document_title: Meet the Robinsons

question_text: who plays mrs robinson in meet the robinsons

text: Meet the Robinsons

text: Plot

text: Lewis is an aspiring 12-year-old inventor at an orphanage whose inventions have been scaring off potential parents. He decides that his mother, who abandoned him at the orphanage as an infant, is the only one who ever truly loved him and works on a machine to scan his memory to locate her. Taking his memory scanner to his school's science fair, Lewis meets 13-year-old Wilbur Robinson, a mysterious boy claiming to be a time cop from the future. Wilbur needs to recover a time machine that a man wearing a bowler hat has stolen. Lewis tries to demonstrate the scanner, but it has been sabotaged and falls apart, throwing the science fair into chaos. Upset, Lewis leaves while the Bowler Hat Guy, with the help of a robotic bowler hat named Doris, repairs and steals the scanner.

text: Wilbur meets Lewis at the orphanage and asks him to repair the scanner. Lewis agrees to do so only if Wilbur can prove he is telling the truth, which Wilbur does by taking them to the year 2037 in a second time machine. When they arrive, however, Lewis says he can use the time machine instead of the scanner, and he and Wilbur get into an argument and crash. Wilbur then asks Lewis to fix the time machine, but Lewis has another condition: Wilbur has to take him to visit his mother afterwards. Reluctantly, Wilbur agrees and hides Lewis in the garage. Lewis doesn't stay there for long, however, and ends up meeting the rest of the Robinsons except for Cornelius, Wilbur's father, who is away on a business trip. Following Lewis, the Bowler Hat Guy and Doris unsuccessfully try to kidnap him. Meanwhile, the Robinsons offer to adopt Lewis, but change their mind when they learn that he's from the past. Wilbur admits to lying to Lewis about taking him back to see his mom, causing Lewis to run off in disgust.

text: Lewis then discovers that Cornelius Robinson is, in fact, a future version of himself, and Wilbur is his future son. Lewis also finds out that the Bowler Hat Guy is a grown-up version of Lewis' roommate, Michael "Goob" Yagoobian. Because he was always kept awake by Lewis doing his projects, Goob fell asleep during an important Little League game. After failing to make an important catch that cost their game, the teammates had beaten him up. Goob became so bitter as a result, that he was never adopted and remained in the orphanage long after it closed. Doris was "DOR-15", one of Lewis' failed and abandoned inventions. They both blamed Lewis for their misfortunes and decided to ruin his career by stealing the memory scanner and claiming credit for it. Leaving Lewis behind, they take off with the scanner, drastically altering the future to a world minus Wilbur and dominated by Doris' clones who mind controlled the human population into slavery. In a video camera, it is shown that Goob is betrayed and shocked by Doris' takeover of everyone and is presumably killed by Doris' clones. Lewis repairs the second time machine, goes to confront Doris and destroys her by promising to never invent her, restoring the future to its Utopian self. After persuasion from Lewis, Wilbur tries to ask the adult Goob to join the family, but he has disappeared, apparently ashamed at what he has done.

text: Back in Wilbur's time, Lewis finally meets Cornelius face to face. Cornelius explains how the memory scanner had started their successful career, which persuades Lewis to return to the science fair. Wilbur takes Lewis back, but makes one stop first: as he promised, he takes Lewis back to the moment when his mother abandoned him. Lewis nearly stops her from leaving his infant self at the orphanage, but decides not to, explaining to Wilbur that he already has a family.

text: Wilbur drops Lewis off in his own time and leaves. Lewis heads to the fair, but en route wakes up Goob just in time for him to make the winning catch, changing his future. Back at the fair, Lewis asks for one more chance to demonstrate his scanner, which this time succeeds. He is adopted by Lucille, one of the science fair judges, and her husband Bud, who nicknames him "Cornelius" and takes him to their home. As Lewis leaves, he turns and waves at Goob, who is also leaving the orphanage with a family of his own and a Little League trophy. The film ends with a quote by Walt Disney containing Lewis/Cornelius' motto: "Keep Moving Forward."

text: Cast

text:
Daniel Hansen and Jordan Fry as Lewis

Tom Selleck as Cornelius, Lewis' older self

Wesley Singerman as Wilbur Robinson
Harland Williams as Carl
Tom Kenny as Mr. Willerstein
Steve Anderson as Bowler Hat Guy

Matthew Josten as Michael "Goob" Yagoobian, Bowler Hat Guy's younger self
Anderson also provided the voices of Grandpa Bud and Cousin Tallulah

Angela Bassett as Mildred
Laurie Metcalf as Lucille Krunklehorn
Adam West as Uncle Art
Nicole Sullivan as Franny Robinson

Jessie Flower as young Franny

Ethan Sandler as:

DOR-15 (Doris)
Uncle Fritz (and Aunt Petunia)
Spike and Dimitri
Cousin Laszlo
The CEO of InventCo

Don Hall as Uncle Gaston

Hall also provided the voice of the Gym Coach

Kelly Hoover as Aunt Billie
Tracey Miller-Zarneke as Lizzy
Joe Mateo as Tiny
Aurian Redson as Frankie the Frog

Jamie Cullum as the singing voice of Frankie the Frog

Paul Butcher as Stanley
Dara McGarry as InventCo Receptionist, Mrs. Harrington
John H. H. Ford as Mr. Harrington
Nathan Greno as Lefty

text: Production

text: Originally titled A Day with Wilbur Robinson, production began in June 2004, and was scheduled for a 2006 release.[4][5] While the film was in production, Disney announced on January 24, 2006 that it would be acquiring Pixar, and as a result, John Lasseter became the chief creative officer of both Pixar and Walt Disney Animation Studios. When he saw an early screening for the movie, he told the director Stephen Anderson that he did not find the villain scary or threatening enough, and suggested that he make some changes. Ten months later, almost 60% of the film had been scrapped and redone. The villain had improved and was given a new sidekick, a dinosaur chase had been added, and the ending was changed.[6]

text: Release

text: Over 600 REAL D Cinema digital 3D-equipped theaters presented Disney Digital 3-D version of the film.[7] The 3D version was preceded by the 1953 Chip 'n Dale 3D short Working for Peanuts.[8] The final credits of the 3D version were left two-dimensional, except for the names of those who converted the film to 3D.

text: Home video

text: The DVD and Blu-ray versions were both released on October 23, 2007.[9] Both versions feature 1.78 widescreen aspect ratio and Dolby Digital 5.1 surround sound, plus music videos, the "Family Function 5000" game, deleted scenes, and other bonus features. The DVD's audio commentary contains Anderson's narration, occasionally interrupted by himself as the Bowler Hat Guy. The Blu-ray also includes uncompressed 5.1 audio and a BD-J game, Bowler Hat Barrage!. A 3D Blu-ray was released on November 8, 2011.[10]

text: As of January 2008, the DVD had sold approximately 4 million copies.[11]

text: Reception

text: Critical reception

text: The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 66% of critics gave the film positive reviews, based on 136 reviews with an average score of 6.3/10. The site's critical consensus states "Meet the Robinsons is a visually impressive children's animated film marked by a story of considerable depth."[12] Metacritic reported the film had an average score of 61 out of 100, based on 27 reviews.[13]

text: Realmovienews stated that it has "a snappy plot that demands close attention as it whizzes back and forth in the space-time continuum, touching on serious ideas and proposing some rather disturbing alternate realities. And the witty story twists are handled with rare subtlety and intelligence. In the end it may get a little weepy and inspirational. But it's so charming that we don't mind at all".[14] Danny Minton of the Beaumont Journal said that "The Robinsons might not be a family you want to hang out with, but they sure were fun to meet in this imaginative and beautiful 3-D experience".[15] Andrew L. Urban of Australian Urban Cinefile said that "Walt Disney stood for fantasy on screen and this is a loving tribute to his legacy".[16] Kyle Smith of the New York Post named it the 10th best film of 2007.[17]

text: Conversely, A. O. Scott of The New York Times wrote: "Meet the Robinsons is surely one of the worst theatrically released animated features issued under the Disney label in quite some time",[18] while Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a "C" and said "This is one bumpy ride".[19]

text: Box office

text: The film grossed $25,123,781 on its opening weekend, falling behind Blades of Glory. Over its theatrical run, it grossed $97,822,171 in the United States and Canada and $71,510,863 in other territories, totaling $169,333,034 worldwide.[3]

text: Soundtrack

text:
Meet the Robinsons

Soundtrack album by Various artists

Released
March 27, 2007

Length
52:46

Label
Walt Disney

Producer
Danny Elfman

Walt Disney Animation Studios chronology

Chicken Little
(2005)Chicken Little2005
Meet the Robinsons
(2007)
Bolt
(2008)Bolt2008

Singles from Meet the Robinsons

"Little Wonders"
Released: March 13, 2007

text: The soundtrack album was released by Walt Disney Records on March 27, 2007. Contributors to the album beyond the Danny Elfman score include the Jonas Brothers, Rufus Wainwright, Rob Thomas, Jamie Cullum, The All-American Rejects, and They Might Be Giants. The track "Little Wonders", recorded by Rob Thomas, reached number 5 on the Billboard AC chart and the top 20 in Australia and Canada.

text: All music composed by Danny Elfman, except as noted.

text:
No.
Title
Artist
Length

1.
"Another Believer"
Rufus Wainwright
4:39

2.
"Little Wonders"
Rob Thomas
3:45

3.
"The Future Has Arrived"
The All-American Rejects
3:05

4.
"Where Is Your Heart At?" (written by Rufus Wainwright)
Jamie Cullum
2:23

5.
"The Motion Waltz (Emotional Commotion)"
Rufus Wainwright
2:35

6.
"Give Me the Simple Life"
Jamie Cullum
2:04

7.
"The Prologue"

1:24

8.
"To the Future!"

1:16

9.
"Meeting the Robinsons"

1:56

10.
"The Science Fair"

2:47

11.
"Goob's Story"

1:01

12.
"A Family United"

1:37

13.
"Pop Quiz and the Time Machine Montage"

3:45

14.
"The Evil Plan"

4:13

15.
"Doris Has Her Day"

4:58

16.
"Setting Things Right"

6:00

17.
"There's a Great Big Beautiful Tomorrow"
They Might Be Giants
2:00

18.
"Kids of the Future"
Jonas Brothers
3:18

Total length:
52:46

text: The song "This Much Fun" by Cowboy Mouth, which was featured in the trailer, was not featured in the film or on the soundtrack. The song "There's a Great Big Beautiful Tomorrow" was originally from the Disneyland attraction General Electric's Carousel of Progress.

text: Video games

text: Disney's Meet the Robinsons video game is available from Buena Vista Games for PlayStation 2, Xbox 360, Wii, Nintendo GameCube, Nintendo DS, and PC. The independent England-based company Climax Group developed their own adaption for the Game Boy Advance.

text: Cancelled sequel

text: DisneyToon Studios originally planned to make a sequel to the film, tentatively titled Meet the Robinsons 2: First Date.[20] However, when John Lasseter became Walt Disney Animation Studios' new chief creative officer, he called off all future sequels DisneyToon originally planned, including sequels to Chicken Little (2005) and The Aristocats (1970), and refocused on spin-off films and original productions.[20]


document_title: Independence Day (United States)

question_text: who did we get our independence from on the 4th of july

root

text: Independence Day (United States)

text: Background

text: During the American Revolution, the legal separation of the Thirteen Colonies from Great Britain in 1776 actually occurred on July 2, when the Second Continental Congress voted to approve a resolution of independence that had been proposed in June by Richard Henry Lee of Virginia declaring the United States independent from Great Britain rule.[5][6] After voting for independence, Congress turned its attention to the Declaration of Independence, a statement explaining this decision, which had been prepared by a Committee of Five, with Thomas Jefferson as its principal author. Congress debated and revised the wording of the Declaration, finally approving it two days later on July 4. A day earlier, John Adams had written to his wife Abigail:

tag: p

text: The second day of July, 1776, will be the most memorable epoch in the history of America. I am apt to believe that it will be celebrated by succeeding generations as the great anniversary festival. It ought to be commemorated as the day of deliverance, by solemn acts of devotion to God Almighty. It ought to be solemnized with pomp and parade, with shows, games, sports, guns, bells, bonfires, and illuminations, from one end of this continent to the other, from this time forward forever more.[7]

text: Adams's prediction was off by two days. From the outset, Americans celebrated independence on July 4, the date shown on the much-publicized Declaration of Independence, rather than on July 2, the date the resolution of independence was approved in a closed session of Congress.[8]

text: Historians have long disputed whether members of Congress signed the Declaration of Independence on July 4, even though Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and Benjamin Franklin all later wrote that they had signed it on that day. Most historians have concluded that the Declaration was signed nearly a month after its adoption, on August 2, 1776, and not on July 4 as is commonly believed.[9][10][11][12][13]

text: Coincidentally, both John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, the only signers of the Declaration of Independence later to serve as Presidents of the United States, died on the same day: July 4, 1826, which was the 50th anniversary of the Declaration. Although not a signer of the Declaration of Independence, James Monroe, another Founding Father who was elected as President, also died on July 4, 1831. He was the third President in a row who died on the anniversary of independence. Calvin Coolidge, the 30th President, was born on July 4, 1872; so far he is the only U.S. President to have been born on Independence Day.

text: Observance

text:
In 1777, thirteen gunshots were fired in salute, once at morning and once again as evening fell, on July 4 in Bristol, Rhode Island. Philadelphia celebrated the first anniversary in a manner a modern American would find familiar: an official dinner for the Continental Congress, toasts, 13-gun salutes, speeches, prayers, music, parades, troop reviews, and fireworks. Ships in port were decked with red, white, and blue bunting.[14]
In 1778, from his headquarters at Ross Hall, near New Brunswick, New Jersey, General George Washington marked July 4 with a double ration of rum for his soldiers and an artillery salute (feu de joie). Across the Atlantic Ocean, ambassadors John Adams and Benjamin Franklin held a dinner for their fellow Americans in Paris, France.[15]

tag: ul

text:
In 1779, July 4 fell on a Sunday. The holiday was celebrated on Monday, July 5.[15]
In 1781, the Massachusetts General Court became the first state legislature to recognize July 4 as a state celebration.[15]
In 1783, Moravians in Salem, North Carolina, held a celebration of July 4 with a challenging music program assembled by Johann Friedrich Peter. This work was titled The Psalm of Joy. This is recognized as the first recorded celebration[clarification needed] and is still celebrated there today.[16]
In 1870, the U.S. Congress made Independence Day an unpaid holiday for federal employees.[17]
In 1938, Congress changed Independence Day to a paid federal holiday.[18]

text: Customs

text: Independence Day is a national holiday marked by patriotic displays. Similar to other summer-themed events, Independence Day celebrations often take place outdoors. Independence Day is a federal holiday, so all non-essential federal institutions (such as the postal service and federal courts) are closed on that day. Many politicians make it a point on this day to appear at a public event to praise the nation's heritage, laws, history, society, and people.

text: Families often celebrate Independence Day by hosting or attending a picnic or barbecue; many take advantage of the day off and, in some years, a long weekend to gather with relatives or friends. Decorations (e.g., streamers, balloons, and clothing) are generally colored red, white, and blue, the colors of the American flag. Parades are often held in the morning, before family get-togethers, while fireworks displays occur in the evening after dark at such places as parks, fairgrounds, or town squares.

text: The night before the Fourth was once the focal point of celebrations, marked by raucous gatherings often incorporating bonfires as their centerpiece. In New England, towns competed to build towering pyramids, assembled from barrels and casks. They were lit at nightfall, to usher in the celebration. The highest were in Salem, Massachusetts (on Gallows Hill, the famous site of the execution of 13 women and 6 men for witchcraft in 1692 during the Salem witch trials), where the tradition of celebratory bonfires had persisted, with pyramids composed of as many as forty tiers of barrels. These made the tallest bonfires ever recorded. The custom flourished in the 19th and 20th centuries, and is still practiced in some New England towns.[19]

text: Independence Day fireworks are often accompanied by patriotic songs such as the national anthem "The Star-Spangled Banner", "God Bless America", "America the Beautiful," "My Country, 'Tis of Thee," "This Land Is Your Land," "Stars and Stripes Forever," and, regionally, "Yankee Doodle" in northeastern states and "Dixie" in southern states. Some of the lyrics recall images of the Revolutionary War or the War of 1812.

text: Firework shows are held in many states, and many fireworks are sold for personal use or as an alternative to a public show. Safety concerns have led some states to ban fireworks or limit the sizes and types allowed. In addition, local and regional weather conditions may dictate whether the sale or use of fireworks in an area will be allowed. Some local or regional firework sales are limited or prohibited because of dry weather or other specific concerns. On these occasions the public may be prohibited from purchasing or discharging fireworks, but professional displays (such as those at sports events) may still take place, if certain safety precautions have been taken.

text: A salute of one gun for each state in the United States, called a "salute to the union," is fired on Independence Day at noon by any capable military base.[20]

text: In 2009, New York City had the largest fireworks display in the country, with more than 22 tons of pyrotechnics exploded.[21] It generally holds displays in the East River. Other major displays are in Chicago on Lake Michigan; in San Diego over Mission Bay; in Boston on the Charles River; in St. Louis on the Mississippi River; in San Francisco over the San Francisco Bay; and on the National Mall in Washington, D.C.

text: During the annual Windsor-Detroit International Freedom Festival, Detroit, Michigan hosts one of the world's largest fireworks displays, over the Detroit River, to celebrate Independence Day in conjunction with Windsor, Ontario's celebration of Canada Day.

text: The first week of July is typically one of the busiest United States travel periods of the year, as many people use what is often a three-day holiday weekend for extended vacation trips.[22]

text: Celebration gallery

text:
In addition to a fireworks show, Miami, Florida lights one of its tallest buildings with the patriotic red, white and blue color scheme on Independence Day

New York City's fireworks display, shown above over the East Village, is sponsored by Macy's and is the largest[21] in the country

Play media

Patriotic trailer shown in theaters celebrating July 4, 1940

A festively decorated Independence day cake.

Lakes are a popular destination for Fourth of July celebrations in the midwest.

text: Notable celebrations

text:
Held since 1785, the Bristol Fourth of July Parade in Bristol, Rhode Island is the oldest continuous Independence Day celebration in the United States.
Since 1868, Seward, Nebraska has held a celebration on the same town square. In 1979 Seward was designated "America's Official Fourth of July City-Small Town USA" by resolution of Congress. Seward has also been proclaimed "Nebraska's Official Fourth of July City" by Governor James Exon in proclamation. Seward is a town of 6,000 but swells to 40,000+ during the July 4 celebrations.[23]
Since 1912, the Rebild Society, a Danish-American friendship organization, has held a July 4 weekend festival that serves as a homecoming for Danish-Americans in the Rebild municipality of Denmark.[24]
Since 1959, the International Freedom Festival is jointly held in Detroit, Michigan and Windsor, Ontario during the last week of June each year as a mutual celebration of Independence Day and Canada Day (July 1). It culminates in a large fireworks display over the Detroit River.
The famous Macy's fireworks display usually held over the East River in New York City has been televised nationwide on NBC since 1976. In 2009, the fireworks display was returned to the Hudson River for the first time since 2000 to commemorate the 400th anniversary of Henry Hudson's exploration of that river.[25]
The Boston Pops Orchestra has hosted a music and fireworks show over the Charles River Esplanade called the "Boston Pops Fireworks Spectacular" annually since 1973.[26] The event was broadcast nationally from 1991 until 2002 on A&E, and since 2002 by CBS and its Boston station WBZ-TV. WBZ/1030 and WBZ-TV broadcast the entire event locally, and from 2002 through 2012, CBS broadcast the final hour of the concert nationally in primetime. The national broadcast was put on hiatus beginning in 2013, which Pops executive producer David G. Mugar believed was the result of decreasing viewership caused by NBC's encore presentation of the Macy's fireworks.[27][28] The national broadcast will be revived for 2016, and expanded to two hours.[29]
On the Capitol lawn in Washington, D.C., A Capitol Fourth, a free concert broadcast live by PBS, NPR and the American Forces Network, precedes the fireworks and attracts over half a million people annually.

text: Other countries

text: The Philippines celebrates July 4 as its Republic Day to commemorate that day in 1946 when it ceased to be a U.S. territory and the United States officially recognized Philippine Independence.[30] July 4 was intentionally chosen by the United States because it corresponds to its Independence Day, and this day was observed in the Philippines as Independence Day until 1962. In 1964, the name of the July 4 holiday was changed to Republic Day. In Rwanda, July 4 is an official holiday known as Liberation Day, commemorating the end of the 1994 Rwandan Genocide in which the U.S. government also played a role. Rebild National Park in Denmark is said to hold the largest July 4 celebrations outside of the United States.[31]


document_title: Monty Python and the Holy Grail

question_text: monty python and the holy grail sir galahad

text: Monty Python and the Holy Grail

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 932 AD, King Arthur and his squire, Patsy, travel throughout Britain searching for men to join the Knights of the Round Table. In Arthur's travels, he recruits Sir Bedevere the Wise, Sir Lancelot the Brave, Sir Galahad the Pure, and Sir Robin the Not-Quite-So-Brave-as-Sir-Lancelot, along with their squires and Robin's troubadours. Arthur leads the men to Camelot, but decides it is "a silly place" and sets off elsewhere. As they turn away, God speaks to them and gives Arthur the task to find the Holy Grail.

text: Arthur and his men search the land for clues to the Grail. They come to a castle occupied by French soldiers who claim to have the Grail but otherwise insult the Englishmen. Arthur and his men come up with a plan to sneak in using a Trojan Rabbit, but they completely mishandle its execution and are forced away. Arthur decides that the knights should go their separate ways to search for clues to the Grail's location. A modern-day historian being filmed for a documentary and describing the Arthurian legends is abruptly killed by a knight on horseback, triggering a police investigation.

text: On the knights travels, Arthur and Bedevere attempt to satisfy the strange requests of the dreaded Knights Who Say Ni. Sir Robin avoids a fight with the Three-headed Giant by running away while the heads are arguing. Sir Galahad is led by a grail-shaped beacon to Castle Anthrax, populated by women, but to Galahad's chagrin, he is "rescued" by Lancelot. Sir Lancelot, after finding a note from Swamp Castle believed to be from a lady being forced to marry against her will, rushes the castle and kills nearly the entire wedding party within, only to discover that the note was sent by an effeminate prince.

text: Arthur and his knights regroup and are joined by other brother Maynard and monk followers. They meet Tim the Enchanter, who directs them to a cave where the location of the Grail is said to be written, but guarded by the deadly Rabbit of Caerbannog. After the Rabbit kills several of the knights, Arthur uses the Holy Hand Grenade of Antioch provided by Maynard to destroy the creature. Inside, they find the inscription from Joseph of Arimathea, directing them to the Castle of Aarrgh. After evading a giant monster, they arrive at the Bridge of Death and must answer three questions from the bridge-keeper to pass. Lancelot answers first and correctly, and passes on. Sirs Robin and Galahad fail to answer correctly and are thrown over the bridge, while Arthur tricks the bridge-keeper, allowing him and Bedevere to pass.

text: When Arthur and Bedevere finish crossing, they cannot find Lancelot, unaware he was arrested by modern-day policemen investigating the historian's death. Arthur and Bedevere find the Castle of Aarrgh, but discover it is occupied by the French. They amass a large army of knights to assault the castle, when suddenly a large police force shows up, arrests Arthur and Bedevere for the historian's death, and shuts down the film's production.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Actor
Main role
Other roles (in order of appearance)

Chapman, GrahamGraham Chapman
Arthur, King of the Britons
Voice of God / Middle Head of Three-Headed Knight / Hiccuping Guard at Swamp Castle

Cleese, JohnJohn Cleese
Sir Lancelot the Brave
Swallow-Savvy Guard #2 / Man with "Dead" Body / Black Knight / Witch-hunting Villager #3 / Singing Camelot Knight #4 / French Taunter / Tim the Enchanter

Gilliam, TerryTerry Gilliam
Patsy, Arthur's Servant
Green Knight / Singing Camelot Knight #3 / Gorilla Hand / Old Man in Scene 24 (Soothsaying Bridgekeeper) / Sir Bors / Weak-Hearted Animator (Himself)

Idle, EricEric Idle
Sir Robin the Not-Quite-So-Brave-as-Sir-Lancelot
Dead Collector / Witch-Hunting Villager #1 / Singing Camelot Knight #2 / Confused Guard at Swamp Castle / Concorde (Lancelot's squire) / Roger the Shrubber / Brother Maynard

Jones, TerryTerry Jones
Sir Bedevere the Wise
Dennis' Mother / French Knight / Left Head of Three-Headed Knight / Voice of Cartoon Scribe / Prince Herbert

Palin, MichaelMichael Palin
Sir Galahad the Pure
Swallow-Savvy Guard #1 / Dennis / Witch-Hunting Villager #2 / Narrator / Singing Camelot Knight #5 / French Knight / Right Head of Three-Headed Knight / Leader of the Knights Who Say Ni / King of Swamp Castle / Guest at Swamp Castle / Monk (Maynard's Assistant)

Booth, ConnieConnie Booth
Miss Islington, the Witch

Cleveland, CarolCarol Cleveland
Zoot
Dingo (Zoot's identical twin sister)

Innes, NeilNeil Innes
Leader of Robin's Minstrels
Leader of Chanting Monks / Witch-Hunting Villager #4 / Singing Camelot Knight #1 / Page Crushed by Wooden Rabbit / French Knight

Duffell, BeeBee Duffell
Old Crone

Young, JohnJohn Young
Frank, the Historian
"Dead" body

Davies, RitaRita Davies
Frank's Wife

Stewart, AvrilAvril Stewart
Dr. Piglet

Kinghorn, SallySally Kinghorn
Dr. Winston

Zycon, MarkMark Zycon
Sir Robin (stand-in)
Prisoner in Camelot Dungeon

Johnson, SandySandy Johnson
Knight Who Says Ni
Witch-Hunting Villager / Musician at Swamp Castle / Monk / Knight in Final Battle

Doyle, JulianJulian Doyle
Police Sergeant who stops the film

Burton !Richard Burton
One-legged Black Knight (Stand-in)

tag: table

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Fifteen months before the BBC visited the set in May 1974,[8] the Monty Python troupe assembled the first version of the screenplay.[9] When half of the resulting material was set in the Middle Ages, and half was set in the present day, the group opted to focus on the Middle Ages, revolving on the legend of the Holy Grail. By the fourth or fifth version of their screenplay, the story was complete, and the cast joked the fact that the Grail was never retrieved would be "a big let-down ... a great anti-climax".[9] Graham Chapman said a challenge was incorporating scenes that did not fit the Holy Grail motif.[10]

text: Neither Terry Gilliam nor Terry Jones had directed a film before, and described it as a learning experience in which they would learn to make a film by making an entire full-length film.[11] The cast humorously described the novice directing style as employing the level of mutual disrespect always found in Monty Python's work.[9]

text: The film’s initial budget of approximately £200,000 was raised by convincing 10 separate investors to contribute £20,000 apiece. Three of those investors were the rock bands Pink Floyd, Led Zeppelin, and Genesis, who were persuaded to help fund the film by Tony Stratton-Smith, head of Charisma Records (the record label that released Python’s early comedy albums).[12] According to Terry Gilliam, the Pythons turned to rock stars like Pink Floyd, Led Zeppelin and Elton John for finance as the studios refused to fund the film and rock stars saw it as "a good tax write-off" due to UK income tax being "as high as 90%" at the time.[13]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Monty Python and the Holy Grail was mostly shot on location in Scotland,[14] particularly around Doune Castle, Glen Coe, and the privately owned Castle Stalker.[15] The many castles seen throughout the film were mainly either Doune Castle shot from different angles or hanging miniatures.[16] There are several exceptions to this: the very first exterior shot of a castle at the beginning of the film is Kidwelly Castle in South Wales, and the single exterior shot of the Swamp Castle during "Tale of Sir Lancelot" is Bodiam Castle in East Sussex;[17] all subsequent shots of the exterior and interior of those scenes were filmed at Doune Castle. Production designer Julian Doyle recounted that his crew constructed walls in the forest near Doune.[18] Terry Jones later recalled the crew had selected more castles around Scotland for locations, but during the two weeks prior to principal photography, the Scottish Department of the Environment declined permission for use of the castles in its jurisdiction, for fear of damage.[16]

text: At the start of "The Tale of Sir Robin", there is a slow camera zoom in on rocky scenery (that in the voice over is described as "the dark forest of Ewing"). This is actually a still photograph of the Gorge at Mount Buffalo National Park in Victoria, Australia. Doyle stated in 2000 during an interview with Hotdog magazine[19] that it was a still image filmed with candles underneath the frame (to give a heat haze). This was a low-cost method of achieving a convincing location effect.

text: On the DVD audio commentary, Cleese described challenges shooting and editing Castle Anthrax in "The Tale of Sir Galahad", with what he felt the most comedic take being unused because an anachronistic coat was visible in it.[20] Castle Anthrax was also shot in one part of Doune, where costume designer Hazel Pethig advised against nudity, dressing the girls in shifts.[16]

text: In the scene where the knights were combatting the Rabbit of Caerbannog, a real white rabbit was used, switched with puppets for its killings.[21] It was covered with red liquid to simulate blood, though the rabbit's owner did not want the animal dirty and was kept unaware. The liquid was difficult to remove from the fur.[21] He also stated that he thought that, had they been more experienced in filmmaking, the crew would have just purchased a rabbit instead. Otherwise, the rabbit himself was unharmed. Also, the rabbit-bite effects were done by special puppetry by both Gilliam and SFX technician John Horton.

text: As chronicled in The Life of Python, The First 20 Years of Monty Python, and The Pythons' Autobiography, it was revealed that Chapman was suffering from acrophobia, trembling, and bouts of forgetfulness during filming. These were the results of Chapman's long-standing alcohol addiction, and he decided from that moment on to remain "on an even keel" while the production continued. Nearly three years after Holy Grail, Chapman vowed to quit drinking altogether (which he successfully achieved in December 1977).

text: Originally the knight characters were going to ride real horses, but after it became clear that the film's small budget precluded real horses, the Pythons decided that their characters would mime horse-riding while their porters trotted behind them banging coconut shells together. The joke was derived from the old-fashioned sound effect used by radio shows to convey the sound of hooves clattering. This was later referred to in the German release of the film, which translated the title as Die Ritter der Kokosnuß[22] ('The Knights of the Coconut').

text: The opening credits of the film feature pseudo-Swedish subtitles, which soon turn into an appeal to visit Sweden and see the country's moose. The subtitles are soon stopped, but moose references continue throughout the actual credits until the credits are stopped again and restarted in a different visual style and with references to llamas, animals often mentioned in Flying Circus. The subtitles were written by Michael Palin as a way to "entertain the 'captive' audience" at the beginning of the film.[23]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: In addition to several songs written by Python regular Neil Innes, several pieces of music were licensed from De Wolfe Music Library. These include:

text:
"Wide Horizon", composed by Pierre Arvay. Used during the opening titles.
"Ice Floe 9", composed by Pierre Arvay. Used during the opening titles.
"Countrywide",[24] composed by Anthony Mawer. Used during the beginning titles after the first titlers are sacked.
"Homeward Bound", composed by Jack Trombey. Used as King Arthur's heroic theme.
"Crossed Swords",[25] composed by Dudley Matthew. Played during King Arthur's battle with the Black Knight.
"The Flying Messenger",[26] composed by Oliver Armstrong. Played during Sir Lancelot's misguided storming of Swamp Castle.
"The Promised Land",[27] composed by Stanley Black. Used in the scene where Arthur approaches the castle on the island.
"Starlet in the Starlight",[28] composed by Kenneth Essex. Briefly used for Prince Herbert's attempt to express himself in song.
"Love Theme",[29] composed by Peter Knight. Also used briefly for Prince Herbert.
"Revolt",[30] composed by Eric Towren. Used as the army charges on Castle Aaargh.

text: Release[edit]

text: Monty Python and the Holy Grail had its theatrical debut in the United Kingdom in 3 April 1975,[1] followed by a United States release on 27 April 1975.[2] It was re-released on 14 October 2015 in the United Kingdom.[31]

text: The film had its television premiere 25 February 1977 on the CBS Late Movie.[32] Reportedly, the Pythons were displeased to discover a number of edits were done by the network to reduce use of profanity and the showing of blood. The troupe pulled back the rights and thereafter had it broadcast in the United States only on PBS and later other channels such as IFC, where it runs uncut.[33]

text: Home media[edit]

text: In Region 1, The Criterion Collection released a laserdisc version of the film featuring audio commentary from directors Jones and Gilliam.[34] In 2001, Columbia Tristar published a two-disc Special Edition DVD. Disc One included two commentary tracks featuring Idle, Palin, and Cleese in the first, and Jones and Gilliam in the second, and "Subtitles for People Who Don't Like the Film", consisting of lines taken from William Shakespeare's Henry IV, Part 2.[34] Disc Two includes Monty Python and the Holy Grail in Lego (also known as Lego Knights or It's Only a Model), a "brickfilm" version of the "Camelot Song" as sung by Lego minifigures.[35] It was created by Spite Your Face Productions on commission from the Lego Group and Python Pictures. The project was conceived by the original film's respective Producer and Co-Director, John Goldstone and Terry Gilliam.[36] Disc Two also includes two scenes from the film's Japanese dub, literally translated back into English through subtitles. "The Quest for the Holy Grail Locations", hosted by Palin and Jones,[37] shows places in Scotland used for the setting titled as "England 932 A.D." (as well as the two Pythons purchasing a copy of their own script as a guide). Also included is a who's who page, advertising galleries and sing-alongs.[37]

text: A limited-edition DVD release additionally included a copy of the screenplay, a limited-edition film cell/senitype, and limited-edition art cards;[38] however, a few of the bonus features from the Extraordinarily Deluxe Edition were omitted. A 35th anniversary edition on Blu-ray was released in the US on 6 March 2012.[39] Special features include "The Holy Book of Days," a second-screen experience that can be downloaded as an app on an iOS device and played with the Blu-ray to enhance its viewing; lost animation sequences with a new intro from animator Terry Gilliam; outtakes; and extended scenes with Python member and the movie's co-director Terry Jones.[40]

text: Reaction and legacy[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2018)

text: In 2000, readers of Total Film magazine voted Holy Grail the fifth greatest comedy film of all time.[7] The next Python film, Life of Brian, was ranked first.[7] A similar poll of Channel 4 viewers in 2005 placed Holy Grail in sixth (with Life of Brian again topping the list).

text: In 2005, the film spawned a Tony Award-winning Broadway musical smash hit spinoff, Spamalot. Written primarily by Idle, the show has more of an overarching plot and leaves out certain portions of the movie due to difficulties in rendering certain effects on stage. Nonetheless, many of the jokes from the film are present in the show.[41]

text: In 2011, an ABC prime-time special, Best in Film: The Greatest Movies of Our Time, counted down the best films chosen by fans based on results of a poll conducted by ABC and People. Holy Grail was selected as the second best comedy after Airplane!.

text: In 2013, the Pythons lost a legal case to Mark Forstater, the film's producer, over royalties for the derivative work, Spamalot. They owed a combined £800,000 in legal fees and back royalties to Forstater.[42][43] To help cover the cost of these royalties and fees, the group arranged and performed in a stage show, Monty Python Live (mostly), held at The O2 arena in London in July 2014.


document_title: The Lightning Thief

question_text: who stole the lightning bolt in percy jackson book

text: The Lightning Thief

text: Development and publication[edit]

text: Development for The Lightning Thief began when author Rick Riordan made up stories for his son Haley, who had been diagnosed with ADHD and dyslexia. His son had been studying Greek mythology in second grade and asked that his father come up with bedtime stories based on Greek myths. Riordan had been a Greek mythology teacher in middle school for many years and was able to remember enough stories to please his son. Soon Riordan ran out of myths and his son requested that Riordan make new ones using the characters from Greek myths with a new twist. Riordan created the fictional character Percy Jackson and his travels across the United States to recover Zeus's lightning bolt. In his new story, Riordan made ADHD and dyslexia part of a demigod's powers - respectively, heightened battle reflexes and a brain wired to read ancient Greek rather than English. After Riordan finished telling the story his son asked that his dad write a book based on Percy's adventures, and he did.

text: While he gave his manuscript to his agent and editor to review, Riordan took his book to a group of middle schoolers to critique. With their help, he came up with the name of the book and invented Percy's magic sword.[5] Riordan first sent out the manuscript for The Lightning Thief under a pseudonym, as he did not want to rely on anyone in the publisher industry, who would have known him through his previous work.[6] After many rejections, an agent picked up the manuscript as she liked its premise. In 2004 the book was sold to Miramax Books for enough money that Riordan could quit his job to focus on writing.[7] The book has since been released in multiple versions (including hardcover, paperback, and audio editions)[8] and has been translated and published all over the world.[9]

text: Plot[edit]

text: The Lightning Thief is narrated in the first person past tense by Percy Jackson, a twelve-year-old diagnosed with dyslexia and ADHD. On a school trip to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, one of the chaperones, Mrs. Dodds, turns into a Fury and attacks him. The other, Mr. Brunner, lends Percy a magical sword-pen to defeat her. After school lets out, Percy goes on a trip to Long Island with his mother, Sally. In the middle of the first night, Percy's friend Grover, who is actually a satyr, tells them they are in danger, and the three drive to a mysterious summer camp. The Minotaur attacks them, grabs Mrs. Jackson, and causes her to disappear in a blinding flash of gold light. Believing his mother has died, Percy kills the beast with one of its own horns, then drags the unconscious Grover into the camp. Percy wakes up three days later and learns the camp is called Camp Half-Blood and that he is a demigod: the son of a human and a Greek god. He settles into camp life and meets several other demigods, including Luke Castellan and Annabeth Chase. After a hellhound attacks him during a game of Capture the Flag, Percy is claimed by his father, the god Poseidon. The activities director Chiron explains to Percy how the three eldest male gods—Poseidon, Zeus, and Hades—swore an oath not to have children more than 70 years ago; Percy represents a violation of that oath. This, coupled with the fact that Zeus's master lightning bolt has recently been stolen, has bred much suspicion between the gods.

text: Percy is tasked with locating that bolt before an all-out war can break out. He chooses Annabeth and Grover to accompany him on a quest to the realm of Hades, the most likely culprit. Before he leaves, Percy is given Chiron's magic sword Anaklusmos ("Riptide") and Luke's flying sneakers. The trio then travels towards Los Angeles, the entrance to Hades's realm. Along the way, they are attacked by the Furies, Medusa, Echidna and the Chimera, and several other monsters. They also do a favor for the god Ares, who gives them a backpack full of supplies and transportation to Nevada. Percy gradually learns more about his companions, his powers, and the world of the Greek gods. When they arrive in Hades's realm, Grover is nearly dragged into Tartarus by Percy's flying shoes. The battered group finally meet Hades, who reveals that his Helm of Darkness has been stolen too. Hades accuses Percy of stealing his helm and threatens to kill Sally Jackson (who has been the god's hostage the whole time) and reanimate the dead unless it is returned. When Percy finds the missing master bolt inside Ares's backpack, the group realizes they've been manipulated. Narrowly escaping the Underworld, Percy challenges Ares to a duel. When the demigod wins, he gives the Helm of Darkness to the Furies; when Hades then realizes that Percy was not the thief, he returns Mrs. Jackson to their apartment in New York.

text: Percy takes the master bolt back to Zeus, who rewards the young hero by not killing him as his laws recommend. Percy returns to camp a hero and enjoys the rest of his summer there. On the last day of camp, however, he goes into the woods with Luke, who reveals himself to be the real thief of the Helm and bolt, following the orders of Kronos. Kronos also manipulated power-hungry Ares into taking part in the scheme. Percy cannot believe that Luke would do such a thing, and so Luke explains his belief that the gods are irresponsible and poor leaders who must be overthrown. He offers Percy the chance to join him, and when the other demigod does not, tries to kill him with a venomous scorpion. Percy manages to kill the arachnid, but is badly poisoned. When he has recovered, Percy is given the choice of whether to return home for the school year or stay at camp year round. After much thought he decides to spend the school year with his mother (who is no longer with Gabe after petrifing him with Medusa's head) even though it will be more dangerous for him with Luke and Kronos on the loose. Grover and Annabeth also leave the camp for the year, but promise to keep in touch with Percy.[1][10][11]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The Lightning Thief received mostly positive reviews. The book has a rating of 4.23 out of 5 on Goodreads.[12] Common Sense Media said, "There are two levels of fun in The Lightning Thief. One is the fast-paced quest of a young hero and his friends to save the world..." and added, "Another level of fun here – laughing at the wicked ways the author has updated the gods and monsters for the 21st century".[13] However, it did criticize some aspects of the book describing the prose as "choppy and attitude-filled" and complaining that "[t]he characters aren't emotionally involving". Its overall rating was 4 stars out of 5.[13] Numerous other reviews were more positive. The New York Times praised The Lightning Thief as "perfectly paced, with electrifying moments chasing each other like heartbeats".[14] School Library Journal said in its starred review that the book was "[a]n adventure-quest with a hip edge" and that "[r]eaders will be eager to follow the young protagonist's next move".[10] Kirkus Reviews reviews said, "The sardonic tone of the narrator's voice lends a refreshing air of realism to this riotously paced quest tale of heroism that questions the realities of our world, family, friendship and loyalty."[15] Eoin Colfer, author of Artemis Fowl called it "A fantastic blend of myth and modern".[16] Finally, Publishers Weekly also praised the book, regarding it as "swift and humorous" and added that the book would "leave many readers eager for the next installment."[17]

text: On April 8, 2007, The Lightning Thief was ranked ninth on The New York Times Best Seller list for children's books.[18] The Lightning Thief was the winner of the School Library Journal Best Book of 2005[19] as well one of the books in the Chicago Public Library Best of the Best Books List, 2005.[4] It was also in the VOYA Top Shelf Fiction List[4] and was the winner of the Red House Children's Book Award Winner (UK), 2006;[4] Askews Torchlight Award (UK), 2006;[4] and the Mark Twain Award (Missouri Association of School Librarians), 2008.[4][20] It was an American Library Association Notable Book, 2006[21] and a New York Times Notable Book (2005).[22] It received the Young Reader's Choice Award in 2008[23] and the Rebecca Caudill Young Reader's Book Award in 2009.[24][25] Scholastic Parent & Child magazine also included the novel within its 100 "Greatest Books for Kids."[26] When asked about the various awards, Rick Riordan said: "The ultimate compliment for a children's writer is when the kids like it."[27]

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: Film adaptation[edit]

text: In June 2004, 20th Century Fox acquired the feature film rights to the book.[28] In April 2007, director Chris Columbus was hired to helm the project. The film, titled Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief, was released in the United States on February 12, 2010 and had Logan Lerman as Percy Jackson, Alexandra Daddario as Annabeth Chase, Brandon T. Jackson as Grover Underwood, Jake Abel as Luke Castellan, and Pierce Brosnan as Chiron. The film received mixed reviews from critics upon release and grossed $226 million at the worldwide box office.[29] A sequel, Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters, was released in 2013.

text: Audiobook[edit]

text: On June 28, 2005, a 10-hour and 25 minute audio book version, read by actor Jesse Bernstein, was published worldwide by Listening Library.[8][30]

text: Kirkus Reviews magazine said, "the narrator’s voice lends a refreshing air of realism to this riotously paced quest tale of heroism that questions the realities of our world, family, friendship and loyalty".[10] AudioFile Magazine praised the audiobook, "adults and children alike will be spellbound as they listen to this deeply imaginative tale unfold."[30] School Library Journal both praised and criticized the audio book saying "Although some of Jesse Bernstein's accents fail (the monster from Georgia, for instance, has no Southern trace in her voice), he does a fine job of keeping the main character's tones and accents distinguishable".[31]

text: Musical[edit]

text: A one-hour musical aimed at young audiences was planned to hit the road on a nationwide tour in September 2014 following a stint in New York City in 2014.[32] A two-hour version of the musical previewed Off-Broadway on March 23, 2017 at the Lucille Lortel Theatre. It officially opened on April 4, 2017, and ran until May 6 of the same year.[33] On June 20, a cast recording was released on the Broadway Records label.[34] In August 2017, it was announced that the two-hour long production would be going on a national tour beginning in the fall of 2018.[35]

text: Sequels[edit]

text: The Lightning Thief is followed by The Sea of Monsters in which Percy and Annabeth rescue Grover who has been imprisoned by Polyphemus, the Cyclopes, and recover the Golden Fleece to save the camp. They are accompanied by Percy's Cyclops half brother, Tyson and Clarisse La Rue in this mission.

text: Like The Lightning Thief, it won several prizes and received generally positive reviews as well.[4][36][37] It sold over 100,000 copies in paperback.[38] It was followed by The Titan's Curse, The Battle of the Labyrinth, and The Last Olympian as well as an entire new sequel-series, The Heroes of Olympus, and later, The Trials of Apollo.

text: Foreign language editions[edit]

text: The Lightning Thief was published in Chinese, Italian, Turkish, Danish, Croatian, Czech, Finnish, French, Dutch, German, Hebrew, Portuguese, Brazilian Portuguese, Polish, Indonesian, Serbian, Norwegian, Spanish, and Catalan. The French, German, and Spanish editions were published in 2006. The other translations of the book were published in 2008. The Icelandic publisher Odinseye released another edition in 2012.[39] The novel is also on sale in Taiwan, published by Yuan Liou Publishing.[40]


document_title: Monsoon of South Asia

question_text: who said monsoon is india’s real finance minister

question_tokens: who said monsoon is india 's real finance minister

text: Monsoon of South Asia

text: Definition[edit]

text: The word monsoon (derived from the Arabic "mausam," meaning "season"), although generally defined as a system of winds characterized by a seasonal reversal of direction,[6] lacks a consistent, detailed definition. Some examples are:

text:
The American Meteorological Society calls it a name for seasonal winds, first applied to the winds blowing over the Arabian Sea from the northeast for six months and from the southwest for six months.[6] The term has since been extended to similar winds in other parts of the world.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) describes a monsoon as a tropical and subtropical seasonal reversal in both surface winds and associated precipitation, caused by differential heating between a continental-scale land mass and the adjacent ocean.[7]
The Indian Meteorological Department defines it as the seasonal reversal of the direction of winds along the shores of the Indian Ocean, especially in the Arabian Sea, which blow from the southwest for half of the year and from the northeast for the other half.[8]
Colin Stokes Ramage, in Monsoon Meteorology, defines the monsoon as a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation.[9]

text: Background[edit]

text: Observed initially by sailors in the Arabian Sea[10] traveling between Africa, India, and Southeast Asia, the monsoon can be categorized into two branches based on their spread over the subcontinent:

text:
Arabian Sea branch
Bay of Bengal branch

text: Alternatively, it can be categorized into two segments based on the direction of rain-bearing winds:

text:
Southwest (SW) monsoon
Northeast (NE) monsoon[Note 1]

text: Based on the time of year that these winds bring rain to India, the monsoon can also be categorized into two periods:

text:
Summer monsoon (May to September)
Winter monsoon (October to November)

text: The complexity of the monsoon of South Asia is not completely understood, making it difficult to accurately predict the quantity, timing, and geographic distribution of the accompanying precipitation. These are the most monitored components of the monsoon, and they determine the water availability in India for any given year.[11]

text: Changes of the Monsoon[edit]

text: Monsoons typically occur in tropical areas.[12] One area that monsoons impact greatly is India.[12] In India monsoons create an entire season in which the winds reverse completely.[12]

text: Various atmospheric conditions influence the monsoon winds. The first condition is the differential heating and cooling of land and water. This creates low pressure on the landmass, while high pressure is created over the seas during daytime, but is reversed during the night time.

text: The second condition is the shift in the position of Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). In summer, the equatorial trough normally positioned about 5°N of the equator moves over the Ganga plain creating a monsoon trough during the monsoon season.

text: The third condition is the presence of the high-pressure area that develops east of Madagascar. It is approximately at 20°S over the Indian Ocean. The intensity and position of this high-pressure area affects the Indian Monsoon.

text: The fourth condition develops during the summer. The Tibetan Plateau gets intensely heated resulting in strong vertical air currents and high pressure over the plateau about 9 km above sea level. The fifth condition develops during the summer due to the movement of the westerly jet streams to the north of the Himalayas and the presence of the tropical easterly jet stream over the Indian Peninsula.

text: Changes in pressure over the southern oceans also affect the monsoons. In certain years, there is a reversal in the pressure conditions. This periodic change in pressure conditions is known as the Southern Oscillation, or SO.

text: The Southern Oscillation is connected to la nina, which is a warm ocean current that flows past the Peruvian Coast. It flows every two to five years in place of the cold Peruvian current. The phenomenon is, referred to as ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillations). In India, the monsoon lasts for 100 to 120 days from early June and to mid-September. The monsoon winds encounter various atmospheric conditions on their way and hence are pulsating in nature, and not steady.

text: The monsoon arrives with a sudden downpour of rainfall that continues for several days. This is known as the ‘burst’ of the monsoon.

text: The rainfall is a result of the convergence of wind flow from the Bay of Bengal and reverse winds from the South China Sea.[13]

text: The onset of the monsoon occurs over the Bay of Bengal in May,[13] arriving at the Indian Peninsula by June,[12] and then the winds move towards the South China Sea.[13] By early September, the monsoon starts to withdraw or retreat and is a more gradual process. By mid-October, it withdraws completely from the northern half of the peninsula. The withdrawal takes place progressively from north to south from the first week of December to the first week of January. This is the start of the winter season.

text: The retreating monsoon winds move over the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, and collect moisture on the way. These monsoon winds reach the southern states of India by October, and are responsible for a second round of rainfall. These are called the winter monsoons. The winter monsoon is experienced in the states of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh in the first week of January.

text: Effect of geographical relief features[edit]

text: Although the southwest and northeast monsoon winds are seasonally reversible, they do not cause precipitation on their own.

text: Two factors are essential for rain formation:

text:
Moisture-laden winds
Droplet formation

tag: ol

text: Additionally, one of the causes of rain must happen. In the case of the monsoon, the cause is primarily orographic, due to the presence of highlands in the path of the winds. Orographic barriers force wind to rise. Precipitation then occurs on the windward side of the highlands because of adiabatic cooling and condensation of the moist rising air.

text: The unique geographic relief features of the Indian subcontinent come into play in allowing all of the above factors to occur simultaneously. The relevant features in explaining the monsoon mechanism are as follows:

text:
The presence of abundant water bodies around the subcontinent: the Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, and Indian Ocean. These help moisture accumulate in the winds during the hot season.
The presence of abundant highlands like the Western Ghats and the Himalayas right across the path of the southwest monsoon winds. These are the main cause of the substantial orographic precipitation throughout the subcontinent.[Note 2]
The Western Ghats are the first highlands of India that the southwest monsoon winds encounter.[Note 3] The Western Ghats rise abruptly from the Western Coastal Plains of the subcontinent, making effective orographic barriers for the monsoon winds.
The Himalayas play more than the role of orographic barriers for the monsoon. They also help confine it to the subcontinent. Without them, the southwest monsoon winds would blow right over the Indian subcontinent into Tibet, Afghanistan, and Russia without causing any rain.[Note 4]
For the northeast monsoon, the highlands of the Eastern Ghats play the role of orographic barrier.

text:
Pink arrow: Southwest monsoon wind direction; green arrow: northeast monsoon wind direction.

Orographic precipitation.

Geographical features of the Indian subcontinent.

Daytime scene showing the pre-monsoon air over India.

Recent trends in average annual precipitation from monsoons.

text: Features of monsoon rains[edit]

text: There are some unique features of the rains that the monsoon brings to the Indian subcontinent.

text: "Bursting"[edit]

text: Bursting of monsoon refers to the sudden change in weather conditions in India (typically from hot and dry weather to wet and humid weather during the southwest monsoon), characterized by an abrupt rise in the mean daily rainfall.[14][15] Similarly, the burst of the northeast monsoon refers to an abrupt increase in the mean daily rainfall over the affected regions.[16]

text: Rain variability ("vagaries")[edit]

text:
One of the most commonly used words to describe the erratic nature of the monsoon is "vagaries," used in newspapers,[17] magazines,[18] books,[19] web portals[20] to insurance plans,[21] and India's budget discussions.[22]
In some years, it rains too much, causing floods in parts of India; in others, it rains too little or not at all, causing droughts. In some years, the rain quantity is sufficient but its timing arbitrary. Sometimes, despite average annual rainfall, the daily distribution or geographic distribution of the rain is substantially skewed. In the recent past, rainfall variability in short time periods (about a week) were attributed to desert dust over the Arabian Sea and Western Asia.[23]

text: Ideal and normal monsoon rains[edit]

text: Normally, the southwest monsoon can be expected to "burst" onto the western coast of India (near Thiruvananthapuram) at the beginning of June and to cover the entire country by mid-July.[11][24][25] Its withdrawal from India typically starts at the beginning of September and finishes by the beginning of October.[26][27]

text: The northeast monsoon usually "bursts" around 20 October and lasts for about 50 days before withdrawing.[16]

text:
However, a rainy monsoon is not necessarily a normal monsoon — that is, one that performs close to statistical averages calculated over a long period. A normal monsoon is generally accepted to be one involving close to the average quantity of precipitation over all the geographical locations under its influence (mean spatial distribution) and over the entire expected time period (mean temporal distribution). Additionally, the arrival date and the departure date of both the southwest and northeast monsoon should be close to the mean dates. The exact criteria for a normal monsoon are defined by the Indian Meteorological Department with calculations for the mean and standard deviation of each of these variables.[28]
A monsoon with excess rain can cause floods, and one with too little rain can lead to widespread drought, famine, and economic losses. Therefore, a normal monsoon with mean performance is the most desirable monsoon.

text: Theories for mechanism of monsoon[edit]

text: Theories of the mechanism of the monsoon primarily try to explain the reasons for the seasonal reversal of winds and the timing of their reversal.

text: Traditional theory[edit]

text: Because of differences in the specific heat capacity of land and water, continents heat up faster than seas. Consequently, the air above coastal lands heats up faster than the air above seas. These create areas of low air pressure above coastal lands compared with pressure over the seas, causing winds to flow from the seas onto the neighboring lands. This is known as sea breeze.

text: Process of monsoon creation[edit]

text:
Also known as the thermal theory or the differential heating of sea and land theory, the traditional theory portrays the monsoon as a large-scale sea breeze. It states that during the hot subtropical summers, the massive landmass of the Indian Peninsula heats up at a different rate than the surrounding seas, resulting in a pressure gradient from south to north. This causes the flow of moisture-laden winds from sea to land. On reaching land, these winds rise because of the geographical relief, cooling adiabatically and leading to orographic rains. This is the southwest monsoon.
The reverse happens during the winter, when the land is colder than the sea, establishing a pressure gradient from land to sea. This causes the winds to blow over the Indian subcontinent toward the Indian Ocean in a northeasterly direction, causing the northeast monsoon. Because the southwest monsoon flows from sea to land, it carries more moisture, and therefore causes more rain, than the northeast monsoon. Only part of the northeast monsoon passing over the Bay of Bengal picks up moisture, causing rain in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu during the winter months.

text: However, many meteorologists argue that the monsoon is not a local phenomenon as explained by the traditional theory, but a general weather phenomenon along the entire tropical zone of Earth. This criticism does not deny the role of differential heating of sea and land in generating monsoon winds, but casts it as one of several factors rather than the only one.

text: Dynamic theory[edit]

text: The prevailing winds of the atmospheric circulation arise because of the difference in pressure at various latitudes and act as means for distribution of thermal energy on the planet. This pressure difference is because of the differences in solar insolation received at different latitudes and the resulting uneven heating of the planet. Alternating belts of high pressure and low pressure develop along the equator, the two tropics, the Arctic and Antarctic circles, and the two polar regions, giving rise to the trade winds, the westerlies, and the polar easterlies. However, geophysical factors like Earth's orbit, its rotation, and its axial tilt cause these belts to shift gradually north and south, following the Sun's seasonal shifts.

text: Process of monsoon creation[edit]

text: The dynamic theory explains the monsoon on the basis of the annual shifts in the position of global belts of pressure and winds. According to this theory, the monsoon is a result of the shift of the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) under the influence of the vertical sun. Though the mean position of the ITCZ is taken as the equator, it shifts north and south with the migration of the vertical sun toward the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn during the summer of the respective hemispheres (Northern and Southern Hemisphere). As such, during the northern summer (May and June), the ITCZ moves north, along with the vertical sun, toward the Tropic of Cancer. The ITCZ, as the zone of lowest pressure in the tropical region, is the target destination for the trade winds of both hemispheres. Consequently, with the ITCZ at the Tropic of Cancer, the southeast trade winds of the Southern Hemisphere have to cross the equator to reach it.[Note 5] However, because of the Coriolis effect (which causes winds in the Northern Hemisphere to turn right, whereas winds in the Southern Hemisphere turn left), these southeast trade winds are deflected east in the Northern Hemisphere, transforming into southwest trades.[Note 6] These pick up moisture while traveling from sea to land and cause orographic rain once they hit the highlands of the Indian Peninsula. This results in the southwest monsoon.

text: The dynamic theory explains the monsoon as a global weather phenomenon rather than just a local one. And when coupled with the traditional theory (based on the heating of sea and land), it enhances the explanation of the varying intensity of monsoon precipitation along the coastal regions with orographic barriers.

text: Jet stream theory[edit]

text: This theory tries to explain the establishment of the northeast and southwest monsoons, as well as unique features like "bursting" and variability.

text: The jet streams are systems of upper-air westerlies. They give rise to slowly moving upper-air waves, with 250-knot winds in some air streams. First observed by World War II pilots, they develop just below the tropopause over areas of steep pressure gradient on the surface. The main types are the polar jets, the subtropical westerly jets, and the less common tropical easterly jets. They follow the principle of geostrophic winds.[Note 7]

text: Process of monsoon creation[edit]

text: Over India, a subtropical westerly jet develops in the winter season and is replaced by the tropical easterly jet in the summer season. The high temperature during the summer over the Tibetan Plateau, as well as over Central Asia in general, is believed to be the critical factor leading to the formation of the tropical easterly jet over India.

text: The mechanism affecting the monsoon is that the westerly jet causes high pressure over northern parts of the subcontinent during the winter. This results in the north-to-south flow of the winds in the form of the northeast monsoon. With the northward shift of the vertical sun, this jet shifts north, too. The intense heat over the Tibetan Plateau, coupled with associated terrain features like the high altitude of the plateau, generate the tropical easterly jet over central India. This jet creates a low-pressure zone over the northern Indian plains, influencing the wind flow toward these plains and assisting the development of the southwest monsoon[clarification needed].

text: Theories for "bursting"[edit]

text: The "bursting"[14] of the monsoon is primarily explained by the jet stream theory and the dynamic theory.

text: Dynamic theory[edit]

text:
According to this theory, during the summer months in the Northern Hemisphere, the ITCZ shifts north, pulling the southwest monsoon winds onto the land from the sea. However, the huge landmass of the Himalayas restricts the low-pressure zone onto the Himalayas themselves. It is only when the Tibetan Plateau heats up significantly more than the Himalayas that the ITCZ abruptly and swiftly shifts north, leading to the bursting of monsoon rains over the Indian subcontinent.
The reverse shift takes place for the northeast monsoon winds, leading to a second, minor burst of rainfall over the eastern Indian Peninsula during the Northern Hemisphere winter months.

text: Jet stream theory[edit]

text: According to this theory, the onset of the southwest monsoon is driven by the shift of the subtropical westerly jet north from over the plains of India toward the Tibetan Plateau. This shift is due to the intense heating of the plateau during the summer months. The northward shift is not a slow and gradual process, as expected for most changes in weather pattern. The primary cause is believed to be the height of the Himalayas. As the Tibetan Plateau heats up, the low pressure created over it pulls the westerly jet north. Because of the lofty Himalayas, the westerly jet's movement is inhibited. But with continuous dropping pressure, sufficient force is created for the movement of the westerly jet across the Himalayas after a significant period. As such, the shift of the jet is sudden and abrupt, causing the bursting of southwest monsoon rains onto the Indian plains. The reverse shift happens for the northeast monsoon.

text: Theories for monsoon variability[edit]

text: The jet stream effect[edit]

text: The jet stream theory also explains the variability in timing and strength of the monsoon.

text:
Timing: A timely northward shift of the subtropical westerly jet at the beginning of summer is critical to the onset of the southwest monsoon over India. If the shift is delayed, so is the southwest monsoon. An early shift results in an early monsoon.
Strength: The strength of the southwest monsoon is determined by the strength of the easterly tropical jet over central India. A strong easterly tropical jet results in a strong southwest monsoon over central India, and a weak jet results in a weak monsoon.

text: El Niño-Southern Oscillation effect[edit]

text: El Niño is a warm ocean current originating along the coast of Peru that replaces the usual cold Humboldt Current. The warm surface water moving toward the coast of Peru with El Niño is pushed west by the trade winds, thereby raising the temperature of the southern Pacific Ocean. The reverse condition is known as La Niña.

text: Southern oscillation, a phenomenon first observed by Sir Gilbert Thomas Walker, director general of observatories in India, refers to the seesaw relationship of atmospheric pressures between Tahiti and Darwin, Australia.[29] Walker noticed that when pressure was high in Tahiti, it was low in Darwin, and vice versa.[29]  A Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), based on the pressure difference between Tahiti and Darwin, has been formulated by the Bureau of Meteorology (Australia) to measure the strength of the oscillation.[30] Walker noticed that the quantity of rainfall in the Indian subcontinent was often negligible in years of high pressure over Darwin (and low pressure over Tahiti). Conversely, low pressure over Darwin bodes well for precipitation quantity in India. Thus, Walker established the relationship between southern oscillation and quantities of monsoon rains in India.[29]

text: Ultimately, the southern oscillation was found to be simply an atmospheric component of the El Niño/La Niña effect, which happens in the ocean.[29] Therefore, in the context of the monsoon, the two together came to be known as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) effect. The effect is known to have a pronounced influence on the strength of the southwest monsoon over India, with the monsoon being weak (causing droughts) during El Niño years, while La Niña years bring particularly strong monsoons.[29]

text: Indian Ocean dipole effect[edit]

text: Although the ENSO effect was statistically effective in explaining several past droughts in India, in recent decades, its relationship with the Indian monsoon seemed to weaken.[31] For example, the strong ENSO of 1997 did not cause drought in India.[29] However, it was later discovered that, just like ENSO in the Pacific Ocean, a similar seesaw ocean-atmosphere system in the Indian Ocean was also in play. This system was discovered in 1999 and named the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). An index to calculate it was also formulated. IOD develops in the equatorial region of the Indian Ocean from April to May and peaks in October.[29] With a positive IOD, winds over the Indian Ocean blow from east to west. This makes the Arabian Sea (the western Indian Ocean near the African coast) much warmer and the eastern Indian Ocean around Indonesia colder and drier.[29] In negative dipole years, the reverse happens, making Indonesia much warmer and rainier.

text: A positive IOD index often negates the effect of ENSO, resulting in increased monsoon rains in years such as 1983, 1994, and 1997.[29] Further, the two poles of the IOD — the eastern pole (around Indonesia) and the western pole (off the African coast) — independently and cumulatively affect the quantity of monsoon rains.[29]

text: Equatorial Indian Ocean oscillation[edit]

text: As with ENSO, the atmospheric component of the IOD was later discovered and the cumulative phenomenon named Equatorial Indian Ocean oscillation (EQUINOO).[29] When EQUINOO effects are factored in, certain failed forecasts, like the acute drought of 2002, can be further accounted for.[29] The relationship between extremes of the Indian summer monsoon rainfall, along with ENSO and EQUINOO,[32]  have been studied, and models to better predict the quantity of monsoon rains have been statistically derived.[32]

text: Impact of climate change on the monsoon[edit]

text: Since 1950s, the South Asian summer monsoon underwent a gradual decline, with a reduction of up to 10% over central India.[33] This is primarily due to a weakening monsoon circulation as a result of the rapid warming in the Indian Ocean[34][35], and changes in land use and land cover[36]. Since the strength of the monsoon is partially dependent on the temperature difference between the ocean and the land, higher ocean temperatures in the Indian Ocean have weakened the moisture bearing winds from the ocean to the land. The reduction in the summer monsoon rainfall have grave consequences over central India because at least 60% of the agriculture in this region is still largely rain-fed.

text: A recent assessment of the monsoonal changes indicate that the land warming has increased during 2002-2014, possibly reviving the strength of the monsoon circulation and rainfall[37]. Future changes in the monsoon will depend on a competition between land and ocean—on which is warming faster than the other.

text: Meanwhile, there has been a three-fold rise in widespread extreme rainfall events during the years 1950 to 2015, over the entire central belt of India, leading to a steady rise in the number of flash floods with significant socioeconomic losses[38][39]. Widespread extreme rainfall events are those rainfall events which are larger than 150 mm/day and spread over a region large enough to cause floods.

text: Monsoon rain prediction models[edit]

text: Since the Great Famine of 1876–78 in India, various attempts have been made to predict monsoon rainfall.[40] At least five prediction models exist.[41]

text: Seasonal Prediction of Indian Monsoon (SPIM)[edit]

text:
The Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (CDAC) at Bengaluru facilitated the Seasonal Prediction of Indian Monsoon (SPIM) experiment on the PARAM Padma supercomputing system.[42]
This project involved simulated runs of historical data from 1985 to 2004 to try to establish the relationship of five atmospheric general circulation models with monsoon rainfall distribution.[41]

text: Indian Meteorological Department model[edit]

text: The department has tried to forecast the monsoon for India since 1884,[40] and is the only official agency entrusted with making public forecasts about the quantity, distribution, and timing of the monsoon rains. Its position as the sole authority on the monsoon was cemented in 2005[41] by the Department of Science and Technology (DST), New Delhi. In 2003, IMD substantially changed its forecast methodology, model,[43] and administration.[44] A sixteen-parameter monsoon forecasting model used since 1988 was replaced in 2003.[43] However, following the 2009 drought in India (worst since 1972),[45] The department decided in 2010 that it needed to develop an "indigenous model"[46] to further improve its prediction capabilities.

text: Significance[edit]

text: The monsoon is the primary delivery mechanism for fresh water in the Indian subcontinent. As such, it affects the environment (and associated flora, fauna, and ecosystems), agriculture, society, hydro-power production, and geography of the subcontinent (like the availability of fresh water in water bodies and the underground water table), with all of these factors cumulatively contributing to the health of the economy of affected countries.

text: The monsoon turns large parts of India from semi-deserts into green grasslands. See photos taken only three months apart in the Western Ghats.

text: Geographical (wettest spots on Earth)[edit]

text: Mawsynram and Cherrapunji, both in the Indian state of Meghalaya, alternate as the wettest places on Earth given the quantity of their rainfall,[47] though there are other cities with similar claims. They receive more than 11,000 millimeters of rain each from the monsoon.

text: Agricultural[edit]

text: In India, which has historically had a primarily agrarian economy, the services sector recently overtook the farm sector in terms of GDP contribution. However, the agriculture sector still contributes 17-20% of GDP[48] and is the largest employer in the country, with about 60% of Indians dependent on it for employment and livelihood.[48] About 49% of India's land is agricultural; that number rises to 55% if associated wetlands, dryland farming areas, etc., are included. Because more than half of these farmlands are rain-fed, the monsoon is critical to food sufficiency and quality of life.

text: Despite progress in alternative forms of irrigation, agricultural dependence on the monsoon remains far from insignificant. Therefore, the agricultural calendar of India is governed by the monsoon. Any fluctuations in the time distribution, spatial distribution, or quantity of the monsoon rains may lead to floods or droughts, causing the agricultural sector to suffer. This has a cascading effect on the secondary economic sectors, the overall economy, food inflation, and therefore the general population's quality and cost of living.

text: Economic[edit]

text:
The economic significance of the monsoon is aptly described by Pranab Mukherjee's remark that the monsoon is the "real finance minister of India".[4][5]
A good monsoon results in better agricultural yields, which brings down prices of essential food commodities and reduces imports, thus reducing food inflation overall.[48] Better rains also result in increased hydroelectric production.[48]
All of these factors have positive ripple effects throughout the economy of India.[48]

text: The down side however is that when monsoon rains are weak, crop production is low leading to higher food prices with limited supply.[49] As a result, the Indian government is actively working with farmers and the nation's meteorological department to produce more drought resistant crops.[49]

text: Social[edit]

text: D. Subbarao, former governor of the Reserve Bank of India, emphasized during a quarterly review of India's monetary policy that the lives of Indians depend on the performance of the monsoon.[50] His own career prospects, his emotional well-being, and the performance of his monetary policy are all "a hostage" to the monsoon, he said, as is the case for most Indians.[50] Additionally, farmers rendered jobless by failed monsoon rains tend to migrate to cities. This crowds city slums and aggravates the infrastructure and sustainability of city life.[51]

text: Travel[edit]

text: In the past, Indians usually refrained from traveling during monsoons for practical as well as religious reasons. But with the advent of globalization, such travel is gaining popularity. Places like Kerala and the Western Ghats get a large number of tourists, both local and foreigners, during the monsoon season. Kerala is one of the top destinations for tourists interested in Ayurvedic treatments and massage therapy. One major drawback of traveling during the monsoon is that most wildlife sanctuaries are closed. Also, some mountainous areas, especially in Himalayan regions, get cut off when roads are damaged by landslides and floods during heavy rains.[52]

text: Environmental[edit]

text:
The monsoon is the primary bearer of fresh water to the area. The peninsular/Deccan rivers of India are mostly rain-fed and non-perennial in nature, depending primarily on the monsoon for water supply.[53]
Most of the coastal rivers of Western India are also rain-fed and monsoon-dependent.[53][54] As such, the flora, fauna, and entire ecosystems of these areas rely heavily on the monsoon.[citation needed]


document_title: Grammy Award for Best Rap Album

question_text: who won the grammy for best rap album in 2001

text: Grammy Award for Best Rap Album

text: Recipients[edit]

text:
Year[I]
Recipients
Work
Nominees
Ref.

1996
Naughty by Nature
Poverty's Paradise !Poverty's Paradise

2Pac – Me Against the World
Bone Thugs-n-Harmony – E. 1999 Eternal
Ol' Dirty Bastard – Return to the 36 Chambers: The Dirty Version
Skee-Lo – I Wish

[6]

1997
Fugees
 · Fugees, producers
The Score !The Score

2Pac – All Eyez On Me
A Tribe Called Quest – Beats, Rhymes and Life
Coolio – Gangsta's Paradise
LL Cool J – Mr. Smith

[7]

1998
Puff Daddy and the Family
 · Puff Daddy And The Family & Stevie J. producers
No Way Out !No Way Out

Missy Elliott – Supa Dupa Fly
Wyclef Jean – Wyclef Jean Presents The Carnival
The Notorious B.I.G. – Life After Death
Wu-Tang Clan – Wu-Tang Forever

[8]

1999
Jay-Z
 · Joe Quinde, engineer/mixer
Vol. 2... Hard Knock Life !Vol. 2... Hard Knock Life

A Tribe Called Quest – The Love Movement
Big Punisher – Capital Punishment
Jermaine Dupri – Life in 1472
Mase – Harlem World

[9]

2000
Eminem
 · Eminem, Jeff Bass & Marky Bass, producers
 ·  Mr. B, engineer/mixer
The Slim Shady LP !The Slim Shady LP

Busta Rhymes – E.L.E. (Extinction Level Event): The Final World Frontsonger/DAE_W30david abdelmohsen
Missy Elliott – Da Real World
Nas – I Am…
The Roots – Things Fall Apart

[10]

2001
Eminem
 · Dr. Dre & Richard Huredia, engineers/mixers
The Marshall Mathers LP !The Marshall Mathers LP

DMX – ...And Then There Was X
Dr. Dre – 2001
Jay-Z – Vol. 3... Life and Times of S. Carter
Nelly – Country Grammar

[11]

2002
Outkast
 · David Sheats, producer
 · John Frye, engineer
Stankonia !Stankonia

Eve – Scorpion
Ja Rule – Pain Is Love
Jay-Z – The Blueprint
Ludacris – Back for the First Time

[12]

2003
Eminem
 · Steve King, engineer/mixer
The Eminem Show !The Eminem Show

Ludacris – Word of Mouf
Mystikal – Tarantula
Nelly – Nellyville
Petey Pablo – Diary of a Sinner: 1st Entry

[13]

2004
Outkast
 · John Frye, engineer/mixer
Speakerboxxx/The Love Below !Speakerboxxx/The Love Below

50 Cent – Get Rich or Die Tryin'
Missy Elliott – Under Construction
Jay-Z – The Blueprint 2: The Gift & the Curse
The Roots – Phrenology

[14]

2005
West, KanyeKanye West
 · Manny Marroquin, engineer/mixer
The College Dropout !The College Dropout

Beastie Boys – To the 5 Boroughs
Jay-Z – The Black Album
LL Cool J – The DEFinition
Nelly – Suit

[15]

2006
West, KanyeKanye West
 · Jon Brion, producer
 · Andrew Dawson, Anthony Kilhoffer & Tom Biller, engineers
 · Mike Dean, engineer/mixer
Late Registration !Late Registration

50 Cent – The Massacre
Common – Be
Missy Elliott – The Cookbook
Eminem – Encore

[16]

2007
Ludacris
 · Joshua Monroy & Phil Tan, engineers/mixers
Release Therapy !Release Therapy

Lupe Fiasco – Lupe Fiasco's Food & Liquor
Pharrell – In My Mind
The Roots – Game Theory
T.I. – King

[17]

2008
West, KanyeKanye West
 · Kanye West, producer
 · Andrew Dawson, Anthony Kilhoffer & Mike Dean, engineers
Graduation !Graduation

Common – Finding Forever
Jay-Z – Kingdom Come
Nas – Hip-Hop Is Dead
T.I. – T.I. vs. T.I.P.

[18]

2009
Lil Wayne
 · Darius "Deezle" Harrison & Fabian Marasciullo, engineers
Tha Carter III !Tha Carter III

Jay-Z – American Gangster
Lupe Fiasco – Lupe Fiasco's The Cool
Nas – Untitled
T.I. – Paper Trail

[19]

2010
Eminem
 · Andre Young, producer
 · Andre Young, Mauricio "Veto" Iragorri & Michael Strange, engineers/mixers
Relapse !Relapse

Common – Universal Mind Control
Flo Rida – R.O.O.T.S.
Mos Def – The Ecstatic
Q-Tip – The Renaissance

[20]

2011
Eminem
 · Eminem & Mike Strange, engineers/mixers
Recovery !Recovery

B.o.B – B.o.B Presents: The Adventures of Bobby Ray
Drake – Thank Me Later
Jay-Z – The Blueprint 3
The Roots – How I Got Over

[21]

2012
West, KanyeKanye West
 · Kanye West, producer
 · Andrew Dawson, Anthony Kilhoffer, Mike Dean & Noah Goldstein, engineers/mixers
My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy !My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy

Lupe Fiasco – Lasers
Jay-Z and Kanye West – Watch the Throne
Nicki Minaj – Pink Friday
Lil Wayne – Tha Carter IV

[22]

2013
Drake
 · Noah "40" Shebib, producer
 · Noel "Gadget" Campbell & Noah "40" Shebib, engineers/mixers
Take Care

2 Chainz – Based on a T.R.U. Story
Lupe Fiasco – Food & Liquor II: The Great American Rap Album Pt. 1
Nas – Life Is Good
Rick Ross – God Forgives, I Don't
The Roots – Undun

[23]

2014
Macklemore & Ryan Lewis
 · Ben Haggerty & Ryan Lewis, engineers/mixers
The Heist

Drake – Nothing Was the Same
Jay-Z – Magna Carta Holy Grail
Kendrick Lamar – Good Kid, M.A.A.D City
Kanye West – Yeezus

[24]

2015
Eminem
 · Tony Campana, Joe Strange & Mike Strange, engineers/mixers
The Marshall Mathers LP 2 !The Marshall Mathers LP 2

Iggy Azalea – The New Classic
Common – Nobody's Smiling
Childish Gambino – Because the Internet
Wiz Khalifa – Blacc Hollywood
ScHoolboy Q – Oxymoron

[25]

2016
Kendrick Lamar
 · Derek "MixedByAli" Ali & James "The White Black Man" Hunt, engineers/mixers
To Pimp a Butterfly

J. Cole – 2014 Forest Hills Drive
Dr. Dre – Compton
Drake – If You're Reading This It's Too Late
Nicki Minaj – The Pinkprint

[26]
[27]

2017
Chance the Rapper
Coloring Book

De La Soul – And the Anonymous Nobody...
DJ Khaled – Major Key
Drake – Views
ScHoolboy Q – Blank Face LP
Kanye West – The Life of Pablo

[28]

2018
Kendrick Lamar
Damn

Jay-Z – 4:44
Migos – Culture
Rapsody – Laila's Wisdom
Tyler, the Creator – Flower Boy

[29]

text: ^[I] Each year is linked to the article about the Grammy Awards held that year.

text: Artists with multiple wins[edit]

text:
6 wins

Eminem

4 wins

Kanye West

2 wins

Outkast
Kendrick Lamar

text: Artists with multiple nominations[edit]

text:
11 nominations

Jay-Z

7 nominations

Eminem
Kanye West

5 nominations

Drake
The Roots

4 nominations

Common
Lupe Fiasco
Missy Elliott
Nas

3 nominations

Kendrick Lamar
Ludacris
Nelly
T.I.

2 nominations

Dr. Dre
Lil Wayne
LL Cool J
50 Cent
Nicki Minaj
Outkast
ScHoolboy Q
A Tribe Called Quest
2Pac


document_title: List of smart TV platforms and middleware software

question_text: what is the os of samsung smart tv

question_tokens: what is the os of samsung smart tv

text: Middleware providers to multiple third parties[edit]

text: For TV sets and companion boxes vendors, available under OEM license.

text: Smart TV framework platforms managed by standardization bodies or technology consortium[edit]

text:
Framework
Managed by
Comments

HbbTV
HbbTV Association
An HTML5-based application framework middle-ware software platform provided by the Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV association.

CE-HTML
CEA (Consumer Electronics Association)
As part of Web4CE.

OIPF
Open IPTV Forum
As of June 2014, OIPF is now part of the HbbTV Association.

Tru2way
CableLabs

text: Smart TV framework platforms managed by single companies or foundations[edit]

text: Available to third parties, under OEM license.

text:
Framework
Managed by
Used by
Comment

Android TV
Google

Asus
B&O
Bouygues Telecom (Bbox Miami)
CCC Mobile (Air Stick)[1]
Free/Iliad (Freebox Mini 4K)
LeEco (Super4 X Series)
NVIDIA (Shield TV Console)
Philips
RCA
SDMC Tech(DV8219, DV8035)[2]
Sharp
Sony
ChannelMaster
Hyundai
Xiaomi (Mi Box)

Smart TV platform for TV sets and set-top-boxes. Gives access to Android apps through the Play Store.

Boxee
Boxee, Inc
D-Link
Popular fork of the Kodi/XBMC media center software with custom graphical user interface and some proprietary application framework for apps.[3][4]

Fire TV
Amazon

Westinghouse, Element

Smart TV platform for TV sets

Firefox OS for TV
Mozilla
Panasonic
Panasonic's Smart TVs, including their new 4K TVs, continue to feature Mozilla's open source Firefox OS, despite Mozilla lowering its development priority on developing the operating system. [5] Panasonic is continuing to develop their fork, calling it My Home Screen while Mozilla has stated that they will continue to support and work with Panasonic[6][7]

Frog
Wyplay
SFR
Used by some IPTV operators, such as SFR in France on its set-top-box

Google TV
Google
Asus
Hisense
LG
Logitech
Netgear
SFR
Sony
TCL
Vizio

Android based platform.[8] Its development stopped in 2013[9] and it is replaced by Chromecast and Android TV.

Horizon TV
Liberty Global

A cross-platform platform based fork of the Kodi/XBMC media center software with proprietary middleware framework for video on demand and handling DRM for streaming cable television channels.

httvLink
HTTV
Kaon
Pace
Sagemcom
Smit

An HbbTV compliant TV Operating System for Connected TV receivers, addressing all Digital TV platforms.

Inview
Inview Technology Ltd
Digifusion
Thomson
Sony

Connects an ordinary TV (or set-top box) to get IPTV.[10][11]

Kodi Entertainment Center (formerly XBMC Media Center)
XBMC Foundation

Open source cross-platform media center and DVR/PVR frontend software.

MeeGo
Nokia, The Linux Foundation

Middleware for smart TV. Now split into Tizen, Mer, and Sailfish OS)[12] (Linux Foundation, Intel, AMD[13]) currently based on a derivative fork of Kodi/XBMC media center software[14][15][16][17]

Mediaroom
Ericsson (former: Microsoft)
Ericsson Mediaroom TV platforms are offered by 90 operators around the world.
Middleware for Pay-TV operators[18][19][20]

OpenTV
Nagravision
BSkyB (UK)
Sky Italia (Italy)
Digital+ (Spain)
Numericable (France)
EchoStar (USA)

Middleware for Pay-TV operators.

Vewd formerly Opera TV
Vewd
Hisense
Mediatek
Humax
Samsung
Sony
Swisscom
Vestel

TV solution for operators, OEMs, and brands.

Oregan Media Browser 5
Oregan Networks
British Telecom
Telefónica
NTT

Middleware for Pay-TV operators, deployed by large telecoms and cable operators such as BT and Telefónica on Hybrid STBs

Plex
Plex, Inc

Closed source cross-platform media center with proprietary streaming functionality to numerous devices, (initially started out as a popular fork of the Kodi/XBMC media center software.

PowerUp Suite

Zodiac Interactive

Cablevision (Altice USA)
Charter Communications
Rogers

Middleware, presentation engine, low level adaptation, back office mediation for Tier 1 through Tier 3 pay TV operators

Roku TV [21]
Roku
Hisense
JVC
Roku
TCL
Sharp
Insignia
LG
Haier

RDK (Reference Development Kit)
RDK Management, LLC
Cisco
Humax
Pace

TV solution for operators, OEMs, and brands.

Smart TV Alliance
Smart TV Alliance
LG
Panasonic (VierraConnect)
Philips / TP Vision
Toshiba (CloudTV)

A common SDK for TV app development and publishing for TV vendors.

ToFu Media Platform
Pivos
Pivos
PlayJam

Cross-platform fork of Kodi/XBMC media center licensed to third parties and other commercial partners as OEM.

Ubuntu TV
Canonical

Ubuntu operating system[22][23][24] based platform, with Unity Next user interface for TV.

Yahoo! Smart TV (formerly Yahoo! Connected TV)
Yahoo!
Mediatek
Samsung
Sony
Trident
Toshiba
Vizio (Internet Apps Plus)

Available on some TV sets.[25]

Shijiu TV

Shijiu, Inc

Samsung
LG
TCL
Skyworth
Alibaba
and various OTT boxes

Middleware for internet TV. A cross-platform high-performance OpenGL based HTML5 engine licensed to third parties and other commercial partners as OEM. Also known as 'QCast'.

text: Smart TV platforms utilized by vendors[edit]

text: Includes first and third-party solutions.

text:
Vendor
Platform
Devices

Amazon
Fire TV
For Fire TV devices, including TV stick.

Apple
tvOS
For newer Apple TV boxes.

Apple
Apple TV, running on iOS
For Apple TV boxes. Initially using Front Row (software).

Google
Chromecast
For Chromecast HDMI dongles.

Haier
Roku TV
For TV sets.

Hisense

VIDAA / VIDAA U

For TV sets.

Hisense
Roku TV
For TV sets.

Hitachi
Roku TV
For TV sets.

Insigna
Roku TV
For TV sets.

LG
webOS Smart TV
Current solution for TV sets.[26]

LG
NetCast
Former solution for TV sets.[27][28][29][30][31]

Microsoft
Xbox One
For Xbox One game console. More Smart TV features and TV apps expected with the Windows 10 update, that include the Windows Universal App Store.

Microsoft
Xbox 360
For Xbox 360 game console, with smart TV features.

Netgear
NeoTV
For NeoTV streaming players.

Nvidia
Android TV
For Nvidia Shield TVs.

Panasonic
Viera Cast and Viera Connect
For TV sets. The newer TV models now use the Firefox OS TV platform (no longer vendor specific).

Panasonic
Life+Screen
For TV sets.

Philips
Net TV
For TV sets.

Philips
Android TV
For TV sets.

Samsung
Tizen OS for TV
For newer TV sets.

Samsung
Samsung Smart TV (Orsay OS)
Former solution for TV sets and connected Blu-ray players. Now replaced by Tizen OS.[32][33][34]

SDMC Technology

Android TV (DV8219)

For set-top boxes. Support OEM & ODM

Sharp
Android TV
For TV sets.

Sharp
AQUOS NET+
For TV sets.

Sharp
Roku TV
For TV sets.

Sharp
SmartCentral
For TV sets.

Sony
Android TV
For TV sets.

Sony
PlayStation TV with Sony Entertainment Network
For PlayStation game console.[35][36]

Sony
Sony Internet TV (Sony Apps)
Former solution for TV sets. The newer TV models now use the Android TV platform (no longer vendor specific).

TCL
Android TV
For TV sets.

TCL
Roku TV
For TV sets.

TCL / Thomson
Smart TV 2
For TV sets.

TiVo
TiVo
For TiVo DVR box.

Toshiba
Toshiba Places
For TV sets.[37]

Sling Media
Slingbox
For Slingbox set-top-boxes.

Western Digital
WD TV
For WD TV boxes.

Westinghouse
Fire TV
For TV sets.

Westinghouse
SAMBA
For TV sets. A very limited system with APPs you can Not change.