document_title: Field goal

question_text: who holds the record for the longest field goal in college football

text: Field goal

text: Strategy[edit]

text: As a field goal is worth only three points, while a touchdown scores at least six (which usually becomes seven with a successful conversion, and potentially 8 with a two-point conversion), teams will generally attempt a field goal only in the following situations:

text:
It is fourth down (third down in Canadian rules), especially if the offense is more than a yard or two from a new first down, and within about 45 yards of the goal posts.
In the first half, there is enough time remaining to execute only one more play.
In the second half, there is enough time remaining to execute only one more play, and the team on offense needs three points to win or tie (four points in a few leagues given special circumstances).
The game is in overtime, and a FG is the quickest, easiest, and least risky way to end the match.

text: Except in desperate situations, a team will generally attempt field goals only when keeping a drive alive is unlikely, and its kicker has a significant chance of success, as a missed field goal results in a turnover at the spot of the kick (in the NFL) or at the line of scrimmage (in the NCAA). In American high school rules and Canadian football, where a missed field goal is treated the same as a punt, most teams still opt not to attempt field goals from very long range since field goal formations are not conducive to covering kick returns. Even under ideal conditions, the best professional kickers historically had difficulty making kicks longer than 50 yards consistently (the NFL record is 65 yards and the CFL record, 62 yards).[2] If a team chooses not to attempt a field goal on their last down, they can punt to the other team. A punt cannot score any points in American football unless the receiving team touches the ball first and the kicking team recovers it (though it can result in a single in Canadian football), but it may push the other team back toward its own end.

text: The longest field goal kick in NFL history is 64 yards, a record set by Matt Prater on December 8, 2013. The previous record was 63, originally set by Tom Dempsey and then matched by Jason Elam, Sebastian Janikowski, and David Akers. High school, college and most professional football leagues offer only a three-point field goal; however, some professional leagues have encouraged more rare kicks through four-point field goals. NFL Europe encouraged long field goals of 50 yards or more by making those worth four points instead of three (much like Australian rules' Super Goal or basketball's three-point line), a rule since adopted by the Stars Football League. Similarly, the sport of arena football sought (unsuccessfully) to repopularize the drop kick by making that worth four points; it failed, since only one kicker (Brian Mitchell) was able to do it with any semblance of proficiency. (In six-man football, where there is no offensive line, all field goals are worth four points instead of the usual three.)

text: The overall field goal percentage during the 2010 NFL season was 82.3. In comparison, Jan Stenerud, one of only two pure kickers in the Pro Football Hall of Fame (along with Ray Guy), had a career field goal percentage of 66.8 from 1967 to 1985.[2]

text: How field goals are kicked[edit]

text: When a team decides to attempt a field goal, it will generally line up in a very tight formation, with all but two players lined up along or near the line of scrimmage: the placekicker and the holder. The holder is usually the team's punter or backup quarterback.[citation needed] Instead of the regular center, a team may have a dedicated long snapper trained especially to snap the ball on placekick attempts and punts.

text: The holder usually lines up seven to eight yards behind the line of scrimmage, with the kicker a few yards behind him. Upon receiving the snap, the holder holds the ball against the ground vertically, with the stitches away from the kicker. The kicker begins his approach during the snap, so the snapper and holder have little margin for error. A split-second mistake can disrupt the entire attempt.

text: The measurement of a field goal's distance is from the goalpost to the point where the ball was positioned for the kick by the holder. In American football, where the goalpost is located at the back of the end zone (above the end line), the ten yards of the end zone are added to the yard line distance at the spot of the hold.

text: In the early days of the sport, placekickers approached the ball straight on, with the toe making first contact with the ball. The technique of kicking the ball "soccer-style", by approaching the ball at an angle and kicking it with the instep, was introduced by kicker Pete Gogolak in the 1960s.[3] The Hungarian-born Gogolak, reflecting his roots in European soccer, observed that kicking the ball at an angle could cover more distance than kicking straight on.

text: Successful field goals[edit]

text: If there is any time left in the half, the method of resuming play after a successful field goal varies between leagues.

text: Missed field goals[edit]

text: A missed field goal is said to be "no good" if the kicked ball does not cross between the uprights and/or over the crossbar of the goal posts. If it misses to the posts' left it may be called "wide left" and "wide right" if it misses to the posts' right. A field goal attempt may be described as "short" if it does not have sufficient distance to go over the cross bar. Some commentators will only describe a field goal attempt as being short if it appears to have been aimed correctly while others will describe an attempt appearing to lack both accuracy and distance as being both wide and short.

text: If a field goal attempt is missed and does not go out of bounds, a defensive player may catch the ball and return it, like a punt or kickoff. This type of play usually occurs during an extremely long field goal attempt due to the distance the defense must travel to reach the returner. If there is a significant likelihood of a miss and the strategic game situation warrants it, the defense places a player downfield, in or near their end zone, to catch the ball. The risk in this is that the return man may be tackled deep in his own territory, at a considerably worse position than he could have gotten by letting the ball go dead (see below); furthermore, should the returner fumble the ball, the kicking team can recover it and gain a new set of downs (the advantage is that the kicking team is lined up very close together to stop kick blockers, and not spread across the field like a kickoff or punt team, and is therefore in poor position to defend the return). Thus, teams will usually return a kick only towards the end of a half (when the kick will be the final play) or in a particularly desperate situation.

text: If a ball caroms off one of the goal posts or the crossbar, but lands in the field of play, the ball is considered dead and cannot be returned. (This is not the case in arena football, where large "rebound nets" surround the goal posts for the explicit purpose of keeping the ball in play.) However, if the ball caroms off one of the goal posts or the crossbar and continues into the goal, the score counts.

text: Situations where the defense does not return a missed field goal vary between leagues and levels of play:

text: Blocked field goals[edit]

text: Occasionally, the defense will succeed in blocking a field goal. If a blocked field goal is in or behind the neutral zone, it is treated like a fumble and can be advanced by either team. Beyond the neutral zone, a blocked kick is treated like a punt and can be advanced only by the defense, unless a defensive player fumbles the ball, after which an offensive player can advance it.

text: History[edit]

text: In the early days of football, kicking was highly emphasized. In 1883, the scoring system was devised, with field goals counting for 5 points, and touchdowns and conversions worth 4 apiece. In 1897, the touchdown was raised to 5 points while the conversion was lowered to 1 point. Field goals were devalued to 4 points in 1904, and then to the modern 3 points in 1909. The touchdown was changed to 6 points in 1912 in American football; the Canadian game followed suit in 1956.

text: The spot of the conversion has also changed through the years. In 1924, NCAA rules spotted the conversion at the 3-yard line, before moving it back to the 5-yard line in 1925. In 1929, the spot was moved up to the 2-yard line, which the NFL had done until 2014. In 1968, the NCAA diverged from the NFL rules in moving the spot back to the original 3-yard line. Canadian rules originally spotted the conversion at the 5-yard line, which remains closer than in the American code as the goalposts are at the front of the end zone. In 2015, to make conversion kicks harder, the NFL and CFL moved the spot of the kick to the 15 and 25-yard lines, respectively. In addition, the CFL moved the spot for a two-point conversion up to the 3-yard line to entice more teams to go for 2 points as opposed to one.

text: The goalposts were originally located on the goal line; this led to many injuries and sometimes interfered with play. The NCAA moved the goal posts to the rear of the end zone in 1927. The NFL (still following NCAA rules at the time) followed suit, but moved the posts back to the goal line starting in the 1932 NFL Playoff Game, a change made necessary by the size of the indoor Chicago Stadium and kept when the NFL rules stopped mirroring the NCAA rules in 1933. The NFL kept the post at the goal line until 1974, when they were moved back to the rear of the end zone. This was partly a result of the narrowed hashmark distance made in 1972, which had made for easier field-goal angles. The Canadian game still has posts on the goal line.

text: The width of the goalposts and the hashmarks have also varied throughout the years. In 1959, the NCAA goalposts were widened to 23 feet 4 inches (7.11 m), the standard width for high school posts today. In 1991, the college goalposts were reduced in width to 18 ft 6 in (5.64 m), matching the NFL. For the 1991 and 1992 seasons, this meant potentially severe angles for short field goal attempts, since the hashmark width remained at 53 ft 4 in (16.26 m). In 1993, the NCAA narrowed the distance between the hashmarks to 40 ft (12.19 m), matching what was the width of hashmarks in the NFL from 1945 through 1971; the NFL narrowed the hashmarks in 1972 to goalpost width at 18.5 feet (5.64 m). In the CFL, the hashmarks are 51 feet (16 m), but the field is 195 feet (59 m) in width, 35 feet (11 m) wider than the American field.

text: The NFL increased the height of the uprights above the crossbar to 20 feet (6.10 m) in 1966 and 30 feet (9.14 m) in 1974. In 2014, they were raised five feet to 35 feet (10.67 m) after the adoption of a proposal by New England Patriots head coach Bill Belichick.[7]

text: The "slingshot" goalpost, with a single post curving to support the crossbar, was invented by Jim Trimble and Joel Rottman in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.[8] The first were built by Alcan and displayed at Expo 67,[8][9] the World's fair in Montreal. The NFL had standardized the goalposts in 1966 and adopted the slingshot for the 1967 season;[8] the NCAA later adopted the same rule, but later allowed the use of "offset" goalposts, with two posts rather than one (which were the norm prior to the invention of the "slingshot" goalposts). The CFL was the first league to use the new goalposts; they made their debut in the 2nd game of the CFL's Eastern Conference final in 1966 (which was played at Montreal's Autostade as Landsdowne Park [now TD Place Stadium], the home of Ottawa Rough Riders, was undergoing renovations), and were used in the Grey Cup the next week at Vancouver's Empire Stadium. Three schools in Division I FBS currently use dual-support posts: Florida State, LSU, and Washington State. A special exemption was allowed by the NFL for the New Orleans Saints to use the offset goalposts during the 2005 season, when they used LSU's stadium for home games after Hurricane Katrina.

text: Goalposts at the professional level today are sometimes equipped with a camera mounted to the stanchion immediately behind the center of the crossbar. Since these cameras are both above and slightly behind the crossbar, a field goal attempt will be judged good if it strikes this equipment.

text: In 1989, the NCAA banned the kicking tee for field goals and extra points, requiring kicks from the ground.[10][11]

text: During the 2011 NFL season, a record 90 field goals of 50 yards or longer were made.[12] In 2012, this record was increased to 92 field goals of 50 yards or longer.[12]

text: Longest field goal records[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: As recorded in Guinness World Records:

text: The record for a field goal at any level is 69 yards. It was kicked by Ove Johansson of the Abilene Christian University Wildcats in the 1976 game against East Texas State University Lions (now Texas A&M University–Commerce) in Shotwell Stadium, Abilene, Texas.[13]

text: NFL[edit]

text: The longest field goal made was 64 yards by Matt Prater of the Denver Broncos on December 8, 2013.[14] The longest field goal attempt in an NFL game was 76 yards by Sebastian Janikowski on September 28, 2008.[15]

text: In the history of the NFL regular season, only 18 field goals have been made from at least 60 yards:[16]

text:
Distance
Kicker
Team
Result
Opposition
Date
Notes
Location
Elevation
Weather

64 yards
Matt Prater
Denver Broncos
51–28
Tennessee Titans
December 8, 2013
End of 1st half
Sports Authority Field at Mile High
5,280 ft (1,610 m)
13 °F; Sunny; Wind: S at 3 mph; Humidity: 72%

63 yards
Tom Dempsey
New Orleans Saints
19–17
Detroit Lions
November 8, 1970
Born with a stub for a right foot. Game-winning kick as time expired. Detroit kicker Errol Mann had kicked a field goal with :08 remaining to give Lions the lead.
Tulane Stadium
16 ft (4.9 m)

63 yards
Jason Elam
Denver Broncos
37–24
Jacksonville Jaguars
October 25, 1998
First field goal to tie record; soccer-style kicker
Mile High Stadium
5,280 ft (1,610 m)

63 yards
Sebastian Janikowski
Oakland Raiders
23–20
Denver Broncos
September 12, 2011
Left-footed
Sports Authority Field at Mile High
5,280 ft (1,610 m)
Light rain early

63 yards
David Akers
San Francisco 49ers
30–22
Green Bay Packers
September 9, 2012
Left-footed; end of first half; ball bounced off crossbar before crossing the plane
Lambeau Field
640 ft (200 m)
70 °F; Mostly Cloudy; Wind: N at 7 mph; Humidity: 43%

62 yards
Matt Bryant
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
23–21
Philadelphia Eagles
October 22, 2006
Game-winning kick as time expired
Raymond James Stadium
35 ft (11 m)

62 yards
Stephen Gostkowski
New England Patriots
33–8
Oakland Raiders
November 19, 2017
Right-footed; kicked as time expired at the end of the first half
Azteca Stadium
7,280 ft (2,220 m)
63 °F; Mostly Cloudy

61 yards
Sebastian Janikowski
Oakland Raiders
9–23
Cleveland Browns
December 27, 2009
Left-footed
FirstEnergy Stadium
580 ft (180 m)

61 yards
Jay Feely
Arizona Cardinals
16–19 (OT)
Buffalo Bills
October 14, 2012
Right-footed; longest game-tying field goal with 1:09 remaining in the 4th quarter, missed a 38-yard field goal that would have won the game at the end of regulation
University of Phoenix Stadium
1,150 ft (350 m)
Retractable roof closed

61 yards
Justin Tucker
Baltimore Ravens
18–16
Detroit Lions
December 16, 2013
Right-footed; game-winning field goal with 43 seconds remaining; sixth field goal of the game
Ford Field
601 ft (183 m)[17]
Dome

61 yards
Greg Zuerlein
St. Louis Rams
18–21 (OT)
Minnesota Vikings
November 8, 2015
Right-footed
TCF Bank Stadium
869 ft (265 m)
58 °F (14 °C); sunny

61 yards
Jake Elliott
Philadelphia Eagles
27–24
New York Giants
September 24, 2017
Right-footed; game winning kick as time expired. Second game of NFL career.
Lincoln Financial Field
39 ft (12 m)
91 °F (33 °C); sunny

60 yards
Steve Cox
Cleveland Browns
9–12
Cincinnati Bengals
October 21, 1984
Straight-ahead kick; on AstroTurf
Riverfront Stadium
490 ft (150 m)

60 yards
Morten Andersen
New Orleans Saints
17–20
Chicago Bears
October 27, 1991
Left-footed; on AstroTurf; first 60-yard kick done indoors
Louisiana Superdome
Sea level
Dome

60 yards
Rob Bironas
Tennessee Titans
20–17
Indianapolis Colts
December 3, 2006
Right-footed; game winner with six seconds remaining
LP Field
400 ft (120 m)

60 yards
Dan Carpenter
Miami Dolphins
10–13
Cleveland Browns
December 5, 2010
End of 1st half
Sun Life Stadium
5 ft (1.5 m)
77 °F (25 °C), wind SW at 14 mph (23 km/h)

60 yards
Greg Zuerlein
St. Louis Rams
19–13
Seattle Seahawks
September 30, 2012
In his rookie season; longest field goal in third quarter; also kicked a 58-yard field goal in the first quarter
Edward Jones Dome
466 ft (142 m)
Dome

60 yards
Chandler Catanzaro
Arizona Cardinals
18–33
Buffalo Bills
September 25, 2016
Longest field goal in career
New Era Field
600 ft (180 m)

text: Prior to Dempsey's 1970 kick, the longest field goal in NFL history was a 56-yard field goal by Bert Rechichar in 1953. A 55-yard field goal, achieved by a drop kick, was recorded by Paddy Driscoll in 1924, and stood as the unofficial record until that point; some sources indicate a 54-yarder by Glenn Presnell in 1934 as the record, due to the inability to precisely verify Driscoll's 55-yarder.

text: In a pre-season NFL game between the Denver Broncos and the Seattle Seahawks on August 29, 2002, Ola Kimrin kicked a 65-yard field goal.[18] However, because pre-season games are not counted toward official records, this accomplishment is not the official record.

text: CFL[edit]

text:
62 yards, Paul McCallum, Saskatchewan Roughriders vs. Edmonton Eskimos, October 27, 2001[19]
60 yards, Dave Ridgway, Saskatchewan Roughriders vs. Winnipeg Blue Bombers, September 6, 1987[19]

text: College football[edit]

text:
69 yards, Ove Johansson, Abilene Christian vs. East Texas State on October 16, 1976. (NAIA)
67 yards, Tom Odle, Fort Hays State vs. Washburn, 1988. (NCAA)
67 yards, Joe Williams, Wichita State vs. Southern Illinois, 1978. (NCAA Division I)
67 yards, Russell Erxleben, Texas vs. Rice, 1977. (NCAA Division I)
67 yards, Steve Little, Arkansas vs. Texas, 1977.[20] (NCAA Division I)
65 yards, J. T. Haxall, Princeton vs. Yale, 1882.

text: All of the above kicks were successful with the use of a kicking tee, which was banned by the NCAA after the 1988 season.

text: 65 yards, Martin Gramatica, Kansas State vs. Northern Illinois, 1998 - without a tee [21]

text: The longest known drop-kicked field goal in college football was a 62-yard kick from Pat O'Dea, an Australian kicker who played on the Wisconsin Badgers football team. O'Dea's kick took place in a blizzard against Northwestern on November 15, 1898.[22]

text: U Sports[edit]

text: The longest field goal in U Sports football history is 59 yards, by Niko Difonte of Calgary Dinos, playing against the UBC Thunderbirds on November 11, 2017. The field goal was the final and winning play of the 81st Hardy Cup.[23][24]

text: High school[edit]

text:
68 yards, Dirk Borgognone, Reno High School vs. Sparks High School (Nevada), September 27, 1985[25][26]
67 yards, Austin Rehkow, Central Valley High School (Spokane Valley, Washington) vs. Shadle Park High School (Spokane, Washington), October 18, 2012, game-tying FG with :02 left in 4th quarter (CV would go on to win 62-55). [27][28] (tied with two others)
62 yards, David Rosenbaum, Woodrow Wilson High School (Washington, D.C.) vs. Spingarn High School, October 3, 2003. While no records are kept, considered to be the longest extra point scored. Penalties due to excessive celebration, unsportsmanlike conduct, and taunting.[29]

text: Independent amateur[edit]

text: 68 yards, Fabrizio Scaccia, Treasure Coast Bobcats (FL), March 29, 2009[30] (world record for a kick without the aid of a tee, which was banned for field goal and extra point attempts in the NCAA in 1989)

text: Independent Women's Football League[edit]

text: 44 yards, Sarah Oliver, California Quake vs. New Mexico Menace, April 26, 2008.[31]

text: Longest missed field goal return records[edit]

text: NFL[edit]

text: Field goal returns are rare in the NFL, since an attempt with sufficient distance that misses the uprights will automatically be dead. Returns are possible when a field goal is short, but in that case returners will usually down the ball so as to scrimmage from the spot of the kick. Normally, a return will only be attempted when there is not enough time left in the half to run a play from scrimmage. Nevertheless, four field goals have been returned for at least 107 yards in the 21st century:

text:
Distance returned
Returner
Team
Opposing kicker
Opposing team
Distance attempted
Date
Location

109 yards[32]
Antonio Cromartie
San Diego Chargers
Ryan Longwell
Minnesota Vikings
58 yards
November 4, 2007
Metrodome

108 yards[33]
Devin Hester
Chicago Bears
Jay Feely
New York Giants
52 yards
November 12, 2006
Giants Stadium

108 yards[34]
Nathan Vasher
Chicago Bears
Joe Nedney
San Francisco 49ers
52 yards
November 13, 2005
Soldier Field

107 yards[35]
Chris McAlister
Baltimore Ravens
Jason Elam
Denver Broncos
57 yards
September 30, 2002
Ravens Stadium

text: CFL[edit]

text: Because the goalposts in Canadian football are on the goal line, and because downing the ball in the end zone results in the kicking team scoring a single point, field goal returns are much more common. The longest missed field goal return in the CFL is 131 total yards. Against the Montreal Alouettes on August 22, 1958, the Toronto Argonauts' Boyd Carter ran 15 yards, then threw a lateral to Dave Mann, who then returned it for the final 116 yards.[36] This return, which started 21 yards behind the goal line, was during the era of 25-yard end zones (which made the maximum theoretical missed field return distance 134 yards in those days) and therefore cannot be met or exceeded on the modern field with 20-yard end zones. Since the shortening of the end zones in the CFL in 1986, a field goal has been returned for the maximum 129 yards on two occasions: by Tristan Jackson of the Saskatchewan Roughriders on July 14, 2012 [37] and by Trent Guy of the Montreal Alouettes on September 23, 2012.[38]

text: NCAA[edit]

text: In NCAA college football, only five missed field goals returns for touchdowns have ever been returned 100 yards or more:[39]

text:
September 17, 1966: Don Guest (California Golden Bears), 108-yard return for a touchdown after a failed 47-yard field goal attempt by Washington State.[39]
September 28, 1968: Richie Luzzi (Clemson Tigers), 108-yard return for a touchdown after a failed 47-yard field goal attempt by Georgia.[40]
September 7, 2013: Odell Beckham Jr. (LSU Tigers), 109-yard return for a touchdown after a failed 59-yard field goal attempt by UAB.[39]
November 30, 2013: Chris Davis, Jr. (Auburn Tigers), 109-yard return for a touchdown after what would have been a tie-breaking 57-yard field goal attempt by Alabama fell short as time expired, what some writers and fans call the greatest play in college football history.[41][42][43][44]
September 3, 2016: Brandon Wilson (Houston Cougars), 109-yard return for a touchdown after a failed 53-yard field goal attempt by Oklahoma.[45]

text: U Sports[edit]

text: In U Sports football, like in the CFL, the longest possible missed field goal return is 129 yards, and this has occurred three times.[24]

text:
Jeremy Botelho of the Manitoba Bisons playing against the Simon Fraser Clansmen on September 11, 2009
Jedd Gardner of the Guelph Gryphons playing against the McMaster Marauders on October 8, 2010
Tunde Adeleke of the Carleton Ravens playing against the Ottawa Gee-Gees on October 5, 2013


document_title: Out of left field

question_text: where did the phrase out of left field come from

root

text: Out of left field

text: "Out of left field" is American slang meaning "unexpectedly", "odd" or "strange". The phrase came from baseball terminology referring to the area covered by the left fielder who has the farthest throw to first base. According to mlb.com there is another meaning: "The term 'way out in left field' is taken to mean 'crazy.'" Cook County Hospital (by the West Side Grounds, the Chicago Cubs first location under what is now the University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine) had a mental institution behind left field, (This cannot be true. Left field was against Wood St.) (...) The bottom line is, patients could be heard yelling and screaming things at fans behind the left field wall.'"[1] Variations include "out in left field" and simply "left field".[2]

tag: p

text: Music industry[edit]

text: Popular music historian Arnold Shaw wrote in 1949 for the Music Library Association that the term "out of left field" was first used in the idiomatic sense of "from out of nowhere" by the music industry to refer to a song that unexpectedly performed well in the market.[3] Based on baseball lingo, a sentence such as "That was a hit out of left field" was used by song pluggers who promoted recordings and sheet music, to describe a song requiring no effort to sell.[3] A "rocking chair hit" was the kind of song which came "out of left field" and sold itself, allowing the song plugger to relax.[3] A 1943 article in Billboard magazine expands the use to describe people unexpectedly drawn to radio broadcasting:

text: "Latest twist in radio linked with the war is the exceptional number of quasi-clerical groups and individuals who have come out of left field in recent months and are trying to buy, not promote, radio time."[4]

text: Further instances of the phrase were published in the 1940s, including more times in Billboard magazine and once in a humor book titled How to Be Poor.[5][6][7]

text: Later explanations[edit]

text: In May 1981, columnist William Safire asked readers of The New York Times to send him any ideas they had regarding the origin of the phrase "out of left field"—he did not know where it came from, and did not refer to Shaw's work.[8] On June 28, 1981, he devoted most of his Sunday column to the phrase, offering up various responses he received.[9][10] The earliest scholarly citation Safire could find was a 1961 article in the journal American Speech, which defined the variation "out in left field" as meaning "disoriented, out of contact with reality."[10][11] Linguist John Algeo told Safire that the phrase most likely came from baseball observers rather than from baseball fans or players.[12]

text: In Safire's Political Dictionary, Safire writes that the phrase "out of left field" means "out of the ordinary, out of touch, far out."[13] The variation "out in left field" means alternately "removed from the ordinary, unconventional" or "out of contact with reality, out of touch."[13] He compares the term to left-wing politics and the Left Coast—slang for the liberal-leaning coastal cities in California, Oregon and Washington.[13]

text: In 1998, American English professor Robert L. Chapman, in his book American Slang, wrote that the phrase "out of left field" was in use by 1953.[14] He did not cite Shaw's work and he did not point to printed instances of the phrase in the 1940s. Marcus Callies, an associate professor of English and philology at the University of Mainz in Germany, wrote that "the precise origin is unclear and disputed", referring to Christine Ammer's conclusion in The American Heritage Dictionary of Idioms.[15] Callies suggested that the left fielder in baseball might throw the ball to home plate in an effort to get the runner out before he scores, and that the ball, coming from behind the runner out of left field, would surprise the runner.[15]

text: From the Way Out In Left Field Society: "The phrase "way out in left field" has evolved to mean an eccentric, odd, misguided or peculiar statement or act. Although the origin of the phrase has been challenged and debated over the years, the most logical and realistic explanation comes from an extinct baseball park called West Side Grounds that the Chicago Cubs called home from 1893 to 1915. As legend has it, a mental hospital called the Neuropsychiatric Institute was located directly behind the left field wall. The Institute housed mental patients who could be heard making strange and bizarre comments within listening distance of players and fans. Thus, if someone said that you were "way out in left field," the person was questioning your sanity and comparing you with a mental patient"[16][17]


document_title: Three-point field goal

question_text: when did the nba 3 point line start

question_tokens: when did the nba 3 point line start

text: Three-point field goal

text: History[edit]

text: The three-point line was first tested at the collegiate level in a 1945 NCAA game between Columbia and Fordham but it was not kept as a rule. At the direction of Abe Saperstein, the American Basketball League became the first basketball league to institute the rule in 1961. Its three-point line was a radius of 25 feet (7.62 m) from the baskets, except along the sides.[2] The Eastern Professional Basketball League followed in its 1963–64 season.

text: The three-point shot later became popularized by the American Basketball Association after its introduction in the 1967–68 season. ABA commissioner George Mikan stated the three-pointer "would give the smaller player a chance to score and open up the defense to make the game more enjoyable for the fans."[3] During the 1970s, the ABA used the three-point shot, along with the slam dunk, as a marketing tool to compete with the National Basketball Association (NBA).

text: In the 1979–80 season, after having tested it in the previous pre-season, the NBA adopted the three-point line despite the view of many that it was a gimmick.[4] Chris Ford of the Boston Celtics is widely credited with making the first three-point shot in NBA history on October 12, 1979. Kevin Grevey of the Washington Bullets also made one on the same day.

text: The sport's international governing body, FIBA, introduced the three-point line in 1984, at a distance of 6.25 m (20 ft 6 in).

text: The NCAA's Southern Conference became the first collegiate conference to use the three-point rule, adopting a 22-foot (6.71 m) line for the 1980–81 season.[5][6] Ronnie Carr of Western Carolina University was the first to score a three-point field goal in college basketball history on November 29, 1980.[6][7][8] Over the following five years, NCAA conferences differed in their use of the rule and distance required for a three-pointer. The line was as close as 17 ft 9 in (5.41 m) in the Atlantic Coast Conference, and as far away as 22 feet in the Big Sky Conference.[9] Used in conference play, it was adopted by the NCAA for the 1986–87 men's season at 19 ft 9 in (6.02 m), and was first used in the NCAA Tournament in 1987.[10] In the same 1986–87 season, the NCAA adopted the three-pointer in women's basketball on an experimental basis, using the same 19 ft 9 in distance, and made its use mandatory beginning in 1987–88.[11] In 2007, the NCAA lengthened the men's three-point distance to 20 ft 9 in (6.32 m), with the rule coming into effect at the beginning of the 2008–09 season.[12] The NCAA women's three-point distance was moved to match the men's distance in 2011–12.[11] American high schools, along with elementary and middle schools, adopted a 19 ft 9 in (6.02 m) line nationally in 1987, a year after the NCAA.[13]

text: During the 1994–95, 1995–96, and 1996–97 seasons, the NBA attempted to address decreased scoring by shortening the distance of the line from 23 ft 9 in (7.24 m) (22 ft (6.71 m) at the corners) to a uniform 22 ft (6.71 m) around the basket. From the 1997–98 season on, the NBA reverted the line to its original distance of 23 ft 9 in (22 ft at the corners, with a 3 inch differential). Ray Allen is currently the NBA all-time leader in career made three-pointers with 2,973.[14]

text: In 2008, FIBA announced that the distance would be increased by 50 cm (19.69 in) to 6.75 m (22 ft 1 3⁄4 in), with the change being phased in beginning in October 2010. In December 2012, the WNBA announced that it would be using FIBA's distance, too, as of the 2013 season. The NBA has discussed adding a four-point line, according to president Rod Thorn.[15]

text: In the NBA, three-point field goals have become increasingly more frequent along the years, with effectiveness increasing slightly. The 1979-80 season had an average 2.2 three-point goals per game and 6.6 attempts (28% effectiveness). The 1989-90 season had an average 4.8 three-point goals per game and 13.7 attempts (35% effectiveness). The 2009-10 season had an average 6.4 three-point goals per game and 18.1 attempts (36% effectiveness). The 2016-17 season had an average 9.7 three-point goals per game and 27.0 attempts (36% effectiveness).[16]

text: Rule specifications[edit]

text: A three-point line consists of an arc at a set radius measured from the point on the floor directly below the center of the basket, and two parallel lines equidistant from each sideline extending from the nearest end line to the point at which they intersect the arc. In the NBA and FIBA standard, the arc spans the width of the court until it is a specified minimum distance from each sideline. The three-point line then becomes parallel to the sidelines from those points to the baseline. The unusual formation of the three-point line at these levels allows players some space from which to attempt a three-point shot at the corners of the court; the arc would be less than 2 feet (0.61 m) from each sideline at the corners if it was a continuous arc. In the NCAA and American high school standards, the arc spans 180° around the basket, then becomes parallel to the sidelines from the plane of the basket center to the baseline (5 feet 3 inches or 1.60 metres). The distance of the three-point line to the center of the hoop varies by level:

text:
Arc radius
Minimum distance from sidelines

National Basketball Association
23 feet 9 inches (7.24 m)
3 feet (0.91 m)
[17]

FIBA (also used by WNBA)
6.75 meters (22 ft 2 in)
0.90 meters (2 ft 11 in)
[18]

National Collegiate Athletic Association
20 feet 9 inches (6.32 m)
4 feet 3 inches (1.30 m)
[19]

American High school basketball
19 feet 9 inches (6.02 m)
5 feet 3 inches (1.60 m)
[20]

tag: table

text: A player's feet must be completely behind the three-point line at the time of the shot or jump in order to make a three-point attempt; if the player's feet are on or in front of the line, it is a two-point attempt. A player is allowed to jump from outside the line and land inside the line to make a three-point attempt, as long as the ball is released in mid-air.

text: An official raises his/her arm with three fingers extended to signal the shot attempt. If the attempt is successful, he/she raises his/her other arm with all fingers fully extended in manner similar to a football official signifying successful field goal to indicate the three-point goal. The official must recognize it for it to count as three points. Instant replay has sometimes been used, depending on league rules. The NBA,[21] WNBA, FIBA and the NCAA specifically allow replay for this purpose. In NBA, FIBA, and WNBA games, video replay does not have to occur immediately following a shot; play can continue and the officials can adjust the scoring later in the game, after reviewing the video. However, in late game situations, play may be paused pending a review.

text: If a shooter is fouled while attempting a three-pointer and subsequently misses the shot, the shooter is awarded three free-throw attempts. If a player completes a three-pointer while being fouled, the player is awarded one free-throw for a possible 4-point play. Conceivably, if a player completed a three-pointer while being fouled, and that foul was ruled as either a Flagrant 1 or a Flagrant 2 foul, the player would be awarded two free throws for a possible 5-point play.

text: Related concepts[edit]

text: Major League Lacrosse features a two-point line which forms a 15-yard (14 m) arc around the front of the goal. Shots taken from behind this line count for two points, as opposed to the standard one point.

text: In gridiron football, a standard field goal is worth three points; various professional and semi-pro leagues have experimented with four-point field goals. NFL Europe and the Stars Football League adopted a rule similar to basketball's three-point line in which an additional point was awarded for longer field goals; in both leagues any field goal of 50 yards (46 m) or more was worth four points. The Arena Football League awards four points for any successful drop kicked field goal (like the three-point shot, the drop kick is more challenging than a standard place kick, as the bounce of the ball makes a kick less predictable, and arena football also uses narrower goal posts for all kicks than the outdoor game does).

text: During the existence of the World Hockey Association in the 1970s, there were proposals for two-point hockey goals for shots taken beyond an established distance (one proposal was a 44-foot (13.4m) arc, which would have intersected the faceoff circles), but this proposal gained little support and faded after the WHA merged with the NHL. It was widely believed that long-distance shots in hockey had little direct relation to skill (usually resulting more from goalies' vision being screened or obscured), plus with the lower scoring intrinsic to the sport a two-point goal was seen as disruptive of the structure of the game.

text: The Super Goal is a similar concept in Australian rules football, in which a 50-meter (55 yd) arc determines the value of a goal; within the arc, it is the usual 6 points, but 9 points are scored for a "super goal" scored from outside the arc. To date the super goal is only used in pre-season games and not in the season proper.[22]

text: The National Professional Soccer League II, which awarded two points for all goals except those on the power play, also used a three-point line, drawn 45 feet (14 m) from the goal. It has since been adopted by some other indoor soccer leagues.


document_title: Maura Tierney

question_text: who plays maddie hayward on the good wife

text: Maura Tierney

text: Early life[edit]

text: Tierney, the eldest of three children, was born and raised in the Hyde Park neighborhood[1] of Boston, Massachusetts, to an Irish Catholic family.[2] Her mother, Pat (née James), is a real estate broker, and her late father, Joseph M. Tierney, was a prominent Boston politician who served on the Boston City Council for 15 years.[3]

text: Tierney attended Mount Alvernia Academy elementary school and Notre Dame Academy in Hingham, Massachusetts, where her studies included drama, which led to her appearance at the Boston Globe Drama Festival.[1] After graduation, she attended New York University, where she majored first in dance, then in drama.[4]

text: Career[edit]

text: After appearing in several plays, Tierney moved to Los Angeles, California, and in 1987 got her first break with a role in Disney's made-for-TV film Student Exchange.[5] Tierney's first starring role in a film was in a low-budget independent film called Dead Women in Lingerie, shot in 24 days.[6] The film never received a theatrical release, although it was released on DVD in 2005.

text: Tierney had a number of small roles in film and television but first received regular national exposure with her leading role in the sitcom NewsRadio from 1995 to 1999. While she was a NewsRadio cast member, she also appeared in several successful films, including Primal Fear, Primary Colors, Forces of Nature, Welcome to Mooseport, and Liar Liar opposite Jim Carrey.

text: After NewsRadio was canceled, Tierney decided not to pursue a role in another sitcom:

text: [W]hen NewsRadio got canceled, ... I thought, there's probably not gonna be something like [that show] again for me... So then, when ER called ... that was a way to stay in [television] that would remain interesting for me.[7]

text: From 1999 to 2008, Tierney played Nurse Abigail "Abby" Lockhart on ER, a character that began as a guest appearance in November 1999 and then expanded in February 2000 to a full-time regular role as an ER nurse and later, after completion of medical school, a doctor. She was reunited with her former NewsRadio co-star Khandi Alexander, who at that time had a recurring role on ER.

text: Within a year, Tierney's work on ER earned her an Emmy Award nomination, recognition she credits to a "juicy" story arc featuring Sally Field as Lockhart's mother Maggie Wyczenski, who suffers from bipolar disorder.[5]

text: Tierney confirmed in April 2008 that she would be leaving ER shortly after the beginning of the show's fifteenth season. In October 2008, she made her final regular appearance on the series after nearly 10 seasons on the show. She returned to make a cameo appearance in one additional episode later in 2009 toward the end of the final season.

text: Tierney's highest-profile film while a member of the ER cast was the 2002 film Insomnia, directed by Christopher Nolan. That same year she also starred in Scotland, Pa., portraying a Lady Macbeth-like character written specifically for her by Billy Morrissette, her husband at the time. She was praised by critics for her performance. She also collaborated with NewsRadio writer Joe Furey for a special "Working with Joe Furey" featurette for Furey's film Love and Support.

text: In 2004, Tierney won the second-season tournament of Bravo's Celebrity Poker Showdown against Lauren Graham, who had a guest role in the fourth season of NewsRadio. Tierney returned to the stage in May 2006 in an appearance opposite Eric McCormack in the Off Broadway premiere of Some Girl(s).[8] She also appeared in the 2008 films Semi-Pro, Baby Mama, The Go-Getter and Finding Amanda.

text: Tierney played the role of Laurel in the Off Broadway play Three Changes with Dylan McDermott[9] from September 16 to October 4, 2008.

text: Tierney returned to television, playing the recurring character Kelly McPhee on the FX series Rescue Me in 2009 and 2011 during its final season. She replaced Joely Richardson as the female lead of the 2010 ABC television series The Whole Truth after Richardson dropped out to spend more time with her family.[10] Tierney's role in the show, a legal drama produced by Jerry Bruckheimer, marked her return to television after recovering from breast surgery and cancer treatments.[11] ABC canceled The Whole Truth after four episodes owing to low ratings.[citation needed]

text: In February 2011, Tierney made her debut at the Gate Theatre in the Dublin premiere of Yasmina Reza's God of Carnage (translation by Christopher Hampton) alongside Ardal O'Hanlon.[12]

text: In September 2012, Tierney began a recurring role on the CBS legal drama The Good Wife, playing Maddie Hayward.[13]

text: In 2013, Tierney joined the cast of Showtime's The Affair,[14] playing Helen Solloway. The Affair began airing in October 2014.

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Tierney married actor and director Billy Morrissette on February 1, 1993, two days before her 28th birthday, after the two met on the set of a never-aired television series.[15] After being married for 13 years, she filed for divorce in 2006, citing irreconcilable differences. They had no children.

text: On February 1, 2009, the recently ordained Tierney officiated at the wedding of her friend and former ER co-star Parminder Nagra to photographer James Stenson.[16]

text: Tierney had surgery to remove a tumor from her breast in 2009.[17] She had been cast in Parenthood but schedule conflicts with her cancer treatments led her to leave, and she was replaced by Lauren Graham.[18] Tierney finished treatment and returned to work in a stage play in 2010.[19]

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1991
Dead Women in Lingerie
Molly Field

1991
The Linguini Incident
Cecelia

1992
White Sands
Noreen

1992
Fly by Night
Denise

1993
The Temp
Sharon Derns

1995
Mercy
Simonet

1996
Primal Fear
Naomi Chance

1997
Liar Liar
Audrey Reede

1998
Primary Colors
Daisy Green

1998
The Thin Pink Line
Suzanne

1999
Forces of Nature
Bridget Cahill

1999
Oxygen
Det. Madeline Foster

1999
Instinct
Lynn Powell

2000
Mexico City
Pam on Phone (voice)

2001
Scotland, PA
Pat McBeth

2002
Insomnia
Rachel Clement

2002
Rooftop Kisses
Denise

2002
The Nazi
Helen

2003
Melvin Goes to Dinner
Leslie

2004
Welcome to Mooseport
Sally Mannis

2006
Danny Roane: First Time Director
Maura Tierney

2006
Diggers
Gina

2007
The Go-Getter
Hal's Pets

2008
Semi-Pro
Lynn

2008
Baby Mama
Caroline

2008
Finding Amanda
Lorraine Mendon

2012
Nature Calls
Janine

2017
Anything
Laurette Sachman

2018
Beautiful Boy
Karen
In post-production

text: Television[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1987
Student Exchange
Kathy Maltby
Television movie

1988
Crossing the Mob
Michelle
Television movie

1988
The Van Dyke Show
Jillian Ryan
10 episodes

1989
Family Ties
Darlene
Episode: "My Best Friend's Girl"

1990
Booker
Donna Cofax
Episode: "Reunion"

1990
Flying Blind
Donna
Television movie

1991
Law & Order
Patricia 'Patti' Blaine
Episode: "Aria"

1994
Lifestories: Families in Crisis
N/A
Episode: "A Body to Die For: The Aaron Henry Story"

1994
704 Hauser
Cherlyn Markowitz
5 episodes

1994
Out of Darkness
Meg
Television movie

1995–1999
NewsRadio
Lisa Miller
96 episodes

1999–2009
ER
Dr. Abby Lockhart
183 episodes

2000
King of the Hill
Tanya (voice)
Episode: "Movin' On Up"

2009–2011
Rescue Me
Kelly McPhee
9 episodes

2010–2011
The Whole Truth
Kathryn Peale
13 episodes

2011
The Office
Susan California
Episode: "Mrs. California"

2012–2013
The Good Wife
Maddie Hayward
7 episodes

2012
Ruth & Erica
Erica
10 episodes

2014–present
The Affair
Helen Solloway
27 episodes

2018
Philip K. Dick's Electric Dreams
Irene Lee
Episode: "Safe & Sound"

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Association
Category
Nominated work
Result

2000
Blockbuster Entertainment Awards
Favorite Supporting Actress – Comedy/Romance
Forces of Nature
Nominated

2001
Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series
ER
Nominated

Screen Actors Guild Awards
Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series
Nominated

2003
Prism Awards
Best Performance in a Drama Series
Nominated

Satellite Awards
Best Actress – Television Series Drama
Nominated

2007
Prism Awards
Best Performance in a Drama Series
Nominated

2008
Prism Awards
Best Performance in a Drama Series
Nominated

2016
Critics' Choice Television Awards
Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series
The Affair
Nominated

Golden Globe Awards
Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film
Won

Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series
Nominated

2017
Critics' Choice Television Awards
Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series
Nominated

Satellite Awards
Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film
Nominated


document_title: Tappahannock, Virginia

question_text: how far is tappahannock virginia from richmond virginia

text: Tappahannock, Virginia

text: History[edit]

text: In 1682 a local man, Jacob Hobbs, established a trading post in the now extinct Rappahannock County[9] (in the vicinity of present-day Tappahannock). This area became known as "Hobbs Hole". The town comprised 50 acres (20 ha) divided into half-acre squares.[10] The port was established at Hobbs Hole and called "New Plymouth",[10] later changed back to the Indian name "Tappahannock". As part of the Tobacco Inspection Act of 1730 public warehouses for inspection and exportation of tobacco were established at Hobbs Hole.

text: The Tappahannock Historic District and Sabine Hall are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[11]

text: On February 24, 2016, the town was hit by a large EF3 tornado causing massive damage.[12]

text: Geography[edit]

text: Tappahannock is located on the east side of Essex County at 37°55′20″N 76°51′47″W / 37.92222°N 76.86306°W / 37.92222; -76.86306 (37.922180, -76.863158),[13] on the southwest bank of the Rappahannock River.

text: U.S. Routes 17 and 360 pass through the town. US 17 passes through the center of town as Church Lane, leading northwest 47 miles (76 km) to Fredericksburg and southeast 70 miles (110 km) to Newport News. US 360 runs through town with US 17 on Church Lane, but turns east on Queen Street and crosses the mile-wide Rappahannock, continuing east 39 miles (63 km) to its terminus in Reedville near the Chesapeake Bay. US 360 leads southwest from Tappahannock 45 miles (72 km) to Richmond, the state capital.

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the town 2.7 square miles (6.9 km2), of which 2.6 square miles (6.7 km2) is land and 0.077 square miles (0.2 km2), or 2.84%, is water.[3]

text: Demographics[edit]

text:
Historical population

Census
Pop.

%±
1880574—1890452−21.3%190055422.6%1910478−13.7%1920422−11.7%19304271.2%194078383.4%19501,01129.1%19601,0867.4%19701,1112.3%19801,82163.9%19901,550−14.9%20002,06833.4%20102,37514.8%Est. 20162,386[14]0.5%U.S. Decennial Census[15]

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 2,068 people, 857 households, and 495 families residing in the town.[1] The population density was 793.6 people per square mile (305.9/km²). There were 946 housing units at an average density of 363.0 per square mile (139.9/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 54.60% White, 41.60% African American, 0.10% Native American, 2.50% Asian, 0.10% from other races, and 1.00% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.40% of the population.

text: There were 857 households out of which 27.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.6% were married couples living together, 18.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.2% were non-families. 35.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 14.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.91.

text: In the town, the population was spread out with 22.4% under the age of 18, 8.5% from 18 to 24, 27.0% from 25 to 44, 20.7% from 45 to 64, and 21.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 78.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 73.6 males.

text: The median income for a household in the town was $33,688, and the median income for a family was $41,579. Males had a median income of $28,409 versus $20,431 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,862. About 10.6% of families and 14.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.6% of those under age 18 and 6.7% of those age 65 or over.

text: Places[edit]

text:
The Tappahannock-Essex County Airport is located approximately 4 miles (6 km) south of Tappahannock and opened in 2007. Prior to the opening of the new airport, the old Tappahannock Municipal Airport was located inside town limits.
Lowery's, a seafood restaurant, has been open since 1938.
June Parker Marina, a small working marina located on what was originally known as Hobbs His Hole Harbor on Brockenborough Gut. This was the original port of Tappahannock. The town was designed around this harbor to efficiently transport tobacco from Marsh Street and being able to make one single left turn onto Water Lane which ends at Hobbs His Hole Harbor, now June Parker Marina. Thousands of pounds of English ballast stone lies on the bottom of the River there which was discarded hundreds of years ago in return for Essex Tobacco.
Tappahannock is located on the banks of the Rappahannock River. People traveling on U.S. Highway 360 from the northeast cross the Rappahannock via the Thomas Downing Bridge.
The town is home to St. Margaret's School, a private boarding school.
There is a historic debtors' prison, constructed sometime before 1769. It is one of three such structures remaining in Virginia, along with those in Accomac[16] and Worsham.[17]  The prison building is part of the Tappahannock Historic District, and as such was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.[17]

tag: ul

text: Notable residents[edit]

text:
Chris Brown, Grammy Award-winning R&B pop star, actor, songwriter, dancer
Lorenzo Bundy, Major League Baseball coach
Bill Dennis, NASCAR driver, Winston Cup Rookie of the Year, 1970
Audrey Long, actress, attended school in Tappahannock
William "Bill" Moore, legendary blues artist[18]
Stacy Tutt, former New York Jets running back[19]


document_title: Human iron metabolism

question_text: where is iron absorbed in the human body

text: Human iron metabolism

text: Importance of iron regulation[edit]

text: Iron is an essential bioelement for most forms of life, from bacteria to mammals. Its importance lies in its ability to mediate electron transfer. In the ferrous state, iron acts as an electron donor, while in the ferric state it acts as an acceptor. Thus, iron plays a vital role in the catalysis of enzymatic reactions that involve electron transfer (reduction and oxidation, redox). Proteins can contain iron as part of different cofactors, such as iron-sulfur clusters (Fe-S) and heme groups, both of which are assembled in mitochondria.

text: Cellular respiration[edit]

text: Human cells require iron in order to obtain energy as ATP from a multi-step process known as cellular respiration, more specifically from oxidative phosphorylation at the mitochondrial cristae. Iron is present in the iron-sulfur clusters and heme groups of the electron transport chain proteins that generate a proton gradient that allows ATP synthase to synthesize ATP (chemiosmosis).

text: Heme groups are part of hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells that serves to transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. Heme groups are also present in myoglobin to store and diffuse oxygen in muscle cells.

text: Oxygen transport[edit]

text: The human body needs iron for oxygen transport. Oxygen (O2) is required for the functioning and survival of nearly all cell types. Oxygen is transported from the lungs to the rest of the body bound to the heme group of hemoglobin in erythrocytes. In muscles cells, iron binds myoglobin, which regulates its release.

text: Toxicity[edit]

text: Iron is also potentially toxic. Its ability to donate and accept electrons means that it can catalyze the conversion of hydrogen peroxide into free radicals. Free radicals can cause damage to a wide variety of cellular structures, and ultimately kill the cell.[1]

text: Iron bound to proteins or cofactors such as heme is safe. Also,  there are virtually no truly free iron ions in the cell, since they readily form complexes with organic molecules. However, some of the intracellular iron is bound to low-affinity complexes, and is termed labile iron or "free" iron. Iron in such complexes can cause damage as described above.[2]

text: To prevent that kind of damage, all life forms that use iron bind the iron atoms to proteins. This binding allows cells to benefit from iron while also limiting its ability to do harm.[1][3] Typical intracellular labile iron concentrations in bacteria are 10-20 micromolar,[4] though they can be 10-fold higher in anaerobic environment,[5] where free radicals and reactive oxygen species are scarcer. In mammalian cells, intracellular labile iron concentrations are typically smaller than 1 micromolar, less than 5 percent of total cellular iron.[2]

text: Bacterial protection[edit]

text: In response to a systemic bacterial infection, the immune system initiates a process known as iron withholding. If bacteria are to survive, then they must obtain iron from their environment. Disease-causing bacteria do this in many ways, including releasing iron-binding molecules called siderophores and then reabsorbing them to recover iron, or scavenging iron from hemoglobin and transferrin. The harder they have to work to get iron, the greater a metabolic price they must pay. That means that iron-deprived bacteria reproduce more slowly. So our control of iron levels appears to be an important defense against most bacterial infections; there are some exceptions however. TB causing bacterium can reside within macrophages which are an iron rich environment and Borrelia burgdorferi utilises manganese in place of iron. People with increased amounts of iron, like people with hemochromatosis, are more susceptible to some bacterial infection.[6]

text: Although this mechanism is an elegant response to short-term bacterial infection, it can cause problems when inflammation goes on for longer. Since the liver produces hepcidin in response to inflammatory cytokines, hepcidin levels can increase as the result of non-bacterial sources of inflammation, like viral infection, cancer, auto-immune diseases or other chronic diseases. When this occurs, the sequestration of iron appears to be the major cause of the syndrome of anemia of chronic disease, in which not enough iron is available to produce enough hemoglobin-containing red blood cells.[3]

text: Body iron stores[edit]

text: Most well-nourished people in industrialized countries have 4 to 5 grams of iron in their bodies (∼38 mg iron/kg body weight for women and ∼50 mg iron/kg body for men).[7] Of this, about 6997250000000000000♠2.5 g is contained in the hemoglobin needed to carry oxygen through the blood, and most of the rest (approximately 2 grams in adult men, and somewhat less in women of childbearing age) is contained in ferritin complexes that are present in all cells, but most common in bone marrow, liver, and spleen. The liver's stores of ferritin are the primary physiologic source of reserve iron in the body. The reserves of iron in industrialized countries tend to be lower in children and women of child-bearing age than in men and in the elderly. Women who must use their stores to compensate for iron lost through menstruation, pregnancy or lactation have lower non-hemoglobin body stores, which may consist of 6996500000000000000♠500 mg, or even less.

text: Of the body's total iron content, about 6996399999999999999♠400 mg is devoted to cellular proteins that use iron for important cellular processes like storing oxygen (myoglobin) or performing energy-producing redox reactions (cytochromes). A relatively small amount (3–4 mg) circulates through the plasma, bound to transferrin.[8] Because of its toxicity, free soluble iron is kept in low concentration in the body.

text: Iron deficiency first affects the storage iron in the body, and depletion of these stores is thought to be relatively non-symptomatic, although some vague and non-specific symptoms have been associated with it. Since iron is primarily required for hemoglobin, iron deficiency anemia is the primary clinical manifestation of iron deficiency. Iron-deficient people will suffer or die from organ damage well before cells run out of the iron needed for intracellular processes like electron transport.

text: Macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system store iron as part of the process of breaking down and processing hemoglobin from engulfed red blood cells. Iron is also stored as a pigment called hemosiderin which is an ill-defined deposit of protein and iron, created by macrophages where excess iron is present, either locally or systemically for example among people with iron overload due to frequent blood cell destruction and transfusions. If the systemic iron overload is corrected, over time the hemosiderin is slowly resorbed by macrophages.

text: Mechanisms of iron regulation[edit]

text: Human iron homeostasis is regulated at two different levels. Systemic iron levels are balanced by the controlled absorption of dietary iron by enterocytes, the cells that line the interior of the intestines, and the uncontrolled loss of iron from epithelial sloughing, sweat, injuries and blood loss. In addition, systemic iron is continuously recycled. Cellular iron levels are controlled differently by different cell types due to the expression of particular iron regulatory and transport proteins.

text: Systemic iron regulation[edit]

text: Dietary iron uptake[edit]

text: The absorption of dietary iron is a variable and dynamic process. The amount of iron absorbed compared to the amount ingested is typically low, but may range from 5% to as much as 35% depending on circumstances and type of iron. The efficiency with which iron is absorbed varies depending on the source. Generally the best-absorbed forms of iron come from animal products. Absorption of dietary iron in iron salt form (as in most supplements) varies somewhat according to the body’s need for iron, and is usually between 10% and 20% of iron intake. Absorption of iron from animal products, and some plant products, is in the form of heme iron, and is more efficient, allowing absorption of from 15% to 35% of intake. Heme iron in animals is from blood and heme-containing proteins in meat and mitochondria, whereas in plants, heme iron is present in mitochondria in all cells that use oxygen for respiration.

text: Like most mineral nutrients, the majority of the iron absorbed from digested food or supplements is absorbed in the duodenum by enterocytes of the duodenal lining. These cells have special molecules that allow them to move iron into the body. To be absorbed, dietary iron can be absorbed as part of a protein such as heme protein or iron must be in its ferrous Fe2+ form. A ferric reductase enzyme on the enterocytes’ brush border, duodenal cytochrome B (Dcytb), reduces ferric Fe3+ to Fe2+.[9] A protein called divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), which can transport several divalent metals across the plasma membrane, then transports iron across the enterocyte’s cell membrane into the cell.

text: These intestinal lining cells can then either store the iron as ferritin, which is accomplished by Fe3+ binding to apoferritin (in which case the iron will leave the body when the cell dies and is sloughed off into feces), or the cell can release it into the body via the only known iron exporter in mammals, ferroportin. Hephaestin, a ferroxidase that can oxidize Fe2+ to Fe3+ and is found mainly in the small intestine, helps ferroportin transfer iron across the basolateral end of the intestine cells. In contrast, ferroportin is post-translationally repressed by hepcidin, a 25-amino acid peptide hormone. The body regulates iron levels by regulating each of these steps. For instance, enterocytes synthesize more Dcytb, DMT1 and ferroportin in response to iron deficiency anemia.[10] Iron absorption from diet is enhanced in the presence of vitamin C and diminished by excess calcium, zinc, or manganese.[11][citation needed]

text: The human body’s rate of iron absorption appears to respond to a variety of interdependent factors, including total iron stores, the extent to which the bone marrow is producing new red blood cells, the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood, and the oxygen content of the blood. The body also absorbs less iron during times of inflammation, in order to deprive bacteria of iron. Recent discoveries demonstrate that hepcidin regulation of ferroportin is responsible for the syndrome of anemia of chronic disease.

text: Iron recycling and loss[edit]

text: Most of the iron in the body is hoarded and recycled by the reticuloendothelial system, which breaks down aged red blood cells. In contrast to iron uptake and recycling, there is no physiologic regulatory mechanism for excreting iron. People lose a small but steady amount by gastrointestinal blood loss, sweating and by shedding cells of the skin and the mucosal lining of the gastrointestinal tract. The total amount of loss for healthy people in the developed world amounts to an estimated average of 6994100000000000000♠1 mg a day for men, and 1.5–2 mg a day for women with regular menstrual periods.[citation needed] People with gastrointestinal parasitic infections, more commonly found in developing countries, often lose more.[1] Those who cannot regulate absorption well enough get disorders of iron overload. In these diseases, the toxicity of iron starts overwhelming the body's ability to bind and store it.[12]

text: Cellular iron regulation[edit]

text: Iron import[edit]

text: Most cell types take up iron primarily through receptor-mediated endocytosis via transferrin receptor 1 (TFR1), transferrin receptor 2 (TFR2) and GAPDH. TFR1 has a 30-fold higher affinity for transferrin-bound iron than TFR2 and thus is the main player in this process.[13][14] The higher order multifunctional glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) also acts as a transferrin receptor.[15][16] Transferrin-bound ferric iron is recognized by these transferrin receptors, triggering a conformational change that causes endocytosis. Iron then enters the cytoplasm from the endosome via importer DMT1 after being reduced to its ferrous state by a STEAP family reductase.[17]

text: Alternatively, iron can enter the cell directly via plasma membrane divalent cation importers such as DMT1 and ZIP14 (Zrt-Irt-like protein 14).[18] Again, iron enters the cytoplasm in the ferrous state after being reduced in the extracellular space by a reductase such as STEAP2, STEAP3 (in erythrocytes), Dcytb (in enterocytes) and SDR2.[17]

text: The labile iron pool[edit]

text: In the cytoplasm, ferrous iron is found in a soluble, chelatable state which constitutes the labile iron pool (~0.001 mM).[19] In this pool, iron is thought to be bound to low-mass compounds such as peptides, carboxylates and phosphates, although some might be in a free, hydrated form (aqua ions).[19] Alternatively, iron ions might be bound to specialized proteins known as metallochaperones.[20] Specifically, poly-r(C)-binding proteins (PCBPs) appear to mediate transfer of free iron to ferritin (for storage) and non-heme iron enzymes (for use in catalysis).[18][21] The labile iron pool is potentially toxic due to iron's ability to generate reactive oxygen species. Iron from this pool can be taken up by mitochondria via mitoferrin to synthesize Fe-S clusters and heme groups.[17]

text: The storage iron pool[edit]

text: Iron can be stored in ferritin as ferric iron due to the ferroxidase activity of the ferritin heavy chain.[22] Dysfunctional ferritin may accumulate as hemosiderin, which can be problematic in cases of iron overload.[23] The ferritin storage iron pool is much larger than the labile iron pool, ranging in concentration from 0.7 mM to 3.6 mM.[19]

text: Iron export[edit]

text: Iron export occurs in a variety of cell types, including neurons, erythrocytes, macrophages and enterocytes. The latter two are especially important since systemic iron levels depend upon them. There is only one known iron exporter, ferroportin.[24] It transports ferrous iron out of the cell, generally aided by ceruloplasmin and/or hephaestin (mostly in enterocytes), which oxidize iron to its ferric state so it can bind ferritin in the extracellular medium.[17] Hepcidin causes the internalization of ferroportin, decreasing iron export. Besides, hepcidin seems to downregulate both TFR1 and DMT1 through an unknown mechanism.[25] Another player assisting ferroportin in effecting cellular iron export is GAPDH.[26] A specific post translationally modified isoform of GAPDH is recruited to the surface of iron loaded cells where it recruits apo-transferrin in close proximity to ferroportin so as to rapidly chelate the iron extruded.[27]

text: The expression of hepcidin, which only occurs in certain cell types such as hepatocytes, is tightly controlled at the transcriptional level and it represents the link between cellular and systemic iron homeostasis due to hepcidin's role as "gatekeeper" of iron release from enterocytes into the rest of the body.[17] Erythroblasts produce erythroferrone, a hormone which inhibits hepcidin and so increases the availability of iron needed for hemoglobin synthesis.[28]

text: Translational control of cellular iron[edit]

text: Although some control exists at the transcriptional level, the regulation of cellular iron levels is ultimately controlled at the translational level by iron-responsive element-binding proteins IRP1 and especially IRP2.[29] When iron levels are low, these proteins are able to bind to iron-responsive elements (IREs). IREs are stem loop structures in the untranslated regions (UTRs) of mRNA.[17]

text: Both ferritin and ferroportin contain an IRE in their 5' UTRs, so that under iron deficiency their translation is repressed by IRP2, preventing the unnecessary synthesis of storage protein and the detrimental export of iron. In contrast, TFR1 and some DMT1 variants contain 3' UTR IREs, which bind IRP2 under iron deficiency, stabilizing the mRNA, which guarantees the synthesis of iron importers.[17]

text: Iron-related pathology[edit]

text: Iron deficiency[edit]

text: Functional or actual iron deficiency can result from a variety of causes. These causes can be grouped into several categories:

text:
Increased demand for iron, which the diet cannot accommodate.
Increased loss of iron (usually through loss of blood).
Nutritional deficiency. This can result due to a lack of dietary iron or consumption of foods that inhibit iron absorption, including calcium, phytates and tannins. Black tea steeped for long has high tannins.
Inability to absorb iron: A common cause of iron deficiency is the widespread use of acid reducing medications, the strongest of which are proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) such as omeprazole.[citation needed]
Damage to the intestinal lining. Examples of causes of this kind of damage include surgery involving the duodenum, or diseases like Crohn's or celiac sprue which severely reduce the surface area available for absorption.
Inflammation leading to hepcidin-induced restriction on iron release from enterocytes (see above).

text: Iron overload[edit]

text: The body is able to substantially reduce the amount of iron it absorbs across the mucosa. It does not seem to be able to entirely shut down the iron transport process. Also, in situations where excess iron damages the intestinal lining itself (for instance, when children eat a large quantity of iron tablets produced for adult consumption), even more iron can enter the bloodstream and cause a potentially deadly syndrome of iron overload. Large amounts of free iron in the circulation will cause damage to critical cells in the liver, the heart and other metabolically active organs.

text: Iron toxicity results when the amount of circulating iron exceeds the amount of transferrin available to bind it, but the body is able to vigorously regulate its iron uptake. Thus, iron toxicity from ingestion is usually the result of extraordinary circumstances like iron tablet over-consumption[1][30] rather than variations in diet. The type of acute toxicity from iron ingestion causes severe mucosal damage in the gastrointestinal tract, among other problems.

text: Chronic iron toxicity is usually the result of more chronic iron overload syndromes associated with genetic diseases, repeated transfusions or other causes. In such cases the iron stores of an adult may reach 50 grams (10 times normal total body iron) or more. Classic examples of genetic iron overload includes hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) and the more severe disease juvenile hemochromatosis (JH) caused by mutations in either the gene RGMc gene, a member of a three gene repulsive guidance molecule family,[31] (also called hemojuvelin (HJV), and HFE2), Hemojuvelin, or the HAMP gene that encodes (an iron regulatory peptide). The exact mechanisms of most of the various forms of adult hemochromatosis, which make up most of the genetic iron overload disorders, remain unsolved. So while researchers have been able to identify genetic mutations causing several adult variants of hemochromatosis, they now must turn their attention to the normal function of these mutated genes.


document_title: Sofia the First

question_text: who does the voices on sofia the first

question_tokens: who does the voices on sofia the first

text: Sofia the First

text: History[edit]

text: The series pilot episode "Once Upon a Princess", premiered on November 18, 2012 on Disney Channel, featuring a cameo from Cinderella. The 3 good fairies from Sleeping Beauty also get introduced as teachers. The series itself premiered on January 11, 2013 on Disney Channel during its Disney Junior block. Disney Junior renewed Sofia the First for a second season on March 5, 2013,[5] and then the series was renewed on January 8, 2014.[6] The show's second double-length episode, The Floating Palace, aired on November 24, 2013, with an appearance from Ariel. The third double-length episode, The Curse of Princess Ivy, aired on November 23, 2014, featuring Rapunzel. On April 14, 2015, the series was renewed for a fourth season by Disney Junior.[7] Gerber clarified in December that it will begin in Spring and have 24 22-minute episodes plus 2 60-minute specials.[8]

text: On January 29, 2015, a spin-off series was announced titled Elena of Avalor. The series premiered on July 22, 2016 on Disney Channel. In addition, a television movie premiered on November 20, 2016 titled Elena and the Secret of Avalor, which featured characters from Sofia the First.[9][10]

text: Plot[edit]

text: A young girl named Sofia and her mother Miranda lived a peasant life in the kingdom of Enchancia. One day, Sofia's mother marries King Roland II, which leads to her becoming a princess. As she adjusts to her new role, Sofia works to live amongst the royal family while having different adventures along the way. King Roland presents Sofia with a magical amulet, which, Sofia discovers, gives her the power to talk to animals and summon Disney princesses in the time of need.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text:
Ariel Winter as Sofia
Darcy Rose Byrnes as Princess Amber
Zach Callison as Prince James (Season 1-Early Season 2)
Tyler Merna as Prince James (Season 2-Mid-Season 3)
Nicolas Cantu as Prince James (Mid-Season 3-)
Sara Ramirez as Queen Miranda
Travis Willingham as King Roland II
Jess Harnell as Cedric
Wayne Brady as Clover
Tim Gunn as Baileywick

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

Pilot
November 18, 2012 (2012-11-18)

1
25
January 11, 2013 (2013-01-11)
February 14, 2014 (2014-02-14)

2
30
February 28, 2014 (2014-02-28)
August 12, 2015 (2015-08-12)

3
28
August 5, 2015 (2015-08-05)
March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)

4
24
April 28, 2017 (2017-04-28)[11]
TBA

text: Reception[edit]

text: In October 2012, Sofia was initially identified as Disney's first Latina princess when a producer spoke during a press tour.[12] A Disney Junior general manager later clarified that "...Sofia is a fairytale girl who lives in a fairytale world. All our characters come from fantasy lands that may reflect elements of various cultures and ethnicities but none are meant to specifically represent those real world cultures." [13] Sofia has a mixed fairy-tale heritage, as a Disney spokeswoman elaborated, "...Sofia's mother, Queen Miranda, was born in a fictitious land, Galdiz, a place with Latin influences. Miranda met Sofia's father, Birk Balthazar, who hailed from the kingdom of Freezenberg, and together they moved to Enchancia, the place where Sofia was born."[14]

text: Galdiz is based on Spain[15] and Freezenberg is based on Scandinavia.[16] The National Hispanic Media Coalition president/CEO interpreted Kanter's half-Spanish(-inspired) description of Sofia as her not qualifying as Latina.[17]

text: Sofia the First: Once Upon a Princess premiered on Disney Channel on November 18, 2012, garnering 8.17 million viewers (when the Live+7 ratings were tabulated), which made it the #1 cable TV telecast of all time for kids 2-5 and girls 2-5. It also set a record for the #1 preschool cable TV telecast ever in total viewers and for adults 18-49.[18]


document_title: Brooklyn and Bailey McKnight

question_text: when did brooklyn and bailey start their youtube channel

text: Brooklyn and Bailey McKnight

text: Brooklyn and Bailey McKnight (born December 31, 1999)[1] are American social media entertainers, musicians, and entrepreneurs. They are twin sisters.

text: Career[edit]

text: The Texas-based identical twins originally surfaced on YouTube in 2009 as models for their mother Mindy McKnight’s DIY channel "Cute Girls Hairstyles", a video series of hair design tutorials.[2]

text: In 2013 the twins launched their own YouTube channel, Brooklyn and Bailey, with a focus on teen interests, fashion, beauty, and "all things fun".[3]

text: In 2015 the twins were listed by Business Insider as one of "13 up-and-coming YouTube stars you should be following",[4] and their YouTube channel was nominated for a Streamy Award in the Fashion category.[5]

text: In November of 2015, the sisters launched Squared, a YouTube channel and daily web series described by Variety as being "dedicated to all things twins".[2] Seven sets of twins from North America, the UK, and Australia contribute episodes to the series.[6]

text: In early 2017, Brooklyn and Bailey announced their entrance into the music industry.[7] The pair partnered with music producer Benny Cassette, and their first track, “Dance Like Me", debuted March 3, 2017.[8] The track charted at #26 for most popular song and #12 for pop US song on iTunes. On April 28, 2017, the twins released their second single, "Simple Things". They released their third song "What We're Made Of" July 13, 2017. Brooklyn and Bailey had previously collaborated with Peter Hollens for a cover of Lennon and Maisy's "A Life That's Good" in August 2015.[9]

text: In 2017 the twins also launched their own merchandise line,[10] and they were on Forbes list of Top Influencers – Kids.[11][12][13] In 2018 they were finalists in the YouTube Musician category for the 10th annual Shorty Awards.[14][15][16]

text: In April of 2018, they both announced that they were going to attend Baylor University in Waco, Texas.[17]


document_title: Life Is Just a Bowl of Cherries

question_text: who said life is a bowl of cherries

question_tokens: who said life is a bowl of cherries

text: Life Is Just a Bowl of Cherries

text: "Life Is Just a Bowl of Cherries" is a popular song with music by Ray Henderson and lyrics by Lew Brown, published in 1931.[1] Ethel Merman introduced this song in George White's Scandals of 1931.[2] A Rudy Vallee version, recorded in 1931, spent five weeks in the top-10 pop music charts.[3] The song was revived in 1953 by singer Jaye P. Morgan.[4]

text: The song title gave rise to the revue of composer Ray Henderson's music called It's the Cherries, which launched the American Composer Series in 2000.[5]

text: Notable recordings[edit]

text:
Rudy Vallee & His Connecticut Yankees – 1931 single peaked at #3 on 9/19/1931
Jack Hylton - 1931
Leslie "Hutch" Hutchinson - 1931
Layton & Johnstone - 1931
Jaye P. Morgan – 1953 single debuted 12/19/1953 and peaked at #26 on pop charts in 1954.
Doris Day – The Love Album (1967) and My Heart (2011)
Judy Garland – Judy (1956)
Johnny Mathis featuring Forever Plaid – Mathis on Broadway (2000)


document_title: List of Tokyo Ghoul chapters

question_text: tokyo ghoul re what chapter is episode 12

text: List of Tokyo Ghoul chapters

text: Tokyo Ghoul[edit]

text:
No.Japanese release dateJapanese ISBNEnglish release dateEnglish ISBN
1 February 17, 2012[8]ISBN 978-4-08-879272-9June 16,  2015[9][10]ISBN 978-1-42-158036-4 [10]
"Tragedy" (悲劇, Higeki)"Oddity" (異変, Ihen)"Worst" (最悪, Saiaku)"Coffee" (珈琲, Kōhī)"Feeding Ground" (喰場, Kuiba)"Homing" (帰巣, Kisō)"Deception" (欺罔, Kimō)"Kagune" (赫子, Kagune)"Hatch" (孵化, Fuka)

2 March 19, 2012[11]ISBN 978-4-08-879291-0August 18, 2015[12]ISBN 978-1-4215-8037-1
"Antique" (骨董, Kottō)"Mask" (仮面, Kamen)"Mission" (任務, Ninmu)"White Dove" (白鳩, Hato)"Rain Shower" (驟雨, Shūu)"Mother and Daughter" (母娘, Oyako)"Confinement" (幽囚, Yūshū)"Rabbit Mask" (兎面, Usagi-men)"Savage" (未開, Mikai)"Underground" (地下, Chika)

3 June 19, 2012[13]ISBN 978-4-08-879357-3October 20, 2015[14]ISBN 978-1-4215-8038-8
"White Gate" (白門, Shiromon)"Condolences" (哀悼, Aitō)"Newspaper" (新聞, Shinbun)"Disappearance" (失踪, Shissō)"Hidden Sword" (隠刃, Onjin)"Epiphany" (開眼, Kaigan)"Adversary" (対者, Taisha)"Three People" (三人, San'nin)"Circular" (円環, Enkan)"Mado" (真戸, Mado)

4 September 19, 2012[15]ISBN 978-4-08-879420-4December 15,  2015[16]ISBN 978-1-4215-8039-5
"Bitterness" (苦味, Nigami)"Yoriko" (依子, Yoriko)"Gourmet" (美食, Bishoku)"Cajolery" (甘言, Kangen)"Slide" (滑台, Suberidai)"Solitary Battle" (孤闘, Kotō)"Preparation" (下拵, Shitagoshirae)"Banquet" (晩餐, Bansan)"Dismemberment" (解体, Kaitai)"Feast" (饗宴, Kyōen)

5 December 19, 2012[17]ISBN 978-4-08-879478-5February 16, 2016[18]ISBN 978-1-4215-8040-1
"Invitation" (招待, Shōtai)"Moonlight" (月光, Gekkō)"Curettage" (掻爬, Sōha)"Scar" (残痕, Zankon)"Incarnation" (受肉, Juniku)"Black Wings" (黒羽, Kurohane)"Light" (灯火, Tōka)"Alias" (偽名, Gimei)"Ear Bone" (耳骨, Jikotsu)
Side story: "Rize" (リゼ, Rize)

6 January 18, 2013[19]ISBN 978-4-08-879498-3April 19, 2016[20]ISBN 978-1-4215-8041-8
"Caged Bird" (籠鳥, Rōchō)"Banjo" (万丈, Banjō)"Edict" (勅令, Chokurei)"Seize" (強奪, Gōdatsu)"Lecture" (講義, Kōgi)"Aogiri" (青桐, Aogiri)"Plot" (画策, Kakusaku)"Mischief" (蠢動, Shundō)"Escape" (逃奔, Tōhon)"Crooked Smile" (歪笑, Waishō)

7 April 19, 2013[21]ISBN 978-4-08-879546-1June 21, 2016[22]ISBN 978-1-4215-8042-5
"Closed" (休業, Kyūgyō)"High Spirits" (衝天, Shōten)"Glimmer" (微光, Bikō)"Kaneki" (金木, Kaneki)"Ghoul" (喰種, Gūru)"Nuisance" (邪魔, Jama)"Kakuja" (赫者, Kakuja)"Removal" (摘出, Tekishutsu)"Conscience" (呵責, Kashaku)"Encounter" (邂逅, Kaikō)

8 July 19, 2013[23]ISBN 978-4-08-879613-0August 16, 2016[24]ISBN 978-1-4215-8043-2
"Bygone Days" (過日, Kajitsu)"Sister and Brother" (姉弟, Kyōdai)"Two People" (二人, Futari)"Half" (半端, Hanpa)"Spark" (火花, Hibana)"Indomitable" (不屈, Fukutsu)"Secret" (秘密, Himitsu)"Beacon" (狼煙, Noroshi)"Tower 7" (七棟, Shichitō)"Diversion" (陽動, Yōdō)"New Light" (新光, Shinkō)

9 October 18, 2013[25]ISBN 978-4-08-879652-9October 18, 2016[26]ISBN 978-1-4215-8044-9
"Promotion" (昇任, Shōnin)"Subordinate" (部下, Buka)"Expert" (識者, Shikisha)"Priest/Father" (神父, Shinpu)"Emergence" (浮上, Fujō)"One-Eye" (隻眼, Sekigan)"Visitor" (来客, Raikyaku)"Rumor" (噂話, Uwasabanashi)"Precarious" (剣呑, Ken'non)"Scheme" (奸計, Kankei)

10 January 17, 2014[27]ISBN 978-4-08-879807-3December 20, 2016[28]ISBN 978-1-4215-8045-6
"Pursuit" (追駆, Tsuiku)"Fortitude" (剛毅, Gōki)"Lady" (淑女, Shukujo)"Bait" (好餌, Kōji)"Inner Thoughts" (胸中, Kyōchū)"Temporary Dwelling" (寓居, Gūkyo)"Underground" (潜行, Senkō)"Restraint" (下弦, Kagen)"Depths" (深層, Shinsō)"Unknown" (未知, Michi)"Centipede" (百足, Mukade)

11 April 18, 2014[29]ISBN 978-4-08-879809-7February 21, 2017[30]ISBN 978-1-4215-8046-3
"Hybrid" (混成, Konsei)"Black and White" (白黒, Shirokuro)"Close Shave" (刺剃, Sasori)"Gas" (瓦斯, Gasu)"Inner Struggle" (僕私, Bokushi)"Amnesty" (大赦, Taisha)"Fissure" (裂目, Sakeme)"Artificial" (人工, Jinkō)"Hanged-Man" (吊人, Tsurushibito)"Hate" (帰来, Kirai)"Tracks" (線路, Senro)

12 June 19, 2014[31]ISBN 978-4-08-879859-2April 18, 2017[32]ISBN 978-1-4215-8047-0
"Lights Out" (消灯, Shōtō)"Incomplete" (氾羽, Hanpa)"Entanglement" (絡身, Karami)"Collapse" (破崩, Hahō)"Reunion" (再逢, Saihō)"Dry Field" (乾田, Kanden)"Opened Lock" (解錠, Kaijō)"Antique" (旧九, Kyūkyū)"Touka" (透過, Tōka)"Bull's Eye" (正鵠, Seikoku)

13 August 20, 2014[33]ISBN 978-4-08-879887-5June 20, 2017[34]ISBN 978-1-4215-9042-4
"Yellow Bell" (黄鈴, Kirin)"Home Front" (銃後, Jūgo)"Public" (口前, Kuchimae)"Destructive Spiral" (壊天, Kaiten)"Original Sin" (原罪, Genzai)"Bad Terms" (堅縁, Ken'en)"Anticipation" (街望, Machi Nozomu)"Ambush" (芸劇, Geigeki)"Disappearance" (勝執, Shōshitsu)"Answer" (改問, Kaimon)"Reunion" (祭開, Saikai)

14 October 17, 2014[35]ISBN 978-4-08-890031-5August 15, 2017[36]ISBN 978-1-4215-9043-1
"Opening" (塊砕, Kaisai)"No Passing" (倒惨, Tōsan)"Shower" (終雨, Shūu)"Owl" (伏牢, Fukurō)"Someday" (溢花, Itsuka)"Corpse Orchid" (屍爛, Shiran)"Last Work" (畏錯, Isaku)"Moderation" (切声, Sessei)"Matter of Regret" (痕児, Konji or Kongo)"Performance" (宴戯, Engi)"Memorial" (研, Ken)
Epilogue

text: One-shot[edit]

text: Released March 15, 2011. Features the one-shot chapter of Tokyo Ghoul. It was published by Miracle Jump.[37]

text: Tokyo Ghoul:re[edit]

text:
No.Japanese release dateJapanese ISBNEnglish release dateEnglish ISBN
1 December 19, 2014[38]ISBN 978-4-08-879272-9October 17, 2017[39]ISBN 978-1-4215-9496-5
"Bone" (骨, Hone)"Reader to Leader" (委舵と畏蛇, Ida to Ida)"Bell" (鐘, Kane)"Remit to See, Limit to See" (未と師、視と屍, Mi to Shi, Mi to Shi)"Resist" (執徒, Shitto)"Reaction to a Reaction" (握人への悪賭, Akuto e no Akuto)"Remind" (昧人, Maindo)"Regent" (代行者, Daikōsha)"Recreation" (継情, Keijō)
Three years after the raid of Anteiku, the CCG establishes a new task force composed of humans who passed through ghoul experimentation known as "Quinxes", led by Rank 1 Investigator Haise Sasaki. Tasked to hunt down a dangerous ghoul known as "Torso", the team is forced to confront the S ranked ghoul known as "Serpent" instead. In the occasion, Haise recognizes Serpent as Nishio, and briefly remembers that he is actually Kaneki, whose life was spared by Arima and now lives a new life with no memories of his former self. After losing both Torso and Serpent's trails, the Quinxes are tasked to track down another infamous ghoul known as "Nutcracker", and while paying a visit to coffee shop ":re", Haise meets Touka working there.
2 March 19, 2015[40]ISBN 978-4-08-890132-9December 19, 2017[41]ISBN 978-1-4215-9497-2
"Redoubt" (疑枠, Giwaku)"Remiss" (待ち甲斐, Machigai)"Reckon" (枯魂, Kodama)"Let It Rain Blood" (ああ降ろう、血, Ā Furō, Chi)"Refrain" (韻に触れる, In ni Fureru)"Record" (更努, Kōdo)"Right" (右, Migi)"Adored" (モテ, Mote)"Ferry" (渡し舟, Watashibune)"Party" (パーティー, Pātī)"Reload" (回転移動, Kaiten Idō)
The CCG's investigations discover that Torso, Nutcracker and several other infamous Ghouls will attend an underground event where captured humans are auctioned. Tooru Mutsuki, a member of Haise's team infiltrates the auction disguised as a captive, just to put himself in harm's way upon meeting Torso again, while Haise and the rest of the investigators storm the place.
3 June 19, 2015[42]ISBN 978-4-08-890211-1February 20, 2018[43]ISBN 978-1-4215-9498-9
"Reel" (選る, Yoru)"Rebut" (謬徒, Byūto)"Relish" (梨酒, Rishu)"Rebuke" (撫気, Buke)"Relay" (令, Rei)"Rear" (あ, A)"Recoil" (呼居, Koiru)"Rebalance" (場乱す, Ba Imasu)"Rescue" (栖求, Sukyū)"Recall" (凍る, Kōru)"Repute" (ピュート, Pyūto)
32.1. "Joker" (ジョーカー, Jōkā)
The raid at the auction ends up with several Ghouls in the most wanted list killed, including Nutcracker. However, Akira is astonished upon learning that Takizawa, who was supposed to be KIA in the battle of Anteiku, returns as a Ghoul to fight against them. Hinami decides to help Haise drive him out, but because of this, she ends up captured by Arima, and in return, Haise asks for her custody.
4 September 18, 2015[44]ISBN 978-4-08-890254-8April 17, 2018[45]ISBN 978-1-4215-9499-6
31.5. "Rest" (主と, Shu to, "With the Lord")
"Requital" (喰い足る, Kuitaru, "Eat and Run")"Reduction" (抱く書, Idakusho, "Embracing Books")"Great Form" (良い形, Yoi Katachi)"Addicted" (依存, Izon, "Dependence")"Rift" (ふと, Futo, "Suddenly")"Recipe" (屍秘, Shipi, "Corpse's Secret")"Realm" (あるM, Aru M, "A Certain M")"Refuse" (深浅, Shinsen, "Depth")"Remora" (網羅, Mōra, "Comprising")"Reface" (fのエース, f no Ēsu, "The Ace of F")
The Quinx Squad is assigned to a task force to hunt down a survivor from the Rosewald family, a powerful clan of Ghouls who were supposed to be extinct. Meanwhile, Shuu Tsukiyama, who was devastated since Kaneki's disappearance, learns about his new identity as Sasaki and unbeknownst to him, his servant Kanae von Rosewald hires some members of the Aogiri Tree to set up an ambush on Sasaki and his team. While Haise and co. drive away their attackers, Shu visits Touka, seeking her help with returning Sasaki's memories as Kaneki.
5 December 19, 2015[46]ISBN 978-4-08-890331-6June 19, 2018[47]ISBN 978-1-4215-9500-9
"Retort" (灯糸, Hīto, "Filament")"Region" (示音, Jion)"#" ("#")"Plant" (計画t, Keikaku tī)"°C" (C°, Shīdo)"Rematch" (燐寸, Macchi)"N.T." (N.T., Enu Tī)"Repulse" (脈打つ信号, Myakūtsu shingō, "Pulsing Signal")"Hand" (手, Te)"Resolution" (剃る芯, Soru shin, "Shaving Cores")"Eve" (イヴ, Ivu)
Touka rejects Shuu's offer, claiming that she establishes the :re café with the purpose of being a safe haven for Kaneki, but only if he chooses to return by his own will. Meanwhile, Kanae is approached by Eto who offers him a chance to get stronger. Some time later, the CCG discovers that Shuu's entire family and conglomerate is led by ghouls and stages a massive operation to take them down. In the occasion, Shuu ends up being pursued by no other than Sasaki, who knows that the ghoul holds the answers about his past. When Haise corners Shuu, a transformed Kanae appears to protect his master.
6 March 18, 2016[48]ISBN 978-4-08-890376-7August 21, 2018[49]ISBN 978-1-4215-9501-6
"Dream" (夢, Yume)"Revenge" (娩児, Benji, "Born Child")"Alice&" (Alice&, Arisu to)"The Second King" (二の王, Futatsu no Ō)"Regret and Smile" (悔いて笑む, Kuite Emu)"Resurrection" (戯れ薄く, Zare Usuku, "Playfully Faint")"Relief!" (伏せ!, Fuse!, "Kneel!")"String of Blood" (血の糸, Chi-no Ito)"the ENT" (ji Ento)"Holding the City" (都を抱く, To o Daku)"Regenesis" (葬生樹, Sōseiki)
As Haise confronts Shuu, Eto, the leader of the Aogiri appears to intervene, and Haise regains his lost memories as Kaneki, becoming stronger than ever, enough to defeat Eto, although she manages to escape. In the occasion, he also allows Shuu to flee after remembering about him as well. Upon confirming that Eto is in fact his favourite author Sen Takatsuki, Haise exposes and arrests her, but complies with her request to make one last statement to the press, in which she reveals to the world that she is a ghoul. Meanwhile, on a recoinassance mission to the headquarters of Aogiri Tree, Mutsuki is captured by Torso.
7 June 17, 2016[50]ISBN 978-4-08-890411-5October 16, 2018[51]ISBN 978-1-4215-9502-3
"Recoup" (喰う腑, Kuu Fu, "A Devouring Gut")"Remove" (重歩, Chōbo, "Heavy Steps")"Real Self" (古き護り, Furuki Mamori, "Old Guard")"Rekey" (器移, Ki'i, "Changing Vessels")"Resit" (Sのそれ, Esu no Sore, "S's That")"Relock" (施浄, Sejō, "Administer the Cleanse")"Thunder Rabbit" (カミナリウサギ, Kaminari Usagi)"Revoke" (望苦, Bōku, "Hope and Suffering")"Retransmit" (失神と伝導, Shisshin to Dendō, "Syncope and Transmission")"Flower" (花, Hana)"EF" (EF, Ī Efu)"K's Egg" (Kの卵, Kei no Tamago)
With their leader under their custody, the CCG starts a large scale operation to raid the island where the Aogiri Tree set their main base. Meanwhile, Ayato and some companions storm the Cochlea prison in order to rescue Hinami, who is about to be transferred for execution, with the unexpected help from Haise, who now reassumes his identity as Kaneki, betrays the CCG and lifts off all security in order to rescue her by himself. In the occasion, Kaneki reunites with Touka and Renji, and have them all flee with Hinami while he stays behind to confront Arima once again.
8 September 16, 2016[52]ISBN 978-4-08-890497-9December 18, 2018[53]ISBN 978-1-42-159503-0
"Lazy Dearth" (惰疎, Dauto)"Foolish Death" (死痴, Shichi)"100p""Eat" (喰らい, Kurai)"Give Me Teeth" (歯を, Ha o)"String of Pearls" (琲, Hai)"Give Me Your Heart" (心臓を, Shinzō o)"I Heard The Door Closing" (門のとじる音をきいた, Mon no Tojiru Oto o Kiita)"Wings Bestowed" (羽 与えられ, Hane ataerare)"White Box" (しろい箱, Shiroi hako)"White Rainbow" (白虹, Hakkō or Shironiji)
Under Torso's mercy, Mutsuki remembers the darkest secrets of his past that he was repressing so far and kills his captor, before disappearing. Meanwhile, Eto breaks free but is mortally wounded by First-Class Investigator Nimura Furuta, who reveals that he underwent the same procedure as Kaneki. While fighting Arima, Kaneki renews his conviction to keep fighting and living for his loved ones and defeats him. Arima then commits suicide, but before passing away, he reveals to Kaneki that the Washū Clan, that controls the CCG, is composed of Ghouls. Before she presumably dies as well, Eto learns of Arima's defeat and concludes that both had succeeded with their plan to raise Kaneki to become the "One-Eyed King", with the power to change the world.
9 December 19, 2016[54]ISBN 978-4-08-890559-4February 19, 2019[55]ISBN 978-1-42-159824-6
"A Hated Child" (厭なこ, Iya na ko)"Blast" (はっぱ, Happa)"You Ought to Vomit" (嘔吐すべき, Ōto Subeki)"Trash" (クズ, Kuzu)"Above" (うえ, Ue)"Ugly Head" (醜頭, Minikuiatama)"Lie of f" (fの嘘, f no Uso)"Opening Heart" (広げる胸, Hirogeru Mune)"Am" (Am, Ē Emu)"Clotting Blood" (疑う血, Utagau Chi)"Body Alone" (身一つ, Mi Hitotsu)"Old School" (旧派, Kyūha)

10 March 17, 2017[56]ISBN 978-4-08-890603-4April 16, 2019[57]ISBN 978-1-42-159825-3
"White" (白, Shiro)"The Red Hand's" (赤い手の, Akai Te no)"The Toy's" (玩具の, Omocha no)"Great Wheel" (大環, Ōkan)"Almost Too Much Wealth" (ありあまるほどの富, Ariamaru hodo no tomi)"Sudden Death" (頓シ, Tomi shi)"Stage" (床, Yuka)"A Hopeless Course" (ダメな線, Damena sen)"V" (V, Vī)"Eternity" (永久, Towa)"Even the Pen" (ペンまで, Pen made)"That" (其れ, Sore)

11 June 19, 2017[58]ISBN 978-4-08-890682-9TBA—
"Set P" (集合P, Shūgōpi)"Saved From The Web" (栖救, Sei kyū)"I Am" (わたしは, Watashi wa)"Dear" (いとし, Itoshi)"Question Child" (問い子, Toi-ko)"A Dream from Somewhen" (いつかの夢, Itsuka no yume)"Thumb Up" (親指立てる, Oyayubi tateru)"Good News" (良い話, Ī hanashi)"Cruz" (クルス, Kurusu)"VE/SS/EL" (う・つ・わ, U·tsu·wa)"One Will Hang" (ひとり吊るされる, Hitori tsurusareru)"What Time Works for You?" (何時にする？, Nan ji ni suru?)

12 July 19, 2017[59]ISBN 978-4-08-890699-7TBA—
"Fail" (失敗します, Shippai shimasu)"One String" (一糸, Isshi)"X""Rings" (指輪, Yubiwa)"Beginning" (はじめ, Hajime)"Meal" (膳, Zen)"Suffering" (苦, Ku)"Meaningless" (意味なし, Imi nashi)"Thinking Pig" (考える豚, Kangaeru Buta)"Two Meanings" (2つの意味, Futatsu no imi)

13 October 19, 2017[60]ISBN 978-4-08-890758-1TBA—
"I've Raised Reapers for Three People" (3人分の死神を立たせておきました, 3-nin bun no shinigami o tatase te oki mashita)"I Know Not" (いざ知らず, Iza shira zu)"The Night Is Coming" (夜がくる, Yoru ga kuru)"Despite the Bravery" (勇むものの, Isamu monono)"Izanagi" (いざなぎ, Izanagi)"Falling from the Tower" (塔から落ちる, Tō kara ochiru)"He Laughs" (彼は笑う, Kare wa warau)"A Murder by N" (Nによる殺生, En niyoru sesshō)"A Sufficient Stain" (染みはたる, Shimi wa taru)"Lament" (愁う, Ureu)"␣""A" (a)

14 January 19, 2018[61]ISBN 978-4-08-890820-5TBA—
"Title" (タイトル, Taitoru)":""1""Where is the Stone" (いしはどこに, Ishi wa doko ni)"Splitting Bamboo" (破竹, Hachiku)"Ark" (箱舟, Hakofune)"Get Out" (出てく, Deteku)"One Sacrifice" (一柱, Icchū)"One Piece Of Trash" (ゴミひとつ, Gomi hitotsu)"Trace" (トレース, Torēsu)

15 March 19, 2018[62]ISBN 978-4-08-890881-6TBA—
"Several Lies" (いくつかの嘘, Ikutsu ka no uso)"Interior" (うちがわ, Uchigawa)"Sign" (しるし, Shirushi)"Right" (是, Ze)"S" (S, Esu)"Mourning" (喪, Mo)"Come, You Sweet Hour of Death" (来たれ、汝甘き死の時よ, Kitare, nanji kan ki shi no toki yo)"Holding a Pomegranate" (ざくろ手に, Zakuro te ni)"Unbreakable" (不壊, Fue)"The White One" (しろい者, Shiroi mono)

16 July 19, 2018[63]ISBN 978-4-08-891050-5TBA—
"Faded" (うすらい, Usurai)"e t" (e t, e to or ī tī)"Transparent" (とうめい, Tōmei)"Fragrant, But" (匂へど, Nioe do)"Towards the Group Factors" (群因たちへ, Gun'in tachi e)"Evolution and the Stars" (進化と星, Shinka to hoshi)"Disappear" (きえる, Kieru)"Enough" (十分, Jūbun)"Don't Dodge" (去なさん, Inasan)"Do" (する, Suru)"Lord of the Bugs" (虫の王, Mushi no Ō)"Loss" (喪う, Ushinau)"Outcome" (転帰, Tenki)"White and Rabbit" (白と兎, Shiro to usagi)"The Mountain Goat's Song" (山羊のうた, Yagi no uta)

text: Side stories[edit]

text: Tokyo Ghoul [JACK][edit]

text: The prequel to Tokyo Ghoul focusing on Kishou Arima as a teenager. It was digitally published by Jump Live.[64]

text:
No.Japanese release dateJapanese ISBNEnglish release dateEnglish ISBN
1 October 18, 2013[64][65]—September 26, 2017[66]—

text: Tokyo Ghoul [zakki][edit]

text: A book of illustrations of Tokyo Ghoul wallpaper. It contains, among other things, the Tokyo Ghoul tankōbon cover art.

text:
No.Japanese release dateJapanese ISBNEnglish release dateEnglish ISBN
1 October 17, 2014[67]ISBN 978-4-08-890068-1November 21, 2017[68]ISBN 978-1-4215-9692-1

text: Light novels[edit]

text: All light novels are written by Shin Towada and illustrated by Sui Ishida.[1][2][3]

text:
No.TitleJapanese releaseEnglish release
1Tokyo Ghoul: Days (東京喰種トーキョーグール［日々］, Tōkyō Gūru［Hibi］)July 7, 2013[1] ISBN 978-4-08-703296-3October 18, 2016[69]ISBN 978-1-4215-9057-8
2Tokyo Ghoul: Void (東京喰種トーキョーグール［空白］, Tōkyō Gūru［Kūhaku］)July 19, 2014[2] ISBN 978-4-08-703320-5January 17, 2017[70]ISBN 978-1-4215-9058-5
3Tokyo Ghoul: Past (東京喰種トーキョーグール［昔日］, Tōkyō Gūru［Sekijitsu］)December 19, 2014[3] ISBN 978-4-08-703340-3April 18, 2017[71]ISBN 978-1-4215-9177-3

text: In December of 2016, a Tokyo Ghoul:re novel series written by Shin Towada and illustrated by Sui Ishida began publication by Shueisha in JUMP j-BOOKS weekly magazine.[4]

text:
No.TitleJapanese release dateJapanese ISBN
1Tokyo Ghoul:re: quest (東京喰種：ｒｅ［ｑｕｅｓｔ］, Tōkyō Gūru:re: quest)December 19, 2016[4]ISBN 978-4-08-703411-0