document_title: Jupiter

question_text: what is jupiter's core made up of

question_tokens: what is jupiter 's core made up of

root

text: Jupiter

text: Formation and migration

text: Earth and its neighbor planets may have formed from fragments of planets after collisions with Jupiter destroyed those super-Earths near the Sun. As Jupiter came toward the inner Solar System, in what theorists call the Grand Tack Hypothesis, gravitational tugs and pulls occurred causing a series of collisions between the super-Earths as their orbits began to overlap.[18]

tag: p

text: Astronomers have discovered nearly 500 planetary systems with multiple planets. Regularly these systems include a few planets with masses several times greater than Earth's (super-Earths), orbiting closer to their star than Mercury is to the Sun, and sometimes also Jupiter-mass gas giants close to their star.

text: Jupiter moving out of the inner Solar System would have allowed the formation of inner planets, including Earth.[19]

text: Physical characteristics

text: Jupiter is composed primarily of gaseous and liquid matter. It is the largest of the four giant planets in the Solar System and hence its largest planet. It has a diameter of 142,984 km (88,846 mi) at its equator. The average density of Jupiter, 1.326 g/cm3, is the second highest of the giant planets, but lower than those of the four terrestrial planets.

text: Composition

text: Jupiter's upper atmosphere is about 88–92% hydrogen and 8–12% helium by percent volume of gas molecules. A helium atom has about four times as much mass as a hydrogen atom, so the composition changes when described as the proportion of mass contributed by different atoms. Thus, Jupiter's atmosphere is approximately 75% hydrogen and 24% helium by mass, with the remaining one percent of the mass consisting of other elements. The atmosphere contains trace amounts of methane, water vapor, ammonia, and silicon-based compounds. There are also traces of carbon, ethane, hydrogen sulfide, neon, oxygen, phosphine, and sulfur. The outermost layer of the atmosphere contains crystals of frozen ammonia. The interior contains denser materials - by mass it is roughly 71% hydrogen, 24% helium, and 5% other elements.[20][21] Through infrared and ultraviolet measurements, trace amounts of benzene and other hydrocarbons have also been found.[22]

text: The atmospheric proportions of hydrogen and helium are close to the theoretical composition of the primordial solar nebula. Neon in the upper atmosphere only consists of 20 parts per million by mass, which is about a tenth as abundant as in the Sun.[23] Helium is also depleted to about 80% of the Sun's helium composition. This depletion is a result of precipitation of these elements into the interior of the planet.[24]

text: Based on spectroscopy, Saturn is thought to be similar in composition to Jupiter, but the other giant planets Uranus and Neptune have relatively less hydrogen and helium and relatively more ices and are thus now termed ice giants.[25]

text: Mass and size

text: Jupiter's mass is 2.5 times that of all the other planets in the Solar System combined—this is so massive that its barycenter with the Sun lies above the Sun's surface at 1.068 solar radii from the Sun's center.[26] Jupiter is much larger than Earth and considerably less dense: its volume is that of about 1,321 Earths, but it is only 318 times as massive.[5][27] Jupiter's radius is about 1/10 the radius of the Sun,[28] and its mass is 0.001 times the mass of the Sun, so the densities of the two bodies are similar.[29] A "Jupiter mass" (MJ or MJup) is often used as a unit to describe masses of other objects, particularly extrasolar planets and brown dwarfs. So, for example, the extrasolar planet HD 209458 b has a mass of 0.69 MJ, while Kappa Andromedae b has a mass of 12.8 MJ.[30]

text: Theoretical models indicate that if Jupiter had much more mass than it does at present, it would shrink.[31] For small changes in mass, the radius would not change appreciably, and above about 500 M⊕ (1.6 Jupiter masses)[31] the interior would become so much more compressed under the increased pressure that its volume would decrease despite the increasing amount of matter. As a result, Jupiter is thought to have about as large a diameter as a planet of its composition and evolutionary history can achieve.[32] The process of further shrinkage with increasing mass would continue until appreciable stellar ignition was achieved, as in high-mass brown dwarfs having around 50 Jupiter masses.[33]

text: Although Jupiter would need to be about 75 times as massive to fuse hydrogen and become a star, the smallest red dwarf is only about 30 percent larger in radius than Jupiter.[34][35] Despite this, Jupiter still radiates more heat than it receives from the Sun; the amount of heat produced inside it is similar to the total solar radiation it receives.[36] This additional heat is generated by the Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism through contraction. This process causes Jupiter to shrink by about 2 cm each year.[37] When it was first formed, Jupiter was much hotter and was about twice its current diameter.[38]

text: Internal structure

text: Jupiter is thought to consist of a dense core with a mixture of elements, a surrounding layer of liquid metallic hydrogen with some helium, and an outer layer predominantly of molecular hydrogen.[37] Beyond this basic outline, there is still considerable uncertainty. The core is often described as rocky, but its detailed composition is unknown, as are the properties of materials at the temperatures and pressures of those depths (see below). In 1997, the existence of the core was suggested by gravitational measurements,[37] indicating a mass of from 12 to 45 times that of Earth, or roughly 4%–14% of the total mass of Jupiter.[36][39] The presence of a core during at least part of Jupiter's history is suggested by models of planetary formation that require the formation of a rocky or icy core massive enough to collect its bulk of hydrogen and helium from the protosolar nebula. Assuming it did exist, it may have shrunk as convection currents of hot liquid metallic hydrogen mixed with the molten core and carried its contents to higher levels in the planetary interior. A core may now be entirely absent, as gravitational measurements are not yet precise enough to rule that possibility out entirely.[37][40]

text: The uncertainty of the models is tied to the error margin in hitherto measured parameters: one of the rotational coefficients (J6) used to describe the planet's gravitational moment, Jupiter's equatorial radius, and its temperature at 1 bar pressure. The Juno mission, which arrived in July 2016,[16] is expected to further constrain the values of these parameters for better models of the core.[41]

text: The core region may be surrounded by dense metallic hydrogen, which extends outward to about 78% of the radius of the planet.[36] Rain-like droplets of helium and neon precipitate downward through this layer, depleting the abundance of these elements in the upper atmosphere.[24][42] Rainfalls of diamonds have been suggested to occur on Jupiter, as well as on Saturn[43] and ice giants Uranus and Neptune.[44]

text: Above the layer of metallic hydrogen lies a transparent interior atmosphere of hydrogen. At this depth, the pressure and temperature are above hydrogen's critical pressure of 1.2858 MPa and critical temperature of only 32.938 K.[45] In this state, there are no distinct liquid and gas phases—hydrogen is said to be in a supercritical fluid state. It is convenient to treat hydrogen as gas in the upper layer extending downward from the cloud layer to a depth of about 1,000 km,[36] and as liquid in deeper layers. Physically, there is no clear boundary—the gas smoothly becomes hotter and denser as one descends.[46][47]

text: The temperature and pressure inside Jupiter increase steadily toward the core, due to the Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism. At the pressure level of 10 bars (1 MPa), the temperature is around 340 K (67 °C; 152 °F). At the phase transition region where hydrogen—heated beyond its critical point—becomes metallic, it is calculated the temperature is 10,000 K (9,700 °C; 17,500 °F) and the pressure is 200 GPa. The temperature at the core boundary is estimated to be 36,000 K (35,700 °C; 64,300 °F) and the interior pressure is roughly 3,000–4,500 GPa.[36]

text: Atmosphere

text: Jupiter has the largest planetary atmosphere in the Solar System, spanning over 5,000 km (3,000 mi) in altitude.[48][49] Because Jupiter has no surface, the base of its atmosphere is usually considered to be the point at which atmospheric pressure is equal to 100 kPa (1.0 bar).

text: Cloud layers

text: Jupiter is perpetually covered with clouds composed of ammonia crystals and possibly ammonium hydrosulfide. The clouds are located in the tropopause and are arranged into bands of different latitudes, known as tropical regions. These are sub-divided into lighter-hued zones and darker belts. The interactions of these conflicting circulation patterns cause storms and turbulence. Wind speeds of 100 m/s (360 km/h) are common in zonal jets.[50] The zones have been observed to vary in width, color and intensity from year to year, but they have remained sufficiently stable for scientists to give them identifying designations.[27]

text: The cloud layer is only about 50 km (31 mi) deep, and consists of at least two decks of clouds: a thick lower deck and a thin clearer region. There may also be a thin layer of water clouds underlying the ammonia layer. Supporting the idea of water clouds are the flashes of lightning detected in the atmosphere of Jupiter. These electrical discharges can be up to a thousand times as powerful as lightning on Earth.[51] The water clouds are assumed to generate thunderstorms in the same way as terrestrial thunderstorms, driven by the heat rising from the interior.[52]

text: The orange and brown coloration in the clouds of Jupiter are caused by upwelling compounds that change color when they are exposed to ultraviolet light from the Sun. The exact makeup remains uncertain, but the substances are thought to be phosphorus, sulfur or possibly hydrocarbons.[36][53] These colorful compounds, known as chromophores, mix with the warmer, lower deck of clouds. The zones are formed when rising convection cells form crystallizing ammonia that masks out these lower clouds from view.[54]

text: Jupiter's low axial tilt means that the poles constantly receive less solar radiation than at the planet's equatorial region. Convection within the interior of the planet transports more energy to the poles, balancing out the temperatures at the cloud layer.[27]

text: Great Red Spot and other vortices

text: The best known feature of Jupiter is the Great Red Spot, a persistent anticyclonic storm that is larger than Earth, located 22° south of the equator. It is known to have been in existence since at least 1831,[55] and possibly since 1665.[56][57] Images by the Hubble Space Telescope have shown as many as two "red spots" adjacent to the Great Red Spot.[58][59] The storm is large enough to be visible through Earth-based telescopes with an aperture of 12 cm or larger.[60] The oval object rotates counterclockwise, with a period of about six days.[61] The maximum altitude of this storm is about 8 km (5 mi) above the surrounding cloudtops.[62]

text: The Great Red Spot is large enough to accommodate Earth within its boundaries.[64] Mathematical models suggest that the storm is stable and may be a permanent feature of the planet.[65] However, it has significantly decreased in size since its discovery. Initial observations in the late 1800s showed it to be approximately 41,000 km (25,500 mi) across. By the time of the Voyager flybys in 1979, the storm had a length of 23,300 km (14,500 mi) and a width of approximately 13,000 km (8,000 mi).[66] Hubble observations in 1995 showed it had decreased in size again to 20,950 km (13,020 mi), and observations in 2009 showed the size to be 17,910 km (11,130 mi). As of 2015[update], the storm was measured at approximately 16,500 by 10,940 km (10,250 by 6,800 mi),[66] and is decreasing in length by about 930 km (580 mi) per year.[64][67]

text: Storms such as this are common within the turbulent atmospheres of giant planets. Jupiter also has white ovals and brown ovals, which are lesser unnamed storms. White ovals tend to consist of relatively cool clouds within the upper atmosphere. Brown ovals are warmer and located within the "normal cloud layer". Such storms can last as little as a few hours or stretch on for centuries.

text: Even before Voyager proved that the feature was a storm, there was strong evidence that the spot could not be associated with any deeper feature on the planet's surface, as the Spot rotates differentially with respect to the rest of the atmosphere, sometimes faster and sometimes more slowly.

text: In 2000, an atmospheric feature formed in the southern hemisphere that is similar in appearance to the Great Red Spot, but smaller. This was created when several smaller, white oval-shaped storms merged to form a single feature—these three smaller white ovals were first observed in 1938. The merged feature was named Oval BA, and has been nicknamed Red Spot Junior. It has since increased in intensity and changed color from white to red.[68][69][70]

text: In April 2017, scientists reported the discovery of a "Great Cold Spot" in Jupiter's thermosphere at its north pole that is 24,000 km (15,000 mi) across, 12,000 km (7,500 mi) wide, and 200 °C (360 °F) cooler than surrounding material. The feature was discovered by researchers at the Very Large Telescope in Chile, who then searched archived data from the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility between 1995 and 2000. They found that, while the Spot changes size, shape and intensity over the short term, it has maintained its general position in the atmosphere across more than 15 years of available data. Scientists believe the Spot is a giant vortex similar to the Great Red Spot and also appears to be quasi-stable like the vortices in Earth's thermosphere. Interactions between charged particles generated from Io and the planet's strong magnetic field likely resulted in redistribution of heat flow, forming the Spot.[71][72][73][74]

text: Magnetosphere

text: Jupiter's magnetic field is fourteen times as strong as that of Earth, ranging from 4.2 gauss (0.42 mT) at the equator to 10–14 gauss (1.0–1.4 mT) at the poles, making it the strongest in the Solar System (except for sunspots).[54] This field is thought to be generated by eddy currents—swirling movements of conducting materials—within the liquid metallic hydrogen core. The volcanoes on the moon Io emit large amounts of sulfur dioxide forming a gas torus along the moon's orbit. The gas is ionized in the magnetosphere producing sulfur and oxygen ions. They, together with hydrogen ions originating from the atmosphere of Jupiter, form a plasma sheet in Jupiter's equatorial plane. The plasma in the sheet co-rotates with the planet causing deformation of the dipole magnetic field into that of magnetodisk. Electrons within the plasma sheet generate a strong radio signature that produces bursts in the range of 0.6–30 MHz.[75]

text: At about 75 Jupiter radii from the planet, the interaction of the magnetosphere with the solar wind generates a bow shock. Surrounding Jupiter's magnetosphere is a magnetopause, located at the inner edge of a magnetosheath—a region between it and the bow shock. The solar wind interacts with these regions, elongating the magnetosphere on Jupiter's lee side and extending it outward until it nearly reaches the orbit of Saturn. The four largest moons of Jupiter all orbit within the magnetosphere, which protects them from the solar wind.[36]

text: The magnetosphere of Jupiter is responsible for intense episodes of radio emission from the planet's polar regions. Volcanic activity on Jupiter's moon Io (see below) injects gas into Jupiter's magnetosphere, producing a torus of particles about the planet. As Io moves through this torus, the interaction generates Alfvén waves that carry ionized matter into the polar regions of Jupiter. As a result, radio waves are generated through a cyclotron maser mechanism, and the energy is transmitted out along a cone-shaped surface. When Earth intersects this cone, the radio emissions from Jupiter can exceed the solar radio output.[76]

text: Orbit and rotation

text: Jupiter is the only planet whose barycenter with the Sun lies outside the volume of the Sun, though by only 7% of the Sun's radius.[77] The average distance between Jupiter and the Sun is 778 million km (about 5.2 times the average distance between Earth and the Sun, or 5.2 AU) and it completes an orbit every 11.86 years. This is approximately two-fifths the orbital period of Saturn, forming a near orbital resonance between the two largest planets in the Solar System.[78] The elliptical orbit of Jupiter is inclined 1.31° compared to Earth. Because the eccentricity of its orbit is 0.048, Jupiter's distance from the Sun varies by 75 million km between its nearest approach (perihelion) and furthest distance (aphelion).

text: The axial tilt of Jupiter is relatively small: only 3.13°. As a result, it does not experience significant seasonal changes, in contrast to, for example, Earth and Mars.[79]

text: Jupiter's rotation is the fastest of all the Solar System's planets, completing a rotation on its axis in slightly less than ten hours; this creates an equatorial bulge easily seen through an Earth-based amateur telescope. The planet is shaped as an oblate spheroid, meaning that the diameter across its equator is longer than the diameter measured between its poles. On Jupiter, the equatorial diameter is 9,275 km (5,763 mi) longer than the diameter measured through the poles.[47]

text: Because Jupiter is not a solid body, its upper atmosphere undergoes differential rotation. The rotation of Jupiter's polar atmosphere is about 5 minutes longer than that of the equatorial atmosphere; three systems are used as frames of reference, particularly when graphing the motion of atmospheric features. System I applies from the latitudes 10° N to 10° S; its period is the planet's shortest, at 9h 50m 30.0s. System II applies at all latitudes north and south of these; its period is 9h 55m 40.6s. System III was first defined by radio astronomers, and corresponds to the rotation of the planet's magnetosphere; its period is Jupiter's official rotation.[80]

text: Observation

text: Jupiter is usually the fourth brightest object in the sky (after the Sun, the Moon and Venus);[54] at times Mars appears brighter than Jupiter. Depending on Jupiter's position with respect to the Earth, it can vary in visual magnitude from as bright as −2.9 at opposition down to −1.6 during conjunction with the Sun. The angular diameter of Jupiter likewise varies from 50.1 to 29.8 arc seconds.[5] Favorable oppositions occur when Jupiter is passing through perihelion, an event that occurs once per orbit.

text: Earth overtakes Jupiter every 398.9 days as it orbits the Sun, a duration called the synodic period. As it does so, Jupiter appears to undergo retrograde motion with respect to the background stars. That is, for a period Jupiter seems to move backward in the night sky, performing a looping motion.

text: Because the orbit of Jupiter is outside that of Earth, the phase angle of Jupiter as viewed from Earth never exceeds 11.5°. That is, the planet always appears nearly fully illuminated when viewed through Earth-based telescopes. It was only during spacecraft missions to Jupiter that crescent views of the planet were obtained.[81] A small telescope will usually show Jupiter's four Galilean moons and the prominent cloud belts across Jupiter's atmosphere.[82] A large telescope will show Jupiter's Great Red Spot when it faces Earth.

text: Research and exploration

text: Pre-telescopic research

text: The observation of Jupiter dates back to at least the Babylonian astronomers of the 7th or 8th century BC.[83] The ancient Chinese also observed the orbit of Suìxīng (歲星) and established their cycle of 12 earthly branches based on its approximate number of years; the Chinese language still uses its name (simplified as 岁) when referring to years of age. By the 4th century BC, these observations had developed into the Chinese zodiac,[84] with each year associated with a Tai Sui star and god controlling the region of the heavens opposite Jupiter's position in the night sky; these beliefs survive in some Taoist religious practices and in the East Asian zodiac's twelve animals, now often popularly assumed to be related to the arrival of the animals before Buddha. The Chinese historian Xi Zezong has claimed that Gan De, an ancient Chinese astronomer, discovered one of Jupiter's moons in 362 BC with the unaided eye. If accurate, this would predate Galileo's discovery by nearly two millennia.[85][86] In his 2nd century work the Almagest, the Hellenistic astronomer Claudius Ptolemaeus constructed a geocentric planetary model based on deferents and epicycles to explain Jupiter's motion relative to Earth, giving its orbital period around Earth as 4332.38 days, or 11.86 years.[87] In 499, Aryabhata, a mathematician–astronomer from the classical age of Indian mathematics and astronomy, also used a geocentric model to estimate Jupiter's period as 4332.2722 days, or 11.86 years.[88][verification needed]

text: Ground-based telescope research

text: In 1610, Galileo Galilei discovered the four largest moons of Jupiter (now known as the Galilean moons) using a telescope; thought to be the first telescopic observation of moons other than Earth's. One day after Galileo, Simon Marius independently discovered moons around Jupiter, though he did not publish his discovery in a book until 1614.[89] It was Marius's names for the four major moons, however, that stuck—Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto. These findings were also the first discovery of celestial motion not apparently centered on Earth. The discovery was a major point in favor of Copernicus' heliocentric theory of the motions of the planets; Galileo's outspoken support of the Copernican theory placed him under the threat of the Inquisition.[90]

text: During the 1660s, Giovanni Cassini used a new telescope to discover spots and colorful bands on Jupiter and observed that the planet appeared oblate; that is, flattened at the poles. He was also able to estimate the rotation period of the planet.[91] In 1690 Cassini noticed that the atmosphere undergoes differential rotation.[36]

text: The Great Red Spot, a prominent oval-shaped feature in the southern hemisphere of Jupiter, may have been observed as early as 1664 by Robert Hooke and in 1665 by Cassini, although this is disputed. The pharmacist Heinrich Schwabe produced the earliest known drawing to show details of the Great Red Spot in 1831.[92]

text: The Red Spot was reportedly lost from sight on several occasions between 1665 and 1708 before becoming quite conspicuous in 1878. It was recorded as fading again in 1883 and at the start of the 20th century.[93]

text: Both Giovanni Borelli and Cassini made careful tables of the motions of Jupiter's moons, allowing predictions of the times when the moons would pass before or behind the planet. By the 1670s, it was observed that when Jupiter was on the opposite side of the Sun from Earth, these events would occur about 17 minutes later than expected. Ole Rømer deduced that light is not instantaneous (a conclusion that Cassini had earlier rejected),[21] and this timing discrepancy was used to estimate the speed of light.[94]

text: In 1892, E. E. Barnard observed a fifth satellite of Jupiter with the 36-inch (910 mm) refractor at Lick Observatory in California. The discovery of this relatively small object, a testament to his keen eyesight, quickly made him famous. This moon was later named Amalthea.[95] It was the last planetary moon to be discovered directly by visual observation.[96]

text: In 1932, Rupert Wildt identified absorption bands of ammonia and methane in the spectra of Jupiter.[97]

text: Three long-lived anticyclonic features termed white ovals were observed in 1938. For several decades they remained as separate features in the atmosphere, sometimes approaching each other but never merging. Finally, two of the ovals merged in 1998, then absorbed the third in 2000, becoming Oval BA.[98]

text: Radiotelescope research

text: In 1955, Bernard Burke and Kenneth Franklin detected bursts of radio signals coming from Jupiter at 22.2 MHz.[36] The period of these bursts matched the rotation of the planet, and they were also able to use this information to refine the rotation rate. Radio bursts from Jupiter were found to come in two forms: long bursts (or L-bursts) lasting up to several seconds, and short bursts (or S-bursts) that had a duration of less than a hundredth of a second.[99]

text: Scientists discovered that there were three forms of radio signals transmitted from Jupiter.

text:
Decametric radio bursts (with a wavelength of tens of meters) vary with the rotation of Jupiter, and are influenced by interaction of Io with Jupiter's magnetic field.[100]
Decimetric radio emission (with wavelengths measured in centimeters) was first observed by Frank Drake and Hein Hvatum in 1959.[36] The origin of this signal was from a torus-shaped belt around Jupiter's equator. This signal is caused by cyclotron radiation from electrons that are accelerated in Jupiter's magnetic field.[101]
Thermal radiation is produced by heat in the atmosphere of Jupiter.[36]

tag: ul

text: Exploration

text: Since 1973 a number of automated spacecraft have visited Jupiter, most notably the Pioneer 10 space probe, the first spacecraft to get close enough to Jupiter to send back revelations about the properties and phenomena of the Solar System's largest planet.[102][103] Flights to other planets within the Solar System are accomplished at a cost in energy, which is described by the net change in velocity of the spacecraft, or delta-v. Entering a Hohmann transfer orbit from Earth to Jupiter from low Earth orbit requires a delta-v of 6.3 km/s[104] which is comparable to the 9.7 km/s delta-v needed to reach low Earth orbit.[105] Fortunately, gravity assists through planetary flybys can be used to reduce the energy required to reach Jupiter, albeit at the cost of a significantly longer flight duration.[106]

text: Flyby missions

text:
Flyby missions

Spacecraft
Closest
approach
Distance

Pioneer 10
December 3, 1973
130,000 km

Pioneer 11
December 4, 1974
34,000 km

Voyager 1
March 5, 1979
349,000 km

Voyager 2
July 9, 1979
570,000 km

Ulysses
February 8, 1992[107]
408,894 km

February 4, 2004[107]
120,000,000 km

Cassini
December 30, 2000
10,000,000 km

New Horizons
February 28, 2007
2,304,535 km

tag: table

text: Beginning in 1973, several spacecraft have performed planetary flyby maneuvers that brought them within observation range of Jupiter. The Pioneer missions obtained the first close-up images of Jupiter's atmosphere and several of its moons. They discovered that the radiation fields near the planet were much stronger than expected, but both spacecraft managed to survive in that environment. The trajectories of these spacecraft were used to refine the mass estimates of the Jovian system. Radio occultations by the planet resulted in better measurements of Jupiter's diameter and the amount of polar flattening.[27][108]

text: Six years later, the Voyager missions vastly improved the understanding of the Galilean moons and discovered Jupiter's rings. They also confirmed that the Great Red Spot was anticyclonic. Comparison of images showed that the Red Spot had changed hue since the Pioneer missions, turning from orange to dark brown. A torus of ionized atoms was discovered along Io's orbital path, and volcanoes were found on the moon's surface, some in the process of erupting. As the spacecraft passed behind the planet, it observed flashes of lightning in the night side atmosphere.[27][109]

text: The next mission to encounter Jupiter was the Ulysses solar probe. It performed a flyby maneuver to attain a polar orbit around the Sun. During this pass, the spacecraft conducted studies on Jupiter's magnetosphere. Ulysses has no cameras so no images were taken. A second flyby six years later was at a much greater distance.[107]

text: In 2000, the Cassini probe flew by Jupiter on its way to Saturn, and provided some of the highest-resolution images ever made of the planet.[110]

text: The New Horizons probe flew by Jupiter for a gravity assist en route to Pluto. Its closest approach was on February 28, 2007.[111] The probe's cameras measured plasma output from volcanoes on Io and studied all four Galilean moons in detail, as well as making long-distance observations of the outer moons Himalia and Elara.[112] Imaging of the Jovian system began September 4, 2006.[113][114]

text: Galileo mission

text: The first spacecraft to orbit Jupiter was the Galileo probe, which entered orbit on December 7, 1995.[32] It orbited the planet for over seven years, conducting multiple flybys of all the Galilean moons and Amalthea. The spacecraft also witnessed the impact of Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 as it approached Jupiter in 1994, giving a unique vantage point for the event. Its originally designed capacity was limited by the failed deployment of its high-gain radio antenna, although extensive information was still gained about the Jovian system from Galileo.[115]

text: A 340-kilogram titanium atmospheric probe was released from the spacecraft in July 1995, entering Jupiter's atmosphere on December 7.[32] It parachuted through 150 km (93 mi) of the atmosphere at a speed of about 2,575 km/h (1600 mph)[32] and collected data for 57.6 minutes before it was crushed by the pressure of about 23 atmospheres at a temperature of 153 °C.[116] It melted thereafter, and possibly vaporized. The Galileo orbiter itself experienced a more rapid version of the same fate when it was deliberately steered into the planet on September 21, 2003 at a speed of over 50 km/s to avoid any possibility of it crashing into and possibly contaminating Europa, a moon which has been hypothesized to have the possibility of harboring life.[115]

text: Data from this mission revealed that hydrogen composes up to 90% of Jupiter's atmosphere.[32] The recorded temperature was more than 300 °C (>570 °F) and the windspeed measured more than 644 km/h (>400 mph) before the probes vapourised.[32]

text: Juno mission

text: NASA's Juno mission arrived at Jupiter on July 4, 2016, and is expected to complete 37 orbits over the next 20 months.[16] The mission plan called for Juno to study the planet in detail from a polar orbit.[117] On August 27, 2016, the spacecraft completed its first fly-by of Jupiter and sent back the first-ever images of Jupiter’s north pole.[118]

text: Future probes

text: The next planned mission to the Jovian system will be the European Space Agency's Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer (JUICE), due to launch in 2022,[119] followed by NASA's Europa Clipper mission in 2025.[120]

text: Canceled missions

text: There has been great interest in studying the icy moons in detail because of the possibility of subsurface liquid oceans on Jupiter's moons Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. Funding difficulties have delayed progress. NASA's JIMO (Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter) was cancelled in 2005.[121] A subsequent proposal was developed for a joint NASA/ESA mission called EJSM/Laplace, with a provisional launch date around 2020. EJSM/Laplace would have consisted of the NASA-led Jupiter Europa Orbiter and the ESA-led Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter.[122] However, ESA had formally ended the partnership by April 2011, citing budget issues at NASA and the consequences on the mission timetable. Instead, ESA planned to go ahead with a European-only mission to compete in its L1 Cosmic Vision selection.[123]

text: Moons

text: Wikimedia Commons has media related to Moons of Jupiter.

text: Jupiter has 69 known natural satellites.[124] Of these, 53 are less than 10 kilometres in diameter and have only been discovered since 1975. The four largest moons, visible from Earth with binoculars on a clear night, known as the "Galilean moons", are Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto.

text: Galilean moons

text: The moons discovered by Galileo—Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto—are among the largest satellites in the Solar System. The orbits of three of them (Io, Europa, and Ganymede) form a pattern known as a Laplace resonance; for every four orbits that Io makes around Jupiter, Europa makes exactly two orbits and Ganymede makes exactly one. This resonance causes the gravitational effects of the three large moons to distort their orbits into elliptical shapes, because each moon receives an extra tug from its neighbors at the same point in every orbit it makes. The tidal force from Jupiter, on the other hand, works to circularize their orbits.[125]

text: The eccentricity of their orbits causes regular flexing of the three moons' shapes, with Jupiter's gravity stretching them out as they approach it and allowing them to spring back to more spherical shapes as they swing away. This tidal flexing heats the moons' interiors by friction. This is seen most dramatically in the extraordinary volcanic activity of innermost Io (which is subject to the strongest tidal forces), and to a lesser degree in the geological youth of Europa's surface (indicating recent resurfacing of the moon's exterior).

text:
The Galilean moons, compared to Earth's Moon

Name
IPA
Diameter
Mass
Orbital radius
Orbital period

km
 %
kg
 %
km
 %
days
 %

Io
/ˈaɪ.oʊ/
3,643
105
8.9×1022
120
421,700
110
1.77
7

Europa
/jʊˈroʊpə/
3,122
90
4.8×1022
65
671,034
175
3.55
13

Ganymede
/ˈɡænimiːd/
5,262
150
14.8×1022
200
1,070,412
280
7.15
26

Callisto
/kəˈlɪstoʊ/
4,821
140
10.8×1022
150
1,882,709
490
16.69
61

The Galilean moons Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto (in order of increasing distance from Jupiter)

text: Classification

text: Before the discoveries of the Voyager missions, Jupiter's moons were arranged neatly into four groups of four, based on commonality of their orbital elements. Since then, the large number of new small outer moons has complicated this picture. There are now thought to be six main groups, although some are more distinct than others.

text: A basic sub-division is a grouping of the eight inner regular moons, which have nearly circular orbits near the plane of Jupiter's equator and are thought to have formed with Jupiter. The remainder of the moons consist of an unknown number of small irregular moons with elliptical and inclined orbits, which are thought to be captured asteroids or fragments of captured asteroids. Irregular moons that belong to a group share similar orbital elements and thus may have a common origin, perhaps as a larger moon or captured body that broke up.[126][127]

text:
Regular moons

Inner group
The inner group of four small moons all have diameters of less than 200 km, orbit at radii less than 200,000 km, and have orbital inclinations of less than half a degree.

Galilean moons[128]
These four moons, discovered by Galileo Galilei and by Simon Marius in parallel, orbit between 400,000 and 2,000,000 km, and are some of the largest moons in the Solar System.

Irregular moons

Themisto
This is a single moon belonging to a group of its own, orbiting halfway between the Galilean moons and the Himalia group.

Himalia group
A tightly clustered group of moons with orbits around 11,000,000–12,000,000 km from Jupiter.

Carpo
Another isolated case; at the inner edge of the Ananke group, it orbits Jupiter in prograde direction.

Ananke group
This retrograde orbit group has rather indistinct borders, averaging 21,276,000 km from Jupiter with an average inclination of 149 degrees.

Carme group
A fairly distinct retrograde group that averages 23,404,000 km from Jupiter with an average inclination of 165 degrees.

Pasiphae group
A dispersed and only vaguely distinct retrograde group that covers all the outermost moons.

text: Planetary rings

text: Jupiter has a faint planetary ring system composed of three main segments: an inner torus of particles known as the halo, a relatively bright main ring, and an outer gossamer ring.[129] These rings appear to be made of dust, rather than ice as with Saturn's rings.[36] The main ring is probably made of material ejected from the satellites Adrastea and Metis. Material that would normally fall back to the moon is pulled into Jupiter because of its strong gravitational influence. The orbit of the material veers towards Jupiter and new material is added by additional impacts.[130] In a similar way, the moons Thebe and Amalthea probably produce the two distinct components of the dusty gossamer ring.[130] There is also evidence of a rocky ring strung along Amalthea's orbit which may consist of collisional debris from that moon.[131]

text: Interaction with the Solar System

text: Along with the Sun, the gravitational influence of Jupiter has helped shape the Solar System. The orbits of most of the system's planets lie closer to Jupiter's orbital plane than the Sun's equatorial plane (Mercury is the only planet that is closer to the Sun's equator in orbital tilt), the Kirkwood gaps in the asteroid belt are mostly caused by Jupiter, and the planet may have been responsible for the Late Heavy Bombardment of the inner Solar System's history.[132]

text: Along with its moons, Jupiter's gravitational field controls numerous asteroids that have settled into the regions of the Lagrangian points preceding and following Jupiter in its orbit around the Sun. These are known as the Trojan asteroids, and are divided into Greek and Trojan "camps" to commemorate the Iliad. The first of these, 588 Achilles, was discovered by Max Wolf in 1906; since then more than two thousand have been discovered.[133] The largest is 624 Hektor.

text: Most short-period comets belong to the Jupiter family—defined as comets with semi-major axes smaller than Jupiter's. Jupiter family comets are thought to form in the Kuiper belt outside the orbit of Neptune. During close encounters with Jupiter their orbits are perturbed into a smaller period and then circularized by regular gravitational interaction with the Sun and Jupiter.[134]

text: Due to the magnitude of Jupiter's mass, the center of gravity between it and the Sun lies just above the Sun's surface.[135] Jupiter is the only body in the Solar System for which this is true.

text: Impacts

text: Jupiter has been called the Solar System's vacuum cleaner,[137] because of its immense gravity well and location near the inner Solar System. It receives the most frequent comet impacts of the Solar System's planets.[138] It was thought that the planet served to partially shield the inner system from cometary bombardment.[32] However, recent computer simulations suggest that Jupiter does not cause a net decrease in the number of comets that pass through the inner Solar System, as its gravity perturbs their orbits inward roughly as often as it accretes or ejects them.[139] This topic remains controversial among scientists, as some think it draws comets towards Earth from the Kuiper belt while others think that Jupiter protects Earth from the alleged Oort cloud.[140] Jupiter experiences about 200 times more asteroid and comet impacts than Earth.[32]

text: A 1997 survey of early astronomical records and drawings suggested that a certain dark surface feature discovered by astronomer Giovanni Cassini in 1690 may have been an impact scar. The survey initially produced eight more candidate sites as potential impact observations that he and others had recorded between 1664 and 1839. It was later determined, however, that these candidate sites had little or no possibility of being the results of the proposed impacts.[141]

text: More recent discoveries include the following:

text:
A fireball was photographed by Voyager 1 during its Jupiter encounter in March 1979.[142]
During the period July 16, 1994, to July 22, 1994, over 20 fragments from the comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 (SL9, formally designated D/1993 F2) collided with Jupiter's southern hemisphere, providing the first direct observation of a collision between two Solar System objects. This impact provided useful data on the composition of Jupiter's atmosphere.[143][144]
On July 19, 2009, an impact site was discovered at approximately 216 degrees longitude in System 2.[145][146] This impact left behind a black spot in Jupiter's atmosphere, similar in size to Oval BA. Infrared observation showed a bright spot where the impact took place, meaning the impact warmed up the lower atmosphere in the area near Jupiter's south pole.[147]
A fireball, smaller than the previous observed impacts, was detected on June 3, 2010, by Anthony Wesley, an amateur astronomer in Australia, and was later discovered to have been captured on video by another amateur astronomer in the Philippines.[148]
Yet another fireball was seen on August 20, 2010.[149]
On September 10, 2012, another fireball was detected.[142][150]
On March 17, 2016 an asteroid or comet struck and was filmed on video.[151]

tag: ol

text: Mythology

text: The planet Jupiter has been known since ancient times. It is visible to the naked eye in the night sky and can occasionally be seen in the daytime when the Sun is low.[152] To the Babylonians, this object represented their god Marduk. They used Jupiter's roughly 12-year orbit along the ecliptic to define the constellations of their zodiac.[27][153]

text: The Romans named it after Jupiter (Latin: Iuppiter, Iūpiter) (also called Jove), the principal god of Roman mythology, whose name comes from the Proto-Indo-European vocative compound *Dyēu-pəter (nominative: *Dyēus-pətēr, meaning "Father Sky-God", or "Father Day-God").[154] In turn, Jupiter was the counterpart to the mythical Greek Zeus (Ζεύς), also referred to as Dias (Δίας), the planetary name of which is retained in modern Greek.[155]

text: The astronomical symbol for the planet, , is a stylized representation of the god's lightning bolt. The original Greek deity Zeus supplies the root zeno-, used to form some Jupiter-related words, such as zenographic.[d]

text: Jovian is the adjectival form of Jupiter. The older adjectival form jovial, employed by astrologers in the Middle Ages, has come to mean "happy" or "merry", moods ascribed to Jupiter's astrological influence.[156]

text: The Chinese, Koreans and Japanese called it the "wood star" (Chinese: 木星; pinyin: mùxīng), based on the Chinese Five Elements.[157][158][159] Chinese Taoism personified it as the Fu star. The Greeks called it Φαέθων (Phaethon, meaning "blazing"). In Vedic astrology, Hindu astrologers named the planet after Brihaspati, the religious teacher of the gods, and often called it "Guru", which literally means the "Heavy One".[160]

text: In Germanic mythology, Jupiter is equated to Thor, whence the English name Thursday for the Roman dies Jovis.[161]

text: In the Central Asian-Turkic myths, Jupiter is called Erendiz or Erentüz, from eren (of uncertain meaning) and yultuz ("star"). There are many theories about the meaning of eren. These peoples calculated the period of the orbit of Jupiter as 11 years and 300 days. They believed that some social and natural events connected to Erentüz's movements on the sky.[162]


document_title: Chordae tendineae

question_text: valve responsible for preventing backflow of blood from the lungs into the heart

text: Chordae tendineae

text: Structure[edit]

text: Tendon of Todaro[edit]

text: The tendon of Todaro is a continuation of the Eustachian valve of the inferior vena cava and the Thebesian ring of the coronary sinus. Along with the opening of the coronary sinus and the septal cusp of the tricuspid valve, it makes up the triangle of Koch. The apex of the triangle of Koch is the location of the atrioventricular node.

text: Function[edit]

text: During atrial systole, blood flows from the atria to the ventricles down the pressure gradient. Chordae tendineae are relaxed because the atrioventricular valves are forced open.[1]

text: When the ventricles of the heart contract in ventricular systole, the increased blood pressures in both chambers push the AV valves to close simultaneously, preventing backflow of blood into the atria. Since the blood pressure in atria is much lower than that in the ventricles, the flaps attempt to evert to the low pressure regions. The chordae tendineae prevent the eversion, prolapse, by becoming tense thus pulling the flaps, holding them in closed position.[1]

text: Additional images[edit]

text:
Papillary muscles and chordae tendineae

Play media

Ultrasound showing redundant chordae tendineae[2]


document_title: List of Premier League hat-tricks

question_text: spanish players to score a hattrick in the premier league

text: List of Premier League hat-tricks

text: Hat-tricks

text:
Key

4
Player scored four goals

5
Player scored five goals

Player scored hat-trick as a substitute

D L
Player was not on the winning team (game Drawn or Lost)

*
The home team

text:
Player
Nationality
For
Against
Result
Date
Ref

Cantona, EricEric Cantona
 France
Leeds United*
Tottenham Hotspur
5–0
000000001992-08-25-000025 August 1992
[12]

Robins, MarkMark Robins
 England
Norwich City*
Oldham Athletic
3–2
000000001992-11-09-00009 November 1992
[13]

Hendrie, JohnJohn Hendrie
 Scotland
Middlesbrough*
Blackburn Rovers
3–2
000000001992-12-05-00005 December 1992
[14]

Sinton, AndyAndy Sinton
 England
Queens Park Rangers*
Everton
4–2
000000001992-12-28-000028 December 1992
[15]

Deane, BrianBrian Deane
 England
Sheffield United*
Ipswich Town
3–0
000000001993-01-16-000016 January 1993
[16]

Sheringham, TeddyTeddy Sheringham
 England
Tottenham Hotspur*
Leeds United
4–0
000000001993-02-20-000020 February 1993
[17]

Strachan, GordonGordon Strachan
 Scotland
Leeds United*
Blackburn Rovers
5–2
000000001993-04-10-000010 April 1993
[18]

Ferdinand, LesLes Ferdinand
 England
Queens Park Rangers*
Nottingham Forest
4–3
000000001993-04-10-000010 April 1993
[19]

Bart-Williams, ChrisChris Bart-Williams
 England
Sheffield Wednesday*
Southampton
5–2
000000001993-04-12-000012 April 1993
[20]

Ferdinand, LesLes Ferdinand
 England
Queens Park Rangers
Everton*
3–5
000000001993-04-12-000012 April 1993
[21]

Sutton, ChrisChris Sutton
 England
Norwich City*
Leeds United
4–2
000000001993-04-14-000014 April 1993
[22]

Walters, MarkMark Walters
 England
Liverpool*
Coventry City
4–0
000000001993-04-17-000017 April 1993
[23]

Wallace, RodRod WallaceD
 England
Leeds United
Coventry City*
3–3
000000001993-05-08-00008 May 1993
[24]

Le Tissier, MatthewMatthew Le TissierL
 England
Southampton
Oldham Athletic*
4–3
000000001993-05-08-00008 May 1993
[25]

Quinn, MickyMicky Quinn
 England
Coventry City
Arsenal*
0–3
000000001993-08-14-000014 August 1993
[26]

Cottee, TonyTony Cottee
 England
Everton*
Sheffield United
4–2
000000001993-08-21-000021 August 1993
[27]

Campbell, KevinKevin Campbell
 England
Arsenal*
Ipswich Town
4–0
000000001993-09-11-000011 September 1993
[28]

Ekoku, EfanEfan Ekoku4
 Nigeria
Norwich City
Everton*
1–5
000000001993-09-25-000025 September 1993
[29]

Shearer, AlanAlan ShearerD
 England
Blackburn Rovers
Leeds United*
3–3
000000001993-10-23-000023 October 1993
[30]

Beardsley, PeterPeter Beardsley
 England
Newcastle United*
Wimbledon
4–0
000000001993-10-30-000030 October 1993
[31]

Fowler, RobbieRobbie Fowler
 England
Liverpool*
Southampton
4–2
000000001993-10-30-000030 October 1993
[32]

Allen, BradleyBradley Allen
 England
Queens Park Rangers
Everton*
0–3
000000001993-11-20-000020 November 1993
[33]

Cole, AndyAndy Cole
 England
Newcastle United*
Liverpool
3–0
000000001993-11-21-000021 November 1993
[34]

Campbell, KevinKevin Campbell
 England
Arsenal*
Swindon Town
4–0
000000001993-12-27-000027 December 1993
[35]

Cottee, TonyTony Cottee
 England
Everton*
Swindon Town
6–0
000000001994-01-15-000015 January 1994
[36]

Fjortoft, Jan AgeJan Åge Fjørtoft
 Norway
Swindon Town*
Coventry City
3–1
000000001994-02-05-00005 February 1994
[37]

Saunders, DeanDean Saunders
 Wales
Aston Villa*
Swindon Town
5–0
000000001994-02-12-000012 February 1994
[38]

Le Tissier, MatthewMatthew Le Tissier
 England
Southampton*
Liverpool
4–2
000000001994-02-14-000014 February 1994
[39]

Cole, AndyAndy Cole
 England
Newcastle United*
Coventry City
4–0
000000001994-02-23-000023 February 1994
[40]

Wright, IanIan Wright
 England
Arsenal
Ipswich Town*
1–5
000000001994-03-05-00005 March 1994
[41]

Wright, IanIan Wright
 England
Arsenal
Southampton*
0–4
000000001994-03-19-000019 March 1994
[42]

Le Tissier, MatthewMatthew Le Tissier
 England
Southampton
Norwich City*
4–5
000000001994-04-09-00009 April 1994
[43]

Holdsworth, DeanDean Holdsworth
 England
Wimbledon*
Oldham Athletic
3–0
000000001994-04-26-000026 April 1994
[44]

Sutton, ChrisChris Sutton
 England
Blackburn Rovers*
Coventry City
4–0
000000001994-08-27-000027 August 1994
[45]

Fowler, RobbieRobbie Fowler
 England
Liverpool*
Arsenal
4–3
000000001994-08-28-000028 August 1994
[1]

Kanchelskis, AndreiAndrei Kanchelskis
 Russia
Manchester United*
Manchester City
5–0
000000001994-11-10-000010 November 1994
[46]

Shearer, AlanAlan Shearer
 England
Blackburn Rovers*
Queens Park Rangers
4–0
000000001994-11-26-000026 November 1994
[47]

Sheringham, TeddyTeddy Sheringham
 England
Tottenham Hotspur*
Newcastle United
4–2
000000001994-12-03-00003 December 1994
[48]

Cottee, TonyTony Cottee
 England
West Ham United*
Manchester City
3–0
000000001994-12-17-000017 December 1994
[49]

Shearer, AlanAlan Shearer
 England
Blackburn Rovers*
West Ham United
4–2
000000001995-01-02-00002 January 1995
[50]

Shearer, AlanAlan Shearer
 England
Blackburn Rovers*
Ipswich Town
4–1
000000001995-01-28-000028 January 1995
[51]

Johnson, TommyTommy Johnson
 England
Aston Villa*
Wimbledon
7–1
000000001995-02-11-000011 February 1995
[52]

Cole, AndyAndy Cole5
 England
Manchester United*
Ipswich Town
9–0
000000001995-03-04-00004 March 1995
[53]

Ndlovu, PeterPeter Ndlovu
 Zimbabwe
Coventry City
Liverpool*
2–3
000000001995-03-14-000014 March 1995
[54]

Yeboah, TonyTony Yeboah
 Ghana
Leeds United*
Ipswich Town
4–0
000000001995-04-05-00005 April 1995
[55]

Wright, IanIan Wright
 England
Arsenal*
Ipswich Town
4–1
000000001995-04-15-000015 April 1995
[56]

Le Tissier, MatthewMatthew Le TissierL
 England
Southampton*
Nottingham Forest
3–4
000000001995-08-19-000019 August 1995
[57]

Fowler, RobbieRobbie Fowler4
 England
Liverpool*
Bolton Wanderers
5–2
000000001995-09-23-000023 September 1995
[58]

Shearer, AlanAlan Shearer
 England
Blackburn Rovers*
Coventry City
5–1
000000001995-09-23-000023 September 1995
[59]

Yeboah, TonyTony Yeboah
 Ghana
Leeds United
Wimbledon*
2–4
000000001995-09-23-000023 September 1995
[60]

Ferdinand, LesLes Ferdinand
 England
Newcastle United*
Wimbledon
6–1
000000001995-10-21-000021 October 1995
[61]

McAllister, GaryGary McAllister
 Scotland
Leeds United*
Coventry City
3–1
000000001995-10-28-000028 October 1995
[62]

Shearer, AlanAlan Shearer
 England
Blackburn Rovers*
Nottingham Forest
7–0
000000001995-11-18-000018 November 1995
[63]

Shearer, AlanAlan Shearer
 England
Blackburn Rovers*
West Ham United
4–2
000000001995-12-02-00002 December 1995
[64]

Dublin, DionDion DublinL
 England
Coventry City
Sheffield Wednesday*
4–3
000000001995-12-04-00004 December 1995
[65]

Milosevic, SavoSavo Milošević
 Yugoslavia
Aston Villa*
Coventry City
4–1
000000001995-12-16-000016 December 1995
[66]

Fowler, RobbieRobbie Fowler
 England
Liverpool*
Arsenal
3–1
000000001995-12-23-000023 December 1995
[67]

Shearer, AlanAlan Shearer
 England
Blackburn Rovers*
Bolton Wanderers
3–1
000000001996-02-03-00003 February 1996
[68]

Peacock, GavinGavin Peacock
 England
Chelsea*
Middlesbrough
5–0
000000001996-02-04-00004 February 1996
[69]

Shearer, AlanAlan Shearer
 England
Blackburn Rovers
Tottenham Hotspur*
2–3
000000001996-03-16-000016 March 1996
[70]

Hughes, MarkMark Hughes
 Wales
Chelsea*
Leeds United
4–1
000000001996-04-13-000013 April 1996
[71]

Kanchelskis, AndreiAndrei Kanchelskis
 Russia
Everton
Sheffield Wednesday*
2–5
000000001996-04-27-000027 April 1996
[72]

Campbell, KevinKevin Campbell
 England
Nottingham Forest
Coventry City*
0–3
000000001996-08-17-000017 August 1996
[73]

Ravanelli, FabrizioFabrizio RavanelliD
 Italy
Middlesbrough*
Liverpool
3–3
000000001996-08-17-000017 August 1996
[74]

Wright, IanIan Wright
 England
Arsenal*
Sheffield Wednesday
4–1
000000001996-09-16-000016 September 1996
[75]

Yorke, DwightDwight YorkeL
 Trinidad and Tobago
Aston Villa
Newcastle United*
4–3
000000001996-09-30-000030 September 1996
[76]

Speed, GaryGary Speed
 Wales
Everton*
Southampton
7–1
000000001996-11-16-000016 November 1996
[77]

Fowler, RobbieRobbie Fowler4
 England
Liverpool*
Middlesbrough
5–1
000000001996-12-14-000014 December 1996
[78]

Shearer, AlanAlan Shearer
 England
Newcastle United*
Leicester City
4–3
000000001997-02-02-00002 February 1997
[79]

Marshall, IanIan Marshall
 England
Leicester City*
Derby County
4–2
000000001997-02-22-000022 February 1997
[80]

Iversen, SteffenSteffen Iversen
 Norway
Tottenham Hotspur
Sunderland*
0–4
000000001997-03-04-00004 March 1997
[81]

Ravanelli, FabrizioFabrizio Ravanelli
 Italy
Middlesbrough*
Derby County
6–1
000000001997-03-05-00005 March 1997
[82]

Gallacher, KevinKevin Gallacher
 Scotland
Blackburn Rovers*
Wimbledon
3–1
000000001997-03-15-000015 March 1997
[83]

Kitson, PaulPaul Kitson
 England
West Ham United*
Sheffield Wednesday
5–1
000000001997-05-03-00003 May 1997
[84]

Dublin, DionDion Dublin
 England
Coventry City*
Chelsea
3–2
000000001997-08-09-00009 August 1997
[85]

Sutton, ChrisChris Sutton
 England
Blackburn Rovers
Aston Villa*
0–4
000000001997-08-13-000013 August 1997
[86]

Vialli, GianlucaGianluca Vialli4
 Italy
Chelsea
Barnsley*
0–6
000000001997-08-24-000024 August 1997
[87]

Bergkamp, DennisDennis BergkampD
 Netherlands
Arsenal*
Leicester City
3–3
000000001997-08-27-000027 August 1997
[88]

Wright, IanIan Wright
 England
Arsenal*
Bolton Wanderers
4–1
000000001997-09-13-000013 September 1997
[89]

Berger, PatrikPatrik Berger
 Czech Republic
Liverpool*
Chelsea
4–2
000000001997-10-05-00005 October 1997
[90]

Cole, AndyAndy Cole
 England
Manchester United*
Barnsley
7–0
000000001997-10-25-000025 October 1997
[91]

Booth, AndyAndy Booth
 England
Sheffield Wednesday*
Bolton Wanderers
5–0
000000001997-11-08-00008 November 1997
[92]

Zola, GianfrancoGianfranco Zola
 Italy
Chelsea*
Derby County
4–0
000000001997-11-29-000029 November 1997
[93]

Flo, Tore AndreTore André Flo
 Norway
Chelsea
Tottenham Hotspur*
1–6
000000001997-12-06-00006 December 1997
[94]

Ferguson, DuncanDuncan Ferguson
 Scotland
Everton*
Bolton Wanderers
3–2
000000001997-12-28-000028 December 1997
[95]

Gallacher, KevinKevin Gallacher
 Scotland
Blackburn Rovers*
Aston Villa
5–0
000000001998-01-17-000017 January 1998
[96]

Owen, MichaelMichael OwenD
 England
Liverpool
Sheffield Wednesday*
3–3
000000001998-02-14-000014 February 1998
[97]

Sutton, ChrisChris Sutton
 England
Blackburn Rovers*
Leicester City
5–3
000000001998-02-28-000028 February 1998
[98]

Huckerby, DarrenDarren HuckerbyD
 England
Coventry City
Leeds United*
3–3
000000001998-04-25-000025 April 1998
[99]

Klinsmann, JurgenJürgen Klinsmann4
 Germany
Tottenham Hotspur
Wimbledon*
2–6
000000001998-05-02-00002 May 1998
[100]

Mendonca, CliveClive Mendonca
 England
Charlton Athletic*
Southampton
5–0
000000001998-08-22-000022 August 1998
[101]

Owen, MichaelMichael Owen
 England
Liverpool
Newcastle United*
1–4
000000001998-08-30-000030 August 1998
[102]

Owen, MichaelMichael Owen4
 England
Liverpool*
Nottingham Forest
5–1
000000001998-10-24-000024 October 1998
[103]

Dublin, DionDion Dublin
 England
Aston Villa
Southampton
1–4
000000001998-11-14-000014 November 1998
[104]

Fowler, RobbieRobbie Fowler
 England
Liverpool
Aston Villa*
2–4
000000001998-11-21-000021 November 1998
[105]

Armstrong, ChrisChris Armstrong
 England
Tottenham Hotspur*
Everton
4–1
000000001998-12-28-000028 December 1998
[106]

Huckerby, DarrenDarren Huckerby
 England
Coventry City*
Nottingham Forest
4–0
000000001999-01-09-00009 January 1999
[107]

Fowler, RobbieRobbie Fowler
 England
Liverpool*
Southampton
7–1
000000001999-01-16-000016 January 1999
[108]

Yorke, DwightDwight Yorke
 Trinidad and Tobago
Manchester United
Leicester City*
2–6
000000001999-01-16-000016 January 1999
[109]

Solskjaer, Ole GunnarOle Gunnar Solskjær4
 Norway
Manchester United
Nottingham Forest*
1–8
000000001999-02-06-00006 February 1999
[1][110][111]

Anelka, NicolasNicolas Anelka
 France
Arsenal*
Leicester City
5–0
000000001999-02-20-000020 February 1999
[112]

Campbell, KevinKevin Campbell
 England
Everton*
West Ham United
6–0
000000001999-05-08-00008 May 1999
[113]

Bridges, MichaelMichael Bridges
 England
Leeds United
Southampton*
0–3
000000001999-08-11-000011 August 1999
[114]

Cole, AndyAndy Cole4
 England
Manchester United*
Newcastle United
5–1
000000001999-08-30-000030 August 1999
[115]

Phillips, KevinKevin Phillips
 England
Sunderland
Derby County*
0–5
000000001999-09-18-000018 September 1999
[116]

Shearer, AlanAlan Shearer5
 England
Newcastle United*
Sheffield Wednesday
8–0
000000001999-09-19-000019 September 1999
[117]

Kanu, NwankwoNwankwo Kanu
 Nigeria
Arsenal
Chelsea*
2–3
000000001999-10-23-000023 October 1999
[118]

Overmars, MarcMarc Overmars
 Netherlands
Arsenal*
Middlesbrough
5–1
000000001999-11-21-000021 November 1999
[119]

Solskjaer, Ole GunnarOle Gunnar Solskjær4
 Norway
Manchester United*
Everton
5–1
000000001999-12-04-00004 December 1999
[120]

Barmby, NickNick Barmby
 England
Everton
West Ham United*
0–4
000000002000-02-26-000026 February 2000
[121]

Collymore, StanStan Collymore
 England
Leicester City*
Sunderland
5–2
000000002000-03-05-00005 March 2000
[122]

Iversen, SteffenSteffen Iversen
 Norway
Tottenham Hotspur*
Southampton
7–2
000000002000-03-11-000011 March 2000
[123]

Yorke, DwightDwight Yorke
 Trinidad and Tobago
Manchester United*
Derby County
3–1
000000002000-03-11-000011 March 2000
[124]

Scholes, PaulPaul Scholes
 England
Manchester United*
West Ham United
7–1
000000002000-04-01-00001 April 2000
[125]

Windass, DeanDean WindassD
 England
Bradford City*
Derby County
4–4
000000002000-04-21-000021 April 2000
[126]

Wanchope, PauloPaulo Wanchope
 Costa Rica
Manchester City*
Sunderland
4–2
000000002000-08-23-000023 August 2000
[127]

Owen, MichaelMichael Owen
 England
Liverpool*
Aston Villa
3–1
000000002000-09-06-00006 September 2000
[128]

Heskey, EmileEmile Heskey
 England
Liverpool
Derby County*
0–4
000000002000-10-15-000015 October 2000
[129]

Hasselbaink, Jimmy FloydJimmy Floyd Hasselbaink4
 Netherlands
Chelsea*
Coventry City
6–1
000000002000-10-21-000021 October 2000
[130]

Sheringham, TeddyTeddy Sheringham
 England
Manchester United*
Southampton
5–0
000000002000-10-28-000028 October 2000
[131]

Viduka, MarkMark Viduka4
 Australia
Leeds United*
Liverpool
4–3
000000002000-11-04-00004 November 2000
[132]

Ferdinand, LesLes Ferdinand
 England
Tottenham Hotspur
Leicester City*
3–0
000000002000-11-25-000025 November 2000
[133]

Parlour, RayRay Parlour
 England
Arsenal*
Newcastle United
5–0
000000002000-12-10-000010 December 2000
[134]

Henry, ThierryThierry Henry
 France
Arsenal*
Leicester City
6–1
000000002000-12-26-000026 December 2000
[135]

Phillips, KevinKevin Phillips
 England
Sunderland
Bradford City*
1–4
000000002000-12-26-000026 December 2000
[136]

Yorke, DwightDwight Yorke
 Trinidad and Tobago
Manchester United*
Arsenal
6–1
000000002001-02-25-000025 February 2001
[137]

Wiltord, SylvainSylvain Wiltord
 France
Arsenal*
West Ham United
3–0
000000002001-03-03-00003 March 2001
[138]

Stewart, MarcusMarcus Stewart
 England
Ipswich Town
Southampton*
0–3
000000002001-04-07-00007 April 2001
[139]

Owen, MichaelMichael Owen
 England
Liverpool*
Newcastle United
3–0
000000002001-05-05-00005 May 2001
[140]

Fowler, RobbieRobbie Fowler
 England
Liverpool
Leicester City*
1–4
000000002001-10-20-000020 October 2001
[141]

Kitson, PaulPaul KitsonD
 England
West Ham United
Charlton Athletic*
4–4
000000002001-11-19-000019 November 2001
[142]

Nistelrooy, Ruud vanRuud van Nistelrooy
 Netherlands
Manchester United*
Southampton
6–1
000000002001-12-22-000022 December 2001
[143]

Fowler, RobbieRobbie Fowler
 England
Leeds United
Bolton Wanderers*
0–3
000000002001-12-26-000026 December 2001
[144]

Solskjaer, Ole GunnarOle Gunnar Solskjær
 Norway
Manchester United
Bolton Wanderers*
0–4
000000002002-01-29-000029 January 2002
[145]

Hasselbaink, Jimmy FloydJimmy Floyd Hasselbaink
 Netherlands
Chelsea*
Tottenham Hotspur
4–0
000000002002-03-13-000013 March 2002
[146]

Bobic, FrediFredi Bobic
 Germany
Bolton Wanderers*
Ipswich Town
4–1
000000002002-04-06-00006 April 2002
[147]

Owen, MichaelMichael Owen
 England
Liverpool
Manchester City*
0–3
000000002002-09-28-000028 September 2002
[148]

Beattie, JamesJames Beattie
 England
Southampton*
Fulham
4–2
000000002002-10-27-000027 October 2002
[149]

Nistelrooy, Ruud vanRuud van Nistelrooy
 Netherlands
Manchester United*
Newcastle United
5–3
000000002002-11-23-000023 November 2002
[150]

Keane, RobbieRobbie Keane
 Ireland
Tottenham Hotspur*
Everton
4–3
000000002003-01-12-000012 January 2003
[151]

Henry, ThierryThierry Henry
 France
Arsenal*
West Ham United
3–1
000000002003-01-19-000019 January 2003
[152]

Nistelrooy, Ruud vanRuud van Nistelrooy
 Netherlands
Manchester United*
Fulham
3–0
000000002003-03-22-000022 March 2003
[153]

Viduka, MarkMark Viduka
 Australia
Leeds United
Charlton Athletic*
1–6
000000002003-04-05-00005 April 2003
[154]

Scholes, PaulPaul Scholes
 England
Manchester United
Newcastle United*
2–6
000000002003-04-12-000012 April 2003
[155]

Owen, MichaelMichael Owen4
 England
Liverpool
West Bromwich Albion*
0–6
000000002003-04-26-000026 April 2003
[156]

Nistelrooy, Ruud vanRuud van Nistelrooy
 Netherlands
Manchester United*
Charlton Athletic
4–1
000000002003-05-03-00003 May 2003
[157]

Pennant, JermaineJermaine Pennant
 England
Arsenal*
Southampton
6–1
000000002003-05-07-00007 May 2003
[158]

Pires, RobertRobert Pirès
 France
Arsenal*
Southampton
6–1
000000002003-05-07-00007 May 2003
[158]

Ljungberg, FredrikFredrik Ljungberg
 Sweden
Arsenal
Sunderland*
0–4
000000002003-05-11-000011 May 2003
[159]

Sheringham, TeddyTeddy Sheringham
 England
Portsmouth*
Bolton Wanderers
4–0
000000002003-08-26-000026 August 2003
[160]

Anelka, NicolasNicolas Anelka
 France
Manchester City*
Aston Villa
4–1
000000002003-09-14-000014 September 2003
[161]

Nistelrooy, Ruud vanRuud van Nistelrooy
 Netherlands
Manchester United
Leicester City*
1–4
000000002003-09-27-000027 September 2003
[162]

Lisbie, KevinKevin Lisbie
 Jamaica
Charlton Athletic*
Liverpool
3–2
000000002003-09-28-000028 September 2003
[163]

Watson, SteveSteve Watson
 England
Everton*
Leeds United
4–0
000000002003-09-28-000028 September 2003
[164]

Keane, RobbieRobbie Keane
 Ireland
Tottenham Hotspur*
Wolverhampton Wanderers
5–2
000000002003-12-06-00006 December 2003
[165]

Hasselbaink, Jimmy FloydJimmy Floyd Hasselbaink
 Netherlands
Chelsea*
Wolverhampton Wanderers
5–2
000000002004-03-27-000027 March 2004
[110][166]

Henry, ThierryThierry Henry
 France
Arsenal*
Liverpool
4–2
000000002004-04-09-00009 April 2004
[167]

Henry, ThierryThierry Henry4
 France
Arsenal*
Leeds United
5–0
000000002004-04-16-000016 April 2004
[168]

Yakubu Aiyegbeni4
 Nigeria
Portsmouth*
Middlesbrough
5–1
000000002004-05-15-000015 May 2004
[169]

Yakubu Aiyegbeni
 Nigeria
Portsmouth*
Fulham
4–3
000000002004-08-30-000030 August 2004
[170]

Hasselbaink, Jimmy FloydJimmy Floyd Hasselbaink
 Netherlands
Middlesbrough
Blackburn Rovers*
0–4
000000002004-10-16-000016 October 2004
[171]

Gudjohnsen, EidurEiður Guðjohnsen
 Iceland
Chelsea*
Blackburn Rovers
4–0
000000002004-10-23-000023 October 2004
[172]

Baros, MilanMilan Baroš
 Czech Republic
Liverpool*
Crystal Palace
3–2
000000002004-11-13-000013 November 2004
[173]

Defoe, JermainJermain Defoe
 England
Tottenham Hotspur*
Southampton
5–1
000000002004-12-18-000018 December 2004
[174]

Henry, ThierryThierry Henry
 France
Arsenal*
Portsmouth
3–0
000000002005-03-05-00005 March 2005
[175]

Earnshaw, RobertRobert Earnshaw
 Wales
West Bromwich Albion
Charlton Athletic*
1–4
000000002005-03-19-000019 March 2005
[110][176]

Henry, ThierryThierry Henry
 France
Arsenal*
Norwich City
4–1
000000002005-04-02-00002 April 2005
[177]

Harewood, MarlonMarlon Harewood
 England
West Ham United*
Aston Villa
4–0
000000002005-09-12-000012 September 2005
[178]

Camara, HenriHenri Camara
 Senegal
Wigan Athletic*
Charlton Athletic
3–0
000000002005-12-16-000016 December 2005
[179]

Owen, MichaelMichael Owen
 England
Newcastle United
West Ham United*
2–4
000000002005-12-17-000017 December 2005
[180]

Henry, ThierryThierry Henry
 France
Arsenal*
Middlesbrough
7–0
000000002006-01-14-000014 January 2006
[181]

Bentley, DavidDavid Bentley
 England
Blackburn Rovers*
Manchester United
4–3
000000002006-02-01-00001 February 2006
[182]

Moore, LukeLuke Moore
 England
Aston Villa
Middlesbrough*
0–4
000000002006-02-04-00004 February 2006
[183]

Henry, ThierryThierry Henry
 France
Arsenal*
Wigan Athletic
4–2
000000002006-05-07-00007 May 2006
[184]

Rooney, WayneWayne Rooney
 England
Manchester United
Bolton Wanderers*
0–4
000000002006-10-28-000028 October 2006
[185]

Drogba, DidierDidier Drogba
 Ivory Coast
Chelsea*
Watford
4–0
000000002006-11-11-000011 November 2006
[186]

Crouch, PeterPeter Crouch
 England
Liverpool*
Arsenal
4–1
000000002007-03-31-000031 March 2007
[187]

Adebayor, EmmanuelEmmanuel Adebayor
 Togo
Arsenal*
Derby County
5–0
000000002007-09-22-000022 September 2007
[188]

Mwaruwari, BenjaniBenjani Mwaruwari
 Zimbabwe
Portsmouth*
Reading
7–4
000000002007-09-29-000029 September 2007
[189]

Yakubu Aiyegbeni
 Nigeria
Everton*
Fulham
3–0
000000002007-12-08-00008 December 2007
[190]

Santa Cruz, RoqueRoque Santa CruzL
 Paraguay
Blackburn Rovers
Wigan Athletic*
5–3
000000002007-12-15-000015 December 2007
[191]

Bent, MarcusMarcus Bent
 England
Wigan Athletic*
Blackburn Rovers
5–3
000000002007-12-15-000015 December 2007
[192]

Berbatov, DimitarDimitar Berbatov4
 Bulgaria
Tottenham Hotspur*
Reading
6–4
000000002007-12-29-000029 December 2007
[193]

Ronaldo, CristianoCristiano Ronaldo
 Portugal
Manchester United*
Newcastle United
6–0
000000002008-01-12-000012 January 2008
[194]

Mwaruwari, BenjaniBenjani Mwaruwari
 Zimbabwe
Portsmouth*
Derby County
3–1
000000002008-01-19-000019 January 2008
[195]

Carew, JohnJohn Carew
 Norway
Aston Villa*
Newcastle United
4–1
000000002008-02-09-00009 February 2008
[196]

Torres, FernandoFernando Torres
 Spain
Liverpool*
Middlesbrough
3–2
000000002008-02-23-000023 February 2008
[197]

Forssell, MikaelMikael Forssell
 Finland
Birmingham City*
Tottenham Hotspur
4–1
000000002008-03-01-00001 March 2008
[198]

Torres, FernandoFernando Torres
 Spain
Liverpool*
West Ham United
4–0
000000002008-03-05-00005 March 2008
[199]

Lampard, FrankFrank Lampard4
 England
Chelsea*
Derby County
6–1
000000002008-03-12-000012 March 2008
[200]

Adebayor, EmmanuelEmmanuel Adebayor
 Togo
Arsenal
Derby County*
2–6
000000002008-04-28-000028 April 2008
[110][201]

Alves, AfonsoAfonso Alves
 Brazil
Middlesbrough*
Manchester City
8–1
000000002008-05-11-000011 May 2008
[202]

Agbonlahor, GabrielGabriel Agbonlahor
 England
Aston Villa*
Manchester City
4–2
000000002008-08-17-000017 August 2008
[203]

Adebayor, EmmanuelEmmanuel Adebayor
 Togo
Arsenal
Blackburn Rovers*
0–4
000000002008-09-13-000013 September 2008
[204]

Robinho
 Brazil
Manchester City*
Stoke City
3–0
000000002008-10-26-000026 October 2008
[205]

Anelka, NicolasNicolas Anelka
 France
Chelsea*
Sunderland
5–0
000000002008-11-01-00001 November 2008
[206]

Gerrard, StevenSteven Gerrard
 England
Liverpool*
Aston Villa
5–0
000000002009-03-22-000022 March 2009
[207]

Arshavin, AndreiAndrei Arshavin4
 Russia
Arsenal
Liverpool*
4–4
000000002009-04-21-000021 April 2009
[208]

Defoe, JermainJermain Defoe
 England
Tottenham Hotspur
Hull City*
1–5
000000002009-08-19-000019 August 2009
[209]

Benayoun, YossiYossi Benayoun
 Israel
Liverpool*
Burnley
4–0
000000002009-09-12-000012 September 2009
[210]

Torres, FernandoFernando Torres
 Spain
Liverpool*
Hull City
6–1
000000002009-09-26-000026 September 2009
[211]

Keane, RobbieRobbie Keane4
 Ireland
Tottenham Hotspur*
Burnley
5–0
000000002009-09-26-000026 September 2009
[212]

Dindane, ArunaAruna Dindane
 Ivory Coast
Portsmouth*
Wigan Athletic
4–0
000000002009-10-31-000031 October 2009
[213]

Defoe, JermainJermain Defoe5
 England
Tottenham Hotspur*
Wigan Athletic
9–1
000000002009-11-22-000022 November 2009
[214]

Rooney, WayneWayne Rooney
 England
Manchester United
Portsmouth*
1–4
000000002009-11-28-000028 November 2009
[215]

Tevez, CarlosCarlos Tevez
 Argentina
Manchester City*
Blackburn Rovers
4–1
000000002010-01-11-000011 January 2010
[216]

Rooney, WayneWayne Rooney4
 England
Manchester United*
Hull City
4–0
000000002010-01-23-000023 January 2010
[217]

Bent, DarrenDarren Bent
 England
Sunderland*
Bolton Wanderers
4–0
000000002010-03-09-00009 March 2010
[218]

Lampard, FrankFrank Lampard4
 England
Chelsea*
Aston Villa
7–1
000000002010-03-27-000027 March 2010
[219]

Tevez, CarlosCarlos Tevez
 Argentina
Manchester City*
Wigan Athletic
3–0
000000002010-03-29-000029 March 2010
[220]

Kalou, SalomonSalomon Kalou
 Ivory Coast
Chelsea*
Stoke City
7–0
000000002010-04-25-000025 April 2010
[221]

Drogba, DidierDidier Drogba
 Ivory Coast
Chelsea*
Wigan Athletic
8–0
000000002010-05-09-00009 May 2010
[222]

Drogba, DidierDidier Drogba
 Ivory Coast
Chelsea*
West Bromwich Albion
6–0
000000002010-08-14-000014 August 2010
[223]

Walcott, TheoTheo Walcott
 England
Arsenal*
Blackpool
6–0
000000002010-08-21-000021 August 2010
[224]

Carroll, AndyAndy Carroll
 England
Newcastle United*
Aston Villa
6–0
000000002010-08-22-000022 August 2010
[225]

Berbatov, DimitarDimitar Berbatov
 Bulgaria
Manchester United*
Liverpool
3–2
000000002010-09-19-000019 September 2010
[226]

Nolan, KevinKevin Nolan
 England
Newcastle United*
Sunderland
5–1
000000002010-10-31-000031 October 2010
[227]

Berbatov, DimitarDimitar Berbatov5
 Bulgaria
Manchester United*
Blackburn Rovers
7–1
000000002010-11-27-000027 November 2010
[228]

Balotelli, MarioMario Balotelli
 Italy
Manchester City*
Aston Villa
4–0
000000002010-12-28-000028 December 2010
[229]

Best, LeonLeon Best
 Ireland
Newcastle United*
West Ham United
5–0
000000002011-01-05-00005 January 2011
[230]

Berbatov, DimitarDimitar Berbatov
 Bulgaria
Manchester United*
Birmingham City
5–0
000000002011-01-22-000022 January 2011
[231]

Persie, Robin vanRobin van Persie
 Netherlands
Arsenal*
Wigan Athletic
3–0
000000002011-01-22-000022 January 2011
[232]

Tevez, CarlosCarlos Tevez
 Argentina
Manchester City*
West Bromwich Albion
3–0
000000002011-02-05-00005 February 2011
[233]

Saha, LouisLouis Saha4
 France
Everton*
Blackpool
5–3
000000002011-02-05-00005 February 2011
[234]

Kuyt, DirkDirk Kuyt
 Netherlands
Liverpool*
Manchester United
3–1
000000002011-03-06-00006 March 2011
[235]

Rooney, WayneWayne Rooney
 England
Manchester United
West Ham United*
2–4
000000002011-04-02-00002 April 2011
[236]

Rodriguez, MaxiMaxi Rodríguez
 Argentina
Liverpool*
Birmingham City
5–0
000000002011-04-23-000023 April 2011
[237]

Rodriguez, MaxiMaxi Rodríguez
 Argentina
Liverpool
Fulham*
2–5
000000002011-05-09-00009 May 2011
[238]

Tchoyi, SomenSomen TchoyiD
 Cameroon
West Bromwich Albion
Newcastle United*
3–3
000000002011-05-22-000022 May 2011
[239]

Dzeko, EdinEdin Džeko4
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
Manchester City
Tottenham Hotspur*
1–5
000000002011-08-28-000028 August 2011
[240]

Rooney, WayneWayne Rooney
 England
Manchester United*
Arsenal
8–2
000000002011-08-28-000028 August 2011
[241]

Aguero, SergioSergio Agüero
 Argentina
Manchester City*
Wigan Athletic
3–0
000000002011-09-10-000010 September 2011
[242]

Rooney, WayneWayne Rooney
 England
Manchester United
Bolton Wanderers*
0–5
000000002011-09-10-000010 September 2011
[243]

Ba, DembaDemba Ba
 Senegal
Newcastle United*
Blackburn Rovers
3–1
000000002011-09-23-000023 September 2011
[244]

Lampard, FrankFrank Lampard
 England
Chelsea
Bolton Wanderers*
1–5
000000002011-10-02-00002 October 2011
[245]

Johnson, AndrewAndrew Johnson
 England
Fulham*
Queens Park Rangers
6–0
000000002011-10-02-00002 October 2011
[246]

Persie, Robin vanRobin van Persie
 Netherlands
Arsenal
Chelsea*
3–5
000000002011-10-29-000029 October 2011
[247]

Ba, DembaDemba Ba
 Senegal
Newcastle United
Stoke City*
1–3
000000002011-10-31-000031 October 2011
[248]

Yakubu Aiyegbeni4
 Nigeria
Blackburn Rovers*
Swansea City
4–2
000000002011-12-03-00003 December 2011
[249]

Berbatov, DimitarDimitar Berbatov
 Bulgaria
Manchester United*
Wigan Athletic
5–0
000000002011-12-26-000026 December 2011
[250]

Dempsey, ClintClint Dempsey
 United States
Fulham*
Newcastle United
5–2
000000002012-01-20-000020 January 2012
[251]

Persie, Robin vanRobin van Persie
 Netherlands
Arsenal*
Blackburn Rovers
7–1
000000002012-02-04-00004 February 2012
[252]

Odemwingie, PeterPeter Odemwingie
 Nigeria
West Bromwich Albion
Wolverhampton Wanderers*
1–5
000000002012-02-12-000012 February 2012
[253]

Pogrebnyak, PavelPavel Pogrebnyak
 Russia
Fulham*
Wolverhampton Wanderers
5–0
000000002012-03-04-00004 March 2012
[254]

Gerrard, StevenSteven Gerrard
 England
Liverpool*
Everton
3–0
000000002012-03-13-000013 March 2012
[255]

Tevez, CarlosCarlos Tevez
 Argentina
Manchester City
Norwich City*
1–6
000000002012-04-14-000014 April 2012
[256]

Suarez, LuisLuis Suárez
 Uruguay
Liverpool
Norwich City*
0–3
000000002012-04-28-000028 April 2012
[257]

Torres, FernandoFernando Torres
 Spain
Chelsea*
Queens Park Rangers
6–1
000000002012-04-29-000029 April 2012
[258]

Persie, Robin vanRobin van Persie
 Netherlands
Manchester United
Southampton*
2–3
000000002012-09-02-00002 September 2012
[259]

Suarez, LuisLuis Suárez
 Uruguay
Liverpool
Norwich City*
2–5
000000002012-09-29-000029 September 2012
[260]

Gomez, JordiJordi Gómez
 Spain
Wigan Athletic*
Reading
3–2
000000002012-11-24-000024 November 2012
[261]

Cazorla, SantiSanti Cazorla
 Spain
Arsenal
Reading*
2–5
000000002012-12-17-000017 December 2012
[262]

Bale, GarethGareth Bale
 Wales
Tottenham Hotspur
Aston Villa*
0–4
000000002012-12-26-000026 December 2012
[263]

Walcott, TheoTheo Walcott
 England
Arsenal*
Newcastle United
7–3
000000002012-12-29-000029 December 2012
[264]

Kagawa, ShinjiShinji Kagawa
 Japan
Manchester United*
Norwich City
4–0
000000002013-03-02-00002 March 2013
[265]

Suarez, LuisLuis Suárez
 Uruguay
Liverpool
Wigan Athletic*
0–4
000000002013-03-02-00002 March 2013
[266]

Persie, Robin vanRobin van Persie
 Netherlands
Manchester United*
Aston Villa
3–0
000000002013-04-22-000022 April 2013
[267]

Benteke, ChristianChristian Benteke
 Belgium
Aston Villa*
Sunderland
6–1
000000002013-04-29-000029 April 2013
[268]

Sturridge, DanielDaniel Sturridge
 England
Liverpool
Fulham*
1–3
000000002013-05-12-000012 May 2013
[269]

Nolan, KevinKevin Nolan
 England
West Ham United*
Reading
4–2
000000002013-05-19-000019 May 2013
[270]

Lukaku, RomeluRomelu LukakuD
 Belgium
West Bromwich Albion*
Manchester United
5–5
000000002013-05-19-000019 May 2013
[110]

Suarez, LuisLuis Suárez
 Uruguay
Liverpool*
West Bromwich Albion
4–1
000000002013-10-26-000026 October 2013
[271]

Suarez, LuisLuis Suárez4
 Uruguay
Liverpool*
Norwich City
5–1
000000002013-12-04-00004 December 2013
[272]

Johnson, AdamAdam Johnson
 England
Sunderland
Fulham*
1–4
000000002014-01-11-000011 January 2014
[273]

Etoo, SamuelSamuel Eto'o
 Cameroon
Chelsea*
Manchester United
3–1
000000002014-01-19-000019 January 2014
[274]

Hazard, EdenEden Hazard
 Belgium
Chelsea*
Newcastle United
3–0
000000002014-02-08-00008 February 2014
[275]

Schurrle, AndreAndré Schürrle
 Germany
Chelsea
Fulham*
1–3
000000002014-03-01-00001 March 2014
[276]

Toure, YayaYaya Touré
 Ivory Coast
Manchester City*
Fulham
5–0
000000002014-03-22-000022 March 2014
[277]

Suarez, LuisLuis Suárez
 Uruguay
Liverpool
Cardiff City*
3–6
000000002014-03-22-000022 March 2014
[278]

Costa, DiegoDiego Costa
 Spain
Chelsea*
Swansea City
4–2
000000002014-09-13-000013 September 2014
[279]

Aguero, SergioSergio Agüero4
 Argentina
Manchester City*
Tottenham Hotspur
4–1
000000002014-10-18-000018 October 2014
[280]

Austin, CharlieCharlie Austin
 England
Queens Park Rangers*
West Bromwich Albion
3–2
000000002014-12-20-000020 December 2014
[281]

Walters, JonathanJonathan Walters
 Ireland
Stoke City*
Queens Park Rangers
3–1
000000002015-01-31-000031 January 2015
[282]

Kane, HarryHarry Kane
 England
Tottenham Hotspur*
Leicester City
4–3
000000002015-03-21-000021 March 2015
[283]

Benteke, ChristianChristian BentekeD
 Belgium
Aston Villa*
Queens Park Rangers
3–3
000000002015-04-07-00007 April 2015
[284]

Bolasie, YannickYannick Bolasie
 DR Congo
Crystal Palace
Sunderland*
1–4
000000002015-04-11-000011 April 2015
[285]

Aguero, SergioSergio Agüero
 Argentina
Manchester City*
Queens Park Rangers
6–0
000000002015-05-10-000010 May 2015
[286]

Mane, SadioSadio Mané
 Senegal
Southampton*
Aston Villa
6–1
000000002015-05-16-000016 May 2015
[287]

Walcott, TheoTheo Walcott
 England
Arsenal*
West Bromwich Albion
4–1
000000002015-05-24-000024 May 2015
[288]

Wilson, CallumCallum Wilson
 England
AFC Bournemouth
West Ham United*
3–4
000000002015-08-22-000022 August 2015
[289]

Naismith, StevenSteven Naismith
 Scotland
Everton*
Chelsea
3–1
000000002015-09-12-000012 September 2015
[290]

Sánchez, AlexisAlexis Sánchez
 Chile
Arsenal
Leicester City*
2–5
000000002015-09-26-000026 September 2015
[291]

Agüero, SergioSergio Agüero5
 Argentina
Manchester City*
Newcastle United
6–1
000000002015-10-03-00003 October 2015
[292]

Sterling, RaheemRaheem Sterling
 England
Manchester City*
AFC Bournemouth
5–1
000000002015-10-17-000017 October 2015
[293]

Wijnaldum, GeorginioGeorginio Wijnaldum4
 Netherlands
Newcastle United*
Norwich City
6–2
000000002015-10-18-000018 October 2015
[294]

Kane, HarryHarry Kane
 England
Tottenham Hotspur
AFC Bournemouth*
1–5
000000002015-10-25-000025 October 2015
[295]

Koné, ArounaArouna Koné
 Ivory Coast
Everton*
Sunderland
6–2
000000002015-11-01-00001 November 2015
[296]

Mahrez, RiyadRiyad Mahrez
 Algeria
Leicester City
Swansea City*
0–3
000000002015-12-05-00005 December 2015
[297]

Defoe, JermainJermain Defoe
 England
Sunderland
Swansea City*
2–4
000000002016-01-13-000013 January 2016
[298]

Carroll, AndyAndy CarrollD
 England
West Ham United*
Arsenal
3–3
000000002016-04-09-00009 April 2016
[299]

Agüero, SergioSergio Agüero
 Argentina
Manchester City
Chelsea*
0–3
000000002016-04-16-000016 April 2016
[300]

Mané, SadioSadio Mané
 Senegal
Southampton*
Manchester City
4–2
000000002016-05-01-00001 May 2016
[301]

Giroud, OlivierOlivier Giroud
 France
Arsenal*
Aston Villa
4–0
000000002016-05-15-000015 May 2016
[302]

Lukaku, RomeluRomelu Lukaku
 Belgium
Everton
Sunderland*
0–3
000000002016-09-12-000012 September 2016
[303]

Sánchez, AlexisAlexis Sánchez
 Chile
Arsenal
West Ham United*
1–5
000000002016-12-03-00003 December 2016
[304]

Vardy, JamieJamie Vardy
 England
Leicester City*
Manchester City
4–2
000000002016-12-10-000010 December 2016
[305]

Rondón, SalomónSalomón Rondón
 Venezuela
West Bromwich Albion*
Swansea City
3–1
000000002016-12-14-000014 December 2016
[5]

Gray, AndreAndre Gray
 England
Burnley*
Sunderland
4–1
000000002016-12-31-000031 December 2016
[306]

Kane, HarryHarry Kane
 England
Tottenham Hotspur*
West Bromwich Albion
4–0
000000002017-01-14-000014 January 2017
[307]

Lukaku, RomeluRomelu Lukaku4
 Belgium
Everton*
AFC Bournemouth
6–3
000000002017-02-04-00004 February 2017
[308]

Kane, HarryHarry Kane
 England
Tottenham Hotspur*
Stoke City
4–0
000000002017-02-26-000026 February 2017
[309]

King, JoshuaJoshua King
 Norway
AFC Bournemouth*
West Ham United
3–2
000000002017-03-11-000011 March 2017
[310]

Kane, HarryHarry Kane4
 England
Tottenham Hotspur
Leicester City*
1–6
000000002017-05-18-000018 May 2017
[311]

Kane, HarryHarry Kane
 England
Tottenham Hotspur
Hull City*
1–7
000000002017-05-21-000021 May 2017
[312]

Agüero, SergioSergio Agüero
 Argentina
Manchester City
Watford*
0–6
000000002017-09-16-000016 September 2017
[313]

Morata, ÁlvaroÁlvaro Morata
 Spain
Chelsea
Stoke City*
0–4
000000002017-09-23-000023 September 2017
[314]

Wilson, CallumCallum Wilson
 England
AFC Bournemouth*
Huddersfield Town
4–0
000000002017-11-18-000018 November 2017
[315]

Rooney, WayneWayne Rooney
 England
Everton*
West Ham United
4–0
000000002017-11-29-000029 November 2017
[316]

Kane, HarryHarry Kane
 England
Tottenham Hotspur
Burnley*
0–3
000000002017-12-23-000023 December 2017
[317]

Kane, HarryHarry Kane
 England
Tottenham Hotspur*
Southampton
5–2
000000002017-12-26-000026 December 2017
[318]

Agüero, SergioSergio Agüero
 Argentina
Manchester City*
Newcastle United
3–1
000000002018-01-20-000020 January 2018
[319]

Ramsey, AaronAaron Ramsey
 Wales
Arsenal*
Everton
5–1
000000002018-02-03-00003 February 2018
[320]

Agüero, SergioSergio Agüero4
 Argentina
Manchester City*
Leicester City
5–1
000000002018-02-10-000010 February 2018
[321]

Salah, MohamedMohamed Salah4
 Egypt
Liverpool*
Watford
5–0
000000002018-03-17-000017 March 2018
[322]

text: Multiple hat-tricks

text: The following table lists the minimum number of hat-tricks scored by players who have scored two or more hat-tricks.

text: Players in bold are still active in the Premier League.

text:
Rank
Player
Hat-tricks
Last hat-trick

1
 Alan Shearer
11
19 September 1999

2
 Robbie Fowler
9
26 December 2001

3
 Sergio Agüero
8
10 February 2018

 Thierry Henry
7 May 2006

 Harry Kane
26 December 2017

 Michael Owen
17 December 2005

7
 Wayne Rooney
7
29 November 2017

8
 Luis Suárez
6
22 March 2014

9
 Dimitar Berbatov
5
26 December 2011

 Andy Cole
30 August 1999

 Ruud van Nistelrooy
27 September 2003

 Robin van Persie
22 April 2013

 Ian Wright
13 September 1997

14
 Yakubu Aiyegbeni
4
3 December 2011

 Kevin Campbell
8 May 1999

 Jermain Defoe
13 January 2016

 Les Ferdinand
25 November 2000

 Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink
16 October 2004

 Matthew Le Tissier
19 August 1995

 Teddy Sheringham
26 August 2003

 Chris Sutton
28 February 1998

 Carlos Tevez
14 April 2012

 Fernando Torres
29 April 2012

 Dwight Yorke
25 February 2001

25
 Emmanuel Adebayor
3
13 September 2008

 Nicolas Anelka
1 November 2008

 Tony Cottee
17 December 1994

 Didier Drogba
14 August 2010

 Dion Dublin
14 November 1998

 Robbie Keane
26 September 2009

 Frank Lampard
2 October 2011

 Romelu Lukaku
4 February 2017

 Ole Gunnar Solskjær
29 January 2002

 Theo Walcott
24 May 2015

35
 Demba Ba
2
31 October 2011

 Christian Benteke
7 April 2015

 Andy Carroll
9 April 2016

 Kevin Gallacher
17 January 1998

 Steven Gerrard
13 March 2012

 Darren Huckerby
9 January 1999

 Steffen Iversen
11 March 2000

 Andrei Kanchelskis
27 April 1996

 Paul Kitson
19 November 2001

 Sadio Mané
1 May 2016

 Benjani Mwaruwari
19 January 2008

 Kevin Nolan
19 May 2013

 Kevin Phillips
26 December 2000

 Fabrizio Ravanelli
5 March 1997

 Maxi Rodríguez
9 May 2011

 Alexis Sánchez
3 December 2016

 Paul Scholes
12 April 2003

 Mark Viduka
5 April 2003

 Callum Wilson
18 November 2017

 Tony Yeboah
23 September 1995

text: Hat-tricks by nationality

text: The following table lists the number of hat-tricks scored by players from a single nation.

text:
Rank
Nation
Hat-tricks
Last hat-trick

1
 England
145
26 December 2017

2
 Netherlands
18
18 October 2015

3
 France
16
15 May 2016

4
 Argentina
14
10 February 2018

5
 Norway
9
11 March 2017

6
 Spain
8
23 September 2017

7
 Ivory Coast
7
1 November 2015

 Nigeria
12 February 2012

 Scotland
12 September 2015

10
 Belgium
6
4 February 2017

 Uruguay
22 March 2014

 Wales
3 February 2018

13
 Bulgaria
5
26 December 2011

 Ireland
31 January 2015

 Italy
28 December 2010

 Senegal
1 May 2016

17
 Russia
4
4 March 2012

 Trinidad and Tobago
25 February 2001

19
 Germany
3
1 March 2014

 Togo
13 September 2008

 Zimbabwe
19 January 2008

22
 Australia
2
5 April 2003

 Brazil
26 October 2008

 Cameroon
19 January 2014

 Chile
3 December 2016

 Czech Republic
13 November 2004

 Ghana
23 September 1995

28
 Algeria
1
5 December 2015

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
28 August 2011

 Costa Rica
23 August 2000

 DR Congo
11 April 2015

 Egypt
17 March 2018

 Finland
1 March 2008

 Iceland
23 October 2004

 Israel
12 September 2009

 Jamaica
28 September 2003

 Japan
2 March 2013

 Paraguay
15 December 2007

 Portugal
12 January 2008

 Sweden
11 May 2003

 United States
20 January 2012

 Venezuela
14 December 2016

 Yugoslavia
16 December 1995

text: Notes

text: a The Premier League, created in 1992, is the top tier of English league football.[323]


document_title: Danger zone (food safety)

question_text: what is the maximum amount of time high risk food can be in the temperature danger zone

text: Danger zone (food safety)

text:
Food safety

Terms

Foodborne illness

Hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP)  •  Hazard analysis and risk-based preventive controls (HARPC)

Critical control point

Critical factors

FAT TOM

pH

Water activity (aw)

Bacterial pathogens

Clostridium botulinum

Escherichia coli

Listeria

Salmonella

Vibrio cholerae

Cronobacter spp

Viral pathogens

Enterovirus

Hepatitis A

Norovirus

Rotavirus

Parasitic pathogens

Cryptosporidium

Entamoeba histolytica

Giardia

Trichinella

v
t
e

text: The temperature range in which food-borne bacteria can grow is known as the danger zone. Food safety agencies, such as the United States' Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS), define the danger zone as roughly 5 to 60 °C (41 to 140 °F).[1][2][3] The FSIS stipulates that potentially hazardous food should not be stored at temperatures in this range in order to prevent foodborne illness (for example, a refrigerator's temperature must be kept below 4 °C (40 °F)[4]), and that food that remains in this zone for more than two hours should not be consumed.[5] Foodborne microorganisms grow much faster in the middle of the zone, at temperatures between 21 and 47 °C (70 and 117 °F).[6]

text: Food-borne bacteria, in large enough numbers, may cause food poisoning, symptoms similar to gastroenteritis or "stomach flu" (a misnomer, as true influenza primarily affects the respiratory system). Some of the symptoms include stomach cramps, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and fever.[7] Food-borne illness becomes more dangerous in certain populations, such as people with weakened immune systems, young children, the elderly, and pregnant women.[7] In Canada, there are approximately 11 million cases of food-borne disease per year.[8] These symptoms can begin as early as shortly after and as late as weeks after consumption of the contaminated food.[9]

text: Time and temperature control plays a critical role in food safety. To prevent time-temperature abuse, the amount of time food spends in the danger zone must be minimized.[10] A logarithmic relationship exists between microbial cell death and temperature: a significantly large number of cells may survive slightly lower temperatures.[11] In addition to reducing the time spent in the danger zone, foods should be moved through the danger zone as few times as possible when reheating or cooling.[12]

text: Foods that are potentially hazardous inside the danger zone:[13]

text:
Meat: beef, poultry, pork, seafood
Eggs and other protein-rich foods
Dairy products
Cut or peeled fresh produce
Cooked vegetables, beans, rice, pasta
Sauces, such as gravy
Sprouts
Any foods containing the above, e.g. casseroles, salads, quiches


question_text: when is the president of the senate allowed to vote

text:
This article is part of a series on theUnited States Senate
History of the United States Senate
Members
Current members (by seniorityby class)
Former members
Hill committees (DSCCNRSC)

United States Vice President (list)
President pro tempore (list)
Presiding officer

Party leaders
Party leadership ofthe United States Senate
Democratic Caucus
Republican Conference

Politics and procedure
Advice and consent
Blue slip
Closed session (list)
ClotureCommittees (list)
Executive sessionMorning business
FilibusterNuclear option
Recess appointment
QuorumQuorum callSalaries
Saxbe fixSealHolds
Senatorial courtesyStanding Rules
TraditionsUnanimous consent
Vice Presidents' tie-breaking votes

Places
United States Capitol
Senate chamber
Senate Reception Room
Senate office buildings (DirksenHartRussell)
vte

text: The Standing Rules of the Senate are the parliamentary procedures adopted by the United States Senate that govern its procedure. The Senate's power to establish rules derives from Article One, Section 5 of the United States Constitution: "Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings..."

text: There are currently 44 rules, with the latest revision having been adopted on January 24, 2013.[1] (The Legislative Transparency and Accountability Act of 2006 lobbying reform bill introduces a 44th rule on earmarks). The stricter rules are often waived by unanimous consent.

text: The Constitution provides that a majority of the Senate constitutes a quorum to do business. Under the rules and customs of the Senate, a quorum is always assumed to be present unless a quorum call explicitly demonstrates otherwise. Any senator may request a quorum call by "suggesting the absence of a quorum"; a clerk then calls the roll of the Senate and notes which members are present. In practice, senators almost always request quorum calls not to establish the presence of a quorum, but to temporarily delay proceedings without having to adjourn the session. Such a delay may serve one of many purposes; often, it allows Senate leaders to negotiate compromises off the floor or to allow Senators time to come to the Senate floor to make speeches without having to constantly be present in the chamber while waiting for the opportunity. Once the need for a delay has ended, any senator may request unanimous consent to rescind the quorum call.

text: During debates, senators may only speak if called upon by the presiding officer. The presiding officer is, however, required to recognize the first senator who rises to speak. Thus, the presiding officer has little control over the course of debate. Customarily, the Majority Leader and Minority Leader are accorded priority during debates, even if another senator rises first. All speeches must be addressed to the presiding officer, using the words "Mr. President" or "Madam President." Only the presiding officer may be directly addressed in speeches; other Members must be referred to in the third person. In most cases, senators do not refer to each other by name, but by state, using forms such as "the senior senator from Virginia" or "the junior senator from California."

text: There are very few restrictions on the content of speeches; there is no requirement that speeches be germane to the matter before the Senate.

text: The Standing Rules of the United States Senate provide that no senator may make more than two speeches on a motion or bill on the same legislative day. (A legislative day begins when the Senate convenes and ends with adjournment; hence, it does not necessarily coincide with the calendar day.) The length of these speeches is not limited by the rules; thus, in most cases, senators may speak for as long as they please. Often, the Senate adopts unanimous consent agreements imposing time limits. In other cases (for example, for the Budget process), limits are imposed by statute. In general, however, the right to unlimited debate is preserved.

text: The filibuster is an obstructionary tactic used to defeat bills and motions by prolonging debate indefinitely. A filibuster may entail, but does not actually require, long speeches, dilatory motions, and an extensive series of proposed amendments. The longest filibuster speech in the history of the Senate was delivered by Strom Thurmond, who spoke for over twenty-four hours in an unsuccessful attempt to block the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1957. The Senate may end a filibuster by invoking cloture. In most cases, cloture requires the support of three-fifths of the Senate; however, if the matter before the Senate involves changing the rules of the body, a two-thirds majority is required. Cloture is invoked very rarely, particularly because bipartisan support is usually necessary to obtain the required supermajority. If the Senate does invoke cloture, debate does not end immediately; instead, further debate is limited to thirty additional hours unless increased by another three-fifths vote.

text: When debate concludes, the motion in question is put to a vote. In many cases, the Senate votes by voice vote; the presiding officer puts the question, and Members respond either "Aye!" (in favor of the motion) or "No!" (against the motion). The presiding officer then announces the result of the voice vote. Any senator, however, may challenge the presiding officer's assessment and request a recorded vote. The request may be granted only if it is seconded by one-fifth of the senators present. In practice, however, senators second requests for recorded votes as a matter of courtesy. When a recorded vote is held, the clerk calls the roll of the Senate in alphabetical order; each senator responds when his or her name is called. Senators who miss the roll call may still cast a vote as long as the recorded vote remains open. The vote is closed at the discretion of the presiding officer, but must remain open for a minimum of 15 minutes. If the vote is tied, the Vice President, if present, is entitled to a casting vote. If the Vice President is not present, however, the motion is resolved in the negative.

text: On occasion, the Senate may go into what is called a secret, or closed session.  During a closed session, the chamber doors are closed, and the galleries are completely cleared of anyone not sworn to secrecy, not instructed in the rules of the closed session, or not essential to the session.  Closed sessions are quite rare, and are usually held only under certain circumstances where the Senate is discussing sensitive subject-matter such as information critical to national security, private communications from the President, or even to discuss Senate deliberations during impeachment trials.  Any Senator has the right to call a closed session as long as the motion is seconded.

text: Budget bills are governed under a special rule process called "Reconciliation" that disallows filibusters.  Reconciliation was devised in 1974 but came into use in the early 1980s.

text: The Rules by number[edit]

text: The Standing Rules of the Senate detail the rules of order of the United States Senate. The latest version was adopted on April 27, 2000 and comprises the following 43 rules. The Legislative Transparency and Accountability Act of 2006 introduces a 44th rule on earmarks.

text:
SR Rule I: Appointment of a Senator to the Chair
SR Rule II: Presentation of Credentials and Questions of Privilege
SR Rule III: Oaths
SR Rule IV: Commencement of Daily Sessions
SR Rule V: Suspension and Amendment of the Rules
SR Rule VI: Quorum - Absent Senators May Be Sent For
SR Rule VII: Morning Business
SR Rule VIII: Order of Business
SR Rule IX: Messages
SR Rule X: Special Orders
SR Rule XI: Papers - Withdrawal, Printing, Reading of, and Reference
SR Rule XII: Voting Procedure
SR Rule XIII: Reconsideration
SR Rule XIV: Joint Resolutions, and Preambles Thereto
SR Rule XV: Amendments and Resolutions
SR Rule XVI: Appropriations and Amendments to General Appropriation Bills
SR Rule XVII: Reference to Committees; Motions to Discharge; Reports of Committees; and Hearings Available
SR Rule XVIII: Business Continued from Session to Session
SR Rule XIX: Debate
SR Rule XX: Questions for Order
SR Rule XXI: Session with Closed Doors
SR Rule XXII: Precedence of Motions
SR Rule XXIII: Privilege of the Floor
SR Rule XXIV: Appointments of Committee
SR Rule XXV: Standing Committees
SR Rule XXVI: Committee Procedure
SR Rule XXVII: Committee Staff
SR Rule XXVIII: Conference Committees; Reports; Open Meetings
SR Rule XXIX: Executive Sessions
SR Rule XXX: Executive Session - Proceedings on Treaties
SR Rule XXXI: Executive Session - Proceedings on Nominations
SR Rule XXXII: The President Furnished with Copies of Record Executive Sessions
SR Rule XXXIII: Senate Chamber - Senate Wing of the Capitol
SR Rule XXXIV: Public Financial Disclosure
SR Rule XXXV: Gifts
SR Rule XXXVI: Outside Earned Income
SR Rule XXXVII: Conflict of Interest
SR Rule XXXVIII: Prohibition of Unofficial Office Accounts
SR Rule XXXIX: Foreign Travel
SR Rule XL: Franking Privilege and Radio and Television Studios
SR Rule XLI: Political Fund Activity; Definitions
SR Rule XLII: Employment Practices
SR Rule XLIII: Representation by Members
SR Rule XLIV: Congressionally Directed Spending and Related Items