document_title: Korea

question_text: which nation is know as land of morning calm

question_tokens: which nation is know as land of morning calm

text: Korea

text: Etymology[edit]

text: "Korea" is the modern spelling of "Corea" (고려), a name attested in English as early as 1614.[citation needed] Korea was transliterated as Cauli in The Travels of Marco Polo,[10] based on the kingdom of Goryeo (Koryŏ), which ruled most of the Korean peninsula during Marco Polo's time. Korea's introduction to the West resulted from trade and contact with merchants from Arabic lands,[11] with some records dating back as far as the 9th century.[12] Goryeo's name was a continuation of Goguryeo (Koguryŏ) the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, which was officially known as Goryeo beginning in the 5th century.[13] The original name was a combination of the adjective go ("high, lofty") with the name of a local Yemaek tribe, whose original name is thought to have been either *Guru (溝樓, "walled city," inferred from some toponyms in Chinese historical documents) or *Gauri (가우리, "center"). With expanding British and American trade following the opening of Korea in the late 19th century, the spelling "Korea" appeared and gradually grew in popularity; its use in transcribing East Asian languages avoids the issues caused by the separate hard and soft Cs existing in English vocabulary derived from the Romance languages. The name Korea is now commonly used in English contexts by both North and South Korea.

text: In South Korea, Korea as a whole is referred to as Hanguk (한국, [haːnɡuk], lit. "country of the Han"). The name references the Samhan—Ma, Jin, and Byeon—who preceded the Three Kingdoms in the southern and central end of the peninsula during the 1st centuries BC and AD. Although written in Hanja as 韓, 幹, or 刊, this Han has no relation to the Chinese place names or peoples who used those characters but was a phonetic transcription (OC: *Gar, MC Han[14] or Gan) of a native Korean word that seems to have had the meaning "big" or "great", particularly in reference to leaders. It has been tentatively linked with the title khan used by the nomads of Manchuria and Central Asia.

text: In North Korea, China, Japan, Vietnam, and Chinese and Vietnamese-speaking areas, Korea as a whole is referred to as Chosŏn (조선, Joseon, [tɕosʰʌn],, (朝鲜), Cháoxiǎn, (朝鮮), Chōsen, Triều Tiên (朝鮮) lit. "[land of the] Morning Calm"). "Great Joseon" was the name of the kingdom ruled by the Joseon dynasty from 1393 until their declaration of the short-lived Great Korean Empire in 1897. King Taejo had named them for the earlier Kojoseon (고조선), who ruled northern Korea from its legendary prehistory until their conquest in 108 BC by China's Han Empire. This go is the Hanja 古 and simply means "ancient" or "old"; it is a modern usage to distinguish the ancient Joseon from the later dynasty. Joseon itself is the modern Korean pronunciation of the Hanja 朝鮮 but it is unclear whether this was a transcription of a native Korean name (OC *T[r]awser, MC Trjewsjen[14]) or a partial translation into Chinese of the Korean capital Asadal (아사달), [15] whose meaning has been reconstructed as "Morning Land" or "Mountain".

text: History[edit]

text:
Part of a series on the

History of Korea

Prehistory

Jeulmun
Mumun

Ancient

Gojoseon
 ?–108 BC

Jin state

Proto–Three Kingdoms

Buyeo
Goguryeo
Okjeo
Dongye
Samhan

Ma
Byeon
Jin

Han Commanderies

Three Kingdoms

Goguryeo
37 BC – 668 AD

Baekje
18 BC – 660 AD

Silla
57 BC – 935 AD

Gaya confederacy
42–562

North–South States

Later Silla (Unified Silla)
668–935

Balhae
698–926

Later Three Kingdoms

Later Baekje
892–936

Taebong (Later Goguryeo)
901–918

Later Silla
668–935

Unitary dynastic period

Goryeo
918–1392

Joseon
1392–1897

Korean Empire
1897–1910

Colonial period

Japanese rule
1910–1945

Provisional Government
1919–1948

Division of Korea

Military Governments
1945–1948

North Korea
1948–present

South Korea
1948–present

By topic

Art
Language
Military (Goguryeo)
Monarchs
Naval
Science and technology

Timeline

 Korea portal

v
t
e

text: Prehistory and Gojoseon[edit]

text: The Korean Academy claimed ancient hominid fossils originating from about 100,000 BC in the lava at a stone city site in Korea. Fluorescent and high-magnetic analyses indicate the volcanic fossils may be from as early as 300,000 BC.[16] The best preserved Korean pottery goes back to the paleolithic times around 10,000 BC and the Neolithic period begins around 6000 BC.

text: According to legend, Dangun, a descendant of Heaven, established Gojoseon in 2333 BC. In 108 BC, the Han dynasty defeated Gojoseon and installed four commanderies in the northern Korean peninsula. Three of the commanderies fell or retreated westward within a few decades, but the Lelang commandery remained as a center of cultural and economic exchange with successive Chinese dynasties for four centuries. By 313, Goguryeo annexed all of the Chinese commanderies.

text: Proto–Three Kingdoms[edit]

text: The Proto–Three Kingdoms period, sometimes called the Multiple States Period, is the earlier part of what is commonly called the Three Kingdoms Period, following the fall of Gojoseon but before Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla fully developed into kingdoms.

text: This time period saw numerous states spring up from the former territories of Gojoseon, which encompassed northern Korea and southern Manchuria. With the fall of Gojoseon, southern Korea entered the Samhan period.

text: Located in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula, Samhan refers to the three confederacies of Mahan, Jinhan, and Byeonhan. Mahan was the largest and consisted of 54 states. Byeonhan and Jinhan both consisted of twelve states, bringing a total of 78 states within the Samhan. These three confederacies eventually developed into Baekje, Silla, and Gaya.

text: Three Kingdoms[edit]

text: The Three Kingdoms of Korea consisted of Goguryeo, Silla, and Baekje. Silla and Baekje controlled the southern half of the Korean Peninsula, maintaining the former Samhan territories, while Goguryeo controlled the northern half of the Korean Peninsula, Manchuria and the Liaodong Peninsula, uniting Buyeo, Okjeo, Dongye, and other states in the former Gojoseon territories.[17]

text: Goguryeo was a highly militaristic state;[18][19] it was a powerful empire and one of the great powers in East Asia,[20][21][22][23] reaching its zenith in the 5th century when its territories expanded to encompass most of Manchuria to the north, parts of Inner Mongolia to the west,[24] parts of Russia to the east,[25] and the Seoul region to the south.[26] Goguryeo experienced a golden age under Gwanggaeto the Great and his son Jangsu,[27][28][29][30] who both subdued Baekje and Silla during their times, achieving a brief unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea and becoming the most dominant power on the Korean Peninsula.[31][32] In addition to contesting for control of the Korean Peninsula, Goguryeo had many military conflicts with various Chinese dynasties,[33] most notably the Goguryeo-Sui War, in which Goguryeo defeated a huge force said to number over a million men.[34][35][36][37][38] In 642, the powerful general Yeon Gaesomun led a coup and gained complete control over Goguryeo. In response, Emperor Tang Taizong of China led a campaign against Goguryeo, but was defeated and retreated.[39][40] After the death of Tang Taizong, his son Emperor Tang Gaozong allied with the Korean kingdom of Silla and invaded Goguryeo again, but was unable to overcome Goguryeo's stalwart defenses and was defeated in 662.[41][42] However, Yeon Gaesomun died of a natural cause in 666 and Goguryeo was thrown into chaos and weakened by a succession struggle among his sons and younger brother, with his eldest son defecting to Tang and his younger brother defecting to Silla.[43][44] The Tang-Silla alliance finally conquered Goguryeo in 668. After the collapse of Goguryeo, Tang and Silla ended their alliance and fought over control of the Korean Peninsula. Silla succeeded in gaining control over most of the Korean Peninsula, while Tang gained control over Goguryeo's northern territories. However, 30 years after the fall of Goguryeo, a Goguryeo general by the name of Dae Joyeong founded the Korean-Mohe state of Balhae and successfully expelled the Tang presence from much of the former Goguryeo territories.

text: The southwestern Korean kingdom of Baekje was founded around modern-day Seoul by a Goguryeo prince, a son of the founder of Goguryeo.[45][46][47] Baekje absorbed all of the Mahan states and subjugated most of the western Korean peninsula (including the modern provinces of Gyeonggi, Chungcheong, and Jeolla, as well as parts of Hwanghae and Gangwon) to a centralised government; during the expansion of its territory, Baekje acquired Chinese culture and technology through maritime contacts with the Southern Dynasties. Baekje was a great maritime power;[48] its nautical skill, which made it the Phoenicia of East Asia, was instrumental in the dissemination of Buddhism throughout East Asia and continental culture to Japan.[49][50] Historic evidence suggests that Japanese culture, art, and language were influenced by the kingdom of Baekje and Korea itself;[23][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61] Baekje also played an important role in transmitting advanced Chinese culture to the Japanese archipelago. Baekje was once a great military power on the Korean Peninsula, most notably in the 4th century during the rule of Geunchogo when its influence extended across the sea to Liaoxi and Shandong in China, taking advantage of the weakened state of Former Qin, and Kyushu in the Japanese archipelago;[62] however, Baekje was critically defeated by Gwanggaeto the Great and declined.[63]

text: Although later records claim that Silla was the oldest of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, it is now believed to have been the last kingdom to develop. By the 2nd century, Silla existed as a large state in the southeast, occupying and influencing its neighboring city-states. In 562, Silla annexed the Gaya confederacy which was located between Baekje and Silla. The Three Kingdoms of Korea often warred with each other and Silla was often dominated by Baekje and Goguryeo. Silla was the smallest and weakest of the three, but it used cunning diplomatic means to make opportunistic pacts and alliances with the more powerful Korean kingdoms, and eventually Tang China, to its great advantage.[64][65] In 660, King Muyeol ordered his armies to attack Baekje. General Kim Yu-shin, aided by Tang forces, conquered Baekje after defeating General Gyebaek at the Battle of Hwangsanbeol. In 661, Silla and Tang attacked Goguryeo but were repelled. King Munmu, son of Muyeol and nephew of General Kim Yu-shin, launched another campaign in 667 and Goguryeo fell in the following year.

text: North-South States Period[edit]

text: Beginning in the 6th century, Silla's power gradually extended across the Korean Peninsula. Silla first annexed the adjacent Gaya confederacy in 562. By the 640s, Silla formed an alliance with the Tang Dynasty of China to conquer Baekje and later Goguryeo. After conquering Baekje and Goguryeo, Silla repulsed Tang China from the Korean peninsula in 676. Even though Silla unified most of the Korean Peninsula, most of the Goguryeo territories to the north of the Korean Peninsula were ruled by Balhae. Former Goguryeo general Dae Jo-yeong led a group of Goguryeo and Mohe refugees to the Jilin and founded the kingdom of Balhae, 30 years after the collapse of Goguryeo, as the successor to Goguryeo. At its height, Balhae's territories extended from southern Manchuria down to the northern Korean peninsula. Balhae was called the "Prosperous Country in the East".[66]

text: Later Silla carried on the maritime prowess of Baekje, which acted like the Phoenicia of medieval East Asia,[67] and during the 8th and 9th centuries dominated the seas of East Asia and the trade between China, Korea and Japan, most notably during the time of Jang Bogo; in addition, Silla people made overseas communities in China on the Shandong Peninsula and the mouth of the Yangtze River.[68][69][70][71] Later Silla was a prosperous and wealthy country,[72] and its metropolitan capital of Gyeongju[73] was the fourth largest city in the world.[74][75][76][77] Later Silla was a golden age of art and culture,[78][79][80][81] as evidenced by the Hwangnyongsa, Seokguram, and Emille Bell. Buddhism flourished during this time, and many Korean Buddhists gained great fame among Chinese Buddhists[82] and contributed to Chinese Buddhism,[83] including: Woncheuk, Wonhyo, Uisang, Musang,[84][85][86][87] and Kim Gyo-gak, a Silla prince whose influence made Mount Jiuhua one of the Four Sacred Mountains of Chinese Buddhism.[88][89][90][91][92]

text: Later Silla fell apart in the late 9th century, giving way to the tumultuous Later Three Kingdoms period (892–935), and Balhae was destroyed by the Khitans in 926. Goryeo unified the Later Three Kingdoms and received the last crown prince and much of the ruling class of Balhae, thus bringing about a unification of the two successor nations of Goguryeo.[93]

text: Goryeo dynasty[edit]

text: Goryeo was founded in 918 and replaced Silla as the ruling dynasty of Korea. Goryeo's land was at first what is now South Korea and about 1/3 of North Korea, but later on managed to recover most of the Korean peninsula. Momentarily, Goryeo advanced to parts of Jiandao while conquering the Jurchens, but returned the territories due to the harsh climate and difficulties in defending them. The name "Goryeo" (高麗) is a short form of "Goguryeo" (高句麗) and was first used during the time of King Jangsu. Goryeo regarded itself as the successor of Goguryeo, hence its name and efforts to recover the former territories of Goguryeo.[94][95][96][97] Wang Geon, the founder of Goryeo, was of Goguryeo descent,[98] and traced his ancestry to a noble Goguryeo clan.[99] He made Kaesong, his hometown, the capital.

text: During this period, laws were codified and a civil service system was introduced. Buddhism flourished and spread throughout the peninsula. The development of celadon industries flourished in the 12th and 13th centuries. The publication of the Tripitaka Koreana onto more than 80,000 wooden blocks and the invention of the world's first metal movable type in the 13th century attest to Goryeo's cultural achievements.[4][5][6][7][8][9]

text: Goryeo had to defend frequently against attacks by nomadic empires, especially the Khitans and the Mongols. Goryeo had a hostile relationship with the Khitans, because the Khitan Empire had destroyed Balhae, also a successor state of Goguryeo. In 993, the Khitans, who had established the Liao dynasty in 907, invaded Goryeo, demanding that it make amity with them. Goryeo sent the diplomat Seo Hui to negotiate, who successfully persuaded the Khitans to let Goryeo expand to the banks of the Amnok River, citing that in the past the land belonged to Goguryeo, the predecessor of Goryeo.[100] During the Goryeo–Khitan War, the Khitan Empire invaded Korea twice more in 1009 and 1018, but was defeated.

text: After defeating the Khitan Empire, which was the most powerful empire of its time,[101][102] Goryeo experienced a golden age that lasted a century, during which the Tripitaka Koreana was completed, and there were great developments in printing and publishing, promoting learning and dispersing knowledge on philosophy, literature, religion, and science; by 1100, there were 12 universities that produced famous scholars and scientists.[103][104]

text: Goryeo was invaded by the Mongols in seven major campaigns from the 1230s until the 1270s, but was never conquered.[105] Exhausted after decades of fighting, Goryeo sent its crown prince to the Yuan capital to swear allegiance to the Mongols; Kublai Khan accepted, and married one of his daughters to the Korean crown prince,[105] and the dynastic line of Goryeo continued to survive under the overlordship of the Mongol Yuan dynasty as a semi-autonomous vassal state and compulsory ally. The two nations became intertwined for 80 years as all subsequent Korean kings married Mongol princesses,[105] and the last empress of the Yuan dynasty was a Korean princess.[106]

text: In the 1350s, King Gongmin was free at last to reform the Goryeo government when the Yuan dynasty began to crumble. Gongmin had various problems that needed to be dealt with, which included the removal of pro-Mongol aristocrats and military officials, the question of land holding, and quelling the growing animosity between the Buddhists and Confucian scholars. During this tumultuous period, Goryeo momentarily conquered Liaoyang in 1356, repulsed two large invasions by the Red Turbans in 1359 and 1360, and defeated the final attempt by the Yuan to dominate Goryeo when General Choe Yeong defeated a Mongol tumen in 1364. During the 1380s, Goryeo turned its attention to the Wokou threat and used naval artillery created by Choe Museon to annihilate hundreds of pirate ships.

text: Joseon dynasty[edit]

text: In 1392, the general Yi Seong-gye overthrew the Goryeo dynasty after he staged a coup and defeated General Choe Yeong. Yi Seong-gye named his new dynasty Joseon and moved the capital from Kaesong to Hanseong (formerly Hanyang; modern-day Seoul) and built the Gyeongbokgung palace.[107] In 1394, he adopted Confucianism as the country's official ideology, resulting in much loss of power and wealth by the Buddhists. The prevailing philosophy of the Joseon dynasty was Neo-Confucianism, which was epitomized by the seonbi class, scholars who passed up positions of wealth and power to lead lives of study and integrity.

text: Joseon was a nominal tributary state of China but exercised full sovereignty,[108][109] and maintained the highest position among China's tributary states,[110][111] which also included countries such as the Ryukyu Kingdom, Vietnam, Thailand,[112][113][114] the Philippines, Burma, Laos, among others.[115][116] In addition, Joseon received tribute from Jurchens and Japanese until the 17th century,[117][118][119] and had a small enclave in the Ryukyu Kingdom that engaged in trade with Siam and Java.[120]

text: During the 15th and 16th centuries, Joseon enjoyed many benevolent rulers who promoted education and science.[121] Most notable among them was Sejong the Great (r. 1418–50), who promulgated Hangul, the Korean alphabet. This golden age[121] saw great cultural and scientific advancements,[122] including in printing, meteorological observation, astronomy, calendar science, ceramics, military technology, geography, cartography, medicine, and agricultural technology, some of which were unrivaled elsewhere.[123] Joseon implemented a class system that consisted of yangban the noble class, jungin the middle class, yangin the common class, and cheonin the lowest class, which included occupations such as butchers, tanners, shamans, entertainers, and nobi, the equivalent of slaves, bondservants, or serfs.[124][125]

text: In 1592 and again in 1597, the Japanese invaded Korea; the Korean military at the time was unprepared and untrained, due to two centuries of peace on the Korean Peninsula.[126] Toyotomi Hideyoshi intended to conquer China and India[127] through the Korean Peninsula, but was defeated by strong resistance from the Righteous Army, the naval superiority of Admiral Yi Sun-sin and his turtle ships, and assistance from Wanli Emperor of Ming China. However, Joseon experienced great destruction, including a tremendous loss of cultural sites such as temples and palaces to Japanese pillaging, and the Japanese brought back to Japan an estimated 100,000–200,000 noses cut from Korean victims.[128] Less than 30 years after the Japanese invasions, the Manchus took advantage of Joseon's war-weakened state and invaded in 1627 and 1637, and then went on to conquer the destabilized Ming dynasty.

text: After normalizing relations with the new Qing dynasty, Joseon experienced a nearly 200-year period of peace. Kings Yeongjo and Jeongjo led a new renaissance of the Joseon dynasty during the 18th century.[129][130]

text: In the 19th century, the royal in-law families gained control of the government, leading to mass corruption and weakening of the state, and severe poverty and peasant rebellions throughout the country. Furthermore, the Joseon government adopted a strict isolationist policy, earning the nickname "the hermit kingdom", but ultimately failed to protect itself against imperialism and was forced to open its borders, beginning an era leading into Japanese imperial rule.

text: Korean Empire[edit]

text: Beginning in 1871, Japan began to exert more influence in Korea, forcing it out of China's traditional sphere of influence. As a result of the Sino-Japanese War (1894–95), the Qing dynasty had to give up such a position according to Article 1 of the Treaty of Shimonoseki, which was concluded between China and Japan in 1895. That same year, Empress Myeongseong of Korea was assassinated by Japanese agents.[131]

text: In 1897, the Joseon dynasty proclaimed the Korean Empire (1897–1910). King Gojong became an emperor. During this brief period, Korea had some success in modernizing the military, economy, real property laws, education system, and various industries. Russia, Japan, France, and the United States all invested in the country and sought to influence it politically.

text: In 1904, the Russo-Japanese War pushed the Russians out of the fight for Korea. In Manchuria on 26 October 1909, An Jung-geun assassinated the former Resident-General of Korea, Itō Hirobumi, for his role in trying to force Korea into occupation.

text: Japanese occupation and Japan-Korea Annexation[edit]

text: In 1910, an already militarily occupied Korea was a forced party to the Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty. The treaty was signed by Lee Wan-Yong, who was given the General Power of Attorney by the Emperor. However, the Emperor is said to have not actually ratified the treaty according to Yi Tae-jin.[132] There is a long dispute whether this treaty was legal or illegal due to its signing under duress, threat of force and bribes.

text: Korean resistance to the brutal Japanese occupation[133][134][135] was manifested in the nonviolent March 1st Movement of 1919, during which 7,000 demonstrators were killed by Japanese police and military.[136] The Korean liberation movement also spread to neighbouring Manchuria and Siberia.

text: Over five million Koreans were conscripted for labour beginning in 1939,[137] and tens of thousands of men were forced into Japan's military.[138] Nearly 400,000 Korean labourers died.[139] Approximately 200,000 girls and women,[140] mostly from China and Korea, were forced into sexual slavery for the Japanese military.[141] In 1993, Japanese Chief Cabinet Secretary Yohei Kono acknowledged the terrible injustices faced by these euphemistically named "comfort women".[142][143]

text: During the Japanese annexation, the Korean language was suppressed in an effort to eradicate Korean national identity. Koreans were forced to take Japanese surnames, known as Sōshi-kaimei.[144] Traditional Korean culture suffered heavy losses, as numerous Korean cultural artifacts were destroyed[145] or taken to Japan.[146] To this day, valuable Korean artifacts can often be found in Japanese museums or among private collections.[147] One investigation by the South Korean government identified 75,311 cultural assets that were taken from Korea, 34,369 in Japan and 17,803 in the United States. However, experts estimate that over 100,000 artifacts actually remain in Japan.[146][148] Japanese officials considered returning Korean cultural properties, but to date[146] this has not occurred.[148] Korea and Japan still dispute the ownership of the Dokdo, islets located east of the Korean Peninsula.[149]

text: There was a significant level of emigration to the overseas territories of the Empire of Japan during the Japanese occupation period, including Korea.[150] By the end of World War II, there were over 850,000 Japanese settlers in Korea.[151] After World War II, most of these overseas Japanese repatriated to Japan.

text: Division[edit]

text: In 1945, with the surrender of Japan, the United Nations developed plans for a trusteeship administration, the Soviet Union administering the peninsula north of the 38th parallel and the United States administering the south. The politics of the Cold War resulted in the 1948 establishment of two separate governments, North Korea and South Korea.

text: The aftermath of World War II left Korea partitioned along the 38th parallel, with the north under Soviet occupation and the south under US occupation supported by other allied states. Consequently, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, a Soviet-style socialist republic, was established in the north while the Republic of Korea, a Western-style regime, was established in the South.

text: Since the 1960s, the South Korean economy has grown enormously and the economic structure was radically transformed. In 1957, South Korea had a lower per capita GDP than Ghana,[152] and by 2008 it was 17 times as high as Ghana's.[a]

text: North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, is a one-party state, now centred on Kim Il-sung's Juche ideology, with a centrally planned industrial economy. South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea, is a multi-party state with a capitalist market economy, alongside membership in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the Group of Twenty. The two states have greatly diverged both culturally and economically since their partition, though they still share a common traditional culture and pre-Cold War history.

text: According to R.J. Rummel, forced labor, executions, and concentration camps were responsible for over one million deaths in North Korea from 1948 to 1987;[154] others have estimated 400,000 deaths in concentration camps alone.[155] Estimates based on the most recent North Korean census suggest that 240,000 to 420,000 people died as a result of the 1990s famine and that there were 600,000 to 850,000 unnatural deaths in North Korea from 1993 to 2008.[156]

text: Korean War[edit]

text: The Korean War broke out when Soviet-backed North Korea invaded South Korea, though neither side gained much territory as a result. The Korean Peninsula remained divided, the Korean Demilitarized Zone being the de facto border between the two states.

text: In June 1950 North Korea invaded the South, using Soviet tanks and weaponry. During the Korean War (1950–53) more than 1.2 million people died and the three years of fighting throughout the nation effectively destroyed most cities.[157] The war ended in an Armistice Agreement at approximately the Military Demarcation Line.

text: Geography[edit]

text: Korea is located on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. To the northwest, the Amnok River separates Korea from China and to the northeast, the Duman River separates Korea from China and Russia. The peninsula is surrounded by the Yellow Sea to the west, the East China Sea and Korea Strait to the south, and the East Sea (Sea of Japan) .[158] Notable islands include Jeju Island, Ulleung Island, Dokdo.

text: The southern and western parts of the peninsula have well-developed plains, while the eastern and northern parts are mountainous. The highest mountain in Korea is Mount Paektu (2,744 m), through which runs the border with China. The southern extension of Mount Paektu is a highland called Gaema Heights. This highland was mainly raised during the Cenozoic orogeny and partly covered by volcanic matter. To the south of Gaema Gowon, successive high mountains are located along the eastern coast of the peninsula. This mountain range is named Baekdudaegan. Some significant mountains include Mount Sobaek or Sobaeksan (1,439 m), Mount Kumgang (1,638 m), Mount Seorak (1,708 m), Mount Taebaek (1,567 m), and Mount Jiri (1,915 m). There are several lower, secondary mountain series whose direction is almost perpendicular to that of Baekdudaegan. They are developed along the tectonic line of Mesozoic orogeny and their directions are basically northwest.

text: Unlike most ancient mountains on the mainland, many important islands in Korea were formed by volcanic activity in the Cenozoic orogeny. Jeju Island, situated off the southern coast, is a large volcanic island whose main mountain Mount Halla or Hallasan (1950 m) is the highest in South Korea. Ulleung Island is a volcanic island in the East Sea, whose composition is more felsic than Jeju-do. The volcanic islands tend to be younger, the more westward.

text: Because the mountainous region is mostly on the eastern part of the peninsula, the main rivers tend to flow westwards. Two exceptions are the southward-flowing Nakdong River and Seomjin River. Important rivers running westward include the Amnok River, the Chongchon River, the Taedong River, the Han River, the Geum River, and the Yeongsan River. These rivers have vast flood plains and provide an ideal environment for wet-rice cultivation.

text: The southern and southwestern coastlines of Korea form a well-developed ria coastline, known as Dadohae-jin in Korean. Its convoluted coastline provides mild seas, and the resulting calm environment allows for safe navigation, fishing, and seaweed farming. In addition to the complex coastline, the western coast of the Korean Peninsula has an extremely high tidal amplitude (at Incheon, around the middle of the western coast. It can get as high as 9 m). Vast tidal flats have been developing on the south and west coastlines.

text: Wildlife[edit]

text: Animal life of Korea includes a considerable number of bird species and native freshwater fish. Native or endemic species of the Korean Peninsula include Korean hare, Korean water deer, Korean field mouse, Korean brown frog, Korean pine and Korean spruce. The Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) with its forest and natural wetlands is a unique biodiversity spot, which harbours eighty two endangered species.

text: There are also approximately 3,034 species of vascular plants.

text: Demographics[edit]

text: The combined population of the Koreans is about 76 million (North Korea: 25 million, South Korea: 51 million). Korea is chiefly populated by a highly homogeneous ethnic group, the Koreans, who speak the Korean language.[159] The number of foreigners living in Korea has also steadily increased since the late 20th century, particularly in South Korea, where more than 1 million foreigners reside.[160] It was estimated in 2006 that only 26,700 of the old Chinese community now remain in South Korea.[161] However, in recent years, immigration from mainland China has increased; 624,994 persons of Chinese nationality have immigrated to South Korea, including 443,566 of ethnic Korean descent.[162] Small communities of ethnic Chinese and Japanese are also found in North Korea.[163]

text: Language[edit]

text: Korean is the official language of both North and South Korea, and (along with Mandarin) of Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture in the Manchuria area of China. Worldwide, there are up to 80 million speakers of the Korean language. South Korea has around 50 million speakers while North Korea around 25 million. Other large groups of Korean speakers through Korean diaspora are found in China, the United States, Japan, former Soviet Union and elsewhere.

text: The classification of Korean is debated. Some linguists place it in the Altaic language family; others consider it to be a language isolate. Korean is agglutinative in its morphology and SOV in its syntax. Like Japanese and Vietnamese, Korean has borrowed much vocabulary from the Chinese or created vocabulary on Chinese models.

text: Modern Korean is written almost exclusively in the script of the Korean alphabet (known as Hangul in South Korea and Chosungul in China and North Korea), which was invented in the 15th century. Korean is sometimes written with the addition of some Chinese characters called Hanja; however, this is only occasionally seen nowadays. While Hangul may appear logographic, it is actually a phonemic alphabet organised into syllabic blocks. Each block consists of at least two of the 24 hangul letters (jamo): at least one each of the 14 consonants and 10 vowels. Historically, the alphabet had several additional letters (see obsolete jamo). For a phonological description of the letters, see Korean phonology.

text: Culture and arts[edit]

text: In ancient Chinese texts, Korea is referred to as "Rivers and Mountains Embroidered on Silk" (금수강산, 錦繡江山) and "Eastern Nation of Decorum" (동방예의지국, 東方禮儀之國).[164] Individuals are regarded as one year old when they are born, as Koreans reckon the pregnancy period as one year of life for infants, and age increments increase on New Year's Day rather than on the anniversary of birthdays. Thus, one born immediately before New Year's Day may only be a few days old in western reckoning, but two years old in Korea. Accordingly, a Korean person's stated age (at least among fellow Koreans) will be one or two years more than their age according to western reckoning. However, western reckoning is sometimes applied with regard to the concept of legal age; for example, the legal age for purchasing alcohol or cigarettes in the Republic of Korea is 19, which is measured according to western reckoning.

text: Literature[edit]

text: Korean literature written before the end of the Joseon Dynasty is called "Classical" or "Traditional." Literature, written in Chinese characters (hanja), was established at the same time as the Chinese script arrived on the peninsula. Korean scholars were writing poetry in the classical Korean style as early as the 2nd century BC, reflecting Korean thoughts and experiences of that time. Classical Korean literature has its roots in traditional folk beliefs and folk tales of the peninsula, strongly influenced by Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism.

text: Modern literature is often linked with the development of hangul, which helped spread literacy from the aristocracy to the common men and women. Hangul, however, only reached a dominant position in Korean literature in the second half of the 19th century, resulting in a major growth in Korean literature. Sinsoseol, for instance, are novels written in hangul.

text: The Korean War led to the development of literature centered on the wounds and chaos of war. Much of the post-war literature in South Korea deals with the daily lives of ordinary people, and their struggles with national pain. The collapse of the traditional Korean value system is another common theme of the time.

text: Music[edit]

text: Traditional Korean music includes combinations of the folk, vocal, religious and ritual music styles of the Korean people. Korean music has been practiced since prehistoric times.[165] Korean music falls into two broad categories. The first, Hyangak, literally means The local music or Music native to Korea of which example is Sujecheon, a piece of instrumental music as old as 1,300 years.[166] The second, yangak, represent a more Western style.

text: Religion[edit]

text: Confucian tradition has dominated Korean thought, along with contributions by Buddhism, Taoism, and Korean Shamanism. Since the middle of the 20th century, however, Christianity has competed with Buddhism in South Korea, while religious practice has been suppressed in North Korea. Throughout Korean history and culture, regardless of separation; the influence of traditional beliefs of Korean Shamanism, Mahayana Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism have remained an underlying religion of the Korean people as well as a vital aspect of their culture; all these traditions have coexisted peacefully for hundreds of years up to today despite strong Westernisation from Christian missionary conversions in the South[167][168][169] or the pressure from the Juche government in the North.[170][171]

text: According to 2005 statistics compiled by the South Korean government, about 46% of citizens profess to follow no particular religion. Christians account for 29.2% of the population (of which are Protestants 18.3% and Catholics 10.9%) and Buddhists 22.8%.[172]

text: Islam in South Korea is practiced by about 45,000 natives (about 0.09% of the population) in addition to some 100,000 foreign workers from Muslim countries.[173]

text: Cuisine[edit]

text: Koreans traditionally believe that the taste and quality of food depend on its spices and sauces, the essential ingredients to making a delicious meal. Therefore, soybean paste, soy sauce, gochujang or red pepper paste and kimchi are some of the most important staples in a Korean household.

text: Korean cuisine was greatly influenced by the geography and climate of the Korean Peninsula, which is known for its cold autumns and winters, therefore there are many fermented dishes and hot soups and stews.

text: Korean cuisine is probably best known for kimchi, a side dish which uses a distinctive fermentation process of preserving vegetables, most commonly cabbage. Kimchi is said to relieve the pores on the skin, thereby reducing wrinkles and providing nutrients to the skin naturally. It is also healthy, as it provides necessary vitamins and nutrients. Gochujang, a traditional Korean sauce made of red pepper is also commonly used, often as pepper (chilli) paste, earning the cuisine a reputation for spiciness.

text: Bulgogi (roasted marinated meat, usually beef), galbi (marinated grilled short ribs), and samgyeopsal (pork belly) are popular meat entrees. Fish is also a popular commodity, as it is the traditional meat that Koreans eat. Meals are usually accompanied by a soup or stew, such as galbitang (stewed ribs) or doenjang jjigae (fermented bean paste soup). The center of the table is filled with a shared collection of sidedishes called banchan.

text: Other popular dishes include bibimbap which literally means "mixed rice" (rice mixed with meat, vegetables, and red pepper paste) and naengmyeon (cold noodles).[174][175]

text: Instant noodles or ramyeon are a popular snack food and Koreans also enjoy food from pojangmachas (street vendors), where customers can buy tteokbokki (rice cake and fish cake with a spicy gochujang sauce), gimbap made of steamed white rice wrapped in dried laver seaweed as well as fried squid and glazed sweet potato. Soondae, a sausage made of cellophane noodles and pork blood, is widely eaten.

text: Additionally, some other common snacks include "Choco Pie", shrimp crackers, "bbeongtwigi" (puffed rice grains), and "nurungji" (slightly burnt rice). Nurungji can be eaten as it is or boiled with water to make a soup. Nurungji can also be eaten as a snack or a dessert.

text: Korea is unique among Asian countries in its use of metal chopsticks. Metal chopsticks have been discovered in archaeological sites belonging to the ancient Korean kingdoms of Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla.

text: Television[edit]

text: Korean television dramas ("K-dramas") have become popular in many countries, and as a result outdoor locations featured in K-dramas have become popular stops for international tourists. Product placements in the dramas have proven effective in advertising; for example, sales of cosmetics, clothing and food favored by the female lead played by actress Jun Ji-hyun in the drama My Love from the Star rose significantly after the relevant episodes aired. In one notorious case it was reported that a woman in China became ill after consuming nothing but fried chicken and beer – the character's favorite snack –[176] for several days.

text: Education[edit]

text: The modern South Korean school system consists of six years in elementary school, three years in middle school, and three years in high school. Students are required to go to elementary and middle school, and do not have to pay for their education, except for a small fee called a "School Operation Support Fee" that differs from school to school. The Programme for International Student Assessment, coordinated by the OECD, ranks South Korea's science education as the third best in the world and being significantly higher than the OECD average.[177]

text: South Korea ranks second on math and literature and first in problem solving[citation needed]. Although South Korean students often rank high on international comparative assessments, the education system is criticised for emphasising too much upon passive learning and memorization. The South Korean education system is rather notably strict and structured as compared to its counterparts in most Western societies. Also, the prevalence of non-school for-profit private institutes such as academies or cram schools (Hagwon [학원]), which too emphasise passive memorisation, as opposed to conceptual understanding, in students are criticised as a major social problem. After students enter university, however, the situation is markedly reversed[citation needed] In Korea, university is hard to enter, and graduation is comparatively easier than entry.

text: The North Korean education system consists primarily of universal and state funded schooling by the government. The national literacy rate for citizens 15 years of age and above is over 99 percent.[178][179] Children go through one year of kindergarten, four years of primary education, six years of secondary education, and then on to universities. The most prestigious university in the DPRK is Kim Il-sung University. Other notable universities include Kim Chaek University of Technology, which focuses on computer science, Pyongyang University of Foreign Studies, which trains working level diplomats and trade officials, and Kim Hyong Jik University, which trains teachers.

text: Outside the formal structure of schools and classrooms in the north is the extremely important "social education". This education includes not only extracurricular activities but also family life and the broadest range of human relationships within society. There is great sensitivity to the influence of the social environment on the growing child and its role in the development of his or her character. The ideal of social education is to provide a carefully controlled environment in which children are exposed only to pro-Juche and anti-south influences. According to a North Korean official interviewed in 1990, 'School education is not enough to turn the rising generation into men of knowledge, virtue, and physical fitness. After school, our children have many spare hours. So it's important to efficiently organise their afterschool education'.

text: Science and technology[edit]

text: One of the best known artifacts of Korea's history of science and technology is the Cheomseongdae (첨성대, 瞻星臺), a 9.4-meter high observatory built in 634.

text: The earliest known surviving Korean example of woodblock printing is the Mugujeonggwang Great Dharani Sutra.[180] It is believed to have been printed in Korea in 750–51, which if correct, would make it older than the Diamond Sutra.

text: During the Goryeo Dynasty, metal movable type printing was invented by Choe Yun-ui in 1234.[181][182][183][184][185][186] This invention made printing easier, more efficient and also increased literacy, which observed by Chinese visitors was seen to be so important where it was considered to be shameful to not be able to read.[187] The Mongol Empire later adopted Korea's movable type printing and spread as far as Central Asia. There is conjecture as to whether or not Choe's invention had any influence on later printing inventions such as Gutenberg's Printing press.[188] When the Mongols invaded Europe they inadvertently introduced different kinds of Asian technology.[citation needed]

text: During the Joseon period, the Turtle Ship was invented, which were covered by a wooden deck and iron with thorns,[189][190][191] as well as other weapons such as the bigyeokjincheolloe cannon (비격진천뢰, 飛擊震天雷) and the hwacha.

text: The Korean alphabet hangul was also invented during this time by King Sejong the Great.

text: Sport[edit]

text: While association football remains one of the most popular sports in South Korea, the martial art of taekwondo is considered to be the national sport. Baseball and golf are also popular.

text: Taekwondo[edit]

text: Taekwondo is one of Korea's most famous sports. It combines combat techniques, self-defense, sport, exercise and in some cases meditation and philosophy. Taekwondo has become an official Olympic sport, starting as a demonstration event in 1988 (when South Korea hosted the Games in Seoul) and becoming an official medal event in 2000. There are two main authoritative Taekwondo organizations in the world. One is World Taekwondo (formerly World Taekwondo Federation and the larger of the two) and the other is ITF (International Taekwondo Federation).

text: Hapkido[edit]

text: Hapkido is a modern Korean martial art with a grappling focus that employs joint locks, throws, kicks, punches and other striking attacks like attacks against pressure points. Hapkido emphasizes circular motion, non-resisting movements and control of the opponent. Practitioners seek to gain advantage through footwork and body positioning to employ leverage, avoiding the pure use of strength against strength.

text: Ssireum[edit]

text: Ssireum is a traditional form of wrestling that has been practiced in Korea for thousands of years, with evidence discovered from Goguryeo of Korea's Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC to 688). Ssireum is the traditional national sport of Korea. During a match, opponents grip each other by sash belts wrapped around the waist and the thigh, attempting to throw their competitor to the sandy ground of the ring. The first opponent to touch the ground with any body part above the knee or to lose hold of their opponent loses the round.

text: Ssireum competitions are traditionally held twice a year, during the Dano Festival (the 5th day of the fifth lunar month) and Chuseok (the 15th day of the 8th lunar month). Competitions are also held throughout the year as a part of festivals and other events.

text: Notable public holidays in South Korea[edit]

text: Independence Movement Day, March 1st[edit]

text: Samiljeol, Independence Movement Day, commemorates Korea's declaration of independence from Japanese occupation on March 1, 1919. The name is derived from Korean 삼 "sam" 'three', 일 "il" 'one,' and 절 "jeol" 'day', the date of the uprising in 1919. Korea was annexed to the Empire of Japan on August 29, 1910 following the imposed Japan-Korea Treaty. On March 1, 1919, Korean presented their resistance towards Japan and Japanese occupation with a declaration of independence. Following the conclusion of World War II, Korea was liberated from Japan and its independence restored. The newly established Korean government set aside March 1 as a national holiday to commemorate the sacrifices borne in the long struggle for Korean independence.

text: Memorial day, June 6th[edit]

text: Hyunchoongil is the national holiday in Korea commemorating those who fought and died for the nation. In August 1948, only a few years after Korea achieved its independence from Japan, the Korean War, in Korea also known as the 6.25 war, broke out between North and South Korea. During this war, approximately 400,000 soldiers and some one million citizens were killed or injured. In 1953, North and South Korea agreed to a cease-fire, and three years later the Korean government established Hyungchoogil to commemorate the soldiers who fought in the Korean War. Subsequent to its establishment, Hyungchoogil was reinterpreted as a day of remembrance for those who died defending Korea in all conflicts, not only during the Korean War.

text: National Liberation Day, August 15th[edit]

text: Gwangbokjeol is the day for celebrating liberation of the country from Japan in 1945 as well as celebrating the establishment of Korean government in 1948. Gwangbok means "returned light" representing gaining national sovereignty from Japan. It was first declared to be national holiday in 1949 October 1. On this date every year, the president of Korea visits Independence Hall, and invites diplomatic envoys from many countries and all social standings in countries to Cheongwadae (the Blue House, the Korean presidential residence).

text: Hangul Day, October 9th[edit]

text: Hangul Day (also spelled as Hangeul Day) is a day that celebrates the creation of the Hunminjeongeum (Hangul, Korean alphabet), which was inscribed to the UNESCO Memory of the World Register in 1997.[192] Hangul was created by Sejong the Great in 1443 and proclaimed in 1446. Before the creation of Hangul, people in Korea (known as Joseon at the time) primarily wrote using Classical Chinese alongside native phonetic writing systems that predate Hangul by hundreds of years, including idu, hyangchal, gugyeol, and gakpil.[193][194][195][196] However, due to the fundamental differences between the Korean and Chinese languages, and the large number of characters needed to be learned, there was much difficulty in learning how to write using Chinese characters for the lower classes, who often didn't have the privilege of education. To assuage this problem, King Sejong created the unique alphabet known as Hangul to promote literacy among the common people.[197] Hangul Day was founded in 1926 during the Japanese occupation by members of the Korean Language Society, whose goal was to preserve the Korean language during a time of rapid forced Japanization.[198] Today, both South Korea and North Korea celebrate Hangul Day as a national holiday.


document_title: Fear the Walking Dead (season 3)

question_text: where was season 3 fear the walking dead filmed

root

text: Fear the Walking Dead (season 3)

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Kim Dickens as Madison Clark
Cliff Curtis as Travis Manawa
Frank Dillane as Nick Clark
Alycia Debnam-Carey as Alicia Clark
Colman Domingo as Victor Strand
Mercedes Mason as Ofelia Salazar
Danay García as Luciana Galvez[3]
Daniel Sharman as Troy Otto[4]
Sam Underwood as Jake Otto[3]
Lisandra Tena as Lola Guerrero
Dayton Callie as Jeremiah Otto[5]
Rubén Blades as Daniel Salazar

tag: ul

text: Supporting cast[edit]

text:
Karen Bethzabe as Elena Reyes[6]
Ramses Jimenez as Hector Reyes
Rae Gray as Gretchen Trimbol
Michael William Freeman as Blake Sarno
Jason Manuel Olazabal as Dante Esquivel
Michael Greyeyes as Qaletqa Walker
Justin Rain as Crazy Dog

text: Production[edit]

text: AMC renewed the series for a 16-episode third season on April 15, 2016.[7] Production began in January 2017 in Baja, Mexico.[8] This is the final season with co-creator Dave Erickson as showrunner as he will leave the series after the conclusion of the third season.[9] In February 2017, it was announced that Emma Caulfield was cast in the season.[10] In March 2017, it was revealed that Daniel Sharman joined the cast as a series regular.[4] In April 2017, several new actors were announced having joined the series; including Dayton Callie (reprising his guest role from season 2) and Sam Underwood, who, along with Daniel Sharman play members of the Otto family; and Lisandra Tena as Lola Guerrero.[3]

tag: p

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

22
1
"Eye of the Beholder"
Andrew Bernstein
Dave Erickson
June 4, 2017 (2017-06-04)
3.11[11]

Travis, Madison and Alicia are captured by an armed group and taken to a military compound, where Travis is separated from them and is taken to a basement while Madison and Alicia are taken to an office. At the basement, Travis finds himself with Nick, an injured Luciana and other captives. The captives are being experimented on by a group of soldiers. Travis, Luciana, Nick and one captive attempt to escape, but Travis is re-captured and the other captive is killed while Luciana and Nick sneak in a sewer. Meanwhile, Madison and Alicia attack Troy, impaling one of his eyes with a spoon and taking him as a hostage. Madison then takes Troy out to demand her family to be released while Alicia searches around for Travis. Meanwhile, Travis is thrown into a pit full of walkers, but he manages to kill them all. Nick carrying an injured Luciana tries to get out of the sewer but finds a horde of walkers that slowly make their way into the sewer. After bypassing several obstacles, Travis, Madison, Alicia and Nick are reunited. Soon after, the military compound is overrun with walkers, forcing all people to leave. Travis carrying an injured Luciana and Alicia board a helicopter while Madison and Nick escape in a truck.

23
2
"The New Frontier"
Stefan Schwartz
Mark Richard
June 4, 2017 (2017-06-04)
2.70[11]

The helicopter is attacked and Travis is shot in the stomach and neck. Travis sacrifices himself by falling out of the helicopter to prevent dying and turning in the helicopter. At the hotel, Strand allows many angry refugees past the gates, falsely claiming he is a doctor and can be of assistance. Madison, Troy, and Nick finally reach Broke Jaw Ranch, owned by Troy's father Jeremiah, and are informed that the helicopter has not arrived. Jeremiah welcomes Madison and Nick, who are suspicious of the ranch but ultimately decide to stay, even if that means taking it over. Back at the hotel, Elena orders Strand to leave for allowing survivors to enter the compound. After the helicopter crash, Alicia and Jake carry Luciana on their way to the ranch, where they reunite with Madison and Nick. Madison breaks down after being informed of the death of Travis, while Nick stands by Luciana's side. Prior to leaping to her death from a hotel balcony, IIene gifts Strand the keys to a brand new Jaguar.

24
3
"TEOTWAWKI"
Deborah Chow
Ryan Scott
June 11, 2017 (2017-06-11)
2.50[12]

In a television commercial well before the apocalypse, Jeremiah Otto and his family promote a video series on the key to surviving TEOTWAWKI, or the end of the world as we know it. The ranch holds a meeting in the wake of Charlene's death, where Troy, Jake, and Jeremiah vow justice for the party that shot down the helicopter. Other residents express contempt for Madison and her family. Gretchen, a young girl on the ranch, invites Alicia to "bible study," which Madison coaxes Alicia into attending. A recovering Luciana informs Nick that they must leave the ranch as soon as possible. Back in her cabin, Madison discovers Troy laying in Nick's bed, and he expresses contempt for her son; Madison tells Troy that Nick will learn to fit in. During a scouting mission, Nick soon discovers he and Troy were not so different in their views of the world. Back at the ranch, Jeremiah dispatches Troy to the camp of those who attacked the helicopter; Madison volunteers to accompany them to exact vengeance for Travis. Elsewhere, Strand arrives at the Gonzalez Dam, where he is reunited with an old friend Dante Esquevil, offering him a partnership in consoling the dam's dwindling water supplies, but Dante instead has Strand imprisoned; while in his cell, Strand is reunited with Daniel, alive.

25
4
"100"
Alex Garcia Lopez
Alan Page
June 18, 2017 (2017-06-18)
2.40[13]

Through flashbacks, Daniel had survived the fire and escaped further into Mexico, where he was saved from death by a band of refugees headed by Efrain Morales, who consoles Daniel's grief for losing Ofelia, whom he was determined to find. While fending off Walkers, Daniel falls into the sewers leading to the Gonzalez Dam, where he is spared death by Lola Guerrero, one of Dante's workers. Learning of Daniel's military expertise, Dante makes Daniel one of his operatives, forcing him to torture Efrain for information on the refugees, who were stealing the dam's dwindling water resources. Daniel eventually is reunited with Strand, who offers to take him to Ofelia at the hotel. After witnessing Dante execute his employees for betrayal, Daniel breaks his control and kills Dante and his bodyguards, taking over the dam.

26
5
"Burning in Water, Drowning in Flame"
Daniel Stamm
Suzanne Heathcote
June 25, 2017 (2017-06-25)
2.50[14]

After a fire kills one of the founders of Broke Jaw, Nick and Jeremiah bond by rebuilding the house, locating Jeremiah's prize antique revolver. Madison, Troy and their squadron set out for the Black Hat Reserve, a sanctuary populated by the Native American tribe of Qaletaqa Walker, whose ancestral land was where Broke Jaw was built upon; however, upon their arrival, Walker has the squadron stripped of their weapons and forces them to return to Broke Jaw, with a warning of an impending invasion unless the land was returned to his tribe. During the trek back, Madison and Troy confront further and Troy contemplates killing Madison, but relents. Back at Broke Jaw, Nick continues debating on leaving with Luciana, but eventually decides to remain; Luciana later leaves. Alicia and Jake begin a relationship. Elsewhere, Strand leads Daniel to the hotel, but upon discovering Ofelia was not present, Daniel abandons Strand, leaving him to the mercy of the undead.

27
6
"Red Dirt"
Courtney Hunt
Wes Brown
July 2, 2017 (2017-07-02)
2.19[15]

After Madison and Troy's return with news of Walker's invasion, civil unrest occurs within Broke Jaw, with many residents considering leaving, including Gretchen and her family, despite Troy's threatening efforts to keep them within the ranch for security measures. Jeremiah allows people the option to leave, despite Madison's approval with Troy's intentions. Aware of the oncoming invasion, Jake journeys to Black Hat to negotiate peace terms with Walker to prevent the war, but Alicia follows him. Madison, Nick and Jeremiah later find Gretchen and her family murdered, presumably by Walker, but Madison suspects Troy was responsible. As such, she informs the community that Walker was responsible to prepare them for the upcoming war, leaving Nick disgusted, but accepted.

28
7
"The Unveiling"
Jeremy Webb
Mark Richard
July 9, 2017 (2017-07-09)
2.62[16]

Jake and Alicia arrive at Black Hat, where Alicia discovers Ofelia to be alive and allied with Walker's tribe after she escaped the hotel. Jake and Walker agree to exchange hostages; Alicia remains at Black Hat, while Jake returns to Broke Jaw with Ofelia. While at Black Hat, Alicia learns that Walker did not intend to kill Travis, but had been aiming for Jake all along; Walker's people had also predicted the oncoming apocalypse, seeing it as a sign to reclaim the land they once owned. Displeased at Alicia's situation, Madison, Nick and Troy lead a team to rescue her from Black Hat; they succeed in doing so, but several of Walker's men are killed. Jake attempts to make peace by returning Ofelia, but Walker beats him and narrowly avoids scalping him. Later, Ofelia arrives at Broke Jaw, seemingly cast out. However, a crippling illness suddenly strikes the community and many people die and reanimate as walkers, massacring the residents; Nick is among those infected and Madison later uncovers Ofelia was responsible.

29
8
"Children of Wrath"
Andrew Bernstein
Jami O'Brien
July 9, 2017 (2017-07-09)
2.40[16]

Through flashbacks, Ofelia was found, but left for dead by Jeremiah, only to be rescued by Walker. In present day, Ofelia is captured and transported to Walker by Madison; it was revealed Walker had Ofelia poison Broke Jaw's water supply with anthrax, which she was unaware of. In retaliation, Madison, Alicia and Troy sabotage Black Hat and steal a trailer full of Walker's spiritual relics. After recovering, Nick learns from Jeremiah that he had murdered Walker's father, which had ignited the rivalry. Realizing they had chosen the wrong side, Madison parlays with Walker, who demands Jeremiah be killed in exchange for peace. After tensions between them grow after Alicia learns of Troy's actions kept secret, Madison later reveals to her children that she had murdered her abusive father to protect her mother. After Madison fails to convince Jeremiah to kill himself to protect his sons, Nick arrives and kills Jeremiah, labeling his death as a suicide. Madison later delivers his scalp to Walker. Meanwhile, Strand returns to the capsized Abigail, but seeks solace within a Russian survivor on the radio. Desiring no further loneliness, Strand burns down the Abigail and sets off to get revenge against Daniel.

30
9
"Minotaur"
Stefan Schwartz
Dave Erickson & Mike Zunic
September 10, 2017 (2017-09-10)
2.14[17]

Walker and the rest of the Native Americans arrive at the ranch. In a meeting, Walker tells the people of the ranch that his grudge is over, as Otto scarified himself for peace. Members of the ranch, including Troy, are not forgiving of the Nation's previous actions. After a resident of the ranch attacks one of Walker's men with a weapon, Walker is given the other key to the arsenal, so his people can arm themselves. Madison, Nick and Walker go to Otto's house to collect weapons from Troy, but he refuses and fires a warning shot. Troy orders everyone out, but Nick stays behind, hoping to get him to back down. A firefight between the Nation and them eventually ensues. Nick confesses to Troy that he killed Otto, leaving him stunned and he gives up. For punishment, Troy is exiled from the ranch and Nick is imprisoned in an outhouse. Troy is driven into the desert by Madison and one of Walker's men. Troy gets a hold of the man's knife, killing him. Madison holds a gun on him and orders him to leave. Meanwhile, at the damn, Lola, Daniel and Efrain distribute water to desperate people in the streets. A man accuses them of controlling the dam for personal gain and the crowd turns on them and attacks. The three of them rush to the truck and drive off.

31
10
"The Diviner"
Paco Cabezas
Ryan Scott
September 10, 2017 (2017-09-10)
2.14[17]

After uncovering the ranch only possessed six weeks worth of water, Madison and Walker leave the ranch for the nearby arena where a large auctioning market has been set up to bargain for more water. Once arriving, Madison is reunited with Strand, who was targeted by the resident authorities for failing to pay his debts. He is later captured and forced to fight walkers on the outer grounds until death; fortunately, he is rescued by Madison by stealing the gold Walker intended to trade for the water. Learning of the damn, Madison commands Strand to lead them to the damn to save their people. Back on the ranch, Nick is released from captivity, but soon learns a group of residents were planning on rebelling against the Nation to regain control, but Nick was hesitant to cause further bloodshed. After Alicia reveals the truth behind the water's limited supplies, the community flies into revolt. However, before the coup can begin, they witness Alicia constructing another well on the Nation's land, inspiring the rebels to participate in saving their ranch.

32
11
"La Serpiente"[18]
Josef Wladyka
Mark Richard & Lauren Signorino
September 17, 2017 (2017-09-17)
TBD

33
12
"Brother's Keeper"[19]
Alrick Riley
TBA
September 24, 2017 (2017-09-24)
TBD

34
13
"This Land Is Your Land"[20]
Meera Menon
TBA
October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01)
TBD

35
14
"El Matadero"[21]
Stefan Schwartz
TBA
October 8, 2017 (2017-10-08)
TBD

36
15
"Things Bad Begun"[22]
Andrew Bernstein
TBA
October 15, 2017 (2017-10-15)
TBD

37
16
"Sleigh Ride"[22]
Andrew Bernstein
TBA
October 15, 2017 (2017-10-15)
TBD

tag: table

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has a rating of 84%, based on 63 reviews, whose average rating is 7.52/10.[23]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Eye of the Beholder"
June 4, 2017
1.2
3.11[11]
0.9
1.97
2.1
5.08[24]

2
"The New Frontier"
June 4, 2017
1.0
2.70[11]
1.0
1.93
2.0
4.63[24]

3
"TEOTWAWKI"
June 11, 2017
1.0
2.50[12]
0.8
1.72
1.8
4.22[25]

4
"100"
June 18, 2017
0.9
2.40[13]
0.8
1.67
1.7
4.07[26]

5
"Burning in Water, Drowning in Flame"
June 25, 2017
1.0
2.50[14]
0.8
1.68
1.8
4.18[27]

6
"Red Dirt"
July 2, 2017
0.8
2.19[15]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

7
"The Unveiling"
July 9, 2017
0.9
2.62[16]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

8
"Children of Wrath"
July 9, 2017
0.8
2.40[16]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

9
"Minotaur"
September 10, 2017
0.8
2.14[17]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

10
"The Diviner"
September 10, 2017
0.8
2.14[17]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

11
"La Serpiente"
September 17, 2017
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

12
"Brother's Keeper"
September 24, 2017
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD


document_title: Office Christmas Party

question_text: who played the pimp in office christmas party

text: Office Christmas Party

text: Plot[edit]

text: In December 2016, Josh Parker (Jason Bateman), Chief Technical Officer of Zenotek's Chicago branch, meets with his lawyer, Ezra (Matt Walsh), to finalize his divorce in time for the holidays. Zenotek meanwhile has failed to meet its quarterly quota, and interim CEO Carol Vanstone (Jennifer Aniston) threatens to lay off 40 percent of the staff, cut bonuses, and cancel the annual Christmas party. Her brother, branch manager Clay (T. J. Miller), is desperate to keep his staff. Carol harbors resentment toward Clay, whom she believed was her father's favorite, and threatens to shut down the branch. Josh and Clay, along with Josh's head of tech, Tracey Hughes (Olivia Munn), propose partnering with financial giant Walter Davis (Courtney B. Vance), whom they are having lunch with later that day, and Carol gives them the chance to win his business. Walter is pleased with the pitch, but concerned with another recent branch closure at Zenotek, and feels the company is more about the budget than their people. Clay invites him to their Christmas party in hopes of showing him that their company is in good standing. Before leaving town, Carol offers Josh a position at her New York headquarters, confident her brother will fail.

text: Clay funds an exorbitant Christmas party, much to the chagrin of Mary (Kate McKinnon), the head of Human Resources. Joel (Sam Richardson) takes DJ duty, but the party struggles to pick up even with Tracey inviting Chicago Bulls player Jimmy Butler as a friend. Though initially reluctant, Walter is inadvertently doused with cocaine when it is accidentally fed into a snow machine and succumbs to his free-spirited nature. Throughout the party, various employees cut loose: Nate (Karan Soni) tries to impress two of his staff (Andrew Leeds and Oliver Cooper) by hiring an escort named Savannah (Abbey Lee) to pretend to be his girlfriend, though Nate is found out when she gives a handjob to a fellow employee; Clay's assistant and single-mom Allison (Vanessa Bayer) attempts to hook up with new hire Fred (Randall Park) but stops when he reveals he has a mother-child fetish; and customer service supervisor Jeremy (Rob Corddry) cuts loose on the dance floor with Mary, whom he previously despised. Josh and Tracey get stuck on the roof and nearly kiss before Jeremy interrupts them. Back on the dance floor, Clay wins over Walter's business, and Clay promises everyone they'll keep their jobs and receive their bonuses. The party gradually grows more and more chaotic as employees begin partaking in orgies, damaging company property, and doing drugs.

text: Carol's flight is cancelled due to weather, and she rushes back to the office when she hears about the party from her Uber driver, who took people to the party. Though Carol is initially impressed with receiving Walter's business, Walter injures himself attempting to swing off a balcony after a conversation with Clay, and is later discovered to have been fired from his firm, nullifying any contract and thus no longer bringing in any new money to Zenotek. Carol decides then and there to shut down the branch. To add insult to injury, she reminds Josh about the job offer aloud to everyone, especially Clay. Even though Josh says he said no, the surrounding employees angrily ignore and shun him. Tracey reveals that she was given the same offer but explicitly rejected it where Josh kept it open. Feeling betrayed about what he heard from Carol, Clay rushes off with Savannah's emotionally unstable pimp, Trina (Jillian Bell), to party elsewhere, though Trina is more interested in robbing Clay of his wealth that he is actually keeping on his person. Josh, Tracey, Mary, and Carol race off to save Clay.

text: Many of the other employees learn about the termination Carol announced earlier. Believing that everyone is to lose their jobs, they throw out and destroy all the company equipment and burn everything in sight, forcing security guard Carla (Da'Vine Joy Randolph) to put down the unruly, now destructive and rebellious party. Clay ends up racing Trina's car towards an opening drawbridge, attempting to jump the gap, a feat he'd earlier mentioned to Josh. Josh drives Mary's minivan alongside him, and tries to convince Clay not to jump, but he is still angered and heartbroken from Carol offering Josh the job, as much as remembering her insults. Believing he's worthless, he still decides to jump, regardless of whether he makes it and lives or dies. After everyone, including Trina, fails to convince Clay to pull over, Josh threatens to jump the gap with him, and Clay reluctantly allows it. Not willing to die, Carol forcefully moves the steering wheel from Josh, causing the car to swerve into Clay's car, crashing both vehicles. Clay's car hits an internet hub, disconnecting the entire city.

text: Trina and Savannah are arrested for their crimes, while Clay is taken to the hospital. In the wake of the internet blackout, Tracey realizes how to run a new innovation she'd been working on for several years that combines internet WiFi with wired connections through the city's power grid, which had previously failed due to her inability to take the real-world interference of the existing internet signals into account. They race back to the destroyed office to set up her tech, and when it works, internet is restored to Chicago. This new innovation saves the jobs of the entire team, with Clay apologizing for how his father treated Carol. Walter, who is in the same hospital as Clay, agrees to join the team. Josh and Tracey kiss amidst the ruins of their office. Jeremy opens up to Mary, and Nate and Allison agree to go on a date. The whole group meets Carol and Clay as he's released from the hospital, and they all go out for breakfast, driving recklessly on the way.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Jason Bateman as Josh Parker, Chief of Technical Advancement, Zenotek Chicago
Olivia Munn as Tracey Hughes, Chief of R&D, Zenotek Chicago
T. J. Miller as Clay Vanstone, Head of Zenotek Chicago
Jennifer Aniston as Carol Vanstone, interim CEO of Zenotek
Kate McKinnon as Mary Winetoss, the human resources representative of Zenotek
Jillian Bell as Trina
Courtney B. Vance as Walter Davis
Vanessa Bayer as Allison
Rob Corddry as Jeremy
Karan Soni as Nate
Sam Richardson as Joel
Randall Park as Fred
Abbey Lee as Savannah
Jamie Chung as Meghan
Da'Vine Joy Randolph as Carla
Fortune Feimster as Lonny, the Uber Driver
Matt Walsh as Ezra
Ben Falcone as Doctor
Chloe Wepper as Kelsey
Oliver Cooper as Drew
Adrian Martinez as Larry
Erick Chavarria as Alan
Andrew Leeds as Tim
Jimmy Butler as himself

text: Production[edit]

text: In 2010, Guymon Casady approached Josh Gordon and Will Speck with an original idea of his, to make a movie about a holiday office party. They subsequently set the concept up at DreamWorks Pictures, and it was later rewritten by Lee Eisenberg, Gene Stupnitsky, and Laura Solon.[4] On February 19, 2016, it was announced that Speck and Gordon would also direct the film, which would star Jennifer Aniston, Jason Bateman, T. J. Miller, and Kate McKinnon.[4] The producers were set as Scott Stuber, along with Entertainment 360's Guymon Casady and Daniel Rappaport.[5] On March 8, 2016, Randall Park joined the film,[6] and Olivia Munn was cast on March 17.[7] On April 4, 2016, Abbey Lee Kershaw joined the cast.[8] Karan Soni, Da'Vine Joy Randolph, and Jamie Chung were added on April 5, 2016,[9] and on April 6, 2016, Rob Corddry, Andrew Leeds, and Oliver Cooper were cast as well.[10]

text: Principal photography on the film began late March 2016 in Atlanta, Georgia.[11] In early April, filming took place in Chicago, Illinois,[12] and after that production moved to Hiram, Georgia, where it shot from April 19 to June 1, 2016.[13]

text: On casting Aniston in the film, Gordon stated, "We created this character for Jennifer because she's absolutely fearless when it comes to playing somewhat unlikeable characters in comedies. For her, the more daring the role, the better."[14]

text: Release[edit]

text: Office Christmas Party was released in the United States on December 9, 2016, by Paramount Pictures.[4][5] Paramount also distributed it overseas, except in several territories where Mister Smith Entertainment handled sales, including the United Kingdom and Australia, where it was handled by Entertainment One.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Office Christmas Party grossed $54.8 million in the United States and Canada and $59.7 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $114.5 million, against a production budget of $45 million.[3]

text: Office Christmas Party was released alongside The Bounce Back and the wide expansions of Miss Sloane and Nocturnal Animals, and was expected to gross $13–15 million from 3,210 theaters in its opening weekend.[15] It went on to make $16.9 million in its opening weekend, finishing second at the box office and on par with recent R-rated comedies like How to Be Single and Sisters. Fifty-six percent of its opening weekend audience was male, while 83% was over the age of 25.[16]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 41% based on 156 reviews and an average rating of 4.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Its cast of gifted comics is good for a handful of laughs, but Office Christmas Party's overstuffed plot ultimately proves roughly as disappointing as its clichéd gags and forced sentimentality."[17] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, the film had a score of 42 out of 100 based on 35 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[18] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.[19]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was released on Digital HD on March 21, 2017,[20] before being released on DVD and Blu-ray on April 4, 2017.[21][22]

text: In Germany the title was changed for the home release, with the film named Dirty Office Party.[23]


document_title: Canada's Food Guide

question_text: when was canada's food guide last updated

question_tokens: when was canada 's food guide last updated

text: Canada's Food Guide

text: History[edit]

text: Canada's first food guide was introduced in July 1942 to provide guidance to Canadians on proper nutrition during a period of time when wartime rations were common. The 1942 version was called the Official Food Rules. In 1944 the guide was revised and renamed Canada's Food Rules. In 1962, the guidelines were revised and renamed to Canada's Food Guide.[2]

text: Food groups[edit]

text: Canada's Food Guide has four food groups. These include:

text:
Vegetables and fruit
Grain products
Milk and alternatives
Meat and alternatives

text: Any foods not accurately described by these food groups are deemed "other" and are advised to be consumed in moderation.

text: Vegetables and fruit[edit]

text:
The Vegetable and Fruit arc on the Canada's Food Guide label is the largest,
[3] and individuals are advised that most of their food consumption be from this food group. Vegetables and fruits are known to contain many beneficial substances such as flavonoids, which may help remove carcinogens from the body, as well as antioxidants such as vitamin C and beta carotene, which help prevent oxidation damage by free radicals. A diet that includes a variety of vegetables and fruit can help reduce the risk of some types of cancer, heart disease, and stroke.[4]  Consumption of a variety of fruits and vegetables is recommended by the guide.

text: Grain products[edit]

text: Grain products are essential to the diet. They provide carbohydrates for energy and whole grain products can be a source of fibre and are typically low in fat. Whole grain products can be rich sources of many nutrients that help in disease prevention, such as dietary fibre, B vitamins, selenium, zinc, magnesium and phytochemicals.[5] Eating a "diet rich in whole grains could also help reduce the risk of heart disease".[6]

text: Milk and alternatives[edit]

text: According to Canada's Food Guide, milk and alternatives are essential to the body to maintain bone health. This food group includes milk and dairy products such as cheese, yogurt, cream, kefir and fortified soy beverages.[7] Canadian milk and many milk products are required to be fortified with Vitamin D. This helps Canadians get their daily recommended intake of Vitamin D if they consume the adequate amount of milk and alternatives each day.[7]

text: Meat and alternatives[edit]

text: Meat and alternatives are a source of protein in the diet. This group includes animal meat sources as well as alternatives such as nuts and lentils.[8] Meat and alternatives are also a source of zinc, magnesium and B vitamins. This is the smallest arc on Canada's Food Guide ribbon, meaning that only a few servings from this group will satisfy the nutritional requirements of an individual.

text: Other[edit]

text: Oils and fats[edit]

text: "Include a small amount - 30 to 45 mL (2 to 3 Tbsp) - of unsaturated fat each day to get the fat you need".[9]

text: Unsaturated vegetable oils include canola oil, corn oil, flaxseed oil, olive oil, peanut oil, soybean oil, and sunflower oil.

text: Beverages[edit]

text: The guide recommends water as the primary beverage. It is a calorie-free, fat-free, sugar-free thirst quencher that is essential to the body's metabolic functions. Consumption of water should increase with temperature or an individual's physical activity. The guide also recommends avoiding beverages with added sugar or fat. Caffeinated beverages, unpasteurized fruit juices and energy drinks should only be consumed in moderation.

text: Serving Size[edit]

text: Canada's Food Guide has also provided guides to how much of each specific food is equal to one serving. Here are the guides:

text:
Vegetables and Fruit
Grain Products
Milk and Alternatives
Meat and Alternatives

text: Healthy lifestyle[edit]

text: A healthy lifestyle is not based solely around eating right; exercise and diet work together to maintain a healthy lifestyle. The Eating Well with Canada's Food Guide section of the Health Canada website also stresses the importance of physical activity to a maintaining a healthy lifestyle and body weight. "The Physical Activity Guidelines recommend accumulating 2 ½ hours of moderate to vigorous physical activity each week for adults and at least 60 minutes a day for children and youth."[10]

text: Canada's Food Guide First Nations, Inuit and Métis[edit]

text: Health Canada has also developed a guide specifically catered to those who are First Nations, Inuit and Métis. This guide is similar to the general food guide, but also includes more information on a diet that includes more foods native to Canada, such as wild game and fish. The complete guide can be found on the Health Canada website.

text: Criticism[edit]

text: Nina Teicholz, author of The Big Fat Surprise testifying before the Canadian Senate committee on social affairs, science and technology[11] on how Canada’s diet — dictated by the current Food Guide, which is similar to the American nutritional guidelines — is “nutritionally insufficient” and that its focus on carbohydrates, including fruits and vegetables, over animal protein, is what is making us sick.[12][medical citation needed]

text: "It took Health Canada 15 years before it revised the 1992 Food Guide, and it has already been eight years since the launch of our 2007 version. Canadians deserve an evidence-based food guide. We deserved one back with the launch in 2007, and we still deserve one today. From my vantage point, however, I am unaware of any official energy, interest or plan to update our current non-evidence-based Guide any time soon."[11]


document_title: Tal's Hill

question_text: when did houston astros get rid of the hill

text: Tal's Hill

text: Tal's Hill, also called "The Grassy Knoll",[1][2] was a 90-foot (27 m)-wide-30 degree incline in the outfield at Minute Maid Park in Houston, Texas, United States.[3] It was created in 2000 when Enron Field (as Minute Maid Park was named at the time) opened with a flagpole on it.[4] In 2016, Tal's Hill was leveled in order for the Houston Astros to add a new seating area to center field in place of the hill.[5] It was named after former Astros President Tal Smith who proposed its inclusion.[6]

text: History[edit]

text: In 1996, when the Astros were designing a new stadium during a meeting at the Astrodome, owner Drayton McLane asked "What can we do to make this ballpark special?" Tal Smith responded by suggesting a hill in center field similar to the Cincinnati Reds' Crosley Field.[6] The project became known as "Tal's Hill" when architects Populous made designs to facilitate the inclusion of the hill.[6]

text: When Enron Field opened, the hill quickly gained the nickname of "The Grassy Knoll".[1][2][7][8] The first catch made on Tal's Hill was made by the Atlanta Braves' Andruw Jones in 2000 after he had previously fallen over running up the hill on the previous play.[9] Catches on the Hill were viewed to be some of the toughest to make and a number of players fell over on it.[10] Lance Berkman once said about it: "If the ball rolls onto the hill, it's not steep enough to roll back, so you have to go get it, then there's the chance of running into the flagpole that’s on it and getting hurt.”[1]

text: In 2015, the Houston Astros announced that Tal's Hill would be removed as part of an organizational evaluation requested by owner Jim Crane.[11] It was to be replaced with a new seating area and concession stands.[12] The removal was scheduled for the end of the 2015 Major League Baseball season; however, the Astros reached the postseason, which delayed the work until after the 2016 season.[12] The groundbreaking on removal took place on October 10, 2016.[13] The removal of Tal's Hill was viewed as an example of variations in MLB ballparks being removed for financial gain and also in the pursuit of uniformity in MLB ballpark playing fields.[14]

text: Baseball[edit]

text: Under the Minute Maid Park ground rules, both Tal's Hill and the flagpole were considered in play. If a ball hit the flagpole on the hill and stayed in the field of play, it was in play. If it went out of the field of play (over the fence), it was a home run.[15] The Hill was criticized numerous times owing to the incline having the potential to cause injury to fielders unused to it.[9] However, there was never an injury to any player in relation to Tal's Hill.[16]