document_title: List of Brooklyn Nine-Nine characters

question_text: who plays terry's brother in law on brooklyn 99

question_tokens: who plays terry 's brother in law on brooklyn 99

text: List of Brooklyn Nine-Nine characters

text: Main characters[edit]

text:
Character

Actor

Role

Seasons

1

2

3

4

5

Jake Peralta
Andy Samberg
Detective
Main

Rosa Diaz
Stephanie Beatriz
Detective
Main

Terry Jeffords
Terry Crews
Sergeant
Main

Amy Santiago
Melissa Fumero
Detective (1–5)Sergeant (5–)
Main

Charles Boyle
Joe Lo Truglio
Detective
Main

Gina Linetti
Chelsea Peretti
Civilian Administrator
Main

Ray Holt
Andre Braugher
Captain
Main

Michael Hitchcock
Dirk Blocker
Detective 3rd Grade
Recurring
Main

Norm Scully
Joel McKinnon Miller
Detective 2nd Grade
Recurring
Main

text: Jake Peralta[edit]

text:
Jake PeraltaFirst appearance
"Pilot"Portrayed by
Andy SambergInformationFull name
Jacob PeraltaGender
MaleOccupation
DetectiveFamily
Roger Peralta (father)  Karen Peralta (mother)Spouse(s)
Amy Santiago (wife)Significant other(s)
Sophia Perez (ex-girlfriend)Relatives
Bob (uncle)  Katie Peralta (half-sister)  Linda (aunt)  Two unnamed half-sisters  An unknown amount of half-brothersReligion
JewishNationality
American

text: Andy Samberg as Detective Jake Peralta, a talented but childish detective. Peralta shows "class clown" traits, constantly pulling pranks and making immature jokes at the expense of his colleagues, particularly his partner, Amy Santiago. He is fun-loving and sarcastic but is often motivated by his emotions more than his colleagues. Despite his goofy traits, Peralta has the best arrest rate in the precinct, something that both befuddles and irritates Santiago, who seemingly has to try twice as hard to succeed. In the pilot, Terry Jeffords explains to Captain Holt that Peralta is his best detective, that he likes putting away bad guys, and that he loves puzzles, although "the only puzzle he hasn't solved is how to grow up." As of Season 1, he is 33 years old and has been a detective with the 9-9 since 2005.[1]

text: Awards and decorations[edit]

text: The following are the medals and service awards fictionally worn by Detective Peralta.

text:
American Flag Breast Bar

NYPD Commendation or Commendation—Integrity[6]

NYPD Excellent Police Duty[6]

NYPD Award of Merit

Williamsport, PA Bureau of Police's Gallantry Star

NYPD 150th Commemorative Breast Bar

NYPD Firearms Proficiency Bar[6]

text: In "Stakeout", he received a commendation for his work on Rosa's drug task force.

text: Rosa Diaz[edit]

text:
Rosa DiazFirst appearance
"Pilot"Portrayed by
Stephanie BeatrizInformationGender
FemaleOccupation
DetectiveFamily
Oscar Diaz (father)  Julia Diaz (mother)  Two unnamed sistersSignificant other(s)
"Becky" (ex-girlfriend)  Adrian Pimento (ex-fiancé)  Marcus (ex-boyfriend)  Tom (ex-boyfriend)Relatives
Diana (niece)Nationality
American

text: Stephanie Beatriz as Detective Rosa Diaz, a smart, tough, aloof, and mysterious detective. She attended parochial school, later studied ballet, and was a classmate of Jake's in the police academy.[7] Though Diaz is a loyal and effective member of the squad, her anger management issues and lack of empathy terrify most of her coworkers. She is highly secretive about her personal life – should anyone discover a secret of hers, she normally threatens them with death should they disclose it. It is also made clear that she does not stay in her apartments for long periods of time, and her neighbours know her by both a different name and a completely different personality. As revealed in "Cop-Con", she and Amy are younger than most of the other precinct members as they are hurt by a device that emits a loud noise to those under 35, whereas Jake and Boyle only pretend to be affected by it. In "White Whale", she reveals to Amy that she's attended medical school, business school, and has a pilot's license.

text: Awards and decorations[edit]

text: The following are the medals and service awards fictionally worn by Detective Diaz.

text:
American Flag Breast Bar

NYPD Excellent Police Duty

NYPD Firearms Proficiency Bar

text: In "Stakeout", she received a commendation for her work as the leader of a drug task force.

text: Terry Jeffords[edit]

text:
Terry JeffordsFirst appearance
"Pilot"Portrayed by
Terry CrewsInformationFull name
Terence JeffordsGender
MaleOccupation
SergeantFamily
Unknown father (deceased)  Unknown grandmother (deceased)Spouse(s)
Sharon Jeffords (wife)Significant other(s)
Chiaki (ex-girlfriend)  Veronica Hopkins (ex-girlfriend)Children
Cagney & Lacey Jeffords (twin daughters)  Ava Jeffords (daughter)Relatives
Zeke (brother-in-law)Nationality
American

text: Terry Crews portrays Sergeant Terry Jeffords, the supervisor of the 9-9's Detective Squad. An avid bodybuilder whose size, strength and intimidating demeanour stands in stark contrast to his gentle, fatherly nature. Jeffords is devoted to his wife and three young daughters Cagney, Lacey (named after the stars of the 1980s TV series),and Ava. He fears the danger of police work because of the possibility that he could leave his children fatherless. Following a panic attack prior to the show's beginning, Terry was removed from field work, but he has since cautiously returned. He is high-strung, prone to nervous excitement, loves yogurt, and often refers to himself in third person, but he is an effective and caring leader to the detective squad.

text: Awards and decorations[edit]

text: The following are the medals and service awards fictionally worn by Sergeant Jeffords.

text:
American Flag Breast Bar

World Trade Center Breast Bar

NYPD Commendation or Commendation—Integrity

NYPD Unit Citation

NYPD Firearms Proficiency Bar

text: Amy Santiago[edit]

text:
Amy SantiagoFirst appearance
"Pilot"Portrayed by
Melissa FumeroInformationGender
FemaleOccupation
SergeantFamily
Victor Santiago (father)  Camila Santiago (mother)  Tony Santiago (brother)  Six unnamed brothersSpouse(s)
Jake Peralta (Husband)Significant other(s)
Teddy Wells (ex-boyfriend)  Constantine Kane (ex-boyfriend)Nationality
Cuban-American

text: Melissa Fumero portrays Sergeant Amy Santiago, Jake's uptight, by-the-book, rule-following Cuban-American partner, and later wife.[7] A neurotic overachiever, she is continually trying to ingratiate herself with Captain Holt, and any authority figure in arm's reach of her. Terry at one point explains to Holt that Amy's competitiveness is a result of her having seven brothers. Amy is a stickler for department protocol and is frequently exasperated by Jake's childishness, as well as the ease with which he succeeds as a detective. She is initially seen as Holt's teacher's pet, but over time is shown to command respect from others.

text: Awards and decorations[edit]

text: The following are the medals and service awards fictionally worn by Detective Santiago.

text:
American Flag Breast Bar

NYPD Excellent Police Duty

Unidentified award

Unidentified award

text: Charles Boyle[edit]

text:
Charles BoyleFirst appearance
"Pilot"Portrayed by
Joe Lo TruglioInformationGender
MaleOccupation
DetectiveFamily
Lynn Boyle (father)Spouse(s)
Eleanor Boyle (ex-wife)Significant other(s)
Genevieve Mirren-Carter (girlfriend)  Vivian Ludley (ex-fiancée)  Gina Linetti (ex-lover)  Lt. Singh (ex-lover)  Joanna (ex-lover)Children
Nikolaj Boyle (adopted son)Relatives
Darlene Linetti (stepmother)  Gina Linetti (stepsister)  Sam Boyle (cousin)  Christina Boyle (cousin)  Milton Boyle (cousin)  Steve Boyle (cousin)  Tommy Boyle (cousin)  Becca Boyle (cousin)  Nona Boyle (grandmother)  The Enigma/"Iggy" (stepniece)Nationality
American

text: Joe Lo Truglio portrays Detective Charles Boyle, a nervous and clumsy but honest and hard-working detective.[7] He is Jake Peralta's best friend in the New York Police Department. He is divorced from his wife Eleanor, who had numerous affairs during their marriage, to the point where she has to pay alimony[clarification needed] to him. He is also a huge, unapologetic foodie, maintaining a weekly Brooklyn pizza-ranking email and often relishing bizarre foreign cuisine that disgusts his coworkers. For saving Detective Diaz's life during "Christmas" (during which he was shot in the buttocks), he was awarded the NYPD Medal for Valor in "The Bet", though he was overshadowed by a revered and heroic NYPD horse named Sgt Peanut Butter.  In "The Swedes", it is revealed that Boyle is a graduate of Sarah Lawrence College.

text: Awards and decorations[edit]

text: The following are the medals and service awards fictionally worn by Detective Boyle.

text:
American Flag Breast Bar

NYPD Medal for Valor

Unidentified award

Unidentified award

NYPD 150th Commemorative Breast Bar

text: Gina Linetti[edit]

text:
Gina LinettiFirst appearance
"Pilot"Portrayed by
Chelsea PerettiInformationFull name
Regina LinettiGender
FemaleOccupation
AdministratorFamily
Darlene Linetti (mother)Significant other(s)
Charles Boyle (ex-lover)  Milton Boyle (lover)Children
The Enigma/"Iggy" (daughter)Relatives
Lynn Boyle (stepfather)  Charles Boyle (stepbrother)Nationality
American

text: Chelsea Peretti portrays Gina Linetti, the 99th Precinct's sardonic and egomaniacal civilian administrator and Captain Holt's assistant.[7] Despite maintaining a clueless and dimwitted disposition most of the time, she can be surprisingly observant and has demonstrated traits of being more intelligent than she likes to show. Gina is obsessed with social media and is constantly on her phone. It is a running gag to try to pry her from her phone, to the point where Captain Holt becomes involved. She is extremely narcissistic and constantly praises and exalts herself, such as claiming to be a better dancer than Beyoncé in the episode "Karen Peralta."  As the only civilian in the precinct, Gina often uses her outsider's perspective to assist the other detectives. In the episode "The Party," Rosa plays a prank on Gina by tricking her into talking to a group of psychology professors at Holt's birthday party, who then take copious notes.

text: Raymond Holt[edit]

text:
Raymond HoltFirst appearance
"Pilot"Portrayed by
Andre BraugherInformationFull name
Raymond Jacob HoltGender
MaleOccupation
Commanding Officer, NYPD 99th PrecinctFamily
Laverne Holt (mother)  Debbie (younger sister)Spouse(s)
Kevin Cozner (husband)Significant other(s)
Frederick (ex-boyfriend)Relatives
Marcus (nephew)Nationality
American

text: Andre Braugher portrays Captain Raymond Holt, the 99th Precinct's strict new Commanding Officer. Holt is known for his cold, calm and robotic manner of speaking and lack of outwardly visible emotion, although his non-work friends frequently refer to him having a much more fun persona that is never seen by either the Nine-Nine members, nor the viewer. The Nine-Nine is Holt's first command despite many years of outstanding service, something he attributes to prejudice against both his race and homosexuality. He came out in 1987 and until recently led a group that supported gay African-American NYPD members, which he himself created.[7] He was a homicide detective in the 1980s, and spent twelve years in the Community Affairs Bureau immediately prior to commanding the Nine-Nine.

text: Awards and decorations[edit]

text: The following are the medals and service awards fictionally worn by Captain Holt.

text:
American Flag Breast Bar

NYPD Medal for Valor

World Trade Center Breast Bar

NYPD Meritorious Police Duty (with numeral "10")

NYPD Excellent Police Duty

NYPD Firearms Proficiency Bar

text: In "Stakeout", he received a commendation for his supervision of Det. Diaz's drug task force.

text: Michael Hitchcock[edit]

text:
Michael HitchcockFirst appearance
"Pilot"Portrayed by
Dirk BlockerInformationGender
MaleOccupation
Detective 3rd GradeSpouse(s)
Lucille (ex-wife)Brandi (ex-wife)Francine (ex-wife)Madison (ex-wife)Significant other(s)
JamieNationality
American

text: Dirk Blocker portrays Detective 3rd Grade Michael Hitchcock (season 2—present; recurring season 1), an enthusiastic but clueless detective who has been best friends and partners with Detective Scully for over 30 years. Despite their inept nature, Hitchcock and Scully have both shown on occasion to be competent and even good detectives, though their laziness tends to keep them from demonstrating this most of the time. The majority of the precinct tends to be disgusted by Hitchcock's more perverted nature and attitude towards women. It's revealed in "The Last Ride" (Season 4) that Hitchcock held the all-time record for closed cases at the 99th Precinct, one more than Sgt. Jeffords as of that episode. This is mainly due to Hitchcock being at the 99th twenty years longer than Terry. To celebrate, Hitchcock got a tattoo of himself holding a gun and putting it in his mouth, oblivious to what it actually implies.

text: Norm Scully[edit]

text:
Norm ScullyFirst appearance
"Pilot"Portrayed by
Joel McKinnon MillerInformationFull name
Norman ScullyGender
MaleOccupation
Detective 2nd GradeFamily
Kelly (dog, possibly)Spouse(s)
Kelly (ex-wife, possibly)Significant other(s)
Cindy Shatz (girlfriend)Children
2Nationality
American

text: Joel McKinnon Miller portrays Detective Norm Scully (season 2—present; recurring season 1), a middle-aged, lazy and overweight desk worker who has been best friends and partners with Detective Hitchcock for over 30 years. Scully shows talent as a tenor opera singer and can "make great coffee", according to Sgt. Jeffords. Scully routinely discloses disgusting medical issues like the entire bottom of his foot being a wart or having various strains of fungi. At one point, he had a girlfriend, but no mention of her has been brought up since.

text: Recurring characters[edit]

text: NYPD and other law enforcement[edit]

text:
Patton Oswalt as FDNY Fire Marshal Boone, the fire marshal of the local fire station. He leads the fire department in a rivalry against the detectives of the 99 but reaches a brief understanding with Jake when they discover that they both were abandoned at a young age by their fathers.
Dean Winters as Detective Keith Pembroke, a detective in the Major Crimes Unit notorious for taking over cases that are nearly solved and getting all of the credit for closing them, which earns him the nickname "The Vulture". He frequently makes lewd comments toward the squad and has a greatly inflated sense of self. After the death of Seth Dozerman, The Vulture becomes the Commanding Officer of the 99th Precinct until Captain Holt returns. In "The Venue," Vulture steals Jake and Amy's venue at the last second to host his wedding to a kind charity worker named Jean Munhroe. When the two discover that he's unfaithful to Jean and lying to her about his character, they decide to tell Jean at the cost of Vulture taking their venue on their wedding night. He is a recipient of the American Flag Breast Bar, World Trade Center Breast Bar, NYPD Medal of Honor, and Marine Corps Service Award.
Kyle Bornheimer as Sergeant Teddy Wells, a detective at the 82nd Precinct. Teddy used to date Amy Santiago; they resume their relationship after meeting up at a training exercise. Later Amy breaks up with him again, because she dislikes his dull personality and is unable to show interest in his home pilsner-brewing hobby. In Season 4, Teddy evaluates the nine-nine when the crime rate drops and one precinct has to close. He claims to have changed but Jake and Amy agree that he is still "The most boring man in America". He also admits to Amy that he still loves her and proposes to her twice; once in front of his new girlfriend and Jake, and the second time in front of the entire squad. In Season 5, Teddy has joined the bomb squad and tries unsuccessfully to steal Amy away from Jake on the day of their wedding.
Jason Mantzoukas as Adrian Pimento, an emotionally unstable and volatile officer who returns to the 99th Precinct after spending 12 years undercover in the organization of Jimmy "The Butcher" Figgis.  He began dating Rosa in "Cheddar", and the two got engaged in "Paranoia," but decide to just date after realizing they were rushing it. Rosa later breaks up with him in Season 5. He spends the next couple of months in Alaska before returning to Brooklyn to return as an insurance agent in "Gray Star Mutual," but is fired in the episode and starts working at a hand lotion store.
James M. Connor as Deputy Commissioner Podolski, the NYPD's arrogant deputy police commissioner who uses his position for his own personal means such as keeping his rebellious son, Trevor, out of jail in "The Tagger".
Michael G. Hagerty as Captain McGinley, the 99th Precinct's commanding officer before Raymond Holt, who was fired for his ineptitude and his permissive attitude toward the disruptive antics of Jake and his colleagues. McGinley later died in the episode "99" and the squad attended his funeral in Los Angeles.
Kyra Sedgwick as Madeline Wuntch, a callous and unethical NYPD deputy police chief who shares a deep mutual hostility with Captain Holt. Wuntch and Holt were once partners and friends, but they fell out after Holt rejected her sexual advances and Wuntch gained promotions for which Holt was passed over, resulting in Wuntch eventually becoming Holt's direct superior. Wuntch constantly goes out of her way to undermine the 99th Precinct, and appears to take great pleasure in its and Holt's failures; Holt, in turn, gleefully insults and belittles Wuntch every time their paths cross.  In "The Chopper" and "Johnny and Dora", she culminates her victory over Holt when she makes him head of the NYPD Public Affairs Division, where she humiliates him by making him do menial jobs, although he is eventually transferred back to the 99 thanks to Jake.
Ken Marino as Captain Jason "C.J." Stentley, the Nine-Nine's temporary, under-qualified captain. Not wanting his ineptitude to be evident, he gives everyone everything they ask for until Amy eventually requests he start being more firm. This backfires after he rejects their request to go to Florida and assist Jake and Holt and he assigns them to the night shift. He is eventually removed from the Captain position after he is awarded for taking down a major drug dealer (that Jake and Holt primarily took care of) and demonstrates his lack of professionalism in front of a group of reporters. It's revealed that Holt called the reporters in to help the crew return to the day shift.
Eva Longoria as Sophia Perez, a defense attorney who dates Jake in season 2. Jake and Sophia meet and engage in a one-night stand before he discovers that she represents a criminal against whom he is testifying. Despite the initial hostility this causes, they eventually reconcile and begin a relationship. Sophia later ends the relationship due to their professional and personal incompatibility, which leaves Jake saddened.
Allison Tolman as Capt. Olivia Crawford, a candidate for the Commissioner position Holt is also seeking. She holds the belief that precincts should be eliminated, creating a rivalry with Holt. However, when she and Holt realize that their competition will split the votes and cause the unwanted third candidate to win, she withdraws her candidacy as she believes Holt is a great choice and he was the reason she was in the running for so long when he called out the selection committee for their sexism.

text: Family and friends of main characters[edit]

text:
Kevin Dorff as Hank, the bartender at Shaws Bar, the squad's favorite bar. He throws the squad out when Amy destroys the bar in "Thanksgiving". In "The Last Ride", he tells Gina to get out from behind the bar but she ignores him.
Marc Evan Jackson as Kevin Cozner, Holt's husband and the Chair of Columbia University's Classics Department. He dislikes the NYPD due to their treatment of Holt and his homosexuality during his earlier years on the force, but thaws a little when Jake shows him how much the 99th respects and cares for Holt. Like his husband, Kevin is cold, sardonic and unemotional, although he claims that Raymond is the "funny" one in their relationship, something that puzzles the detectives. Cozner develops a rapport with Holt's assistant Gina Linetti, referring to her by her first name (by contrast, he takes pains to always call Jake "Peralta"). He also learned a couple of self-defense techniques from his husband, and used it to rescue Holt and Jake from Seamus Murphy. The two own a Pembroke Welsh Corgi named Cheddar.
Craig Robinson as Doug Judy a.k.a. "The Pontiac Bandit", an intelligent, happy-go-lucky thief and forger who exclusively steals Pontiac vehicles. In "Pontiac Bandit," Peralta and Diaz bring Judy in for questioning related to the Pontiac Bandit, unaware that he is the perpetrator of the thefts. He leads the detectives to a red-herring suspect, escaping before they discover that Judy is their real target. He is later apprehended in "The Pontiac Bandit Returns", but offers to assist Diaz and Peralta in a drug investigation in exchange for a lighter sentence, and again manages to escape during the investigation. He returns again in "The Cruise," where he gets Jake and Amy's protection from a potential assassin on a cruise ship before escaping yet again. In season 4, Doug's former foster brother, George, escapes a prison bus wreck, and Peralta brings in Doug to help capture his brother. Afterwards, Doug Judy is given immunity for his past crimes. In "Hostage Situation", he appears to have gone straight and has started selling cars to child celebrities. When a shady figure from his past shows up and threatens his mother, he gets Jake's help in taking him down, but escapes the cops and steals diamonds that nearly cost Jake his job. However, Jake is invited to a karaoke room which they performed in during the plan and tells him that he'll be leaving for an unknown destination, recorded a couple of songs for Jake and Amy's wedding, and left Jake the diamonds he stole to ensure that his friend won't be punished for letting him escape.

text:
Stephen Root as Lynn Boyle, Charles's father who engages in a romantic encounter with Gina's mother, Darlene, and eventually marries her. He is a retired florist and is known to get overly eager and take big risks like his son.
Sandra Bernhard as Darlene Linetti, Gina's mother, who engages in a romantic encounter with Charles's father, Lynn, and eventually marries him. She is a travel agent and shares her daughter's confidence and superstitions.
Marilu Henner as Vivian Ludley, a food author who becomes romantically involved with Boyle. In "Full Boyle", she and Boyle become engaged, until she breaks it off in "Charges and Specs" when she wants to move to Canada and Boyle is not willing to do so.
Bradley Whitford as Captain Roger Peralta, Jake's absentee father and commercial airline pilot. He left his family when Jake was at a young age and has cheated on his wife with multiple women. He eventually attempts to reconcile with Jake and Karen even when the latter knew about an affair with their neighbor. In "Two Turkeys" it's revealed that besides Jake he has three daughters with other women and an unknown amount of other sons.
Katey Sagal as Karen Peralta, Jake's mother. She is a public school art teacher who worked hard to raise Jake as a single mother after Roger left the family. Despite their past, Karen eventually begins dating Roger again much to Jake's discomfort.
Merrin Dungey as Sharon Jeffords, Terry's wife. She is kind and supportive towards her husband and his profession, but can occasionally be stubborn and doesn't like being lied to. She is often seen taking care of their twin daughters Cagney and Lacey and eventually gives birth to their third daughter Ava on the show.
Jamal Duff as Zeke, Sergeant Jeffords' brother-in-law. Zeke often taunts Terry for his shorter height and profession, leaving the latter to turn to Captain Holt for help.
Jimmy Smits as Victor Santiago, Amy's father. He is a retired cop and is shown to be overly organized and competitive like his daughter. He initially doesn't approve of Amy's relationship with Jake, but changes his mind and respects his daughter's decision after the two solve one of Victor's older cases.
Bertila Damas as Camila Santiago, Amy's mother. Like her daughter, she can occasionally be over-controlling and competitive.
Nick Cannon as Marcus, Holt's nephew, who begins a romantic relationship with Detective Rosa Diaz in season 2. Rosa breaks up with him in season 3 due to him being too emotional for her.
Niecy Nash as Debbie, Holt's sister. Unlike her brother, she tends to be loud and overdramatic about her life, making it difficult for Holt to be around her.
Mary Lynn Rajskub as Genevieve Mirren-Carter, an art curator who was initially framed for stealing her own paintings for the insurance money. She was eventually vindicated by Charles, and begins dating him over similar interests. Genevieve and Charles adopted a son, Nicolaj, on whom he dotes.
L. Scott Caldwell as Laverne, Holt's mother and a federal judge. Holt refers to her as "Your Honor".
Danny Trejo as Oscar Diaz, Rosa's father. He's intimidating and tough like his daughter, though Rosa mentioned in an earlier episode that he was a teacher. When Rosa comes out as bisexual, he doesn't take it well at first, but manages to accept his daughter for who she is.
Olga Merediz as Julia Diaz, Rosa's mother. Unlike her husband, she still hasn't fully accepted her daughter's bisexuality.
Nasim Pedrad as Katie Peralta, Jake's half-sister on his father's side as a result of Roger's affairs. She lives in Dallas, Texas and has a chaotic personality that Jake and Amy have a hard time handling.
Sarah Baker as Kylie, Amy's best friend.

text: Antagonists[edit]

text:
Chris Parnell as Geoffrey Hoytsman, Sophia's boss at the Public Defender's office, who has issues with drugs. Jake arrests him for using cocaine in "The Defense Rests". He returns in "Sabotage", where he attempts to get revenge on Jake, but is foiled by Amy and Rosa.
Aida Turturro as Maura Figgis, the sister of notorious gangster Jimmy "The Butcher" Figgis. She leads a prison gang in a maximum security women's penitentiary in Texas. Amy goes undercover as "Isobel Cortez" within the prison to learn the identity of Figgis' FBI contact from Maura.
Eric Roberts as Jimmy "The Butcher" Figgis, a mobster whom Pimento went undercover to investigate. He made a threat against Jake and Holt's lives, forcing them to go into hiding.
Dennis Haysbert as Bob Annderson, a former partner of Holt's who now works for the FBI. He is brought in to help find info on the mole working for Jimmy "The Butcher" Figgis, but when going to interrogate a witness, Annderson pulls a gun on Holt and reveals that he was the mole the entire time. The Nine-Nine are eventually able to capture Annderson, and con him into revealing the files he has on Figgis, leading to Annderson's arrest, and the destruction of Figgis' empire.
Gina Gershon as Lieutenant Melanie Hawkins, the head of the NYPD's most elite task force. Jake and Rosa both admired her and competed against each other for a spot on her team. They soon learn that she is corrupt and running a bank robbery crew. When they try to work undercover to bring her down, she manages to frame Jake and Rosa and get them convicted for armed robbery. However, Holt receives inside information from mobster Seamus Murphy to bring Hawkins down and clear Jake and Rosa's names.
Paul Adelstein as Seamus Murphy, a local mobster. He assisted the Nine-Nine in exposing Hawkins' crimes, as the two sides saw Hawkins as a common threat. However, it came at the price of Captain Holt owing him a favor in return for the information to bring Hawkins down and free Jake and Rosa. Jake, Charles, and Holt found a loophole when Murphy came for his favor allowing Holt to keep up his end of the bargain and secretly stop their plan thanks to Seamus' nephew Kyle. When Seamus discovers this, he threatens Kevin's life. Holt and Jake are captured by the mobster while trying to protect Kevin, however Kevin manages to take Murphy down himself and rescue the both of them. Following his defeat, Murphy and his men are apprehended by the FBI.

text: Guest stars[edit]

text:
Fred Armisen as Mlepnos (or perhaps, Mlepclaynos [the clay is silent]), a confused foreign man living in a building where a murder took place. The detectives run into Mlepnos in the pilot episode while searching for witnesses, showing him a photo of the victim, which he keeps. He shows up again in "Operation: Broken Feather". In "Jake and Amy", Hitchcock and Scully recruit him to perform the violin at Jake and Amy's wedding, and he appears to have no memory of the couple.
Andy Richter as a sarcastic and childish doorman who refuses to assist Jake during a routine questioning.
Pete Davidson as an at risk kid who signs up for the Junior Police program.
Stacy Keach as Jimmy Brogan, a crime writer from the 1970s whom Peralta greatly admires. Brogan is revealed to be bigoted, racist, homophobic, vengeful, and manipulative, disillusioning Peralta and leading to a physical altercation between the two when Peralta punches Brogan for slurs against Capt. Holt.
Kid Cudi as Dustin Whitman, a perpetrator Jake arrests on suspicion of burglary. Whitman mocks Jake by calling him "Joke Peralta" when he learns that Jake does not have sufficient evidence to convict him of a crime, but learns to his regret that he has underestimated Det. Peralta's ability.
Adam Sandler as himself, appearing at an auction Jake went undercover at. He proceeds to humiliate Jake onstage.
Joe Theismann as himself, appearing at an auction Jake went undercover at.
Jenny Slate as Bianca, the girlfriend of a powerful Italian-American mobster.
Dan Bakkedahl as Lieutenant Andrew Miller, an investigator from Internal Affairs. He investigates the 99th Precinct for a possible undercover mole, until the detectives discover that he himself is spying on the precinct at the behest of Wuntch. Miller suffers from paranoid germophobia.
Ed Helms as Jack Danger (pronounced donger), an egomaniacal, incompetent, obnoxious agent for the United States Postal Inspection Service whom Jake had to deal with while tracking the Giggle Pig drug gang.
Nick Kroll as Agent Kendrick, a condescending agent from the Department of Homeland Security who has no respect for the NYPD and makes detectives from the Nine-Nine serve as taped-up "hostages" during a counterterrorism training exercise for Federal law enforcement agencies. After Jake leads a 99th rebellion that sees the cops take out nearly all of the Feds, Kendrick manages to "shoot" Jake and informs him the NYPD will not be invited to any future events.
Garret Dillahunt as Detective Dave Majors, New York City's best detective whom Jake and Amy greatly admire. He takes an interest in Amy much to Jake's dismay, but she turns him down, citing her previous relationship with Teddy.
Bill Hader as Captain Seth Dozerman, the new Captain of the 99th Precinct after the transfer of Captain Holt to the Public Affairs Division. Within moments of meeting the squad he rants about their lack of efficiency and his obsession with it, before suffering a heart attack. On his second day he discloses that he has a genetic heart condition that drastically reduces his life expectancy. He then suffers another heart attack, and dies.
Neil deGrasse Tyson as himself, appearing in the precinct to aide Gina in her study of astrophysics. He is stated as being a former classmate of Terry's in college.
Kathryn Hahn as Eleanor, Charles's ex-wife who appears after Charles attempts to withdraw his sperm from cold storage.
Damon Wayans Jr. as Detective Stevie Schillens, Jake's former partner who comes to the precinct after renovations commence at his own.
Nick Offerman as Frederick, Captain Holt's ex-boyfriend who broke up with him after Holt threw Frederick's duck ornament off of the Brooklyn Bridge.
Maya Rudolph as U.S. Marshall Karen Haas, Jake and Holt's contact while they are in Witness Protection in Florida.
Rhea Perlman as Estelle, a member of Holt's alias Greg's walking group.
Jorma Taccone as Taylor, the manager of a children's funhouse Holt works at while hiding as Greg.
Esther Povitsky as Emily, Gina's new assistant granted by Captain Stentley. She's under strict orders from Gina to mock Amy whenever there's an opening.
Jim O'Heir as Sheriff Reynolds, a homophobic police officer in Florida who detains Jake and Holt after stopping them with a copious number of guns and amount of ammo.
Zooey Deschanel as Jess Day, a Los Angeles resident who is visiting New York and unwillingly assists Jake in chasing a suspect. Deschanel's appearance is part of a crossover between Brooklyn Nine-Nine and New Girl.[9]
Fred Melamed as DC Parlov, the author of the Skyfire books, which Terry (and later Jake) are huge fans of. He begins to receive death threats, resulting in Jake and Terry having to protect him. Later the manuscript for his upcoming book is stolen, but it turns out to be an inside job resulting in his arrest.
Marshawn Lynch as himself, who witnesses a prison escape after the transport van crashes.
Charles Baker as George Judy, an escaped convicted murderer, and Doug Judy's former foster brother.
Kimberly Hebert Gregory as Veronica Hopkins, Terry's ex-girlfriend and fellow NYPD officer. She holds a massive grudge against Terry for their break-up (as she finds out Terry planned to break up with her a year earlier without telling her) and holds it against the precinct when she's assigned to audit it.
Nathan Fillion as Mark Deveraux, an actor who plays a detective on a series called Serve & Protect. Deveraux attempts to assist Jake and Rosa when a crime occurs on the show's set, though he's later revealed to be the culprit and is kicked off the show.
Greg Germann as Gary Lurmax, the executive producer of Serve & Protect. He nearly gives Jake a consulting position on the show, but after Jake lashes out at him and accuses him of a crime he didn't commit, he gets back at Jake by creating an unlikable character on the show named Jake Peralta and has him brutally murdered.
Brent Briscoe as Matthew Langdon, an ex-NYPD officer who went into hiding once learning of Hawkins crookedness. It's later revealed he's an associate of Hawkins, tricking Jake and Rosa into bringing him in as a witness.
Paul F. Tompkins as a captain of a cruise ship where Jake and Amy go on a vacation together.
Ryan Phillippe as Milton,[10] a Boyle cousin who begins a relationship with Gina when he impregnates her.
Tim Meadows as Caleb, Jake's cellmate, a cannibal child murderer into woodworking[11]
Lou Diamond Phillips as Jeff Romero, another inmate whose gang Jake joins[11]
Winston Story as Bill, a prostitute whom Charles and Jake hire on the fifth Halloween heist due to his resemblance to Charles. He gets the two involved in a pyramid scheme called "Nutriboom."
Maria Thayer as Jean Munhroe, The Vulture's ex-fiancé who works at a charity that provides rice to starving children in Africa.
Rob Huebel as Landon Lawson, a rival fantasy author to Parlov.
Reggie Lee as Dr. Ronald Yee, a forensic expert whom Holt and Amy try to impress.
Mike Mitchell as Kyle Murphy, Seamus' dimwitted nephew that's been excluded from the Mafia family for his ineptitude.
Sterling K. Brown as Philip Davidson, a dentist who is a suspect in a murder case that Holt and Peralta interrogate throughout a night.[12]
David Fumero as Vin Stermly, Amy's favorite crossword puzzle author who is also a swimsuit model.
David Paymer as Sam Jepson, a friend of Vin's who Jake suspects is behind a series of fires.
Jay Chandrasekhar as himself, who gets conned into being the celebrity spokesperson for the pyramid scheme Nutriboom.
Blake Anderson as Constantine Kane, a member of a rock band that Amy once dated. He is still in love with Amy and takes a gig to perform at Jake and Amy's wedding to try to win her back, but Amy burns the contract before it can happen.
Reginald VelJohnson as himself, who Charles hires for Jake's Bachelor Party to give a clue for their scavenger hunt but ends up being their designated driver.
Gina Rodriguez as Alicia, a potential love interest for Rosa whom Terry tries to push towards.
Kyle Gass as Dario Moretti, a money launderer turned bomber who attempted to ruin Jake and Amy's nuptials by planting a bomb in the air vents of the recreation center on the day of their wedding.


document_title: Curb weight

question_text: what does curb weight mean on a truck

question_tokens: what does curb weight mean on a truck

root

text: Curb weight

text: Curb weight (American English) or kerb weight (British English) is the total weight of a vehicle with standard equipment, all necessary operating consumables such as motor oil, transmission oil, coolant, air conditioning refrigerant, and sometimes a full tank of fuel, while not loaded with either passengers or cargo.

tag: p

text: This definition may differ from definitions used by governmental regulatory agencies or other organizations. For example, many European Union manufacturers include the weight of a 75-kilogram (165 lb) driver to follow European Directive 95/48/EC.[1] Organizations may also define curb weight with fixed levels of fuel and other variables to equalize the value for the comparison of different vehicles.

text: The United States Environmental Protection Agency regulations [2] define curb weight as follows: Curb weight means the actual or the manufacturer’s estimated weight of the vehicle in operational status with all standard equipment, and weight of fuel at nominal tank capacity, and the weight of optional equipment computed in accordance with §86.1832–01; incomplete light-duty trucks shall have the curb weight specified by the manufacturer.

text: Unladen mass depends on the manufacturer and can be the same as curb weight, however, it is often the total mass of the car without a driver, fluid or any additional equipment.


document_title: Assyrian captivity

question_text: when was the southern kingdom of israel taken captive

text: Assyrian captivity

text: Biblical account[edit]

text: The captivities began in approximately 740 BCE (or 733/2 BCE according to other sources).[1]

text: And the God of Israel stirred up the spirit of Pul king of Assyria, and the spirit of Tilgathpilneser king of Assyria, and he carried them away, even the Reubenites, and the Gadites, and the half tribe of Manasseh, and brought them unto Halah, and Habor, and Hara, and to the river Gozan, unto this day. (1 Chronicles 5:26)

text: In the days of Pekah king of Israel came Tiglathpileser king of Assyria, and he took Ijon, and Abelbethmaachah, and Janoah, and Kedesh, and Hazor, and Gilead, and Galilee, all the land of Naphtali, and carried them captive to Assyria. (2 Kings 15:29)

text: In 722 BCE, nearly ten to twenty years after the initial deportations, the ruling city of the Northern Kingdom of Israel, Samaria, was finally taken by Sargon II after a three-year siege started by Shalmaneser V.

text: Against him came up Shalmaneser king of Assyria; and Hoshea became his servant, and gave him presents.

text: And the king of Assyria found conspiracy in Hoshea: for he had sent messengers to So king of Egypt, and brought no present to the king of Assyria, as he had done year by year: therefore the king of Assyria shut him up, and bound him in prison. Then the king of Assyria came up throughout all the land, and went up to Samaria, and besieged it three years.

text: And the king of Assyria did carry away Israel unto Assyria and put them in Halah and in Habor by the river of Gozan, and in the cities of the Medes: because they obeyed not the voice of the LORD their God, but transgressed his covenant, and all that Moses the servant of the LORD commanded and would not hear them, nor do them. (2 Kings 18:11–12)

text: The term "cities of the Medes" mentioned above may be a corruption from an original text "Mountains of Media".[2][3]

text: The Book of Kings states several times that the entire people of the Kingdom of Israel had been taken into exile by the Assyrians. Some believe that the Books of Chronicles information about the fate of the Northern Kingdom adds up differently. What is often cited is 2nd Chronicles, Chapter 15, which mentions that there had been people from the hill-country cities of Ephraim and Manasseh who were captured by the Judean king, Asa of Judah. And Asa, sojourning among the Judean kingdom population, returned practicing the Hebrew belief. However, this is a mis-characterization of the events. Since those scriptures clearly declare that it was at a time when the Northern Kingdom was still intact, this happened in an era before the Assyrian Captivity.

text: And when Asa heard these words, even the prophecy of Oded the prophet, he took courage, and put away the detestable things out of all the land of Judah and Benjamin, and out of the cities which he had taken from the hill-country of Ephraim; and he renewed the altar of the LORD, that was before the porch of the LORD.

text: And he gathered all Judah and Benjamin, and them that sojourned with them out of Ephraim and Manasseh, and out of Simeon; for they fell to him out of Israel in abundance, when they saw that the LORD his God was with him.

text: According to 2nd Chronicles, Chapter 30, there is evidence that at least some people of the Northern Kingdom of Israel were not exiled. These were invited by king Hezekiah to keep the Passover in a feast at Jerusalem with the Judean population. (The holiday was set one month forward from its original date.) Hezekiah sent his posts to spread the word among the remnant of the Northern kingdom; the posts were mocked during their visit to the country of Ephraim, Manasseh and Zebulun. However, some people of Asher and Manasseh and of Zebulun humbled themselves and came to Jerusalem. In a later part of the chapter, even people from the Tribe of Issachar and the strangers that "came out from the land of Israel" were said to take part in the passover event. Biblical scholars such as Umberto Cassuto and Elia Samuele Artom claimed that Hezekiah might have annexed these territories, in which inhabitants of the Kingdom of Israel remained, into his own kingdom.

text: And Hezekiah sent to all Israel and Judah, and wrote letters also to Ephraim and Manasseh, that they should come to the house of the LORD at Jerusalem, to keep the passover unto the LORD, the God of Israel. (2 Chronicles 30:1)

text: So they established a decree to make proclamation throughout all Israel, from Beer-sheba even to Dan, that they should come to keep the passover unto the LORD, the God of Israel, at Jerusalem; for they had not kept it in great numbers accordingly, as it is written.

text: So the posts went with the letters from the king and his princes throughout all Israel and Judah, according to the commandment of the king, saying: 'Ye children of Israel, turn back unto the LORD, the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Israel, that He may return to the remnant that are escaped out of the hand of the kings of Assyria. And be ye not like your fathers and like your brethren who acted treacherously against the LORD, the God of their fathers, so that He delivered them to desolation, as ye see. Now be ye not stiffnecked as your fathers were, but yield yourselves unto the LORD and enter into His sanctuary which He hath sanctified for ever; and serve the LORD your God that His fierce anger may turn away from you.

text: So the posts passed from city to city through the country of Ephraim and Manasseh, even unto Zebulun; but they laughed them to scorn, and mocked them. Nevertheless certain men of Asher and Manasseh and of Zebulun humbled themselves, and came to Jerusalem. (2 Chronicles 30:11–12)

text: For a multitude of the people, even many of Ephraim and Manasseh, Issachar and Zebulun, had not cleansed themselves, yet did they eat the passover otherwise than it is written. For Hezekiah had prayed for them, saying: 'The good LORD pardon ...' (2 Chronicles 30:18)

text: And all the congregation of Judah, with the priests and the Levites, and all the congregation that came out of Israel, and the strangers that came out of the land of Israel, and that dwelt in Judah, rejoiced. So there was great joy in Jerusalem; for since the time of Solomon the son of David king of Israel there was not the like in Jerusalem. (2 Chronicles 30:25–26)

text: In 2nd Chronicles, Chapter 31, it is said that the remnant of the Kingdom of Israel returned to their homes, but not before destroying Ba'al and Ashera places of Idol worship left in "all Judah and Benjamin, in Ephraim also and Manasseh".

text: Now when all this was finished, all Israel that were present went out to the cities of Judah, and broke in pieces the pillars, and hewed down the Asherim, and broke down the high places and the altars out of all Judah and Benjamin, in Ephraim also and Manasseh, until they had destroyed them all. Then all the children of Israel returned, every man to his possession, into their own cities. (2 Chronicles 31:1)

text: Assyrian cuneiform[edit]

text: Assyrian cuneiform states that 27,290 captives were taken from Samaria,[4] the capital of the Northern Kingdom of Israel, by the hand of Sargon II.

text: Sargon records his first campaign on the walls of the royal palace at Dur-Sharrukin (Khorsabad):

text: In my first year of reign *** the people of Samaria *** to the number of 27,290 ... I carried away.

text: Fifty chariots for my royal equipment I selected. The city I rebuilt. I made it greater than it was before.

text: The description of the final defeat of the Northern Kingdom of Israel above appears to be a minor event in Sargon's legacy. Some historians attribute the ease of Israel's defeat to the previous two decades of invasions, defeats, and deportations.

text: Some estimates assume a captivity numbering in the hundreds of thousands, minus those who died in defense of the kingdom and minus those who fled voluntarily before and during the invasions.

text: However, it has also been suggested that the numbers deported by the Assyrians were rather limited and the bulk of the population remained in situ.[5] There is also evidence that significant numbers fled south to the Kingdom of Judah.

text: Return[edit]

text: Unlike the Kingdom of Judah, which was able to return from its Babylonian captivity, the ten tribes of the Northern Kingdom never had a foreign edict granting permission to return and rebuild their homeland. Many centuries later, rabbis of the restored Kingdom of Judah were still debating the return of the lost ten tribes.[6] [7] However, Assyria had been conquered by Babylon, and Babylon had been conquered by the Medo-Persians.

text: According to the Books of Chronicles chapter 9 line 3, the Israelites, who took part in The Return to Zion, are stated to be from the Tribe of Judah alongside the Tribe of Simeon that was absorbed into it, the Tribe of Benjamin, the Tribe of Levi (Levites and Priests) alongside the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh, which according to the Book of Kings 2 Chapter 7 were supposedly exiled by the Assyrians (The Biblical scholars Umberto Cassuto and Elia Samuele Artom claimed these two tribes' names to be a reference to the remant of all Ten Tribes that was not exiled and absorbed into the Judean population).[1]

text: And in Jerusalem dwelt of the children of Judah, and of the children of Benjamin, and of the children of Ephraim and Manasseh. This particular verse is often misconstrued, since the obvious declaration being made in 1 Chronicles 9:1 are that of a genealogical reference. The clear indication is seen when directing the readers attention to 1 Chronicles 9:2 when mentioning the Nethinims of which were a people conquered by Joshua (Joshua 9:27. This thereby dictates that it's referring to a completely different time and era, as further seen with the description in verse 2 where it indicates that the Israelites were gaining their land-designated possessions attributed to their God YHWH and his General in charge Joshua. (1 Chronicles 9:3)

text: The scriptures of the titled "Old Testament" are not accurately complete without the records of those Hebrew writers that penned them. This points to the complete records that declare the clarity of the Grecian conquests of the Judeans during and after the reign of Alexander, as indicated by the book of Maccabbees.[8] The historical accuracy by the prophet Ezra is complete only when the details of the Apocrypha's 1st and 2nd Esdras are referenced, since there is where the complete history of the dispersion of the Northern Kingdom tribes is seen, in 2 Esdras 13:40–48.[9]


document_title: Signing of the United States Constitution

question_text: which state had the most signatures on the constitution

text: Text[edit]

text:
Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the states present the seventeenth day of September in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty seven and of the independence of the United States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names,

George Washington—President and deputy from Virginia

tag: table

text:
Delaware

{

{\displaystyle {\begin{cases}\\\\\\\\\\\end{cases}}}

George Read
Gunning Bedford, Jr.
John Dickinson
Richard Bassett
Jacob Broom

Maryland

{

{\displaystyle {\begin{cases}\\\\\\\end{cases}}}

James McHenry
Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer
Daniel Carroll

Virginia

{

{\displaystyle {\begin{cases}\\\\\end{cases}}}

John Blair
James Madison

North Carolina

{

{\displaystyle {\begin{cases}\\\\\\\end{cases}}}

William Blount
Richard Dobbs Spaight
Hugh Williamson

South Carolina

{

{\displaystyle {\begin{cases}\\\\\\\\\end{cases}}}

John Rutledge
Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
Charles Pinckney
Pierce Butler

Georgia

{

{\displaystyle {\begin{cases}\\\\\end{cases}}}

William Few
Abraham Baldwin

New Hampshire

{

{\displaystyle {\begin{cases}\\\\\end{cases}}}

John Langdon
Nicholas Gilman

Massachusetts

{

{\displaystyle {\begin{cases}\\\\\end{cases}}}

Nathaniel Gorham
Rufus King

Connecticut

{

{\displaystyle {\begin{cases}\\\\\end{cases}}}

William Samuel Johnson
Roger Sherman

New York

{

{\displaystyle {\begin{cases}\\\end{cases}}}

Alexander Hamilton

New Jersey

{

{\displaystyle {\begin{cases}\\\\\\\\\end{cases}}}

William Livingston
David Brearly
William Paterson
Jonathan Dayton

Pennsylvania

{

{\displaystyle {\begin{cases}\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\end{cases}}}

Benjamin Franklin
Thomas Mifflin
Robert Morris
George Clymer
Thomas FitzSimons
Jared Ingersoll
James Wilson
Gouverneur Morris

text:
The Word "the", being interlined between
the seventh and eighth Lines of the first
Page, The Word "Thirty" being partly written
on an Erazure in the fifteenth Line of the first
Page. The Words "is tried" being interlined
between the thirty second and thirty third
Lines of the first Page and the Word "the"
being interlined between the forty third and
forty fourth Lines of the second Page.
Attest
William Jackson Secretary

text: Background[edit]

text: On July 24, 1787 convention delegates selected a Committee of Detail to write-up a draft constitution reflective of the resolutions passed by the convention up to that point.[2] The final report of this committee, a twenty-three article (plus a preamble) document, became the first draft of the constitution. Overall, the draft produced by the committee conformed to the resolutions adopted by the Convention, though some portions were rephrased during the process.[3]

text: Even after it issued this report, the committee continued to meet off and on until early September. The draft constitution was discussed, section by section and clause by clause. Details were attended to, and further compromises were effected.[2][4]

text: On September 8, 1787, a Committee of Style, with different members, was impaneled to distill a final draft constitution from the twenty-three approved articles.[2] The final draft, presented to the convention on September 12, contained seven articles, a preamble, and a closing statement, cleverly written by Gouverneur Morris so as to make the constitution seem unanimous.[5][6] The committee also presented a proposed letter to accompany the constitution when delivered to the Congress of the Confederation.[7]

text: The final document, engrossed by Jacob Shallus,[8] was taken up on Monday, September 17, at the Convention's final session. Several delegates were disappointed by the numerous compromises contained in the final document, believing that they had impaired its quality.

text: Alexander Hamilton called the Constitution a "weak and worthless fabric", certain to be superseded. Luther Martin regarded it as a stab in the back of the goddess of liberty. The most that Madison and the majority of delegates hoped, was that this practical, workable constitution, planned to meet the immediate needs of thirteen states with approximately four million people, would last a generation.[6]

text: In all, twelve of the thirteen states sent delegates to the Constitutional Convention; a total of 74 were named, 55 attended and 39 signed.[5] Several attendees left before the signing ceremony, and three that did not refused to sign. Benjamin Franklin summed up the sentiments of those who did sign, stating: "There are several parts of this Constitution which I do not at present approve, but I am not sure I shall never approve them." He would accept the Constitution, "because I expect no better and because I am not sure that it is not the best".[9]

text: About the endorsement[edit]

text: The closing endorsement of the U.S. Constitution serves an authentication function only. It neither assigns powers to the federal government nor does it provide specific limitations on government action. It does however, provide essential documentation of the Constitution's validity, a statement of "This is what was agreed to." It records who signed the Constitution, plus when and where they signed. It also describes the role played by the signers in developing the document. Due to this limited function, it is frequently overlooked and no court has ever cited it when reaching a judicial decision.

text: On the final day of the Constitutional Convention, Benjamin Franklin delivered an address (read by James Wilson) strongly endorsing the Constitution despite any perceived imperfections. Hoping to gain the support of critics and create a sense of common accord, Franklin then proposed, and the convention agreed, that the Constitution be endorsed by the delegates as individual witnesses of the unanimous consent of the states present. Thus the signers subscribed their names as witnesses to what was done in convention (rather than on the part and behalf of particular states, as they had in the Articles of Confederation). The signers’ names are, with the exception of Convention President George Washington, grouped by state, with the listing of states arraigned geographically, from north to south.[10]

text: About the signers[edit]

text: Seventy-four individuals were selected to attend the Constitutional Convention, but a number of them could not attend or chose not to attend. In all, fifty-five delegates participated in the convention, though thirteen of them dropped out, either for personal reasons in protest over decisions made during the deliberations. Three individuals remained engaged in the work of the convention until its completion, but then refused to sign the final draft.[11]

text: The names of thirty-nine delegates are inscribed upon the proposed constitution. Among them is John Dickinson, who, indisposed by illness, authorized George Read to sign his name by proxy. Additionally, the convention's secretary, William Jackson, while not himself a delegate, signed the document to authenticate the results of the Convention's sessions and the signatures. George Washington, as president of the Convention, signed first, followed by the other delegates, grouped by states in progression from north to south. Washington, however, signed near the right margin of the page, and when the delegates ran out of space they began a second column of signatures to the left.[1]

text: Jonathan Dayton, aged 26, was the youngest to sign the Constitution, while Benjamin Franklin, aged 81, was the oldest. Franklin was also the first signer to die, in April 1790, while James Madison was the last, dying in June 1836. Virtually every signer had taken part in the Revolution; at least 29 had served in the Continental forces, most of them in positions of command. All but seven were native to the thirteen colonies: Pierce Butler, Thomas Fitzsimons, James McHenry, and William Paterson were born in Ireland, Robert Morris in England, James Wilson in Scotland, and Alexander Hamilton in the West Indies.[12]

text: Accompanying documents[edit]

text: When the Constitutional Convention adjourned on September 17, 1787 William Jackson was ordered to carry the Constitution to Congress in New York City. He also carried two letters with him. One was a resolution, adopted by the delegates, that the recommendation of the Constitutional Convention be received by Congress and distributed to the states, for their approval or disapproval. The other was written by George Washington, on behalf of the delegates, to the President of the Continental Congress, Arthur St. Clair, regarding the proposed Constitution.

text:
[show]Resolution to the Continental Congress

IN CONVENTION
Monday September 17. 1787
PRESENT
The States of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Mr. Hamilton from New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia.
RESOLVED
THAT the preceding Constitution be laid before the United States in Congress assembled, and that it is the Opinion of this Convention, that it should afterwards be submitted to a Convention of Delegates, chosen in each State by the People thereof, under the Recommendation of its Legislature, for their Assent and Ratification; and that each Convention assenting to, and ratifying the Same, should give Notice thereof to the United States in Congress assembled.
Resolved, That it is the Opinion of this Convention, that as soon as the Conventions of nine States shall have ratified this Constitution, the United States in Congress assembled should fix a Day on which Electors should be appointed by the States which shall have ratified the same, and a Day on which the Electors should assemble to vote for the President, and the Time and place for commencing Proceedings under this Constitution. That after such Publication the Electors should be appointed, and the Senators and Representatives elected: That the Electors should meet on the Day fixed for the Election of the President, and should transmit their votes certified signed, sealed and directed, as the Constitution requires, to the Secretary of the United States in Congress assembled, that the Senators and Representatives should convene at the Time and Place assigned; that the Senators should appoint a President of the Senate, for the sole Purpose of receiving, opening and counting the Votes for President; and, that after he shall be chosen, the Congress, together with the President, should, without Delay, proceed to execute this Constitution.
By the Unanimous Order of the Convention,
GEORGE WASHINGTON President.
William Jackson Secretary[13]

text:
[show]Letter to the President of the Continental Congress

IN CONVENTION,
September 17, 1787.
Sir, We have now the honor to submit to the consideration of the United States in Congress assembled, that Constitution which has appeared to us the most advisable.
The friends of our country have long seen and desired, that the power of making war, peace and treaties, that of levying money and regulating commerce, and the correspondent executive and judicial authorities should be fully and effectually vested in the general government of the Union: but the impropriety of delegating such extensive trust to one body of men is evident—Hence results the necessity of a different organization.
It is obviously impracticable in the federal government of these States, to secure all rights of independent sovereignty to each, and yet provide for the interest and safety of all—Individuals entering into society, must give up a share of liberty to preserve the rest. The magnitude of the sacrifice must depend as well on situation and circumstance, as on the object to be obtained. It is at all times difficult to draw with precision the line between those rights which must be surrendered, and those which may be reserved; and on the present occasion this difficulty was increased by a difference among the several States as to their situation, extent, habits, and particular interests.
In all our deliberations on this subject we kept steadily in our view, that which appears to us the greatest interest of every true American, the consolidation of our Union, in which is involved our prosperity, felicity, safety, perhaps our national existence. This important consideration, seriously and deeply impressed on our minds, led each State in the Convention to be less rigid on points of inferior magnitude, than might have been otherwise expected; and thus the Constitution, which we now present, is the result of a spirit of amity, and of that mutual deference and concession which the peculiarity of our political situation rendered indispensable.
That it will meet the full and entire approbation of every State is not perhaps to be expected; but each will doubtless consider, that had her interest alone been consulted, the consequences might have been particularly disagreeable or injurious to others; that it is liable to as few exceptions as could reasonably have been expected, we hope and believe; that it may promote the lasting welfare of that country so dear to us all, and secure her freedom and happiness, is our most ardent wish.
With great respect,
We have the honor to be.
SIR,
Your Excellency's most
Obedient and humble Servants,
GEORGE WASHINGTON, PRESIDENT.
By unanimous Order of the Convention.[13]