document_title: Ancient Greek architecture

question_text: what materials were used in ancient greek architecture

question_tokens: what materials were used in ancient greek architecture

text: Ancient Greek architecture

text: Influences[edit]

text: Geography[edit]

text: The mainland and islands of Greece are rocky, with deeply indented coastline, and rugged mountain ranges with few substantial forests. The most freely available building material is stone. Limestone was readily available and easily worked.[4] There is an abundance of high quality white marble both on the mainland and islands, particularly Paros and Naxos. This finely grained material was a major contributing factor to precision of detail, both architectural and sculptural, that adorned ancient Greek architecture.[5] Deposits of high quality potter's clay were found throughout Greece and the Islands, with major deposits near Athens. It was used not only for pottery vessels, but also roof tiles and architectural decoration.[6]

text: The climate of Greece is maritime, with both the coldness of winter and the heat of summer tempered by sea breezes. This led to a lifestyle where many activities took place outdoors. Hence temples were placed on hilltops, their exteriors designed as a visual focus of gatherings and processions, while theatres were often an enhancement of a naturally occurring sloping site where people could sit, rather than a containing structure. Colonnades encircling buildings, or surrounding courtyards provided shelter from the sun and from sudden winter storms.[5]

text: The light of Greece may be another important factor in the development of the particular character of ancient Greek architecture. The light is often extremely bright, with both the sky and the sea vividly blue. The clear light and sharp shadows give a precision to the details of landscape, pale rocky outcrops and seashore. This clarity is alternated with periods of haze that varies in colour to the light on it. In this characteristic environment, the ancient Greek architects constructed buildings that were marked by precision of detail.[5] The gleaming marble surfaces were smooth, curved, fluted, or ornately sculpted to reflect the sun, cast graded shadows and change in colour with the ever-changing light of day.

text: History[edit]

text: Historians divide ancient Greek civilization into two eras, the Hellenic period (from around 900 BC to the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC), and the Hellenistic period (323 BC to 30 AD).[7] During the earlier Hellenic period, substantial works of architecture began to appear around 600 BC. During the later (Hellenistic) period, Greek culture spread widely, initially as a result of Alexander's conquest of other lands, and later as a result of the rise of the Roman Empire, which adopted much of Greek culture.[1][8]

text: Before the Hellenic era, two major cultures had dominated the region: the Minoan (c. 2800–1100 BC), and the Mycenaean (c. 1500–1100 BC). Minoan is the name given by modern historians to the culture of the people of ancient Crete, known for its elaborate and richly decorated palaces, and for its pottery painted with floral and marine motifs. The Mycenaean culture, which flourished on the Peloponnesus, was quite different in character. Its people built citadels, fortifications and tombs rather than palaces, and decorated their pottery with bands of marching soldiers rather than octopus and seaweed. Both these civilizations came to an end around 1100 BC, that of Crete possibly because of volcanic devastation, and that of Mycenae because of an invasion by the Dorian people who lived on the Greek mainland.[9] Following these events, there was a period from which few signs of culture remain. This period is thus often referred to as a Dark Age.

text: Art[edit]

text: The art history of the Hellenic era is generally subdivided into four periods: the Protogeometric (1100–900 BC), the Geometric (900–700 BC), the Archaic (700 – 500 BC) and the Classical (500 – 323 BC)[10] with sculpture being further divided into Severe Classical, High Classical and Late Classical.[1] The first signs of the particular artistic character that defines ancient Greek architecture are to be seen in the pottery of the Dorian Greeks from the 10th century BC. Already at this period it is created with a sense of proportion, symmetry and balance not apparent in similar pottery from Crete and Mycenae. The decoration is precisely geometric, and ordered neatly into zones on defined areas of each vessel. These qualities were to manifest themselves not only through a millennium of Greek pottery making, but also in the architecture that was to emerge in the 6th century.[11] The major development that occurred was in the growing use of the human figure as the major decorative motif, and the increasing surety with which humanity, its mythology, activities and passions were depicted.[1]

text: The development in the depiction of the human form in pottery was accompanied by a similar development in sculpture. The tiny stylised bronzes of the Geometric period gave way to life-sized highly formalised monolithic representation in the Archaic period. The Classical period was marked by a rapid development towards idealised but increasingly lifelike depictions of gods in human form.[12] This development had a direct effect on the sculptural decoration of temples, as many of the greatest extant works of ancient Greek sculpture once adorned temples,[13] and many of the largest recorded statues of the age, such as the lost chryselephantine statues of Zeus at the Temple of Zeus at Olympia and Athena at the Parthenon, Athens, both over 40 feet high, were once housed in them.[14]

text: Religion and philosophy[edit]

text: The religion of ancient Greece was a form of nature worship that grew out of the beliefs of earlier cultures. However, unlike earlier cultures, man was no longer perceived as being threatened by nature, but as its sublime product.[8] The natural elements were personified as gods of completely human form, and very human behaviour.[5]

text: The home of the gods was thought to be Olympus, the highest mountain in Greece. The most important deities were: Zeus, the supreme god and ruler of the sky; Hera, his wife and goddess of marriage; Athena, goddess of wisdom; Poseidon, god of the sea; Demeter, goddess of the harvest; Apollo, god of the sun, law, healing, plague, reason, music and poetry; Artemis, goddess of the moon, the hunt and the wilderness; Aphrodite, goddess of love; Ares, God of war; Hermes, god of commerce and travelers, Hephaestus, god of fire and metalwork, and Dionysus, god of wine and fruit-bearing plants.[5] Worship, like many other activities, was done in community, in the open. However, by 600 BC, the gods were often represented by large statues and it was necessary to provide a building in which each of these could be housed. This led to the development of temples.[15]

text: The ancient Greeks perceived order in the universe, and in turn, applied order and reason to their creations. Their humanist philosophy put mankind at the centre of things, and promoted well-ordered societies and the development of democracy.[8] At the same time, the respect for human intellect demanded reason, and promoted a passion for enquiry, logic, challenge, and problem solving. The architecture of the ancient Greeks, and in particular, temple architecture, responds to these challenges with a passion for beauty, and for order and symmetry which is the product of a continual search for perfection, rather than a simple application of a set of working rules.

text: Architectural character[edit]

text: Early development[edit]

text: There is a clear division between the architecture of the preceding Mycenaean culture and Minoan cultures and that of the ancient Greeks, the techniques and an understanding of their style being lost when these civilisations fell.[4]

text: Mycenaean art is marked by its circular structures and tapered domes with flat-bedded, cantilevered courses.[9] This architectural form did not carry over into the architecture of ancient Greece, but reappeared about 400 BC in the interior of large monumental tombs such as the Lion Tomb at Cnidos (c. 350 BC). Little is known of Mycenaean wooden or domestic architecture and any continuing traditions that may have flowed into the early buildings of the Dorian people.

text: The Minoan architecture of Crete, was of trabeated form like that of ancient Greece. It employed wooden columns with capitals, but the columns were of very different form to Doric columns, being narrow at the base and splaying upward.[9] The earliest forms of columns in Greece seem to have developed independently. As with Minoan architecture, ancient Greek domestic architecture centred on open spaces or courtyards surrounded by colonnades. This form was adapted to the construction of hypostyle halls within the larger temples. The evolution that occurred in architecture was towards public building, first and foremost the temple, rather than towards grand domestic architecture such as had evolved in Crete.[2]

text: Types of buildings[edit]

text: Domestic buildings[edit]

text: The Greek word for the family or household, oikos, is also the name for the house. Houses followed several different types. It is probable that many of the earliest houses were simple structures of two rooms, with an open porch or "pronaos" above which rose a low pitched gable or pediment.[7] This form is thought to have contributed to temple architecture.

text: The construction of many houses employed walls of sun dried clay bricks or wooden framework filled with fibrous material such as straw or seaweed covered with clay or plaster, on a base of stone which protected the more vulnerable elements from damp.[4] The roofs were probably of thatch with eaves which overhung the permeable walls. Many larger houses, such as those at Delos, were built of stone and plastered. The roofing material for substantial house was tile. Houses of the wealthy had mosaic floors and demonstrated the Classical style.

text: Many houses centred on a wide passage or "pasta" which ran the length of the house and opened at one side onto a small courtyard which admitted light and air. Larger houses had a fully developed peristyle courtyard at the centre, with the rooms arranged around it. Some houses had an upper floor which appears to have been reserved for the use of the women of the family.[16]

text: City houses were built with adjoining walls and were divided into small blocks by narrow streets. Shops were sometimes located in the rooms towards the street. City houses were inward-facing, with major openings looking onto the central courtyard, rather than the street.[7]

text: Public buildings[edit]

text: The rectangular temple is the most common and best-known form of Greek public architecture. This rectilinear structure borrows from the Late Helladic, Mycenaean Megaron, which contained a central throne room, vestibule, and porch.[17] The temple did not serve the same function as a modern church, since the altar stood under the open sky in the temenos or sacred precinct, often directly before the temple. Temples served as the location of a cult image and as a storage place or strong room for the treasury associated with the cult of the god in question, and as a place for devotees of the god to leave their votive offerings, such as statues, helmets and weapons. Some Greek temples appear to have been oriented astronomically.[18] The temple was generally part of a religious precinct known as the acropolis. According to Aristotle, '"the site should be a spot seen far and wide, which gives good elevation to virtue and towers over the neighbourhood".[2] Small circular temples, tholos were also constructed, as well as small temple-like buildings that served as treasuries for specific groups of donors.[19]

text: During the late 5th and 4th centuries BC, town planning became an important consideration of Greek builders, with towns such as Paestum and Priene being laid out with a regular grid of paved streets and an agora or central market place surrounded by a colonnade or stoa. The completely restored Stoa of Attalos can be seen in Athens. Towns were also equipped with a public fountain where water could be collected for household use. The development of regular town plans is associated with Hippodamus of Miletus, a pupil of Pythagoras.[20][21][22]

text: Public buildings became "dignified and gracious structures", and were sited so that they related to each other architecturally.[21] The propylon or porch, formed the entrance to temple sanctuaries and other significant sites with the best-surviving example being the Propylaea on the Acropolis of Athens. The bouleuterion was a large public building with a hypostyle hall that served as a court house and as a meeting place for the town council (boule). Remnants of bouleuterion survive at Athens, Olympia and Miletus, the latter having held up to 1200 people.[23]

text: Every Greek town had an open-air theatre. These were used for both public meetings as well as dramatic performances. The theatre was usually set in a hillside outside the town, and had rows of tiered seating set in a semicircle around the central performance area, the orchestra. Behind the orchestra was a low building called the skênê, which served as a store-room, a dressing-room, and also as a backdrop to the action taking place in the orchestra. A number of Greek theatres survive almost intact, the best known being at Epidaurus, by the architect Polykleitos the Younger.[20]

text: Greek towns of substantial size also had a palaestra or a gymnasium, the social centre for male citizens which included spectator areas, baths, toilets and club rooms.[23] Other buildings associated with sports include the hippodrome for horse racing, of which only remnants have survived, and the stadium for foot racing, 600 feet in length, of which examples exist at Olympia, Delphi, Epidarus and Ephesus, while the Panathinaiko Stadium in Athens, which seats 45,000 people, was restored in the 19th century and was used in the 1896, 1906 and 2004 Olympic Games.[23][24]

text: Structure[edit]

text: Column and lintel[edit]

text: The architecture of ancient Greece is of a trabeated or "post and lintel" form, i.e. it is composed of upright beams (posts) supporting horizontal beams (lintels). Although the existent buildings of the era are constructed in stone, it is clear that the origin of the style lies in simple wooden structures, with vertical posts supporting beams which carried a ridged roof. The posts and beams divided the walls into regular compartments which could be left as openings, or filled with sun dried bricks, lathes or straw and covered with clay daub or plaster. Alternately, the spaces might be filled with rubble. It is likely that many early houses and temples were constructed with an open porch or "pronaos" above which rose a low pitched gable or pediment.[7]

text: The earliest temples, built to enshrine statues of deities, were probably of wooden construction, later replaced by the more durable stone temples many of which are still in evidence today. The signs of the original timber nature of the architecture were maintained in the stone buildings.[25]

text: A few of these temples are very large, with several, such as the Temple of Zeus Olympus and the Olympians at Athens being well over 300 feet in length, but most were less than half this size. It appears that some of the large temples began as wooden constructions in which the columns were replaced piecemeal as stone became available. This, at least was the interpretation of the historian Pausanias looking at the Temple of Hera at Olympia in the 2nd century AD.[2]

text: The stone columns are made of a series of solid stone cylinders or "drums" that rest on each other without mortar, but were sometimes centred with a bronze pin. The columns are wider at the base than at the top, tapering with an outward curve known as "entasis". Each column has a capital of two parts, the upper, on which rests the lintels, being square and called the "abacus". The part of the capital that rises from the column itself is called the "echinus". It differs according to the order, being plain in the Doric Order, fluted in the Ionic and foliate in the Corinthian. Doric and usually Ionic capitals are cut with vertical grooves known as "fluting". This fluting or grooving of the columns is a retention of an element of the original wooden architecture.[25]

text: Entablature and pediment[edit]

text: The columns of a temple support a structure that rises in two main stages, the entablature and the pediment.

text: The entablature is the major horizontal structural element supporting the roof and encircling the entire building. It is composed of three parts. Resting on the columns is the architrave made of a series of stone "lintels" that spanned the space between the columns, and meet each other at a joint directly above the centre of each column.

text: Above the architrave is a second horizontal stage called the "frieze". The frieze is one of the major decorative elements of the building and carries a sculptured relief. In the case of Ionic and Corinthian architecture, the relief decoration runs in a continuous band, but in the Doric Order, it is divided into sections called "metopes" which fill the spaces between vertical rectangular blocks called "triglyphs". The triglyphs are vertically grooved like the Doric columns, and retain the form of the wooden beams that would once have supported the roof.

text: The upper band of the entablature is called the "cornice", which is generally ornately decorated on its lower edge. The cornice retains the shape of the beams that would once have supported the wooden roof at each end of the building. At the front and rear of each temple, the entablature supports a triangular structure called the "pediment". The triangular space framed by the cornices is the location of the most significant sculptural decoration on the exterior of the building.

text: Masonry[edit]

text: Every temple rested on a masonry base called the crepidoma, generally of three steps, of which the upper one which carried the columns was the stylobate. Masonry walls were employed for temples from about 600 BC onwards. Masonry of all types was used for ancient Greek buildings, including rubble, but the finest ashlar masonry was usually employed for temple walls, in regular courses and large sizes to minimise the joints.[7] The blocks were rough hewn and hauled from quarries to be cut and bedded very precisely, with mortar hardly ever being used. Blocks, particularly those of columns and parts of the building bearing loads were sometimes fixed in place or reinforced with iron clamps, dowels and rods of wood, bronze or iron fixed in lead to minimise corrosion.[4]

text: Openings[edit]

text: Door and window openings were spanned with a lintel, which in a stone building limited the possible width of the opening. The distance between columns was similarly affected by the nature of the lintel, columns on the exterior of buildings and carrying stone lintels being closer together than those on the interior, which carried wooden lintels.[26][27] Door and window openings narrowed towards the top.[27] Temples were constructed without windows, the light to the naos entering through the door. It has been suggested that some temples were lit from openings in the roof.[26] A door of the Ionic Order at the Erechtheion (17 feet high and 7.5 feet wide at the top) retains many of its features intact, including mouldings, and an entablature supported on console brackets. (See Architectural Decoration, below)[27][28][29]

text: Roof[edit]

text: The widest span of a temple roof was across the cella, or internal space. In a large building, this space contains columns to support the roof, the architectural form being known as hypostyle. It appears that, although the architecture of ancient Greece was initially of wooden construction, the early builders did not have the concept of the diagonal truss as a stabilising member. This is evidenced by the nature of temple construction in the 6th century BC, where the rows of columns supporting the roof the cella rise higher than the outer walls, unnecessary if roof trusses are employed as an integral part of the wooden roof. The indication is that initially all the rafters were supported directly by the entablature, walls and hypostyle, rather than on a trussed wooden frame, which came into use in Greek architecture only in the 3rd century BC.[7]

text: Ancient Greek buildings of timber, clay and plaster construction were probably roofed with thatch. With the rise of stone architecture came the appearance of fired ceramic roof tiles. These early roof tiles showed an S-shape, with the pan and cover tile forming one piece. They were much larger than modern roof tiles, being up to 90 cm (35.43 in) long, 70 cm (27.56 in) wide, 3–4 cm (1.18–1.57 in) thick and weighing around 30 kg (66 lb) apiece.[30][31] Only stone walls, which were replacing the earlier mudbrick and wood walls, were strong enough to support the weight of a tiled roof.[32]

text: The earliest finds of roof tiles of the Archaic period in Greece are documented from a very restricted area around Corinth, where fired tiles began to replace thatched roofs at the temples of Apollo and Poseidon between 700 and 650 BC.[33] Spreading rapidly, roof tiles were within fifty years in evidence for a large number of sites around the Eastern Mediterranean, including Mainland Greece, Western Asia Minor, Southern and Central Italy.[33] Being more expensive and labour-intensive to produce than thatch, their introduction has been explained by the fact that their fireproof quality would have given desired protection to the costly temples.[33] As a side-effect, it has been assumed that the new stone and tile construction also ushered in the end of overhanging eaves in Greek architecture, as they made the need for an extended roof as rain protection for the mudbrick walls obsolete.[32]

text: Vaults and arches were not generally used, but begin to appear in tombs (in a "beehive" or cantilevered form such as used in Mycenaea) and occasionally, as an external feature, exedrae of voussoired construction from the 5th century BC. The dome and vault never became significant structural features, as they were to become in ancient Roman architecture.[7]

text: Temple plans[edit]

text: Most ancient Greek temples were rectangular, and were approximately twice as long as they were wide, with some notable exceptions such as the enormous Temple of Olympian Zeus, Athens with a length of nearly 2½ times its width. A number of surviving temple-like structures are circular, and are referred to as tholos.[34] The smallest temples are less than 25 metres (approx. 75 feet) in length, or in the case of the circular tholos, in diameter. The great majority of temples are between 30–60 metres (approx. 100–200 feet) in length. A small group of Doric temples, including the Parthenon, are between 60–80 metres (approx. 200–260 feet) in length. The largest temples, mainly Ionic and Corinthian, but including the Doric Temple of the Olympian Zeus, Agrigento, were between 90–120 metres (approx. 300–390 feet) in length.

text: The temple rises from a stepped base or "stylobate", which elevates the structure above the ground on which it stands. Early examples, such as the Temple of Zeus at Olympus, have two steps, but the majority, like the Parthenon, have three, with the exceptional example of the Temple of Apollo at Didyma having six.[35] The core of the building is a masonry-built "naos" within which is a cella, a windowless room originally housing the statue of the god. The cella generally has a porch or "pronaos" before it, and perhaps a second chamber or "antenaos" serving as a treasury or repository for trophies and gifts. The chambers were lit by a single large doorway, fitted with a wrought iron grill. Some rooms appear to have been illuminated by skylights.[35]

text: On the stylobate, often completely surrounding the naos, stand rows of columns. Each temple is defined as being of a particular type, with two terms: one describing the number of columns across the entrance front, and the other defining their distribution.[35]

text: Examples:

text:
Distyle in antis describes a small temple with two columns at the front, which are set between the projecting walls of the pronaos or porch, like the Temple of Nemesis at Rhamnus. (see left, figure 1.) [34]
Amphiprostyle tetrastyle describes a small temple that has columns at both ends which stand clear of the naos. Tetrastyle indicates that the columns are four in number, like those of the Temple on the Ilissus in Athens. (figure 4.) [34]
Peripteral hexastyle describes a temple with a single row of peripheral columns around the naos, with six columns across the front, like the Theseion in Athens. (figure 7.) [34]
Peripteral octastyle describes a temple with a single row of columns around the naos, (figure 7.) with eight columns across the front, like the Parthenon, Athens. (figs. 6 and 9.) [34]
Dipteral decastyle describes the huge temple of Apollo at Didyma, with the naos surrounded by a double row of columns, (figure 6.) with ten columns across the entrance front.[34]
The Temple of Zeus Olympius at Agrigentum, is termed Pseudo-periteral heptastyle, because its encircling colonnade has pseudo columns that are attached to the walls of the naos. (figure 8.) Heptastyle means that it has seven columns across the entrance front.[34]

text: Proportion and optical illusion[edit]

text: The ideal of proportion that was used by ancient Greek architects in designing temples was not a simple mathematical progression using a square module. The math involved a more complex geometrical progression, the so-called Golden mean. The ratio is similar to that of the growth patterns of many spiral forms that occur in nature such as rams' horns, nautilus shells, fern fronds, and vine tendrils and which were a source of decorative motifs employed by ancient Greek architects as particularly in evidence in the volutes of capitals of the Ionic and Corinthian Orders.[36]

text: The ancient Greek architects took a philosophic approach to the rules and proportions. The determining factor in the mathematics of any notable work of architecture was its ultimate appearance. The architects calculated for perspective, for the optical illusions that make edges of objects appear concave and for the fact that columns that are viewed against the sky look different from those adjacent that are viewed against a shadowed wall. Because of these factors, the architects adjusted the plans so that the major lines of any significant building are rarely straight.[36] The most obvious adjustment is to the profile of columns, which narrow from base to top. However, the narrowing is not regular, but gently curved so that each columns appears to have a slight swelling, called entasis below the middle. The entasis is never sufficiently pronounced as to make the swelling wider than the base; it is controlled by a slight reduction in the rate of decrease of diameter.[7]

text: The Parthenon, the Temple to the Goddess Athena on the Acropolis in Athens, is referred to by many as the pinnacle of ancient Greek architecture. Helen Gardner refers to its "unsurpassable excellence", to be surveyed, studied and emulated by architects of later ages. Yet, as Gardner points out, there is hardly a straight line in the building.[37] Banister Fletcher calculated that the stylobate curves upward so that its centres at either end rise about 2.6 inches above the outer corners, and 4.3 inches on the longer sides. A slightly greater adjustment has been made to the entablature. The columns at the ends of the building are not vertical but are inclined towards the centre, with those at the corners being out of plumb by about 2.6 inches.[7] These outer columns are both slightly wider than their neighbours and are slightly closer than any of the others.[38]

text: Style[edit]

text: Orders[edit]

text: Ancient Greek architecture of the most formal type, for temples and other public buildings, is divided stylistically into three "orders", first described by the Roman architectural writer Vitruvius. These are: the Doric Order, the Ionic Order and the Corinthian Order, the names reflecting their regional origins within the Greek world. While the three orders are most easily recognizable by their capitals, the orders also governed the form, proportions, details and relationships of the columns, entablature, pediment and the stylobate.[2] The different orders were applied to the whole range of buildings and monuments.

text: The Doric Order developed on mainland Greece and spread to Magna Graecia (Italy). It was firmly established and well-defined in its characteristics by the time of the building of the Temple of Hera at Olympia, c. 600 BC. The Ionic order co-existed with the Doric, being favoured by the Greek cities of Ionia, in Asia Minor and the Aegean Islands. It did not reach a clearly defined form until the mid 5th century BC.[25] The early Ionic temples of Asia Minor were particularly ambitious in scale, such as the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus.[11] The Corinthian Order was a highly decorative variant not developed until the Hellenistic period and retaining many characteristics of the Ionic. It was popularised by the Romans.[7]

text: Doric Order[edit]

text: The Doric order is recognised by its capital, of which the echinus is like a circular cushion rising from the top of the column to the square abacus on which rest the lintels. The echinus appears flat and splayed in early examples, deeper and with greater curve in later, more refined examples, and smaller and straight-sided in Hellenistc examples.[39] A refinement of the Doric column is the entasis, a gentle convex swelling to the profile of the column, which prevents an optical illusion of concavity.[39] This is more pronounced in earlier examples.

text: Doric columns are almost always cut with grooves, known as "fluting", which run the length of the column and are usually 20 in number, although sometimes fewer. The flutes meet at sharp edges called arrises. At the top of the columns, slightly below the narrowest point, and crossing the terminating arrises, are three horizontal grooves known as the hypotrachelion. Doric columns have no bases, until a few examples in the Hellenistic period.[39]

text: The columns of an early Doric temple such as the Temple of Apollo at Syracuse, Sicily, may have a height to base diameter ratio of only 4:1 and a column height to entablature ratio of 2:1, with relatively crude details. A column height to diameter of 6:1 became more usual, while the column height to entablature ratio at the Parthenon is about 3:1. During the Hellenistic period, Doric conventions of solidity and masculinity dropped away, with the slender and unfluted columns reaching a height to diameter ratio of 7.5:1.[39]

text: The Doric entablature is in three parts, the architrave, the frieze and the cornice. The architrave is composed of the stone lintels which span the space between the columns, with a joint occurring above the centre of each abacus. On this rests the frieze, one of the major areas of sculptural decoration. The frieze is divided into triglyphs and metopes, the triglyphs, as stated elsewhere in this article, are a reminder of the timber history of the architectural style. Each triglyph has three vertical grooves, similar to the columnar fluting, and below them, seemingly connected, are guttae, small strips that appear to connect the triglyphs to the architrave below.[39] A triglyph is located above the centre of each capital, and above the centre of each lintel. However, at the corners of the building, the triglyphs do not fall over the centre the column. The ancient architects took a pragmatic approach to the apparent "rules", simply extending the width of the last two metopes at each end of the building.

text: The cornice is a narrow jutting band of complex moulding which overhangs and protects the ornamented frieze, like the edge of an overhanging wooden-framed roof. It is decorated on the underside with projecting blocks, mutules, further suggesting the wooden nature of the prototype. At either end of the building the pediment rises from the cornice, framed by moulding of similar form.[39]

text: The pediment is decorated with figures that are in relief in the earlier examples, though almost freestanding by the time of the sculpture on the Parthenon. Early architectural sculptors found difficulty in creating satisfactory sculptural compositions in the tapering triangular space.[40] By the Early Classical period, with the decoration of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia, (486-460 BC) the sculptors had solved the problem by having a standing central figure framed by rearing centaurs and fighting men who are falling, kneeling and lying in attitudes that fit the size and angle of each part of the space.[37] The famous sculptor Phidias fills the space at the Parthenon (448-432 BC) with a complex array of draped and undraped figures of deities who appear in attitudes of sublime relaxation and elegance.

text: Ionic Order[edit]

text: The Ionic Order is recognized by its voluted capital, in which a curved echinus of similar shape to that of the Doric Order, but decorated with stylised ornament, is surmounted by a horizontal band that scrolls under to either side, forming spirals or volutes similar to those of the nautilus shell or ram's horn. In plan, the capital is rectangular. It is designed to be viewed frontally but the capitals at the corners of buildings are modified with an additional scroll so as to appear regular on two adjoining faces. In the Hellenistic period, four-fronted Ionic capitals became common.[41]

text: Like the Doric Order, the Ionic Order retains signs of having its origins in wooden architecture. The horizontal spread of a flat timber plate across the top of a column is a common device in wooden construction, giving a thin upright a wider area on which to bear the lintel, while at the same time reinforcing the load-bearing strength of the lintel itself. Likewise, the columns always have bases, a necessity in wooden architecture to spread the load and protect the base of a comparatively thin upright.[41] The columns are fluted with narrow, shallow flutes that do not meet at a sharp edge but have a flat band or fillet between them. The usual number of flutes is twenty-four but there may be as many as forty-four. The base has two convex mouldings called torus, and from the late Hellenic period stood on a square plinth similar to the abacus.[41]

text: The architrave of the Ionic Order is sometimes undecorated, but more often rises in three outwardly-stepped bands like overlapping timber planks. The frieze, which runs in a continuous band, is separated from the other members by rows of small projecting blocks. They are referred to as dentils, meaning "teeth", but their origin is clearly in narrow wooden slats which supported the roof of a timber structure.[41] The Ionic Order is altogether lighter in appearance than the Doric, with the columns, including base and capital, having a 9:1 ratio with the diameter, while the whole entablature was also much narrower and less heavy than the Doric entablature. There was some variation in the distribution of decoration. Formalised bands of motifs such as alternating forms known as "egg and dart" were a feature of the Ionic entablatures, along with the bands of dentils. The external frieze often contained a continuous band of figurative sculpture or ornament, but this was not always the case. Sometimes a decorative frieze occurred around the upper part of the naos rather than on the exterior of the building. These Ionic-style friezes around the naos are sometimes found on Doric buildings, notably the Parthenon. Some temples, like the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, had friezes of figures around the lower drum of each column, separated from the fluted section by a bold moulding.[41]

text: Caryatids, draped female figures used as supporting members to carry the entablature, were a feature of the Ionic order, occurring at several buildings including the Siphnian Treasury at Delphi in 525 BC and at the Erechtheion, about 410 BC.[42]

text: Corinthian Order[edit]

text: The Corinthian Order does not have its origin in wooden architecture. It grew directly out of the Ionic in the mid 5th century BC, and was initially of much the same style and proportion, but distinguished by its more ornate capitals.[43] The capital was very much deeper than either the Doric or the Ionic capital, being shaped like a large krater, a bell-shaped mixing bowl, and being ornamented with a double row of acanthus leaves above which rose voluted tendrils, supporting the corners of the abacus, which, no longer perfectly square, splayed above them. According to Vitruvius, the capital was invented by a bronze founder, Callimachus of Corinth, who took his inspiration from a basket of offerings that had been placed on a grave, with a flat tile on top to protect the goods. The basket had been placed on the root of an acanthus plant which had grown up around it.[43] The ratio of the column height to diameter is generally 10:1, with the capital taking up more than 1/10 of the height. The ratio of capital height to diameter is generally about 1.16:1.[43]

text: The Corinthian Order was initially used internally, as at the Temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae (c.450-425 BC). In 334 BC it appeared as an external feature on the Choragic Monument of Lysicrates in Athens, and then on a huge scale at the Temple of Zeus Olympia in Athens, (174 BC - AD 132).[43] It was popularised by the Romans, who added a number of refinements and decorative details. During the Hellenistic period, Corinthian columns were sometimes built without fluting.[43]

text: Decoration[edit]

text: Architectural ornament[edit]

text: Early wooden structures, particularly temples, were ornamented and in part protected by fired and painted clay revetments in the form of rectangular panels, and ornamental discs. Many fragments of these have outlived the buildings that they decorated and demonstrate a wealth of formal border designs of geometric scrolls, overlapping patterns and foliate motifs.[44] With the introduction of stone-built temples, the revetments no longer served a protective purpose and sculptured decoration became more common.

text: The clay ornaments were limited to the roof of buildings, decorating the cornice, the corners and surmounting the pediment. At the corners of pediments they were called acroteria and along the sides of the building, antefixes. Early decorative elements were generally semi-circular, but later of roughly triangular shape with moulded ornament, often palmate.[44][45] Ionic cornices were often set with a row of lion's masks, with open mouths that ejected rainwater.[26][45] From the Late Classical period, acroteria were sometimes sculptured figures.See "Architectural sculpture"[46]

text: In the three orders of ancient Greek architecture, the sculptural decoration, be it a simple half round astragal, a frieze of stylised foliage or the ornate sculpture of the pediment, is all essential to the architecture of which it is a part. In the Doric order, there is no variation in its placement. Reliefs never decorate walls in an arbitrary way. The sculpture is always located in several predetermined areas, the metopes and the pediment.[44] In later Ionic architecture, there is greater diversity in the types and numbers of mouldings and decorations, particularly around doorways, where voluted brackets sometimes occur supporting an ornamental cornice over a door, such as that at the Erechtheion.[26][28][44] A much applied narrow moulding is called "bead and reel" and is symmetrical, stemming from turned wooden prototypes. Wider mouldings include one with tongue-like or pointed leaf shapes, which are grooved and sometimes turned upward at the tip, and "egg and dart" moulding which alternates ovoid shapes with narrow pointy ones.[26][44][47]

text: Architectural sculpture[edit]

text: Architectural sculpture showed a development from early Archaic examples through Severe Classical, High Classical, Late Classical and Hellenistic.[1] Remnants of Archaic architectural sculpture (700 - 500 BC) exist from the early 6th century BC with the earliest surviving pedimental sculpture being fragments of a Gorgon flanked by heraldic panthers from the centre of the pediment of the Artemis Temple of Corfu.[48] A metope from a temple known as "Temple C" at Selinus, Sicily, shows, in a better preserved state, Perseus slaying the Gorgon Medusa.[40] Both images parallel the stylised depiction of the Gorgons on the black figure name vase decorated by the Nessos painter (c. 600 BC), with the face and shoulders turned frontally, and the legs in a running or kneeling position. At this date images of terrifying monsters have predominance over the emphasis on the human figure that developed with Humanist philosophy.[48]

text: The Severe Classical style (500 – 450 BC) is represented by the pedimental sculptures of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia, (470 – 456 BC). The eastern pediment shows a moment of stillness and "impending drama" before the beginning of a chariot race, the figures of Zeus and the competitors being severe and idealised representations of the human form.[49] The western pediment has Apollo as the central figure, "majestic" and "remote", presiding over a battle of Lapiths and Centaurs, in strong contrast to that of the eastern pediment for its depiction of violent action, and described by D. E. Strong as the "most powerful piece of illustration" for a hundred years.[49]

text: The shallow reliefs and three-dimensional sculpture which adorned the frieze and pediments, respectively, of the Parthenon, are the lifelike products of the High Classical style (450 – 400 BC) and were created under the direction of the sculptor Phidias.[50] The pedimental sculpture represents the Gods of Olympus, while the frieze shows the Panathenaic procession and ceremonial events that took place every four years to honour the titular Goddess of Athens.[50] The frieze and remaining figures of the eastern pediment show a profound understanding of the human body, and how it varies depending upon its position and the stresses that action and emotion place upon it. Benjamin Robert Haydon described the reclining figure of Dionysus as "....the most heroic style of art, combined with all the essential detail of actual life".[51]

text: The names of many famous sculptors are known from the Late Classical period (400 – 323 BC), including Timotheos, Praxiteles, Leochares and Skopas, but their works are known mainly from Roman copies.[1] Little architectural sculpture of the period remains intact. The Temple of Asclepius at Epidauros had sculpture by Timotheos working with the architect Theodotos. Fragments of the eastern pediment survive, showing the Sack of Troy. The scene appears to have filled the space with figures carefully arranged to fit the slope and shape available, as with earlier east pediment of the Temple of Zeus at Olympus. But the figures are more violent in action, the central space taken up, not with a commanding God, but with the dynamic figure of Neoptolemos as he seizes the aged king Priam and stabs him. The remaining fragments give the impression of a whole range of human emotions, fear, horror, cruelty and lust for conquest.[46] The acroteria were sculptured by Timotheus, except for that at the centre of the east pediment which is the work of the architect. The palmate acroteria have been replaced here with small figures, the eastern pediment being surmounted by a winged Nike, poised against the wind.[46]

text: Hellenistic architectural sculpture (323 – 31 BC) was to become more flamboyant, both in the rendering of expression and motion, which is often emphasised by flowing draperies, the Nike Samothrace which decorated a monument in the shape of a ship being a well-known example. The Pergamon Altar (c. 180–160 BC) has a frieze (120 metres long by 2.3 metres high) of figures in very high relief. The frieze represents the battle for supremacy of Gods and Titans, and employs many dramatic devices: frenzy, pathos and triumph, to convey the sense of conflict.[52]


document_title: List of Presidents of the College of the Holy Cross

question_text: who is the president of holy cross college

root

text: This article contains a list of Presidents of the College of the Holy Cross:

tag: p

text:
Rev. Thomas F. Mulledy, SJ (1843–1845)
Rev. James Ryder, SJ (1845–1848)
Rev. John Early, SJ (1848–1851)
Rev. Anthony F. Ciampi, SJ (1851–1854; 1857–1861; 1869–1873)
Rev. Peter J. Blenkinsop, SJ (1854–1857)
Rev. James Clark, SJ (1861–1867)
Rev. Robert W. Brady, SJ (1867–1869; 1883–1887)
Rev. Joseph B. O'Hagan, SJ (1873–1878)
Rev. Edward D. Boone, SJ (1878–1883)
Rev. Samuel Cahill, SJ (1887–1889)
Rev. Michael O'Kane, SJ (1889–1893)
Rev. Edward A. McGurk, SJ (1893–1895)
Rev. John F. Lehy, SJ (1895–1901)
Rev. Joseph F. Hanselman, SJ (1901–1906)
Rev. Thomas E. Murphy, SJ (1906–1911)
Rev. Joseph N. Dinand, SJ (1911–1918; 1924–1927)
Rev. James J. Carlin, SJ (1918–1924)
Rev. John M. Fox, SJ (1927–1933)
Rev. Francis J. Dolan, SJ (1933–1939)
Rev. Joseph R. N. Maxwell, SJ (1939–1945)
Rev. William J. Healy (1945–1948)
Rev. John A. O'Brien, SJ (1948–1954)
Rev. William A. Donaghy, SJ (1954–1960)
Rev. Raymond J. Swords, SJ (1960–1970)
Rev. John E. Brooks, SJ (1970–1994)
Rev. Gerard C. Reedy, SJ (1994–1998)
Dr. Frank Vellaccio, PhD (1998–2000)
Rev. Michael C. McFarland, SJ (2000–2012)
Rev. Philip L. Boroughs, SJ (2012– )

tag: ol

text:
[hide]

v
t
e

Presidents of the College of the Holy Cross

Mulledy (1843–1845)
Ryder (1845–1848)
Early (1848–1851)
Ciampi (1851–1854)
Blenkinsop (1854–1857
Ciampi (1857–1861)
Brady (1867–1869)
Ciampi (1869–1873)
O'Hagan (1873–1878)
Boone (1878–1883)
Brady (1883–1887)
Cahill (1887–1889)
O'Kane (1889–1893)
McGurk (1893–1895)
Lehy (1895–1901)
Hanselman (1901–1906)
Murphy (1906–1911)
Dinand (1911–1918)
Carlin (1918–1924)
Dinand (1924–1927)
Fox (1927–1933)
Dolan (1933–1939)
Maxwell (1939–1945)
Healy (1945–1948)
O'Brien (1948–1954)
Donaghy (1954–1960)
Swords (1960–1970)
Brooks (1970–1994)
Reedy (1994–1998)
Vellaccio (acting, 1998–2000)
McFarland (2000–2012)
Boroughs (2012– )

tag: table

text: Presidents of the College of the Holy CrossLists of university and college leaders

tag: ul


document_title: List of association football stadiums by capacity

question_text: top 10 largest soccer stadiums in the world

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The following is a list of association football stadiums. They are ordered by their seating capacity, that is the maximum number of spectators that the stadium can accommodate in seated areas. All stadiums that are the home of a club or national team with a capacity of 40,000 or more are included. That is the minimum capacity required for a stadium to host FIFA World Cup finals matches.

text: The list contains both stadiums used solely for football, and those used for other sports as well as football. Some stadiums are only used by a team for certain high attendance matches, like local derbies or cup games.

text:
bold
Denotes that the stadium was once the largest association football stadium in the world.

★
Denotes the largest association football stadium in the world.

♦
Denotes the largest association football stadium in the country or area.

text:
List of Football (soccer) Stadiums by size

Stadium
Seating capacity
City
Country or area
Home team(s) & events hosted

Rungrado May Day Stadium ★ ♦
114,000[1]
Pyongyang
 North Korea
Korea DPR national football team

Camp Nou ♦
99,354[2]
Barcelona
 Spain
FC Barcelona, 1982 FIFA World Cup

FNB Stadium ♦
94,736[3]
Johannesburg
 South Africa
South Africa national football team, Kaizer Chiefs, 2010 FIFA World Cup

Rose Bowl Stadium ♦
92,542[4]
Pasadena
 United States
1994 FIFA World Cup Final, 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup Final

Wembley Stadium ♦
90,310[5]
London
 England
England national football team, Tottenham Hotspur FC (2017-18), FA Cup, League Cup, Football League play-offs

Bukit Jalil National Stadium ♦
89,411
Kuala Lumpur
 Malaysia
Malaysia national football team[6], 1998 Commonwealth Games

Gelora Bung Karno Main Stadium ♦
88,083[7]
Jakarta
 Indonesia
Indonesia national football team, Persija Jakarta, 1962 Asian Games, 2007 AFC Asian Cup

Estadio Azteca ♦
87,000[8]
Mexico City
 Mexico
Club América, Mexico national football team, 1968 Summer Olympics, 1970 and 1986 FIFA World Cup Finals

Borg El Arab Stadium ♦
86,000[9]
Alexandria
 Egypt
Egypt national football team, 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup

Salt Lake Stadium (Yuva Bharati Krirangan) ♦
85,000[10][11]
Kolkata
 India
India national football team, ATK, Mohun Bagan, East Bengal, Mohammedan, 2017 FIFA Under-17 World Cup

ANZ Stadium
84,000
Sydney
 Australia
Western Sydney Wanderers

Croke Park
82,300[12]
Dublin
 Ireland
Gaelic Athletic Association

Signal Iduna Park (Westfalenstadion) ♦
81,360
Dortmund
 Germany
Borussia Dortmund, 2006 FIFA World Cup

Stade de France ♦
81,338[13]
Saint-Denis
 France
France national football team, 1998 FIFA World Cup

Santiago Bernabéu Stadium
81,044[14]
Madrid
 Spain
Real Madrid C.F., 1982 FIFA World Cup

Luzhniki Stadium ♦
81,006[15]
Moscow
 Russia
2008 UEFA Champions League Final

Shah Alam Stadium
80,372
Shah Alam
 Malaysia
Selangor FA

Estadio Monumental "U" ♦
80,093
Lima
 Peru
Universitario de Deportes

Stadio Giuseppe Meazza (San Siro) ♦
80,018
Milan
 Italy
A. C. Milan, F. C. Internazionale

Guangdong Olympic Stadium ♦
80,012
Guangzhou
 China
Guangzhou Evergrande

AT&T Stadium
80,000
Arlington
 United States
2009, 2011 and 2013 CONCACAF Gold Cup

Stade des Martyrs ♦
80,000
Kinshasa
 DR Congo
Vita Club, Congo DR national football team

Beijing National Stadium
80,000
Beijing
 China
2008 Olympic men's football tournament final

Maracanã Stadium ♦
78,838[16][17][18]
Rio de Janeiro
 Brazil
Brazil national football team, CR Flamengo, Fluminense FC, Botafogo FR, CR Vasco da Gama, 1950 and 2014 FIFA World Cup Finals

Azadi Stadium ♦
78,116[19][20]
Tehran
 Iran
Iran national football team, Esteghlal FC, Persepolis FC

Atatürk Olympic Stadium ♦
76,092[21]
Istanbul
 Turkey
2005 UEFA Champions League Final

Old Trafford
75,731
Manchester
 England
Manchester United F.C., 2003 UEFA Champions League Final

Allianz Arena
75,024[22]
Munich
 Germany
FC Bayern Munich, TSV 1860 Munich

Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium
75,000[23]
Kochi
 India
Kerala Blasters

Naghsh-e-Jahan Stadium
75,000
Isfahan
 Iran
Sepahan F.C.

Millennium Stadium ♦
74,500
Cardiff
 Wales
Wales national football team, 2017 UEFA Champions League Final

Cairo International Stadium
74,100
Cairo
 Egypt
Egypt national football team, Al-Ahly S.C., Zamalek SC

Olympiastadion
74,064
Berlin
 Germany
Hertha BSC

Stadio Olimpico
72,698
Rome
 Italy
A.S. Roma, S.S. Lazio

International Stadium Yokohama ♦
72,327[24]
Yokohama
 Japan
Yokohama F. Marinos, 2002 FIFA World Cup

NRG Stadium
71,054
Houston
 United States
United States men's national soccer team, and Houston Dynamo prime matches

Olimpiyskiy National Sports Complex ♦
70,050[25]
Kiev
 Ukraine
Ukraine national football team, FC Dynamo Kyiv, UEFA Euro 2012

July 5 Stadium ♦
70,000[26]
Algiers
 Algeria
Algeria national football team

Kim Il-sung Stadium
70,000
Pyongyang
 North Korea
Pyongyang City Sports Group

Seoul Olympic Stadium
69,950
Seoul
 South Korea
Korea Republic national football team, Seoul E-Land FC
1986 Asian Games, 1988 Summer Olympics

Olympic Stadium Athens Spiros Louis ♦
69,618
Athens
 Greece
Greece national football team, AEK Athens, Panathinaikos F.C.

Estádio Nacional Mané Garrincha
69,349
Brasília
 Brazil
Brazil national football team, Brasília FC, Legião FC

Olympiastadion München
69,250
Munich
 Germany
1974 FIFA World Cup, UEFA Euro 1988

CenturyLink Field
69,000
Seattle
 United States
Seattle Sounders FC

Estadio Olímpico Universitario
68,954
Mexico City
 Mexico
UNAM Pumas

Gillette Stadium
68,756
Foxborough
 United States
New England Revolution

Baku National Stadium ♦
69,870
Baku
 Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan National Football Team, 2015 European Games

King Abdullah Sports City ♦
68,560
Jeddah
 Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia national football team Al-Ahli Saudi FC

Krestovsky Stadium
68,134
Saint Petersburg
 Russia
FC Zenit Saint Petersburg, Opening game of the 2017 Confederations Cup, Final

Estadio Monumental Antonio Vespucio Liberti ♦
67,432
Buenos Aires
 Argentina
Argentina national football team, River Plate

Stade Vélodrome
67,374
Marseille
 France
Olympique de Marseille

Palaran Stadium
67,075
Samarinda
 Indonesia
Pusamania Borneo F.C.

Estádio do Morumbi
67,052
São Paulo
 Brazil
São Paulo FC

Castelão
67,037
Fortaleza
 Brazil
Ceará SC, Fortaleza EC

Stade Mohamed V ♦
67,000[27]
Casablanca
 Morocco
Wydad Casablanca, Raja Casablanca

Sahand Stadium
66,833
Tabriz
 Iran
Tractor Sazi F.C.

Seoul World Cup Stadium
66,704
Seoul
 South Korea
Korea Republic national football team, FC Seoul, 2002 FIFA World Cup

Daegu Stadium
66,422
Daegu
 South Korea
Daegu FC, 2002 FIFA World Cup

Workers Stadium
66,161
Beijing
 China
2008 Olympic men's football tournament and women's football tournaments, Beijing Guoan F.C.. China national football team.

Olympic Stadium ♦
65,255
Montreal
 Canada
1976 Olympic men's football tournament, 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup, 2014 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup, Some Montreal Impact matches

Basra Sports City ♦
65,227
Basra
 Iraq
Iraq national football team

Orlando Citrus Bowl Stadium
65,000
Orlando
 United States
Orlando City SC

Estádio da Luz ♦
64,642
Lisbon
 Portugal
S.L. Benfica, UEFA Euro 2004 Final, 2014 UEFA Champions League Final

Saitama Stadium 2002
63,700[28]
Saitama
 Japan
Urawa Red Diamonds, 2002 FIFA World Cup

Ellis Park Stadium
62,567
Johannesburg
 South Africa
Orlando Pirates FC

Veltins-Arena
62,271
Gelsenkirchen
 Germany
FC Schalke 04

Yizhong Sports Center
62,000
Qingdao
 China
Qingdao Jonoon F.C.

King Fahd International Stadium
61,781
Riyadh
 Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia national football team Al-Hilal, Al-Nassr, Al-Shabab

Estadio Benito Villamarín
60,720
Seville
 Spain
Real Betis, 1982 FIFA World Cup

Nanjing Olympic Sports Center
61,443
Nanjing
 China
Jiangsu Guoxin-Sainty

Abuja Stadium ♦
60,491
Abuja
 Nigeria
Nigeria national football team

Mercedes-Benz Arena
60,469
Stuttgart
 Germany
VfB Stuttgart

Celtic Park ♦
60,411[29]
Glasgow
 Scotland
Celtic F.C.

Emirates Stadium
60,338[30]
London
 England
Arsenal F.C.

Shenzhen Universiade Sports Centre
60,334
Shenzhen
 China
Shenzhen Fengpeng F.C.

Stadio San Paolo
60,240
Naples
 Italy
Napoli

Estadio Centenario ♦
60,235
Montevideo
 Uruguay
Uruguay national football team

Estádio do Arruda
60,044
Recife
 Brazil
Santa Cruz FC

Stade 7 November ♦
60,000
Radès
 Tunisia
Tunisia national football team , 2001 Mediterranean Games , 2004 African Cup of Nations

Olympic Stadium (London)
60,000
London
 England
West Ham United

Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium
60,000[31]
New Delhi
 India
Some I-League matches, Delhi Dynamos

Hefei Olympic Sports Center Stadium
60,000
Hafei
 China
Anhui Jiufang

Estádio Fonte Nova
60,000
Salvador
 Brazil
Brazil national football team, EC Bahia, EC Vitória, Galícia EC

National Heroes Stadium ♦
60,000
Lusaka
 Zambia
Zambian national football team

Jaber Al-Ahmad International Stadium ♦
60,000
Kuwait City
 Kuwait
Kuwait national football team

Benjamin Mkapa National Stadium ♦
60,000
Dar es Salaam
 Tanzania
Tanzania national football team, Young Africans

Stade Léopold Sédar Senghor ♦
60,000
Dakar
 Senegal
Senegal national football team, ASC Jeanne d'Arc

Moi International Sports Centre ♦
60,000
Nairobi
 Kenya
Kenya national football team

National Sports Stadium ♦
60,000
Harare
 Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe national football team

Odi Stadium
60,000
Mabopane
 South Africa
Garankuwa United F.C.

Shenyang Olympic Sports Center Stadium
60,000
Shenyang
 China
Changsha Ginde F.C., 2008 Olympic men's and women's football tournaments

Estadio Monumental Isidro Romero Carbo ♦
59,283[32]
Guayaquil
 Ecuador
Barcelona Sporting Club

Parc Olympique Lyonnais
59,168
Lyon
 France
Olympique Lyonnais

Chongqing Olympic Sports Center
58,680
Chongqing
 China
Chongqing Lifan F.C.

PGE Narodowy ♦
58,500
Warsaw
 Poland
Polish national football team

Tianhe Stadium
58,500
Guangzhou
 China
Some Guangzhou Evergrande F.C. matches

Stadio San Nicola
58,270
Bari
 Italy
A.S. Bari

Mineirão
58,170
Belo Horizonte
 Brazil
Brazil national football team, CA Mineiro, Cruzeiro EC

Estadio de La Cartuja
57,619
Seville
 Spain
Spain national football team

Tokyo National Olympic Stadium
57,363
Tokyo
 Japan
Emperor's Cup and J. League Cup finals

Imtech Arena
57,030
Hamburg
 Germany
Hamburger SV

Estadio Mario Alberto Kempes
57,000
Córdoba
 Argentina
Talleres de Córdoba, Some Belgrano de Córdoba matches

May 19 Stadium
56,000
Annaba
 Algeria
USM Annaba

Shanghai Stadium
56,842
Shanghai
 China
Shanghai East Asia, 2008 Olympic men's football tournament

Jinan Olympic Sports Center Stadium
56,808
Jinan
 China
Shandong Luneng Taishan

Estadio Jalisco
56,713[33]
Guadalajara
 Mexico
Atlas

Commonwealth Stadium
56,302
Edmonton
 Canada
Canadian men's and women's national teams, 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup, 2014 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup, FC Edmonton (cup matches only)

Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys
55,926
Barcelona
 Spain
1992 Summer Olympic Games

Dalian People's Stadium
55,843
Dalian
 China
Dalian Shide F.C.

Arena do Grêmio
55,662
Porto Alegre
 Brazil
Grêmio FBPA

Arena Națională ♦
55,634
Bucharest
 Romania
Romania national football team

Rajko Mitić Stadium ♦
55,538
Belgrade
 Serbia
Red Star Belgrade, Serbia national football team

Stadion Śląski
55,211
Chorzów
 Poland
Poland national football team, Ruch Chorzów

City of Manchester Stadium
55,097
Manchester
 England
Manchester City F.C.

Estadio Mestalla
55,000
Valencia
 Spain
Valencia CF, 1982 FIFA World Cup

New Singapore National Stadium ♦
55,000
Singapore
 Singapore
Singapore national football team

Kaohsiung National Stadium ♦
55,000
Kaohsiung
 Taiwan
World Games

Helong Stadium
55,000
Changsha
 China
Changsha Ginde F.C.

Cape Town Stadium
55,000
Cape Town
 South Africa
2010 FIFA World Cup, Ajax Cape Town FC

Gelora Bung Tomo Stadium
55,000
Surabaya
 Indonesia
Persebaya Surabaya

Plovdiv Stadium ♦
55,000
Plovdiv
 Bulgaria
none

Vicente Calderón Stadium
54,907
Madrid
 Spain
Atlético Madrid, 1982 FIFA World Cup

Tianjin Olympic Center Stadium
54,696
Tianjin
 China
Tianjin Teda

Esprit Arena
54,600
Düsseldorf
 Germany
Fortuna Düsseldorf

Boris Paichadze Dinamo Arena ♦
54,549
Tbilisi
 Georgia
Georgia national football team, FC Dinamo Tbilisi

Wuhan Sports Center Stadium
54,357
Wuhan
 China
Some Wuhan Optics Valley F.C. matches

BC Place Stadium
54,320
Vancouver
 Canada
Vancouver Whitecaps FC

Hrazdan Stadium ♦
54,208
Yerevan
 Armenia
FC Ararat Yerevan, Ulisses F.C.

Anfield
54,167[34]
Liverpool
 England
Liverpool F.C.

Estádio Serra Dourada
54,084
Goiânia
 Brazil
Brazil national football team, Goiás EC, Vila Nova FC, Atlético CG, Goiânia EC

Borussia-Park
54,057
Mönchengladbach
 Germany
Borussia Mönchengladbach

Moses Mabhida Stadium
54,000
Durban
 South Africa
2010 FIFA World Cup, AmaZulu FC

Busan Asiad Stadium
53,864
Busan
 South Korea
Busan IPark, 2002 FIFA World Cup, 2002 Asian Games

Adelaide Oval
53,500
Adelaide
 Australia
large capacity Adelaide United matches

Amsterdam Arena ♦
53,490[35]
Amsterdam
 Netherlands
AFC Ajax

Docklands Stadium
53,359
Melbourne
 Australia
Australia national soccer team, Melbourne Victory

Estádio Parque do Sabiá
53,350
Uberlândia
 Brazil
Uberlânia EC

San Mamés Stadium
53,332
Bilbao
 Spain
Athletic Bilbao, UEFA Euro 2020

Aleppo International Stadium ♦
53,200
Aleppo
 Syria
Al-Ittihad

Estadio Ciudad de La Plata
53,000
La Plata
 Argentina
Estudiantes de La Plata, Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata

Semple Stadium
53,000
Thurles
 Ireland
Tipperary Galic Association

Kozhikode Municipal Stadium
53,000
Kozhikode
 India
local football teams

Huanglong Stadium
52,672
Hangzhou
 China
Hangzhou Nabel Greentown F.C.

Türk Telekom Arena
52,652
Istanbul
 Turkey
Galatasaray S.K.

Suncorp Stadium
52,500
Brisbane
 Australia
Brisbane Roar FC

St James' Park
52,405
Newcastle upon Tyne
 England
Newcastle United FC

Estadio de Palmaseca ♦
52,000
Cali
 Colombia
Deportivo Cali

Prince Moulay Abdellah Stadium
52,000
Rabat
 Morocco
Morocco national football team , FAR Rabat

Kings Park Stadium
52,000
Durban
 South Africa
Golden Arrows

Newlands Stadium
51,900
Cape Town
 South Africa
none

Hampden Park
51,866[36]
Glasgow
 Scotland
Scotland national football team, Queen's Park F.C.

Estadio Monumental de Maturín ♦
51,796
Maturín
 Venezuela
Monagas Sport Club

Loftus Versfeld Stadium
51,762
Pretoria
 South Africa
Some Supersport United F.C. matches

Aviva Stadium ♦
51,700
Dublin
 Ireland
Republic of Ireland national football team

Guiyang Olympic Sports Center
51,638
Guiyang
 China
local football matches

Hohhot City Stadium
51,632
Hohhot
 China
local football matches

Donbass Arena
51,504
Donetsk
 Ukraine
FC Shakhtar Donetsk

Commerzbank-Arena
51,500
Frankfurt
 Germany
Eintracht Frankfurt

Estadio Presidente Juan Domingo Perón
51,389
Avellaneda
 Argentina
Racing Club de Avellaneda

Estádio Beira-Rio
51,300
Porto Alegre
 Brazil
SC Internacional

İzmir Atatürk Stadium
51,295
İzmir
 Turkey
Some Altay S.K. and Göztepe A.Ş. matches

Stadion Feijenoord
51,117
Rotterdam
 Netherlands
Feyenoord Rotterdam

Estadio BBVA Bancomer
51,000[37]
Monterrey
 Mexico
C.F. Monterrey

Ghadir Stadium
51,000
Ahvaz
 Iran
Foolad F.C.

Ibrox Stadium
50,817[38]
Glasgow
 Scotland
Rangers F.C.

Shizuoka Stadium
50,889[39]
Fukuroi
 Japan
Some Júbilo Iwata and Shimizu S-Pulse matches, 2002 FIFA World Cup

Ernst-Happel-Stadion ♦
50,865
Vienna
 Austria
Austria national football team, Some FK Austria Wien and SK Rapid Wien matches, UEFA Euro 2008

Estadio Cuauhtémoc
50,754
Puebla
 Mexico
Puebla F.C.

Friends Arena ♦
50,653
Solna
 Sweden
Sweden national football team, AIK Fotboll

Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium
50,509
Istanbul
 Turkey
Fenerbahçe S.K.

Stanford Stadium
50,424
Palo Alto
 United States
1999 FIFA Women's World Cup, 1994 FIFA World Cup, Exhibition matches of professional teams, and large capacity San Jose Earthquakes matches

Stade Pierre-Mauroy
50,186
Villeneuve-d'Ascq
 France
Lille OSC

King Baudouin Stadium ♦
50,122
Brussels
 Belgium
Belgium national football team

Shaanxi Province Stadium
50,100
Xi'an
 China
Shaanxi Zhongjian Chanba F.C.

Ajinomoto Stadium
50,100
Chofu
 Japan
F.C. Tokyo, Tokyo Verdy

Estádio José Alvalade
50,095
Lisbon
 Portugal
Sporting CP

Estádio do Dragão
50,033
Porto
 Portugal
F.C. Porto

Al-Shaab Stadium
50,000
Baghdad
 Iraq
Iraq national football team

RheinEnergieStadion
50,000
Cologne
 Germany
1. FC Köln, 2006 FIFA World Cup

Harbin Sports City Center Stadium
50,000
Harbin
 China
Harbin Yiteng

Greenfield Stadium
50,000[40]
Trivandrum
 India
2015 SAFF Championship

Eden Park ♦
50,000
Auckland
 New Zealand
local football matches

Estádio 11 de Novembro ♦
50,000
Luanda
 Angola
Angola national football team, Primeiro de Agosto, Petro Luanda

Henan Provincial Stadium
50,000
Zhengzhou
 China
local football matches

Jiangxi Olympic Sports Center
50,000
Nanchang
 China
local football matches

Max-Morlock-Stadion
50,000
Nuremberg
 Germany
1. FC Nürnberg, 2006 FIFA World Cup

June 11 Stadium ♦
50,000
Tripoli
 Libya
Libya, Al-Ahly Tripoli, Al-Ittihad Tripoli, Almadina S.C.

Xinjiang Sports Centre
50,000
Urumqi
 China
some regional team matches

Hiroshima Big Arch
50,000
Hiroshima
 Japan
Sanfrecce Hiroshima

Jilin People's Stadium
50,000
Jilin City
 China
some regional team matches

Phnom Penh Olympic Stadium ♦
50,000
Phnom Penh
 Cambodia
Khemara Keila FC

Stade du 26 Mars ♦
50,000
Bamako
 Mali
Stade Malien

Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin Stadium
50,000
Kuala Terengganu
 Malaysia
Some Terengganu FA matches

Estadio Omnilife
49,850
Guadalajara
 Mexico
C.D. Guadalajara

Levy Mwanawasa Stadium
49,800
Lusaka
 Zambia
Zesco United

Fritz-Walter-Stadion
49,780
Kaiserslautern
 Germany
1. FC Kaiserslautern, 2006 FIFA World Cup

Rajamangala Stadium ♦
49,722
Bangkok
 Thailand
Thailand national football team

Estadio José Amalfitani
49,540
Buenos Aires
 Argentina
CA Vélez Sársfield

Miyagi Stadium
49,133
Rifu
 Japan
Some Vegalta Sendai matches, 2002 FIFA World Cup

Incheon Munhak Stadium
49,084
Incheon
 South Korea
Incheon Korail FC, 2002 FIFA World Cup

Estadio Alberto J. Armando (La Bombonera)
49,000
Buenos Aires
 Argentina
CA Boca Juniors

HDI-Arena
49,000
Hanover
 Germany
Hannover 962006 FIFA World Cup

Parc des Princes
48,712
Paris
 France
Paris Saint-Germain F.C.

Stadium of Light
48,707
Sunderland
 England
Sunderland A.F.C.

Estadio Nacional de Chile ♦
48,665
Santiago
 Chile
Chile national football team, CF Universidad de Chile

Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium
48,459
Port Elizabeth
 South Africa
2010 FIFA World Cup

Estadio Tomás Adolfo Ducó
48,314
Buenos Aires
 Argentina
CA Huracán

Jinnah Sports Stadium ♦
48,200
Islamabad
 Pakistan
Some Pakistan national football team matches

Estadio Libertadores de América
48,069
Avellaneda
 Argentina
Club Atlético Independiente

Free State Stadium
48,000
Bloemfontein
 South Africa
Bloemfontein Celtic

Nagai Stadium
47,816
Osaka
 Japan
Cerezo Osaka, 2002 FIFA World Cup

Camille Chamoun Sports City Stadium ♦
47,799
Beirut
 Lebanon
Lebanon national football team

Rogers Centre
47,568
Toronto
 Canada
Some Toronto FC matches

Estadio Monumental David Arellano
47,347
Santiago
 Chile
Colo-Colo

Stadio Artemio Franchi
47,282
Florence
 Italy
ACF Fiorentina

Estadio Ciudad de Lanús – Néstor Díaz Pérez
47,027
Lanús
 Argentina
CA Lanús

Estadio Metropolitano Roberto Meléndez
46,788
Barranquilla
 Colombia
Colombia national football team, Atlético Junior

Estádio Olímpico João Havelange
46,931
Rio de Janeiro
 Brazil
Botafogo FR

Arena Pernambuco
46,154
Recife
 Brazil
Náutico

Arena Corinthians
46,116
São Paulo
 Brazil
Corinthians

Atanasio Girardot Sports Complex
45,739
Medellín
 Colombia
Atlético Nacional, Independiente Medellín

Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium
45,596
Washington, D.C.
 United States
D.C. United and USA international matches

Estadio Nacional de Lima
45,574
Lima
 Peru
Peru national football team

Estadio Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán
45,500
Seville
 Spain
Sevilla FC, 1982 FIFA World Cup

Sydney Football Stadium
45,500
Sydney
 Australia
Sydney FC

Stade Adrar
45,480
Agadir
 Morocco
Hassania Agadir

Otkrytie Arena
45,360
Moscow
 Russia
Spartak Moscow

Stade de Marrakesh
45,240
Marrakesh
 Morocco
Kawkab Marrakech

Mandela National Stadium ♦
45,202
Kampala
 Uganda
Uganda Cranes

Kazan Arena
45,105
Kazan
 Russia
Rubin Kazan

Estádio Olímpico do Pará
45,007
Belém
 Brazil
Brazil national football team, Paysandu SC, Clube do Remo, Tuna Luso Brasileira, SC Belem

February 24 Stadium
45,000
Sidi Bel Abbès
 Algeria
USM Bel-Abbès

Latakia Sports City Stadium
45,000
Latakia
 Syria
1987 Mediterranean Games

Zibo Sports Center Stadium
45,000
Zibo
 China
2010 AFC U-19 Championship

Weifang Sports Center Stadium
45,000
Weifang
 China
2009 National Games of China

Yantai Sports Park Stadium
45,000
Yantai
 China
local football matches

Grand Stade de Tanger
45,000
Tangier
 Morocco
IR Tanger

Tuanku Abdul Rahman Stadium
45,000
Seremban
 Malaysia
ATM FA, Negeri Sembilan

Kobe Universiade Memorial Stadium
45,000[41]
Kobe
 Japan
Some Vissel Kobe matches

Estádio da Machava ♦
45,000
Maputo
 Mozambique
Mozambique national football team

Fes Stadium
45,000
Fes
 Morocco
Wydad de Fès, Maghreb de Fès

Naghsh-e-Jahan Stadium
45,000
Isfahan
 Iran
Sepahan F.C.

Harapan Bangsa Stadium
45,000
Banda Aceh
 Indonesia
Persiraja Banda Aceh

Stade El Menzah
45,000
Tunis
 Tunisia
ES Tunis , Club Africain

Tinsulanon Stadium
45,000
Songkhla
 Thailand
Some Songkhla United matches

Toyota Stadium
45,000
Toyota City
 Japan
Some Nagoya Grampus Eight matches

Lagos National Stadium
45,000
Lagos
 Nigeria
Some Nigeria national football team matches

Mubarak International Stadium
45,000
Suez
 Egypt
Egypt national football team

Red Bull Arena
44,345
Leipzig
 Germany
RB Leipzig

Estádio Governador Alberto Tavares Silva (Albertão)
44,200
Teresina
 Brazil
River AC, EC Flamengo, Piauí EC, SE Tiradentes, Auto EC

Ulsan Munsu Football Stadium
44,102
Ulsan
 South Korea
Ulsan Hyundai, 2002 FIFA World Cup

Suwon World Cup Stadium
43,959
Suwon
 South Korea
Suwon Samsung Bluewings, 2002 FIFA World Cup

Riau Main Stadium
43,923
Pekanbaru
 Indonesia
PSPS Pekanbaru

Shandong Provincial Stadium
43,700
Jinan
 China
Shandong Luneng Taishan F.C.

Sheikh Zayed Stadium ♦
43,620
Abu Dhabi
 United Arab Emirates
UAE Cup Finals, 2019 AFC Asian Cup

Stadion Energa Gdańsk
43,615
Gdańsk
 Poland
Lechia Gdańsk

Allianz Parque
43,600
São Paulo
 Brazil
SE Palmeiras

Estadio Pedro Bidegain
43,494
Buenos Aires
 Argentina
CA San Lorenzo de Almagro

INEA Stadion
43,269
Poznań
 Poland
Lech Poznań, Warta Poznań

Vasil Levski National Stadium
43,230
Sofia
 Bulgaria
Bulgaria national football team

Stade de Gerland
43,051
Lyon
 France
Olympique Lyonnais

Estadio Universidad San Marcos
43,000
Lima
 Peru
Universidad San Marcos

Nya Ullevi Stadium
43,000
Gothenburg
 Sweden
Gothenburg derbies, Sweden women's national football team

Estadio General Santander
42,901
Cúcuta
 Colombia
Cúcuta Deportivo

Stadion Wrocław
42,771
Wrocław
 Poland
Śląsk Wrocław

Villa Park
42,682
Birmingham
 England
Aston Villa F.C.

Perak Stadium
42,500
Perak
 Malaysia
Perak FA

Jeonju World Cup Stadium
42,477
Jeonju
 South Korea
Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors, 2002 FIFA World Cup

Kanjuruhan Stadium
42,449
Malang
 Indonesia
Arema F.C.

Weserstadion
42,358
Bremen
 Germany
SV Werder Bremen

Denka Big Swan Stadium
42,300
Niigata
 Japan
Albirex Niigata, 2002 FIFA World Cup

Estadio Metropolitano de Mérida
42,200
Mérida
 Venezuela
Estudiantes de Mérida

Daejeon World Cup Stadium
42,176
Daejeon
 South Korea
Daejeon Citizen, 2002 FIFA World Cup

Helsinki Olympic Stadium ♦
42,062
Helsinki
 Finland
Finland national football team

Estadio Inca Garcilaso de la Vega
42,056
Cusco
 Peru
CS Cienciano

Mohammed Bin Zayed Stadium
42,056
Abu Dhabi
 United Arab Emirates
Al-Jazira Club

Batakan Stadium
42,000
Balikpapan
 Indonesia
Persiba Balikpapan

Estadio Modelo Alberto Spencer
42,000
Guayaquil
 Ecuador
Club Sport Patria, Club Deportivo Everest, Panamá Sporting Club, Rocafuerte Fútbol Club

Estádio do Zimpeto
42,000
Maputo
 Mozambique
Mozambique national football team

Chengdu Sports Centre
42,000
Chengdu
 China
Chengdu Blades F.C.

Royal Bafokeng Stadium
42,000
Phokeng
 South Africa
Platinum Stars F.C.

Estadio Universitario
42,000
San Nicolás de los Garza
 Mexico
Tigres de la UANL

Estadio Brigadier General Estanislao López
42,000
Santa Fe
 Argentina
Club Atlético Colón

Estadio Marcelo Bielsa
42,000
Rosario
 Argentina
Newell's Old Boys

Vodafone Arena
41,903
Istanbul
 Turkey
Beşiktaş J.K.

Peter Mokaba Stadium
41,733
Polokwane
 South Africa
Polokwane City F.C.

Estadio Gigante de Arroyito
41,654
Rosario
 Argentina
Rosario Central

Polideportivo Cachamay
41,600
Ciudad Guayana
 Venezuela
Atlético Club Mineros de Guayana, AC Minervén FC

Estadio de Liga Deportiva Universitaria
41,596
Quito
 Ecuador
LDU

Ramat Gan Stadium ♦
41,583
Ramat Gan
 Israel
Israel national football team

Juventus Stadium
41,507
Torino
 Italy
Juventus F.C.

Sapporo Dome
41,484
Sapporo
 Japan
Some Consadole Sapporo matches, 2002 FIFA World Cup

Stamford Bridge
41,663
London
 England
Chelsea F.C.

Goyang Stadium
41,311
Goyang
 South Korea
Goyang Zaicro FC

Stade Félix-Bollaert
41,229
Lens
 France
RC Lens

Estadio Hernando Siles ♦
41,143
La Paz
 Bolivia
La Paz F.C., Club Bolívar, The Strongest

Arena Pantanal
41,112
Cuiabá
 Brazil
Cuiabá, Mixto EC

Arena da Amazônia
41,000
Manaus
 Brazil
Nacional FC

Mbombela Stadium
40,929
Nelspruit
 South Africa
2010 FIFA World Cup

Estadio José Pachencho Romero
40,800
Maracaibo
 Venezuela
Unión Atlético Maracaibo

Levy Mwanawasa Stadium
40,800
Ndola
 Zambia
ZESCO United

Kashima Soccer Stadium
40,728
Kashima
 Japan
Kashima Antlers, 2002 FIFA World Cup

Baba Yara Stadium ♦
40,528
Kumasi
 Ghana
Asante Kotoko F.C., King Faisal Babes

Estadi Cornellà-El Prat
40,500
Barcelona
 Spain
RCD Espanyol

Estadio Metropolitano de Fútbol de Lara
40,312
Barquisimeto
 Venezuela
Unión Lara

Estadio Malvinas Argentinas
40,268
Mendoza
 Argentina
Godoy Cruz Antonio Tomba

Gwangju World Cup Stadium
40,245
Gwangju
 South Korea
Gwangju FC, 2002 FIFA World Cup

Estadio Virgen de Chapi
40,217
Arequipa
 Peru
FBC Melgar, Club IDUNSA

Mỹ Đình National Stadium ♦
40,192
Hanoi
 Vietnam
Vietnam national football team

Castelão
40,100
São Luís
 Brazil
Sampaio Corrêa FC, Moto Club SL, Maranhão AC

Estadio Campeón del Siglo
40,005
Montevideo
 Uruguay
Club Atlético Peñarol

Metalist Oblast Sports Complex
40,003
Kharkiv
 Ukraine
FC Metalist Kharkiv

Ahmed Zabana Stadium
40,000
Oran
 Algeria
MC Oran, Algeria national rugby team

Mohamed Hamlaoui Stadium
40,000
Constantine
 Algeria
CS Constantine

Fisht Olympic Stadium
40,000
Sochi
 Russia
Zhemchuzhina-Sochi

Rentschler Field
40,000
East Hartford
 United States
USA National men's and women's teams, International matches

March 28 Stadium
40,000
Benghazi
 Libya
Al-Ahly Benghazi S.C., Al-Nasr Benghazi, Attahaddy Benghazi S.C., Some Libya national football team matches

Estádio José Américo de Almeida Filho (Almeidão)
40,000
João Pessoa
 Brazil
Botafogo FC, Auto Esporte Clube

Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium
40,000
Chennai
 India
Chennaiyin FC, Indian Bank FC

Hang Jebat Stadium
40,000
Malacca
 Malaysia
Melaka United

Hong Kong Stadium ♦
40,000
So Kon Po
 Hong Kong
South China AA

Negeri Pulau Pinang Stadium
40,000
Batu Kawan
 Malaysia
Some Penang FA matches

Accra Sports Stadium
40,000
Accra
 Ghana
Accra Hearts of Oak SC, Great Olympics

Sarawak Stadium
40,000
Kuching
 Malaysia
Sarawak FA

Bogyoke Aung San Stadium ♦
40,000
Yangon
 Myanmar
Some local teams matches

Ōita Bank Dome
40,000
Ōita
 Japan
Ōita Trinita, 2002 FIFA World Cup

Darul Makmur Stadium
40,000
Kuantan
 Malaysia
Pahang FA

Khalifa International Stadium ♦
40,000
Doha
 Qatar
Qatar national football team

Stade d'Angondjé ♦
40,000
Libreville
 Gabon
Gabon national football team

JRD Tata Sports Complex
40,000
Jamshedpur
 India
local football matches

Bao'an Stadium
40,000
Shenzhen
 China
Shenzhen Ruby

Kunming Tuodong Sports Center
40,000
Kunming
 China
local football matches

Taizhou Sports Center
40,000
Taizhou
 China
local football matches

Wuhu Olympic Stadium
40,000
Wuhu
 China
local football matches

Huizhou Olympic Stadium
40,000
Huizhou
 China
local football matches