document_title: Canine reproduction

question_text: where does a male dog enter a female dog

text: Canine reproduction

text: Canine sexual anatomy and development[edit]

text: General[edit]

text: In domestic dogs, sexual maturity (puberty) occurs between the ages of 6 to 12 months for both males and females, although this can be delayed until up to two years of age for some large breeds.[1] Pregnancy is possible as soon as the first estrus cycle, but breeding is not recommended prior to the second cycle.[2] As with other domesticated species, domestication has selectively bred for higher libido, and earlier and more frequent breeding cycles in dogs than in their ancestors.[3]

text: The reproductive cycle[edit]

text: Female cycle[edit]

text: The average length of the reproductive cycle for females is 2–4 weeks. Females reach sexual maturity (puberty) between 8 and 18 months of age. There is a tremendous variability in the maturation age between breeds, and even within a breed of dog.[4]

text: The first stage of the reproductive cycle is proestrus, in which eggs in the ovaries begin to mature and estrogen levels begin to rise. During this stage males are attracted to non-receptive females. Initially, the vulva lips will swell up and become pliable and there will be small amounts of bloody vaginal discharge along with signs of frequent urination and restlessness. Proestrus generally lasts 9 days.[4]

text: Estrus is the next stage, in which estrogen levels are high, mature eggs are released from ovaries, and the females mentally and physically become receptive to copulation. It is only during estrus that copulation will result in pregnancy.

text: During proestrus and estrus, females may have a clear to bloody discharge. This stage is also known as "heat." The length of these cycles varies greatly between individuals. Proestrus and estrus can last anywhere from 5 days to 21 days.[4]

text: Diestrus is the period following mating. Diestrus lasts approximately 56 to 58 days in a pregnant female, and 60 to 100 days in a non-pregnant female. During both of these periods, progesterone levels are high. Because the hormonal profile of a pregnant female and a female in diestrus are the same, sometimes a non-pregnant female will go through a period of pseudo-pregnancy. At that time she may gain weight, have mammary gland development, produce milk, and exhibit nesting behaviours.

text: Anestrus is the period of reproductive quiescence. The female has no attraction to or from the male. Anestrus generally lasts four to five months.[4]

text: Copulation[edit]

text: Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dogs mating.

text: As with most tetrapods, canine copulation involves the male mounting the female from behind, a position that is referred to as "doggy style" but does not have a specifically known origin. When a male canine is interested in mounting a female, he will sniff the female's vulva.[5] If the female is unreceptive, she may sit, lie down, snap, retreat, or otherwise be uncooperative.[citation needed] If the female is receptive, she will stand still and hold her tail to the side, a stance referred to as "flagging".[6] The male will often continue examining the female's rear, before mounting her from behind while attempting penetration with his penis.[6]

text: At the time of penetration, the canine penis is not erect, and only able to penetrate the female because it includes a narrow bone called the "baculum", a feature of most placental mammals.[7] When the male achieves penetration, he will usually hold the female tighter and thrust deeply.[8] It is during this time that the male's penis expands and it is important that the bulbus gland is sufficiently far inside for the female to be able to trap it. Unlike human sexual intercourse, where the male penis commonly becomes erect before entering the female, canine copulation involves the male first penetrating the female, after which swelling of the penis to erection occurs, which usually happens rapidly.[6]

text: Male canines are the only animals that have a locking bulbus glandis or "bulb", a spherical area of erectile tissue at the base of the penis. During copulation, and only after the male's penis is fully inside the female's vagina, the bulbus glandis becomes engorged with blood.[9] In coyotes, when the female's vagina subsequently contracts, the penis becomes locked inside the female.[10] This is known as "tying" or "knotting". While characteristic of mating in most canids, the copulatory tie has been reported to be absent[11] or very brief (less than one minute)[12] in the African wild dog, possibly due to the abundance of large predators in its environment.[13]

text: When the penis is locked into the vagina by the bulbus glandis (when the stud is "tied"), thrusting behavior stops and the male will usually lift a leg and swing it over the female's back while turning around. The two stand with their hind ends touching and the penis locked inside the vagina while ejaculation occurs, decreasing leakage of semen from the vagina.[14][15][16] After some time, typically between 5 and 20 minutes[17] (but sometimes longer), the bulbus glandis disengorges, allowing the mates to separate. Virgin dogs can become quite distressed at finding themselves unable to separate during their first copulation, and may try to pull away or run. Dog breeders often suggest it is appropriate for handlers to attempt to calm the mating dogs if they show anxiety once this stage is reached.[citation needed] After mating, the male usually licks his penis and prepuce.[18]

text: Gestation and litters[edit]

text: Gestation in a dog is 63 days in length, if measured from the day of ovulation. Since it is difficult to determine the exact date of ovulation, errors are often made in calculating gestation period.[19] Canine sperm can live for 10 to 11 days [20] in the uterine tubes (fallopian tubes) so if a female is bred 10 days before the oocytes (eggs) can be fertilized, she will appear to have a gestation length of 70 days. If she is bred on the day the oocytes can be fertilized, her gestation length will appear to be 60 days long.

text: A rule of thumb is that a mammal will produce half as many offspring as the number of teats on the mother.[citation needed] This rule is altered in domesticated animals since larger litters are often favoured for economic reasons and in dogs, particularly, the great range of sizes and shapes plays a role in how many healthy puppies a female can carry.[citation needed] A female dog usually has 10 teats, though this does not mean she can necessarily provide sufficient nutrition for 10 puppies in one litter.[citation needed]

text: An average litter consists of about five to six puppies, though this number may vary widely based on the breed of dog. Size of the breed is correlated with litter size. Miniature and small breeds average three to four puppies in each litter, with a maximum litter size of about 5-8. Large and giant breeds average 7 puppies per litter but can have a maximum litter size of about 15.[21] In one study, the Rhodesian Ridgeback had the highest average litter size with 8.9 pups per litter while the Pomeranian and Toy Poodle had the lowest with 2.4 pups per litter.[21]

text: The number of puppies also varies with the mother's age. In smaller breeds, both young and old age are associated with smaller litter size. In larger breeds, only old age is associated with smaller litter size.[21] Use of artificial insemination is also associated with smaller litter size, with frozen semen having a stronger effect than fresh semen.[21]

text: The largest litter size to date was set by a Neapolitan Mastiff in Manea, Cambridgeshire, UK on November 29, 2004; the litter was 24 puppies.[22]

text: Some breeds have been developed to emphasize certain physical traits beyond the point at which they can safely bear litters on their own.[citation needed]

text: A large scale study in Norway showed that across all breeds, about 4% of pups will be stillborn and a further 4% will die within the first week (early neonatal mortality). Between 8 days and 8 weeks, 1% will die. Litter size, breed size and age of the female is associated with increased risk. High risk breeds for stillborn includes the Dogue de Bordeaux (14.2%), St. Bernard (12.3%), Chow Chow (12.1%), Pembroke Welsh Corgis (11.7%) and Dalmatian (10.6%). The Basenji, Italian Greyhound, Australian Terrier, Irish Soft Coated Wheaten Terrier and the Bichon Havanaise had few to no stillborns (0-0.6%). High risk breeds for early neonatal mortality includes the Rhodesian Ridgeback (11.6%), Dogue de Bordeaux (10.4% ), Dalmatians (8.8%) and Icelandic Sheepdog (8.7%) while the Basenji and Tibetan Terrier had no early neonatal mortality and the Border Terrier and Danish-Swedish Farmdog had <1% early neonatal mortality.[23]

text: Common causes of early neonatal mortality are bacteria infection, fetal asphyxia and fading puppy syndrome. Other causes may include elective euthanasia because of congenital defects or failure to meet breed standards.[23]

text: Other multi-breed studies have put stillborn rates at 6.5-7% and early neonatal mortality at 11.5-19.8%.[23]

text: Inbreeding depression[edit]

text: On the basis of an analysis of data on 42,855 dachshund litters, it was found that as the inbreeding coefficient increased, litter size decreased and the percentage of stillborn puppies increased, thus indicating inbreeding depression.[24] Inbreeding depression is a reduction in progeny fitness due largely to the homozygous expression of deleterious recessive mutations.[25]

text: Inbreeding avoidance[edit]

text: Because the African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) largely exists in fragmented small populations, its existence is endangered. Inbreeding avoidance via mate selection is characteristic of the species and has important potential consequences for population persistence.[26] Inbreeding is rare within natal packs. Computer-population simulations indicate that all populations continuing to avoid incestuous mating will become extinct within 100 years due to the unavailability of unrelated mates.[26] Thus the impact of reduced numbers of suitable unrelated mates will likely have a severe demographic impact on the future viability of small wild dog populations.

text: Red wolves primarily live in packs composed of a socially monogamous breeding pair and offspring of different ages. Using long-term data on red wolf individuals of known pedigree, it was found that inbreeding among first-degree relatives was rare.[27] A likely mechanism for avoidance of inbreeding is independent dispersal trajectories from the natal pack. Many of the young wolves spend time alone or in small non-breeding packs composed of unrelated individuals. The union of two unrelated individuals in a new home range is the predominant pattern of breeding pair formation.[27]

text: Among Ethiopian wolves, most females disperse from their natal pack at about two years of age, and some become "floaters" that may successfully immigrate into existing packs. Breeding pairs are most often unrelated to each other, suggesting that female-biased dispersal reduces inbreeding.[28]

text: Grey wolves and Arctic foxes also exhibit inbreeding avoidance.[29]

text: Inbreeding is ordinarily avoided because it leads to a reduction in progeny fitness (inbreeding depression) due largely to the homozygous expression of deleterious recessive alleles.[25] Cross-fertilization between unrelated individuals ordinarily leads to the masking of deleterious recessive alleles in progeny.[30][31]

text: Clinical issues[edit]

text: Female dogs are at risk for endometritis and pyometra in the postpartum period and after estrus or vaginitis. Signs and symptoms include fever, lethargy, loss of appetite, excessive thirst, restlessness, a foul smelling vaginal discharge which may or may not be bloody, infertility, or they may be asymptomatic. [32][33][34][35] Uterine infections should be treated expeditiously if suspected. Contrary to common belief, uterine infections can strike any intact female, whether she has been bred or not, and whether it is her first season or not although it is more common as dogs become older.

text: Dog breeding[edit]

text: Semen collection[edit]

text: An artificial vagina is prepared, which is a conical thin latex sleeve ending in a sterile collection tube. The inside of the latex sleeve is lightly lubricated. The male is allowed to sniff a female in estrus. Experienced studs cooperate readily in the process. New studs often require encouragement in the form of manual stimulation.[36] Generally the male will mount the female, and the collector quickly directs the male's penis into the latex sleeve. The male ejaculates and the semen is collected in the tube. The semen is then drawn up into a long thin pipette.[9]

text: Cross breeding[edit]

text: Designer breed dogs are Mixed-breed dogs that are intentionally bred from parents of two established breeds.[citation needed] Studies have shown that cross-bred dogs have a number of desirable reproductive traits. Scott and Fuller[37] found that cross-bred dogs were superior mothers compared to purebred mothers, producing more milk and giving better care. These advantages led to a decreased mortality in the offspring of cross-bred dogs; however, the qualities of cross bred dogs are not predictable.[citation needed] For example, Labrador x Poodle ("Labradoodle") can inherit the coat of either a Labrador, a poodle, or a remix.[citation needed]

text: Spaying and neutering[edit]

text: Spaying (females) and castrating (males) refers to the sterilization of animals—usually by removal of the male's testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus—to eliminate the ability to procreate, and reduce sex drive.[citation needed] Castration has also been known to reduce aggression in male dogs(in some cases), but spaying has been shown to occasionally increase aggression in female dogs.[38]

text: Animal control agencies in the United States and the ASPCA advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be spayed or neutered so that they do not have undesired puppies.[39] Spaying and castrating can decrease the risk of hormone-driven diseases such as mammary cancer, as well as undesired hormone-driven behaviors.[citation needed] However, certain medical problems are more likely after neutering, such as urinary incontinence in females[40] and prostate cancer in males.[41]

text: Dogs shown in the conformation ring are not allowed to be either neutered or spayed.[citation needed] It disqualifies them from being shown as they must be intact and unaltered.[citation needed]

text: Female cats and dogs are seven times more likely to develop mammary tumors if they are not spayed before their first heat cycle.[42]

text: Studies[43][44][45][46] have shown that spaying or neutering may be associated with serious health and behavioural consequences:

text: Altered Females:

text: Increased aggression can be shown in altered females if they have previously displayed aggression prior to surgical alteration. In a study by O'Farrell and Peachy, female dogs less than 11 months of age that had previously shown signs of aggression are more likely to have an increase in aggression after being spayed.[47] These increases in aggression may be due to the sudden change in hormone concentrations that are the result of alteration. While spaying female dogs does not "induce" aggression, it can increase aggression and facilitate indiscriminate appetite in young altered females and can include them rapidly eating meals or eating food-associated items such as trash.[47][48]

text: Altered males:

text: In nearly 2/3 of the cases that involve inter-dog aggression, castration can help decrease aggression. Castration also decreases other male-typical behavioral traits such as mounting, roaming, and urine marking. But a few studies have shown that male behavioral issues of mounting, roaming and urine marking still exist in altered males. Some people have reported after altering their male dogs that behavior such as roaming, mounting and urine marking has not changed the behavior. Aggression may increase, as the decrease in testosterone may lead to emotional issues and become more likely to react aggressively when feeling under threat.[49] Male puppies that are neutered between 7 and 10 weeks are three times less likely to display behavioral problems, compared to canines neutered at 6 months or older.[50] Most dominantly aggressive dogs are male, which causes many people to neuter their male canine companions. Removing testosterone can decrease the intensity of a canine's reaction to stimulus. Testosterone does not cause a behavior to occur, but its absence may decrease the occurrence of a "bad" behavior.[50]


document_title: Emily Prentiss

question_text: when does prentiss come back in season 7

root

text: Emily Prentiss

text: Background[edit]

text: Prentiss was born to her unnamed father and Elizabeth, a US Ambassador.[6] Due to her mother's job postings, Prentiss spent her childhood in numerous places, including Ukraine, France, Italy, and various countries in the Middle East. Her father has never been referred to in any way.

tag: p

text: She graduated from Yale before joining the FBI, and had worked for ten years before coming to the Behavioral Analysis Unit (BAU). Prentiss is extremely well travelled due to her upbringing as an ambassador's daughter and her previous assignments while at Interpol. She is fluent in Arabic,[7] Spanish, French,[8] Italian,[9] Russian, and Greek.[10]

text: Prentiss first appeared in the season two episode "The Last Word". Her appearance surprised both SSA Aaron Hotchner and Jason Gideon, as neither supervisor had signed off on the transfer. Hotchner was immediately suspicious of the new agent, but Prentiss, insisting that her mother had not pulled any strings for her to get the assignment, convinced him to let her join the team on a probationary basis, and eventually proved her competence and gained the team's trust.

text: Prentiss was originally written as a lesbian and had a storyline where she woke up in bed next to a woman, which the creative team and Brewster were on board for, but CBS reportedly nixed the idea.[11][12] In a 2016 interview, following Brewster's return to the show, she stated that she would still "be happy to play Emily as bisexual or gay."[13]

text: Prentiss confided to David Rossi that she struggled to fit in as a teen, since she moved around so often, and would do "almost anything" to fit in. She told Rossi that during her mother's diplomatic posting in Italy, she got pregnant at 15 and had an abortion. She also states that the friend who accompanied her to the clinic "saved [her] life".[9]

text: Relationships with colleagues[edit]

text: Initially upon joining the BAU, Prentiss feels like an outsider and often worries that people doubt her ability as a profiler. Over time, Prentiss proves herself through her sharp profiling skills, competence, and dedication to the work, gradually earning the trust and respect of her fellow BAU team members.

text: Prentiss has a good relationship with her supervisor Aaron Hotchner and establishes herself as one of the most reliable and capable agents on the BAU. Hotchner had previously worked as the Head of Security for Prentiss's Ambassador mother, Elizabeth Prentiss, but did not cross paths with Prentiss, because she was off to Yale. When she joins the BAU, they get off to a rocky start, but after a confrontation in his office about her feelings and opinions regarding politics and after she resigns instead of secretly feeding reports to Section Chief Erin Strauss, Hotchner begins to understand Prentiss and trust her more. Before leaving to be with the BAU on a case despite his suspension from the field, Hotchner stops by Prentiss's apartment to convince her to get on the plane with him to help their team catch the UNSUB.

text: In "52 Pickup", Hotchner is seen asking Prentiss for advice on how to deal with JJ's temporary substitute, Agent Jordan Todd, and acts on her suggestions, even giving Agent Todd another chance to prove herself.

text: For the most part, Prentiss has also developed friendly relationships with the other members of the BAU team.

text: Prentiss immediately bonds with Agent Derek Morgan due to their mutual love of Kurt Vonnegut books and they develop a close relationship. Their strong bond is most evident in the episodes leading up to and after Prentiss's death. Morgan is able to detect that Prentiss is worried about something and tries to get her to tell him what is bothering her. He also feels betrayed when Prentiss does not reveal the extent of her involvement with Doyle and the case and assumes she does not trust him enough. Rossi later tries to reason with him that Prentiss is merely trying to protect the BAU team. Morgan is also with Prentiss, holding her, when she is dying after being seriously injured by Doyle, and tells her that he understands what she did, and that she is brave, and he is proud of her. When he believes she has died, Morgan takes her death quite hard and expresses anger toward Doyle. When Emily returns to the BAU in season 7, Morgan shows concern for her safety and ability to protect herself in the field by making her sign up for re-certification.

text: Over time, she also forms a close relationship with Agent Jennifer "JJ" Jareau, especially when they are the only two female agents in the BAU in the field for several seasons. When Prentiss has to fake her death for the team's safety, JJ is the only one (aside from Hotchner) who knows the truth. JJ also flies to Paris and is involved in getting fake passports and setting up bank accounts for Prentiss to stay incognito. JJ expresses the most happiness when Prentiss came back from the dead and tells Prentiss how much she has missed her while she was gone. Prentiss later mentions to Hotchner that while she was away from the BAU and work, she played a lot of online Scrabble with someone with the online moniker "cheetobreath", implying it was JJ keeping her company. In the rare moments outside work, JJ and Prentiss have been seen having conversations about children and the men, or lack thereof, in Prentiss's life. Prentiss was also the first to congratulate JJ when she revealed she was pregnant with Henry.

text: After Spencer Reid returns to work following his abduction by serial killer Tobias Hankel, Prentiss experiences a falling out with the young agent due to his harsh behavior toward her (a function of the irritability resulting from Reid's use of narcotics to cope with his recent trauma). However, the agents eventually gain a mutual respect and even share light-hearted moments. Prentiss sometimes joins in with Morgan in good-natured teasing of Reid's genius. She also amazes Reid when she beats him at poker even though he is from Las Vegas and never loses. Another turning point in their relationship is when Prentiss and Reid are held captive by a cult group and Prentiss admits she is the FBI agent, causing her to suffer a beating from the cult leader. As a result, Reid feels guilty, but Prentiss reassures him everything is all right and that is not his fault. Prentiss is also the only one Reid tells about his recurring headaches. Reid is one of the most affected by Prentiss's death, sobbing on JJ's shoulder because he never got to say goodbye, and even thought about giving up since he felt the BAU had failed at protecting a member of their team. Later, when Prentiss comes back, Reid feels betrayed by Prentiss for not telling him the truth, but Prentiss confronts him and they eventually reconcile.

text: Prentiss is often seen hanging out with Jareau and Technical Analyst Penelope Garcia outside of work. Garcia looks up to Prentiss and never fails to vocalize her admiration, whether it is for Prentiss's fluency in Arabic, wit or the fact she took up salsa dancing classes. Garcia also notes that after four years with the team, Prentiss is a part of the “BAU family;” they hold a close friendship.

text: On the job[edit]

text: Prentiss is shown to be an extremely competent, level-headed agent. She is not as affected by the nightmares that come with the job and manages to keep her cool in hostile confrontations. She is also shown to put herself in the line of fire, for example, volunteering to enter into the unsub's house to rescue his young boy, and sacrifice herself for her teammates, as she did for Spencer Reid once in the season 4 episode, "Minimal Loss". She does not act rashly and there was only one rare occasion where she allowed her personal feelings interfere with investigations.[9] It has been mentioned by Morgan that she has problems trusting others, preferring to handle things independently instead of asking others to help, but it was revealed that this reluctance is due to her long background as an undercover agent.

text: Ian Doyle and "Death"[edit]

text: In the sixth season, Agent Prentiss is notified by her former superiors at Interpol that a man named Ian Doyle has escaped from prison in North Korea. Later, after returning home from work, Prentiss receives several hang-up calls on her home phone from an unknown caller. Upon her return home on a subsequent night, she finds an anonymous gift on her doorstep, containing a single purple flower. She experiences a flashback to a past undercover job in Italy, during which she was acting as his girlfriend and surveiling Doyle. Recognizing that the gift of the purple flower means Doyle knows where she lives, Prentiss flees. In "Coda", Prentiss enlists two former Interpol colleagues in hunting Doyle. Tsia Mosely, one of her Interpol colleagues, gets shot in the head by Doyle while visiting someone.[14] At the end of that episode, Prentiss sneaks out of a meeting in order to save her BAU colleagues from Doyle.

text: At the beginning of "Lauren", it is revealed that Prentiss had been a spy eight years previously, on a task force profiling terrorists; while undercover, she met Ian Doyle (an arms dealer) and became his lover. Her betrayal of Doyle led to his arrest and subsequent imprisonment, including time in a North Korean prison. Prentiss tracks down Doyle in Boston and tries to kill him, but he takes her hostage. Later, Rossi realized that she left their team meeting suddenly in order to protect them from Doyle as it was Prentiss that Doyle was after. Hotch says they will treat Doyle as an unsub and Prentiss as his victim, and profile them just as they would in any other case.

text: They eventually track them down to an abandoned building in Boston and arrive with a SWAT team. Prentiss reveals to Doyle that his son, whom Doyle believed had been killed, is actually alive, and that she staged photos of executing the boy in order to get Doyle to break under interrogation in North Korea. After an intense fight, Doyle manages to stab Prentiss in the abdomen with a broken table leg. Even though she is dying, she refuses to tell him where his son is hiding, and Doyle escapes shortly before Morgan reaches her. In the hospital, the BAU team is notified that Prentiss has died. They are seen attending her funeral. The last scene, however, reveals she is alive and in Paris, where JJ meets her and gives her an envelope with "passports from three different countries, and a bank account in each one to keep [her] comfortable".

text: Returning to the BAU[edit]

text: In the season seven premiere, Morgan captures Doyle and Emily returns to the BAU to assist the team in finding who kidnapped Doyle's son.[15] The team comes under fire from the judiciary panel for their retaliatory actions to avenge Prentiss's death, but everyone stands their ground to protect the team. Section Chief Erin Strauss later reveals to them that the committee was persuaded by Prentiss' defense and eventually decided to lift the BAU's suspensions although they will still be "keeping a close eye" on the members. Reid, who is still angry over her 'death' refuses to speak to her or JJ or even look them in the eye. At the end of "Proof", Prentiss talks it through with him and they make amends.[16] In the premiere it is also revealed that Garcia has been taking care of her cat, Sergio, and when she inquires about him, Garcia jokingly states that she wants visitation rights.

text: In the season seven finale, Prentiss receives an offer to run Interpol's London office. While still pondering her decision on the offer, Prentiss decides to leave the BAU. In the season eight premiere, Morgan and Garcia mention seeing her while they were in London and that Emily is doing fine.

text: Brewster returned for guest appearances in the season 9 episode, 200 in 2014 and the season 11 episode Tribute in early 2016 before returning as a regular cast member in the season 12 episode Taboo later in the year.[17]

text: She is now the Unit Chief of the BAU, following the departure of Aaron Hotchner.[18]


document_title: List of countries by literacy rate

question_text: what is the literacy rate in the dominican republic

text: List of countries by literacy rate

text: List of UN member states[edit]

text:
Country

UNESCO[3]

Non-UNESCOliteracy rate

Literacy rate (all)
Male literacy
Female literacy
Gender difference[note 1]

 World
 86.3%
90.0%
82.7%
7.3%

 Afghanistan
38.2%
52.0%
24.2%
27.8%

 Albania
97.6%
98.4%
96.8%
1.6%

 Algeria
80.2%
87.2%
73.1%
14.0%
87.7%[5]

 Andorra
not reported by UNESCO 2015

 Angola
71.1%
82.0%
60.7%
21.3%

 Antigua and Barbuda
not reported by UNESCO 2015
99.0%(2013)[3][note 2]

 Argentina
98.1%
98.0%
98.1%
-0.1%

 Armenia
99.8%
99.8%
99.7%
0.1%

 Australia
not reported by UNESCO 2015

 Austria
not reported by UNESCO 2015

 Azerbaijan
99.8%
99.9%
99.7%
0.2%

 Bahamas
not reported by UNESCO 2015

 Bahrain
95.7%
96.9%
93.5%
3.5%

 Bangladesh
72.8%[note 3]
75.6%
69.9%
5.7%
71% (2014)[6]

 Barbados
not reported by UNESCO 2015

 Belarus
99.7%
99.8%
99.7%
0.1%

 Belgium
not reported by UNESCO 2015

 Belize
82.7%
82.3%
83.0%
-0.7%

 Benin
38.4%
49.9%
27.3%
22.6%

 Bhutan
64.9%
73.1%
55.0%
18.1%

 Bolivia
95.7%
97.8%
93.6%
4.2%

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
98.5%
99.5%
97.5%
2.1%
97.2% (2013)[7][note 4]

 Botswana
88.5%
88.0%
88.9%
-0.9%

 Brazil
91.7%
91.4%
92.1%
-0.7%

 Brunei
96.4%
97.7%
95.1%
2.6%

 Bulgaria
98.4%
98.7%
98.1%
0.7%

 Burkina Faso
36%
43.0%
29.3%
13.7%

 Burundi
85.6%
88.2%
83.1%
5.1%

 Cabo Verde
87.6%
92.1%
83.1%
9.0%

 Cambodia
77.2%
84.5%
70.5%
13.9%

 Cameroon
75%
81.2%
68.9%
12.3%

 Canada
not reported by UNESCO 2015

 Central African Republic
36.8%
50.7%
24.4%
26.4%

 Chad
40.2%
48.5%
31.9%
16.6%

 Chile
97.3%
97.4%
97.2%
0.2%

 China
96.4%
98.2%
94.5%
3.7%

 Colombia
94.7%
94.6%
94.8%
-0.2%

 Comoros
77.8%
81.8%
73.7%
8.1%

 Congo
79.3%
86.4%
72.9%
13.6%

 Congo, Democratic Republic of the
77.3%
88.9%
66.0%
22.8%

 Costa Rica
97.8%
97.7%
97.8%
-0.1%

 Ivory Coast
43.1%
53.1%
32.5%
20.6%

 Croatia
99.3%
99.7%
98.9%
0.7%

 Cuba
99.7%
99.7%
99.8%
-0.1%

 Cyprus
99.1%
99.5%
98.7%
0.8%

 Czech Republic
not reported by UNESCO 2015

 Denmark
not reported by UNESCO 2015

 Djibouti
not reported by UNESCO 2015

 Dominica
not reported by UNESCO 2015

 Dominican Republic
91.8%
91.2%
92.3%
-1.1%

 Ecuador
94.5%
95.4%
93.5%
1.8%

 Egypt
75.2%
83.2%
67.3%
16.0%

 El Salvador
88.4%
90.7%
86.4%
4.3%

 Equatorial Guinea
95.3%
97.4%
93.0%
4.4%

 Eritrea
73.8%
82.4%
65.5%
16.9%

 Estonia
99.8%
99.8%
99.8%
0.0%

 Ethiopia
49.1%
57.2%
41.1%
16.1%

 Fiji
not reported by UNESCO 2015

 Finland
not reported by UNESCO 2015

 France
not reported by UNESCO 2015

 Gabon
83.2%
85.3%
81.0%
4.3%

 Gambia
55.5%
63.9%
47.6%
16.3%

 Georgia
99.8%
99.8%
99.7%
0.1%

 Germany
not reported by UNESCO 2015

 Ghana
76.6%
82.0%
71.4%
10.7%

 Greece
97.7%
98.5%
96.9%
1.6%

 Grenada
not reported by UNESCO 2015

 Guatemala
79.3%
84.7%
74.4%
10.4%

 Guinea
30.4%
38.1%
22.8%
15.3%

 Guinea-Bissau
59.9%
71.8%
48.3%
23.5%

 Guyana
88.5%
87.2%
89.8%
-2.6%

 Haiti
60.7%
64.3%
57.3%
7.0%

 Honduras
88.5%
88.4%
88.6%
-0.1%

 Hungary
99.1%
99.1%
99.0%
0.2%

 Iceland
not reported by UNESCO 2015

 India
69.3%
78.9%
59.3%
19.6%
74.0% (2011)[8][note 5]

 Indonesia
93.9%
96.3%
91.5%
4.7%

 Iran
86.8%
91.2%
82.5%
8.7%

 Iraq
43.7%
43.0%
38.0%
5.0%
78.5%[9]

 Ireland
not reported by UNESCO 2015

 Israel
 not reported by UNESCO 2015
97.8% (2011)[4][note 6]

 Italy
99.2%
99.4%
99.0%
0.4%

 Jamaica
88.7%
84.0%
93.1%
-9.1%

 Japan
not reported by UNESCO 2015

 Jordan
97.9% (in 2012)
98.4%
97.4%
1.0%

 Kazakhstan
99.8%
99.8%
99.8%
0.0%

 Kenya
78%
81.1%
74.9%
6.2%

 Kiribati
not reported by UNESCO 2015

 Korea, Democratic People's Republic of
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
0.0%

 Korea, Republic of
not reported by UNESCO 2015

 Kuwait
96.2%
96.9%
95.0%
1.9%

 Kyrgyzstan
99.5%
99.6%
99.4%
0.2%

 Laos
79.9%
87.1%
72.8%
14.3%

 Latvia
99.9%
99.9%
99.9%
0.0%

 Lebanon
93.9%
96.0%
91.8%
4.1%

 Lesotho
79.4%
70.1%
88.3%
-18.2%

 Liberia
47.6%
62.4%
32.8%
29.6%

 Libya
91%
96.7%
85.6%
11.1%

 Liechtenstein
not reported by UNESCO 2015

 Lithuania
99.8%
99.8%
99.8%
0.0%

 Luxembourg
not reported by UNESCO 2015

 Macedonia
97.8%
98.8%
96.8%
2.0%

 Madagascar
64.7%
66.7%
62.6%
4.1%

 Malawi
65.8%
73.0%
58.6%
14.4%

 Malaysia
94.6%
96.2%
93.2%
3.0%

 Maldives
99.3%
99.8%
98.8%
0.9%

 Mali
38.7%
48.2%
29.2%
19.0%

 Malta
94.1%
92.5%
95.7%
-3.2%

 Marshall Islands
not reported by UNESCO 2015

 Mauritania
52.1%
62.6%
41.6%
21.0%

 Mauritius
90.6%
92.9%
88.5%
4.4%

 Mexico
94.4%
95.6%
93.3%
2.2%

 Micronesia
not reported by UNESCO 2015

 Moldova
99.4%
99.7%
99.1%
0.7%

 Monaco
not reported by UNESCO 2015

 Mongolia
98.4%
98.2%
98.6%
-0.4%

 Montenegro
98.7%
99.5%
98.0%
1.4%

 Morocco
72.4%
82.7%
62.5%
20.2%

 Mozambique
58.8%
73.3%
45.4%
27.9%

 Myanmar
75.6%[note 7]
80.0%
71.9%
8.1%

 Namibia
81.9%
79.2%
84.5%
-5.3%

 Nauru
not reported by UNESCO 2015

   Nepal
64.7%
75.6%
55.1%
20.5%

 Netherlands
not reported by UNESCO 2015

 New Zealand
not reported by UNESCO 2015

 Nicaragua
82.8%
82.4%
83.2%
-0.9%

 Niger
19.1%
27.3%
11.0%
16.3%

 Nigeria
59.6%
69.2%
49.7%
19.5%
71.6% (2010)[11][note 8]

 Norway
not reported by UNESCO 2015

 Oman
94.8%
96.9%
90.0%
6.9%

 Pakistan
56.4%
69.6%
42.7%
26.9%

 Palau
99.5%
99.5%
99.6%
-0.1%

 Panama
95%
95.7%
94.4%
1.2%

 Papua New Guinea
64.2%
65.6%
62.8%
2.8%

 Paraguay
95.6%
96.1%
95.0%
1.1%

 Peru
94.5%
97.3%
91.7%
5.6%

 Philippines
96.3%
95.8%
96.8%
-1.0%

 Poland
99.8%
99.9%
99.7%
0.2%

 Portugal
95.4%
96.9%
94.1%
2.8%

 Qatar
97.8%
97.9%
97.3%
0.6%

 Romania
98.8%
99.1%
98.5%
0.6%

 Russia
99.7%
99.7%
99.7%
0.0%

 Rwanda
70.5%
73.2%
68.0%
5.2%

 Saint Kitts and Nevis
not reported by UNESCO 2015

 Saint Lucia
not reported by UNESCO 2015

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
not reported by UNESCO 2015

 Samoa
99%
98.9%
99.1%
-0.2%

 San Marino
not reported by UNESCO 2015

 São Tomé and Príncipe
74.9%
81.8%
68.4%
13.4%

 Saudi Arabia
94.7%
97.0%
91.1%
5.9%

 Senegal
55.7%
68.5%
43.8%
24.6%

 Serbia
98.1%
99.1%
97.2%
1.9%

 Seychelles
95.2%
94.7%
95.7%
-1.0%

 Sierra Leone
48.1%
58.7%
37.7%
21.1%

 Singapore
96.8%
98.7%
95.1%
3.6%

 Slovakia
99.6%
99.6%
99.6%
0.0%

 Slovenia
99.7%
99.7%
99.7%
0.0%

 Solomon Islands
not reported by UNESCO 2015
84.1% (2015)[4][note 9]

 Somalia
not reported by UNESCO 2015

 South Africa
94.3%
95.5%
93.1%
2.4%

 South Sudan
26.8%
34.8%
19.2%
15.6%

 Spain
98.1%
98.7%
97.5%
1.3%

 Sri Lanka
92.6%
93.6%
91.7%
1.9%

 Sudan
53.5%
59.80%
46.7%
13.1%

 Suriname
95.6%
96.1%
95.0%
1.1%

 Swaziland
87.5%
87.4%
87.5%
-0.1%

 Sweden
not reported by UNESCO 2015

  Switzerland
not reported by UNESCO 2015

 Syria
86.4%
91.7%
81.0%
10.7%

 Tajikistan
99.8%
99.8%
99.7%
0.1%

 Tanzania, United Republic of
80.3%
84.8%
75.9%
9.0%

 Thailand
96.7%
96.6%
96.7%
-0.1%

 Timor-Leste
67.5%
71.5%
63.4%
8.1%

 Togo
66.5%
78.3%
55.3%
23.0%

 Tonga
99.4%
99.3%
99.4%
-0.1%

 Trinidad and Tobago
99%
99.2%
98.7%
0.5%

 Tunisia
81.8%
89.6%
74.2%
15.4%

 Turkey
95%
98.4%
91.8%
6.6%

 Turkmenistan
99.7%
99.8%
99.6%
0.1%

 Tuvalu
not reported by UNESCO 2015

 Uganda
73.9%
80.8%
66.9%
14.0%

 Ukraine
99.8%
99.8%
99.7%
0.1%

 United Arab Emirates
93.8%
93.1%
95.8%
-2.6%

 United Kingdom
not reported by UNESCO 2015

 United States of America
not reported by UNESCO 2015

 Uruguay
98.4%
98.1%
98.7%
-0.6%

 Uzbekistan
99.6%
99.7%
99.5%
0.3%

 Vanuatu
85.2%
86.6%
83.8%
2.8%

 Venezuela
95.4%
95.0%
95.7%
-0.7%

 Vietnam
94.5%
96.3%
92.8%
3.4%

 Yemen
70.1%
85.1%
55.0%
30.1%

 Zambia
63.4%
70.9%
56.0%
14.9%

 Zimbabwe
86.5%
88.5%
84.6%
4.0%

tag: table

text: List of other states and territories[edit]

text:
Territory
Literacy rate (all)
Male literacy
Female literacy
Gender difference
Year
Notes

 Aruba
97.5%
97.5%
97.5%
0.0%
2015[3]
A constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.

 Cayman Islands
98.9%
98.7%
99.0%
-0.3%
2007[3]
An overseas territory of the United Kingdom.

 Guadeloupe
96.5%
96.4%
96.6%
-0.2%
2015[3]
Overseas region/department of France.

 Guam
99.8%
99.8%
99.8%
0.0%
2015[3]
An unincorporated and organized territory of the United States.

 Kosovo
91.9%
96.6%
87.5%
9.1%
2003[4]
Member of two UN specialized agencies (World Bank Group and International Monetary Fund). It is claimed by Serbia.

 Macau
96.2%
98.0%
94.6%
3.4%
2015[3]
A special administrative region of China.

 Martinique
97.0%
97.6%
96.4%
1.2%
2015[3]
Overseas region/department of France.

 New Caledonia
96.9%
97.3%
96.5%
0.8%
2015[3]
Overseas region/department of France.

 Palestine
96.7%
98.5%
94.8%
3.7%
2015[3]
UN Observer State[12]

 Puerto Rico
93.3%
92.8%
93.8%
-1.0%
2015[3]
Unincorporated territory of the United States.

 Réunion
93.9%
93.2%
94.5%
-1.3%
2015[3]
Overseas region/department of France.

 Taiwan
98.70%
99.73%
97.69%
2.05%
2017[13]
Member of one UN specialized agency (World Health Organization) as Chinese Taipei


document_title: Template:Chief guests in republic day parade

question_text: who was chief guest of republic day 2013

text:
Year
Guest name
Country
Note

1950
President Sukarno[1]
 Indonesia

1951
King Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah[2]
   Nepal

1952

1953

1954
King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck[3]
 Bhutan

1955
Governor General Malik Ghulam Muhammad[4]
 Pakistan
First guest for parade at Rajpath [5]

1956
Chancellor of the Exchequer R. A. Butler
 United Kingdom
Note[1]
Two guests[6]

Chief Justice Kōtarō Tanaka
 Japan

1957
Minister of Defence Georgy Zhukov [7]
 Soviet Union

1958
Marshall Ye Jianying[8]
 China

1959
Duke of Edinburgh Prince Philip [9][10][11]
 United Kingdom
2nd invitation

1960
Chairman Kliment Voroshilov[12]
 Soviet Union
2nd invitation

1961
Queen Elizabeth II[13]
 United Kingdom
3rd invitation, Note[2]

1962
Prime Minister Viggo Kampmann[14]
 Denmark
Note[3]

1963
King Norodom Sihanouk[15]
 Cambodia

1964
Chief of Defence Staff Lord Louis Mountbatten [16]
 United Kingdom
4th invitation, Note[4]

1965
Food and Agriculture Minister Rana Abdul Hamid
 Pakistan
2nd invitation

1966
No invitation
No invitation
Note[5]

1967
King Mohammed Zahir Shah [17]
 Afghanistan
Note[6]

1968
Chairman Alexei Kosygin
 Soviet Union
3rd invitation
Two guests[18]

President Josip Broz Tito
 Yugoslavia

1969
Prime Minister Todor Zhivkov[19]
 Bulgaria

1970
King of the Belgians Baudouin[20][21]
 Belgium
Note[7]

1971
President Julius Nyerere[22]
 Tanzania

1972
Prime Minister Seewoosagur Ramgoolam [23]
 Mauritius

1973
President Mobutu Sese Seko[24]
 Zaire

1974
President Josip Broz Tito
 Yugoslavia
2nd invitation
Two guests [25]

Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike
 Sri Lanka

1975
President Kenneth Kaunda[26]
 Zambia

1976
Prime Minister Jacques Chirac[27]
 France

1977
First Secretary Edward Gierek[28]
 Poland

1978
President Patrick Hillery[29]
 Ireland

1979
Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser[30]
 Australia

1980
President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
 France
2nd invitation

1981
President Jose Lopez Portillo[31]
 Mexico

1982
King Juan Carlos I[32]
 Spain

1983
President Shehu Shagari[33]
 Nigeria

1984
King Jigme Singye Wangchuck[34]
 Bhutan
2nd invitation

1985
President Raúl Alfonsín[35]
 Argentina

1986
Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou[36]
 Greece

1987
President Alan Garcia[37]
 Peru

1988
President J. R. Jayewardene[38]
 Sri Lanka
2nd invitation

1989
General Secretary Nguyen Van Linh[39]
 Vietnam

1990
Prime Minister Anerood Jugnauth[40]
 Mauritius
2nd invitation

1991
President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom[41]
 Maldives

1992
President Mário Soares[41]
 Portugal

1993
Prime Minister John Major[41]
 United Kingdom
5th invitation

1994
Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong[41]
 Singapore

1995
President Nelson Mandela[42]
 South Africa

1996
President Fernando Henrique Cardoso[41]
 Brazil

1997
Prime Minister Basdeo Panday[41]
 Trinidad and Tobago

1998
President Jacques Chirac[41]
 France
3rd invitation

1999
King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev[41]
   Nepal
2nd invitation

2000
President Olusegun Obasanjo[41]
 Nigeria
2nd invitation

2001
President Abdelaziz Bouteflika[41]
 Algeria

2002
President Cassam Uteem[41]
 Mauritius
3rd invitation

2003
President Mohammed Khatami[41]
 Iran

2004
President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva [41]
 Brazil
2nd invitation

2005
King Jigme Singye Wangchuck[41]
 Bhutan
3rd invitation

2006
King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz al-Saud[41]
 Saudi Arabia

2007
President Vladimir Putin[41]
 Russia
4th invitation

2008
President Nicolas Sarkozy[41]
 France
4th invitation

2009
President Nursultan Nazarbayev[41]
 Kazakhstan

2010
President Lee Myung Bak[43]
 South Korea

2011
President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono[44][45]
 Indonesia
2nd invitation

2012
Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra[46]
 Thailand

2013
King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck[47]
 Bhutan
4th invitation

2014
Prime Minister Shinzo Abe[48]
 Japan
2nd invitation

2015
President Barack Obama[49]
 United States

2016
President François Hollande
 France
5th invitation[50]

2017
Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan[51]
 United Arab Emirates

2018
Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah
 Brunei

Ten guests (Heads of ASEAN states)[52]

Prime Minister Hun Sen
 Cambodia
2nd invitation

President Joko Widodo
 Indonesia
3rd invitation

Prime Minister Thongloun Sisoulith
 Laos

Prime Minister Najib Razak
 Malaysia

State Counsellor Daw Aung San Suu Kyi
 Myanmar

President Rodrigo Roa Duterte
 Philippines

Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong
 Singapore
2nd invitation

Prime Minister Prayuth Chan-ocha
 Thailand
2nd invitation

Prime Minister Nguyễn Xuân Phúc
 Vietnam
2nd invitation

text: Notes[edit]


document_title: Aaron Judge

question_text: where is aaron judge from the new york yankees from

text: Aaron Judge

text: Early life and amateur career

text: Judge was born and raised in Linden, California and was adopted the day after he was born by Patty and Wayne Judge, who both worked as teachers. When he was 10 years old, his parents told him that he was adopted; he recalls, "I knew I didn't look like them."[1] He telephones his parents every day.[1] He has an older brother, John, who was also adopted.[2]

text: Judge attended Linden High School, where he was a three-sport star. He played as a pitcher and first baseman for the baseball team, a wide receiver for the football team, and as a center for the basketball team. He set a school record for touchdowns (17) in football and led the team in points per game (18.2) in basketball. In baseball, he was part of the Linden High School team that made the California Interscholastic Federation Division III playoffs.[3][4]

text: Various colleges recruited Judge to play tight end in football, including Notre Dame, Stanford, and UCLA, but he preferred baseball. The Oakland Athletics selected him in the 31st round of the 2010 Major League Baseball draft, but he opted to enroll at California State University, Fresno (Fresno State), to play for the Fresno State Bulldogs baseball team in the Western Athletic Conference (WAC). Louisville Slugger named him a Freshman All-American. He won the 2012 TD Ameritrade College Home Run Derby.[5] In his junior year, Judge led the Bulldogs in home runs, doubles, and runs batted in (RBIs).[6] Judge was named to the all-conference team in all three of his seasons for the Bulldogs—in the WAC in his first two seasons, and the Mountain West Conference (MW) as a junior (the Bulldogs joined the MW in July 2012, between his sophomore and junior seasons).[6]

text: Professional career

text: Minor leagues

text: The Yankees drafted Judge in the first round of the 2013 Major League Baseball draft with the 32nd overall selection,[7][8] a pick the team received as compensation after losing Nick Swisher in free agency.[9] Judge signed with the Yankees, receiving a $1.8 million signing bonus.[10] He tore a quadriceps femoris muscle while participating in a base running drill, which kept him out of the 2013 season.[5][11] He made his professional debut with the Charleston RiverDogs of the Class A South Atlantic League in 2014.[5] He had a .333 batting average, .428 on-base percentage (OBP), .530 slugging percentage (SLG), and hit nine home runs with 45 RBIs in 65 games for Charleston. The Yankees promoted him to the Tampa Yankees of the Class A-Advanced Florida State League during the season, where he hit .283 with a .411 OBP, .442 SLG, eight home runs, and 33 RBIs in 66 games for Tampa.[6]

text: The Yankees invited Judge to spring training as a non-roster player in 2015.[12] Judge began the 2015 season with the Trenton Thunder of the Class AA Eastern League.[13] After Judge batted .284 with a .350 OBP and 12 home runs in 63 games for Trenton, the Yankees promoted Judge to the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders of the Class AAA International League in June.[14] He was chosen to represent the Yankees at the 2015 All-Star Futures Game.[15] The Yankees decided not to include Judge in their September call-ups.[16] Judge batted .224 with eight home runs in 61 games for Scranton/Wilkes-Barre.[17] The Yankees invited Judge to spring training in 2016, and he began the season with Scranton/Wilkes-Barre. Judge was named to the International League All-Star Team in 2016, but did not play in the 2016 Triple-A All-Star Game after he spent on a month of the disabled list due to a knee sprain.[18][19] In 93 games for the RailRiders, Judge had a .270 batting average, 19 home runs, and 65 RBIs.[20]

text: New York Yankees

text: Judge made his MLB debut on August 13, 2016, starting in right field against the Tampa Bay Rays.[21] In his first at-bat, Judge hit a home run off Matt Andriese; the previous batter, Tyler Austin, also making his MLB debut, had done the same. This marked the first time that two teammates had hit home runs in their first career at bats in the same game.[22] Judge also hit a home run in his second MLB game, becoming the second Yankees player to do so, after Joe Lefebvre in 1980.[23] Judge's debut season, in which he batted .179 and struck out 42 times in 84 at-bats (95 plate appearances), ended prematurely when he was placed on the 15-day disabled list with a grade 2 right oblique strain on September 13, 2016 against the Los Angeles Dodgers.[24]

text: 2017: All-Star season

text: The Yankees named Judge their right fielder for Opening Day against the Tampa Bay Rays.[25] He had his first multi-home run game on April 28 against the Baltimore Orioles to help the Yankees win 14–11, coming back from a 9–1 deficit.[26] One of the home runs had a measured exit velocity of 119.4 miles per hour (192.2 km/h), the fastest exit velocity for a home run measured by Statcast since it was adopted in 2015.[27][28] Judge ended the month of April with 10 home runs, tying the rookie record set by José Abreu and Trevor Story.[29] He was named the American League's (AL) Rookie of the Month for April.[30] In April, he had a .303 batting average, 10 home runs, 20 RBIs, and a .411 OBP in 22 games.[31]

text: On May 3, Judge hit his 13th home run of the season, becoming the youngest player to hit 13 home runs within the first 26 games of a season.[32] The Yankees debuted a cheering section in the right-field seats of Yankee Stadium on May 22, called "The Judge's Chambers", three rows in section 104, containing 18 seats.[33][34] Fans are chosen by the team to sit there, and are outfitted with black robes, wigs, and foam gavels.[34][35] In a game against the Oakland Athletics on May 28, Judge hit his first career grand slam.[36] Judge was named AL Rookie of the Month once again for May. In May, he had a .347 batting average, seven home runs, 17 RBIs, and a .441 OBP in 26 games.[37]

text: On June 10, Judge hit a home run that had an exit velocity of 121.1 miles per hour (194.9 km/h), again setting a new record for the hardest ever measured by Statcast.[38] The following day, Judge went 4-for-4 with two home runs, one of which traveled 495 feet (151 m), which was the longest in MLB in the 2017 season.[39] On June 12, Judge was named the AL Player of the Week. His week ended with him leading the AL in all three Triple Crown categories.[40] Judge was named the AL Player of the Month for the month of June, batting .324 with 10 home runs, 25 RBIs and a .481 OBP. His performance in the month of June also earned him his third consecutive AL Rookie of the Month award, the longest streak since Mike Trout won four in a row in 2012.[41] Judge had a 32-game on-base streak, including reaching base in every game in the month of June.[42] On July 2, Judge was voted as a starting outfielder to the 2017 MLB All-Star Game, receiving 4,488,702 votes, the most out of any player in the AL.[43]

text: Judge broke Joe DiMaggio's record for most home runs hit in a Yankees' rookie season with his 30th on July 7.[44] He became the second rookie to hit 30 home runs before the All-Star break after Mark McGwire in 1987,[45] the first Yankee to do so since Alex Rodriguez in 2007[46] and the first player in baseball since Chris Davis and Miguel Cabrera in 2013.[47] Before the All-Star break, Judge hit .329 with 30 home runs and 66 RBIs.

text: Judge won the 2017 Home Run Derby, besting Minnesota Twins third baseman Miguel Sanó 11–10 in the final round to become the first rookie to ever win the Derby outright.[48] Judge hit four home runs over 500 feet, one of which travelled 513 feet, the farthest in the Derby.[49] After his performance, MLB commissioner Rob Manfred stated that Judge is a player "who can become the face of the game."[50] On July 21, Judge a hit a home run that almost travelled out of Safeco Field. The ball was hit so hard that Statcast could not measure the details on the home run.[51]

text: On July 27, Judge lost a portion of his front left tooth during a celebration circle after Brett Gardner hit a walk-off home run.[52][53] The next game, Judge hit his 33rd home run of the season, for 37 home runs total through his first 125 career games, third-most in MLB history.[54] On August 17, Judge hit a 457-foot home run at Citi Field that reached the third deck but also struck out in the game, which marked 33 consecutive games with a strikeout, breaking Adam Dunn's record for a position player.[55][56] On August 20, Judge tied pitcher Bill Stoneman's streak of striking out in 37 consecutive games.[57][58] Judge would break Curtis Granderson's record of 195 for most single-season strikeouts in Yankees history.[59]

text: On September 4, Judge became the first AL rookie to record 100 walks in a single season since Al Rosen (1950), and the first player in MLB to do it since Jim Gilliam (1953). During a game on September 10, Judge received his 107th walk, the most walks by a rookie in a season since Ted Williams in 1939.[60] During the same game, he also became the second rookie in MLB history to hit 40 home runs in a season since McGwire (1987).[61] He joined Babe Ruth (1920), Lou Gehrig (1927), Joe DiMaggio (1937) and Mickey Mantle (1956) as the only Yankees to hit 40 home runs in a season at age 25 or younger.[62] On September 20, Judge became the first player since José Bautista in 2010, and the first rookie, to record 100 runs, 45 home runs, 100 RBIs, and 100 walks in a single season.[63]

text: On September 25, Judge hit his 49th and 50th home runs, tying and surpassing Mark McGwire's single season rookie home run record.[64] With this historic achievement, Judge also took his first 'curtain call' at Yankee Stadium as the crowd called him out of the dugout to a standing ovation.

text: New York Yankees franchise records

text:
Most home runs in a season by a rookie: 50 (Joe DiMaggio held the record with 29)[65]
Fifth Yankee to have 50 home runs in a single season. He joins Babe Ruth (54 in 1920, 59 in 1921, 60 in 1927, 54 in 1928), Mickey Mantle (52 in 1956, 54 in 1961), Roger Maris (61 in 1961), and Alex Rodriguez (54 in 2007).
First Yankee with at least 110 walks and 110 runs scored since Mickey Mantle in 1961 (126 walks, 131 runs).[66]
Second player in Yankees history to hit a home run in each of his first two games. (Joe Lefebvre was the first Yankee to do so in 1980).[67]
Holds the Yankees single season record for strikeouts with 199. (Passing Curtis Granderson's 195)[59]
27 home runs at Yankee Stadium in a single season.[68]
First right-handed hitter in Yankees history with at least 100 RBIs, 100 runs scored and 100 walks; in a single season
Eighth player in Yankees history with at least 100 runs, 100 RBIs and 100 walks in a season.[69]
Fourth rookie in franchise history with 100 RBIs in a season (joining Joe DiMaggio, Tony Lazzeri and Hideki Matsui).[70]

tag: ul

text: MLB records

text:
Most home runs by a rookie, 50 (Mark McGwire held record with 49)[71]
Became the youngest player to hit 13 home runs within the first 26 games of a season.[72]
Measured exit velocity of 119.4 miles per hour (192.2 km/h), the fastest exit velocity for a home run measured by Statcast. (April 28, 2017)[73]
Measured exit velocity of 121.1 miles per hour (194.9 km/h), again setting a new record for the hardest ever measured by Statcast. (June 10, 2017)[74]
Second rookie to hit 30 home runs before the All-Star break after Mark McGwire (33 in 1987).[75]
Holds the MLB record for striking out in 37 consecutive games. (2017)[76]
Holds the MLB record for most strikeouts by a rookie with 201.
First rookie in MLB history with at least 45 home runs, 100 RBIs and 100 runs scored.[77]
Second rookie in MLB history with 100+ RBIs, 100+ runs scored and 100+ walks in a season. (Ted Williams is the other).[69]

text: Uniform

text: Judge has worn the unusual uniform number of 99 since it was given to him during 2016 spring training[78] (higher numbers are often given to young players who are not expected to make the regular-season team). Judge has stated he would prefer either No. 44 (retired by the Yankees to honor Reggie Jackson) or No. 35 (worn by Michael Pineda since 2014), but is not sure whether he would switch if the latter two were to become available.[78]

text: MLB along with the MLB Players Association, created Players Weekend to let players 'express themselves while connecting with their past in youth baseball'. From August 25-27, 2017, players wore alternate team jerseys inspired by youth league designs. They also had the option to replace their last names with their nicknames on their jersey nameplates, and the vast majority of players did so. Judge chose the nickname "All Rise" (given to him by teammate Todd Frazier) to be worn on the back of his jersey nameplate.[79]

text: Player profile

text: Judge is listed at 6 feet 7 inches (2.01 m) and 282 pounds (128 kg). Due to his large size and strength, he has elicited comparisons to Giancarlo Stanton, Richie Sexson,[80] Dave Winfield, and Willie Stargell.[6][2]

text: Personal life

text: Judge is a Christian and has posted about his faith on his Twitter account.[81] He keeps a note on his phone that reads ".179", his batting average with the Yankees in 2016, and looks at it daily as a source of motivation.[82] Judge appeared on the cover of the edition of May 15, 2017 of Sports Illustrated.[83] On May 15, 2017, he appeared on an episode of The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon where he posed undercover to ask Yankee fans questions about himself.[84] Judge has earned praise for his humble personality and willingness to be a team player.[85]


document_title: Talk:My Name Is Mud

question_text: where did my name is mud come from

question_tokens: where did my name is mud come from

text: Talk:My Name Is Mud

text:
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text: The phrase "my name is mud" appears to have a meaning like "I'm not very popular". As a non-native English speaker I wasn't familiar with this. Maybe someone can properly add an explanation to the page?

text: -Gave example for when some one would say it.

text: Just wondering, the "speaker" of the song is described in the article as a "white collar" drunk. Usually white collar implies a medical profession; the term would be "blue collar." Am I wrong?? If I don't see a response in a week or so I'll change it myself, but I'm pretty sure it's blue, not white.

text: Also, in the movie "Falling Down" (also released in 1993) one of the characters(the cop, portrayed by Robert Duvall) says at the very end of the "My name is mud," when asked what his name was. Could this be a reference to the movie, or vice versa?

text: My name is mudd. this phrase is in reference to Samuel Mudd who aided Booth in the Lincoln assassination. If he helped or not was unclear in studies a long time ago. "my name is mudd" is refering that whether he commited this act of helping booth was UNCLEAR, as in mudd. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.209.224.110 (talk) 19:28, 10 May 2009 (UTC)

text: "My name is mud" relates to the idea of a person's "good name". It means your reputation is worsened. Same as "blacken my name". Nothing to do with twaddling or stupid. In the case of the song, I imagine Mud is some poor redneck family's 17th child, and they just couldn't be bothered thinking of a name for him. Since "Mud" is his actual name, according to the lyrics. Cletus Spuckler in The Simpsons is another joke based around redneck families giving large broods of children silly names. 188.29.164.84 (talk) 14:45, 29 August 2015 (UTC)

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