document_title: Darth Vader

question_text: who voiced darth vader in a new hope

question_tokens: who voiced darth vader in a new hope

text: Darth Vader

text: Creation and development

text: Concept and writing

text: In the first draft of The Star Wars, tall, grim general "Darth Vader" was already close in line with his final depiction,[10] and the protagonist "Anikin Starkiller" had a role similar to Luke Skywalker's as the 16-year-old son of a respected warrior.[11]

text: After the success of the original Star Wars (1977), series creator George Lucas hired science fiction author Leigh Brackett to write the sequel with him. They held story conferences and, by late November 1977, Lucas had produced a handwritten treatment. The treatment is similar to the final film, except that Vader does not reveal he is Luke's father. In the first draft that Brackett would write from this, Luke's father appears as a ghost to instruct Luke.[12] Lucas was disappointed with the script, but Brackett died of cancer before he could discuss it with her.[13] With no writer available, Lucas had to write the next draft himself. In this draft, he made use of a new plot twist: Vader claiming to be Luke's father. According to Lucas, he found this draft enjoyable to write, as opposed to the year-long struggles writing the first film.[14]

text: The new plot element of Luke's parentage had drastic effects on the series. Michael Kaminski argues in his book that it is unlikely that the plot point had ever seriously been considered or even conceived of before 1978, and that the first film was clearly operating under an alternate storyline where Vader was a separate character from Luke's father.[15] After writing the second and third drafts in which the plot point was introduced, Lucas reviewed the new backstory he had created: Anakin had been Obi-Wan Kenobi's brilliant student and had a child named Luke, but was swayed to the dark side by Palpatine. Anakin battled Kenobi on the site of a volcano and was badly wounded, but was then reborn as Vader. Meanwhile, Kenobi hid Luke on Tatooine while the Galactic Republic became the tyrannical Galactic Empire and Vader systematically hunted down and killed the Jedi.[16] This change in character would provide a springboard to the "Tragedy of Darth Vader" storyline that underlies the prequel trilogy.[17]

text: After deciding to create the prequel trilogy, Lucas indicated the series would be a tragic one depicting Anakin's fall to the dark side. He also saw that the prequels could form the beginning of one long story that started with Anakin's childhood and ended with his death. This was the final step towards turning the film series into a "saga".[18]

text: For the first prequel, Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace (1999), Lucas made Anakin nine years old to make the character's separation from his mother more poignant.[11] Movie trailers focused on Anakin and a one-sheet poster showing him casting Vader's shadow informed otherwise unknowing audiences of the character's eventual fate.[19] The movie ultimately achieved a primary goal of introducing audiences to Anakin.[1]

text: Michael Kaminski, in The Secret History of Star Wars, offers evidence that issues in Anakin's fall to the dark side prompted Lucas to make massive story changes, first revising the opening sequence of the third prequel, Revenge of the Sith (2005), to have Palpatine kidnapped and his apprentice, Count Dooku, killed by Anakin as the first act in the latter's turn towards the dark side.[20] After principal photography was complete in 2003, Lucas made even more massive changes in Anakin's character, re-writing his entire turn to the dark side; Anakin's fall from grace would now be motivated by a desire to save his wife, Padmé Amidala, rather than the previous version in which that reason was one of several, including that he genuinely believed that the Jedi were plotting to take over the Republic. This fundamental re-write was accomplished both through editing the principal footage, and new and revised scenes filmed during pick-ups in 2004.[21]

text: During production of the Clone Wars TV series, Ahsoka Tano was developed to illustrate how Anakin develops from the brash, undisciplined Padawan apprentice in Attack of the Clones (2002) to the more reserved Jedi Knight in Revenge of the Sith.[22] Clone Wars supervising director and Rebels co-creator Dave Filoni said that giving Anakin responsibility for a Padawan was meant to place the character in a role that forced him to become more cautious and responsible. It would also give him insight into his relationship with Obi-Wan and depict how their relationship matured. Ahsoka and Anakin's relationship was seen as an essential story arc spanning both the animated film and Clone Wars television series.[23] Filoni began thinking about the final confrontation between Ahsoka and Vader ever since he created Ahsoka;[24] different iterations had different endings,[25] including one in which Vader kills Ahsoka just as she slashes open his helmet to reveal Anakin's scarred face.[26]

text: Ahsoka's presence in Star Wars Rebels was necessary to allow Darth Vader to encounter the show's lead characters without the latter being "destroyed"; Ahsoka can "stand toe-to-toe" with Vader.[27]

text: In Rebels Recon of the episode The Holocrons of Fate, Filoni reveals that he has always felt that one of the reasons for Anakin's turn to the dark side was the lack of compassion of the Jedi; in their dedication to selflessness, they "almost forgot to care".[28]

text: Design

text: The original design of Darth Vader's costume did not originally include a helmet. The idea that Vader should wear a breathing apparatus was first proposed by concept artist Ralph McQuarrie during preproduction discussions for Star Wars with George Lucas in 1975. In an interview with Star Wars Insider Magazine, McQuarrie stated that Lucas's artistic direction was to portray a malevolent figure in a cape with Samurai armour. "For Darth Vader, George [Lucas] just said he would like to have a very tall, dark fluttering figure that had a spooky feeling like it came in on the wind." McQuarrie noted that the script indicated that Vader would travel between spaceships and needed to survive in the vacuum of space, and he proposed that Vader should wear some sort of space suit. Lucas agreed, and McQuarrie combined a full-face breathing mask with a Samurai helmet, thus creating one of the most iconic designs of space fantasy cinema.[29][30] McQuarrie's 1975 production painting of Darth Vader engaged in a lightsaber duel with Deak Starkiller (a character prototype for Luke Skywalker) depicts Vader wearing black armour, a flowing cape and an elongated, skull-like mask and helmet. Its similarity to the final design of Vader's costume demonstrates that McQuarrie's earliest conception of Vader was so successful that very little needed to be changed for production.[31]

text: Working from McQuarrie's designs, the prop sculptor Brian Muir created the helmet and armour used in the film.[32][33]

text: The sound of the respirator function of Vader's mask was created by Ben Burtt using modified recordings of scuba breathing apparatus used by divers.[34] The sound effect is trademarked in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office under Trademark #77419252 and is officially described in the documentation as "The sound of rhythmic mechanical human breathing created by breathing through a scuba tank regulator."[35]

text: Commentators have often pointed to the influence of Akira Kurosawa’s films such as The Hidden Fortress (1958) on George Lucas, and Vader's Samurai-inspired costume design is held up as a significant example of the Japanese influences on Star Wars.[36]

text: Portrayals

text: Darth Vader was portrayed by bodybuilder David Prowse in the original film trilogy, and by stunt performer Bob Anderson during the character's intense lightsaber fight scenes.[10][37] Lucas originally intended for Orson Welles to voice Vader (after dismissing using Prowse's own voice due to his English West Country accent, leading to the rest of the cast nicknaming him "Darth Farmer").[38] After deciding that Welles's voice would be too recognizable, he cast the lesser-known James Earl Jones instead.[39][40] Jones initially felt his contributions to the films were too small to warrant recognition and his role was uncredited at his request until the release of Return of the Jedi (1983).[10] When Jones was specifically asked if he had supplied Vader's voice for Revenge of the Sith—either newly or from a previous recording—Jones answered, "You'd have to ask Lucas about that. I don't know".[41] The character has also been voiced by Scott Lawrence and Matt Sloan for several video games. Hayden Christensen and Gene Bryant alternately portray Vader in Revenge of the Sith.[42][43] During the production of Revenge of the Sith, Christensen asked Lucas if a special Vader suit could be constructed to fit his own body, rather than have a different actor don one of the original sets of Vader armor worn by Prowse.[44] Brock Peters provided the voice of Darth Vader in the NPR/USC radio series. Both Spencer Wilding[45] and Daniel Naprous portrayed Vader in Rogue One (2016), with Jones reprising his role as the character's voice.[46]

text: During production of Return of the Jedi, the casting crew sought an experienced actor for the role of Anakin Skywalker since his death was unquestionably the emotional climax of the film, and Sebastian Shaw was selected for the role.[47] When Shaw arrived at the set for filming, he ran into his friend Ian McDiarmid, the actor playing the Emperor. When McDiarmid asked him what he was doing there, Shaw responded, "I don't know, dear boy, I think it's something to do with science-fiction."[48] His presence during the filming was kept secret from all but the minimum cast and crew, and Shaw was contractually obliged not to discuss any film secrets with anyone, even his family. The unmasking scene, directed by Richard Marquand, was filmed in one day and required only a few takes, with no alteration from the original dialogue.[47] Lucas personally directed Shaw for his appearance in the final scene of the film, in which he is a Force Ghost of Anakin. Shaw's image in this scene was replaced with that of Christensen in the 2004 DVD release. This last attempt to tie the prequel and original trilogies together proved to be possibly the most controversial change in the Star Wars re-releases.[49][50] Shaw received more fan mail and autograph requests from Return of the Jedi than he had for any role in the rest of his career. He later reflected that he very much enjoyed his experience filming for Return of the Jedi and expressed particular surprise that an action figure was made of him from the film.[47]

text: When The Phantom Menace was being produced, hundreds of actors were tested for the role of young Anakin[51] before the producers settled on Jake Lloyd who Lucas considered met his requirements of "a good actor, enthusiastic and very energetic". Producer Rick McCallum said that Lloyd was "smart, mischievous and loves anything mechanical—just like Anakin."[52][53] During production of Attack of the Clones, casting director Robin Gurland reviewed about 1,500 other candidates for the role of the young adult Anakin before Lucas eventually selected Hayden Christensen for the role.[54] When Revenge of the Sith was being produced, Christensen and Ewan McGregor began rehearsing their climactic lightsaber duel long before Lucas would shoot it. They trained extensively with stunt coordinator Nick Gillard to memorize and perform their duel together. As in the previous two prequel films, McGregor and Christensen performed their own lightsaber fighting scenes without the use of stunt doubles.[55]

text: Anakin has also been voiced by Mat Lucas for the 2003 micro-series Star Wars: Clone Wars, and by Matt Lanter in the CGI animated film Star Wars: The Clone Wars, the television series of the same name and for Anakin's cameos in Star Wars Rebels. For Vader's appearances in the Star Wars Rebels animated series, James Earl Jones has reprised the voice role.[56][57] Both Lanter and Jones contributed their voices for the second-season finale of Rebels, at times with identical dialogue spoken by both actors blended together in different ways.[58]

text: Appearances

text: Darth Vader appears in seven of the eight live-action Star Wars films and The Clone Wars animated film and spinoff series. He has a recurring role in Star Wars expanded universe material.

text: Featured films

text: Original trilogy

text: Darth Vader first appears in Star Wars as a ruthless cyborg serving the Galactic Empire. He is tasked, along with Imperial commander Grand Moff Tarkin, to recover the secret technical plans for the Death Star, which were stolen by the Rebel Alliance. Vader captures and tortures Princess Leia Organa, who has hidden the plans inside the droid R2-D2 and sent it to find Jedi Master Obi-Wan Kenobi on the planet Tatooine. During Leia's rescue, Vader kills Obi-Wan in a lightsaber duel. Having placed a tracking device aboard the Millennium Falcon, Vader is able to track down the Rebels' base on the planet Yavin 4.[59] During the Rebels' attack on the Death Star, Vader attempts to shoot down Luke's X-wing fighter, but Han Solo intervenes and sends Vader's ship spiraling off course, allowing Luke to destroy the Death Star.

text: In The Empire Strikes Back, Vader becomes obsessed with finding Luke[59] and leads the Imperial attack on the Rebel base on Hoth, but the Rebels escape. While conversing with the Emperor, Vader convinces him that Luke would be valuable to the Empire if he could be turned to the dark side of the Force. Vader hires a group of bounty hunters to follow Luke and his friends, and negotiates with Bespin administrator Lando Calrissian to set a trap for them so that Luke will follow them.[59] After Han, Leia, Chewbacca, and C-3PO arrive, Vader tortures Han, freezes him in carbonite and gives him to bounty hunter Boba Fett.[59] When Luke arrives, Vader defeats Luke in a lightsaber duel, severing his opponent's hand. Vader then tells Luke that he is his father[59] and asks Luke to help him overthrow the Emperor so they can rule the galaxy together. Horrified, Luke escapes through an air shaft. Vader telepathically tells Luke that it is his destiny to join the dark side.

text: In Return of the Jedi, Vader and the Emperor are supervising the second Death Star's construction. Unknown to Vader, the Emperor intends to replace him with Luke as his apprentice.[59] Thinking that there is still good in his father, Luke surrenders to Vader in hopes that he can be redeemed. Vader brings Luke to the Emperor onboard the Death Star. While there, the Emperor implores Luke to join the dark side by appealing to the young Jedi's fear for his friends, which leads to Vader dueling with Luke once again.[59] Realizing that Leia is Luke's twin sister, Vader threatens to turn her to the dark side if Luke will not submit. Furious, Luke overpowers Vader and severs his father's robotic hand. The Emperor orders Luke to kill Vader and take his place. Luke refuses, however, and the Emperor tortures him with Force lightning. Moved by Luke's pleas for help, Vader throws the Emperor down the Death Star's reactor core to his death; he is mortally wounded by the Emperor's lightning in the process.[59][60] After asking Luke to remove his mask, the redeemed Anakin Skywalker tells his son that there was good in him after all before he dies.[60] Luke escapes the Death Star with his father's remains, and ceremonially burns them in a pyre. Anakin's spirit reunites with those of Obi-Wan and Yoda to watch over Luke and his friends as the Rebels celebrate the Death Star's destruction and the fall of the Empire.[60]

text: Prequel trilogy

text: Anakin first appears in the prequel trilogy in Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace, which takes place 32 years before the original Star Wars, as a young slave[61] living on the planet Tatooine with his mother Shmi. Anakin was conceived without a father and he can foresee the future. Also a gifted pilot and mechanic, Anakin has built his own protocol droid, C-3PO. Jedi Master Qui-Gon Jinn meets Anakin after making an emergency landing on Tatooine. Qui-Gon senses Anakin's strong connection to the Force and becomes convinced that the boy is the "Chosen One" of Jedi prophecy who will bring balance to the Force. After winning his freedom in a podrace, Anakin leaves for Coruscant to be trained as a Jedi, but is forced to leave Shmi behind. During the journey, Anakin forms a bond with Padmé Amidala, the young queen of Naboo. Qui-Gon asks the Jedi Council for permission to train Anakin, but they sense fear in the boy and refuse. Eventually, Anakin helps thwart the Trade Federation's invasion of Naboo by destroying their command ship. After Qui-Gon is killed in a lightsaber duel with Sith Lord Darth Maul, Obi-Wan promises to train Anakin, with the Council's reluctant approval.[60]

text: Anakin is Obi-Wan's Padawan apprentice in Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones, which takes place 10 years after The Phantom Menace. Having rescued Padmé, who is now a senator, from an assassination attempt, Anakin travels with her to Naboo, where they fall in love. Sensing that Shmi is in pain, Anakin travels to Tatooine to rescue her. While there, Anakin learns she was kidnapped by Tusken Raiders. Anakin locates Shmi at the Tusken campsite, where she dies in his arms. Anakin, enraged, massacres the Tuskens and returns to the Lars homestead to bury Shmi.[60] Anakin travels with Padmé to Geonosis to rescue Obi-Wan from Sith Lord Count Dooku, Qui-Gon's old master and leader of the Separatists, a conspiracy of star systems bent on seceding from the Galactic Republic. Dooku captures them, however, and sentences them to death. However, a cadre of Jedi arrives with the Kaminoan clone army to halt their executions. Obi-Wan and Anakin confront Dooku during the ensuing battle, but the Sith Lord beats them both in a lightsaber duel and severs Anakin's arm. Yoda intervenes and rescues the Jedi. By the end of the film, Anakin is fitted with a robotic arm and marries Padmé in secret.

text: In Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith, set three years after Attack of the Clones, Anakin is now a Jedi Knight and a hero of the Clone Wars. He and Obi-Wan lead a mission to rescue Palpatine from Separatist commander General Grievous on board his starship. When the Jedi encounter Dooku, Anakin subdues the Sith Lord, and on Palpatine's urging, kills him in cold blood. They rescue Palpatine and return to Coruscant, where Anakin learns that Padmé is pregnant. Anakin has visions of Padmé dying in childbirth and becomes determined to prevent them from coming true.[60] Palpatine tells Anakin that the dark side holds the power to cheat death, and eventually reveals that he is the Sith Lord Darth Sidious. Although Anakin informs Jedi Master Mace Windu of Palpatine's treachery, he follows Windu to make sure Palpatine is captured alive. When he realizes that Windu is going to kill Palpatine, Anakin intervenes on the Sith Lord's behalf, allowing Palpatine to kill Windu. Desperate to save Padmé, Anakin pledges himself to the dark side and becomes Palpatine's Sith apprentice, Darth Vader.[60] On Palpatine's command, Vader leads a legion of clones to kill everyone at the Jedi Temple and massacres the remaining Separatist leaders hiding on the volcanic planet Mustafar. Padmé confronts Vader and implores him to abandon the dark side, but Vader refuses. When Obi-Wan disembarks from Padmé's ship, Vader accuses his wife of conspiring against him and uses the Force to choke her into unconsciousness in a fit of rage. After a long and ferocious lightsaber duel, Obi-Wan defeats Vader, severing his legs and arm and leaving him at the bank of a lava river where he is horribly burned. Palpatine finds Vader and takes him back to Coruscant, where his apprentice's mutilated body is treated and covered in the black armored suit first depicted in the original trilogy. When Vader asks about Padmé's whereabouts, Palpatine explains to him that he killed Padmé in his anger; Vader screams in agony, his spirit broken. By the end of the film, Vader supervises the construction of the first Death Star alongside Palpatine and Wilhuff Tarkin.

text: The Clone Wars (film)

text: In the 2008 film The Clone Wars, Yoda assigns Ahsoka Tano as Anakin's Padawan apprentice to teach him a greater sense of responsibility, and Anakin is initially frustrated by this decision. Their early interactions are "playfully contentious", with Anakin calling her "Snips" for her "snippy" attitude and Ahsoka calling him "Skyguy" as a pun on his surname.[60] After earning Anakin's respect during a dangerous mission, Ahsoka joins him on a quest to rescue Jabba the Hutt's infant son. Her impetuousness both annoys and endears her to her master, and, by the end of the film, Anakin reveals a newfound affection for his apprentice.

text: Anthology films

text: Vader appears in the first anthology film Rogue One, played by Spencer Wilding[62] and Daniel Naprous.[63] with James Earl Jones once again voicing the character.[64] In this film, Vader meets with Imperial weapons engineer Orson Krennic, who asks him for an audience with the Emperor regarding the theft of the Death Star's technical plans. Vader refuses, however, and uses the Force to choke him as a way of putting him in his place. At the end of the film, Vader boards the disabled Rebel flagship Profundity with a cadre of Imperial stormtroopers and kills several Rebel soldiers as he attempts to recover the plans. However, the Alderaanian blockade runner Tantive IV (which was docked with the Profundity) escapes with the plans, setting the stage for the events of A New Hope.

text: Virtual reality film

text: In the 2015 Star Wars Celebration, it was announced David S. Goyer is helping to develop a virtual reality film based on Darth Vader. It is said that the audience as "visitor" will be able to walk, pick up, push and open things, and might even have some effect in the story.[65]

text: Television series

text: The Clone Wars (2008-14)

text: Anakin is a lead character in all seasons of The Clone Wars. As a Jedi Knight, he goes on several missions with both Obi-Wan and Ahsoka throughout the war. While continuing to teach Ahsoka the ways of the Jedi, Anakin has developed a close bond with her and they take risks to protect or save one another. Some of Anakin's actions taken out of concern for Ahsoka violate the Jedi code, such as torturing prisoners who may know her location when she goes missing.[66] During the third season, Anakin experiences a vision of his future as Darth Vader.[67]

text: Rebels (2014)

text: Darth Vader is a recurring character in the first season of Star Wars Rebels, which takes place 14 years[68] after The Clone Wars concludes. Vader leads a squadron of Force-sensitive Imperial Inquisitors who are actively searching for and killing any remaining Jedi and Force-sensitive children. In the second season premiere, Vader discovers that Ahsoka has joined the Rebel Alliance, and the Emperor orders him to hunt her down.

text: During their first confrontation in which Vader wipes out most of Phoenix Squadron's troops, Ahsoka is overwhelmed to recognize Anakin under "a layer of hate" in Darth Vader.[25] Later in the season, Ahsoka has a vision in which Anakin blames her for allowing him to fall to the dark side. Vader makes a brief cameo at the end of "Shroud of Darkness" in which he is brought to the Jedi temple on Lothal. In the season finale, Ahsoka duels with her former master inside a Sith Temple, allowing her friends to escape Vader and the temple's destruction. As the episode concludes, Vader escapes from the temple's ruins. Filoni said that it was "an elected decision" not to feature Vader for the third season.[69]

text: Forces of Destiny (2017)

text: Anakin appears in the episode The Padawan Path. He is voiced again by Matt Lanter.[70]

text: In The Padawan Path, Anakin is waiting along with Yoda in the Jedi temple for Ahsoka, for her ceremony.

text: Comics

text: In 2015, Marvel released a 25-issue series called Darth Vader (2015),[71] which focused on the title character in the aftermath of the destruction of the Death Star, as well as his life after learning about the existence of his son,[72] the series happens parallel to the comic series Star Wars (2015) and has a cross-over with it titled Vader Down.[73]

text: The Obi-Wan & Anakin 5-issue mini-series written by Charles Soule, depicts the lives of both Jedi between The Phantom Menace and Attack of the Clones. At New York Comic Con 2015, Dan Brooks of StarWars.com held an interview with Soule, who described the story as "pretty unexplored territory."[74]

text: A second series named exactly as the previous series Darth Vader (2017), will also written by Charles Soule, and will start seconds after Vader, wakes up for the first time in his black suit and yells "Noooooo!!!!" at the end of the film Episode III: Revenge of the Sith, the series will focus on exploring the title character's reaction to Padme's death, his adjustment to his mechanical suit, how he creates his red light-saber, as well as how he hunts Jedi, and the beginning of the Inquisitor program shown in the animated series Star Wars Rebels.[75]

text: Star Wars canon literature

text: Star Wars: Lords of the Sith was one of the first four canon novels to be released in 2014 and 2015.[76] In Lords of the Sith, Vader and Palpatine find themselves hunted by revolutionaries on the Twi'lek planet Ryloth.[77][78]

text: Legends

text: In April 2014, most of the licensed Star Wars novels and comics produced since the originating 1977 film Star Wars were rebranded by Lucasfilm as Star Wars Legends and declared non-canon to the franchise.[76][79][80]

text: Star Wars: Clone Wars microseries

text: Anakin is a lead character in all three seasons of the Clone Wars microseries, which takes place four months after the conclusion of Attack of the Clones. Anakin becomes a Jedi Knight and is quickly promoted to a General of the Republic's Clone Army, due in part to Palpatine's influence. Among other missions, he fights a duel with Dark Jedi Asajj Ventress, helps Obi-Wan capture a Separatist-controlled fortress and rescues Jedi Master Saesee Tiin during a space battle. During the third season, Anakin frees the planet Nelvaan from Separatist control and sees a cryptic vision of his future as Darth Vader. In the season finale, Anakin and Obi-Wan go on a mission to rescue Palpatine from General Grievous, leading to the opening of Revenge of the Sith. Series creator and director Genndy Tartakovsky admitted that he was bothered that Lucasfilm declared Clone Wars non-canon, but said that he was proud of what he did and how much the microseries and the characters influenced later works.[81]

text: Literature

text: Vader is featured prominently in novels set in the Star Wars universe. In the 1978 novel Splinter of the Mind's Eye by Alan Dean Foster, Vader meets Luke Skywalker for the first time and engages him in a lightsaber duel that ends with Luke cutting off Vader's arm and Vader falling into a deep pit.[10] (In 1999's Vader's Quest, however, Vader encounters Luke for the first time after hiring a bounty hunter to find the pilot who destroyed the Death Star.) Shadows of the Empire (1996) reveals that Vader is conflicted about trying to turn his son to the dark side of the Force, and knows deep down that there is still some good in him.

text: Anakin Skywalker's redeemed spirit appears in The Truce at Bakura (1993), set a few days after the end of Return of the Jedi. He appears to Leia, imploring her forgiveness. Leia condemns him for his crimes and exiles him from her life. He promises that he will be there for her when she needs him, and disappears. In Tatooine Ghost (2003), Leia learns to forgive her father after learning about his childhood as a slave and his mother's traumatic death. In The Unifying Force (2003), Anakin tells his grandson Jacen Solo to "stand firm" in his battle with the Supreme Overlord of the Yuuzhan Vong.

text: Upon the release of the prequel films, the Expanded Universe grew to include novels about Vader's former life as Anakin Skywalker. Greg Bear's 2000 novel Rogue Planet and Jude Watson's Jedi Apprentice and Jedi Quest series chronicle Anakin's early missions with Obi-Wan, while James Luceno's 2005 novel Labyrinth of Evil, set during the Clone Wars, depicts Anakin battling Separatist commander General Grievous. In Luceno's Dark Lord: The Rise of Darth Vader (2005), set a few months after the events of Revenge of the Sith, Vader disavows his identity as Anakin Skywalker as he systematically pursues and kills the surviving Jedi and cements his position in the Empire. The novel reveals that Vader plans to eventually overthrow Palpatine and that he betrayed the Jedi because he resented their supposed failure to recognize his power.

text: In The Dark Nest trilogy (2005), Luke and Leia uncover old recordings of their parents in R2-D2's memory drive; for the first time, they see their own birth and their mother's death, as well as their father's corruption to the dark side. In Bloodlines (2006), Han and Leia's son Jacen - who has himself turned to the dark side - uses the Force to "watch" Darth Vader slaughter the children at the Jedi Temple.

text: Vader also appears in a series of tongue-in-cheek children's books by Jeffrey Brown.[82] In Brown's series, a somewhat hapless Vader sets out to be a father to a young Luke and Leia, with some scenes directly based on their darker film counterparts (for example, one scene shows Vader, Luke and Leia at the carbonite freezing chamber on Bespin, with Vader pronouncing the freezer adequate for making ice cream).

text: Comics

text: Vader appears in several comic books such as Dark Horse Comics' Star Wars Tales and Marvel Comics' Star Wars (1977–1986) series.

text: Anakin Skywalker is a major character in Dark Horse's Star Wars: Republic series (1998-2006).

text: Video games

text: Darth Vader and Anakin Skywalker appear in a variety of video games such as the Lego Star Wars series and the Battlefront series. Vader plays a central role in Star Wars: The Force Unleashed (2008). He is a playable character in the first level of the game, where he and his armies invade Kashyyyk to hunt down a Jedi who had survived the Order's destruction. Vader kills the Jedi and kidnaps the man's young Force-sensitive son, whom he raises as his secret apprentice, Starkiller. Vader sends Starkiller on various missions throughout the galaxy, with an ultimate goal to assassinate Palpatine so that Vader can rule the galaxy himself. Toward the end of the game, however, it is revealed that Vader isn't planning to overthrow Palpatine at all; he is merely using his apprentice to expose the Empire's enemies. At the game's climax, the player chooses between attacking Palpatine to help his Rebel friends escape the Death Star or killing Vader to become the Emperor's new apprentice. He also appears in the sequel Star Wars: The Force Unleashed II as the final boss.

text: Other

text: Darth Vader features in the 1981 radio drama adaptation of Star Wars, voiced by the actor Brock Peters. Vader makes his first appearance on the planet Ralltiir, where he treats Princess Leia Organa with suspicion. In later extended scenes, he is heard interrogating and torturing Leia on board his Star Destroyer and aboard the Death Star.[83][84][85]

text: Vader appears in Star Tours – The Adventures Continue, where he is voiced by Jones. Vader is featured as a combatant in the popular series Death Battle, in which he is pitted against Marvel Comics villain Doctor Doom. He loses the fight due to Doom's superior weaponry and abilities.

text: Characteristics

text: In Attack of the Clones, Anakin Skywalker feels "smothered" by Obi-Wan Kenobi and is incapable of controlling his own life.[86] By Revenge of the Sith, however, his "father-son" friction with his master has matured into a more equal, brotherly relationship.[87] Once he becomes Darth Vader, each evil act he commits shatters any hope or connection towards his previous life, which makes it harder for him to return to the light,[88] but he ultimately escapes the dark side and redeems himself by sacrificing his life to save his son, Luke Skywalker, and kill the Emperor in Return of the Jedi.[89]

text: Eric Bui, a psychiatrist at University of Toulouse Hospital, argued at the 2007 American Psychiatric Association convention that Anakin Skywalker meets six of the nine diagnostic criteria for borderline personality disorder (BPD), one more than necessary for a diagnosis. He and a colleague, Rachel Rodgers, published their findings in a 2010 letter to the editor of the journal Psychiatry Research. Bui says he found Anakin Skywalker a useful example to explain BPD to medical students.[90] In particular, Bui points to Anakin's abandonment issues and uncertainty over his identity. Anakin's mass murders of the Tusken Raiders in Attack of the Clones and the young Jedi in Revenge of the Sith count as two dissociative episodes, fulfilling another criterion. Bui hoped his paper would help raise awareness of the disorder, especially among teens.[90]

text: Cultural impact

text: Darth Vader's iconic status has made the character a synonym for evil in popular culture; psychiatrists have even considered him as a useful example to explain borderline personality disorder to medical students.[90] Anakin's origin story in The Phantom Menace has been compared to signifiers of African American racial identity,[91] and his dissatisfaction with his life has been compared to Siddartha's before he became Gautama Buddha.[92] A Mexican church advised Christians against seeing The Phantom Menace because it portrays Anakin as a Christ figure.[93] The slime-mold beetle Agathidium vaderi is named after Vader,[94] and several buildings across the globe are regularly compared to him.[95][96][97][98][99][100] A grotesque of Darth Vader looms over the east face of the Washington National Cathedral's northwest tower.[101] During the 2007–08 NHL season, Ottawa Senators goaltender Martin Gerber performed so well in an all-black mask that fans endearingly termed him "Darth Gerber".[102] In 2015, a statue of Vladimir Lenin in Odessa, Ukraine, was converted into one of Darth Vader due to a law on decommunization.[103]

text: Many commentators and comedians have also evoked his visage to satirize politicians and other public figures, and several American political figures have been unflatteringly compared to the character, including General George Custer, the subject of the acrylic painting Darth Custer by Native American artist Bunky Echohawk.[104] In 2005, Al Gore referred to Tele-Communications Inc.'s John C. Malone as the "Darth Vader of cable",[105] and political strategist Lee Atwater was known by his political enemies as "the Darth Vader of the Republican Party".[106]

text: On June 22, 2006, US Vice President Dick Cheney referred to himself as the Darth Vader of the Bush administration. Discussing the administration's philosophy on gathering intelligence, he said to CNN's John King, "It means we need to be able to go after and capture or kill those people who are trying to kill Americans. That's not a pleasant business. It's a very serious business. And I suppose, sometimes, people look at my demeanor and say, 'Well, he's the Darth Vader of the administration.'"[107] Jon Stewart put on a Darth Vader helmet to address Dick Cheney as a "kindred spirit" on The Daily Show on January 25, 2007.[108] Cheney's wife, Lynne, presented Stewart with a Darth Vader action figure on her appearance on the show on October 10, 2007. Both Stewart and Stephen Colbert have occasionally referred to Cheney as "Darth Cheney". In the satirical cartoon show Lil' Bush, Dick Cheney's father is portrayed as being Darth Vader. At her presidential campaign event on September 19, 2007, Hillary Clinton also referred to Cheney as Darth Vader. At the 2008 Washington Radio and Television Correspondents' Association Dinner, Cheney joked that his wife Lynne told him that the Vader comparison "humanizes" him. George Lucas told The New York Times columnist Maureen Dowd, however, that Cheney is more akin to Emperor Palpatine, and that a better stand-in for Vader would be George W. Bush.[109] An issue of Newsweek referenced this quote, and compared Bush and Cheney to Vader and Palpatine, respectively, in a satirical article comparing politicians to various Star Wars and Star Trek characters.[110]

text: Many films and television series have paid homage to Darth Vader. Marty McFly in Back to the Future (1985), dressed in a radiation suit, calls himself "Darth Vader from the planet Vulcan" to convince the past version of his father to ask his mother to a dance. Rick Moranis plays "Dark Helmet" in the Star Wars parody Spaceballs (1987). In Chasing Amy (1997), Hooper X speaks at a comic convention about Darth Vader being a metaphor for how poorly the science fiction genre treats black people; he is especially offended that Vader, the "blackest brother in the galaxy", reveals himself to be a "feeble, crusty old white man" at the end of Return of the Jedi. The character was also parodied in the Nickelodeon cartoon Rocko's Modern Life in the episode "Teed Off".[111][better source needed] On another Nickelodeon cartoon, Jimmy Neutron, Darth Vader's infamous line, "I am your father", was interpolated in the mini-episode "New Dog, Old Tricks".[112] The line was also alluded to in Toy Story, a film franchise also owned by Disney.[113]

text: The character has gained much positive reception as a classic film villain. Darth Vader ranked number two on Empire magazine's 2008 list of The 100 Greatest Movie Characters.[114] Premiere magazine also ranked Vader on their list of The 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time.[115] On their list of the 100 Greatest Fictional Characters, Fandomania.com ranked Vader at number 6.[116] Darth Vader was also the No. 1 supervillain on the Bravo series Ultimate Super Heroes, Vixens and Villains.[117] Darth Vader was also ranked as No. 1 in IGN's list of top 100 Star Wars characters.[118] Furthermore, Darth Vader's quote in The Empire Strikes Back – "No, I am your father" (often misquoted as "Luke, I am your father"),[119] – is one of the most well known quotes in cinema history. The line was selected as one of the 400 nominees for the American Film Institute's 100 Years... 100 Movie Quotes, a list of the greatest American movie quotes.[120] Vader received the Ultimate Villain recognition at the 2011 Scream Awards.[121]

text: In 2010, IGN ranked Darth Vader 25th in the "Top 100 Videogames Villains".[122]

text: In Ukraine, the Internet Party of Ukraine regularly lets people named Darth Vader take part in elections.[123][nb 1]

text: Family tree

text:
This Star Wars-related article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in-universe style. Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective. (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

[hide]

v
t
e

Skywalker family tree

Aika
Lars[a]

Cliegg
Lars[b]

Shmi
Skywalker[c]

Jobal
Naberrie[d]

Ruwee
Naberrie[d]

Beru
Whitesun[e]

Owen
Lars[f]

Anakin
Skywalker[g][h]

Padmé
Amidala[i]

Bail
Organa[j][k]

Breha
Organa[l]

Luke
Skywalker[m][n]

Leia
Organa[o]

Han
Solo[p]

Ben
Solo[p][q]

References:

Jump up ^ Hidalgo, Pablo (2016). Star Wars Character Encyclopedia: Updated and Expanded.
Jump up ^ "Databank: Cliegg Lars". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Databank: Shmi Skywalker Lars". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Attack of the Clones (2002) and Revenge of the Sith (2005)
Jump up ^ "Databank: Beru Lars". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Databank: Owen Lars". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Databank: Anakin Skywalker". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Databank: Darth Vader". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Databank: Padmé Amidala". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Adopted father of Leia Organa, as established in Revenge of the Sith (2005).
Jump up ^ "Databank: Bail Organa". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ Adopted mother of Leia Organa, as established in Revenge of the Sith (2005).
Jump up ^ "Databank: Luke Skywalker". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ In the alternate Star Wars expanded universe (Legends), Luke is married to Mara Jade and has a son, Ben Skywalker.
Jump up ^ "Databank: Princess Leia Organa". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b The Force Awakens. 2015.
Jump up ^ In the alternate Star Wars expanded universe (Legends) continuity, Han and Leia have three children: Jaina, Jacen and Anakin Solo.

text: Notes

text: Jump up ^ Two men named Darth Vader were candidates at the 25 May 2014 Kiev mayoral election and the Odessa mayoral election of the same day.[124][125][126] A man named Darth Vader earlier had submitted documents to be registered as a presidential candidate in the 25 May 2014 Ukrainian presidential election; but his registration was refused because his real identity could not be verified.[127][128][129] In the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election Darth Vader and Star Wars characters such as Chewbacca, Princess Amidala and Yoda ran for seats in the Ukrainian parliament.[123] Candidates named Darth Vader reappeared in the 2015 Ukrainian local elections.[130]

tag: ol


document_title: A League of Their Own

question_text: who played the catcher in a league of their own

root

text: A League of Their Own

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1988, Dottie Hinson (Geena Davis) attends the opening of the new All-American Girls Professional Baseball League (AAGPBL) exhibit at the Baseball Hall of Fame. She sees many of her former teammates and friends, prompting a flashback to 1943.

tag: p

text: When World War II threatens to shut down Major League Baseball, candy magnate and Cubs owner Walter Harvey (Garry Marshall) persuades his fellow owners to bankroll a women's league. Ira Lowenstein (David Strathairn) is put in charge, and Ernie Capadino (Jon Lovitz) is sent out to recruit players. Capadino attends an industrial-league softball game in rural Oregon and likes what he sees in Dottie, the catcher for a local dairy's team. Dottie turns down Capadino's offer, happy with her simple farm life while waiting for her husband Bob (Bill Pullman) to come back from the war. Her sister and teammate, Kit (Lori Petty), however, is desperate to get away and make something of herself. Capadino is not impressed by Kit's hitting performance, but agrees to take her along if she can change Dottie's mind. Dottie agrees, but only for her sister's sake.

text: Dottie and Kit head out to Harvey Field in Chicago for the tryout. There they meet a pair of New Yorkers, taxi dancer "All the Way" Mae Mordabito (Madonna) and her best friend, bouncer Doris Murphy (Rosie O'Donnell), along with soft-spoken right fielder Evelyn Gardner (Bitty Schram), illiterate, shy left fielder Shirley Baker (Ann Cusack), pitcher/shortstop and former Miss Georgia beauty queen Ellen Sue Gotlander (Freddie Simpson), gentle left field/relief pitcher Betty "Spaghetti" Horn (Tracy Reiner), homely second baseman Marla Hooch (Megan Cavanagh), who was scouted by Ernie, Dottie and Kit in Fort Collins, Colorado, first baseman Helen Haley (Anne Ramsay), and Saskatchewan native Alice "Skeeter" Gaspers (Renée Coleman). They and eight others are selected to form the Rockford Peaches, while 48 others are split among the Racine Belles, Kenosha Comets, and South Bend Blue Sox.

text: The Peaches are managed by Jimmy Dugan (Tom Hanks), a former marquee Cubs slugger who initially treats the whole thing as a joke. The league attracts little interest at first. With a Life magazine photographer in the stands, Lowenstein begs the players to do something spectacular. Dottie obliges when a ball is popped up behind home plate, catching it while doing a split. The resulting photograph makes the magazine cover. A publicity campaign draws more people to the ballgames, but the owners remain unconvinced. Due to Kit's and Dottie's sibling rivalry, Kit is traded to the Peaches' rival, the Racine Belles.

text: The Peaches end the season qualifying for the league's World Series. In the locker room, Jimmy gives Betty a telegram that informs her her husband was killed in action in the Pacific Theater. The grief-stricken Betty leaves the team. Later that evening, Dottie receives a surprise when Bob, who was serving in Italy, shows up, having been discharged from the Army. The following morning, Jimmy discovers that Dottie is going home with Bob. Unable to persuade her to at least play in the World Series, he tells her she will regret her decision.

text: The Peaches and Belles meet in the World Series, which reaches a seventh and deciding game. Dottie, having reconsidered during the drive back to Oregon, is the catcher for the Peaches, while Kit is the starting pitcher for the Belles. With the Belles leading by a run in the top of the ninth, Dottie drives in the go-ahead run. Kit is the final batter. Under immense pressure, she gets a hit and, ignoring the third base coach's sign to stop, scores the winning run by knocking her sister over at the plate and dislodging the ball from Dottie's hand. The sellout crowd convinces Harvey to give Lowenstein the owners' support. After the game, the sisters reconcile before Dottie leaves.

text: Back in the present, Dottie is reunited with several other players, including Kit. The fates of several of the characters are revealed: Jimmy, Bob, and Evelyn have died, while Marla has been married to Nelson, a man she met in a bar, for over 40 years. The original Peaches sing a team song composed by Evelyn and pose for a group photo.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Rockford Peaches[edit]

text:
Geena Davis as Dorothy "Dottie" Hinson (#8, catcher/assistant manager)

Lynn Cartwright as Older Dottie

Tom Hanks as Jimmy Dugan (manager)
Madonna as "All the Way" Mae Mordabito (#5, center field)

Eunice Anderson as Older Mae

Lori Petty as Kit Keller (#23, pitcher)

Kathleen Butler as Older Kit

Rosie O'Donnell as Doris Murphy (#22, third base)

Vera Johnson as Older Doris

Anne Ramsay as Helen Haley (#15, first base)

Barbara Pilavin as Older Helen

Megan Cavanagh as Marla Hooch (#32, second base)

Patricia Wilson as Older Marla

Freddie Simpson as Ellen Sue Gotlander (#1, shortstop/pitcher)

Eugenia McLin as Older Ellen Sue

Tracy Reiner as Betty "Spaghetti" Horn (#7, left field/relief pitcher)

Betty Miller as Older Betty

Bitty Schram as Evelyn Gardner (#17, right field)
Renée Coleman (credited as Renee Coleman) – Alice "Skeeter" Gaspers (#18, left field/center field/catcher)

Shirley Burkovich as Older Alice

Ann Cusack as Shirley Baker (#11, left field)

Barbara Erwin as Older Shirley

Robin Knight as Linda "Beans" Babbitt (shortstop)
Patti Pelton as Marbleann Wilkinson (second base)
Kelli Simpkins as Beverly Dixon (#4, outfield)
Connie Pounds-Taylor as Connie Calhoun (Outfield)

tag: table

text: On MLB Network's Costas at the Movies in 2013, director Penny Marshall talked about her initial interest in Demi Moore for the part of Dottie Hinson, saying: "Demi Moore, I liked, but by the time we came around, she was pregnant."[3]

text: Others[edit]

text:
Jon Lovitz as Ernie Capadino, AAGPBL scout
David Strathairn as Ira Lowenstein, AAGPBL general manager

Marvin Einhorn as Older Ira

Garry Marshall as Walter Harvey, candy bar mogul and AAGPBL founder
Julie Croteau as Helen Haley (baseball double for Anne Ramsay)
Bill Pullman as Bob Hinson, Dottie's husband
Janet Jones as Racine pitcher
Téa Leoni as Racine first baseman
Don S. Davis as Charlie Collins, Racine coach
Eddie Jones as Dave Hooch, Marla's father
Justin Scheller as Stillwell Gardner, Evelyn's son

Mark Holton as Older Stillwell. He attends the Peaches' reunion at the Baseball Hall of Fame on behalf of his mother who had died.

Pauline Brailsford as Miss Cuthburt, Rockford chaperone

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Director Penny Marshall was inspired to make the film after viewing the 1987 documentary about the AAGPBL entitled "A League of their Own", on television. She had never heard of the league before, and contacted the film's creators Kelly Candaele and Kim Wilson to collaborate with the scriptwriters Babaloo Mandel and Lowell Ganz on producing a screenplay for 20th Century Fox.[4] Fox eventually passed on the script and Marshall signed with Sony Pictures, who were eager to produce the film.

text: Locations[edit]

text: Filming the game scenes involved many physical mishaps: Anne Ramsay (Helen Haley) broke her nose with a baseball mitt while trying to catch a ball and the huge bruise seen in the film on actress Renee Coleman's thigh was real.[5] Discussing the skirts they wore playing baseball in the film, Geena Davis said on MLB Network's Costas at the Movies in 2013, "Some of our real cast, from sliding into home, had ripped the skin off their legs. It was nutty."[6]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
A League of Their Own:
Music From The Motion Picture

Soundtrack album by various artists

Released
June 30, 1992

Genre
Soundtrack

Length
43:44

Label
Columbia Records

Producer
Various

Singles from A League of Their Own

"This Used to Be My Playground"
Released: June 16, 1992
"Now and Forever"
Released: July 1992

text: A League of Their Own soundtrack was released on CD and cassette tape by Columbia Records on June 30, 1992. The album peaked at #159 on the US Billboard 200 albums chart on July 25, 1992.[7] Although Madonna contributed "This Used to Be My Playground" to the film, featured over the closing credits, her recording was not included on the soundtrack album for contractual reasons.[8]

text:
"Now and Forever" – Performed by Carole King
"Choo Choo Ch'Boogie" – Performed by The Manhattan Transfer
"It's Only a Paper Moon" – Performed by James Taylor
"In a Sentimental Mood" – Performed by Billy Joel
"Two Sleepy People" – Performed by Art Garfunkel
"I Didn't Know What Time It Was" – Performed by James Taylor
"On the Sunny Side of the Street" – Performed by The Manhattan Transfer
"Flying Home" – Performed by Doc's Rhythm Cats
"Life Goes On" – Performed by Hans Zimmer
"The Final Game" – Performed by Hans Zimmer
"The All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Song" – Performed by The Rockford Peaches

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film was released on July 1, 1992, and grossed $13.2 million in its first weekend, finishing second at the box office behind Batman Returns. In its second weekend it dropped just 15%, making $11.5 million and finishing first. It ended up being a commercial success, making $107.5 million in the United States, and $24.9 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $132.4 million, against a production budget of $40 million budget.

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 78% based on 60 reviews, with an average rating of 7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Sentimental and light, but still thoroughly charming, A League of Their Own is buoyed by solid performances from a wonderful cast."[9] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score 67 out of 100, based 20 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[10] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[11]

text: The film was well received by critics, who praised the cast and their performances.[12][13][14][15][16]

text: AFI lists[edit]

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text:
2005: AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:

Jimmy Dugan: "There's no crying in baseball!" – #54[17]

2006: AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – Nominated[18]
2008: AFI's 10 Top 10:

Nominated Sports Film[19]

text: On December 19, 2012, it was announced that the film would be preserved as part of the United States National Film Registry.[20]

text: 20th anniversary[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: With 2012 marking the 20th year since the film's release, A League of Their Own was released as a 20th Anniversary Edition Blu-ray on October 16, 2012.

text: Forty-seven former players of the AAGPBL reunited in New York to celebrate the film and the real women who inspired it. Events included a trip to Cooperstown for a special program at the National Baseball Hall of Fame, reminiscent of the film's final scene depicting members of the AAGPBL and family coming together to witness the honoring of the Women's Professional Baseball League. The reunion wrapped up with a game of softball held at Alliance Bank Stadium in nearby Syracuse.[21]

text: Former players also made an appearance at Bosse Field in Evansville, Indiana, on June 6, 2012, where many of the film's game scenes were filmed. Bosse Field still retains many of the "Racine Belles" themes from the movie. The event included an outdoor screening of the film as well as a scene-setting display of cars featured in the film.[22] In addition to Bosse Field, the production used Huntingburg, Indiana's League Stadium, another Southwestern Indiana field older than Bosse that was renovated for the film.

text: Spin-offs[edit]

text: Television[edit]

text: A short-lived series of the same title based on the film aired on CBS in April 1993, with Garry Marshall, Megan Cavanagh, Tracy Reiner, and Jon Lovitz reprising their roles. Only five of the six episodes made were broadcast.


document_title: Raven-Symoné

question_text: who does raven symone play in the little rascals

text: Raven-Symoné

text: Life and career[edit]

text: 1985–1993: Early life, The Cosby Show and Here's to New Dreams[edit]

text: Raven-Symoné was born in Atlanta, Georgia, to Lydia (Gaulden) and Christopher Pearman.[4][8] She has a brother, Blaize.[4] As an infant, she worked for Atlanta's Young Faces Inc. Modeling Agency and was featured in local print advertisements. At age two, she worked with Ford Models in New York City and appeared in ads for Ritz crackers, Jell-O, Fisher-Price, and Cool Whip. At age three, her family moved to Ossining, New York where she attended Park School.[9][10]

text: In 1989, Raven-Symoné auditioned for a role in the Bill Cosby movie, Ghost Dad. At the age of three, she was considered too young for the role, but Cosby liked her so much that he found a role for her on his show, The Cosby Show, as his step-granddaughter Olivia. She made her debut in the premiere episode of the show's sixth season, and remained until the series finale in 1992. She then appeared as the younger version of Halle Berry's starring character, a headstrong biracial slave, in the TV movie Queen: The Story of an American Family, based on the book by Alex Haley.

text: In 1992, Raven-Symoné began her singing career at the age of seven, when she signed with MCA Records. She spent that year and the next taking vocal lessons from Missy Elliott. Her debut album, Here's to New Dreams, was released on June 22, 1993, which spawned two singles: "That's What Little Girls Are Made Of" and "Raven Is the Flavor". "That's What Little Girls Are Made Of" reached No. 68 on the Billboard Hot 100. The album however was not successful, and due to low sales she was dropped from MCA Records in 1995. The album sold over 73,000 copies in the US.[11]

text: 1994–2001: Film debut, Hangin' with Mr. Cooper and Undeniable[edit]

text: In 1993, one year after The Cosby Show ended, she landed the role of Nicole Lee on the show Hangin' with Mr. Cooper. She made her debut in the first episode of the show's second season, and remained until the series finale in 1997.

text: In 1994, during her time on the show Hangin' with Mr. Cooper, she had her first big screen role in the movie The Little Rascals, playing Stymie's girlfriend. The Little Rascals earned $67.3 million worldwide during its theatrical run.

text: In 1996, Raven-Symoné and her father founded RayBlaze Records, in which she signed a distribution deal with Crash Records for her second album Undeniable, which was released in May 1999. The album sold over 2,000 in US.[11] The album yielded one single: a cover of Stevie Wonder's "With a Child's Heart". To support the album Undeniable, she went on tour as the opening act for fellow Jive artist 'N Sync's The 'N Sync Tour in 1998/1999.[12]

text: In 1998, she won her first major role in theatrical movie, she was cast in the Eddie Murphy comedy Dr. Dolittle, as Charisse Dolittle, the oldest daughter of Murphy's character. Dr. Dolittle earned $294.5 million worldwide during its theatrical run. In the same year, she also appeared in Zenon: Girl of the 21st Century as Nebula, her first production under Disney.

text: In 2001, she reprised the role of Charisse Dolittle in the sequel Eddie Murphy comedy Dr. Dolittle 2. Dr. Dolittle 2 earned $176.1 million worldwide during its theatrical run. In the same year, she participated in two episodes of the comedy series, My Wife and Kids as Charmaine, Claire's pregnant friend, her first production under ABC.

text: 2002–2005: Breakthrough with That's So Raven, The Cheetah Girls and This Is My Time[edit]

text: In 2002, Raven-Symoné was given the voice role of Monique on Kim Possible as the best friend of Kim Possible. She had a recurring role, as she was featured in all seasons of the show, and participated in the two films for the series, Kim Possible: A Sitch in Time (2003) and Kim Possible: So the Drama (2005). In 2001, Symoné auditioned for a role on an upcoming series for the Disney Channel titled Absolutely Psychic, about a teenager with psychic abilities.[13] She actually auditioned for the recurring role of Chelsea Daniels, but her role was changed to the lead character Raven Baxter and the series name changed to That's So Raven. The series debuted on January 17, 2003 and ended on November 10, 2007, becoming responsible for many firsts for Disney Channel including becoming the channel's highest-rated and longest-running series at 100 episodes (until it was surpassed by Wizards of Waverly Place in October 2011). The title character draws on her talent, ingenuity, psychic powers and a variety of disguises to get in and out of amusing adolescent and pre-adolescent situations. It spawned a franchise including soundtracks, dolls, episode DVDs, and video games. That's So Raven was nominated for Outstanding Children's Program during the 2005 and 2007 Emmy Awards. That's So Raven, was the first Disney Channel series to have four seasons and 100 episodes. Merchandise has earned to date $400 million.[14] The show also launched the channel's first spin-off series, Cory in the House.

text: In 2003, Raven-Symoné recorded the classic Stevie Wonder, "Superstition", as the main theme for the film, The Haunted Mansion. She signed a deal with Hollywood Records, a Disney-owned label. The film soundtrack, The Cheetah Girls, debuted at No. 33 on the Billboard Top 200 and is certified for Double Platinum sales by the RIAA for sales of 2 million copies, was the second best selling soundtrack of 2004, behind Shrek. The following year, she released a five-track EP with Hollywood Records on January 1, 2004[15][16] prior to the release of This Is My Time, containing "Backflip", "Bump", "Overloved", "What Is Love?", and "Mystify".[17] Released to promote the full-length album, the EP was only available in select stores and is now very rare. On September 21, 2004, she released her third studio album, This Is My Time, which included the single "Backflip", which received heavy rotation on Disney Channel, and premiered on BET via an Access Granted special. This Is My Time debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and at number fifty-one on the official Billboard 200,[18] with moderately successful first week sales of 19,000 copies (best debut in the chart to date); making it Raven-Symoné's first album to enter the chart in the United States. It was in the top 100 for thirteen weeks, selling about 235,000 copies up to February 2, 2007, according to Nielsen SoundScan.[11] The four songs from the album were incorporated into soundtracks from Disney films: The Lion King 1½ ("Grazing in the Grass"); The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement ("This Is My Time"); Ice Princess ("Bump"); and Go Figure ("Life Is Beautiful"). In the same year, also recorded music for That's So Raven's first original television soundtrack. The soundtrack debuted and peaked at No. 44 on the Billboard 200 and is now certified Gold by the RIAA for sales of 500,000 copies.[19]

text: In 2003, she starred as lead singer Galleria Garibaldi in The Cheetah Girls, a Disney Channel Original Movie about four city girls who dream of becoming superstars. The movie was the channel's first musical and was the basis for another franchise, including dolls, video games, platinum-selling soundtracks and more. The film also starred Adrienne Bailon as Chanel Simmons, Sabrina Bryan as Dorinda Thomas, and Kiely Williams as Aquanette Walker. The film was directed by Oz Scott, and produced by Grammy-winner Whitney Houston. It attracted more than 6.5 million viewers opening night, making it (at the time) Disney Channel's most-watched movie and most highest-rated Disney Channel of 2003. In 2004, during her time on the show (That's So Raven), Raven-Symoné provided the voice of Danielle in Fat Albert. It had a moderate performance at the box office, earning $48,551,322 million worldwide during its theatrical run. She made an appearance in The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement as Princess Asana, during which she sang a duet with Julie Andrews. It was her first film with Walt Disney Pictures and it earned $134.7 million worldwide during its theatrical run. The sequel television film, Zenon: Z3 a Disney Channel Original Movie, included Raven-Symoné as Nebula Wade, reprising her role. On opening night, the sequel brought in more than 1.3 million viewers. The same year, after the unexpected success of the film and the film soundtrack, a pilot episode of The Cheetah Girls was recorded for the channel ABC. It was never picked up as a series due to her not being able to be in two series at the same time.[20]

text: 2006–2009: The Cheetah Girls 2, focus on films and Raven-Symoné[edit]

text: In 2006, Raven-Symoné starred in her first dramatic role of her career. The drama, For One Night, was based on a true story. Its premiere was on February 6, 2006 with the station Lifetime Movie Network. She starred as Briana McCallister, inspired by the true story of an African American teenager who shook up a small town where high school proms had been racially segregated for decades. During this time, she also disengaged from the Disney Channel. In the same year, Raven-Symoné continued her role in The Cheetah Girls 2, The film was directed by Kenny Ortega and produced by Grammy-winner Whitney Houston. Raven-Symoné served as executive producer of the film.[21] The film brought in more than 8 million viewers opening night, making it (at the time) Disney Channel's most-watched movie and highest-rated Disney Channel program of the year 2006.

text: Later that year, she provided her voice for Marti Brewster in, Everyone's Hero, which was distributed by 20th Century Fox, and released theatrically on September 15, 2006. Everyone's Hero had a moderate performance at the box office, earning only $16 million worldwide during its theatrical run, but the film was not released in several major countries. Symone recorded music for That's So Raven Too!'s second original television soundtrack. The soundtrack debuted and peaked at No. 44 on the Billboard 200 and selling about 200,000 copies up to April 2007, according to Nielsen SoundScan. The album contains five new songs written and sung by Raven, includes the single, Some Call It Magic, friendship songs like "Friends" with Anneliese van der Pol, there's also collaborations with Orlando Brown for "Little by Little" and Kyle Massey for "Let's Stick Together".[19] The film soundtrack, The Cheetah Girls 2, debuted at No. 5 on the Billboard Top 200 and is certified for Platinum sales by the RIAA for sales of 1.3 million copies. This soundtrack contained three unreleased songs their soils and seven other songs as part of the group The Cheetah Girls. After the success of Raven's third album, This Is My Time (2004), Crash Records sold their rights to the material on Undeniable to TMG Records, who in cooperation with RayBlaize and her then-current label Hollywood Records, re-released it on October 31, 2006 as, From Then Until.[22] The re-release included the music video for "With A Child's Heart" as well as some behind-the-scenes footage and live performances.[22] The album sold over 8,000 in US.[11] In support of her third studio album and That's So Raven Too! soundtrack, which was the second soundtrack album from the series. Raven-Symoné embarked on her first headlining tour. The This Is My Time Tour kicked off on May 19, 2006 in Richmond, VA and concluded on October 21, 2006 in Columbia, SC.[23] In 2008, The Cheetah Girls: One World began production, however Raven-Symoné did not return for another film, citing "territorial issues" and "catfights" on the set of Cheetah Girls 2, which led to a strained friendship with the other three actors.[24] In a later interview, Adrienne Bailon, Sabrina Bryan and Kiely Williams denied the rumors, saying they all get along well.[25]

text: In 2008, Raven-Symoné starred in her first leading role. The comedy College Road Trip surrounds Melanie Porter a 17-year-old college-bound girl who is eagerly looking forward to her first big step towards independence, when she plans a girls-only road trip to check out prospective universities. But when her overbearing police chief father (Martin Lawrence) insists on escorting her instead in hopes to sway her decision, soon finds her dream trip has turned into a nightmare adventure full of comical misfortune and turmoil. In its opening weekend, the film grossed approximately $14,000,000 in 2,706 theaters in the United States and Canada, ranking as the No. 2 film at box office. It went on to gross more than $60,000,000 worldwide.[26]

text: Her fourth studio album Raven-Symoné was released on April 29, 2008.[27] The album features production by Sean Garrett (Beyoncé), The JAM (Leona Lewis), Knightwritaz, and The Clutch (Timbaland, Ciara). The only single released was "Double Dutch Bus", a cover of Frankie Smith's 1981 funk track. The single was released to radio on February 9, while the video was released on February 18, 2008. The album debuted at No. 159 on Billboard's Top 200. To promote the album she planned to headline her first all-arena tour "The Pajama Party Tour" in Spring 2008, but due to what promoters call "unforeseen difficulties" the tour was postponed until further notice.[28]

text: During her 2008 Summer tour, it was officially announced that after completing her two-CD deal with Hollywood Records, she would not renew her contract with the label.

text: Since 2008, Raven-Symoné has provided her voice to the character of Iridessa the light-fairy, as a part of the Disney Fairies franchise and direct-to-DVD Tinker Bell film series. Raven also appeared in Chris Rock's 2009 documentary Good Hair.

text: 2010–2013: Broadway debut, State of Georgia and other projects[edit]

text: In 2010, Raven-Symoné starred with Joanna Garcia in an ABC Family, made-for-TV film, Revenge of the Bridesmaids. Revenge of the Bridesmaids surrounds two childhood friends who attempt to thwart the wedding of a no-good, money hungry ex-friend by going undercover as bridesmaids so that true love can prevail. The film garnered 2.5 million viewers on its premiere, making it the number 1 movie on basic cable in women 18–34, and ranked among the Top 5 programs in its time period in Total Viewers that week.[29] She also made a guest appearance on the Disney Channel Original Series Sonny with a Chance alongside Demi Lovato. She portrayed the character Amber Algoode, the president of Chad Dylan Cooper's fan club. She was a guest performer, along with pianist Chau-Giang Thi-Nguyen, and jazz trumpeter and pianist Arturo Sandoval, at the performance of December 9 of Debbie Allen's new dance-theater piece, The Hot Chocolate Nutcracker, at UCLA's Royce Hall. Proceeds from the performance, as well as from its run from December 10–11, benefited the children of the Debbie Allen Dance Academy.[30]

text: In 2011, Raven-Symoné starred in her first television series in four years as the main character of ABC Family's multi-camera comedy pilot State of Georgia. The project, from ABC Studios, centers on her character named Georgia, an exuberant and curvy performer from the south who is trying to make it big as an actress in New York City. The pilot was written by author Jennifer Weiner (In Her Shoes) and Jeff Greenstein (Desperate Housewives). The series premiered in June 2011.[31] The season concluded August 17, 2011 with twelve episodes, and ABC Family cancelled the show on September 16, 2011. On January 31, 2012, it was confirmed that the actress would be in the Broadway musical Sister Act as Deloris van Cartier, marking her Broadway debut in a lead role.[32][33][34] Her run started on March 27, 2012. Her contracted final performance coincided with the closure of the show on Broadway on August 26, 2012.[35]

text: In late 2009, Raven-Symone announced that she would return to the studio to record her next album.[36] She said that the album will be "R&B, most definitely.....with an alternative base for the lyrics". She said, "It's good to go out there and spread your wings and find new talent and work with people you haven't worked with before. I'd love to find the next Timbaland or the next someone who's coming up and no one really knows yet. At the same time, I'd love to work with the Clutch and the J.A.M. again".[37] In January 2011, she told to OnTheRedCarpet.com that she has been working on her fifth album.[38] Da Beat Kadetz formerly known as The TriGz may be working on the project,[39] with Manny Streetz (from Da Beat Kadetz) as executive producer.[40] Raven revealed to Billboard that she would like to work with Sean Garrett again and that it will be R&B with an "alternative base for lyrics".[41] In an interview with Broadway.com in March 2012, she confirmed that she has no plans to release a new album, saying that she "couldn't quite get it together" and that the music she had been working on "wasn't going to be something sellable."[42] She added that the album "might come later in life when I'm able to say what I need to say."[42]

text: In 2013, she filmed a cameo in See Dad Run alongside former Hanging With Mr. Cooper co-star Mark Curry. In early 2014, she began filming Loose, an independent film co-starring Meagan Good, in Mississippi.[43]

text: 2014–present: Fifth studio album, The View and Raven's Home[edit]

text: On December 31, 2014, Symoné confirmed via Twitter that she intends to return to the studio to begin recording her fifth studio album, which she initially began working on back in 2011, but cancelled the project a year later. The album will mark her first since 2008's self-titled fourth album Raven-Symoné.

text: In February 2015, the first of her appearances was revealed to be a guest appearance on the new Fox series Empire.[44][45] She also appeared in 2 episodes of the Disney Channel Original Series K.C. Undercover in which she created Judy, making this her first appearance on Disney Channel since her guest appearance in Sonny With a Chance back in 2010,[46][47][48] and will also have a guest starring role on the ABC series Black-ish. In May 2015, it was reported that Symoné would be joining ABC daytime talk show The View, on a permanent basis as a replacement for Rosie O'Donnell, after she guest hosted on the show multiple times in March and April 2015.[49] In June 2015, she starred in the independent movie A Girl Like Grace, alongside Meagan Good, Garcelle Beauvais and Romeo Miller.[50]

text: In May 2016, Symoné released new new tracks via online streaming, "Sarafina" and "Cruise Control".[51]

text: On October 27, 2016, she announced she would leave The View before the end of 2016 to focus on executive producing and starring in a That's So Raven spin-off.[52][53][54] The spinoff was revealed to be titled Raven's Home in April 2017, and premiered on July 21, 2017.[55][not in citation given]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Regarding her sexual orientation, Raven-Symoné wrote on Twitter in May 2012: "My sexual orientation is mine, and the person I'm dating's to know. I'm not one for a public display of my life." In August 2013, Raven-Symoné commented on legalizing same-sex marriage, "I was excited to hear today that more states legalized gay marriage. I, however am not currently getting married, but it is great to know I can now, should I wish to".[56]

text: In 2013, she briefly retired from acting and enrolled at Academy of Art University to pursue a degree in fine arts.[57]

text: In an October 2014 interview with Oprah Winfrey, she acknowledged being in an "amazing, happy relationship" with her female partner. She also described looking at both boys and girls as possible romantic interests at the age of twelve. In the same interview, Raven-Symoné explained that she rejects labels in all aspects of her life. Despite her racial origin and her same-sex relationship, she refuses to self-identify as either African-American or gay, but as an "American" and as a "human who loves humans."[58] In 2015, Raven-Symoné introduced her partner AzMarie Livingston.[59] She came out of retirement after joining The View.[60] On October 20, 2015, Raven-Symoné announced that she had broken up with AzMarie after a three-year relationship.[61] In 2016, she referred to herself as a "lesbian" on The View.[62]

text: For the 2016 presidential election, she endorsed Libertarian nominee Gary Johnson.[63]

text: Filmography[edit]

text:
Films

Year
Title
Role
Notes

1990
Muppets at Walt Disney World, TheThe Muppets at Walt Disney World
Little Girl
TV movie

Rockin' Through the Decades
Herself
Documentary

1994
The Little Rascals
Stymie's Girlfriend

1998
Dr. Dolittle
Charisse Dolittle

1999
Zenon: Girl of the 21st Century
Nebula Wade
Television film
Nominated — YoungStar Award for Best Performance by a Young Actress in a Mini-Series/Made for TV Film

2001
Dr. Dolittle 2
Charisse Dolittle
Nominated — NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Youth Actor/Actress
Nominated — Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Female Movie Star

2003
The Cheetah Girls
Galleria "Bubbles" Garibaldi
Main role; Disney Channel Original Movie
Nominated — Black Reel Award for Best Actress: Television

Kim Possible: A Sitch in Time
Monique
Voice, television film

2004
Zenon: Z3
Nebula Wade
Television film

The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement
Princess Asana

Fat Albert
Danielle
Voice

2005
Kim Possible: So the Drama
Monique
Voice, television film
Nominated — BET Comedy Award for Best Performance in an Animated Theatrical Film

2006
For One Night
Brianna McCallister
Television film

The Cheetah Girls 2
Galleria "Bubbles" Garibaldi
Main role; Disney Channel Original Movie, also executive producer

Everyone's Hero
Marti Brewster
Voice

2008
College Road Trip
Melanie "Mel" Porter

Tinker Bell
Iridessa
Voice, direct-to-video

2009
Good Hair
Herself
Documentary

Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure
Iridessa
Voice, direct-to-video

2010
Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue

Revenge of the Bridesmaids
Abigail "Abby" Scanlan
Television film

2011
Pixie Hollow Games
Iridessa
Voice, television film

2012
Secret of the Wings
Voice, direct-to-video

2014
The Pirate Fairy

2015
Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast

A Girl Like Grace
Mary
Independent film[64]

2017
Animal Crackers
Binkley
Voice, currently filming

text:
Television

Year
Title
Role
Notes

1989–92
The Cosby Show
Olivia Kendall
63 episodes
Young Artist Award for Exceptional Performance by a Young Actress Under Nine (1991)
TV Land Award for Impact Award (shared with the cast of The Cosby Show)
Nominated — Young Artist Award for Exceptional Performance by a Young Actress Under Nine (1990)
Nominated — Young Artist Award for Exceptional Performance by a Young Actress Under Ten

1989
A Different World
Episode: "Forever Hold Your Peace"

1990
The Earth Day Special

1992
The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air
Claudia
Episode: "Vying for Attention"

1993
Alex Haley's Queen
Young Queen
Miniseries

1993–97
Hangin' with Mr. Cooper
Nicole Lee
Main role; 79 episodes
Nominated — NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Youth Actor/Actress
Nominated — Young Artist Award for Best Youth Comedienne

1994
The Kidsongs Television Show
Herself as a Guest Rapper
1 Season 2 Episode

1995
Happily Ever After
Goldilocks/Olivia/Zoe
Voice, 2 episodes

Bill Nye the Science Guy
Herself
Episode: "Human Transportation"

1997
Space Ghost Coast to Coast
Herself
Episode: Piledriver

2001
My Wife and Kids
Charmaine
Episode: "Mom's Away"

The Proud Family
Stephanie
Episode: Seven Days of Kwanzaa"

2002–07
Kim Possible
Monique
Voice, 27 episodes

2002–07
Express Yourself
Herself
Interstitial series

2003–07
That's So Raven
Raven Lydia Baxter
Lead role; Disney Channel Original Series
100 episodes, also executive producer (22 episodes)
NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Performance in a Youth/Children's Program (Series or Special) (2004–08)
Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Television Actress (2004–05)
Young Artist Award for Outstanding Young Performer in a TV Series
Nominated — BET Comedy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series (2004–05)
Nominated — NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series
Nominated — Gracie Allen Award for Outstanding Female Lead in a Comedy
Nominated — Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Television Actress (2007–08)
Nominated — NAMIC Vision Awards|NAMIC Vision Award for Best Comedic Performance (2004–05)
Nominated — NAMIC Vision Awards|NAMIC Vision Award for Best Performance – Comedy
Nominated — Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Actress: Comedy (2004–06)
Nominated — Young Artist Award for Best Performance by a Leading Young Actress in a TV Series: Comedy or Drama

2004
Fillmore!
Maryanne Greene/Alexandria Quarry
2 episodes

2005
Higglytown Heroes
Playground Monitor
Voice, episode: "Wayne's Ripping Adventure"

2007
The Suite Life of Zack & Cody
Raven Lydia Baxter
Episode: "That's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana"

2007
Cory in the House
Episode: "That's So in the House"

2008
American Dad!
Katie/Wife
2 episodes

2010
Sonny with a Chance
Amber Algoode
Episode: "That's So Sonny"

2011
State of Georgia
Georgia Chamberlain
Lead role; 12 episodes
Nominated — Teen Choice Award for Choice Summer TV Star: Female

2013
See Dad Run
Whitney Gibbons
Episode: "See Dad Run a Fever"

2015
Empire
Olivia Lyon
2 episodes

K.C. Undercover
Simone Devereaux
2 episodes

2015–16
The View
Herself
Co-host (appeared as a guest multiple times before)

2015–17
Black-ish
Rhonda Johnson
3 episodes

2016
RuPaul's Drag Race: All Stars
Guest Judge
Episode: "All Star Talent Show"

Nashville
Herself
Episode: "It's Sure Gonna Hurt"

2017–present
Raven's Home
Raven Lydia Baxter
Lead role; Spin-off of That's So Raven from Disney Channel Original Series

2017
Master of None
Herself
Episode: "Buona Notte"

text: Discography[edit]

text: Studio albums

text:
Here's to New Dreams (1993)
Undeniable (1999)
This Is My Time (2004)
Raven-Symoné (2008)

text: Soundtrack albums

text:
The Cheetah Girls (2003)
That's So Raven (2004)
That's So Raven Too! (2006)
The Cheetah Girls 2 (2006)

text: Tours[edit]

text:
This Is My Time Tour (2006)
Raven-Symoné: Live in Concert Tour (2008–2009)


document_title: Donald Triplett

question_text: who was the first person diagnosed with autism

text: Donald Triplett

text:
Donald TriplettBorn
Donald Gray TriplettSeptember 1933Forest, MississippiNationality
AmericanAlma mater
Millsaps CollegeOccupation
Bank tellerHome town
Forest, Mississippi

text: Donald Gray Triplett (born 1933) was the first person diagnosed with autism. He was first diagnosed by Leo Kanner, and was labeled as "Case 1".[1] Triplett was noted for his savant abilities, particularly being able to name musical notes played on a piano and mentally multiplying numbers to a notable degree.[2]

text: Triplett was tracked down by John Donvan and Caren Zucker so they could find out his life's story for an article "Autism's First Child" in The Atlantic.  He was later featured in the book In a Different Key.  He was institutionalized at three years of age, but his parents pulled him out one year later.  His father, Oliver, described him as socially withdrawn but interested in number patterns, music notes, letters of the alphabet, and U.S. president pictures.  By the age of 2, he had the ability to recite the 23rd Psalm and memorized 25 questions and answers from the Presbyterian catechism.[clarification needed] He was also interested in creating musical chords.[1][3][2][4]


document_title: List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha

question_text: how many seats of lok sabha in punjab

question_tokens: how many seats of lok sabha in punjab

text: List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha

text: Delimitation of constituencies[edit]

text: Under the Delimitation Act of 2002, the Delimitation Commission of India has redefined the list of parliamentary constituencies, their constituent assembly segments and reservation status (whether reserved for Scheduled castes (SC) candidates or Scheduled tribes (ST) candidates or unreserved). Karnataka Legislative Assembly election, 2008, which took place in May 2008, was the first state election to use newly demarcated assembly constituencies.[1] Consequently, all assembly elections scheduled in 2008, viz. in the states of Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, NCT of Delhi, Mizoram and Rajasthan are based on newly defined assembly constituencies.[2] The size and shape of the Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies are determined, according to section 4 of the Representation of the People Act, 1950, by an independent Delimitation Commission. Under a constitutional amendment of 1976,[3] delimitation was suspended until after the census of 2001. However, certain amendments to the Constitution made in 2001 and 2003 have, while putting a freeze on the total number of existing seats as allocated to various States in the House of People and the State Legislative Assemblies on the basis of 1971 census till the first census to be taken after the year 2026,[3] provided that each State shall be delimited into territorial Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies on the basis of 2001 census and the extent of such constituencies as delimited shall remain frozen till the first census to be taken after the year 2026.[3] The number of seats to be reserved for SC/ ST shall be re-worked out on the basis of 2001 census. The constituency shall be delimited in a manner that the population of each Parliamentary and Assembly Constituency in a State so far as practicable be the same throughout the State.[3]

text: List of constituencies by States/Union Territories[edit]

text:
State/Union Territory
Number of Parliamentary seats

Andhra Pradesh
25

Arunachal Pradesh
2

Assam
14

Bihar
40

Chhattisgarh
11

Goa
2

Gujarat
26

Haryana
10

Himachal Pradesh
4

Jammu and Kashmir
6

Jharkhand
14

Karnataka
28

Kerala
20

Madhya Pradesh
29

Maharashtra
48

Manipur
2

Meghalaya
2

Mizoram
1

Nagaland
1

Odisha
21

Punjab
13

Rajasthan
25

Sikkim
1

Tamil Nadu
39

Telangana
17

Tripura
2

Uttar Pradesh
80

Uttarakhand
5

West Bengal
42

Andaman and Nicobar Islands
1

Chandigarh
1

Dadra and Nagar Haveli
1

Daman and Diu
1

Lakshadweep
1

NCT of Delhi
7

Puducherry
1

text: Andhra Pradesh (25)[edit]

text: Constituencies 1 to 17 fall under the State of Telangana and therefore, have been omitted in this table.

text:
Constituency
No.
Constituency Name
Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)

18
Araku
ST

19
Srikakulam
None

20
Vizianagaram
None

21
Visakhapatnam
None

22
Anakapalli
None

23
Kakinada
None

24
Amalapuram
SC

25
Rajahmundry
None

26
Narasapuram
None

27
Eluru
None

28
Machilipatnam
None

29
Vijayawada
None

30
Guntur
None

31
Narasaraopet
None

32
Bapatla
SC

33
Ongole
None

34
Nandyal
None

35
Kurnool
None

36
Anantapur
None

37
Hindupur
None

38
Kadapa
None

39
Nellore
None

40
Tirupati
SC

41
Rajampet
None

42
Chittoor
SC

text: Arunachal Pradesh (2)[edit]

text:
Constituency
No.
Constituency
Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)

1
Arunachal West
None

2
Arunachal East
None

text: Assam (14)[edit]

text:
Constituency
No.
Constituency
Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)

1
Karimganj
SC

2
Silchar
None

3
Autonomous District
ST

4
Dhubri
None

5
Kokrajhar
ST

6
Barpeta
None

7
Gauhati
None

8
Mangaldoi
None

9
Tezpur
None

10
Nowgong
None

11
Kaliabor
None

12
Jorhat
None

13
Dibrugarh
None

14
Lakhimpur
None

text: Bihar (40)[edit]

text:
Constituency
No.
Constituency
Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)

1
Valmiki Nagar
None

2
Paschim Champaran
None

3
Purvi Champaran
None

4
Sheohar
None

5
Sitamarhi
None

6
Madhubani
None

7
Jhanjharpur
None

8
Supaul
None

9
Araria
None

10
Kishanganj
None

11
Katihar
None

12
Purnia
None

13
Madhepura
None

14
Darbhanga
None

15
Muzaffarpur
None

16
Vaishali
None

17
Gopalganj
SC

18
Siwan
None

19
Maharajganj
None

20
Saran
None

21
Hajipur
SC

22
Ujiarpur
None

23
Samastipur
SC

24
Begusarai
None

25
Khagaria
None

26
Bhagalpur
None

27
Banka
None

28
Munger
None

29
Nalanda
None

30
Patna Sahib
None

31
Pataliputra
None

32
Arrah
None

33
Buxar
None

34
Sasaram
SC

35
Karakat
None

36
Jahanabad
None

37
Aurangabad
None

38
Gaya
SC

39
Nawada
None

40
Jamui
SC

text: Chhattisgarh (11)[edit]

text:
Constituency
No.
Constituency
Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)

1
Sarguja
ST

2
Raigarh
ST

3
Janjgir
SC

4
Korba
None

5
Bilaspur
None

6
Rajnandgaon
None

7
Durg
None

8
Raipur
None

9
Mahasamund
None

10
Bastar
ST

11
Kanker
ST

text: Goa (2)[edit]

text:
Constituency
No.
Constituency
Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)

1
North Goa
None

2
South Goa
None

text: Gujarat (26)[edit]

text:
Constituency
No.
Constituency
Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)

1
Kachchh
SC

2
Banaskantha
None

3
Patan
None

4
Mahesana
None

5
Sabarkantha
None

6
Gandhinagar
None

7
Ahmedabad East
None

8
Ahmedabad West
SC

9
Surendranagar
None

10
Rajkot
None

11
Porbandar
None

12
Jamnagar
None

13
Junagadh
None

14
Amreli
None

15
Bhavnagar
None

16
Anand
None

17
Kheda
None

18
Panchmahal
None

19
Dahod
ST

20
Vadodara
None

21
Chhota Udaipur
ST

22
Bharuch
None

23
Bardoli
ST

24
Surat
None

25
Navsari
None

26
Valsad
ST

text: Haryana (10)[edit]

text:
Constituency
No.
Constituency
Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)

1
Ambala
SC

2
Kurukshetra
None

3
Sirsa
SC

4
Hissar
None

5
Karnal
None

6
Sonepat
None

7
Rohtak
None

8
Bhiwani-Mahendragarh
None

9
Gurgaon
None

10
Faridabad
None

text: Himachal Pradesh (4)[edit]

text:
Constituency
No.
Constituency
Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)

1
Kangra
None

2
Mandi
None

3
Hamirpur
None

4
Shimla
SC

text: Jammu and Kashmir (6)[edit]

text:
Constituency
No.
Constituency
Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)

1
Baramulla
None

2
Srinagar
None

3
Anantnag
None

4
Ladakh
None

5
Udhampur
None

6
Jammu
None

text: Jharkhand (14)[edit]

text:
Constituency
No.
Constituency
Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)

1
Rajmahal
ST

2
Dumka
ST

3
Godda
None

4
Chatra
None

5
Kodarma
None

6
Giridih
None

7
Dhanbad
None

8
Ranchi
None

9
Jamshedpur
None

10
Singhbhum
ST

11
Khunti
ST

12
Lohardaga
ST

13
Palamau
SC

14
Hazaribagh
None

text: Karnataka (28)[edit]

text:
Constituency
No.
Constituency
Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)

1
Chikkodi
None

2
Belgaum
None

3
Bagalkot
None

4
Bijapur
SC

5
Kalaburagi
SC

6
Raichur
ST

7
Bidar
None

8
Koppal
None

9
Bellary
ST

10
Haveri
None

11
Dharwad
None

12
Uttara Kannada
None

13
Davanagere
None

14
Shimoga
None

15
Udupi Chikmagalur
None

16
Hassan
None

17
Dakshina Kannada
None

18
Chitradurga
SC

19
Tumkur
None

20
Mandya
None

21
Mysore
None

22
Chamarajanagar
SC

23
Bangalore Rural
None

24
Bangalore North
None

25
Bangalore Central
None

26
Bangalore South
None

27
Chikballapur
None

28
Kolar
SC

text: Kerala (20)[edit]

text:
Constituency
No.
Constituency
Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)

1
Kasaragod
None

2
Kannur
None

3
Vatakara
None

4
Wayanad
None

5
Kozhikode
None

6
Malappuram
None

7
Ponnani
None

8
Palakkad
None

9
Alathur
SC

10
Thrissur
None

11
Chalakudy
None

12
Ernakulam
None

13
Idukki
None

14
Kottayam
None

15
Alappuzha
None

16
Mavelikara
SC

17
Pathanamthitta
None

18
Kollam
None

19
Attingal
None

20
Thiruvananthapuram
None

text: Madhya Pradesh (29)[edit]

text:
Constituency
No.
Constituency
Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)

1
Morena
None

2
Bhind
SC

3
Gwalior
None

4
Guna
None

5
Sagar
None

6
Tikamgarh
SC

7
Damoh
None

8
Khajuraho
None

9
Satna
None

10
Rewa
None

11
Sidhi
None

12
Shahdol
ST

13
Jabalpur
None

14
Mandla
ST

15
Balaghat
None

16
Chhindwara
None

17
Hoshangabad
None

18
Vidisha
None

19
Bhopal
None

20
Rajgarh
None

21
Dewas
SC

22
Ujjain
SC

23
Mandsaur
None

24
Ratlam
ST

25
Dhar
ST

26
Indore
None

27
Khargone
ST

28
Khandwa
None

29
Betul
ST

text: Maharashtra (48)[edit]

text:
Constituency
No.
Constituency
Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)

1
Nandurbar
ST

2
Dhule
None

3
Jalgaon
None

4
Raver
None

5
Buldhana
None

6
Akola
None

7
Amravati
SC

8
Wardha
None

9
Ramtek
SC

10
Nagpur
None

11
Bhandara-Gondiya
None

12
Gadchiroli-Chimur
ST

13
Chandrapur
None

14
Yavatmal-Washim
None

15
Hingoli
None

16
Nanded
None

17
Parbhani
None

18
Jalna
None

19
Aurangabad
None

20
Dindori
ST

21
Nashik
None

22
Palghar
ST

23
Bhiwandi
None

24
Kalyan
None

25
Thane
None

26
Mumbai North
None

27
Mumbai North West
None

28
Mumbai North East
None

29
Mumbai North Central
None

30
Mumbai South Central
None

31
Mumbai South
None

32
Raigad
None

33
Maval
None

34
Pune
None

35
Baramati
None

36
Shirur
None

37
Ahmednagar
None

38
Shirdi
SC

39
Beed
None

40
Osmanabad
None

41
Latur
SC

42
Solapur
SC

43
Madha
None

44
Sangli
None

45
Satara
None

46
Ratnagiri–Sindhudurg
None

47
Kolhapur
None

48
Hatkanangle
None

text: Manipur (2)[edit]

text:
Constituency
No.
Constituency
Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)

1
Inner Manipur
None

2
Outer Manipur
ST

text: Meghalaya (2)[edit]

text:
Constituency
No.
Constituency
Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)

1
Shillong
ST

2
Tura
ST

text: Mizoram (1)[edit]

text:
Constituency
No.
Constituency
Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)

1
Mizoram
ST

text: Nagaland (1)[edit]

text:
Constituency
No.
Constituency
Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)

1
Nagaland
None

text: Odisha (21)[edit]

text:
Constituency
No.
Constituency
Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)

1
Bargarh
None

2
Sundargarh
ST

3
Sambalpur
None

4
Keonjhar
ST

5
Mayurbhanj
ST

6
Balasore
None

7
Bhadrak
SC

8
Jajpur
SC

9
Dhenkanal
None

10
Bolangir
None

11
Kalahandi
None

12
Nabarangpur
ST

13
Kandhamal
None

14
Cuttack
None

15
Kendrapara
None

16
Jagatsinghpur
SC

17
Puri
None

18
Bhubaneswar
None

19
Aska
None

20
Berhampur
None

21
Koraput
ST

text: Punjab (13)[edit]

text:
Constituency
No.
Constituency
Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)

1
Gurdaspur
None

2
Amritsar
None

3
Khadoor Sahib
None

4
Jalandhar
SC

5
Hoshiarpur
SC

6
Anandpur Sahib
None

7
Ludhiana
None

8
Fatehgarh Sahib
SC

9
Faridkot
SC

10
Firozpur
None

11
Bathinda
None

12
Sangrur
None

13
Patiala
None

text: Rajasthan (25)[edit]

text:
Constituency
No.
Constituency
Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)

1
Ganganagar
SC

2
Bikaner
SC

3
Churu
None

4
Jhunjhunu
None

5
Sikar
None

6
Jaipur Rural
None

7
Jaipur
None

8
Alwar
None

9
Bharatpur
SC

10
Karauli-Dholpur
SC

11
Dausa
ST

12
Tonk-Sawai Madhopur
None

13
Ajmer
None

14
Nagaur
None

15
Pali
None

16
Jodhpur
None

17
Barmer
None

18
Jalore
None

19
Udaipur
ST

20
Banswara
ST

21
Chittorgarh
None

22
Rajsamand
None

23
Bhilwara
None

24
Kota
None

25
Jhalawar-Baran
None

text: Sikkim (1)[edit]

text:
Constituency
No.
Constituency
Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)

1
Sikkim
None

text: Tamil Nadu (39)[edit]

text:
Constituency
No.
Constituency
Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)

1
Thiruvallur
SC

2
Chennai North
None

3
Chennai South
None

4
Chennai Central
None

5
Sriperumbudur
None

6
Kancheepuram
SC

7
Arakkonam
None

8
Vellore
None

9
Krishnagiri
None

10
Dharmapuri
None

11
Tiruvannamalai
None

12
Arani
None

13
Villupuram
SC

14
Kallakurichi
None

15
Salem
None

16
Namakkal
None

17
Erode
None

18
Tiruppur
None

19
Nilgiris
SC

20
Coimbatore
None

21
Pollachi
None

22
Dindigul
None

23
Karur
None

24
Tiruchirappalli
None

25
Perambalur
None

26
Cuddalore
None

27
Chidambaram
SC

28
Mayiladuturai
None

29
Nagapattinam
SC

30
Thanjavur
None

31
Sivaganga
None

32
Madurai
None

33
Theni
None

34
Virudhunagar
None

35
Ramanathapuram
None

36
Thoothukudi
None

37
Tenkasi
SC

38
Tirunelveli
None

39
Kanyakumari
None

text: Telangana (17)[edit]

text:
Constituency
No.
Constituency
Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)

1
Adilabad
ST

2
Peddapalle
SC

3
Karimnagar
None

4
Nizamabad
None

5
Zahirabad
None

6
Medak
None

7
Malkajgiri
None

8
Secunderabad
None

9
Hyderabad
None

10
Chevella
None

11
Mahbubnagar
None

12
Nagarkurnool
SC

13
Nalgonda
None

14
Bhongir
None

15
Warangal
SC

16
Mahabubabad
ST

17
Khammam
None

text: Tripura (2)[edit]

text:
Constituency
No.
Constituency
Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)

1
Tripura West
None

2
Tripura East
ST

text: Uttar Pradesh(80)[edit]

text:
Constituency
No.
Constituency
Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)

1
Saharanpur
None

2
Kairana
None

3
Muzaffarnagar
None

4
Bijnor
None

5
Nagina
SC

6
Moradabad
None

7
Rampur
None

8
Sambhal
None

9
Amroha
None

10
Meerut
None

11
Baghpat
None

12
Ghaziabad
None

13
Gautam Buddha Nagar
None

14
Bulandshahr
SC

15
Aligarh
None

16
Hathras
SC

17
Mathura
None

18
Agra
SC

19
Fatehpur Sikri
None

20
Firozabad
None

21
Mainpuri
None

22
Etah
None

23
Badaun
None

24
Aonla
None

25
Bareilly
None

26
Pilibhit
None

27
Shahjahanpur
SC

28
Kheri
None

29
Dhaurahra
None

30
Sitapur
None

31
Hardoi
SC

32
Misrikh
SC

33
Unnao
None

34
Mohanlalganj
SC

35
Lucknow
None

36
Rae Bareli
None

37
Amethi
None

38
Sultanpur
None

39
Pratapgarh
None

40
Farrukhabad
None

41
Etawah
SC

42
Kannauj
None

43
Kanpur Urban
None

44
Akbarpur
None

45
Jalaun
SC

46
Jhansi
None

47
Hamirpur
None

48
Banda
None

49
Fatehpur
None

50
Kaushambi
SC

51
Phulpur
None

52
Allahabad
None

53
Barabanki
SC

54
Faizabad
None

55
Ambedkar Nagar
None

56
Bahraich
SC

57
Kaiserganj
None

58
Shrawasti
None

59
Gonda
None

60
Domariyaganj
None

61
Basti
None

62
Sant Kabir Nagar
None

63
Maharajganj
None

64
Gorakhpur
None

65
Kushi Nagar
None

66
Deoria
None

67
Bansgaon
SC

68
Lalganj
SC

69
Azamgarh
None

70
Ghosi
None

71
Salempur
None

72
Ballia
None

73
Jaunpur
None

74
Machhlishahr
SC

75
Ghazipur
None

76
Chandauli
None

77
Varanasi
None

78
Bhadohi
None

79
Mirzapur
None

80
Robertsganj
SC

text: Uttarakhand (5)[edit]

text:
Constituency
No.
Constituency
Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)

1
Tehri Garhwal
None

2
Garhwal
None

3
Almora
SC

4
Nainital-Udhamsingh Nagar
None

5
Haridwar
None

text: West Bengal (42)[edit]

text:
Constituency
No.
Constituency
Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)

1
Cooch Behar
SC

2
Alipurduars
ST

3
Jalpaiguri
SC

4
Darjeeling
None

5
Raiganj
None

6
Balurghat
None

7
Maldaha Uttar
None

8
Maldaha Dakshin
None

9
Jangipur
None

10
Baharampur
None

11
Murshidabad
None

12
Krishnanagar
None

13
Ranaghat
SC

14
Bangaon
SC

15
Barrackpur
None

16
Dum Dum
None

17
Barasat
None

18
Basirhat
None

19
Jaynagar
SC

20
Mathurapur
SC

21
Diamond Harbour
None

22
Jadavpur
None

23
Kolkata Dakshin
None

24
Kolkata Uttar
None

25
Howrah
None

26
Uluberia
None

27
Srerampur
None

28
Hooghly
None

29
Arambag
SC

30
Tamluk
None

31
Kanthi
None

32
Ghatal
None

33
Jhargram
ST

34
Medinipur
None

35
Purulia
None

36
Bankura
None

37
Bishnupur
SC

38
Bardhaman Purba
SC

39
Bardhaman-Durgapur
None

40
Asansol
None

41
Bolpur
SC

42
Birbhum
None

text: Constituencies in the Union Territories[edit]

text:
Constituencies of Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Constituencies of Chandigarh

Constituencies of Dadra and Nagar Haveli

Constituencies of Daman and Diu

Constituencies of Lakshadweep

Constituencies of National Capital Territory of Delhi

Constituencies of Puducherry

text: Andaman and Nicobar Islands (1)[edit]

text:
Constituency
No.
Constituency
Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)

1
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
None

text: Chandigarh (1)[edit]

text:
Constituency
No.
Constituency
Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)

1
Chandigarh
None

text: Dadra and Nagar Haveli (1)[edit]

text:
Constituency
No.
Constituency
Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)

1
Dadra and Nagar Haveli
ST

text: Daman and Diu (1)[edit]

text:
Constituency
No.
Constituency
Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)

1
Daman and Diu
None

text: Lakshadweep (1)[edit]

text:
Constituency
No.
Constituency
Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)

1
Lakshadweep
ST

text: NCT of Delhi (7)[edit]

text:
Constituency
No.
Constituency
Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)

1
Chandni Chowk
None

2
North East Delhi
None

3
East Delhi
None

4
New Delhi
None

5
North West Delhi
SC

6
West Delhi
None

7
South Delhi
None

text: Puducherry (1)[edit]

text:
Constituency
No.
Constituency
Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)

1
Puducherry
None

text: Nominated Anglo-Indians (2)[edit]

text:
Constituency
No.
Constituency
Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)

1
Anglo-Indian reserved seats
None

2
None