document_title: Sound recording and reproduction

question_text: when was sound captured for the first time

text: Sound recording and reproduction

text: Pre-history[edit]

text: Long before sound was first recorded, music was recorded—first by written music notation, then also by mechanical devices (e.g., wind-up music boxes, in which a mechanism turns a spindle, which plucks metal tines, thus reproducing a melody). Automatic music reproduction traces back as far as the 9th century, when the Banū Mūsā brothers invented the earliest known mechanical musical instrument, in this case, a hydropowered (water-powered) organ that played interchangeable cylinders. According to Charles B. Fowler, this "...cylinder with raised pins on the surface remained the basic device to produce and reproduce music mechanically until the second half of the nineteenth century." The Banū Mūsā brothers also invented an automatic flute player, which appears to have been the first programmable machine.[1][2]

text: In the 14th century, Flanders introduced a mechanical bell-ringer controlled by a rotating cylinder. Similar designs appeared in barrel organs (15th century), musical clocks (1598), barrel pianos (1805), and musical boxes (ca.1800). A music box is an automatic musical instrument that produces sounds by the use of a set of pins placed on a revolving cylinder or disc so as to pluck the tuned teeth (or lamellae) of a steel comb. They were developed from musical snuff boxes of the 18th century and called carillons à musique. Some of the more complex boxes also have a tiny drum and/or bells, in addition to the metal comb.

text: The fairground organ, developed in 1892, used a system of accordion-folded punched cardboard books. The player piano, first demonstrated in 1876, used a punched paper scroll that could store a long piece of music. The most sophisticated of the piano rolls were "hand-played", meaning that the roll represented the actual performance of an individual, not just a transcription of the sheet music. This technology to record a live performance onto a piano roll was not developed until 1904. Piano rolls were in continuous mass production from 1896 to 2008.[3][4] A 1908 U.S. Supreme Court copyright case noted that, in 1902 alone, there were between 70,000 and 75,000 player pianos manufactured, and between 1,000,000 and 1,500,000 piano rolls produced.[5] The use of piano rolls began to decline in the 1920s although one type is still being made today.

text: Phonautograph[edit]

text:
Au Clair de la Lune

This 1860 phonautogram by Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville is the earliest known recording of a person singing.

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text: The first device that could record actual sounds as they passed through the air (but could not play them back—the purpose was only visual study) was the phonautograph, patented in 1857 by Parisian inventor Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville. The earliest known recordings of the human voice are phonautograph recordings, called "phonautograms", made in 1857.[6] They consist of sheets of paper with sound-wave-modulated white lines created by a vibrating stylus that cut through a coating of soot as the paper was passed under it. An 1860 phonautogram of Au Clair de la Lune, a French folk song, was played back as sound for the first time in 2008 by scanning it and using software to convert the undulating line, which graphically encoded the sound, into a corresponding digital audio file.[6][7]

text: Phonograph[edit]

text: Phonograph cylinder[edit]

text:
"Kham Hom" ("Sweet Words")

Phonograph cylinder recording of Siamese (Thai) musicians visiting Berlin, Germany in 1900.

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text: On April 30, 1877, French poet, humorous writer and inventor Charles Cros submitted a sealed envelope containing a letter to the Academy of Sciences in Paris fully explaining his proposed method, called the paleophone. Though no trace of a working paleophone was ever found, Cros is remembered as the earliest inventor of a sound recording and reproduction machine. The first practical sound recording and reproduction device was the mechanical phonograph cylinder, invented by Thomas Edison in 1877 and patented in 1878.[8] The invention soon spread across the globe and over the next two decades the commercial recording, distribution, and sale of sound recordings became a growing new international industry, with the most popular titles selling millions of units by the early 1900s. The development of mass-production techniques enabled cylinder recordings to become a major new consumer item in industrial countries and the cylinder was the main consumer format from the late 1880s until around 1910.

text: Disc phonograph[edit]

text: The next major technical development was the invention of the gramophone disc, generally credited to Emile Berliner and commercially introduced in the United States in 1889, though others had demonstrated similar disk apparatus earlier, most notably Alexander Graham Bell in 1881.[9] Discs were easier to manufacture, transport and store, and they had the additional benefit of being louder (marginally) than cylinders, which by necessity, were single-sided. Sales of the gramophone record overtook the cylinder ca. 1910, and by the end of World War I the disc had become the dominant commercial recording format. Edison, who was the main producer of cylinders, created the Edison Disc Record in an attempt to regain his market. In various permutations, the audio disc format became the primary medium for consumer sound recordings until the end of the 20th century, and the double-sided 78 rpm shellac disc was the standard consumer music format from the early 1910s to the late 1950s.

text: Although there was no universally accepted speed, and various companies offered discs that played at several different speeds, the major recording companies eventually settled on a de facto industry standard of nominally 78 revolutions per minute, though the actual speed differed between America and the rest of the world. The specified speed was 78.26 rpm in America and 77.92 rpm throughout the rest of the world. The difference in speeds was due to the difference in the cycle frequencies of the AC electricity that powered the stroboscopes used to calibrate recording lathes and turntables.[10] The nominal speed of the disc format gave rise to its common nickname, the "seventy-eight" (though not until other speeds had become available). Discs were made of shellac or similar brittle plastic-like materials, played with needles made from a variety of materials including mild steel, thorn, and even sapphire. Discs had a distinctly limited playing life that varied depending on how they were produced.

text: Earlier, purely acoustic methods of recording had limited sensitivity and frequency range. Mid-frequency range notes could be recorded, but very low and very high frequencies could not. Instruments such as the violin were difficult to transfer to disc. One technique to deal with this involved using a Stroh violin to which was fitted a conical horn connected to a diaphragm that vibrated due to the violin bridge. The horn was no longer needed once electrical recording was developed.

text: The long-playing 331⁄3 rpm microgroove vinyl record, or "LP", was developed at Columbia Records and introduced in 1948. The short-playing but convenient 7-inch 45 rpm microgroove vinyl single was introduced by RCA Victor in 1949. In the US and most developed countries, the two new vinyl formats completely replaced 78 rpm shellac discs by the end of the 1950s, but in some corners of the world, the "78" lingered on far into the 1960s. Vinyl was much more expensive than shellac, one of the several factors that made its use for 78 rpm records very unusual, but with a long-playing disc the added cost was acceptable and the compact "45" format required very little material. Vinyl offered improved performance, both in stamping and in playback. If played with a good diamond stylus mounted in a lightweight pickup on a well-adjusted tonearm, it was long-lasting. If protected from dust, scuffs and scratches there was very little noise. Vinyl records were, over-optimistically, advertised as "unbreakable". They were not, but they were much less fragile than shellac, which had itself once been touted as "unbreakable" compared to wax cylinders.

text: Electrical recording[edit]

text: Between the invention of the phonograph in 1877 and the first commercial digital recordings in the early 1970s, arguably the most important milestone in the history of sound recording was the introduction of what was then called electrical recording, in which a microphone was used to convert the sound into an electrical signal that was amplified and used to actuate the recording stylus. This innovation eliminated the "horn sound" resonances characteristic of the acoustical process, produced clearer and more full-bodied recordings by greatly extending the useful range of audio frequencies, and allowed previously unrecordable distant and feeble sounds to be captured.

text: Sound recording began as a purely mechanical process. Except for a few crude telephone-based recording devices with no means of amplification, such as the Telegraphone,[11] it remained so until the 1920s when several radio-related developments in electronics converged to revolutionize the recording process. These included improved microphones and auxiliary devices such as electronic filters, all dependent on electronic amplification to be of practical use in recording. In 1906, Lee De Forest invented the Audion triode vacuum tube, an electronic valve that could amplify weak electrical signals. By 1915, it was in use in long-distance telephone circuits that made conversations between New York and San Francisco practical. Refined versions of this tube were the basis of all electronic sound systems until the commercial introduction of the first transistor-based audio devices in the mid-1950s.

text: During World War I, engineers in the United States and Great Britain worked on ways to record and reproduce, among other things, the sound of a German U-boat for training purposes. Acoustical recording methods of the time could not reproduce the sounds accurately. The earliest results were not promising.

text: The first electrical recording issued to the public, with little fanfare, was of November 11, 1920 funeral services for The Unknown Warrior in Westminster Abbey, London. The recording engineers used microphones of the type used in contemporary telephones. Four were discreetly set up in the abbey and wired to recording equipment in a vehicle outside. Although electronic amplification was used, the audio was weak and unclear. The procedure did, however, produce a recording that would otherwise not have been possible in those circumstances. For several years, this little-noted disc remained the only issued electrical recording.

text: Several record companies and independent inventors, notably Orlando Marsh, experimented with equipment and techniques for electrical recording in the early 1920s. Marsh's electrically recorded Autograph Records were already being sold to the public in 1924, a year before the first such offerings from the major record companies, but their overall sound quality was too low to demonstrate any obvious advantage over traditional acoustical methods. Marsh's microphone technique was idiosyncratic and his work had little if any impact on the systems being developed by others.[12]

text: Telephone industry giant Western Electric had research laboratories (merged with the AT&T engineering department in 1925 to form Bell Telephone Laboratories) with material and human resources that no record company or independent inventor could match. They had the best microphone, a condenser type developed there in 1916 and greatly improved in 1922,[13] and the best amplifiers and test equipment. They had already patented an electromechanical recorder in 1918, and in the early 1920s, they decided to intensively apply their hardware and expertise to developing two state-of-the-art systems for electronically recording and reproducing sound: one that employed conventional discs and another that recorded optically on motion picture film. Their engineers pioneered the use of mechanical analogs of electrical circuits and developed a superior "rubber line" recorder for cutting the groove into the wax master in the disc recording system.[14]

text: By 1924, such dramatic progress had been made that Western Electric arranged a demonstration for the two leading record companies, the Victor Talking Machine Company and the Columbia Phonograph Company. Both soon licensed the system and both made their earliest published electrical recordings in February 1925, but neither actually released them until several months later. To avoid making their existing catalogs instantly obsolete, the two long-time archrivals agreed privately not to publicize the new process until November 1925, by which time enough electrically recorded repertory would be available to meet the anticipated demand. During the next few years, the lesser record companies licensed or developed other electrical recording systems. By 1929 only the budget label Harmony was still issuing new recordings made by the old acoustical process.

text: Comparison of some surviving Western Electric test recordings with early commercial releases indicates that the record companies "dumbed down" the frequency range of the system so the recordings would not overwhelm non-electronic playback equipment, which reproduced very low frequencies as an unpleasant rattle and rapidly wore out discs with strongly recorded high frequencies.[citation needed]

text: Other recording formats[edit]

text: In the 1920s, Phonofilm and other early motion picture sound systems employed optical recording technology, in which the audio signal was graphically recorded on photographic film. The amplitude variations comprising the signal were used to modulate a light source which was imaged onto the moving film through a narrow slit, allowing the signal to be photographed as variations in the density or width of a "sound track". The projector used a steady light and a photoelectric cell to convert these variations back into an electrical signal, which was amplified and sent to loudspeakers behind the screen. Ironically, the introduction of "talkies" was spearheaded by The Jazz Singer (1927), which used the Vitaphone sound-on-disc system rather than an optical soundtrack. Optical sound became the standard motion picture audio system throughout the world and remains so for theatrical release prints despite attempts in the 1950s to substitute magnetic soundtracks. Currently, all release prints on 35 mm film include an analog optical soundtrack, usually stereo with Dolby SR noise reduction. In addition, an optically recorded digital soundtrack in Dolby Digital and/or Sony SDDS form is likely to be present. An optically recorded timecode is also commonly included to synchronise CDROMs that contain a DTS soundtrack.

text: This period also saw several other historic developments including the introduction of the first practical magnetic sound recording system, the magnetic wire recorder, which was based on the work of Danish inventor Valdemar Poulsen. Magnetic wire recorders were effective, but the sound quality was poor, so between the wars, they were primarily used for voice recording and marketed as business dictating machines. In 1924, a German engineer, Dr. Kurt Stille, developed the Poulsen wire recorder as a dictating machine. The following year, Ludwig Blattner began work that eventually produced the Blattnerphone,[15] enhancing it to use steel tape instead of wire. The BBC started using Blattnerphones in 1930 to record radio programmes. In 1933, radio pioneer Guglielmo Marconi's company purchased the rights to the Blattnerphone, and newly developed Marconi-Stille recorders were installed in the BBC's Maida Vale Studios in March 1935.[16] The tape used in Blattnerphones and Marconi-Stille recorders was the same material used to make razor blades, and not surprisingly the fearsome Marconi-Stille recorders were considered so dangerous that technicians had to operate them from another room for safety. Because of the high recording speeds required, they used enormous reels about one metre in diameter, and the thin tape frequently broke, sending jagged lengths of razor steel flying around the studio. The K1 Magnetophon was the first practical tape recorder, developed by AEG in Germany in 1935.

text: Magnetic tape[edit]

text: An important field of invention during this period was the tape recorder. Magnetic tape recording uses an amplified electrical audio signal to generate analogous variations of the magnetic field produced by a tape head, which impresses corresponding variations of magnetization on the moving tape. In playback mode, the signal path is reversed, the tape head acting as a miniature electric generator as the varyingly magnetized tape passes over it.[17] The original solid steel ribbon was replaced by a much more practical coated paper tape, but acetate soon replaced paper as the standard tape base. Acetate has fairly low tensile strength and if very thin it will snap easily, so it was in turn eventually superseded by polyester. This technology, the basis for almost all commercial recording from the 1950s to the 1980s, was developed in the 1930s by German audio engineers who also rediscovered the principle of AC biasing (first used in the 1920s for wire recorders), which dramatically improved the frequency response of tape recordings. The technology was further improved just after World War II by American audio engineer John T. Mullin with backing from Bing Crosby Enterprises. Mullin's pioneering recorders were modifications of captured German recorders. In the late 1940s, the Ampex company produced the first tape recorders commercially available in the US.

text: Magnetic tape brought about sweeping changes in both radio and the recording industry. Sound could be recorded, erased and re-recorded on the same tape many times, sounds could be duplicated from tape to tape with only minor loss of quality, and recordings could now be very precisely edited by physically cutting the tape and rejoining it. Within a few years of the introduction of the first commercial tape recorder—the Ampex 200 model, launched in 1948—American musician-inventor Les Paul had invented the first multitrack tape recorder, ushering in another technical revolution in the recording industry. Tape made possible the first sound recordings totally created by electronic means, opening the way for the bold sonic experiments of the Musique Concrète school and avant garde composers like Karlheinz Stockhausen, which in turn led to the innovative pop music recordings of artists such as Frank Zappa, The Beatles, and The Beach Boys.

text: The ease and accuracy of tape editing, as compared to the cumbersome disc-to-disc editing procedures previously in some limited use, together with tape's consistently high audio quality finally convinced radio networks to routinely prerecord their entertainment programming, most of which had formerly been broadcast live. Also, for the first time, broadcasters, regulators and other interested parties were able to undertake comprehensive audio logging of each day's radio broadcasts. Innovations like multitracking and tape echo allowed radio programs and advertisements to be produced to a high level of complexity and sophistication. The combined impact with innovations such as the endless loop broadcast cartridge led to significant changes in the pacing and production style of radio program content and advertising.

text: Stereo and hi-fi[edit]

text: In 1881, it was noted during experiments in transmitting sound from the Paris Opera that it was possible to follow the movement of singers on the stage if earpieces connected to different microphones were held to the two ears. This discovery was commercialized in 1890 with the Théâtrophone system, which operated for over forty years until 1932. In 1931, Alan Blumlein, a British electronics engineer working for EMI, designed a way to make the sound of an actor in a film follow his movement across the screen. In December 1931, he submitted a patent including the idea, and in 1933 this became UK patent number 394,325.[18] Over the next two years, Blumlein developed stereo microphones and a stereo disc-cutting head, and recorded a number of short films with stereo soundtracks.

text: In the 1930s, experiments with magnetic tape enabled the development of the first practical commercial sound systems that could record and reproduce high-fidelity stereophonic sound. The experiments with stereo during the 1930s and 1940s were hampered by problems with synchronization. A major breakthrough in practical stereo sound was made by Bell Laboratories, who in 1937 demonstrated a practical system of two-channel stereo, using dual optical sound tracks on film. Major movie studios quickly developed three-track and four-track sound systems, and the first stereo sound recording for a commercial film was made by Judy Garland for the MGM movie Listen, Darling in 1938. The first commercially released movie with a stereo soundtrack was Walt Disney's Fantasia, released in 1940. The 1941 release of Fantasia used the "Fantasound" sound system. This system used a separate film for the sound, synchronized with the film carrying the picture. The sound film had four double-width optical soundtracks, three for left, center, and right audio—and a fourth as a "control" track with three recorded tones that controlled the playback volume of the three audio channels. Because of the complex equipment this system required, Disney exhibited the movie as a roadshow, and only in the United States. Regular releases of the movie used standard mono optical 35 mm stock until 1956, when Disney released the film with a stereo soundtrack that used the "Cinemascope" four-track magnetic sound system.

text: German audio engineers working on magnetic tape developed stereo recording by 1941, even though a 2-track push-pull monaural technique existed in 1939. Of 250 stereophonic recordings made during WW2, only three survive: Beethoven's 5th Piano Concerto with Walter Gieseking and Arthur Rother, a Brahms Serenade, and the last movement of Bruckner's 8th Symphony with Von Karajan. The Audio Engineering Society has issued all these recordings on CD. (Varese Sarabande had released the Beethoven Concerto on LP, and it has been reissued on CD several times since). Other early German stereophonic tapes are believed to have been destroyed in bombings. Not until Ampex introduced the first commercial two-track tape recorders in the late 1940s did stereo tape recording become commercially feasible. However, despite the availability of multitrack tape, stereo did not become the standard system for commercial music recording for some years, and remained a specialist market during the 1950s. EMI (UK) was the first company to release commercial stereophonic tapes. They issued their first Stereosonic tape in 1954. Others quickly followed, under the His Master's Voice and Columbia labels. 161 Stereosonic tapes were released, mostly classical music or lyric recordings. RCA imported these tapes into the USA.

text: Two-track stereophonic tapes were more successful in America during the second half of the 1950s. They were duplicated at real time (1:1) or at twice the normal speed (2:1) when later 4-track tapes were often duplicated at up to 16 times the normal speed, providing a lower sound quality in many cases. Early American 2-track stereophonic tapes were very expensive. A typical example is the price list of the Sonotape/Westminster reels: $6.95, $11.95 and $17.95 for the 7000, 9000 and 8000 series respectively. Some HMV tapes released in the USA also cost up to $15. The history of stereo recording changed after the late 1957 introduction of the Westrex stereo phonograph disc, which used the groove format developed earlier by Blumlein. Decca Records in England came out with FFRR (Full Frequency Range Recording) in the 1940s, which became internationally accepted as a worldwide standard for higher quality recording on vinyl records. The Ernest Ansermet recording of Igor Stravinsky's Petrushka was key in the development of full frequency range records and alerting the listening public to high fidelity in 1946.[19]

text: Record companies mixed most popular music singles into monophonic sound until the mid-1960s—then commonly released major recordings in both mono and stereo until the early 1970s. Many 1960s pop albums available only in stereo in the 2000s were originally released only in mono, and record companies produced the "stereo" versions of these albums by simply separating the two tracks of the master tape, creating "pseudo stereo". In the mid Sixties, as stereo became more popular, many mono recordings (such as The Beach Boys' Pet Sounds) were remastered using the so-called "fake stereo" method, which spread the sound across the stereo field by directing higher-frequency sound into one channel and lower-frequency sounds into the other.

text: 1950s to 1980s[edit]

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text: Magnetic tape transformed the recording industry. By the early 1950s, most commercial recordings were mastered on tape instead of recorded directly to disc. Tape facilitated a degree of manipulation in the recording process that was impractical with mixes and multiple generations of directly recorded discs. An early example is Les Paul's 1951 recording of How High the Moon, on which Paul played eight overdubbed guitar tracks. In the 1960s Brian Wilson of The Beach Boys, Frank Zappa, and The Beatles (with producer George Martin) were among the first popular artists to explore the possibilities of multitrack recording techniques and effects on their landmark albums Pet Sounds, Freak Out!, and Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band.

text: The next important innovation was small cartridge-based tape systems, of which the compact cassette, commercialized by the Philips electronics company in 1964, is the best known. Initially a low-fidelity format for spoken-word voice recording and inadequate for music reproduction, after a series of improvements it entirely replaced the competing formats: the larger 8-track tape (used primarily in cars) and the fairly similar "Deutsche Cassette" developed by the German company Grundig. This latter system was not particularly common in Europe and practically unheard-of in America. The compact cassette became a major consumer audio format and advances in electronic and mechanical miniaturization led to the development of the Sony Walkman, a pocket-sized cassette player introduced in 1979. The Walkman was the first personal music player and it gave a major boost to sales of prerecorded cassettes, which became the first widely successful release format that used a re-recordable medium: the vinyl record was a playback-only medium and commercially prerecorded tapes for reel-to-reel tape decks, which many consumers found difficult to operate, were never more than an uncommon niche market item.

text: A key advance in audio fidelity came with the Dolby A noise reduction system, invented by Ray Dolby and introduced into professional recording studios in 1966. It suppressed the light but sometimes quite noticeable steady background of hiss, which was the only easily audible downside of mastering on tape instead of recording directly to disc. A competing system, dbx, invented by David Blackmer, also found success in professional audio. A simpler variant of Dolby's noise reduction system, known as Dolby B, greatly improved the sound of cassette tape recordings by reducing the especially high level of hiss that resulted from the cassette's miniaturized tape format. It, and variants, also eventually found wide application in the recording and film industries. Dolby B was crucial to the popularization and commercial success of the cassette as a domestic recording and playback medium, and it became a standard feature in the booming home and car stereo market of the 1970s and beyond. The compact cassette format also benefited enormously from improvements to the tape itself as coatings with wider frequency responses and lower inherent noise were developed, often based on cobalt and chrome oxides as the magnetic material instead of the more usual iron oxide.

text: The multitrack audio cartridge had been in wide use in the radio industry, from the late 1950s to the 1980s, but in the 1960s the pre-recorded 8-track cartridge was launched as a consumer audio format by Bill Lear of the Lear Jet aircraft company (and although its correct name was the 'Lear Jet Cartridge', it was seldom referred to as such). Aimed particularly at the automotive market, they were the first practical, affordable car hi-fi systems, and could produce sound quality superior to that of the compact cassette. However the smaller size and greater durability — augmented by the ability to create home-recorded music "compilations" since 8-track recorders were rare — saw the cassette become the dominant consumer format for portable audio devices in the 1970s and 1980s.

text: There had been experiments with multi-channel sound for many years — usually for special musical or cultural events — but the first commercial application of the concept came in the early 1970s with the introduction of Quadraphonic sound. This spin-off development from multitrack recording used four tracks (instead of the two used in stereo) and four speakers to create a 360-degree audio field around the listener. Following the release of the first consumer 4-channel hi-fi systems, a number of popular albums were released in one of the competing four-channel formats; among the best known are Mike Oldfield's Tubular Bells and Pink Floyd's The Dark Side of the Moon. Quadraphonic sound was not a commercial success, partly because of competing and somewhat incompatible four-channel sound systems (e.g., CBS, JVC, Dynaco and others all had systems) and generally poor quality, even when played as intended on the correct equipment, of the released music. It eventually faded out in the late 1970s, although this early venture paved the way for the eventual introduction of domestic Surround Sound systems in home theatre use, which have gained enormous popularity since the introduction of the DVD. This widespread adoption has occurred despite the confusion introduced by the multitude of available surround sound standards.

text: Audio components[edit]

text: The replacement of the relatively fragile thermionic valve (vacuum tube) by the smaller, lighter-weight, cooler-running, less expensive, more robust, and less power-hungry transistor also accelerated the sale of consumer high-fidelity "hi-fi" sound systems from the 1960s onward. In the 1950s, most record players were monophonic and had relatively low sound quality. Few consumers could afford high-quality stereophonic sound systems. In the 1960s, American manufacturers introduced a new generation of "modular" hi-fi components — separate turntables, pre-amplifiers, amplifiers, both combined as integrated amplifiers, tape recorders, and other ancillary equipment like the graphic equaliser, which could be connected together to create a complete home sound system. These developments were rapidly taken up by major Japanese electronics companies, which soon flooded the world market with relatively affordable, high-quality transistorized audio components. By the 1980s, corporations like Sony had become world leaders in the music recording and playback industry.

text: Digital recording[edit]

text: The advent of digital sound recording and later the compact disc (CD) in 1982 brought significant improvements in the durability of consumer recordings. The CD initiated another massive wave of change in the consumer music industry, with vinyl records effectively relegated to a small niche market by the mid-1990s. However, the record industry fiercely resisted the introduction of digital systems, fearing wholesale piracy on a medium able to produce perfect copies of original released recordings. However, the industry succumbed to the inevitable, though using various protection system (principally Serial Copy Management System, or SCMS).

text: The most recent and revolutionary developments have been in digital recording, with the development of various uncompressed and compressed digital audio file formats, processors capable and fast enough to convert the digital data to sound in real time, and inexpensive mass storage[20] . This generated new types of portable digital audio players. The minidisc player, using ATRAC compression on small, cheap, re-writeable discs was introduced in the 1990s but became obsolescent as solid-state non-volatile flash memory dropped in price. As technologies that increase the amount of data that can be stored on a single medium, such as Super Audio CD, DVD-A, Blu-ray Disc, and HD DVD become available, longer programs of higher quality fit onto a single disc. Sound files are readily downloaded from the Internet and other sources, and copied onto computers and digital audio players. Digital audio technology is now used in all areas of audio, from casual use of music files of moderate quality to the most demanding professional applications. New applications such as internet radio and podcasting have appeared.

text: Technological developments in recording, editing, and consuming have transformed the record, movie and television industries in recent decades. Audio editing became practicable with the invention of magnetic tape recording, but digital audio and cheap mass storage allows computers to edit audio files quickly, easily, and cheaply. Today, the process of making a recording is separated into tracking, mixing and mastering. Multitrack recording makes it possible to capture signals from several microphones, or from different takes to tape, disc or mass storage, with maximized headroom and quality, allowing previously unavailable flexibility in the mixing and mastering stages.

text: Software[edit]

text: There are many different digital audio recording and processing programs running under several computer operating systems for all purposes,[21] ranging from casual users (e.g., a small business person recording her "to-do" list on an inexpensive digital recorder) to serious amateurs (an unsigned "indie" band recording their demo on a laptop) to professional sound engineers who are recording albums, film scores and doing sound design for video games. A comprehensive list of digital recording applications is available at the digital audio workstation article. Digital dictation software for recording and transcribing speech has different requirements; intelligibility and flexible playback facilities are priorities, while a wide frequency range and high audio quality are not.

text: Cultural effects[edit]

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text: The development of analog sound recording in the nineteenth century and its widespread use throughout the twentieth century had a huge impact on the development of music. Before analog sound recording was invented, most music was listened to by hearing a live performance, or by singing or playing a song or piece. Throughout the medieval, Renaissance, Baroque, Classical, and through much of the Romantic music era, the main way that songs and instrumental pieces were "recorded" was by notating the piece in music notation. While music notation indicates the pitches of the melody and their rhythm, the notation is not like a 2010-era sound recording. Indeed, in the Medieval era, Gregorian chant did not indicate the rhythm of the chant. In the Baroque era, instrumental pieces often lack a tempo indication and usually none of the ornaments were written down. As a result, each performance of a song or piece would be slightly different.

text: With the development of analog sound recording, though, a performance could be permanently fixed, in all of its elements: pitch, rhythm, timbre, ornaments and expression. This meant that many more elements of a performance would be captured and disseminated to other listeners. The development of sound recording also enabled a much larger proportion of people to hear famous orchestras, operas, singers and bands, because even if a non-wealthy person could not afford to hear the live concert, she or he might be able to afford to buy the recording. The availability of sound recording thus helped to spread musical styles to new regions, countries and continents. The cultural influence went in a number of directions. Sound recordings enabled Western music lovers to hear actual recordings of Asian, Middle Eastern and African groups and performers, increasing awareness of non-Western musical styles. At the same time, sound recordings enabled non-Western music lovers to hear the most famous North American and European groups and singers.

text: Legal status[edit]

text: In copyright law, a "phonogram" or "sound recording" is a work that results from the fixation of sounds in a medium. The notice of copyright in a phonogram uses the sound recording copyright symbol, which the Geneva Phonograms Convention defines as ℗ (the letter P in a full circle). This usually accompanies the copyright notice for the underlying musical composition, which uses the ordinary © symbol.

text: US[edit]

text: United States copyright law defines "sound recordings" as "works that result from the fixation of a series of musical, spoken, or other sounds" other than an audiovisual work's soundtrack.[22] Prior to the Sound Recording Amendment (SRA),[23] which took effect in 1972, copyright in sound recordings was handled at the level of the several states. Federal copyright law preempts most state copyright laws but allows state copyright in sound recordings to continue for one full copyright term after the SRA's effective date,[24] which means 2067.

text: UK[edit]

text: Since 1934, copyright law in Great Britain has treated sound recordings (or phonograms) differently from musical works.[25] Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 defines a sound recording as (a) a recording of sounds, from which the sounds may be reproduced, or (b) a recording of the whole or any part of a literary, dramatic or musical work, from which sounds reproducing the work or part may be produced, regardless of the medium on which the recording is made or the method by which the sounds are reproduced or produced. It thus covers vinyl records, tapes, compact discs, digital audiotapes, and MP3s that embody recordings.


document_title: The Vampire Diaries (season 5)

question_text: when was season 5 of vampire diaries filmed

root

text: The Vampire Diaries (season 5)

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Nina Dobrev as Elena Gilbert / Katherine Pierce / Amara
Paul Wesley as Stefan Salvatore / Silas / Tom Avery
Ian Somerhalder as Damon Salvatore
Steven R. McQueen as Jeremy Gilbert
Kat Graham as Bonnie Bennett
Candice King as Caroline Forbes
Zach Roerig as Matt Donovan (himself; possessed by Gregor)
Michael Trevino as Tyler Lockwood (himself; possessed by Julian)

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Olga Fonda as Nadia Petrova
Rick Cosnett as Dr. Wesley "Wes" Maxfield
Michael Malarkey as Enzo St. John
Shaun Sipos as Aaron Whitmore
Penelope Mitchell as Olivia "Liv" Parker
Chris Brochu as Luke Parker
Marguerite MacIntyre as Sheriff Elizabeth "Liz" Forbes (herself; possessed by an unknown traveler)
Kendrick Sampson as Jesse
Janina Gavankar as Qetsiyah "Tessa"
Caitlin McHugh as Sloan
Raffi Barsoumian as Markos

text: Special guest[edit]

text: Jasmine Guy as Sheila Bennett

text: Special appearance[edit]

text:
David Anders as John Gilbert
Sara Canning as Jenna Sommers
Daniel Gillies as Elijah Mikaelson
Bianca Lawson as Emily Bennett
Joseph Morgan as Klaus Mikaelson

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Rick Worthy as Rudy Hopkins
Matt Davis as Alaric Saltzman
Kayla Ewell as Vicki Donovan
Claire Holt as Rebekah Mikaelson
Sabrina Mayfield as Dianne Freeman
Hans Obma as Gregor
Jason MacDonald as Grayson Gilbert
Hayley Kiyoko as Megan King
Nathaniel Buzolic as Kol Mikaelson
Heather Hemmens as Maggie James
Arielle Kebbel as Alexia "Lexi" Branson
Lana Young as Mrs. Douglas
Tamara Austin as Maria

text: Episodes[edit]

text: This section's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise. (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

90
1
"I Know What You Did Last Summer"
Lance Anderson
Caroline Dries
October 3, 2013 (2013-10-03)
2J7501
2.59[3]

With her relationship with Damon still intact, Elena begins her freshman year of college with Caroline at Whitmore College, excited about the chance to have a normal human experience, but their good time ends badly when their roommate is brutally murdered by what seems to be another vampire. Damon is left to take care of Jeremy, who has trouble adjusting back into school after telling everyone he faked his own death. After an altercation at school, he is expelled. Bonnie, still dead doesn't want anyone to know that she is dead and has Jeremy masquerade as her. Katherine has trouble adjusting to being human again and needs Damon's help after Silas comes after her and also her other enemies who are after her as she is vulnerable. Matt says goodbye to Rebekah after their summer traveling together and runs into an old friend named Nadia. Stefan is still in the locker underwater and is hallucinating while fighting the urge to turn off his humanity.

91
2
"True Lies"
Joshua Butler
Brian Young
October 10, 2013 (2013-10-10)
2J7502
2.14[4]

Underwater, Stefan has hallucinations of Damon telling him to turn off his humanity in order to get out. At Whitmore, Elena and Caroline try to figure out how Megan knew Elena's father and why her murder was covered up by the school. The autopsy report reveals that a mysterious professor covered up the true cause of death. Jeremy and Matt go on the run with Katherine with Silas on their tail. Caroline bonds with Jesse over their bad relationships. Elena, under the control of Silas, ties Damon up and attempts to kill him, but by focusing on the negative feeling she's had about Stefan all summer she returns to normal before she can carry out Silas' wishes. She finds out the truth about Stefan and temporarily drops out of college to go look for him. Elena tells Damon that even though Stefan will be there she will still love him. Elena, Damon and Sheriff Forbes find Stefan's safe, but instead of Stefan, they find a dead body, meaning Stefan was very hungry and could have turned off his humanity.

92
3
"Original Sin"
Jesse Warn
Melinda Hsu Taylor & Rebecca Sonnenshine
October 17, 2013 (2013-10-17)
2J7503
2.93[5]

Stefan finally surfaces after three months being locked in a safe underwater in the quarry. When Elena tells Damon that she had a dream about Stefan in a bar, Katherine says she had them too. Damon and Elena, alongside Katherine go to a bar to search for Stefan where they find the waitress who was bitten by Stefan. Qetsiyah has Stefan hostage and tells her version of how Silas became immortal. Qetsiyah reveals that she was originally to marry Silas and made the spell for him, when he betrayed her to take the immortality spell with the woman he really loved, Qetsiyah's handmaiden, Amara, she created the cure and killed Amara. Qetsiyah continues to divulge her plans of destroying Silas by using Stefan to make him weaker. Meanwhile, Nadia uses magic on Matt to contact Gregor (whom she killed to fool Silas) and uses him to get information about Katherine's whereabouts from Elena. Nadia kidnaps Katherine and goes to Silas to give her but she realizes that he is using her. When Damon finds Stefan, Qetsiyah warns him that Stefan and Elena are destined and he is just in the way. Qetsiyah performs a spell on Stefan, connecting him to Silas and ridding Silas of his psychic powers. When Stefan awakes following Qetsiyah's spell, he is suffering from amnesia.

93
4
"For Whom the Bell Tolls"
Michael Allowitz
Brett Matthews & Elisabeth R. Finch
October 24, 2013 (2013-10-24)
2J7504
2.63[6]

When Damon tries to remind Stefan about him and his past, Stefan has a problem with restraining. While Elena tries to help Stefan remember how they met and their past, Matt looks for help from Jeremy regarding his missing blocks of time and unusual circumstances upon waking up. Matt gets upset about Bonnie's lack of response to the people that need her, causing Jeremy to leave quickly. Jeremy is forced to tell Damon the truth about Bonnie. When Elena finally convinces Stefan to restrain himself, he tries to kiss her but she rejects him, citing her relationship with Damon, making him jealous and hungry. With all of this Stefan decides to turn his humanity off and feed from humans, he goes to the graveyard where he meets Caroline and Jesse and ends up attacking Jesse. Caroline is able to get Stefan under control and he trusts her. Back at the Salvatore mansion, Stefan burns his journals and tells Damon and Elena that he doesn't trust them and doesn't want to be around them. Elena finally learns that Bonnie is dead when Damon is forced to tell her. At an emotional gathering to ring the bell for Bonnie, she is able to speak to her friends with Jeremy relaying her words. Tyler returns when Damon, Elena, Caroline, Matt and Jeremy are honoring Bonnie's death. The mysterious professor, Wes, realizes that Jesse has vampire blood in his system and gives him an injection in an attempt to kill him.

94
5
"Monster's Ball"
Kellie Cyrus
Sonny Postiglione
October 31, 2013 (2013-10-31)
2J7505
2.07[7]

Elena tries to move on after the revelation of Bonnie's death. Damon and Jeremy develop a plan to return Bonnie to the living by using Silas who is trying to make himself mortal and commit a suicide; a life for a life. But the only way they could bring back Bonnie is by killing Stefan, that's what Silas' offer is. After a public meal Nadia reveals to Katherine that she is responsible for her mothers death in Paris when Klaus' minions came for her. Katherine attacks Nadia in the restaurant and escapes. At the Monster's Ball, Damon kills Stefan to temporarily restore psychic powers to Silas in order to get in Qetsiyah's mind and find the location of a supernatural marker. Believing that Silas is Stefan, Qetsiyah dance with Silas and once his powers are restored he compels Qetsiyah to reveal where the marker is. Qetsiyah divulges that she doesn't know the location of the marker, as the Travelers hid it after they killed her and move it constantly, she is instead looking for an amulet that amplifies her powers. Stefan revives from his most recent snapped-neck and snaps Damon's neck, rushing to save Qetsiyah from Silas. Retaliating, Qetsiyah crushes Silas' heart, though it won't kill him, it will cause him to rot from the inside out. A tense conversation with Wes and Elena ends with him telling her to pack her bags, drop out of school and return to Mystic Falls, stating that they won't see each other again. Meanwhile, Nadia shocks Katherine by telling her that Katherine did in fact killed her mother when she became a vampire as Nadia is Katherine's daughter. With revenge on his mind, Tyler decides to go after Klaus and ends his relationship with Caroline, seemingly for good, in the process. Damon and Elena use Katherine to bring Silas back as a witch, but despite being drained of blood, Katherine revives.

95
6
"Handle with Care"
Jeffrey Hunt
Caroline Dries & Holly Brix
November 7, 2013 (2013-11-07)
2J7506
2.59[8]

Katherine, who needs desperate help, goes after Caroline and asks for help. The two collide and go after professor Wes, of whom Caroline is suspicious, and try to find out his motives against vampires. Elena who thinks Stefan is in danger goes to save him from Qetsiyah but ends up trapped as well. Damon and Jeremy help Silas find the anchor of the other side. Qetsiyah reveals to Damon that the anchor is not an object, in fact it's Silas' lost love - Amara. Silas is able to free Amara but she attacks him and takes the cure. Damon and Jeremy decide to take Amara to use her as leverage against Silas. Katherine replaces Elena and goes at a secret community where vampires are not allowed, the same community that professor Wes is being part of. When they are done with Wes, Caroline compels him to think that Elena and her are not vampires. Qetsiyah brings Stefan's memories back when he frees Elena from the trap. Meanwhile, Katherine starts suffering from the life as her hair starts becoming grey.

96
7
"Death and the Maiden"
Leslie Libman
Rebecca Sonnenshine
November 14, 2013 (2013-11-14)
2J7507
2.72[9]

Now that he got his memories back Stefan is on a mission to kill Silas so he could get his revenge. When Bonnie meets Amara, Amara shows that she can both see and touch her which she explains is because she is the anchor to the other side. Damon and Elena realize that the only way they could get Bonnie back is by turning her as the anchor to the other side. That's why Damon goes to Qetsiyah and ask if she can do the spell. Qetsiyah reveals that the only way the spell can be done is by getting Amara with Elena and Katherine together and getting a drop of their blood. Katherine tells Qetsiyah that she will give her blood only if Qetsiyah helps her stop Katherine from aging, which Qetsiyah agrees. When Qetsiyah starts the spell, she is able to return Bonnie and then she decides to kill herself. Stefan on the other hand takes Amara so he could use her as bait. Stefan kills Silas and then Amara kills herself. Meanwhile, Nadia tries to get on with Katherine who doesn't want to have anything to do with her.

97
8
"Dead Man on Campus"
Rob Hardy
Brian Young & Neil Reynolds
November 21, 2013 (2013-11-21)
2J7508
2.67[10]

With Bonnie back, Elena and Caroline decide to throw a party, but Bonnie has problems by being the connection to the other side when supernatural creatures die and use her to move on. Jesse, who is a new vampire has problems and asks Caroline for help. Even after killing Silas, Stefan has some trouble remembering everything that happened the past summer. At the party, Elena sends Damon to take some questions from Wes about his vampire tests. Katherine uses Stefan and Nadia to find out Gregor's (in Matt's body) motives even when Silas is dead. Gregor reveals that his mission was to kill Silas and then go after Katherine and kill her. A vengeful Katherine stabs Matt with a special knife and Gregor's spirit is forced to leave his body. Wes reveals to Damon that Jesse was created to feed only from other vampires. Damon is attacked by Jesse and Elena is forced to kill him in order to save Damon. Caroline is somewhat understanding, but nevertheless disappointed, believing Elena's relationship with Damon is affecting her judgement. A desperate Katherine decides to jump out of the clock tower and kill herself but is saved by Stefan. While Bonnie and Jeremy make out Jesse appears having to go through Bonnie. Bonnie finally tells Jeremy she is the Anchor to the otherside but in the end they have sex. Wes reveals to Damon more about the blood tests and an organization named 'Augustine' which Damon remembers from his past. In the final scene, Damon is seen stuck in a cage with his initials on the walls.

98
9
"The Cell"
Chris Grismer
Melinda Hsu Taylor
December 5, 2013 (2013-12-05)
2J7509
2.36[11]

As Damon is caged, Wes reveals his plans to use him as his next test object. Stefan decides to look after Katherine, who is even more desperate now that she is dying. Elena gets herself in trouble when she asks for help from Aaron to find Wes. Caroline brings the safe Stefan spend three months under water in, so he could deal with his problems. Wes is forced to reveal the truth about vampires to Aaron in order to secure him. When Elena is trapped by Wes in a cage she meets Damon, who tells her about The Whittemore family and how he survived. Damon reveals to Elena that with him was a man named Enzo, who helped him survive but betrayed him at his escape. Katherine comes up with the perfect idea that can help Stefan move on from his fear from the safe. While Stefan and Katherine get closer, Damon shares his past to Elena. Aaron confronts Elena about his family's deaths, and Damon reveals that as a part of his revenge, he killed all of the Whitmore family except one, preferring to wait for more generations to be born so he could continue his revenge. Aaron shoots Damon while Elena meets the man who Damon betrayed — Enzo.

99
10
"Fifty Shades of Grayson"
Kellie Cyrus
Caroline Dries
December 12, 2013 (2013-12-12)
2J7510
2.44[12]

While Elena is trapped by Wes, who is continuing his research, Damon decides to ask Stefan for help in getting Elena back. Damon comes up with a plan where they will offer to exchange Aaron to save Elena; if Wes doesn't give them Elena back they will kill Aaron. Meanwhile, Katherine is having serious problems when aging becomes faster so she enlists Matt's help. Wes reveals to Elena that her father was a doctor practicing on vampires and using their blood to help other people. Damon is shocked when he meets his old friend Enzo — the man he couldn't save when he escaped from the cage, who is not too pleased to see him. Though Damon saves Enzo from Wes, the latter remains indignant with him, saying Damon will always be a monster. When Wes is on his way to turn Elena into a vampire ripper like Jesse, Stefan is able to save her. Later on Damon ends his relationship with Elena when she tries to overlook his gritty past with the Whitmores. Damon feels Elena should not have to make excuses for him, and sees her attempted resolve as only an indication of her changing. Nadia returns to Mystic Falls and tries to convince Katherine in becoming a traveler so she could live longer, which Katherine declines when she thinks Stefan has feelings for her. However, when she realizes that she was wrong, Katherine decides to accept the deal, but just when she does she collapses.

100
11
"500 Years of Solitude"
Chris Grismer
Julie Plec & Caroline Dries
January 23, 2014 (2014-01-23)
2J7511
2.72[13]

Nadia is trying to save her dying mother, Katherine, and comes up with a frightening plan. Elena and Stefan are forced to help Nadia to enact her plan after Nadia threw Matt in the safe which Stefan spent the summer locked in. Bonnie, Caroline and Jeremy search for Matt's location, but the returning Rebekah saves him. Katherine, who continues to fight for her life, remembers her time in Bulgaria back in 1492. Klaus also returns and confronts Caroline to admit her feelings for him; this later results in them sleeping together. After Nadia leads them, Elena and Stefan are trapped in a house full of travelers who are doing an unknown ritual. However, Elena and Stefan are able to escape, and later Elena goes to Katherine to forgive her for all the bad things that she did to her. Tyler returns as well and he catches up with the group. Upon her speech, Katherine attacks Elena and finish the ritual, officially becoming a traveler in Elena's body.

101
12
"The Devil Inside"
Kellie Cyrus
Brett Matthews & Sonny Postiglione
January 30, 2014 (2014-01-30)
2J7512
2.42[14]

In order to give Katherine permanent control over Elena's body, Nadia's friend Mia plans to cast a spell for which she needs to use Katherine's corpse. However Damon has already buried it himself, in the tomb where Katherine was supposed to have been buried alive in the 1800s. Katherine compels Matt to give her personal information about Elena so that she can impersonate her at Tyler's welcome home party, and hopefully learn the whereabouts of her corpse. Caroline reveals to Katherine (posing as Elena) that she slept with Klaus, which Tyler overhears and becomes extremely angry and hurt. Enzo brings Aaron Whitmore to Damon, who tells him to complete his killing streak and kill him (just like his parents and grandparents), however Damon declines. Katherine and Nadia are able to find Katherine's corpse, and then complete the spell. Later, Katherine (possessing Elena) breaks up with Damon, which angers Damon and causes him to attack Aaron in the final scene.

102
13
"Total Eclipse of the Heart"
Darren Genet
Rebecca Sonnenshine & Holly Brix
February 6, 2014 (2014-02-06)
2J7513
2.16[15]

Katherine has her sights set on getting back Stefan and Wes on the other hand continues with his experiments. Stefan is uncomfortable with Damon's newly forged friendship with Enzo, who continues to hunt and is now looking for Wes. In order to find Wes' location, Damon and Enzo confront Bonnie and want her to find a witch to make a spell to find Wes' location, and just to make sure Bonnie does that Enzo keeps Jeremy as a hostage. Katherine then asks Nadia to search information about Enzo and who he is so she compels Matt but Tyler overhears it. When Nadia found out that Tyler has overheard her conversation with Matt, she gets angry and attacks him. Jeremy is saved by Stefan and Katherine just in time, and when Damon and Enzo meet Wes they are attacked by a group of travellers. Later it is revealed that Wes injected Damon with something and now Damon starts feeding on other vampires.

103
14
"No Exit"
Michael Allowitz
Brian Young
February 27, 2014 (2014-02-27)
2J7514
2.03[16]

As Damon's behavior escalates from destructive to deadly, Stefan begins to regret their last conversation and decides to track Damon down and intervene. Katherine, masquerading as Elena, decides to accompany him in hopes of sparking a relationship. Dr. Wes enlists the Travelers to set a trap that will once again test Damon's friendship with Enzo. After a heart-to-heart talk with Nadia, Matt enlists Caroline and Tyler's help to protect Elena, leading to a violent confrontation. Later, when Stefan tries to comfort a dejected Caroline, their conversation leads to a horrifying realization.

104
15
"Gone Girl"
Lance Anderson
Melinda Hsu Taylor
March 6, 2014 (2014-03-06)
2J7515
2.19[17]

While Nadia remembers her centuries-long search for her mother, Stefan, Caroline and Matt come up with a desperate new plan to save Elena's life.Katherine approaches Dr. Wess for antidote to cure Nadia. For the second time, Bonnie and Jeremy must turn to Liv for help. Damon baits Tyler and takes off to seek revenge on Dr. Wes. Caroline and Tyler come to a new understanding. Katherine injects Elena's body with a toxin of werevolf venom and vampire blood drinking compound. She is later killed but fails to go to the other side and goes to hell instead.

105
16
"While You Were Sleeping"
Pascal Verschooris
Caroline Dries
March 20, 2014 (2014-03-20)
2J7516
2.28[18]

When Stefan tries to explain to a very sick Elena what she missed out on for the last three weeks, her first instinct is to call Damon. At the same time, Damon is trying to figure out how to tell Elena that he killed Aaron. While going through Dr. Wes' files, Caroline discovers that Dr Wes combined the werewolf venom from Nadia's blood with the vampire killing virus, and is surprised when Enzo appears, claiming to have an antidote for the virus, but needs Stefan in order for her to get it.At the end of the episode Elena forgives Damon for killing Aron and sleeps with him.

106
17
"Rescue Me"
Leslie Libman
Brett Matthews & Neil Reynolds
March 27, 2014 (2014-03-27)
2J7517
1.73[19]

A new Doppelganger of Stefan Salvatore is introduced as Tom Avery. Elena is told some upsetting news about Jeremy's personal life. Bonnie experiences a disconcerting encounter with Luke. Caroline and Enzo head to Atlanta to find Stefan's doppleganger. Enzo kills him. In PTA, Liz tries to kill Elena but is stopped by Damon. Jeremy, Matt and Tyler make a deal with her to spare Elena. Jeremy them moves out of Damon's house. At the camp, the travellers perform a ritual and go to the other side and their leader appears coming out from Bonnie.

107
18
"Resident Evil"
Paul Wesley
Brian Young & Caroline Dries
April 17, 2014 (2014-04-17)
2J7518
1.66[20]

Stefan and Elena start having dream/visions about alternate versions of themselves together, trying to draw them closer together. Damon finds this unsettling as do Elena and Stefan. Caroline's Mother and town folk have been possessed by the Travellers. Damon and Enzo find out that Markos (The Travellers Leader) is the cause for the visions. While Markos and Damon have little chat, Markos stops the visions. A passenger enters Tyler's body.

108
19
"Man on Fire"
Michael Allowitz
Melinda Hsu Taylor & Matthew D'Ambrosio
April 24, 2014 (2014-04-24)
2J7519
1.81[21]

Stefan helps Elena with their studies, distracting her from her entire situation with Damon. Bonnie is concerned as the destruction of the Other Side might affect her and her friends. Enzo continues to seek information about where to find his former girlfriend Maggie James, learning that she was killed by a vampire in 1960 much in the same way that Stefan does when he is in ripper mode. Enzo quickly accuses Stefan of the murder, but it takes an unexpected turn when Damon tells him that he killed Maggie. Enzo turns his humanity off and makes Stefan kill him. Meanwhile, The Travelers begin a new plan to break an ancient curse placed upon them by the witches after Silas made himself immortal. Stefan doesn't let Damon know of Enzo's death.

109
20
"What Lies Beneath"
Joshua Butler
Elisabeth R. Finch & Holly Brix
May 1, 2014 (2014-05-01)
2J7520
1.84[22]

When Tyler turns up at the Salvatore house with the news that Markos' plan to break the witches' curse by draining Stefan and Elena's Blood, Damon suggests they hide out in the remote cabin once owned by Caroline's father and have Luke hide them with magic. Once there, it becomes obvious to Caroline that Stefan and Elena are keeping a secret, possible that they're back together, so Caroline comes up with a game designed to expose the truth. When Ghostly Enzo realizes he can physically interact with people in the real world, he quickly hopes for revenge. Meanwhile, Matt and Jeremy takes charge of Tyler's plan to find out where Markos is from the Traveler inside him, and Bonnie continues to keep the truth about the Other Side from Jeremy, despite warnings from Grams.

110
21
"Promised Land"
Michael Allowitz
Rebecca Sonnenshine
May 8, 2014 (2014-05-08)
2J7521
1.50[23]

With the other side collapsing around them, everyone must work together to survive. With Stefan and Elena captured by Markos and being drained of blood, their saviour comes from an unlikely source. Enzo, who is determined to find a way back from the other side permanently, continues tormenting Bonnie to make her do the spell she's promised to bring him back, not knowing that she's lied and has no way of doing it. Meanwhile with the help of Jeremy and Matt, Damon takes and hides the bodies of all those who the travelers are occupying, trying to gain some leverage over Markos. This comes to no avail as Markos makes it clear that there are more travelers amongst them who they haven't yet seen. On their way back to Mystic Falls, Elena and Stefan are picked up by Maria. She reveals it was she who helped them escape. On entering the town, they are abruptly stopped by Liv and Luke who are determined to kill Elena or Stefan to stop the spell, killing Maria in the process. In a last ditch attempt to gain control of the situation, Damon releases Julian who is occupying Tyler's body, but it all comes too late. The spell to rid the world of all magic gets set into motion. Elena, Damon, and Stefan's daylight rings start to fail as does Liv and Luke's magic against them, giving them the opportunity to escape, and they take refuge to stay alive with the help of Matt. Everyone regroups to discuss ways to out run the spell in order to stay alive. Stefan and Caroline are left with Julian who is still occupying Tyler's body. Stefan breaks the news that Maria is dead and Julian, who is angry and determined to make someone pay, lashes out and rips Stefan's heart out killing him.

111
22
"Home"
Chris Grismer
Caroline Dries & Brian Young
May 15, 2014 (2014-05-15)
2J7522
1.61[24]

After the only traveler who would be willing to help them is sucked into oblivion, and with her the only chance of bringing Stefan back, Damon, Elena, Enzo, Bonnie and Caroline form a new plan for bringing back Stefan. Liv chants a resurrection spell after her brother has his neck snapped by Caroline, and meanwhile, Matt and Jeremy cause a gas leak under the Mystic Grill. Bonnie and Enzo search for a dead traveler who resides on the other side, who turns out to be Silas. In order to bring back Stefan and Enzo, Bonnie agrees to help Silas to also return. Just as the plan comes together, oblivion starts claiming more souls, and Bonnie refuses to help Silas not be sucked away, meanwhile Damon and Elena drive into the Mystic Grill, causing an explosion, killing every traveler gathered there. Bonnie waits in the woods for her Grams, who arrives and informs her that she will not pass through her as she has found peace by ensuring that Bonnie will find hers. Later, after Luke, Enzo, Tyler, Stefan and Elena have passed back through to the living, Luke tries to convince Liv to stop casting the spell. Tyler realizes that he is no longer a hybrid nor a triggered werewolf as he no longer heals. Lexi realizes that each passing weakens Bonnie further, reducing her chances of surviving to take Damon back to the living world and so after stopping Markos from travelling back through Bonnie, she disappears and finds peace. Alaric and Damon arrive and Bonnie pulls Alaric back through while Luke begins to perform a spell that cancels Liv's spell, thus when Bonnie tries to help Damon though, she is unable to return him to the realm of the living. Bonnie reveals to Jeremy that there was never a way to save her and Damon says goodbye to Elena despite her not being able to hear him. Bonnie and Damon then stand looking into a bright white light holding hands.

text: DVR viewers[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
18–49 rating (Live + SD)
Viewers
(millions) increase
Total 18-49 increase
Total viewers
(millions)
Ref

1
"I Know What You Did Last Summer"
October 3, 2013 (2013-10-03)
1.2
1.35
2.0
3.94
[25]

5
"Monsters Ball"
October 31, 2013 (2013-10-31)
0.9
1.53
1.7
3.67
[26]

14
"No Exit"
February 27, 2014 (2014-02-27)
0.9
1.35
1.5
3.74
[27]

15
"Gone Girl"
March 6, 2014 (2014-03-06)
1.0
1.31
1.6
'3.50'
[28]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: The series was renewed for a fifth season on February 11, 2013. The first writers meeting held on April 15, 2013.[29] Filming began on July 10, 2013,[30] and finished on April 10, 2014.[31]

tag: p

text: Cast[edit]

text: The cast features Nina Dobrev as Elena Gilbert, Katherine Pierce and Amara; Paul Wesley as Stefan Salvatore, Silas and Tom Avery; Ian Somerhalder as Damon Salvatore; Steven R. McQueen as Jeremy Gilbert; Candice Accola as Caroline Forbes; Zach Roerig as Matt Donovan; Kat Graham as Bonnie Bennett and Michael Trevino as Tyler Lockwood, who is still under contract.

text: Within the first three episodes, four new characters were introduced: Nadia, a girl with a mission of revenge who has traveled around the world, Jesse, an upper-class boy who goes to college, Actors Olga Fonda and Kendrick Sampson were cast in the roles of Nadia and Jesse, respectively. On August 2, 2013, it was announced that Janina Gavankar will play Tessa.[32]


document_title: Grease: You're the One That I Want!

question_text: who won grease you're the one that i want

question_tokens: who won grease you 're the one that i want

text: Grease: You're the One That I Want!

text: Tryouts, competition, and casting[edit]

text: The show held open auditions in Chicago, New York City, Los Angeles, and Las Vegas in October and November 2006.[3]  The show followed the successes and failures of performers of varying quality and experience through the audition process.  The show's hosts, Access Hollywood anchor Billy Bush[4] and British actress/presenter Denise van Outen,[5] encouraged and interviewed the auditioners.

text: The applicants were whittled down to 50, who attended "Grease Academy" for intensive training and testing, particularly in voice and dance.  From these, 12 contestants were selected by the judges.  The panel of three judges consisted of director/choreographer Kathleen Marshall, Grease co-writer Jim Jacobs, and British producer David Ian. In addition, later episodes of the show featured guest judges Olivia Newton-John, Andrew Lloyd Webber, Jon Secada, and Rob Marshall, as well as guest performer Frankie Avalon.   The number of contestants rose to 14 in the fourth episode when two previously eliminated contestants, Matt Nolan and Ashley Anderson, were brought back and given a second chance.

text: The first episode aired in a 90-minute format at 8:00 pm Eastern U.S. time on January 7, 2007.  Subsequent episodes of the limited-run series were one hour long.  After the judges had selected the contestants, viewer voting began at the end of the first live show, which aired on January 28.  Each week, the contestants were coached on a performance skill – singing, dancing or acting.  The contestants' performances were then critiqued by the judges, after which the viewers voted for their favorite performers.  The two lowest vote recipients in each group from the previous week were required to compete in a "sing-off", on the next episode, where the judges chose which two should be allowed to remain in the competition, and which two would be eliminated. At the end of each episode, the eliminated Danny sang "Sandy" as his grand exit, and the eliminated Sandy sang "Goodbye to Sandra Dee" as her grand exit.

text: In the season finale on March 25, 2007, judge Kathleen Marshall stated that if she would have had to choose two performers at the end of the "Grease Academy" section, she would have chosen Julianna and Derek.[6]  However, by the time of the finale she was quite vocal in wanting Max and Laura as her "Danny" and "Sandy".  Fortunately for her, it was announced that the program's viewing audience agreed as they had chosen contestants Laura Osnes and Max Crumm to star, respectively, as Sandy and Danny.  The runners up were Ashley Spencer and Austin Miller. Osnes and Crumm stayed with the Broadway company till July 20, 2008. Two days later Ashley Spencer and Derek Keeling took over the roles of Sandy and Danny.[7] Allie Schulz recently understudied the roles of Sandy, Cha-Cha, and Patty on Broadway[8] and originated the role Rizzo in the national tour of Grease with Eric Schneider as Danny and Emily Padgett as Sandy. Season 5 American Idol winner Taylor Hicks performed as the Teen Angel.[9] The Broadway production ended on January 4, 2009, after 31 previews and 554 performances.[10]

text: Contestants[edit]

text: The Sandys[edit]

text:
Name

Color

Nickname

Status

Laura Osnes

 Yellow

Small Town Sandy

Winner

Ashley Spencer

 Green

Ballerina Sandy

Second place

Allie Schulz

 Pink

Baby Sandy

Third place

Kathleen Monteleone

 Orange

Spiritual Sandy

Eliminated March 4, 2007

Kate Rockwell

 Light Blue

Serious Sandy

Eliminated February 25, 2007

Juliana Hansen

 Lavender

Rock Chick Sandy

Eliminated February 18, 2007

Ashley Anderson

 Hot Pink

Emotional Sandy

Eliminated February 11, 2007

text: The Dannys[edit]

text:
Name

Color

Nickname

Status

Max Crumm

 Orange

Slacker Danny

Winner

Austin Miller

 Red

Hot Danny

Second place

Derek Keeling

 Blue

Wholesome Danny

Third place

Chad Doreck

 Turquoise

Ambitious Danny

Eliminated March 11, 2007

Kevin Greene

 Green

Bellhop Danny

Eliminated February 25, 2007

Jason Celaya

 Purple

Boy Band Danny

Eliminated February 18, 2007

Matt Nolan

 Grey

Second Chance Danny

Eliminated February 11, 2007

text: Group performance[edit]

text:
Week 1: "You're The One That I Want!"/"We Go Together"
Week 2: "Summer Nights"
Week 3: "Born to Hand Jive"
Week 4 (Sandy Night): "Look at Me, I'm Sandra Dee"
Week 5 (Danny Night): "Greased Lightning"
Week 6: "Grease (is the Word)"
Week 7: "Rock and Roll is Here to Stay"
Week 8:

text:
"We Go Together"/"You're The One That I Want!" (finalists only)
"Born to Hand Jive" (eliminated contestants only)
"Greased Lightning" (winner only; Danny)
"Hopelessly Devoted to You" (winner only; Sandy)
"Summer Nights" (group reunion)
"You're The One That I Want!"(finale)

text: Sing-off performance[edit]

text:
Week 2: "Tears on My Pillow"
Week 3: "Those Magic Changes"
Week 4 (Sandy Night): "Blue Moon"
Week 5 (Danny Night): "It's Raining on Prom Night"
Week 6: "Rock and Roll Party Queen"

text: United Kingdom version[edit]

text: A similar show was broadcast in the United Kingdom during the first half of 2007. Grease Is the Word was broadcast on ITV, with judges David Ian (the producer and man behind the revival), David Gest, 1980s singer Sinitta, and American dance icon Brian Friedman. Starting on 7 April 2007 the show followed a similar format to that of the American one.  On 11 June 2007, Danny Bayne and Susan McFadden were named as the new Danny and Sandy, to act in the West End revival at the London's Piccadilly Theatre from Wednesday, 8 August 2007.

text: Israel version[edit]

text: A similar show was broadcast in Israel in 2008.Grease was broadcast on Channel 2 , with judges Hanny Nahmias and Assaf Amdursky.


document_title: List of governors-general of India

question_text: when did governor general's rule end in india

question_tokens: when did governor general 's rule end in india

text: List of governors-general of India

text: The Regulating Act of 1773 created the office with the title of Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William, or Governor-General of Bengal to be appointed by the Court of Directors of the East India Company (EIC). The Court of Directors assigned a Council of Four (based in India) to assist The Governor General, and decision of council was binding on Governor General during 1773-1784.

text: The Saint Helena Act 1833 (or Government of India Act 1833) re-designated the office with the title of Governor-General of India.

text: After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the company rule was brought to an end, and the British India along with princely states came under the direct rule of the Crown. The Government of India Act 1858 created the office of Secretary of State for India in 1858 to oversee the affairs of India, which was advised by a new Council of India with 15 members (based in London). The existing Council of Four was formally renamed as the Council of Governor General of India or Executive Council of India. The Council of India was later abolished by Government of India Act 1935.

text: Following the adoption of the Government of India Act of 1858, the Governor-General as representing the Crown became known as the Viceroy. The designation 'Viceroy', although it was most frequently used in ordinary parlance, had no statutory authority, and was never employed by Parliament. Although the Proclamation of 1858 announcing the assumption of the government of India by the Crown referred to Lord Canning as "first Viceroy and Governor-General", none of the Warrants appointing his successors referred to them as 'Viceroys', and the title, which was frequently used in Warrants dealing with precedence and in public notifications, was basically one of ceremony used in connection with the state and social functions of the Sovereign's representative. The Governor-General continued to be the sole representative of the Crown, and the Government of India continued to be vested in the Governor-General-in-Council.[1]

text: From the year 1858 onwards, the appointments of Governor-General of India were made by British Crown at the advice of Secretary of State for India. The office of Governor-General continued to exist as a ceremonial post in each of the new dominions until they adopted republican constitutions in 1950 and 1956 respectively..

text: List of Viceroys and Governor-Generals[edit]

text:
Portrait
Name
(Birth–Death)
Term of office
Notable events
Appointer

Governors of the Presidency of Fort William (Bengal), 1773–1833

Warren Hastings
(1732-1818)
20 October
1773
[nb 1]
1 February
1785

Regulating Act of 1773
Supreme Council Of Bengal
Asiatic Society of Bengal
Stopped Mughal pension to Shah Alam II
Stopped Diarchy in Bengal
New Sanskrit School by Jonathan Deccan
Moved Treasury from Murshidabad to Calcutta
Bengal Gazette- First Indian newspaper published
First Anglo-Maratha War (1775–82)
Second Anglo-Mysore war (1780–84)
First Rohilla War of 1773–1774
Second Rohilla War 1779
Experimentation on land settlements. (1772-five years settlement, changed to 1 year in 1776)
English Translation of Bhagwat Gita[2]

East India
Company

(1773–1858)

John Macpherson
(acting)
(1745–1821)
1 February
1785
12 September
1786

Charles Cornwallis
The Marquess Cornwallis [nb 2]
(1738–1805)
12 September
1786
28 October
1793

Established lower courts and appellate courts
Permanent Settlement in Bihar and Bengal in 1793
3rd Mysore war
Introduction of Cornwallis Code
Introduction of Civil Services in India

John Shore
(1751–1834)
28 October
1793
18 March
1798

Policy of Non-intervention
Charter Act of 1793
Battle of Kharda between Nizam and Marathas (1795)

Alured Clarke
(acting)
(1744–1832)
18 March
1793
18 May
1798

Richard Wellesley, Earl of Mornington [nb 3]
(1760–1842)
18 May
1798
30 July
1805

Introduction of Subsidiary Alliance
Fourth Anglo Mysore War 1799
Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803–05)
Fort William College at Calcutta
Formation of Madras Presidency in 1801

The Marquess Cornwallis
(1738–1805)
30 July
1805
5 October
1805

Sir George Barlow, Bt
(acting)
(1762–1847)
10 October
1805
31 July
1807

Sepoy mutiny at Vellore

The Lord Minto
(1751–1814)
31 July
1807
4 October
1813

Charter Act of 1813
Treaty of Amritsar, 1809 with Ranjit Singh

Francis Rawdon-Hastings, The Earl of Moira [nb 4]
(1754–1826)
4 October
1813
9 January
1823

Ended the policy of Non-intervention
Third Anglo-Maratha War (1816-1818)
1816,Treaty of Sagauli with Nepal
Creation of Bombay Presidency in 1818
Establishment of Ryotwari System in Madras and
Mahalwari System in Central India,Punjab And Western UP.

John Adam
(acting)
(1779–1825)
9 January
1823
1 August
1823

Licensing Regulations

The Lord Amherst[nb 5]
(1773–1857)
1 August
1823
13 March
1828

First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–26)
Treaty of Yandabo, 1826

William Butterworth Bayley
(acting)
(1782–1860)
13 March
1828
4 July
1828

Governors-General of India, 1833–1858

Lord William Bentinck
(1774–1839)
4 July
1828
20 March
1835

First Governor General of India
Bengal Sati Regulation, 1829
Charter Act, 1833
Saint Helena Act 1833
English Education Act 1835
Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata

East India
Company

(1773–1858)

Charles Metcalfe, Bt
(acting)
(1785–1846)
20 March
1835
4 March
1836

Repealed 1823 Licensing Regulations

The Lord Auckland[nb 6]
(1784–1849)
4 March
1836
28 February
1842

The Lord Ellenborough
(1790–1871)
28 February
1842
June
1844

William Wilberforce Bird
(acting)
(1784–1857)
June
1844
23 July
1844

Henry Hardinge[nb 7]
(1785–1856)
23 July
1844
12 January
1848

The First Anglo-Sikh War (1845–46)
The Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848–49)
Treaty of Lahore

The Earl of Dalhousie[nb 8]
(1812–1860)
12 January
1848
28 February
1856

Doctrine of Lapse
Charles Wood Despatch
Second Anglo-Burmese War (1852)
First Railway line connecting Bombay and Thane
First telegraph Line was laid between Diamond Harbour to Calcutta.
Post Office Act, 1854
Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856
Established Public Works Department
Engineering College was established at Roorkee

Governors-General and Viceroys of India, 1858–1947

The Viscount Canning[nb 9]
(1812–1862)
28 February
1856
21 March
1862

University of Bombay, Calcutta and Madras were set up in 1858
The revolt of 1857
The Government of India Act, 1858
Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856

Victoria

(1837–1901)

The Earl of Elgin
(1811–1863)
21 March
1862
20 November
1863

Robert Napier
(acting)
(1810–1890)
21 November
1863
2 December
1863

William Denison
(acting)
(1804–1871)
2 December
1863
12 January
1864

Sir John Lawrence, Bt
(1811–1879)
12 January
1864
12 January
1869

Bhutan War
Establishment of Shimla as India's summer capital in 1863

The Earl of Mayo
(1822–1872)
12 January
1869
8 February
1872

Assassinated by a Pathan Sher Ali Afridi

Started the Census.

Sir John Strachey
(acting)
(1823–1907)
9 February
1872
23 February
1872

The Lord Napier
(acting)
(1819–1898)
24 February
1872
3 May
1872

The Lord Northbrook
(1826–1904)
3 May
1872
12 April
1876

The Lord Lytton
(1831–1891)
12 April
1876
8 June
1880

Vernacular Press Act
Second Anglo-Afghan War
The Indians Act (1878)[3]

The Marquess of Ripon
(1827–1909)
8 June
1880
13 December
1884

First Factory Act (1881)
Repeal of the Vernacular Press Act (1882)
Ilbert Bill

The Earl of Dufferin
(1826–1902)
13 December
1884
10 December
1888

Formation of Indian National Congress
Third Anglo-Burmese War

The Marquess of Lansdowne
(1845–1927)
10 December
1888
11 October
1894

The Earl of Elgin
(1849–1917)
11 October
1894
6 January
1899

The Lord Curzon of Kedleston[nb 10]
(1859–1925)
6 January
1899
18 November
1905

Partition of Bengal (1905)
Second Delhi Darbar (1903)

The Earl of Minto
(1845–1914)
18 November
1905
23 November
1911

Edward VII

(1901–1910)

The Lord Hardinge of Penshurst
(1858–1944)
23 November
1911
4 April
1916

George V

(1910–1936)

The Lord Chelmsford
(1868–1933)
4 April
1916
2 April
1921

The Earl of Reading
(1860–1935)
2 April
1921
3 April
1926

The Lord Irwin
(1881–1959)
3 April
1926
18 April
1931

The Earl of Willingdon
(1866–1941)
18 April
1931
18 April
1936

The Marquess of Linlithgow
(1887–1952)
18 April
1936
1 October
1943

Edward VIII

(1936)

The Viscount Wavell
(1883–1950)
1 October
1943
21 February
1947

George VI

(1936–1952)

The Viscount Mountbatten of Burma
(1900–1979)
21 February
1947
15 August
1947

Governors-General of the Dominion of India, 1947–1950

The Viscount Mountbatten of Burma[nb 11]
(1900–1979)
15 August
1947
21 June
1948

George VI

(1936–1952)

C. Rajagopalachari
(1878–1972)
21 June
1948
26 January
1950

text:
Jump up ^ Originally joined on 28 April 1772
Jump up ^ Earl Cornwallis from 1762; created Marquess Cornwallis in 1792.
Jump up ^ Created Marquess Wellesley in 1799.
Jump up ^ Created Marquess of Hastings in 1816
Jump up ^ Created Earl Amherst in 1826.
Jump up ^ Created Earl of Auckland in 1839.
Jump up ^ Created Viscount Hardinge in 1846.
Jump up ^ Created Marquess of Dalhousie in 1849.
Jump up ^ Created Earl Canning in 1859.
Jump up ^ The Lord Ampthill was acting Governor-General in 1904
Jump up ^ Created Earl Mountbatten of Burma on 28 October 1947.

tag: ol


document_title: Face Off (TV series)

question_text: who won the most recent season of face off

text: Face Off (TV series)

text: Format[edit]

text: Face Off is presented as a progressive elimination competition between 12 and 16 make-up artists. Each week, the artists face a "Spotlight Challenge" that tests their artistry and techniques to create a full makeup character to match a theme over the course of 3 days. The first day allows for concept design and sculpting for five hours, a second day of 9½ to 10 hours for work in finishing the molding, and a final day of 4 hours in applying the makeup before a one-hour "Last Look" for touch ups. The judges then have the opportunity to look at the makeups from afar and up close, and decide a series of top and bottom looks for the week. One artist will be deemed the winner, sometimes receiving a special bonus prize such as immunity from elimination or a cash reward, and one artist will be eliminated from the running for the grand prize. Some episodes also feature a "Foundation Challenge", a smaller challenge that introduces a new technique on a smaller scale, and the winner is awarded an advantage for that week's Spotlight Challenge, ranging from immunity from elimination to receiving a first choice of theme. More recent seasons have included a "Guantlet" challenge, where the artists must complete in three rounds of challenges over two days, with either rounds scored on a point system to determine the winner and loser, or the winners of individual rounds considered safe and do not need to participate in the future rounds.

text: The elimination format proceeds until three or four contestants are left. At this point, they are generally given a larger assignment typically involving the makeup of two or more actors for a short film or similar setpiece to feature their work. The judges review the make-up within the context of this final setpiece to determine the winner. The Face Off winner receives US$100,000 and a year's supply of makeup from Alcone (changed to US$25,000 of makeup in season 2),[9] a "grand prize that will launch a career".[10] The second season added the 2012 Toyota Camry Hybrid to its prize package. The Season 3 grand prize winner will receive the same US$25,000 of Alcone makeup and US$100,000 cash prize, in addition to the opportunity to become a guest lecturer at the "Make up for Ever Academy" in New York and Paris, and the Toyota Prius v. The prize package for season 4 remains the same with the exception of the 2013 Fiat 500 replacing the Prius V as the prize vehicle.

text: Production and development[edit]

text: Syfy began the development of Face Off in March 2010 in association with production company Mission Control Media.[11] Syfy confirmed that it had ordered the series in May,[10] and announced the host and judges in November.[3] Producers held open casting calls in Los Angeles and Orlando, Florida and accepted audition videos through September 15.[12]

text: Seasons[edit]

text:
Season
Premiere
Finale
Winner
Runners-Up
Number of contestants
Number of episodes

1
January 26, 2011
March 16, 2011
Conor McCullagh
Gage Hubbard
Tate Steinsiek
12
8

2
January 11, 2012
March 14, 2012
Rayce Bird
Ian Cromer
Robert "RJ" Haddy
14
10

3
August 21, 2012
October 31, 2012
Nicole Chilelli
Laura Tyler
Derek Garcia
12
12

4
January 15, 2013
March 26, 2013
Anthony Kosar
Kristian "Kris" Kobzina
Wayne Anderson
14
11

5
August 13, 2013
November 5, 2013
Laura Tyler
Tate Steinsiek
Roy Wooley
16
13

6
January 14, 2014
April 22, 2014
Rashaad Santiago
George Schminky
Tyler Green
15
15

7
July 22, 2014
October 28, 2014
Dina Cimarusti
Cig Neutron
Drew Talbot
16
14

8
January 13, 2015
April 14, 2015
Darla Edin
Emily Serpico
Logan Long
15
14

9
July 28, 2015
October 27, 2015
Nora Hewitt
Ben Ploughman
Evan Hedges
16
14

10
January 13, 2016
April 13, 2016
Rob Seal
Melissa Ebbe
Walter Welsh
14
14

11
January 24, 2017 [13]
April 25, 2017
Cig Neutron
Emily Serpico
George Troester III
16 [13]
14

12
June 13, 2017
August 22, 2017
Andrew Freeman
KC Mussman
Kierstin Lapatka
12
10

text: Season 1 (2011)[edit]

text: The first season of Face Off was won by Conor McCullagh of Orlando, Florida. Face Off Season 1 drew an average audience of 1.4 million viewers per episode during season 1.[4]

text: Season 2 (2012)[edit]

text: The second season of Face Off was won by Rayce Bird of Shelley, Idaho. Season 2 premiere episode posted the best ratings performance for any Syfy original series since November ‘09,[14] even increasing from those ratings in subsequent episodes.[15] The finale drew over 2.4 million viewers,[16] and was SyFy's most watched unscripted telecast ever.[17]

text: Season 3 (2012)[edit]

text: Syfy held open call auditions for the third season on November 19, 2011 in Los Angeles, California and Orlando, Florida. Filming began during the spring of 2012 to be ready for a summer release. The third season of Face Off premiered on August 21, 2012. The selected contestants were revealed to the public on June 29, 2012. This is the first season of the show where two relatives have been selected as contestants: fraternal twin brothers Eric and Derek Garcia were among those chosen to participate. While Neill and Hetrick remain as judges, concept designer Neville Page became a replacement judge with Tatopoulos appearing in the season premiere, a subsequent episode, and the finale.[18] The season finale was broadcast live on Halloween, October 31, 2012 and viewers voted for the winner. Halfway through the season the first five eliminated contestants (excluding Joe Castro who was the first contestant ever disqualified from the competition in the season premiere) were allowed to compete in a foundation challenge, with the victor returning to the show. This challenge was won by Nicole Chilelli of Sacramento, California, who went on to become this season's champion.[19]

text: Season 4 (2013)[edit]

text: Syfy picked up Face Off for a fourth season on October 9, 2012 which premiered January 15, 2013.[20] A sneak peek of the upcoming season premiered during the live season 3 finale. Season 4 was won by Anthony Kosar of Chicago, Illinois.

text: Season 5 (2013)[edit]

text: Syfy picked up Face Off for a fifth season.[8] During season 4's Face-Off redemption, Eric Zapata won a place as one of the eight returning contestants who are to compete against eight new contestants. This was the second season that a contestant voluntarily left the competition, when Laney Parkhurst departed in episode 11. The season was won by Laura Tyler of Orlando, Florida, who was a finalist on season 3.

text: Season 6 (2014)[edit]

text: Season 6 started January 14, 2014. This season was won by Rashaad Santiago of The Bronx, New York City, New York. This season had a theme of "extremes". During this season the judges had the power to save one contestant who would have normally been eliminated. This season also featured a trip to Tokyo, Japan, where the artists competed in an Oni foundation challenge and found inspiration for an Anime spotlight challenge.

text: Season 7 (2014)[edit]

text: Season 7 was announced on April 18, 2014.[21] It premiered on July 22, 2014. This season features a fourth judge, Lois Burwell. Season 7 was won by Dina Cimarusti of Chicago, Illinois. This season also focused on the theme of "life and death" and used this theme for many of the challenges. This season employed the one-time save of an eliminated contestant that was introduced in season 6.

text: Season 8 (2015)[edit]

text: Season 8 was announced on October 22, 2014. It was premiered on January 13, 2015. During this season the 15 new artists are placed into three teams of five, each coached by a previous winner of Face Off. The coaches were Rayce Bird (Season 2 Winner), Anthony Kosar (Season 4 Winner), and Laura Tyler (Season 3 Runner Up, Season 5 Winner). If every member of a coaches team is eliminated, that coach leaves the competition as well. This season was won by Darla Edin of Minneapolis, Minnesota. She was part of Team Laura, making Laura the first person to win Face Off twice.

text: Season 9 (2015)[edit]

text: Season 9 was announced on April 8, 2015. It premiered on July 28, 2015. This season had a theme of "surprises" and featured two new challenge formats: focus challenges and The Gauntlet. In a focus challenge, the artists are given two days (as opposed to the usual three allotted for a spotlight challenge) to create a makeup that focuses on the face and strong application is emphasized. The Gauntlet is a series of three consecutive foundation challenges, each testing a different aspect of the artists' abilities. The least successful artist after the three rounds is eliminated. The season finale took place on October 27, 2015. The winner of season 9 was Nora Hewitt of Barkhamsted, Connecticut.

text: Season 10 (2016)[edit]

text: Season 10 was announced on October 27, 2015. It premiered on January 13, 2016. In this season the judges were allowed to save one contestant who would normally be eliminated, a device previously used in seasons 6 and 7. The winner of this season was Rob Seal of Lake View Terrace, California.

text: Season 11 (2017)[edit]

text: Season 11 premiered on January 24, 2017. The season featured an all star cast of 16 returning contestants and had all of them working in teams of two until episode 8. From this episode 9, the competition is individual. The winner was Cig Neutron of Los Angeles, California, who was a finalist in Season 7.

text: Season 12 (2017)[edit]

text: Season 12 premiered on June 13, 2017. This season, 12 new artists were split into two competing FX shops. The winner of this season was Andrew Freeman of Glendora, California.

text: Cast appearance chart[edit]


document_title: List of Indian members of the Indian Civil Service

question_text: the first indian selected for indian civil service

text:
Name
Year of Examination
Year of Joining
Year of Resignation/Disqualification
Rank
Final Posting

Satyendranath Tagore
1863
1864

Judge, Satara

Romesh Dutt
1869
1871

Commissioner (offgt.) of Orissa; later Dewan, Baroda

Behari Lal Gupta
1869
1871

Sessions Judge, Bengal; later Chief Minister, Baroda

Surendranath Banerjee (later Sir)
1869
1871
1871 (Disqualification)

Minister in the Dyarchy Cabinet in Bengal, 1921-1926

Ananda Ram Baruah
1870
1872

The first ICS from Assam/North-East
District Magistrate and Collector in Bengal

Krishna Govinda Gupta (later Sir)
1871
1873

Commissioner, Bengal; later member, Secretary of State's Council, UK

Brajendranath De
1873
1875

17th
Magistrate and Collector of Hooghly, (1910); also Commissioner (offg.), Burdwan, Bengal (1905)

Perungavur Rajagopalachari (later Diwan Bahadur and Sir)
1886
1888

Chairman of the Madras Legislative Council

Basanta Kumar Mullick
1887
1889

Puisne Judge of the Patna High Court

Albion Rajkumar Banerjee (later Sir)
1894
1895

Prime Minister of Kashmir; Dewan of Mysore

Atul Chandra Chatterjee (later Sir)
1896
1897

text: c d deshmukh ics topper 1918

text:
Name
Year of Examination
Year of Joining
Year of Resignation/Disqualification
Rank
Final Posting

Sarat Kumar Ghosh (later Sir)
1903
1903

Chief Justice of Jaipur & of Kashmir

Gurusaday Dutt
1905
1905

First Indian to come first in any part of the Open Competitive Services examination; 1st (in the 2nd Part)
Secretary, Local Self Government and Public Health

Benegal Narsing Rau (later Sir)
1908
1909

Prime Minister of Kashmir

Benegal Rama Rau (later Sir)

Governor, Reserve Bank of India

Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi (later Sir)

Governor of the Punjab

Muhammad Saleh Akbar Hydari Jr. (later Sir)
1918
1919

Governor of Assam

Sukumar Sen
1919
1921

Chief Election Commissioner of India

Subhas Chandra Bose
1920
1921
1921(Resignation)
4th

Dr Panna Lal[1]

Y. N. Sukthankar (later CIE)

1921

Second Cabinet Secretary of India

K. P. S. Menon

First Foreign Secretary (India)

Nilakanta Mahadeva Iyer (later CIE)

1922

Binay Ranjan Sen (later CIE)

1922

N. R. Pillai (later Sir)

1923

First Cabinet Secretary of India

C. S. Venkatachari

1923

Chief Minister of Rajasthan

Girija Shankar Bajpai (later Sir)

Governor of Maharashtra

Annada Shankar Ray
1927

Birendra Narayan Chakraborty
1928

Subimal Dutt
1928

Foreign Secretary (India)

Dharma Vira

1931

Governor of West Bengal

Bhairab Dutt Pande

Governor of West Bengal

Lallan Prasad Singh

Aditya Nath Jha Last posting First Lt. Governor of Delhi

Governor of Assam

Lakshmi Kant Jha

Indian Ambassador to United States

Haribhai M. Patel

Defence Minister, Government of India

MS Randhawa

1934

Chief Commissioner of Chandigarh

Maharaj Sri Nagendra Singh

President of the International Court of Justice, The Hague

K.B. Lall

Secretary, Defence, GOI

Tarlok Singh

1937

Member of the Planning Commission of India

Triloki Nath Kaul

1939

Ambassador, Foreign Secretary

Govind Narain

1939

Governor of Karnataka

H.V.R. Iyengar

Governor of the Reserve Bank of India

S. Jagannathan

Governor of the Reserve Bank of India

Chandrika Prasad Srivastava (later Sir)

Secretary General of International Maritime Organisation, London

Nirmal Kumar Mukarji
1941
1943

Governor of Punjab

Bhagwan Singh (later Captain)

1946

Indian High Commissioner to Fiji