [sic]," but from the second season on she "spun out, becoming anxious, obsessive, and, despite her charm, wildly self-centered." Nussbaum also asserted that it is only over time that the show's reputation has "shrunk and faded," largely due to disappointment that the show "gave in" to the limits of romantic comedy toward the end of the series. Until then, Nussbaum writes, Sex and the City "was sharp, iconoclastic television." In answer to the question of why the show is now "so often portrayed as a set of empty, static cartoons, an embarrassment to womankind," Nussbaum wrote: "It’s a classic misunderstanding, I think, stemming from an unexamined hierarchy: the assumption that anything stylized (or formulaic, or pleasurable, or funny, or feminine, or explicit about sex rather than about violence, or made collaboratively) must be inferior." Nussbaum also pushed against criticism of Sex and the City as anti-feminist, arguing for a more complex view of the characters as situated within different waves of feminism: "Miranda and Carrie were second-wave feminists, who believed in egalitarianism; Charlotte and Samantha were third-wave feminists, focused on exploiting the power of femininity, from opposing angles."[15]

text: Broadcast and distribution[edit]

text: Season one of Sex and the City aired on HBO from June to August 1998. Season two was broadcast from June until October,1999. Season three aired from June until October 2000. Season four was broadcast in two parts: from June until August 2001, and then in January and February 2002. Season five, truncated due to Parker's pregnancy, aired on HBO during the summer of 2002. The twenty episodes of the final season, season six, aired in two parts: from June until September 2003 and during January and February 2004.

text: Syndication[edit]

text: Sex and the City is currently syndicated in the US by HBO corporate sibling (under Time Warner) Warner Bros. Television Distribution. CBS Television Studios (successors to Rysher Entertainment and Paramount Domestic Television) and their distribution arm own international rights.

text: United States[edit]

text: The United States cable channel HBO was the original broadcaster. TBS and WGN were the first US channels to syndicate the show. As of 2015, the show is currently syndicated on E! quite frequently. The series has also gone into international syndication.

text: Canada[edit]

text: In Canada cable channel Bravo aired the first run of the show Every Saturday at 11:00 PM a few weeks behind the U.S. HBO broadcast.

text: Australia[edit]

text: In Australia, the Nine Network aired the first run of the show Every Monday Between 9:30 pm and 11:00 pm. After 2004 the Cable Channel W aired it until summer 2008 when Arena started airing it in a block with Will & Grace with promos stating "all the good guys are gay". The series was repeated on Network Ten from 2005 to 2010, and on Eleven from February 2011.

text: Ireland (ROI)[edit]

text: In the Republic of Ireland, TV3 premiered Sex and the City in February 1999. Since 2006, repeats of the series aired on 3e.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: Channel 4 originally aired the series in the UK with the first episode shown in early 1999. As of August 2009 a double bill of the show airs each weeknight at 10:30 pm on Comedy Central and a double bill airs on Wednesdays from 9 pm on 5*. From 2015, the show has been repeated on CBS Drama.

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: All six seasons of Sex and the City have been released commercially on DVD, with season six being split into two parts. They have been released officially in region 1 (America's), region 2 (Europe & Middle East), region 3 (Korea), and region 4 (Oceania & South Pacific) formats. In addition to their region encoding, releases vary depending on the region in which they were released.

text: In addition to standard single-season DVD box sets of the show, limited edition collectors' editions have been released that include all six seasons in one complete set. These also vary among regions (and the regions are defined differently). While Europe got a complete set that came with special "shoebox" packaging (a reference to Carrie Bradshaw's love for shoes), the USA and Canada version came packaged in a more traditional fold-out suede case and with an additional bonus DVD that includes many special features. Mexico and Oceania's edition come packaged in a beauty case.

text: As well as missing out on some special features, many in Europe had trouble with the region 2 edition of the season 1 DVD. The season was not converted into a PAL video signal; it instead remained in its original American NTSC format, which caused compatibility problems with some European television sets and DVD players. All subsequent Region 2 DVD releases of the program were appropriately transferred to PAL video using the original film prints, and season 1 has since been re-released in PAL format.

text: Outside the US, Sex and the City boxed sets were released through Paramount Pictures. American and Canadian DVDs were released through the program's original broadcasters, HBO. In Australia, single editions have been released, wherein each disc is sold separately. In South Korea, complete, six-season, special DVD shoebox sets were released. In Brazil, the first and fifth seasons were released on DVD Dual, but all other seasons were released in DVD box sets.

text: Selected episodes are also available as part of the Sex and the City Essentials DVD collection. These are four separately-packaged discs containing three selected episodes that fit a common theme.

text:
The Best of Lust: Contains the episodes "The Fuck Buddy", "Running with Scissors", and "The Turtle and the Hare".
The Best of Mr. Big: Contains the episodes "Sex and the City", "Ex and the City", and "I Heart NY".
The Best of Romance: Contains the episodes "Baby, Talk is Cheap", "Hop, Skip and a Week", and "An American Girl in Paris (Part Deux)".
The Best of Breakups: Contains the episodes "Don't Ask, Don't Tell", "I Love a Charade", and "The Post-it Always Sticks Twice".
The Best of Fashion: Contains the episodes "Secret Sex", "The Real Me", and "Luck Be an Old Lady". This DVD was only released to Target stores in the US and was the only DVD of the "Essentials" collection to have a colored cover instead of a black and white one like the other four.

text: Soundtrack releases[edit]

text: Several digital CDs have been released to a company, Sex and the City The series, including digital. Two of them (the albums from Irma Records) contain tracks used in the show's actual soundtrack.

text: Sex and the City – Soundtrack [Import]

text: Sex and the City – Official Soundtrack (Two disc set)

text: Films[edit]

text: Sex and the City (2008)[edit]

text: A feature film based on Sex and the City, written, produced and directed by Michael Patrick King, was released in 2008. The four lead actresses returned to reprise their roles, as did Chris Noth, Evan Handler, David Eigenberg, Jason Lewis, and Willie Garson. In addition, Jennifer Hudson appears in the film as Carrie's assistant. The film is set four years after the series finale.[16] The film was released to mixed reviews by critics; at the box office, it was the highest-grossing romantic comedy of the year.[17][18] The film was released on DVD on September 23, 2008.[19]

text: Sex and the City 2 (2010)[edit]

text: Sex and the City 2 was released in May 2010. The film stars Sarah Jessica Parker, Cynthia Nixon, Kristin Davis, Kim Cattrall and Chris Noth, who reprised their roles again, as well as Evan Handler, David Eigenberg, Jason Lewis, and Willie Garson. It also features cameos from Liza Minnelli, Miley Cyrus, and Penélope Cruz. The film is set two years after the events of the first movie. It was critically panned but a commercial success at the box office.[citation needed]

text: Sex and the City 3 (Cancelled)[edit]

text: It was announced in December 2016 that a script for the third and final film had been approved and that the main cast had signed on. No filming date has been announced yet. On September 29, 2017, Sarah Jessica Parker confirmed to Extra that the movie was not happening. Rumours are that Kim Cattrall, who plays Samantha Jones, wanted the studio to produce other projects that she had in the works. When the studio refused, she dropped out, and they cancelled the film altogether.[20]

text: Franchise[edit]

text: Prequel series[edit]

text: The Carrie Diaries is a prequel to the original series, based on the book of the same name by Candace Bushnell.[21] The series premiered on The CW on January 14, 2013. AnnaSophia Robb plays the role of young Carrie Bradshaw.[22] On May 8, 2014, The CW canceled The Carrie Diaries after two seasons.[23]

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: The Brazilian television series Sexo e as Negas was adapted from the original series and released on September 16, 2014.[24] The version introduced some differences – the four ladies were Black actresses and the show takes place in the suburb.[25]


document_title: Dance the Night Away (Van Halen song)

question_text: who wrote the song dance the night away

question_tokens: who wrote the song dance the night away

root

text: Dance the Night Away (Van Halen song)

text:
"Dance the Night Away"

Single by Van Halen

from the album Van Halen II

A-side
"Dance the Night Away"

B-side
"Outta Love Again"

Released
1979

Format
7" vinyl

Recorded
December 1978 – January 1979

Genre
Hard rock[1]

Length
3:07

Label
Warner Bros.

Songwriter(s)
Eddie Van Halen, Alex Van Halen, Michael Anthony, David Lee Roth

Producer(s)
Ted Templeman

Van Halen singles chronology

"Ain't Talkin' 'bout Love"
(1978)
"Dance the Night Away"
(1979)
"Beautiful Girls"
(1979)

"Ain't Talkin' 'bout Love"
(1978)
"Dance the Night Away"
(1979)
"Beautiful Girls"
(1979)

tag: table

text: "Dance the Night Away" was Van Halen's first top 20 U.S. hit, peaking at #15, and the second song from their 1979 album Van Halen II. While the rest of the songs from this album had existed in various forms since their days doing demos and playing clubs, this song was possibly the only song written during the recording sessions for the album. The band members conceived the song during the recording sessions while they were standing in a circle humming to each other. It was inspired by Fleetwood Mac's "Go Your Own Way". Eddie Van Halen purposely left a guitar solo out of the final version of the song, replacing it instead with a riff of tap harmonics. David Lee Roth originally wanted to call the song "Dance Lolita Dance", but Eddie Van Halen convinced him that "Dance the Night Away" was more suitable and the chorus was changed to reflect that.[2]

tag: p

text: Roth claimed, during a 2006 performance in San Diego, California, that he wrote this song in tribute to an intoxicated woman who was having sex in the back of a truck and ran with her pants on backwards while escaping police officers into the bar where the fledgling band was playing. This was also mentioned at a 2006 performance in Detroit, Michigan.

text: The song appears in the films Private Parts, Anchorman 2: The Legend Continues, the science fiction film Mission to Mars, the Academy Award-winning 2012 film Argo,[3] and in the closing credits of That's My Boy. It was covered in 2010 by Pat Monahan on Santana's album Guitar Heaven: The Greatest Guitar Classics of All Time. In 2015, the song was covered and performed by Vocal Adrenaline, on the premiere episode, "Loser Like Me", of the sixth season of Glee.

text: The song was not performed live during the Sammy Hagar era, but did get played during the Van Halen III Tour in 1998. It has been played live on every tour since the 2007 reunion with Roth, and a live version is included on the album Tokyo Dome Live in Concert.


document_title: Code of the United States Fighting Force

question_text: when was the military code of conduct established

text: History[edit]

text: This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Written in an inappropriate narrative and editorializing style, rather than Wikipedia's encyclopaedic style. Please help improve this section if you can. (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: During the Korean War in the early 1950s, Chinese and North Korean forces captured American military personnel as prisoners of war. Unlike America's previous wars, these American prisoners then faced a deadly new enemy, the Eastern World's POW environment. It was the first American war that U.S. prisoners of war were viewed by an enemy as more than soldiers from the other side temporarily restrained from conducting war and whose pathological desire to control the minds of U.S. prisoners extended the war into the POW camps. North Korean and Chinese communists were not hesitant to use brutal and bloody torture as gruesome tools in their efforts to exploit U.S. prisoners of war into making public statements that appeared favorable to the communist war effort. For the American prisoners brutal torture, lack of food, absence of medical aid, and subhuman treatment became a daily way of life and many of them found that their training had not prepared them for this new battlefield.[1][2]

text: Although collaborating with the enemy is nothing new (and there were a number of examples of it during World War II), its ramifications caused considerable damage to the morale and survival of U.S. POWs during the Korean War and later the Vietnam War. Before the Korean War, American prisoners in previous wars were subjected to inhumane and brutal treatment but the enemy did not take it upon itself to tear down the chain of command within the prisoner ranks. When the communists succeeded, a condition of distrust among the prisoners became the norm rather than the exception. Morale dropped and mutual assistance among the prisoners lessened. Chaos followed and the failure of the POWs to care for their fellow prisoners resulted in a higher death rate and made the captives more amenable to accept the doctrine of their captors.[1][2]

text: One of the most elaborate propaganda efforts was the 1952 POW Olympics held in Pyuktong, North Korea. For 12 days in November, approximately 500 prison athletes from Britain, South Korea, Australia, Turkey, and the U.S. competed against other camps in events mirroring the World Olympics such as baseball, boxing, and track and field. This effort was publicized to show the world just how well the UN prisoners were treated. Of course, this was not the reality. Very few American servicemen were mentally prepared to protect themselves from such barbaric treatment and intense indoctrination attempts. Through inhumane treatment and manipulation, many prisoners were forced to collaborate with the communists.[1][2]

text: After the termination of the hostilities in Korea and the subsequent release of American prisoners of war, twenty-one Americans chose to remain in China, refusing repatriation. Many former U.S. prisoners coming back to their homeland were criminally charged and tried for offenses that "amounted to treason, desertion to the enemy, mistreatment of fellow prisoners of war, and similar crimes." The emotions and compassion of the public were aroused, as graphic details of the inhumane treatment of U.S. POWs in communist prison camps surfaced during the trials. Public discussion caused intense arguments over what should have been done about Americans who were "brainwashed" in Korea and what to do about those in future wars who may be the recipients of similar bloody treatment.[1][2]

text: On August 7, 1954, the United States Secretary of Defense directed that a committee be formed to recommend a suitable approach for conducting a comprehensive study of the problems related to the entire Korean War POW experience. The work of that committee resulted in the May 17, 1955 appointment of the Defense Advisory Committee on Prisoners of War, headed by Carter L. Burgess, assistant secretary of defense for Manpower and Personnel. The committee took heed of the ongoing divisive debate, noting that while all services had regulations governing the conduct of prisoners of war, "the United States armed forces have never had a clearly defined code of conduct applicable to American prisoners after capture."[1][2]

text: Colonel Franklin Brooke Nihart, USMC, worked at Marine Corps headquarters throughout the summer of 1955, outlined his ideas in longhand and the Code of Conduct was established with the issuance of Executive Order 10631 by President Dwight D. Eisenhower on 17 August 1955 which stated, "Every member of the Armed Forces of the United States are expected to measure up to the standards embodied in the Code of Conduct while in combat or in captivity." It has been modified twice—once in 1977 by President Jimmy Carter in Executive Order 12017, and most recently in President Ronald Reagan's Executive Order 12633 of March 1988, which amended the code to make it gender-neutral.

text: Notably, the code prohibits surrender except when "all reasonable means of resistance [are] exhausted and...certain death the only alternative," enjoins captured Americans to "resist by all means available" and "make every effort to escape and aid others," and bars the acceptance of parole or special favors from enemy forces. The code also outlines proper conduct for American prisoners of war, reaffirms that under the Geneva Conventions prisoners of war should give "name, rank, service number, and date of birth" and requires that under interrogation captured military personnel should "evade answering further questions to the utmost of my ability."

text: Executive Order 10631: Code of Conduct for members of the Armed Forces of the United States[edit]

text: The authority for establishing the Code of Conduct, communication of intent, and assignment of responsibilities are outlined in the first three paragraphs of Executive Order 10631.

text: By virtue of the authority vested in me as President of the United States, and as Commander in Chief of the armed forces of the United States, I hereby prescribe the Code of Conduct for Members of the Armed Forces of the United States which is attached to this order and hereby made a part thereof.

text: All members of the Armed Forces of the United States are expected to measure up to the standards embodied in this Code of Conduct while in combat or in captivity. To ensure achievement of these standards, members of the armed forces liable to capture shall be provided with specific training and instruction designed to better equip them to counter and withstand all enemy efforts against them, and shall be fully instructed as to the behavior and obligations expected of them during combat or captivity.

text: The Secretary of Defense (and the Secretary of Transportation with respect to the Coast Guard except when it is serving as part of the Navy) shall take such action as is deemed necessary to implement this order and to disseminate and make the said Code known to all members of the armed forces of the United States.[3]

text: Articles of Code of Conduct[edit]

text: The Code of Conduct provides guidance for the behavior and actions of members of the Armed Forces of the United States. This guidance applies not only on the battlefield, but also in the event that the service member is captured and becomes a prisoner of war (POW). The Code is delineated in six articles.

text: Article I:

text: I am an American, fighting in the forces which guard my country and our way of life. I am prepared to give my life in their defense.[3]

text: Article II:

text: I will never surrender of my own free will. If in command, I will never surrender the members of my command while they still have the means to resist.[3]

text: Article III:

text: If I am captured I will continue to resist by all means available. I will make every effort to escape and aid others to escape. I will accept neither parole nor special favors from the enemy.[3]

text: Article IV:

text: If I become a prisoner of war, I will keep faith with my fellow prisoners. I will give no information or take part in any action which might be harmful to my comrades. If I am senior, I will take command. If not, I will obey the lawful orders of those appointed over me and will back them up in every way.[3]

text: Article V:

text: When questioned, should I become a prisoner of war, I am required to give name, rank, service number and date of birth. I will evade answering further questions to the utmost of my ability. I will make no oral or written statements disloyal to my country and its allies or harmful to their cause.[3]

text: Article VI:

text: I will never forget that I am an American, fighting for freedom, responsible for my actions, and dedicated to the principles which made my country free. I will trust in my God and in the United States of America.[3]


document_title: The Bachelorette (season 13)

question_text: who got voted off the bachelorette june 19

text: The Bachelorette (season 13)

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
Name
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Outcome
Place

Bryan Abasolo[3][4]
37
Miami, Florida
Chiropractor
Winner
1

Peter Kraus[5]
31
Madison, Wisconsin
Business Owner
Runner-Up
2

Eric Bigger[6]
29
Baltimore, Maryland
Personal Trainer
Week 9
3

Dean Unglert[7][4]
26
Aspen, Colorado
Startup Recruiter
Week 8
4

Adam Gottschalk[8]
27
Dallas, Texas
Real Estate Agent
Week 7
5

Matthew "Matt" Munson[9]
32
Meriden, Connecticut
Construction Sales Rep
6

Alex Bordyukov[10]
28
Grosse Pointe, Michigan
Information Systems Supervisor
Week 6
7

Will Gaskins[3]
28
White Plains, New York
Sales Manager
8

Kenny Layne[4][11][12]
35
Orlando, Florida
Professional Wrestler
9

Anthony Battle[5]
26
Chicago, Illinois
Education Software Manager
Week 5
10-11

Josiah Graham[3][13]
28
Plantation, Florida
Prosecuting Attorney

Lee Garrett[11]
30
Jacksonville, Florida
Singer/Songwriter
12

Ignacio "Iggy" Rodriguez[5]
30
Pasadena, California
Consulting Firm CEO
Week 4
13-14[14]

Jonathan Treece[11][15]
31
New Smyrna Beach, Florida
Tickle Monster

Jack Stone[8]
32
Dallas, Texas
Attorney
15

Brady Ervin[3]
29
Eden Prairie, Minnesota
Male Model
Week 3
16-18[16]

Bryce Powers[17]
30
Orlando, Florida
Firefighter

Kenneth "Diggy" Moreland[5]
31
Chicago, Illinois
Senior Inventory Analyst

Fred Johnson[4][8]
27
Dallas, Texas
Executive Assistant
19[18]

Blake Elarbee[19]
31
Marina del Rey, California
Aspiring Drummer
Week 2
20-22[18]

Jamey Kocan[20]
32
Santa Monica, California
Sales Account Executive

Lucas Yancey[20][21]
30
Woodside, California
Whaboom

DeMario Jackson[4][22]
30
Century City, California
Executive Recruiter
23[23]

Blake Killpack[24]
29
San Francisco, California
U.S. Marine Veteran
Week 1
24-31[25]

Grant Hubsher
29
Palm Harbor, Florida
Emergency Medicine Physician

Jedidiah Ballard[26]
35
Augusta, Georgia
ER Physician

Kyle Sherwood[27]
26
Stratford, Connecticut
Marketing Consultant

Michael Black[5][28]
26
Chicago, Illinois
Former Professional Basketball Player

Milton LaCroix[3]
31
North Bay Village, Florida
Hotel Recreation Supervisor

Mohit Sehgal
26
Pacifica, California
Product Manager

Robert "Rob" Howard[8][29]
30
Calgary, Canada
Law Student

text: Future appearances[edit]

text: Bachelor in Paradise[edit]

text: Season 4

text: DeMario Jackson was set to appear in the fourth season of Bachelor in Paradise. When production re-started after the misconduct allegations had halted production, Jackson did not return for filming.[30] After Dean Unglert was eliminated during hometowns, it was announced that he would appear in season 4.[31] Diggy Moreland, Matt Munson, Iggy Rodriguez, Jack Stone, Jonathan Treece, Fred Johnson, Blake Elarbee, and Adam Gottschalk would also appear on season 4. When production restarted, Rodriguez was eliminated in week one. Munson quit in week two. Elarbee and Johnson were eliminated in week three.

text: Call-out order[edit]

text:
Order
Bachelors
Week

1[25]
2[18]
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

1
Peter
Bryan
Dean
Alex
Dean
Bryan
Eric
Bryan
Bryan
Bryan
Bryan

2
Josiah
Peter
Peter
Anthony
Bryan
Will
Peter
Dean
Eric
Peter
Peter

3
Bryan
Will
Josiah
Eric
Eric
Kenny
Bryan
Peter
Peter
Eric

4
Kenny
Jack
Bryan
Will
Peter
Dean
Matt
Eric
Dean

5
Rob
Jamey
Bryce
Dean
Adam
Eric
Dean
Adam

6
Iggy
Iggy
Eric
Jonathan
Will
Peter
Adam
Matt

7
Bryce
Eric
Anthony
Peter
Matt
Alex
Alex

8
Will
DeMario
Will
Adam
Alex
Adam
Will

9
Diggy
Jonathan
Jonathan
Bryan
Josiah
Matt
Kenny

10
Kyle
Bryce
Jack
Matt
Anthony
Anthony
Josiah

11
Blake K.
Alex
Matt
Josiah
Kenny

12
Brady
Kenny
Alex
Jack
Lee
Lee

13
Dean
Dean
Adam
Iggy
Iggy
Jonathan

14
Eric
Matt
Kenny
Kenny

15
DeMario
Anthony
Brady
Lee
Jack

16
Blake E.
Brady
Lee
Brady
Bryce
Diggy

17
Fred
Josiah
Iggy

18
Jonathan
Lee
Fred

19
Lee
Diggy
Diggy
Fred

20
Alex
Fred
Blake E.
Jamey
Lucas

21
Milton
Adam

22
Adam
Blake E.

23
Matt
Lucas
DeMario

24
Grant
Blake K.
Grant
Jedidiah
Kyle
Michael
Milton
Mohit
Rob

25
Anthony

26
Jamey

27
Jack

28
Mohit

29
Jedidiah

30
Michael

31
Lucas

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

138
1
"Week 1: Season Premiere"
May 22, 2017 (2017-05-22)
1301
5.66[32]

Rachel and her dog, Copper, met up with former Bachelor contestants Raven Gates, Alexis Waters, Kristina Schulman, Astrid Loch, Whitney Fransway, Jasmine Goode, and Corinne Olympios, for advice on being the new Bachelorette. Rachel greeted the 31 men as the limos arrived. Bryan spoke in Spanish, calling himself "trouble," and kissed her during the cocktail party. Bryce wore his firefighter uniform and literally swept Rachel off her feet. Jonathan tickled her. Lee serenaded Rachel with his guitar. Adam brought along his doll, "Adam Jr." Matt wore a penguin costume. Grant pulled up in an ambulance with sirens sounding. Michael brought brownies and said "the blacker the brownie the sweeter the dude." Lucas was boisterous and comedic, showcasing his catchphrase, "Whaboom!" Bryan got the first impression rose. At the rose ceremony, Blake K., Grant, Jedidiah, Kyle, Michael, Milton, Mohit, and Rob were eliminated.

139
2
"Week 2: Malibu"
May 29, 2017 (2017-05-29)
1302
5.68[33]

For the first group date, eight men competed in a domestic-themed obstacle course to identify "husband material," hosted by franchise fans Ashton Kutcher and Mila Kunis. Lucas won, and used his time alone with Rachel to read her a poem. Dean received the group-date rose. Peter got the first one-on-one date with Rachel; they flew with Rachel's dog to Palm Springs to attend BarkFest by BarkBox. Rachel gave Peter a rose at dinner, and they kissed during a fireworks display. Ten men attended a group date where they played basketball for Kareem Abdul-Jabbar and an audience of strangers. After the game, a woman named Lexi told Rachel that DeMario was her boyfriend and ghosted her to become a Bachelorette contestant, which would indicate DeMario lied on his application. Rachel asked DeMario to join the conversation; he claimed the relationship with Lexi wasn't serious and that he did break things off, but Rachel decided that DeMario was not being honest and she eliminated him. Rachel gave Josiah the group-date rose. Lucas and Blake E., who were acquainted prior to filming, criticized each other to Rachel during the cocktail party. DeMario arrived and asked to speak with Rachel.

140
3
"Week 3: Los Angeles"
June 5, 2017 (2017-06-05)
1303
6.04[34]

Rachel heard DeMario out and instructed him to leave. In the Rose Ceremony, Blake E, Jamey, and Lucas were eliminated. The first group date went to The Ellen DeGeneres Show where they danced shirtless for the audience and played Never Have I Ever. Fred kissed Rachel during the date; she admitted that she still thinks of him as a little boy, and eliminated him. Alex got the first group-date rose. Anthony got the one-on-one date and they went horseback riding in Beverly Hill; she gave him a rose before they kissed and slow danced. Rachel's The Bachelor co-contestants planned the second group date. The guys danced on the stripper pole of a party bus, then had to mud wrestle each other; Bryce defeated Kenny in the final round. Eric got the group-date rose. At the cocktail party, tensions ran high because Bryce and Lee had spoken against Eric to Rachel's friends during the group date.

141
4
"Week 4: South Carolina"
June 19, 2017 (2017-06-19)
1304
5.90[35]

Note: This episode's original airing was delayed a week due to the ongoing NBA Finals.

As the cocktail party continues, Lee stirs up more drama with the other contestants. During Rachel and Kenny's one-on-one time, Lee interrupts twice, angering Kenny. Kenny and Lee later get into a loud argument, which Rachel overhears. Rachel becomes frustrated by the drama overshadowing her time with the guys, but continues to the rose ceremony where Brady, Bryce, and Diggy are eliminated. The remaining contestants go to Hilton Head Island, where Dean is selected for a one-on-one date. Rachel and Dean enjoy a picnic and take a ride on a blimp. At dinner, Dean opens up about his family and receives a rose from Rachel. For the group date, Rachel and the contestants go on a booze cruise and the contestants later participate in a spelling bee, with Josiah emerging as the winner. Later that evening, Iggy warns Rachel about Josiah. Lee tells Rachel about the fight with Kenny and she later confronts Kenny about Lee's words. After his time with Rachel, Kenny pulls Lee aside to speak.

142
5
"Week 5: Norway"
June 26, 2017 (2017-06-26)
1305
5.39[36]

Kenny and Lee get into another argument and at the end of the group date, Bryan receives the rose. Jack gets a one-on-one date where they go dancing and walk around the city. Rachel does not feel a connection with Jack at dinner and sends him home. During the rose ceremony, Jonathan and Iggy are eliminated and the remaining men travel to Norway. Bryan receives a one-on-one date with Rachel and the two go rappelling down the Olympic Ski Jump in Oslo. At dinner, Bryan receives a rose. The other men are selected to go on a group date, where they play handball. Will impresses Rachel during the game and opens up to her that evening, he receives the group date rose. Lee and Kenny go on a two-on-one date. They take a helicopter ride through the Norwegian forest. Rachel goes back and forth between the two men about their side of the story. Rachel tells Kenny that Lee claimed he threw him out of a van and Kenny confronts Lee after his time with Rachel.

143
6
"Week 6: Denmark"
June 27, 2017 (2017-06-27)
1306
4.51[37]

As the two-on-one date continues, Kenny confronts Lee about his lies. Rachel returns and sends Lee home, but does not give the rose to Kenny. Before getting into the helicopter to leave, Kenny goes back to Lee to say his final words. At the end of the night, Rachel and Kenny spend time together and she gives him the rose. At the rose ceremony, Josiah and Anthony are sent home. The remaining group goes to Denmark, where Eric receives a one-on-one date. The two explore the city and go to an amusement park. Eric opens up about his relationship with his mom and receives a rose from Rachel. On the group date, the men row an ancient Viking ship and play Viking games. During the final round of the game, Kenny and Adam face off, where both men get superficial cuts. At the cocktail party after the group date, Kenny misses his daughter and is unsure about continuing on the show. Rachel understands Kenny's dilemma and the two mutually agree for Kenny to return home. Peter receives the group date rose. Will and Rachel go on a one-on-one date touring the city. Rachel is surprised by Will's lack of intimacy and his relationship history, so she sends him home. At the rose ceremony, Alex is sent home.

144
7
"Week 7: Switzerland"
July 10, 2017 (2017-07-10)
1307
5.68[38]

The six remaining men travel to Geneva, Switzerland. Rachel reveals there will be three one-on-one dates, one group date, and no rose ceremony. Bryan goes on first one-on-one date with Rachel. The two drive around Geneva, purchase watches, and explore the city. At dinner, they discuss their former relationships and Bryan receives a rose. Dean is selected for the next one-on-one-date. Rachel and Dean attend a church service and walk around the city. Rachel hopes Dean will reveal another side to him, but during the day he remains very goofy and brushes it off, much to Rachel's frustration. Dean finally opens up at dinner about his insecurities about Rachel meeting his family. Rachel appreciates Dean opening up and he receives a rose. Peter goes on the final one-on-one date, where they ride a dog sled in the Alps. Peter discusses his doubts about this experience and at dinner, opens up about his past relationships. Rachel questions if he is ready for marriage and Peter receives a rose at the end of the date. Matt, Adam, and Eric go on the group date in France. During the day, Matt is eliminated. During dinner, Adam and Eric discuss their respective possible hometown dates with Rachel. Eric receives the rose and Adam is eliminated.

145
8
"Week 8: Hometowns"
July 17, 2017 (2017-07-17)
1308
6.21[39]

Rachel first visits Eric's hometown of Baltimore. They play basketball and meet his friends and family. Rachel discusses the hardships of being on TV and the first black bachelorette with Eric's family. As Eric has never brought a girl home before, Rachel becomes concerned with his readiness to be married. Rachel then goes to Miami to visit Bryan and his family. He takes her around to small local spots and authentic Spanish bars. When Rachel meets his family, Bryan's mom becomes overprotective about Bryan, intimidating Rachel. The next hometown date is to Wisconsin, to meet Peter and his family. Peter takes Rachel around some local markets and she meets his friends. Later that night, Rachel meets his family and expresses her concern about Peter's interest in marriage to his mother. Rachel then heads to Colorado to meet Dean and his family. Dean hasn't spoken to his father in two years and this is the first time his entire family has been together in a long time. Tensions rise as Dean and his father talk one-on-one, discussing their hardships over his mother's death. At the rose ceremony, Dean is sent home.

146
9
"Week 9: Dallas, Spain"
July 24, 2017 (2017-07-24)
1309
6.43[40]

The three remaining guys each get to meet Rachel's family in Dallas. The dates go well, but Rachel's family raises concerns over Bryan's sincerity. Eric, Peter, and Bryan each have a one-on-one date with Rachel in Spain.

147
10
"The Men Tell All"
July 31, 2017 (2017-07-31)
1310
5.76[41]

Chris Harrison recaps the drama from Rachel's season. They cover DeMario's girlfriend, Kenny and Lee's fight, and racist tweets from Lee's twitter account. Rachel later joins to the men to discuss sad breakups and fun memories.

148
11
"Week 10: Finale"
August 7, 2017 (2017-08-07)
1311
7.57[42]

Rachel eliminates Eric at the rose ceremony. Peter and Rachel have a tearful break-up the night before the final rose. Bryan proposes to Rachel in Rioja, Spain.


document_title: Dice

question_text: what do the opposite sides of a dice add up to

text: Dice

text: History[edit]

text: Dice have been used since before recorded history, and it is uncertain where they originated. The oldest known dice were excavated as part of a backgammon-like game set at the Burnt City, an archeological site in south-eastern Iran, estimated to be from between 2800–2500 BC.[3] Other excavations from ancient tombs in the Indus Valley civilization indicate a South Asian origin.[4]

text: The Egyptian game of Senet was played with dice. Senet was played before 3000 BC and up to the 2nd century AD. It was likely a racing game, but there is no scholarly consensus on the rules of Senet.[5] Dicing is mentioned as an Indian game in the Rigveda, Atharvaveda and the early Buddhist games list.[6] There are several biblical references to "casting lots", as in Psalm 22, indicating that dicing (or a related activity) was commonplace when the psalm was composed. It is theorized that dice developed from the practice of fortunetelling with the talus of hoofed animals, colloquially known as "knucklebones", but knucklebones is not the oldest divination technique that incorporates randomness.[7] Knucklebones was a game of skill played by women and children; a derivative form had the four sides of the bone receive different values and count as modern dice.[8]

text: Although gambling was illegal, many Romans were passionate gamblers who enjoyed dicing, which was known as aleam ludere ("to play at dice"). Dicing was even a popular pastime of emperors. Letters by Augustus to Tacitus and his daughter recount his hobby of dicing. There were two sizes of Roman dice. Tali were large dice inscribed with one, three, four, and six on four sides. Tesserae were smaller dice with sides numbered from one to six.[9] Twenty-sided dice date back to the 2nd century AD[10] and from Ptolemaic Egypt as early as the 2nd century BC.[11]

text: Dominoes and playing cards originated in China as developments from dice. The transition from dice to playing cards occurred in China around the Tang dynasty, and coincides with the technological transition from rolls of manuscripts to block printed books.[12] In Japan, dice were used to play a popular game called sugoroku. There are two types of sugoroku. Ban-sugoroku is similar to backgammon and dates to the Heian period, while e-sugoroku is a racing game.[13]

text: Usage[edit]

text: Dice are thrown onto a flat surface either from the hand or from a container designed for this (such as a dice cup). The face of the die that is uppermost when it comes to rest provides the value of the throw. One typical dice game today is craps, where two dice are thrown simultaneously and wagers are made on the total value of the two dice. Dice are frequently used to randomize moves in board games, usually by deciding the distance through which a piece will move along the board; examples of this are backgammon and Monopoly.

text: The result of a die roll is determined by the way it is thrown, according to the laws of classical mechanics. A die roll is made random by uncertainty in minor factors such as tiny movements in the thrower's hand; they are thus a crude form of hardware random number generator. Perhaps to mitigate against concerns that the pips on the faces of certain styles of dice cause a small bias,[citation needed] casinos use precision dice with flush markings.

text: Construction[edit]

text: Arrangement[edit]

text: Common dice are small cubes most commonly 1.6 cm (0.63 in) across,[14] whose faces are numbered from one to six, usually by patterns of round dots called pips. (While the use of Hindu-Arabic numerals is occasionally seen, such dice are less common.)

text: Opposite sides of a modern die traditionally add up to seven, implying that the 1, 2 and 3 faces share a vertex.[15] The faces of a die may be placed clockwise or counterclockwise about this vertex. If the 1, 2 and 3 faces run counterclockwise, the die is called "right-handed", and if those faces run clockwise, the die is called "left-handed". Western dice are normally right-handed, and Chinese dice are normally left-handed.[16]

text: The pips on dice are arranged in specific patterns as shown. Asian style dice bear similar patterns to Western ones, but the pips are closer to the center of the face; in addition, the pips are differently sized on Asian style dice, and the pips are colored red on the 1 and 4 sides. One possible explanation is that red fours are of Indian origin.[16][17] In some older sets, the "one" pip is a colorless depression.

text: Manufacturing[edit]

text: Non-precision dice are manufactured via the plastic injection molding process. The pips or numbers on the die are a part of the mold. The coloring for numbering is achieved by submerging the die entirely in paint, which is allowed to dry. The die is then polished via a tumble finishing process similar to rock polishing. The abrasive agent scrapes off all of the paint except for the indents of the numbering. A finer abrasive is then used to polish the die. This process also creates the smoother, rounded edges on the dice.[18]

text: Precision casino dice may have a polished or sand finish, making them transparent or translucent respectively. Casino dice have their pips drilled, then filled flush with a paint of the same density as the material used for the dice, such that the center of gravity of the dice is as close to the geometric center as possible. All such dice are stamped with a serial number to prevent potential cheaters from substituting a die. Precision backgammon dice are made the same way; they tend to be slightly smaller and have rounded corners and edges, to allow better movement inside the dice cup and stop forceful rolls from damaging the playing surface.

text: Terms[edit]

text: While the terms ace, deuce, trey, cater, cinque and sice are generally obsolete, with the names of the numbers preferred, they are still used by some professional gamblers to designate different sides of the dice. Ace is from the Latin as, meaning "a unit";[19] the others are 2 to 6 in Old French.[20]

text: Unicode representation[edit]

text: Using Unicode characters, the faces ⚀ ⚁ ⚂ ⚃ ⚄ ⚅, can be shown in text using the range U+2680 to U+2685 or using decimal ⚀ to ⚅.[21]

text: Loaded dice[edit]

text: A loaded, weighted, or crooked die is one that has been tampered with so that it will land with a specific side facing upwards more or less often than a fair die would. There are several methods for creating loaded dice, including rounded faces, off-square faces and weights. Transparent cellulose acetate dice are used by casinos as tampering is more apparent than with opaque dice.

text: Variants[edit]

text: Polyhedral dice[edit]

text: Around the end of the 1960s, non-cubical dice became popular among players of wargames,[22] and since have been employed extensively in role-playing games and trading card games. The numerals 6 and 9, which are reciprocally symmetric through rotation, are distinguished with a dot or underline.

text: Standard variations[edit]

text: Dice are often sold in sets, matching in color, of six different shapes. Five of the dice are shaped like the Platonic solids, whose faces are regular polygons. Aside from the cube, the other four Platonic solids have 4, 8, 12, and 20 faces, allowing for those number ranges to be generated. The only other common non-cubical die is the 10-sided die, a pentagonal trapezohedron die, whose faces are ten kites, each with two different edge lengths, three different angles, and two different kinds of vertices. Such sets frequently include a second 10-sided die either of contrasting color or numbered by tens, allowing for a pair of 10-sided dice to generate numbers between 1 and 100.

text: Using these dice in various ways, games can closely approximate the real probability distributions of the events they simulate. For instance, 10-sided dice can be rolled in pairs to produce a uniform distribution of random percentages, and summing the values of multiple dice will produce approximations to normal distributions.[23]

text: Unlike other common dice, a four-sided die does not have a side that faces upward when it is at rest on a surface, so it has to be read in a different way. Many such dice have the numbers printed around the points, so that when it settles, the numbers at the vertex pointing up are the same and are read. Alternatively, the numbers on a tetrahedral die can be placed at the middles of the edges, in which case the numbers around the base are read.

text: Normally, the faces on a die will be placed so opposite faces will add up to one more than the number of faces (this is not possible with 4-sided dice and dice with an odd-number of faces). Some dice, such as those with 10 sides, are usually numbered sequentially beginning with 0, in which case the opposite faces will add to one less than the number of faces.

text:
Faces/
Sides
Shape
Notes

4
Tetrahedron

Each face has three numbers, arranged such that the upright number, placed either near the vertex or near the opposite edge, is the same on all three visible faces. The upright numbers represent the value of the roll. This die does not roll well and thus it is usually thrown into the air instead.

6
Cube

A common die. The sum of the numbers on opposite faces is seven.

8
Octahedron

Each face is triangular and the die resembles two square pyramids attached base-to-base. Usually, the sum of the opposite faces is 9.

10
Pentagonal trapezohedron

Each face is a kite. The die has two sharp corners, where five kites meet, and ten blunter corners, where three kites meet. The ten faces usually bear numbers from zero to nine, rather than one to ten (zero being read as "ten" in many applications). Often all odd numbered faces converge at one sharp corner, and the even ones at the other. The sum of the numbers on opposite faces is usually 9 (if numbered 0–9) or 11 (if numbered 1–10).

12
Dodecahedron

Each face is a regular pentagon. The sum of the numbers on opposite faces is usually 13.

20
Icosahedron

Faces are equilateral triangles. Icosahedrons have been found dating to Roman/Ptolemaic times, but it is not known if they were used as gaming dice. Modern dice with 20 sides are sometimes numbered 0–9 twice as an alternative to 10-sided dice. The sum of the numbers on opposite faces is 21 if numbered 1–20.

text: Rarer variations[edit]

text: "Uniform fair dice" are dice where all faces have equal probability of outcome, which follows from the symmetry of the die (as it is face-transitive), and include:

text:
Platonic solids, the five regular polyhedra: 4, 6, 8, 12, 20 sides
Catalan solids, the duals of the 13 Archimedean solids: 12, 24, 30, 48, 60, 120 sides
Bipyramids, the duals of the infinite set of prisms, with triangle faces: any multiple of 4 (so that a face will face up) above 8
Trapezohedrons, the duals of the infinite set of antiprisms, with kite faces: any even number not divisible by 4 (so that a face will face up) above 6
Disphenoids, an infinite set of tetrahedra made from congruent non-regular triangles: 4 sides

tag: ul

text: A variation on the standard die is known as the "average" die.[24][25] These are six-sided dice with sides numbered 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, which have the same arithmetic mean as a standard die (3.5 for a single die, 7 for a pair of dice), but have a narrower range of possible values (2 through 5 for one, 4 through 10 for a pair). They are used in some table-top wargames, where a narrower range of numbers is required.[25]

text: Dice with an odd number of flat faces can be made as "long dice".[26] They are based on an infinite set of prisms. All the (rectangular) faces they may actually land on are congruent, so they are equally fair. (The other 2 sides of the prism are rounded or capped with a pyramid, designed so that the die never actually rests on those faces.)

text:
Faces/
sides
Shape
Image
Notes

1
Möbius strip or sphere

Most commonly a joke die, this is either a sphere with a 1 marked on it or shaped like a Möbius strip.

2
Cylinder

A coin flip. Some coins with 1 marked on one side and 2 on the other are available, but most simply use a common coin.

3
Rounded-off
triangular prism

This is a rounded-off triangular prism, intended to be rolled like a rolling-pin style die. The die is rounded-off at the edges to make it impossible for it to somehow land on the triangular sides, which makes it look a bit like a jewel. When the die is rolled, one edge (rather than a side) appears facing upwards. On either side of each edge the same number is printed (from 1 to 3). The numbers on either side of the up-facing edge are read as the result of the die roll.

5
Triangular prism

This is a prism that is thin enough to land either on its "edge" or "face". When landing on an edge, the result is displayed by digits (2–4) close to the prism's top edge. The triangular faces are labeled with the digits 1 and 5.

7
Pentagonal prism

Similar in constitution to the 5-sided die. Seven-sided dice are used in a seven-player variant of backgammon. Seven-sided dice are described in the 13th century Libro de los juegos as having been invented by Alfonso X in order to speed up play in chess variants.[27][28]

12
Rhombic dodecahedron

Each face is a rhombus.

14
Heptagonal trapezohedron

Each face is a kite.

16
Octagonal bipyramid

Each face is an isosceles triangle.

18
Rounded rhombicuboctahedron

18 faces are squares; the 8 triangular faces are rounded and cannot be landed on.

24
Triakis octahedron

Each face is an isosceles triangle.

Tetrakis hexahedron

Each face is an isosceles triangle.

Deltoidal icositetrahedron

Each face is a kite.

Pentagonal icositetrahedron

Each face is an irregular pentagon.

30
Rhombic triacontahedron

Each face is a rhombus. Although not included in most dice sets, it can be found in most hobby and game stores.

34
Heptadecagonal trapezohedron

Each face is a kite.

48
Disdyakis dodecahedron

Each face is a scalene triangle.

50
Icosakaipentagonal trapezohedron

The faces of the 50-sided die are kites, although very narrow.

60
Deltoidal hexecontahedron

Each face is a kite.

Pentakis dodecahedron

Each face is an isosceles triangle.

Pentagonal hexecontahedron

Each face is an irregular pentagon.

Triakis icosahedron

Each face is an isosceles triangle.

100
Zocchihedron

100-sided dice can be found in hobby and game stores. They are made by flattening 100 facets on a sphere, but are not truly "uniform fair dice".

120
Disdyakis triacontahedron

Each face is a scalene triangle.

text: Non-numeric[edit]

text: The faces of most dice are labelled using sequences of whole numbers, usually starting at one, expressed with either pips or digits. However, there are some applications that require results other than numbers. Examples include letters for Boggle, directions for Warhammer Fantasy Battle, Fudge dice, playing card symbols for poker dice, and instructions for sexual acts using sex dice.

text: Spherical dice[edit]

text: A die can be constructed in the shape of a sphere, with the addition of an internal cavity in the shape of the dual polyhedron of the desired die shape and an internal weight. The weight will settle in one of the points of the internal cavity, causing it to settle with one of the numbers uppermost. For instance, a sphere with an octahedral cavity and a small internal weight will settle with one of the 6 points of the cavity held downwards by the weight.

text: Applications[edit]

text: Polyhedral dice are commonly used in role-playing games. The fantasy role-playing game Dungeons & Dragons (D&D) is largely credited with popularizing dice in such games. Some games use only one type, like Exalted which uses only ten-sided dice. Others use numerous types for different game purposes, such as D&D, which makes use of all common polyhedral dice. Dice are usually used to determine the outcome of events. Games typically determine results either as a total on one or more dice above or below a fixed number, or a certain number of rolls above a certain number on one or more dice. Due to circumstances or character skill, the initial roll may have a number added to or subtracted from the final result, or have the player roll extra or fewer dice. To keep track of rolls easily, dice notation is frequently used.

text: Many board games use dice to randomize how far pieces move or to settle conflicts. Typically, this has meant that rolling higher numbers is better. Some games, such as Axis & Allies, have inverted this system by making the lower values more potent. In the modern age, a few games and game designers have approached dice in a different way by making each side of the die similarly valuable. In Castles of Burgundy, players spend their dice to take actions based on the die's value. In this game, a six is not better than a one, or vice versa. In Quarriors (and its descendent, Dicemasters), different sides of the dice can offer completely different abilities. Several sides often give resources while others grant the player useful actions.[29]

text: Dice can be used for divination and using dice for such a purpose is called cleromancy. A pair of common dice is usual, though other forms of polyhedra can be used. Tibetan Buddhists sometimes use this method of divination. It is highly likely that the Pythagoreans used the Platonic solids as dice. They referred to such dice as "the dice of the gods" and they sought to understand the universe through an understanding of geometry in polyhedra.[30]

text: Astrological dice are a specialized set of three 12-sided dice for divination; the first die represents planets, the Sun, the Moon, and the nodes of the Moon, the second die represents the 12 zodiac signs, and the third represents the 12 houses. A specialized icosahedron die provides the answers of the Magic 8-Ball, conventionally used to provide answers to yes-or-no questions.

text: Notation[edit]

text: In many gaming contexts, especially tabletop role-playing games, shorthand notations representing different dice rolls are used. A "d" or "D" is used to indicate a die with a specific number of sides; for example, d4 denotes a four-sided die. If several dice of the same type are to be rolled, this is indicated by a leading number specifying the number of dice. Hence, 6d8 means the player should roll six eight-sided dice and add the results. Modifiers to a die roll can also be indicated as desired. For example, 3d6+4 instructs the player to roll three six-sided dice, calculate the total, and add four to it.