document_title: List of largest lakes of the United States by area

question_text: biggest lake in the us borders which states

root

text: The following is a list of the largest 100 lakes of the United States by normal surface area. The top twenty lakes in size are as listed by the National Atlas of the United States, a publication of the United States Department of the Interior. The area given is the normal or average area of the lake. The area of some lakes fluctuates substantially. For those lakes partially in Canada or Mexico the area given for the lake is the total area, not just the part of the lake in the United States. Of the top 100 lakes, 55 are man-made and 45 are natural. Three lakes in the top 100 are primarily salt water.

tag: p

text:
Rank
Name
U.S. states/Canadian provinces/Mexican states
Area
Type
Notes

1
Lake Superior
Michigan-Minnesota-Wisconsin-Ontario
31,700 sq mi
82,103 km2
natural
[1]

2
Lake Huron
Michigan-Ontario
23,000 sq mi
59,570 km2
natural
[2]

3
Lake Michigan
Illinois-Indiana-Michigan-Wisconsin
22,300 sq mi
57,757 km2
natural
[3]

4
Lake Erie
Michigan-New York-Ohio-Ontario-Pennsylvania
9,910 sq mi
25,667 km2
natural
[4]

5
Lake Ontario
New York-Ontario
7,340 sq mi
19,011 km2
natural
[5]

6
Great Salt Lake
Utah
2,117 sq mi
5,483 km2
natural
salt[6]

7
Lake of the Woods
Manitoba-Minnesota-Ontario
1,679 sq mi
4,349 km2
natural

8
Iliamna Lake
Alaska
1,014 sq mi
2,626 km2
natural

9
Lake Oahe
North Dakota-South Dakota
685 sq mi
1,774 km2
man-made
[7]

10
Lake Okeechobee
Florida
662 sq mi
1,715 km2
natural
[8]

11
Lake Pontchartrain
Louisiana
631 sq mi
1,634 km2
natural
salt [9]

12
Lake Sakakawea
North Dakota
520 sq mi
1,347 km2
man-made

13
Lake Champlain
New York-Vermont-Quebec
490 sq mi
1,269 km2
natural

14
Becharof Lake
Alaska
453 sq mi
1,173 km2
natural

15
Lake St. Clair
Michigan - Ontario
440 sq mi
1,140 km2
natural

16
Red Lake
Minnesota
427 sq mi
1,106 km2
natural
[10]

17
Selawik Lake
Alaska
404 sq mi
1,046 km2
natural

18
Fort Peck Lake
Montana
393 sq mi
1,018 km2
man-made

19
Salton Sea
California
347 sq mi
899 km2
man-made
salt[11]

20
Rainy Lake
Minnesota-Ontario
345 sq mi
894 km2
natural

21
Devils Lake
North Dakota
300.0 sq mi
777 km2
natural
[12][13][14][15]

22
Toledo Bend Reservoir
Louisiana-Texas
284 sq mi
736 km2
man-made

23
Lake Powell
Arizona-Utah
251 sq mi
650 km2
man-made

24
Kentucky Lake
Kentucky-Tennessee
250 sq mi
647 km2
man-made

25
Lake Mead
Arizona-Nevada
247 sq mi
640 km2
man-made

26
Naknek Lake
Alaska
242 sq mi
627 km2
natural

27
Lake Winnebago
Wisconsin
215 sq mi
557 km2
natural

28
Mille Lacs Lake
Minnesota
207 sq mi
536 km2
natural

29
Flathead Lake
Montana
192 sq mi
497 km2
natural

30
Lake Tahoe
California-Nevada
191 sq mi
495 km2
natural

31
Pyramid Lake
Nevada
183 sq mi
474 km2
natural

32
Sam Rayburn Reservoir
Texas
179 sq mi
464 km2
man-made

33
Eufaula Lake
Oklahoma
169 sq mi
438 km2
man-made

34
Lake Marion
South Carolina
165 sq mi
427 km2
man-made

35
Leech Lake
Minnesota
161 sq mi
417 km2
natural

36
Utah Lake
Utah
151 sq mi
391 km2
natural

37
Lake Francis Case
South Dakota
149 sq mi
386 km2
man-made

38
Lake Pend Oreille
Idaho
148 sq mi
383 km2
natural

39
Lake Texoma
Oklahoma-Texas
139 sq mi
360 km2
man-made

40
Yellowstone Lake
Wyoming
136 sq mi
352 km2
natural

41
Falcon Lake
Tamaulipas-Texas
131 sq mi
339 km2
natural

42
Lake Livingston
Texas
130 sq mi
337 km2
man-made

43
Lake Roosevelt
Washington
128 sq mi
332 km2
man-made

44
Lake Clark
Alaska
120 sq mi
311 km2
natural

45
Moosehead Lake
Maine
117 sq mi
303 km2
natural

46
Lake Strom Thurmond
Georgia-South Carolina
111 sq mi
287 km2
man-made

47
Bear Lake
Idaho-Utah
109 sq mi
282 km2
natural

48
Lake Guntersville
Alabama
108 sq mi
280 km2
man-made

49
Lake St. Francis
New York-Ontario-Quebec
105 sq mi
272 km2
man-made
[16]

50
Wheeler Lake
Alabama
105 sq mi
272 km2
man-made

51
Amistad Lake
Coahuila-Texas
102 sq mi
264 km2
man-made

52
Klamath Lake
Oregon
96 sq mi
249 km2
natural

53
Lake Moultrie
South Carolina
94 sq mi
243 km2
man-made

54
Lake Winnibigoshish
Minnesota
91 sq mi
236 km2
natural

55
Lake Barkley
Kentucky-Tennessee
91 sq mi
236 km2
man-made

56
Lake Sharpe
South Dakota
89 sq mi
231 km2
man-made

57
American Falls Reservoir
Idaho
88 sq mi
228 km2
man-made

58
Lake Hartwell
Georgia-South Carolina
87 sq mi
225 km2
man-made

59
Truman Reservoir
Missouri
87 sq mi
225 km2
man-made

60
Lake of the Ozarks
Missouri
86 sq mi
223 km2
man-made

61
Oneida Lake
New York
80 sq mi
207 km2
natural

62
Lake Cumberland
Kentucky
79 sq mi
205 km2
man-made

63
Kerr Lake
North Carolina-Virginia
78 sq mi
202 km2
man-made

64
Calcasieu Lake
Louisiana
77 sq mi
199 km2
natural

65
Lake Murray
South Carolina
75 sq mi
194 km2
man-made

66
Grand Lake o' the Cherokees
Oklahoma
73 sq mi
189 km2
man-made

67
Lake Winnipesaukee
New Hampshire
71 sq mi
184 km2
natural

68
Bull Shoals Lake
Arkansas-Missouri
71 sq mi
184 km2
man-made

69
Walter F. George Lake
Alabama-Georgia
71 sq mi
184 km2
man-made

70
Lake Martin
Alabama
69 sq mi
179 km2
man-made

71
Clear Lake
California
68 sq mi
176 km2
natural

72
Robert S. Kerr Lake
Oklahoma
68 sq mi
176 km2
man-made

73
Seneca Lake
New York
68 sq mi
176 km2
natural

74
Pickwick Lake
Alabama-Mississippi
67 sq mi
174 km2
man-made

75
Table Rock Lake
Arkansas-Missouri
67 sq mi
174 km2
man-made

76
Cayuga Lake
New York
67 sq mi
174 km2
natural

77
Flaming Gorge Reservoir
Utah-Wyoming
66 sq mi
171 km2
man-made

78
Lake Vermilion
Minnesota
63 sq mi
163 km2
natural

79
Lake Ouachita
Arkansas
63 sq mi
163 km2
man-made

80
Lake Mattamuskeet
North Carolina
63 sq mi
163 km2
natural

81
Watts Bar Lake
Tennessee
61 sq mi
158 km2
man-made

82
Lake Wallula
Oregon-Washington
61 sq mi
158 km2
man-made

83
Lake Lanier
Georgia
59 sq mi
153 km2
man-made

84
Lake Seminole
Florida-Georgia
58 sq mi
150 km2
man-made

85
Lake Tawakoni
Texas
57 sq mi
148 km2
man-made

86
Elephant Butte Lake
New Mexico
57 sq mi
148 km2
man-made

87
Chickamauga Lake
Tennessee
57 sq mi
148 km2
man-made

88
Grenada Lake
Mississippi
55 sq mi
142 km2
man-made

89
Lake Kissimmee
Florida
55 sq mi
142 km2
natural

90
Lake Dardanelle
Arkansas
54 sq mi
140 km2
man-made

91
Norris Lake
Tennessee
53 sq mi
137 km2
man-made

92
Canyon Ferry Lake
Montana
53 sq mi
137 km2
man-made

93
Lake Chelan
Washington
52 sq mi
135 km2
natural

94
Cedar Creek Lake
Texas
51 sq mi
132 km2
man-made

95
Lake Norman
North Carolina
51 sq mi
132 km2
man-made

96
Sardis Lake
Mississippi
51 sq mi
132 km2
man-made

97
Walker Lake (Nevada)
Nevada
50 sq mi
129 km2
natural

98
Lake McConaughy
Nebraska
56 sq mi
145 km2
man-made

99
Lake George
New York
56 sq mi
145 km2
natural

100
Beaver Lake
Arkansas
44.06 sq mi
114 km2
man-made

tag: table

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ One of the Great Lakes; considered the largest lake in the United States by the National Atlas of the United States.
Jump up ^ Although it forms one a single hydrological unit with Lake Michigan (their surfaces are at the same elevation and the water flows in either direction in the channel separating them), they are generally considered distinct lakes, and Lake Michigan is generally considered the largest lake entirely within the United States, as Lake Huron and Lake Superior are binational (shared with Canada).
Jump up ^ One of the Great Lakes.
Jump up ^ One of the Great Lakes.
Jump up ^ One of the Great Lakes.
Jump up ^ If Lake Michigan and Lake Huron are considered the same lake, the largest lake entirely within the United States. Also the largest salt lake in the United States.
Jump up ^ Largest man-made lake (reservoir) by surface area in the United States.
Jump up ^ Largest lake in the South
Jump up ^ Often considered an estuary rather than a lake
Jump up ^ includes both Upper and Lower Red Lake
Jump up ^ highly variable in area
Jump up ^ The area of Devils Lake was taken from the summer 2011 record peak of 1,454.4 ft (443.3 m) MSL. Devils Lake has experienced severe flooding and has risen more than 31 feet (9.4 m) since 1993. Area has increased by 4 times.
Jump up ^ Devils Lake Elevation-Volume Table
Jump up ^ USGS Devils Lake Flood History
Jump up ^ National Weather Service Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service (NWS AHPS) for Devils Lake at Creel Bay
Jump up ^ Part of St. Lawrence Seaway


document_title: Las Vegas Strip

question_text: what was the first hotel built on the las vegas strip

text: Las Vegas Strip

text: Boundaries[edit]

text: Historically, the casinos that were not in Downtown Las Vegas along Fremont Street were limited to outside the city limits on Las Vegas Boulevard. In 1959, the Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign was constructed exactly 4.5 miles (7.2 km) outside the city limits. The sign is today located in the median just south of Russell Road, across from the now-demolished Klondike Hotel & Casino, about 0.4 miles (0.64 km) south of the southernmost entrance to Mandalay Bay (the southernmost casino).[6]

text: In the strictest sense, "the Strip" refers only to the stretch of Las Vegas Boulevard that is roughly between Sahara Avenue and Russell Road, a distance of 4.2 miles (6.8 km).[7][8] However, the term is often used to refer not only to the road but also to the various casinos and resorts that line the road, and even to properties that are not on the road but are in proximity to it. Phrases such as Strip Area, Resort Corridor or Resort District are sometimes used to indicate a larger geographical area, including properties 1 mile (1.6 km) or more away from Las Vegas Boulevard, such as the Hard Rock, Rio, Palms, and Hooters casinos.

text: A long-standing definition considers the Strip's northern terminus as the SLS, though travel guides typically extend it to include the Stratosphere 0.4 miles (0.64 km) to the north. Mandalay Bay, located just north of Russell Road, is the southernmost resort considered to be on the Strip (the Klondike was the southernmost until 2006, when it was closed, although it was not included in the Strip on some definitions and travel guides).

text: Because of the number and size of the resorts, the resort corridor can be quite wide. Interstate 15 runs roughly parallel and 0.5 to 0.8 miles (0.80 to 1.29 km) to the west of Las Vegas Boulevard for the entire length of the Strip. Paradise Road runs to the east in a similar fashion, and ends at St. Louis Avenue. The eastern side of the Strip is bounded by McCarran International Airport south of Tropicana Avenue.

text: North of this point, the resort corridor can be considered to extend as far east as Paradise Road, although some consider Koval Lane as a less inclusive boundary. Interstate 15 is sometimes considered the western edge of the resort corridor from Interstate 215 to Spring Mountain Road. North of this point, Industrial Road serves as the western edge.

text: Newer hotels and resorts such as South Point, Grandview Resort, and M Resort are on Las Vegas Boulevard South as distant as 8 miles south of the "Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas" sign. Marketing for these casinos usually states that they are on southern Las Vegas Boulevard and not "Strip" properties.

text: History[edit]

text: Early years (1930s–1990s)[edit]

text: The first casino to be built on Highway 91 was the Pair-o-Dice Club in 1931, but the first resort on what is currently the Strip was the El Rancho Vegas, opening on April 3, 1941, with 63 rooms. That casino/ resort stood for almost 20 years before being destroyed by a fire in 1960. Its success spawned a second hotel on what would become the Strip, the Hotel Last Frontier in 1942. Organized crime figures such as New York's Bugsy Siegel took interest in the growing gaming center leading to other resorts such as the Flamingo, which opened in 1946, and the Desert Inn, which opened in 1950. The funding for many projects was provided through the American National Insurance Company, which was based in the then notorious gambling empire of Galveston, Texas.[9][10]

text: Las Vegas Boulevard South was previously called Arrowhead Highway, or Los Angeles Highway. The Strip was named by Los Angeles police officer and businessman Guy McAfee, after his hometown's Sunset Strip.[11]

text:
Caesars Palace was established in 1966. In 1968, Kirk Kerkorian purchased the Flamingo and hired Sahara Hotels Vice President Alex Shoofey as President. Alex Shoofey brought along 33 of Sahara's top executives. The Flamingo was used to train future employees of the International Hotel, which was under construction. Opening in 1969, the International Hotel, with 1,512 rooms, began the era of mega-resorts. The International is known as Westgate Las Vegas today.
The first MGM Grand Hotel and Casino, also a Kerkorian property, opened in 1973 with 2,084 rooms. At the time, this was one of the largest hotels in the world by number of rooms. The Rossiya Hotel built in 1967 in Moscow, for instance, had 3,200 rooms; however, most of the rooms in the Rossiya Hotel were single rooms of 118 sq. ft (roughly 1/4 size of a standard room at the MGM Grand Resort). On November 21, 1980, the MGM Grand suffered the worst resort fire in the history of Las Vegas as a result of electrical problems, killing 87 people. It reopened eight months later. In 1986, Kerkorian sold the MGM Grand to Bally Manufacturing, and it was renamed Bally's.

text: The Wet 'n Wild water park opened in 1985 and was located on the south side of the Sahara hotel. It closed at the end of the 2004 season and was later demolished. The opening of The Mirage in 1989 set a new level to the Las Vegas experience, as smaller hotels and casinos made way for the larger mega-resorts. The Rio and the Excalibur opened in 1990. These huge facilities offer entertainment and dining options, as well as gambling and lodging. This change affected the smaller, well-known and now historic hotels and casinos, like The Dunes, The Sands, the Stardust, and the Sahara.

text: The lights along the Strip have been dimmed in a sign of respect to six performers and one other major Las Vegas figure upon their deaths. They are Elvis Presley (1977), Sammy Davis Jr. (1990),[12] Dean Martin (1995), George Burns (1996), Frank Sinatra (1998), former UNLV basketball head coach Jerry Tarkanian (2015),[13] and Don Rickles (2017).[14] The Strip lights were dimmed later in 2017 as a memorial to victims of a mass shooting at a concert held adjacent to the Strip.[15]  In 2005, Clark County renamed a section of Industrial Road (south of Twain Avenue) as Dean Martin Drive, also as a tribute to the famous Rat Pack singer, actor, and frequent Las Vegas entertainer.

text: In an effort to attract families, resorts offered more attractions geared toward youth, but had limited success. The (current) MGM Grand opened in 1993 with MGM Grand Adventures Theme Park, but the park closed in 2000 due to lack of interest. Similarly, in 2003 Treasure Island closed its own video arcade and abandoned the previous pirate theme, adopting the new ti name.[16]

text: In addition to the large hotels, casinos and resorts, the Strip is home to a few smaller casinos and other attractions, such as M&M's World, Adventuredome and the Fashion Show Mall. Starting in the mid-1990s, the Strip became a popular New Year's Eve celebration destination.

text: Recent years (2000–present)[edit]

text: With the opening of Bellagio, Venetian, Palazzo, Wynn and Encore resorts, the strip trended towards the luxurious high end segment through most of the 2000s, while some older resorts added major expansions and renovations, including some de-theming of the earlier themed hotels. High end dining, specialty retail, spas and nightclubs increasingly became options for visitors in addition to gambling at most Strip resorts. There was also a trend towards expensive residential condo units on the strip.

text: In 2004, MGM Mirage announced plans for CityCenter, a 66-acre (27 ha), $7 billion multi-use project on the site of the Boardwalk hotel and adjoining land. It consists of hotel, casino, condo, retail, art, business and other uses on the site. City Center is currently the largest such complex in the world. Construction began in April 2006, with most elements of the project opened in late 2009. Also in 2006, the Las Vegas Strip lost its longtime status as the world's highest-grossing gambling center, falling to second place behind Macau.[17]

text: In 2012, the High Roller Ferris wheel and a retail district called The LINQ Promenade broke ground, in an attempt to diversify attractions beyond that of casino resorts. Renovations and rebrandings such as The Cromwell Las Vegas and the SLS Las Vegas continued to transform The Strip in 2014. The Las Vegas Festival Grounds opened in 2015. In 2016, the T-Mobile Arena, The Park, and the Park Theatre opened. Smaller changes and developments are taking place as well.[18]

text: On October 1, 2017, a mass shooting occurred on the Strip at the Route 91 Harvest country music festival, adjacent to the Mandalay Bay hotel. This incident became the deadliest mass shooting in modern United States history.[19]

text: Future developments[edit]

text:
The Monte Carlo Resort and Casino is undergoing a two-year, $450 million makeover into the Park MGM to be completed by end of 2018.[20]
Phase one of Wynn Paradise Park with a 1,500 room hotel tower, lagoon and beach amenities is expected to be completed by early 2019.[21]
Construction of the All Net Resort and Arena is expected to be completed by spring 2020.[22]
Genting Group bought the site of the Stardust in 2013 with plans to build and open Resorts World Las Vegas in 2020.[23]
The MSG Sphere Las Vegas behind The Palazzo and The Venetian is planned to be completed by late 2020.[24]
The Drew Las Vegas will be turned into a 4,000 room resort and casino by late 2020.[25]
Wynn Resorts bought the site of the New Frontier in December 2017 and announced plans for a 2,000+ room resort tentatively named Wynn West.[26]
Between Q2 2018 and summer 2021, $140M will be invested in upgrading the Stratosphere.[27]
The unfinished Skyvue ferris wheel is for sale,[28] as is the land of the former La Concha Motel[29].

tag: ul

text: Transportation[edit]

text: RTC Transit (previously Citizens Area Transit, or CAT) provides bus service on the Strip with double decker buses known as The Deuce. The Deuce runs between Mandalay Bay at the southern end of the Strip (and to the Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign and South Strip Transfer Terminal after midnight) to the Bonneville Transit Center (BTC) and the Fremont Street Experience in Downtown Las Vegas, with stops near every casino. RTC also operates an express bus called the Strip and Downtown Express (SDX). This route connects the Strip to the Las Vegas Convention Center and Downtown Las Vegas to the north, with stops at selected hotels and shopping attractions (Las Vegas Premium Outlets North & South).

text: While not on the Strip itself, the Las Vegas Monorail runs on the east side of the Strip corridor from Tropicana Avenue to Sahara Avenue.[30]

text: Several free trams operate on the west side of the Strip:

text:
Mandalay Bay Tram connecting the Mandalay Bay, Luxor, and Excalibur
Aria Express connecting Park MGM, Crystals (also stop for Aria), and Bellagio
Between Treasure Island and The Mirage

text: Prior to CAT bus service beginning operations in 1992, mass transit on the Strip was provided by a private transit company, Las Vegas Transit. The Strip route was their only profitable route and supported the whole bus system.[citation needed]

text:
The Deuce bus (CAT Enviro500)

Aria Express

Mandalay Bay Tram

text: Pedestrian traffic[edit]

text: Concerning pedestrian safety and to help alleviate traffic congestion at popular intersections, several pedestrian footbridges were erected in 1990s. Some feature designs that match the theme of the nearby resorts. The Tropicana – Las Vegas Boulevard footbridges were the first to be installed, and based on the success of this project additional footbridges have been built on Las Vegas Boulevard at the Flamingo Road intersection connecting Bellagio, Caesars Palace, Bally's, and The Cromwell; between The Mirage/Treasure Island and The Venetian, and at the Las Vegas Boulevard-Spring Mountain and Sands Avenue intersection connecting the Wynn with the Fashion Show Mall, The Palazzo and Treasure Island. The latest to be completed connects Planet Hollywood, CityCenter and The Cosmopolitan at the Harmon Avenue intersection.[31]

text: According to the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority's annual Las Vegas Visitor Profile Study, only 36% of people said they walked around the Strip, a figure that is a drop from 2013 (52%).[citation needed]

text: Attractions on the Strip[edit]

text: Golf[edit]

text: In 2000, Bali Hai Golf Club opened just south of Mandalay Bay and the Strip.[32]

text: As land values on the Strip have increased over the years, the resort-affiliated golf courses been removed to make way for building projects. The Tropicana Country Club closed in 1990[33] and the Dunes golf course in the mid-90s. Steve Wynn, founder of previously owned Mirage Resorts, purchased the Desert Inn and golf course for his new company Wynn Resorts and redeveloped the course as the Wynn Golf Club. This course closed in 2017. The Aladdin also had a nine-hole golf course in the 1960's.[34]

text: In 2016, a TopGolf opened near the Strip.[35]

text: Amusement parks and rides[edit]

text: The strip is home to many amusement parks and rides. These include:

text:
Big Shot
X-Scream
SkyJump Las Vegas
Adventuredome
The Roller Coaster
High Roller
FlyLinq

text: Shopping[edit]

text:
Bonanza Gift Shop is billed as the "World's Largest Gift Shop", with over 40,000 square feet (3,700 m2) of shopping space.
The Shoppes at The Palazzo feature luxury stores including the only Barneys New York department store in Las Vegas.
Fashion Show Mall is adjacent to Treasure Island and opposite Wynn Las Vegas.
Grand Canal Shoppes is a luxury mall connected to The Venetian with canals, gondolas and singing gondoliers.
The LINQ Promenade is an open-air retail, dining, and entertainment district located between The Linq and Flamingo resorts that began a soft open in January 2014. It leads from a Strip-side entrance to the High Roller.
Miracle Mile Shops is part of the Planet Hollywood hotel.
The Forum Shops at Caesars is a luxury mall connected to Caesars Palace, with more than 160 shops and 11 restaurants.
Crystals at CityCenter is a luxury high-fashion mall at CityCenter.
Harmon Corner is a three-story retail center located next to Planet Hollywood with shops and restaurants.
Showcase Mall is next to MGM Grand, and displays a 100-foot Coca-Cola bottle.[36]
The Park, a short east-west street between the Park MGM and New York-New York resorts is a park-like boulevard lined with retail shops and restaurants, leading to T-Mobile Arena.[37]

text: Entertainment[edit]

text: The Las Vegas Strip is well known for its lounges, showrooms, theaters and nightclubs;[38] most of the attractions and shows on the Strip are located on the hotel casino properties. Some of the more popular free attractions visible from the Strip include the water fountains at  Bellagio, the volcano at The Mirage, and the Fall of Atlantis and Festival Fountain at Caesars Palace. There are several Cirque du Soleil shows, such as Kà at the MGM Grand, O at Bellagio, Mystère at Treasure Island, Zumanity (for ages 18 and older) at New York-New York, Criss Angel Mindfreak at the Luxor, and Michael Jackson: One at Mandalay Bay.[39]

text: Many notable artists have performed in Las Vegas, including Elvis Presley, Frank Sinatra, Judy Garland, Wayne Newton, Liza Minnelli, Dean Martin, Sammy Davis Jr. and Liberace,[40] and in more recent years Celine Dion, Britney Spears, Barry Manilow, Cher, Elton John, Bette Midler, Donny and Marie Osmond, Garth Brooks, Jennifer Lopez, Reba McEntire, Mariah Carey, Shania Twain, Criss Angel, and Olivia Newton-John have had residencies in the various resorts on the Strip. The only movie theatre directly on the Strip was the 10-screen Regal Showcase Theatre in the Showcase Mall. The theater opened in 1997 and was operated by Regal Entertainment Group,[41] until its closure in 2018.[42]

text: Venues[edit]

text: The Strip is home to many entertainment venues. Most of the resorts have a showroom, nightclub and/or live music venue on the property and a few have large multipurpose arenas. Major venues include:

text:
All Net Resort and Arena (planned)
The Colosseum at Caesars Palace
Las Vegas Festival Grounds
Mandalay Bay Events Center
MGM Grand Garden Arena
MSG Sphere Las Vegas (planned)
T-Mobile Arena
Zappos Theater

text: Locations of major landmarks[edit]

text: Current landmarks[edit]

text:
North towards Fremont Street
↑

Stratosphere

Las Vegas Boulevard

Aztec Inn

Lucky Dragon, Allure, Bonanza Gift Shop

Sahara Avenue

Sahara Avenue

Festival Grounds

SLS

Hilton Grand Vacations

All Net Resort and Arena (construction)

Sky

Circus Circus

Drew (construction), Turnberry

Slots-A-Fun

LV Convention Center (expansion)

Resorts World (construction)

Guardian Angel Cathedral

Desert Inn Road

Desert Inn Road

Trump, Wynn West (proposed)

Encore

Fashion Show Mall

Wynn, Wynn Paradise Park (construction)

Spring Mountain Road

Sands Avenue

Treasure Island

Palazzo, Sands Expo

Venetian, MSG Sphere Las Vegas (proposed)

Mirage

Casino Royale

Harrah's

Linq, High Roller

Flamingo

Caesars Palace

Cromwell, Westin

Flamingo Road

Flamingo Road

Bellagio

Bally's

Paris

Cosmopolitan

Planet Hollywood, Elara

Harmon Corner

Harmon Avenue

Harmon Avenue

CityCenter

Grand Chateau, Signature

Park MGM

Showcase Mall

T-Mobile Arena, New York-New York

MGM Grand

Tropicana Avenue

Tropicana Avenue

Excalibur

Tropicana, Hooters

Luxor

Las Vegas Village

Delano, Mandalay Bay

Skyvue (abandoned)

Russell Road

Little Church of the West

↓
Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign
South towards Interstate 215

text: Former hotel/casino locations[edit]

text:
North towards Fremont Street
↑

Vegas World/Million Dollar Casino

Las Vegas Boulevard

Jackpot Casino/Money Tree Casino

Holy Cow/Foxy's Firehouse

Sahara Avenue

Sahara Avenue

El Rancho Vegas

Sahara/Club Bingo

Wet 'n Wild

Thunderbird/Silverbird/El Rancho, Algiers Hotel

Riviera

Westward Ho

La Concha Motel

Silver City/Riata

Stardust/Royal Nevada

Desert Inn Road

Desert Inn Road

Silver Slipper/Golden Slipper

New Frontier/Last Frontier/Frontier

Desert Inn

Spring Mountain Road

Sands Avenue

Sands

Castaways

Nob Hill Casino

Holiday Casino, Holiday Inn

Flamingo Capri/Imperial Palace/Quad

O'Sheas Casino

Barbary Coast/Bill's

Flamingo Road

Flamingo Road

Dunes

MGM Grand

Aladdin/Tally Ho/King's Crown

Boardwalk

Monte Carlo

Harmon Avenue

Marina

Tropicana Avenue

Tropicana Avenue

Hacienda

Russell Road

Glass Pool Inn

Klondike/Kona Kai

↓
South towards Interstate 215

text: Demolished or closed Strip casinos and hotels[edit]

text:
Aladdin Hotel & Casino: Opened in 1963 as the Tally Ho, became the King's Crown in 1965, the Aladdin in 1966, and was demolished in 1998, and reopened in 2000. In 2007, the Aladdin was renamed Planet Hollywood.
Big Red's Casino: Opened in 1981 and closed in 1982. Property developed for CBS Sports World Casino in 1997. Changed name to Sports World Casino after CBS threatened to sue.[43] Closed in 2001, now a shopping center.
Barbary Coast Hotel and Casino: Closed in 2007, now The Cromwell.
Boardwalk Hotel and Casino: Closed on January 6, 2006, demolished May 9, 2006 to make way for CityCenter.
Castaways Hotel and Casino: Opened in 1957 as the San Souci Hotel and became the Castaways in 1963 and was demolished in 1987. Now The Mirage.
Desert Inn: Closed on August 28, 2000, demolished in 2004, now Wynn Las Vegas and Encore Las Vegas; Desert Inn golf course was retained and improved.
Dunes Hotel and Casino: Closed on January 26, 1993, demolished in 1993, now Bellagio. The Dunes golf course is now occupied by parts of Park MGM, New York-New York, CityCenter, Cosmopolitan, and T-Mobile Arena.
El Rancho (formerly Thunderbird/Silverbird): Closed in 1992 and demolished in 2000. Now the unfinished The Drew Las Vegas.
El Rancho Vegas: Burned down in 1960. The Hilton Grand Vacations Club timeshare now exists on the south edge of the site where the resort once stood; the remainder is now the Las Vegas Festival Grounds.
Hacienda: Closed in 1996, demolished in 1996, now Mandalay Bay. Until 2015, a separate Hacienda operated outside Boulder City, formerly the Gold Strike Inn.
Holiday Casino: Opened in 1973 and closed in 1992. Now Harrah's Las Vegas.
Holy Cow Casino and Brewery: First micro brewery in Las Vegas. Closed in 2002, property currently vacant.
Imperial Palace Hotel and Casino: Opened in 1959 as the Flamingo Capri and became the Imperial Palace in 1979 and The Quad in 2012. Now The Linq.
Jackpot Casino: Closed in 1977, now part of Bonanza Gift Shop
Klondike Hotel & Casino: Closed in 2006, demolished in 2008.
Little Caesars Casino: Opened in 1970 and closed in 1994. Paris Las Vegas now occupies the area.[44]
MGM Grand Hotel and Casino: Closed in 1986 and now Bally's Las Vegas.
Money Tree Casino: Closed in 1979, now Bonanza Gift Shop.
Marina Hotel and Casino: Closed, adapted into MGM Grand, now the West Wing of the MGM Grand.
New Frontier: Closed July 16, 2007, demolished November 13, 2007. Currently being redeveloped as Alon Las Vegas.
Nob Hill Casino: Opened in 1979 and closed in 1990. Now Best Western + Casino Royale
Riviera Hotel and Casino: Opened in 1955; Closed in May 2015 to make way for the Las Vegas Global Business District.
Sahara Hotel and Casino: Closed on May 16, 2011. Reopened August 23, 2014 as SLS Las Vegas.
Sands Hotel and Casino: Closed on June 30, 1996, demolished in 1996, now The Venetian.
Silver City Casino: Closed in 1999, now the Silver City Plaza Shopping Center.
Silver Slipper Casino: Opened in 1950 and closed and demolished in 1988. It became the parking lot for the New Frontier until its closure and demolition in 2007.
Stardust Resort & Casino: Closed on November 1, 2006, demolished on March 13, 2007. Currently being redeveloped as Resorts World Las Vegas.
Vegas World: Opened in 1979 and closed in 1995. Now the Stratosphere Las Vegas
Westward Ho Hotel and Casino: Closed in 2005, demolished in 2006. Currently being redeveloped as Resorts World Las Vegas.

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
The iconic Welcome to Las Vegas sign was built in 1959.

The Strip in 2009.

A view of the southern end of the Strip. Looking northward from Tropicana Avenue.

View of the Strip from the Eiffel Tower of the Paris Las Vegas.

Photo taken May 21, 2010, a view of the Strip from the Renaissance Hotel.

View of Monte Carlo Resort and Casino with City Center in the background

The Bellagio Fountains as seen from the hotel

The Cosmopolitan

The Las Vegas High Roller is the tallest Ferris wheel in the world

Wynn Las Vegas


document_title: List of Indian Premier League records and statistics

question_text: most number of catches in ipl by player

question_tokens: most number of catches in ipl by player

text: Team records

text: Results summary

text:
Team
Span
Mat
Won
Lost
Tie+W
Tie+L
NR
Win %
Titles

Mumbai Indians
2008–2018
171
97
73
1
0
0
57.01
3

Royal Challengers Bangalore
2008–2018
167
78
84
1
1
3
48.17
0

Kolkata Knight Riders
2008–2018
162
85
75
0
2
0
53.08
2

Kings XI Punjab
2008–2018
162
74
86
2
0
0
46.29
0

Delhi Daredevils
2008–2018
161
67
91
0
1
2
42.45
0

Chennai Super Kings
2008–2018
148
90
56
0
1
1
61.56
3

Rajasthan Royals
2008–2018
132
68
60
2
1
1
53.05
1

Sunrisers Hyderabad
2013–2018
93
51
41
1
0
0
55.37
1

Deccan Chargers
2008–2012
75
29
46
0
0
0
38.66
1

Pune Warriors India
2011–2013
46
12
33
0
0
1
26.66
0

Rising Pune Supergiants
2016–2017
30
15
15
0
0
0
50.00
0

Gujarat Lions
2016–2017
30
13
16
0
1
0
45.00
0

Kochi Tuskers Kerala
2011–2011
14
6
8
0
0
0
42.85
0

text: Note:

text:
Defunct Teams
Tie+W and Tie+L indicates matches tied and then won or lost by "Super Over"
The result percentage excludes no results and counts ties (irrespective of a tiebreaker) as half a win
The total matches does not include matches played for Champions League T20

text: Last updated: 28 May 2018

text: Highest totals

text:
Score
Team
Opponent
Season

7002264166666666669♠263/5 [a]
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Pune Warriors India
2013

248/3
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Gujarat Lions
2016

7002247166666666670♠246/5
Chennai Super Kings
Rajasthan Royals
2010

7002245166666666670♠245/6
Kolkata Knight Riders
Kings XI Punjab
2018

7002241166666666670♠240/5
Chennai Super Kings
Kings XI Punjab
2008

7002235166666666670♠235/1
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Mumbai Indians
2015

text: Last updated: 12 May 2018

text: Lowest totals

text:
Score
Team
Opponent
Season

7001680909090909090♠49
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Kolkata Knight Riders
2017

7001680909090909090♠58
Rajasthan Royals
Royal Challengers Bangalore
2009

7001680909090909090♠66
Delhi Daredevils
Mumbai Indians
2017

7001680909090909090♠67
Delhi Daredevils
Kings XI Punjab
2017

7001680909090909090♠67
Kolkata Knight Riders
Mumbai Indians
2008

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Highest successful run chases

text:
Score
Team
Opponent
Season

217/7
Rajasthan Royals
Deccan Chargers
2008

214/3
Delhi Daredevils
Gujarat Lions
2017

211/4
Kings XI Punjab
Sunrisers Hyderabad
2014

208/5
Chennai Super Kings
Royal Challengers Bangalore
2012

207/5
Chennai Super Kings
Royal Challengers Bangalore
2018

text: Last updated: 21 May 2018

text: Lowest scores defended

text:
Score
Team
Opponent
Opponent score
Season

116/9
Chennai Super Kings
Kings XI Punjab
92/8
2009

118
Sunrisers Hyderabad
Mumbai Indians
87
2018

119/8
Kings XI Punjab
Mumbai Indians
116/7
2009

Royal Challengers Bangalore
Pune Warriors India
108/10
2013

120/9
Mumbai Indians
Pune Warriors India
119/6
2012

126/8
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Chennai Super Kings
112/8
2008

Sunrisers Hyderabad
Pune Warriors India
104/10
2013

text: Largest victories (by runs)

text:
Score
Team
Opponent
Season

146
Mumbai Indians
Delhi Daredevils
2017

144
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Gujarat Lions
2016

140
Kolkata Knight Riders
Royal Challengers Bangalore
2008

138
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Kings XI Punjab
2015

130
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Pune Warriors
2013

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Batting records

text: Most runs

text:
Batsman
Inns
Runs
Span

 Suresh Raina (CSK,GL)
172
4985
2008–2018

 Virat Kohli (RCB)
155
4948
2008–2018

 Sharma, RohitRohit Sharma (DC, MI)
168
4493
2008–2018

 Gambhir, GautamGautam Gambhir (DD, KKR)
152
4217
2008–2018

 Robin Uthappa (KKR, MI, PWI, RCB)
159
4129
2008–2018

text: Last updated: 28 May 2018

text: Highest individual score

text:
Batsman
Runs
Balls
Opp
Season

 Gayle, ChrisChris Gayle (RCB)
7002175000000000000♠175*
66
PWI
2013

 McCullum, BrendonBrendon McCullum (KKR)
7002158000000000000♠158*
73
RCB
2008

 Villiers, AB deAB de Villiers (RCB)
7002133000000000000♠133*
59
MI
2015

 Villiers, AB deAB de Villiers (RCB)
7002129000000000000♠129*
52
GL
2016

 Chris Gayle (RCB)
7002128000000000000♠128*
62
DD
2012

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Most sixes (overall)

text:
Batsman
Inn
6's
Span

 Chris Gayle (KKR, RCB, KXIP)
111
292
2009–2018

 AB de Villiers (DD, RCB)
129
187
2008-2018

 MS Dhoni (CSK, RPS)
158
186
2008–2018

 Suresh Raina (CSK, GL)
172
185
2008–2018

 Rohit Sharma (DC, MI)
168
184
2008–2018

text: Last updated: 28 May 2018

text: Most sixes (innings)

text:
Batsman
6's
Opponent
Season

 Chris Gayle (RCB)
17
PWI
2013

 Brendon McCullum (KKR)
13
RCB
2008

 Chris Gayle (RCB)
DD
2012

 Chris Gayle (RCB)
12
KXIP
2015

 AB de Villiers (RCB)
GL
2016

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Fastest centuries

text:
Batsman
Balls
Opp
Season

 Chris Gayle (RCB)
30
PWI
2013

 Yusuf Pathan (RR)
37
MI
2010

 David Miller (KXIP)
38
RCB
2013

 Adam Gilchrist (DC)
42
MI
2008

 AB de Villiers (RCB)
43
GL
2016

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Fastest fifties

text:
Batsman
Balls
Opp
Season

 K. L. Rahul (KXIP)
14
DD
2018

 Sunil Narine (KKR)
15
RCB
2017

 Yusuf Pathan (KKR)
SRH
2014

 Suresh Raina (CSK)
16
KXIP
2014

 Sunil Narine (KKR)
17
RCB
2018

 Ishan Kishan (MI)
KKR
2018

 Kieron Pollard (MI)
KKR
2016

 Chris Morris (DD)
GL
2016

 Chris Gayle (RCB)
PWI
2013

 Adam Gilchrist (DC)
DD
2009

 Jos Buttler (RR)
18
DD
2018

text: Last updated: 8 April 2018

text: Best strike rate

text:
Batsman
SR
Span

 Russell, AndreAndre Russell (DD, KKR)
177.29
2012–2018

 Sunil Narine (KKR)
168.81
2012–2018

 Chris Morris (CSK, DD, RR)
166.66
2013–2018

 Rishabh Pant (DD)
162.71
2016–2018

 Maxwell, GlennGlenn Maxwell (DD, KXIP, MI)
161.13
2012–2018

text: Minimum balls faced – 125

text: Last updated: 28 May 2017

text: Bowling records

text: Most wickets

text:
Bowler
Inn
Wkts
Span

 Malinga, LasithLasith Malinga (MI)
110
154
2009–2017

 Mishra, AmitAmit Mishra (DC, DD, SRH)
136
146
2008–2018

 Piyush Chawla (KXIP, KKR)
143
140
2008–2018

 Dwayne Bravo (CSK, GL, MI)
119
136
2008–2018

 Harbhajan Singh (MI,CSK)
146
134
2008–2018

text: Last updated: 28 May 2018

text: Best bowling figures in an innings

text:
Player
Ovr
BBI
Opp
Season

 Sohail TanvirSohail Tanvir (RR)
4.0
7000706666666666670♠6-14
CSK
2008

 Zampa, AdamAdam Zampa (RPS)
4.0
7000616666666666670♠6-19
SRH
2016

 Kumble, AnilAnil Kumble (RCB)
3.1
7000616666666666670♠5-5
RR
2009

 Sharma, IshantIshant Sharma (DC)
3.0
7000607692307692310♠5-12
KTK
2011

 Malinga, LasithLasith Malinga (MI)
3.4
7000607142857142860♠5-13
DD
2011

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Best bowling averages

text:
Player
Mat
Average
Span

 Andrew Tye (KXIP,GL)
20
16.36
2017–2018

 Doug Bollinger (CSK)
27
18.72
2010–2012

 Mascarenhas, DimitriDimitri Mascarenhas (KXIP, RR)
13
18.73
2008–2013

 Malinga, LasithLasith Malinga (MI)
110
19.01
2009–2017

 Farveez Maharoof (DC)
20
19.25
2008–2010

text: Last updated: 28 May 2018

text: Best economy rates

text:
Player
Mat
Econ
Span

 Narine, SunilSunil Narine (KKR)
98
6.54
2012–2018

 Shaun Pollock (MI)
13
6.54
2008–2008

 Kumble, AnilAnil Kumble (RCB)
42
6.57
2009–2010

 Glenn Mcgrath (DD)
14
6.61
2008–2008

 Muttiah Muralitharan (CSK,KTK,RCB)
66
6.67
2008–2014

text: Last updated: 28 May 2018

text: Most runs conceded in an innings

text:
Bowler
Overs
Wkts
Runs
Opp
Season

 Basil Thampi (SRH)
4.0
0
70
RCB
2018

 Ishant Sharma (SRH)
4.0
0
66
CSK
2013

 Umesh Yadav (DD)
4.0
0
65
RCB
2013

 Sandeep Sharma (KXIP)
4.0
1
65
SRH
2014

 Varun Aaron (DD)
4.0
2
63
CSK
2012

text: Last updated: 28 May 2018

text: Most dot balls bowled

text:
Player
Inns
Dot Balls

 Harbhajan Singh
145
1128

 Praveen Kumar
119
1075

 Lasith Malinga
110
1060

 Amit Mishra
136
1027

 Piyush Chawla
143
1020

text: Last updated: 28 May 2018

text: Most maiden overs bowled

text:
Player
Inns
Maidens

 Praveen Kumar
119
14

 Irfan Pathan
101
10

 Lasith Malinga
110
8

 Sandeep Sharma
68
8

 Dhawal Kulkarni
79
7

 Dale Steyn
90
7

text: Last updated: 28 May 2018

text: List of hat-tricks

text:
No.
Bowler
Opp
Season

1
 Lakshmipathy Balaji (CSK)
KXIP
2008

2
 Amit Mishra (DD)
DC
2008

3
 Makhaya Ntini (CSK)
KKR
2008

4
 Yuvraj Singh (KXIP)
RCB
2009

5
 Rohit Sharma (DC)
MI
2009

6
 Yuvraj Singh (KXIP)
DC
2009

7
 Praveen Kumar (RCB)
RR
2010

8
 Amit Mishra (DC)
KXIP
2011

9
 Ajit Chandila (RR)
PWI
2012

10
 Sunil Narine (KKR)
KXIP
2013

11
 Amit Mishra (SRH)
PWI
2013

12
 Pravin Tambe (RR)
KKR
2014

13
 Shane Watson (RR)
SRH
2014

14
 Axar Patel (KXIP)
GL
2016

15
 Samuel Badree (RCB)
MI
2017

16
 Andrew Tye (GL)
RPS
2017

17
 Jaydev Unadkat (RPS)
SRH
2017

text: Hat-tricks in IPL[1]

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Wicketkeeping and fielding records

text: Most dismissals

text:
Wicket Keeper
Dis
Ct
St
Span

 Karthik, DineshDinesh Karthik (DD, KXIP, MI, RCB,KKR,GL)
124
94
30
2008–2018

 MS Dhoni (CSK, RPS)
116
83
33
2008–2018

 Uthappa, RobinRobin Uthappa (KKR, MI, PWI, RCB)
90
58
32
2008–2018

 Naman Ojha (DD, RR, SRH)
75
65
10
2008–2018

 Patel, ParthivParthiv Patel (CSK, DC, KTK, MI, RCB, SRH)
74
60
14
2008–2018

text: Last updated: 28 May 2018

text: Most catches (fielder)

text:
Player
Ct
Span

 Suresh Raina (CSK, GL)
95
2008–2018

 Rohit Sharma (DC, MI)
79
2008–2018

 AB de Villiers (DD, RCB)
78
2008–2018

 Kieron Pollard (MI)
74
2010–2018

 Dwayne Bravo (CSK, MI,Gujarat Lions)
69
2008–2018

text: Last updated: 28 May 2018

text: Miscellaneous records

text:
Records
Player /
Team
Stats
Season /
Span

Team

Most wins[2]
Mumbai Indians
97
(2008–2018)

Most defeats[2]
Delhi Daredevils
91
(2008–2018)

Highest win%[2]
Chennai Super Kings
61.56
(2008–2018)

Largest victory (runs)[3]
Mumbai Indians v Delhi Daredevils
146
2017

Most consecutive wins
(season)[4]
Kolkata Knight Riders
9
2014

Most consecutive wins
(overall)
Kolkata Knight Riders
10
(2014–2015)

Most consecutive defeats
(season)[5]
Delhi Daredevils
Pune Warriors
9
2014
2012

Most consecutive defeats
(overall)
Delhi Daredevils
Pune Warriors
11
(2014–2015)
(2012–2013)

Batting

Most 100s[6]
 Chris Gayle (KKR, RCB, KXIP)
6
(2008–2018)

Most 50s[7]
 David Warner (DD, SRH)
36
(2009–2017)

Highest Partnership[8]
 Virat Kohli (RCB)
 AB de Villiers (RCB)
229
2016

Most ducks[9]
 Harbhajan Singh (MI)
13
(2008–2018)

Bowling

Most 4 wicket hauls[10][11]
 Sunil Narine (KKR)
6
(2012–2018)

Most 5 wicket hauls[12]
 James Faulkner (KXIP, PWI, RR )
2
(2011–2017)

Most hat-tricks[1]
 Amit Mishra (DC, DD, SRH)
3
(2008–2018)

Other Miscellaneous

Most matches[13]
 Suresh Raina (CSK, GL)
176
(2008–2018)

Most matches as captain[14]
 MS Dhoni (CSK, RPS)
159
(2008–2018)

Most man of the matches[15]
 Chris Gayle (KKR, RCB, KXIP)
20
(2008–2018)

Most matches as umpire[16]
 Sundaram Ravi
97
(2009–2018)

text: ☢ Last updated: 28 May 2018

text: Awards


document_title: Kraken (Pirates of the Caribbean)

question_text: who killed the kraken in pirates of the caribbean

text: Kraken (Pirates of the Caribbean)

text: Film production[edit]

text: The Kraken was difficult to animate as it had no real-life reference, until animation director Hal Hickel instructed the crew to watch King Kong vs. Godzilla which had a real octopus crawling over miniatures.[6] During the filming of the attacks, Keira Knightley (Elizabeth Swann) divulged that "the Kraken, at the moment, is just Gore [Verbinski] running around, going, 'I'm a tentacle. I'm a tentacle. Be afraid.'"[citation needed] Gore Verbinski worked with Industrial Light & Magic to create the scenes for the film involving the Kraken. When filming the attack on the Edinburgh Trader, they used the ship as a set in shallow waters. Many more sailors were digitally added on board the ship, and others were digitally replaced for complex shots. When the time came to film the Edinburgh Trader being broken in half, two massive pipes were filled with 30,000 pounds of cement for a total of 60,000 pounds and crushed down onto the set. To prepare for this event, most metal and the masts were removed, because the metal would prevent the ship from satisfyingly breaking in half while the masts would prevent better camera close-ups. Furthermore, the interior middle of the ship was lined with cables of explosives to blast the wood apart in the air. After the shot, other men were filmed on another blue tilting set and digitally added on deck. John Knoll, Visual Effects Supervisor, confessed that it was extremely complex to add the Kraken's tentacles between all the environmental effects of water and wood debris.[7]

text: When the time came to film Jack Sparrow in front of the Kraken's maw, Johnny Depp's stand-in, Scott Sener, was used to experiment with what worked best with the slime at their disposal (which would represent the phlegm of the Kraken). The slime was spattered about him with jets of air. For the actual filming, Depp was spattered with the slime and acted his part without any representation for the Kraken. It was afterward digitally added along with sound, tentacles, and other visual effects.[7]

text: Background[edit]

text: Nothing is revealed in the films about the Kraken's origins. In Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest, it is summoned by the men of the Flying Dutchman turning a capstan that lifts and drops a large wooden drop hammer that sends a large shock wave through the hull of the Dutchman, presumably calling the kraken from the depths, in Dead Man's Chest, It is also implied that this Kraken was the last of its kind.

text: Appearances[edit]

text: Dead Man's Chest[edit]

text: The Kraken first appears in Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest, brought to life using the most advanced computer-generated imagery (CGI) from Industrial Light & Magic. Davy Jones, who seeks Jack Sparrow's soul to recoup a debt, dispatches Bootstrap Bill Turner to deliver Sparrow the Black Spot and announce that Jones' "terrible leviathan" is stalking him.[8] When a Cypriot sailor retrieves Sparrow's lost hat from the sea, he unwittingly calls the Kraken,[8] which then destroys his vessel. The Kraken later attacks an English ship, whereof Will Turner boards the wreckage in search of the Dutchman, to find the surviving crew psychologically traumatized by the Kraken's attack.[9]

text: Davy Jones later summons the Kraken to destroy the Edinburgh Trader, a Scottish merchant ship that rescues Will Turner, killing nearly all the crew and breaking the ship clean in two before dragging it to the depths. While momentarily underwater, Will (and thus the viewer) briefly glimpses the monster.[10]

text: When the Flying Dutchman falls behind the Black Pearl during a chase, Jones calls upon the Kraken to finish it off; whereupon Will orders the crew to fire the deck guns into the monster's tentacles, forcing the Kraken to retreat.[11] Moments later, the Kraken destroys the cannons before attacking the rest of the ship. Will then has kegs of gunpowder, rum, and other combustibles loaded into a cargo net and hoisted aloft; and when the Kraken returns, Sparrow shoots the barrels, blasting the monster's tentacles in the resulting explosion, whereupon the Kraken again withdraws.[11] However, knowing that they have only enraged the beast, Sparrow orders the crew to abandon ship;[12] but recognizing that the Kraken is only hunting Sparrow, Elizabeth Swann distracts Jack with a kiss and chains him to the mast, then escapes with the crew.[12] The Kraken makes its final assault just as Sparrow frees himself, after which the Kraken drags Sparrow and the Black Pearl to Davy Jones' Locker.[12]

text: At World's End[edit]

text: The Kraken is briefly seen in Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End, wherein it has been killed by Davy Jones under the order of Lord Cutler Beckett. When reminded of this killing, Davy Jones appears distraught and plays sad music on his pipe organ.[13] After Jack Sparrow is rescued from Davy Jones' Locker, he proclaims his desire to become "Immortal Jack Sparrow, the last pirate";[4] but when Sparrow and Captain Barbossa find the Kraken's carcass,[4] Barbossa remarks that 'the problem with being the last of anything [means that] by and by, there be none left at all'. This statement implies that the Kraken was the last of its species.

text: Attributes[edit]

text: Physical characteristics[edit]

text: The Kraken was designed by the producers of Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest, and brought to life by technicians at Industrial Light & Magic. Its body resembles a massive, cuttlefish-like cephalopod. In the book, Pirates of the Caribbean: A Visual Guide, a profile view of the Kraken is seen, with a ship for scale. The second edition, Pirates of the Caribbean: The Complete Visual Guide, states the Kraken to be as long as ten similar ships.[5] The book also depicts the Kraken as a cephalopod-like beast, with a ring of tentacles at the base of its head and a long, sharp tail similar to a squid (this could be used to keep it at level with the ship underwater).[5] The fictional monster has also large round eyes with orange irises and black pupils.[4] Interestingly, the eyes seem to show pain, most likely from when Jones had to kill it, although it could also be the Kraken's default expression. The Kraken in this shot does not look as big as the given photo from the visual guide, though is could just be from the fact that the Kraken has, most likely, been dead on the island for months and is beginning to rot away.

text: Its massive, sucker-lined tentacles are said by Mr. Gibbs to, "suction your face clean off".[14] The suction disks are powerful enough to pull down a ship from its underside and have contorted a human's face to the point of leaving it smothered by its own skin in Dead Man's Chest.[9] The Kraken also uses these powerful suckers to silently pull itself along the rocks lying on the oceans' bottom, much as does an octopus.[5] After the Kraken's tentacles were severely damaged by cannon fire and an explosion during the assaults on Black Pearl, it resurfaced with its wounds appearing healed.[12] It is unclear if the Kraken has the ability to instantly regenerate itself or if it was using different tentacles. It is also notable that the Kraken has two forearms significantly larger than the others, like the hunting tentacles possessed by squids and cuttlefish. The beast employs these to crush ships.[10] The weight of the two tentacles can split a ship along its width.

text: When it revealed its mouth to character Jack Sparrow, it resembled a Sarlacc; the interior is lined with over six sets of spiked teeth and its breath emits a reeking odour of "a thousand rotting corpses".[12][14] Jack, however, is not at all daunted by the foul breath claiming it is "Not so bad," and deliberately leaps into the Kraken's jaws, trying to kill it.

text: Summoning the Kraken[edit]

text: Davy Jones, ruler of the seas, summons the Kraken to destroy vessels. On-board his ghostly ship, the Flying Dutchman, is a massive capstan with a carved Kraken on the top, the so-called Kraken Hammer. To call the Kraken, the crew rotate the capstan clockwise, lifting it to its highest point. It then slams down, blasting shockwaves through the ocean, thus summoning the Kraken. One shockwave usually does the job unless the Kraken is farther away. The Kraken Hammer is seen again in At Worlds End, still aboard the Dutchman; though broken and unusable, it is still able to rotate, as shown during Sparrow and Jones' duel.[10] The lines chanted by Davy Jones as the Kraken is summoned ("Let no joyful voice be heard! Let no man look up at the sky with hope! And let this day be cursed by we who ready to wake...the Kraken!") are similar to the lines from the Book of Job: "Lo, let that night be solitary, let no joyful voice come therin. Let them curse it that curse the day, who are ready to raise up their mourning."

text: The Kraken attacks anyone marked with the Black Spot,[8] which is delivered to its victims by Flying Dutchman crewmen and can only be removed by its captain, Davy Jones.[15] According to the writers' commentary on the Dead Man's Chest DVD, those marked with the Black Spot are taken by the Kraken to Davy Jones' Locker, where they must experience their worst fears for eternity.

text: Methods of attack[edit]

text: The Kraken attacks by stealthily approaching a ship, slithering its tentacles up the hull's sides, and gripping tightly, yanking it underwater.[5][10] If the crew can fight back, the Kraken smashes the hull and masts with its tentacles, probing the decks and holds with its sensitive suckers seeking out its prey.[10][11] The destruction is catastrophic, and its two forearms are so powerful it can easily rip a ship apart in mere seconds.[10] Davy Jones uses some, but not all of these attacks to acquire new crewmen for the Flying Dutchman.[15] As he surveys one wrecked ship's survivors, he offers them an opportunity to delay their final judgment by joining his crew for 100 years. Those who refuse are killed and thrown over-board.[15] A somewhat notable aspect is that the Kraken displays a degree of intelligence. When it was hurt by the Black Pearl's cannons, it was sure to get rid of them when it attacked them again.

text: Kraken attacks often leave the survivors, if any, psychologically damaged, traumatized or deranged.[16] In one case, a survivor is left without a face, it having been contorted by the suckers. Also, the Kraken appeared to have eaten at least six of the crew-members of the Edinburgh Trader.


document_title: Ichthys

question_text: when did the christian fish symbol come from

text: Ichthys

text: Origin[edit]

text: The first appearances of the ichthys symbol in Christian art and literature date to the 2nd century AD. The symbol's use among Christians had become popular by the late 2nd century, and its use spread widely in the 3rd and 4th centuries.[3] The symbolism of the fish itself may have its origins in pre-Christian religious imagery. For example, Orpheus was described as a "fisher of men" as early as the 3rd or fourth century BC.[4] The fish was used as a symbol in a number of other near-eastern religions as well, often as a sacred (or taboo) food. The fish was sacred to the goddess Atargatis, for example, who was said to cause tumors in those who ate them. Fish were only allowed to be eaten by priests during rituals devoted to Atargatis, in the belief that they represented her body.[5] Despite the thematic similarities of these various sacred fish, some scholars have argued that there is no direct link between them and the Christian symbol or practice of the Eucharist; instead, the Christian usage was probably simply part of a larger, popular religious motif of the time.[5] In the early Church, the Ichthys symbol held "the most sacred significance", and Christians used it to recognize churches and other believers through this symbol because they were persecuted by the Roman Empire.[6] The Ichtus symbol is also a reference to "the Holy Eucharist, with which the miracle of the multiplication of the loaves and fishes had such intimate connection both in point of time and significance."[7] While many Christians hang a cross necklace or rosary inside their vehicles, "the fish sticker on the car is a more conscious symbol of a witnessing Christian—significantly, unlike the former, it is on the outside of the car for everyone to see".[8]

text: Symbolic meaning[edit]

text: ΙΧΘΥΣ (ichthys), or also ΙΧΘΥϹ with a lunate sigma, is an acronym/acrostic[9] for "Ἰησοῦς Χριστός, Θεοῦ Υἱός, Σωτήρ" (Iēsous Christos, Theou Yios, Sōtēr; contemporary Koine [ie̝ˈsus kʰrisˈtos tʰeˈu (h)yˈjos soˈte̝r]), which translates into English as "Jesus Christ, Son of God, Saviour".

text:
Iota (i) is the first letter of Iēsous (Ἰησοῦς), Greek for "Jesus".
Chi (ch) is the first letter of Christos (Χριστός), Greek for "anointed" (of the Lord).
Theta (th) is the first letter of Theou (Θεοῦ), Greek for "God's", the genitive case of Θεóς, Theos", Greek for "God".
Upsilon (y) is the first letter of (h)yios[10] (Ὑἱός), Greek for "Son".
Sigma (s) is the first letter of sōtēr (Σωτήρ), Greek for "Saviour".

text: This explanation is given among others by Augustine in his Civitate Dei,[11] where he notes that the generating sentence " Ἰησοῦς Χριστὸς [sic] Θεοῦ Υἱὸς Σωτήρ" has 27 letters, i.e. 3 x 3 x 3, which in that age indicated power. (This suggestion is obviously spurious, resulting from Augustine's ignorance of Greek.)[12] Augustine quotes also an ancient text from the Sibylline oracles[13] whose verses are an acrostic of the generating sentence.

text: A fourth century A.D. adaptation of ichthys as a wheel contains the letters ΙΧΘΥΣ superimposed such that the result resembles an eight-spoked wheel.[14]

text: In the Gospels[edit]

text: Fish are mentioned and given symbolic meaning several times in the Gospels. Several of Jesus' twelve Apostles were fishermen. He commissions them with the words "I will make you fishers of men". (St. Mark 1: 16-18)

text: Having resurrected, Jesus is offered some grilled fish and honeycomb in Luke 24:41-43.[15]

text: At the feeding of the five thousand, a boy is brought to Jesus with "five small loaves and two fish". The question is asked, "But what are they, among so many?" Jesus multiplies the loaves and fish to feed the multitude. In Matthew 13:47-50, the Parable of Drawing in the Net, Jesus compares God's decision on who will go to heaven or to hell ("the fiery furnace") at the end of this world to fishers sorting out their catch, keeping the good fish and throwing the bad fish away.[16] In John 21:11, it is related that the disciples fished all night but caught nothing.[17] Jesus instructed them to cast the nets on the other side of the boat, and they drew in 153 fish. In Matthew 17:24-27, upon being asked if his Teacher pays the temple (or two-drachma) tax, Simon Peter answers yes. Christ tells Peter to go to the water and cast a line, saying that a coin sufficient for both of them will be found in the fish's mouth. Peter does this and finds the coin.[18]

text: The fish is also used by Jesus to describe "the Sign of Jonah". (Matthew 12:38-45) This is symbolic of the resurrection of Christ upon which the entire Christian faith is based. (1 Corinthians 15:1-58)

text: Early church[edit]

text: According to tradition, ancient Christians, during their persecution by the Roman Empire in the first few centuries after Christ, used the fish symbol to mark meeting places and tombs, or to distinguish friends from foes:

text: According to one ancient story, when a Christian met a stranger in the road, the Christian sometimes drew one arc of the simple fish outline in the dirt. If the stranger drew the other arc, both believers knew they were in good company. Current bumper-sticker and business-card uses of the fish hearken back to this practice.

text: There are several other hypotheses as to why the fish was chosen. Some sources indicate that the earliest literary references came from the recommendation of Clement of Alexandria to his readers (Paedagogus, III, xi) to engrave their seals with the dove or fish. However, it can be inferred from Roman monumental sources such as the Cappella Greca and the Sacrament Chapels of the catacomb of St. Callistus that the fish symbol was known to Christians much earlier.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: In the 1970s the "Jesus Fish" started to be used as an icon of modern Christianity. In 1973 the symbol and message was taken to the Aquarius Rock Festival in Nimbin, Australia. Today, it can be seen as a decal or emblem on the rear of automobiles or as pendants or necklaces as a sign that the owner is a Christian. Versions of this include an Ichthys with "Jesus" or "ΙΧΘΥΣ" in the centre, or simply the Ichthys outline by itself.[20]

text: Music festival[edit]

text: Ichthus Music Festival is an annual large outdoor Christian music Festival held in mid-June in Wilmore, Kentucky. Ichthus Festival is the oldest Christian music festival in the United States starting in 1970.[21]


document_title: Bone marrow examination

question_text: where is bone marrow most commonly aspirated for diagnosis

text: Bone marrow examination

text: Components of the procedure[edit]

text: Bone marrow samples can be obtained by aspiration and trephine biopsy.  Sometimes, a bone marrow examination will include both an aspirate and a biopsy.  The aspirate yields semi-liquid bone marrow, which can be examined by a pathologist under a light microscope and analyzed by flow cytometry, chromosome analysis, or polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Frequently, a trephine biopsy is also obtained, which yields a narrow, cylindrically shaped solid piece of bone marrow, 2mm wide and 2 cm long (80 μL), which is examined microscopically (sometimes with the aid of immunohistochemistry) for cellularity and infiltrative processes. An aspiration, using a 20 mL syringe, yields approximately 300 μL of bone marrow.[1] A volume greater than 300 μL is not recommended, since it may dilute the sample with peripheral blood.[1]

text:
Comparison

Aspiration
Biopsy

Advantages

Fast
Gives relative quantity of different cell types
Gives material to further study, e.g. molecular genetics and flow cytometry

Gives cell and stroma constitution
Represents all cells
Explains cause of "dry tap" (aspiration gives no blood cells)

Drawbacks

Does not represent all cells
Slow processing

text: Aspiration does not always represent all cells since some such as lymphoma stick to the trabecula, and would thus be missed by a simple aspiration.

text: Site of procedure[edit]

text: Bone marrow aspiration and trephine biopsy are usually performed on the back of the hipbone, or posterior iliac crest.  An aspirate can also be obtained from the sternum (breastbone).  For the sternal aspirate, the patient lies on their back, with a pillow under the shoulder to raise the chest. A trephine biopsy should never be performed on the sternum, due to the risk of injury to blood vessels, lungs or the heart.  Bone marrow aspiration may also be performed on the tibial (shinbone) site in children up to 2 years of age while spinous process aspiration is frequently done in a lumbar puncture position and on the L3-L4 vertebrae.

text: Anesthesia is used to reduce surface pain at the spot where the needle is inserted.  Pain may result from the procedure's insult to the marrow, which cannot be anesthetized, as well as short periods of pain from the anesthetic process itself.  The experience is not uniform; different patients report different levels of pain, and some do not report any pain at certain expected points.[2]

text: How the test is performed[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: A bone marrow biopsy may be done in a health care provider's office or in a hospital. Informed consent for the procedure is typically required. The patient is asked to lie on their abdomen (prone position) or on their side (lateral decubitus position). The skin is cleansed, and a local anesthetic such as lidocaine or procaine is injected to numb the area. Patients may also be pretreated with analgesics and/or anti-anxiety medications, although this is not a routine practice.

text: Typically, the aspirate is performed first. An aspirate needle is inserted through the skin using manual pressure and force until it abuts the bone. Then, with a twisting motion of clinician's hand and wrist, the needle is advanced through the bony cortex (the hard outer layer of the bone) and into the marrow cavity. Once the needle is in the marrow cavity, a syringe is attached and used to aspirate ("suck out") liquid bone marrow. A twisting motion is performed during the aspiration to avoid excess content of blood in the sample, which might be the case if an excessively large sample from one single point is taken. Subsequently, the biopsy is performed if indicated.  A different, larger trephine needle is inserted and anchored in the bony cortex. The needle is then advanced with a twisting motion and rotated to obtain a solid piece of bone marrow. This piece is then removed along with the needle. The entire procedure, once preparation is complete, typically takes 10–15 minutes.

text: If several samples are taken, the needle is removed between the samples to avoid blood coagulation.

text: After the procedure is complete, the patient is typically asked to lie flat for 5–10 minutes to provide pressure over the procedure site. After that, assuming no bleeding is observed, the patient can get up and go about their normal activities. Paracetamol (aka acetaminophen) or other simple analgesics can be used to ease soreness, which is common for 2–3 days after the procedure. Any worsening pain, redness, fever, bleeding or swelling may suggest a complication. Patients are also advised to avoid washing the procedure site for at least 24 hours after the procedure is completed.

text: Contraindications[edit]

text: There are few contraindications to bone marrow examination. It is important to note that thrombocytopenia or bleeding disorders are not contraindications as long as the procedure is performed by a skilled clinician.[3] Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy can be safely performed even in the setting of extreme thrombocytopenia (low platelet count). If there is a skin or soft tissue infection over the hip, a different site should be chosen for bone marrow examination.

text: Complications[edit]

text: While mild soreness lasting 12–24 hours is common after a bone marrow examination, serious complications are extremely rare. In a large review, an estimated 55,000 bone marrow examinations were performed, with 26 serious adverse events (0.05%), including one fatality.[4] The same author collected data on over 19,000 bone marrow examinations performed in the United Kingdom in 2003, and found 16 adverse events (0.08% of total procedures), the most common of which was bleeding. In this report, complications, while rare, were serious in individual cases.[5]


document_title: The Texas Chain Saw Massacre

question_text: where did the original texas chainsaw massacre happen

text: The Texas Chain Saw Massacre

text: Plot

text: Sally Hardesty (Marilyn Burns) and her paraplegic brother, Franklin (Paul A. Partain), travel with three friends, Jerry (Allen Danziger), Kirk (William Vail), and Pam (Teri McMinn), to visit the grave of the Hardestys' grandfather to investigate reports of vandalism and grave robbing. Afterwards, they decide to visit the old Hardesty family homestead. Along the way, they pick up a hitchhiker (Edwin Neal) who talks about his family who worked at the old slaughterhouse. He borrows Franklin's pocket-knife and cuts himself, then takes a Polaroid picture of the others and demands money for it. When they refuse to pay, he burns the photo and slashes Franklin's arm with a straight razor. The group forces him out of the van and drive on. They stop at a gas station to refuel, but the proprietor (Jim Siedow) tells them that the pumps are empty.

text: They continue toward the homestead, intending to return to the gas station once it has received a fuel delivery. When they arrive, Franklin tells Kirk and Pam about a local swimming-hole and the couple head off to find it. They find the swimming-hole dried up but hear a generator running in the distance. They stumble upon a nearby house. Kirk calls out, asking for gas, while Pam waits on a swing in the yard. After Kirk receives no answer, he enters through the unlocked door, whereupon Leatherface (Gunnar Hansen) appears and kills him with a hammer. Pam enters soon after and trips into a room filled with furniture made from human bones. She attempts to flee, but Leatherface catches her and impales her on a meathook, making her watch as he butchers Kirk with a chainsaw. Jerry heads out to look for Pam and Kirk at sunset. He finds the couple's blanket outside the nearby house. He investigates and finds Pam, still alive, inside a freezer. Before he can react, Leatherface kills him and stuffs Pam back into the freezer.

text: With darkness falling, Sally and Franklin set out to find their friends. As they near the neighboring house and call out, Leatherface lunges from the darkness and kills Franklin with a chainsaw. Sally runs toward the house and finds the desiccated remains of an elderly couple in an upstairs room. She escapes from Leatherface by jumping through a second-floor window and flees to the gas station. Leatherface disappears into the night. The proprietor calms her with offers of help but then ties her up, gags her and forces her into his truck. He drives to the house, arriving at the same time as the hitchhiker, now revealed as Leatherface's brother. When the pair bring Sally inside, the hitchhiker recognizes her and taunts her.

text: The men torment the bound and gagged Sally while Leatherface, now dressed as a woman, serves dinner. Leatherface and the hitchhiker bring Grandpa (John Dugan), one of the desiccated bodies seen earlier, down from upstairs. He is revealed to be alive when he sucks blood from a cut in Sally's finger. During the night, they decide that Grandpa, the best killer in the old slaughterhouse, should kill Sally. He tries to hit her with a hammer but is too weak. In the ensuing confusion, she breaks free, leaps through a window, and flees to the road. Leatherface and the hitchhiker give chase, but the latter is run over and killed by a passing semi-trailer truck. Armed with his chainsaw, Leatherface attacks the truck when the driver stops to help; the driver knocks down Leatherface with a pipe wrench, causing the chainsaw to cut his leg. The driver flees, and Sally escapes in the back of a passing pickup truck as Leatherface dances maniacally in the road with his chainsaw.

text: Production

text: Development

text: The concept for The Texas Chain Saw Massacre arose in the early 1970s while Tobe Hooper was working as an assistant film director at the University of Texas at Austin and as a documentary cameraman.[3] He had already developed a story involving the elements of isolation, the woods, and darkness.[4] He credited the graphic coverage of violence by San Antonio news outlets as one inspiration for the film[5] and based elements of the plot on serial killer Ed Gein in 1950s Wisconsin;[6] Gein inspired other horror films such as Psycho (1960) and The Silence of the Lambs (1991).[7][8][9][10] During development, Hooper used the working titles of Headcheese and Leatherface.[11][12]

text:
I definitely studied Gein... but I also noticed a murder case in Houston at the time, a serial murderer you probably remember named Elmer Wayne Henley. He was a young man who recruited victims for an older homosexual man. I saw some news report where Elmer Wayne... said, "I did these crimes, and I'm gonna stand up and take it like a man." Well, that struck me as interesting, that he had this conventional morality at that point. He wanted it known that, now that he was caught, he would do the right thing. So this kind of moral schizophrenia is something I tried to build into the characters.

— Kim Henkel[13][14]

tag: div

text: Hooper has cited changes in the cultural and political landscape as central influences on the film. His intentional misinformation, that the "film you are about to see is true", was a response to being "lied to by the government about things that were going on all over the world", including Watergate, the 1973 oil crisis, and "the massacres and atrocities in the Vietnam War".[5] The "lack of sentimentality and the brutality of things" that Hooper noticed while watching the local news, whose graphic coverage was epitomized by "showing brains spilled all over the road", led to his belief that "man was the real monster here, just wearing a different face, so I put a literal mask on the monster in my film".[8] The idea of using a chainsaw as the murder weapon came to Hooper while he was in the hardware section of a busy store, contemplating how to speed his way through the crowd.[9]

text: Hooper and Kim Henkel cowrote the screenplay and formed Vortex, Inc.[15] with Henkel as president and Hooper as vice president.[16] They asked Bill Parsley, a friend of Hooper, to provide funding. Parsley formed a company named MAB, Inc. through which he invested $60,000 in the production. In return, MAB owned 50% of the film and its profits.[17] Production manager Ron Bozman told most of the cast and crew that he would have to defer part of their salaries until after it was sold to a distributor. Vortex made the idea more attractive by awarding them a share of its potential profits, ranging from 0.25 to 6%, similar to mortgage points. The cast and crew were not informed that Vortex owned only 50%, which meant their points were worth half of the assumed value.[16][18]

text: Casting

text: Many of the cast members at the time were relatively unknown actors—Texans who had played roles in commercials, television, and stage shows, as well as performers whom Hooper knew personally, such as Allen Danziger and Jim Siedow.[19][20][21] Involvement in the film propelled some of them into the motion picture industry. The lead role of Sally was given to Marilyn Burns, who had appeared previously on stage and served on the film commission board at UT Austin while studying there.[20] Teri McMinn was a student who worked with local theater companies, including the Dallas Theater Center.[20] Henkel called McMinn to come in for a reading after he spotted her picture in the Austin American-Statesman.[22] For her last call-back he requested that she wear short shorts, which proved to be the most comfortable of all the cast members' costumes.[20]

text: Icelandic-American actor Gunnar Hansen was selected for the role of Leatherface.[23] He regarded Leatherface as being mentally retarded and having never learned to speak properly. To research his character in preparation for his role, Hansen visited a special needs school and watched how the students moved and spoke.[9][24] John Larroquette performed the narration in the opening credits.[25]

text: Filming

text: The primary filming location was an early 1900s farmhouse located on Quick Hill Road near Round Rock, Texas, where the La Frontera development is now located.[26] The small budget and concerns over high-cost equipment rentals meant the crew filmed seven days a week, up to 16 hours a day. The environment was humid[18][27] and the cast and crew found conditions tough; temperatures peaked at 110°F (43 °C) on July 26.[28] Hansen later recalled, "It was 95, 100 degrees every day during filming. They wouldn't wash my costume because they were worried that the laundry might lose it, or that it would change color. They didn't have enough money for a second costume. So I wore that [mask] 12 to 16 hours a day, seven days a week, for a month."[29]

text: The Texas Chain Saw Massacre was mainly shot using an Eclair NPR 16mm camera[11][30] with fine-grain, low-speed film that required four times more light than modern digital cameras.[31] Most of the filming took place in the farmhouse, which was filled with furniture constructed from animal bones and a latex material used as upholstery to give the appearance of human skin.[32] The house was not cooled, and there was little ventilation. The crew covered its walls with drops of animal blood obtained from a local slaughterhouse.[5] Art director Robert A. Burns drove around the countryside and collected the remains of cattle and other animals in various stages of decomposition, with which he littered the floors of the house.[32]

text: The special effects were simple and limited by the budget.[33] The on-screen blood was real in some cases,[34] such as the scene in which Leatherface feeds "Grandpa". The crew had difficulty getting the stage blood to come out of its tube, so instead Burns's index finger was cut with a razor.[35] Burns's costume was so drenched with stage blood that it was "virtually solid" by the last day of shooting.[20] The scene in which Leatherface decapitates Kirk with a chainsaw worried actor William Vail (Kirk). After telling Vail to stay still lest he really be killed, Hansen brought the running chainsaw to within 3 inches (8 cm) of Vail's face.[30] A real hammer was used for the climactic scene at the end, with some takes also featuring a mock-up. However, the actor playing Grandpa was aiming for the floor rather than his victim's head.[36] Still, the shoot was somewhat dangerous, with Hooper noting at the wrap party that all cast members had obtained some level of injury. He stated that "everyone hated me by the end of the production" and that "it just took years for them to kind of cool off."[36][37]

text: Post-production

text: The production exceeded its original $60,000 budget during editing.[38] Sources differ on the film's final cost, offering figures between $93,000 and $300,000.[23][39][40][41] A film production group, Pie in the Sky, provided $23,532 in exchange for 19% of Vortex.[42] This left Henkel, Hooper and the rest of the cast and crew with a 40.5% stake.[16] Warren Skaaren, then head of the Texas Film Commission, helped secure the distribution deal with Bryanston Pictures.[17] David Foster, producer of the 1982 horror film The Thing, arranged for a private screening for some of Bryanston Pictures' West Coast executives, and received 1.5% of Vortex's profits and a deferred fee of $500.[16]

text: On August 28, 1974, Louis Peraino of Bryanston agreed to distribute the film worldwide, from which Bozman and Skaaren would receive $225,000 and 35% of the profits. Years later Bozman stated, "We made a deal with the devil, [sigh], and I guess that, in a way, we got what we deserved."[16] They signed the contract with Bryanston and, after the investors recouped their money (with interest),—and after Skaaren, the lawyers, and the accountants were paid—only $8,100 was left to be divided among the 20 cast and crew members.[16] Eventually the producers sued Bryanston for failing to pay them their full percentage of the box office profits. A court judgment instructed Bryanston to pay the filmmakers $500,000, but by then the company had declared bankruptcy. In 1983 New Line Cinema acquired the distribution rights from Bryanston and gave the producers a larger share of the profits.[43]

text: Release

text: The Texas Chain Saw Massacre premiered in Austin, Texas on October 1, 1974, almost a year after filming concluded. It screened nationally in the United States as a Saturday afternoon matinée and its false marketing as a "true story" helped it attract a broad audience.[44][45] For eight years after 1976, it was annually reissued to first-run theaters, promoted by full-page ads.[46] The film eventually grossed more than $30 million in the United States and Canada[47] ($14.4 million in rentals), making it the 12th highest-grossing film initially released in 1974, despite its minuscule budget.[48] Among independent films, it was overtaken in 1978 by John Carpenter's Halloween, which grossed $47 million.[49]

text:
The film which you are about to see is an account of the tragedy which befell a group of five youths, in particular Sally Hardesty and her invalid brother, Franklin. [...]

— The opening crawl falsely suggests that the film is based on true events, a conceit that contributed to its success.

text: Hooper reportedly hoped that the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) would give the complete, uncut release print a "PG" rating due to its minimal amount of visible gore.[50][51][52] Instead, it was originally rated "X". After several minutes were cut, it was resubmitted to the MPAA and received an "R" rating. A distributor apparently restored the offending material, and at least one theater presented the full version under an "R".[53] In San Francisco, cinema-goers walked out of theaters in disgust[54] and, in February 1976, two theaters in Ottawa, Canada, were advised by local police to withdraw the film lest they face morality charges.[55]

text: After its initial British release, including a one-year theatrical run in London,[56] The Texas Chain Saw Massacre was initially banned on the advice of British Board of Film Censors (BBFC) Secretary Stephen Murphy, and subsequently by his successor, James Ferman.[57][58] While the British ban was in force the word "chainsaw" itself was barred from movie titles, forcing imitators to rename their films.[59] In 1998, despite the BBFC ban, Camden London Borough Council granted the film a license.[60] The following year the BBFC passed The Texas Chain Saw Massacre for release with an 18 certificate (indicating that it should not be seen or purchased by a person under 18),[61] and it was broadcast a year later on Channel 4.[62][63]

text: The Australian censors refused to classify the 83-minute version of the film in June 1975;[64] the board similarly refused classification of a 77-minute print in December that year.[65] In 1981, an 83-minute version submitted by Greater Union Organization Film Distributors was again refused registration.[66] It was later submitted by Filmways Australia and approved for an "R" rating in 1984.[67][68] It was banned for periods in many other countries, including Brazil, Chile, Finland, France, Iceland, Ireland, Norway, Singapore, Sweden and West Germany.[69][70][71]

text: Reception

text: Critical response

text: The Texas Chain Saw Massacre received a mixed reaction upon its initial release. Linda Gross of the Los Angeles Times called it "despicable" and described Henkel and Hooper as more concerned with creating a realistic atmosphere than with its "plastic script".[72] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times said it was "as violent and gruesome and blood-soaked as the title promises", yet praised its acting and technical execution.[73][74] Patrick Taggart of the Austin American-Statesman hailed it as the most important horror film since George A. Romero's Night of the Living Dead (1968).[75] Variety found the picture to be well-made, despite what it called the "heavy doses of gore".[76] John McCarty of Cinefantastique stated that the house featured in the film made the Bates motel "look positively pleasant by comparison".[77] Revisiting the film in his 1976 article "Fashions in Pornography" for Harper's Magazine, Stephen Koch found its sadistic violence to be extreme and unimaginative.[78]

text:
Horror and exploitation films almost always turn a profit if they're brought in at the right price. So they provide a good starting place for ambitious would-be filmmakers who can't get more conventional projects off the ground. The Texas Chainsaw Massacre belongs in a select company (with Night of the Living Dead and Last House on the Left) of films that are really a lot better than the genre requires. Not, however, that you'd necessarily enjoy seeing it.

— Roger Ebert, writing for the Chicago Sun-Times[73]

text: Critics later frequently praised both the film's aesthetic quality and its power. Observing that it managed to be "horrifying without being a bloodbath (you'll see more gore in a Steven Seagal film)", Bruce Westbrook of the Houston Chronicle called it "a backwoods masterpiece of fear and loathing".[79] TV Guide thought it was "intelligent" in its "bloodless depiction of violence",[80] while Anton Bitel felt the fact that it was banned in the United Kingdom was a tribute to its artistry. He pointed out how the quiet sense of foreboding at the beginning of the film grows, until the viewer experiences "a punishing assault on the senses".[81] In Hick Flicks: The Rise and Fall of Redneck Cinema, Scott Von Doviak commended its effective use of daylight shots, unusual among horror films, such as the sight of a corpse draped over a tombstone in the opening sequence.[82] Mike Emery of The Austin Chronicle praised the film's "subtle touches"—such as radio broadcasts heard in the background describing grisly murders around Texas—and said that what made it so dreadful was that it never strayed too far from potential reality.[83]

text: It has often been described as one of the scariest films of all time.[84] Rex Reed called it the most terrifying film he had ever seen.[85] Empire described it as "the most purely horrifying horror movie ever made" and called it "never less than totally committed to scaring you witless".[86] Reminiscing about his first viewing of the film, horror director Wes Craven recalled wondering "what kind of Mansonite crazoid" could have created such a thing.[87] It is a work of "cataclysmic terror", in the words of horror novelist Stephen King, who declared, "I would happily testify to its redeeming social merit in any court in the country."[88] Critic Robin Wood found it one of the few horror films to possess "the authentic quality of nightmare".[89] Based on 56 reviews published since 2000, the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 88% of critics gave it a positive review, with an average score of 7.9 out of 10.[90]

text: Cultural impact

text: The Texas Chain Saw Massacre is considered one of the greatest—and most controversial—of horror films,[91][92] and a major influence on the genre.[41][93] In 1999 Richard Zoglin of Time commented that it had "set a new standard for slasher films".[94] The Times listed it as one of the 50 most controversial films of all time.[95] Tony Magistrale believes the film paved the way for horror to be used as a vehicle for social commentary.[96] Describing it as "cheap, grubby and out of control", Mark Olsen of the Los Angeles Times declared that it "both defines and entirely supersedes the very notion of the exploitation picture".[97] In his book Dark Romance: Sexuality in the Horror Film, David Hogan called it "the most affecting gore thriller of all and, in a broader view, among the most effective horror films ever made ... the driving force of The Texas Chainsaw Massacre is something far more horrible than aberrant sexuality: total insanity."[98][99] According to Bill Nichols, it "achieves the force of authentic art, profoundly disturbing, intensely personal, yet at the same time far more than personal".[100] Leonard Wolf praised the film as "...an exquisite work of art" and compared it to a Greek tragedy, noting the lack of onscreen violence.[101]

text: Leatherface has gained a reputation as a significant character in the horror genre,[102][103] responsible for establishing the use of conventional tools as murder weapons and the image of a large, silent killer devoid of personality.[104][105] Christopher Null of Filmcritic.com said, "In our collective consciousness, Leatherface and his chainsaw have become as iconic as Freddy and his razors or Jason and his hockey mask."[106] Don Sumner called The Texas Chain Saw Massacre a classic that not only introduced a new villain to the horror pantheon but also influenced an entire generation of filmmakers.[107] According to Rebecca Ascher-Walsh of Entertainment Weekly, it laid the foundations for future horror franchises such as Halloween, The Evil Dead, and The Blair Witch Project.[108] Ridley Scott cited it as an inspiration for his 1979 film Alien.[109][110] French director Alexandre Aja credited it as an early influence on his career.[111] Horror filmmaker and heavy metal musician Rob Zombie sees it as a major influence on his art, most notably his 2003 film House of 1000 Corpses.[112]

text: The Texas Chain Saw Massacre was selected for the 1975 Cannes Film Festival Directors' Fortnight[56] and London Film Festival.[48] In 1976, it won the Special Jury Prize at the Avoriaz Fantastic Film Festival in France.[113] Entertainment Weekly ranked the film sixth on its 2003 list of "The Top 50 Cult Films".[114] In a 2005 Total Film poll, it was selected as the greatest horror film of all time.[91][115] It was named among Time's top 25 horror films in 2007.[116] In 2008 the film ranked number 199 on Empire magazine's list of "The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time".[117] Empire also ranked it 46th in its list of the 50 greatest independent films.[118] In a 2010 Total Film poll, it was again selected as the greatest horror film; the judging panel included veteran horror directors such as John Carpenter, Wes Craven, and George A. Romero.[119] In 2010, as well, The Guardian ranked it number 14 on its list of the top 25 horror films.[120] The Texas Chain Saw Massacre was inducted into the Horror Hall of Fame in 1990, with director Hooper accepting the award,[121] and it is part of the permanent collection of New York City's Museum of Modern Art.[41] In 2012, the film was named by critics in the British Film Institute's Sight & Sound magazine as one of the 250 greatest films.[122]

text: Themes and analysis

text: The underlying themes of the film have been the subject of extensive critical discussion; critics and scholars have interpreted it as a paradigmatic exploitation film in which female protagonists are subjected to brutal, sadistic violence.[123][124] Stephen Prince comments that the horror is "born of the torment of the young woman subjected to imprisonment and abuse amid decaying arms... and mobiles made of human bones and teeth."[125] As with many horror films, it focuses on the "final girl" trope—the heroine and inevitable lone survivor who somehow escapes the horror that befalls the other characters:[126][127] Sally Hardesty is wounded and tortured, yet manages to survive with the help of a male truck driver.[128] Critics argue that even in exploitation films in which the ratio of male and female deaths is roughly equal, the images that linger will be of the violence committed against the female characters.[126][129][130] The specific case of The Texas Chain Saw Massacre provides support for this argument: three men are killed in quick fashion, but one woman is brutally slaughtered—hung on a meathook—and the surviving woman endures physical and mental torture.[131] In 1977, critic Mary Mackey described the meathook scene as probably the most brutal onscreen female death in any commercially distributed film.[132] She placed it in a lineage of violent films that depict women as weak and incapable of protecting themselves.[132]

text: In one study, a group of men were shown five films depicting differing levels of violence against women.[133] On first viewing The Texas Chain Saw Massacre they experienced symptoms of depression and anxiety; however, upon subsequent viewing they found the violence against women less offensive and more enjoyable.[131] Another study, investigating gender-specific perceptions of slasher films, involved 30 male and 30 female university students.[134] One male participant described the screaming, especially Sally's, as the "most freaky thing" in the film.[134]

text: According to Jesse Stommel of Bright Lights Film Journal, the lack of explicit violence in the film forces viewers to question their own fascination with violence that they play a central role in imagining.[135] Nonetheless—citing its feverish camera moves, repeated bursts of light, and auditory pandemonium—Stommel asserts that it involves the audience primarily on a sensory rather than an intellectual level.[135]

text:
Hooper's apocalyptic landscape is... a desert wasteland of dissolution where once vibrant myth is desiccated. The ideas and iconography of Cooper, Bret Harte and Francis Parkman are now transmogrified into yards of dying cattle, abandoned gasoline stations, defiled graveyards, crumbling mansions, and a ramshackle farmhouse of psychotic killers. The Texas Chainsaw Massacre [is]... recognizable as a statement about the dead end of American experience.

— Christopher Sharrett[136]

text: Critic Christopher Sharrett argues that since Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho (1960) and The Birds (1963), the American horror film has been defined by the questions it poses "about the fundamental validity of the American civilizing process",[137] concerns amplified during the 1970s by the "delegitimation of authority in the wake of Vietnam and Watergate".[138] "If Psycho began an exploration of a new sense of absurdity in contemporary life, of the collapse of causality and the diseased underbelly of American Gothic", he writes, The Texas Chain Saw Massacre "carries this exploration to a logical conclusion, addressing many of the issues of Hitchcock's film while refusing comforting closure".[139]

text: Robin Wood characterizes Leatherface and his family as victims of industrial capitalism, their jobs as slaughterhouse workers having been rendered obsolete by technological advances.[140] He states that the picture "brings to focus a spirit of negativity... that seems to lie not far below the surface of the modern collective consciousness".[141] Naomi Merritt explores the film's representation of "cannibalistic capitalism" in relation to Georges Bataille's theory of taboo and transgression.[142] She elaborates on Wood's analysis, stating that the Sawyer family's values "reflect, or correspond to, established and interdependent American institutions... but their embodiment of these social units is perverted and transgressive."[143]

text: In Kim Newman's view, Hooper's presentation of the Sawyer family during the dinner scene parodies a typical American sitcom family: the gas station owner is the bread-winning father figure; the killer Leatherface is depicted as a bourgeois housewife; the hitchhiker acts as the rebellious teenager.[144] Isabel Cristina Pinedo, author of Recreational Terror: Women and the Pleasures of Horror Film Viewing, states, "The horror genre must keep terror and comedy in tension if it is to successfully tread the thin line that separates it from terrorism and parody ... this delicate balance is struck in The Texas Chainsaw Massacre in which the decaying corpse of Grandpa not only incorporates horrific and humorous effects, but actually uses one to exacerbate the other."[145]

text: The Texas Chain Saw Massacre has also been described as "the ultimate pro-vegetarian film" due to its animal rights themes. In a video essay, film critic Rob Ager describes the irony in humans being slaughtered for meat, putting humans in the position of being slaughtered like farm animals. Director Tobe Hooper gave up meat while making the film, and said "In a way I thought the heart of the film was about meat; it’s about the chain of life and killing sentient beings."[146][147]

text: Post-release

text: The Texas Chain Saw Massacre has appeared on various home video formats. In the US, it was first released on videotape and CED in the early 1980s by Wizard Video and Vestron Video.[148][149] The British Board of Film Classification had long since refused a certification for the uncut theatrical version and in 1984 they also refused to certify it for home video, amid a moral panic surrounding "video nasties".[150] After the retirement of BBFC Director James Ferman in 1999, the board passed the film uncut for theatrical and video distribution with an 18 certificate, almost 25 years after the original release.[151] The Texas Chain Saw Massacre was initially released on DVD in October 1998 in the United States,[152] May 2000 in the United Kingdom[153] and 2001 in Australia.

text: In 2005 the film received a 2K scan and full restoration from the original 16mm A/B rolls,[154] which was subsequently released on DVD and Blu-ray. In 2014 an additional, even more extensive 4K restoration, using the original 16mm A/B reversal rolls, was carried out.[155] After a screening in the Directors' Fortnight section of the 2014 Cannes Film Festival,[156] this was also released on DVD and Blu-ray worldwide. Dark Sky Films' US 40th Anniversary Edition was nominated for Best DVD/BD Special Edition Release at the 2015 Saturn Awards.[157]

text: In 1982, shortly after The Texas Chain Saw Massacre established itself as a success on US home video, Wizard Video released a mass-market video game adaptation for the Atari 2600.[158] In the game, the player assumes the role of Leatherface and attempts to murder trespassers while avoiding obstacles such as fences and cow skulls.[158] As one of the first horror-themed video games, The Texas Chainsaw Massacre caused controversy when it was first released due to its violent nature; it sold poorly as a result, because many game stores refused to stock it.[159][160]

text: The film has been followed by seven other films to date, including sequels, prequels and remakes. The first sequel, The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 (1986), was considerably more graphic and violent than the original and was banned in Australia for 20 years before it was released on DVD in a revised special edition in October 2006.[161] Leatherface: The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III (1990) was the second sequel to appear, though Hooper did not return to direct due to scheduling conflicts with another film, Spontaneous Combustion.[162] Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Next Generation, starring Renée Zellweger and Matthew McConaughey, was released in 1995. While briefly acknowledging the events of the preceding two sequels, its plot makes it a virtual remake of the 1974 original.[163] A straight remake, The Texas Chainsaw Massacre, was released by Platinum Dunes and New Line Cinema in 2003.[164] It was followed by a prequel, The Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Beginning, in 2006. A seventh film, Texas Chainsaw 3D, was released on January 4, 2013.[164] It is a direct sequel to the original 1974 film, with no relation to the 2003 or 2006 films.[165][166] The 2017 prequel, Leatherface will be released exclusively to DirecTV on September 21, 2017, before receiving a wider release on Video on demand and in limited theaters, simultaneously, in North America on October 20, 2017.

text: The Academy Film Archive houses the Texas Chain Saw Massacre collection, which contains over 50 items in a collection representing many original elements of the film.[167]

text: Notes

text: Jump up ^ While the original theatrical release poster and many references to the film render its title as The Texas Chainsaw Massacre, the official spelling is The Texas Chain Saw Massacre, per the film's opening credits. This is also the title under which the film is registered with the U.S. Copyright Office.[2]

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