document_title: Mourning dove

question_text: where does the name mourning dove come from

text: Mourning dove

text: Taxonomy[edit]

text: The mourning dove is closely related to the eared dove (Zenaida auriculata) and the Socorro dove (Zenaida graysoni). Some authorities describe them as forming a superspecies and these three birds are sometimes classified in the separate genus Zenaidura,[4] but the current classification has them as separate species in the genus Zenaida. In addition, the Socorro dove has at times been considered conspecific with the mourning dove, although several differences in behavior, call, and appearance justify separation as two different species.[5] While the three species do form a subgroup of Zenaida, using a separate genus would interfere with the monophyly of Zenaida by making it paraphyletic.[4]

text: There are five subspecies of mourning dove:

text:
Eastern Z. m. carolinensis (Linnaeus, 1766)
Clarion Island Z. m. clarionensis (C.H.Townsend, 1890)
West Indian Z. m. macroura (Linnaeus, 1758)
Western Z. m. marginella (Woodhouse, 1852)
Panama Z. m. turturilla Wetmore, 1956

tag: ul

text: The ranges of most of the subspecies overlap a little, with three in the United States or Canada.[6] The West Indian subspecies is found throughout the Greater Antilles.[7] It has recently invaded the Florida Keys.[6] The eastern subspecies is found mainly in eastern North America, as well as Bermuda and the Bahamas. The western subspecies is found in western North America, including parts of Mexico. The Panamanian subspecies is located in Central America. The Clarion Island subspecies is found only on Clarion Island, just off the Pacific coast of Mexico.[7]

text: The mourning dove is sometimes called the "American mourning dove" to distinguish it from the distantly related mourning collared dove (Streptopelia decipiens) of Africa.[4] It was also formerly known as the "Carolina turtledove" and the "Carolina pigeon".[8] The genus name was bestowed in 1838 by French zoologist Charles L. Bonaparte in honor of his wife, Princess Zénaide, and macroura is from Ancient Greek makros, "long" and oura, "tail".[9] The "mourning" part of its common name comes from its call.[10]

text: The mourning dove was thought to be the passenger pigeon's closest living relative, based on morphological grounds.[11][12] The mourning dove was even suggested to belong to the same genus, Ectopistes, and was listed by some authors as E. carolinensis.[13]

text: Distribution[edit]

text: The mourning dove has a large range of nearly 11,000,000 km2 (4,200,000 sq mi).[14] The species is resident throughout the Greater Antilles, most of Mexico, the Continental United States, southern Canada, and the Atlantic archipelago of Bermuda. Much of the Canadian prairie sees these birds in summer only, and southern Central America sees them in winter only.[15] The species is a vagrant in northern Canada, Alaska,[16] and South America.[4] It has been spotted as an accidental at least seven times in the Western Palearctic with records from the British Isles (5), the Azores (1) and Iceland (1).[6] In 1963, the mourning dove was introduced to Hawaii, and in 1998 there was still a small population in North Kona.[17] The mourning dove also appeared on Socorro Island, off the western coast of Mexico, in 1988, sixteen years after the Socorro dove was extirpated from that island.[5]

text: Description[edit]

text: The mourning dove is a medium-sized, slender dove approximately 31 cm (12 in) in length. Mourning doves weigh 112–170 g (4.0–6.0 oz), usually closer to 128 g (4.5 oz).[18] The elliptical wings are broad, and the head is rounded. Its tail is long and tapered ("macroura" comes from the Greek words for "large" and "tail"[19]). Mourning doves have perching feet, with three toes forward and one reversed. The legs are short and reddish colored. The beak is short and dark, usually a brown-black hue.[6]

text: The plumage is generally light gray-brown and lighter and pinkish below. The wings have black spotting, and the outer tail feathers are white, contrasting with the black inners. Below the eye is a distinctive crescent-shaped area of dark feathers. The eyes are dark, with light skin surrounding them.[6] The adult male has bright purple-pink patches on the neck sides, with light pink coloring reaching the breast. The crown of the adult male is a distinctly bluish-grey color. Females are similar in appearance, but with more brown coloring overall and a little smaller than the male. The iridescent feather patches on the neck above the shoulders are nearly absent, but can be quite vivid on males. Juvenile birds have a scaly appearance, and are generally darker.[6]

text: All five subspecies of the mourning dove look similar and are not easily distinguishable.[6] The nominate subspecies possesses shorter wings, and is darker and more buff-colored than the "average" mourning dove. Z. m. carolinensis has longer wings and toes, a shorter beak, and is darker in color. The western subspecies has longer wings, a longer beak, shorter toes, and is more muted and lighter in color. The Panama mourning dove has shorter wings and legs, a longer beak, and is grayer in color. The Clarion Island subspecies possesses larger feet, a larger beak, and is darker brown in color.[7]

text: Habitat[edit]

text: The mourning dove occupies a wide variety of open and semi-open habitats, such as urban areas, farms, prairie, grassland, and lightly wooded areas. It avoids swamps and thick forest.[16] The species has adapted well to areas altered by humans. They commonly nest in trees in cities or near farmsteads.

text: Migration[edit]

text: Most mourning doves migrate along flyways over land. On rare occasions, mourning doves have been seen flying over the Gulf of Mexico, but this is exceptional. Spring migration north runs from March to May. Fall migration south runs from September to November, with immatures moving first, followed by adult females and then by adult males.[15] Migration is usually during the day, in flocks, and at low altitudes.[16] However, not all individuals migrate. Even in Canada some mourning doves remain through winter, sustained by the presence of bird feeders.

text: Sounds[edit]

text: This species' call is a distinctive, plaintive cooOOoo-woo-woo-woooo, uttered by males to attract females, and may be mistaken for the call of an owl at first. (Close up, a grating or throat-rattling sound may be heard preceding the first coo.) Other sounds include a nest call (cooOOoo) by paired males to attract their mates to the nest sites, a greeting call (a soft ork) by males upon rejoining their mates, and an alarm call (a short roo-oo) by either male or female when threatened. In flight, the wings make a fluttery whistling sound that is hard to hear. The wing whistle is much louder and more noticeable upon take-off and landing.[6]

text: Reproduction[edit]

text: Courtship begins with a noisy flight by the male, followed by a graceful, circular glide with outstretched wings and head down. After landing, the male will approach the female with a puffed-out breast, bobbing head, and loud calls. Mated pairs will often preen each other's feathers.[16]

text: The male then leads the female to potential nest sites, and the female will choose one. The female dove builds the nest. The male will fly about, gather material, and bring it to her. The male will stand on the female's back and give the material to the female, who then builds it into the nest.[20] The nest is constructed of twigs, conifer needles, or grass blades, and is of flimsy construction.[7] Mourning doves will sometimes requisition the unused nests of other mourning doves, other birds, or arboreal mammals such as squirrels.[21]

text: Most nests are in trees, both deciduous and coniferous. Sometimes, they can be found in shrubs, vines, or on artificial constructs like buildings,[7] or hanging flower pots.[20] When there is no suitable elevated object, mourning doves will nest on the ground.[7]

text: See link below for: courtship dance and mating.

text: The clutch size is almost always two eggs.[20] Occasionally, however, a female will lay her eggs in the nest of another pair, leading to three or four eggs in the nest.[22] The eggs are white, 6.6 ml (0.23 imp fl oz; 0.22 US fl oz), 2.57–2.96 cm (1.01–1.17 in) long, 2.06–2.30 cm (0.81–0.91 in) wide, 6–7 g (0.21–0.25 oz) at laying (5–6% of female body mass). Both sexes incubate, the male from morning to afternoon, and the female the rest of the day and at night. Mourning doves are devoted parents; nests are very rarely left unattended by the adults.[20] When flushed from the nest, an incubating parent may perform a nest-distraction display, or a broken-wing display, fluttering on the ground as if injured, then flying away when the predator approaches it.

text:
Hatching and growth

Egg in nest

Nesting in progress

Squabs

A juvenile

text: Incubation takes two weeks. The hatched young, called squabs, are strongly altricial, being helpless at hatching and covered with down.[20] Both parents feed the squabs pigeon's milk (dove's milk) for the first 3–4 days of life. Thereafter, the crop milk is gradually augmented by seeds. Fledging takes place in about 11–15 days, before the squabs are fully grown but after they are capable of digesting adult food.[21] They stay nearby to be fed by their father for up to two weeks after fledging.[16]

text: Mourning doves are prolific breeders. In warmer areas, these birds may raise up to six broods in a season.[16] This fast breeding is essential because mortality is high. Each year, mortality can reach 58% a year for adults and 69% for the young.[22]

text: The mourning dove is monogamous and forms strong pair bonds.[22] Pairs typically reconvene in the same area the following breeding season, and sometimes may remain together throughout the winter. However, lone doves will find new partners if necessary.

text: Ecology[edit]

text: Mourning doves eat almost exclusively seeds, which make up more than 99% of their diet.[20] Rarely, they will eat snails or insects. Mourning doves generally eat enough to fill their crops and then fly away to digest while resting. They often swallow grit such as fine gravel or sand to assist with digestion. The species usually forages on the ground, walking but not hopping.[16] At bird feeders, mourning doves are attracted to one of the largest ranges of seed types of any North American bird, with a preference for canola, corn, millet, safflower, and sunflower seeds. Mourning doves do not dig or scratch for seeds, though they will push aside ground litter; instead they eat what is readily visible.[7][20] They will sometimes perch on plants and eat from there.[16]

text: Mourning doves show a preference for the seeds of certain species of plant over others. Foods taken in preference to others include pine nuts, sweetgum seeds, and the seeds of pokeberry, amaranth, canary grass, corn, sesame, and wheat.[7] When their favorite foods are absent, mourning doves will eat the seeds of other plants, including buckwheat, rye, goosegrass and smartweed.[7]

text: Mourning doves can be afflicted with several different parasites and diseases, including tapeworms, nematodes, mites, and lice. The mouth-dwelling parasite Trichomonas gallinae is particularly severe. While a mourning dove will sometimes host it without symptoms, it will often cause yellowish growth in the mouth and esophagus that will eventually starve the host to death. Avian pox is a common, insect-vectored disease.[23]

text: The primary predators of this species are diurnal birds of prey, such as falcons and hawks. During nesting, corvids, grackles, housecats, or rat snakes will prey on their eggs.[22] Cowbirds rarely parasitize mourning dove nests. Mourning doves reject slightly under a third of cowbird eggs in such nests, and the mourning dove's vegetarian diet is unsuitable for cowbirds.[24]

text: Behavior[edit]

text: Like other columbids, the mourning dove drinks by suction, without lifting or tilting its head. It often gathers at drinking spots around dawn and dusk.

text: Mourning doves sunbathe or rainbathe by lying on the ground or on a flat tree limb, leaning over, stretching one wing, and keeping this posture for up to twenty minutes. These birds can also waterbathe in shallow pools or bird baths. Dustbathing is common as well.

text: Outside the breeding season, mourning doves roost communally in dense deciduous trees or in conifers. During sleep, the head rests between the shoulders, close to the body; it is not tucked under the shoulder feathers as in many other species. During the winter in Canada, roosting flights to the roosts in the evening, and out of the roosts in the morning, are delayed on colder days.[25]

text: Conservation status[edit]

text: The number of individual mourning doves is estimated to be approximately 475 million.[26] The large population and its vast range explain why the mourning dove is considered to be of least concern, meaning that the species is not at immediate risk.[14] As a gamebird, the mourning dove is well-managed, with more than 20 million (and up to 40–70 million) shot by hunters each year.[27]

text: As a symbol and in the arts[edit]

text: The eastern mourning dove (Z. m. carolinensis) is Wisconsin's official symbol of peace.[28] The bird is also Michigan's state bird of peace.[29]

text: The mourning dove appears as the Carolina turtle-dove on plate 286 of Audubon's Birds of America.[8]

text: References to mourning doves appear frequently in Native American literature. Mourning dove imagery also turns up in contemporary American and Canadian poetry in the work of poets as diverse as Robert Bly, Jared Carter,[30] Lorine Niedecker,[31] and Charles Wright.[32]

text: Closest related species[edit]

text: The mourning dove is a related species to the passenger pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius), which was hunted to extinction in the early 1900s.[33][34][35] For this reason, the possibility of using mourning doves for cloning the passenger pigeon has been discussed.[36]


document_title: Pharynx

question_text: which part of the pharynx lies behind the nasal cavity

root

text: Pharynx

text: Structure[edit]

text: Nasopharynx[edit]

text: The upper portion of the pharynx, the nasopharynx, extends from the base of the skull to the upper surface of the soft palate.[2] It includes the space between the internal nares and the soft palate and lies above the oral cavity. The adenoids, also known as the pharyngeal tonsils, are lymphoid tissue structures located in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx. Waldeyer's tonsillar ring is an annular arrangement of lymphoid tissue in both the nasopharynx and oropharynx.

tag: p

text: Polyps or mucus can obstruct the nasopharynx, as can congestion due to an upper respiratory infection. The auditory tube, which connect the middle ear to the pharynx, opens into the nasopharynx at the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube. The opening and closing of the auditory tubes serves to equalize the barometric pressure in the middle ear with that of the ambient atmosphere.

text: The anterior aspect of the nasopharynx communicates through the choanae with the nasal cavities. On its lateral wall is the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube, somewhat triangular in shape, and bounded behind by a firm prominence, the torus tubarius or cushion, caused by the medial end of the cartilage of the tube which elevates the mucous membrane. Two folds arise from the cartilaginous opening:

text:
the salpingopharyngeal fold, a vertical fold of mucous membrane extending from the inferior part of the torus and containing the salpingopharyngeus muscle
the salpingopalatine fold, a smaller fold, in front of the salpingopharyngeal fold, extending from the superior part of the torus to the palate and containing the levator veli palatini muscle. It also contains some muscle fibres called salpingopalatine muscle[3] The tensor veli palatini is lateral to the levator and does not contribute to the fold, since the origin is deep to the cartilaginous opening.

text: Oropharynx[edit]

text: The oropharynx lies behind the oral cavity, extending from the uvula to the level of the hyoid bone. It opens anteriorly, through the isthmus faucium, into the mouth, while in its lateral wall, between the palatoglossal arch and the palatopharyngeal arch, is the palatine tonsil.[4] The anterior wall consists of the base of the tongue and the epiglottic vallecula; the lateral wall is made up of the tonsil, tonsillar fossa, and tonsillar (faucial) pillars; the superior wall consists of the inferior surface of the soft palate and the uvula. Because both food and air pass through the pharynx, a flap of connective tissue called the epiglottis closes over the glottis when food is swallowed to prevent aspiration. The oropharynx is lined by non-keratinised squamous stratified epithelium.

text: The HACEK organisms (Haemophilus, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella corrodens, Kingella) are part of the normal oropharyngeal flora, which grow slowly, prefer a carbon dioxide-enriched atmosphere, and share an enhanced capacity to produce endocardial infections, especially in young children.[5] Fusobacterium is a pathogen.[6]

text: Laryngopharynx[edit]

text: The laryngopharynx, (Latin: pars laryngea pharyngis), also known as hypopharynx, is the caudal part of pharynx; it is the part of the throat that connects to the esophagus. It lies inferior to the epiglottis and extends to the location where this common pathway diverges into the respiratory (larynx) and digestive (esophagus) pathways. At that point, the laryngopharynx is continuous with the esophagus posteriorly. The esophagus conducts food and fluids to the stomach; air enters the larynx anteriorly. During swallowing, food has the "right of way", and air passage temporarily stops. Corresponding roughly to the area located between the 4th and 6th cervical vertebrae, the superior boundary of the laryngopharynx is at the level of the hyoid bone. The laryngopharynx includes three major sites: the pyriform sinus, postcricoid area, and the posterior pharyngeal wall. Like the oropharynx above it, the laryngopharynx serves as a passageway for food and air and is lined with a stratified squamous epithelium. It is innervated by the pharyngeal plexus.

text: The vascular supply to the laryngopharynx includes the superior thyroid artery, the lingual artery and the ascending pharyngeal artery. The primary neural supply is from both the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves. The vagus nerve provides a branch termed "Arnolds Nerve" which also supplies the external auditory canal, thus laryngopharyngeal cancer can result in referred otalgia. This nerve is also responsible for the ear-cough reflex in which stimulation of the ear canal results in a person coughing.

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: Inflammation[edit]

text: Inflammation of the pharynx, or pharyngitis, is the painful inflammation of the throat.

text: Pharyngeal cancer[edit]

text: Pharyngeal cancer is a cancer that originates in the neck and/or throat, and can cause serious clinical problems.

text: Waldeyer's tonsillar ring[edit]

text: Waldeyer's tonsillar ring is an anatomical term collectively describing the annular arrangement of lymphoid tissue in the pharynx. Waldeyer's ring circumscribes the naso- and oropharynx, with some of its tonsillar tissue located above and some below the soft palate (and to the back of the oral cavity). It’s believed that, Waldeyer’s ring prevents the invasion of microorganisms from going into the air and food passages and this helps in the defense mechanism of the respiratory and alimentary systems.[7]

text: History[edit]

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The word pharynx (/ˈfærɪŋks/[8][9]) is derived from the Greek φάρυγξ phárynx, meaning "throat". Its plural form is pharynges /fəˈrɪndʒiːz/ or pharynxes /ˈfærɪŋksəz/, and its adjective form is pharyngeal (/ˌfærɪnˈdʒiːəl/ or /fəˈrɪndʒiəl/).

text: Other animals[edit]

text: All vertebrates have a pharynx, used in both feeding and respiration. The pharynx arises during development in all vertebrates through a series of six or more outpocketings on the lateral sides of the head. These outpocketings are pharyngeal arches, and they give rise to a number of different structures in the skeletal, muscular and circulatory systems. The structure of the pharynx varies across the vertebrates. It differs in dogs, horses and ruminants. In dogs a single duct connects the nasopharynx to the nasal cavity. The tonsils are a compact mass which point away from the lumen of the pharynx. In the horse the auditory tube opens into the guttural pouch and the tonsils are diffuse and raised slightly. Horses are unable to breathe through the mouth as the free apex of the rostral epiglottis lies dorsal to the soft palate in a normal horse. In ruminants the tonsils are a compact mass which point towards the lumen of the pharynx.

text: Pharyngeal arches are characteristic features of vertebrates whose origin can be traced back through chordates to basal deuterostomes who also share endodermal outpocketings of the pharyngeal apparatus. Similar patterns of gene expression can be detected in the developing pharynx of amphioxus and hemichordates. However, the vertebrate pharynx is unique in that it gives rise to endoskeletal support through the contribution of neural crest cells.[10]

text: Pharyngeal jaws are a "second set" of jaws contained within the pharynx of many species of fish, distinct from the primary (oral) jaws. Pharyngeal jaws have been studied in moray eels where their specific action is noted. When the moray bites prey, it first bites normally with its oral jaws, capturing the prey. Immediately thereafter, the pharyngeal jaws are brought forward and bite down on the prey to grip it; they then retract, pulling the prey down the eel's esophagus, allowing it to be swallowed.[11]

text: Invertebrates[edit]

text: Invertebrates also have a pharynx. Invertebrates with a pharynx include the tardigrades,[12]annelids and arthropods,[13] and the priapulids (which have an eversible pharynx).[14]

text: The "pharynx" of the nematode worm is a muscular food pump in the head, triangular in cross-section, that grinds food and transports it directly to the intestines. A one-way valve connects the pharynx to the excretory canal.

text:
Everted pharynx of Alitta virens (also known as Nereis virens), lateral view

Pharynx of the flatworm Prorhynchus fontinalis

Pharynx of the flatworm Platydemus manokwari visible as the worm feeds on a snail.

Longitudinal section through the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans showing the position of the pharynx in the animal body.

Microscopic cross section through the pharynx of a larva from an unknown lamprey species.

text: Additional images[edit]

text:
Nose and nasal

Coronal section of right ear, showing auditory tube and levator veli palatini muscle.

The entrance to the larynx, viewed from behind

Deep dissection of human larynx, pharynx and tongue seen from behind

The nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx or larynx can be seen clearly in this sagittal section of the head and neck.


document_title: Central Pacific Railroad

question_text: where did the central pacific railroad hire workers from

text: Central Pacific Railroad

text: Authorization and construction[edit]

text: Planned by Theodore Judah, the Central Pacific Railroad was authorized by Congress in 1862. It was financed and built through "The Big Four" (who called themselves "The Associates"): Sacramento, California businessmen Leland Stanford, Collis Huntington, Charles Crocker, and Mark Hopkins. Crocker was in charge of construction. Construction crews comprised 12,000 Chinese emigrant workers by 1868, when they constituted eighty percent of the entire work force.[5][6] They laid the first rails in 1863. The "Golden spike", connecting the western railroad to the Union Pacific Railroad at Promontory, Utah, was hammered on May 10, 1869.[7] Coast-to-coast train travel in eight days became possible, replacing months-long sea voyages and lengthy, hazardous travel by wagon trains.

text: In 1885 the Central Pacific Railroad was leased by the Southern Pacific Company. Technically the CPRR remained a corporate entity until 1959, when it was formally merged into Southern Pacific. (It was reorganized in 1899 as the Central Pacific "Railway".) The original right-of-way is now controlled by the Union Pacific, which purchased Southern Pacific in 1996.

text: The Union Pacific-Central Pacific (Southern Pacific) mainline followed the historic Overland Route from Omaha, Nebraska to San Francisco Bay.

text: Chinese labor was the most vital source for constructing the railroad. Fifty Chinese laborers were hired by the Central Pacific Railroad in February 1865, and soon more and more Chinese men were hired. Working conditions were harsh, and Chinese men were compensated less than their white counterparts. Chinese men were paid thirty-one dollars each month, and while white workers were paid the same, they were also given room and board.[8]

text: Financing[edit]

text: Construction of the road was financed primarily by 30-year, 6% U.S. government bonds authorized by Sec. 5 of the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862. They were issued at the rate of $16,000 per mile of tracked grade completed west of the designated base of the Sierra Nevada range near Roseville, CA where California state geologist Josiah Whitney had determined were the geologic start of the Sierras' foothills.[9] Sec. 11 of the Act also provided that the issuance of bonds "shall be treble the number per mile" (to $48,000) for tracked grade completed over and within the two mountain ranges (but limited to a total of 300 miles (480 km) at this rate), and "doubled" (to $32,000) per mile of completed grade laid between the two mountain ranges.[10] The U.S. Government Bonds, which constituted a lien upon the railroads and all their fixtures, were repaid in full (and with interest) by the company as and when they became due.

text: Sec. 10 of the 1864 amending Pacific Railroad Act (13 Statutes at Large, 356) additionally authorized the company to issue its own "First Mortgage Bonds"[11] in total amounts up to (but not exceeding) that of the bonds issued by the United States. Such company-issued securities had priority over the original Government Bonds.[12] (Local and state governments also aided the financing, although the City and County of San Francisco did not do so willingly. This materially slowed early construction efforts.) Sec. 3 of the 1862 Act granted the railroads 10 square miles (26 km2) of public land for every mile laid, except where railroads ran through cities and crossed rivers. This grant was apportioned in 5 sections on alternating sides of the railroad, with each section measuring 0.2 miles (320 m) by 10 miles (16 km).[13] These grants were later doubled to 20 square miles (52 km2) per mile of grade by the 1864 Act.

text: Although the Pacific Railroad eventually benefited the Bay Area, the City and County of San Francisco obstructed financing it during the early years of 1863-1865. When Stanford was Governor of California, the Legislature passed on April 22, 1863, "An Act to Authorize the Board of Supervisors of the City and County of San Francisco to take and subscribe One Million Dollars to the Capital Stock of the Western Pacific Rail Road Company and the Central Pacific Rail Road Company of California and to provide for the payment of the same and other matters relating thereto" (which was later amended by Section Five of the "Compromise Act" of April 4, 1864). On May 19, 1863, the electors of the City and County of San Francisco passed this bond by a vote of 6,329 to 3,116, in a highly controversial Special Election.

text: The City and County's financing of the investment through the issuance and delivery of Bonds was delayed for two years, when Mayor Henry P. Coon, and the County Clerk, Wilhelm Loewy, each refused to countersign the Bonds. It took legal actions to force them to do so: in 1864 the Supreme Court of the State of California ordered them under Writs of Mandamus (The People of the State of California ex rel the Central Pacific Railroad Company vs. Henry P. Coon, Mayor; Henry M. Hale, Auditor; and Joseph S. Paxson, Treasurer, of the City and County of San Francisco. 25 Cal. 635) and in 1865, a legal judgment against Loewy (The People ex rel The Central Pacific Railroad Company of California vs. The Board of Supervisors of the City and County of San Francisco, and Wilhelm Lowey, Clerk 27 Cal. 655) directing that the Bonds be countersigned and delivered. In 1863 the legislature's forcing of City and County action became known as the "Dutch Flat Swindle". Critics claimed the CPRR intended to build a railroad only as far as Dutch Flat, to connect to the Dutch Flat Wagon Road which they already controlled.

text: Museums and archives[edit]

text: A replica of the Sacramento, California Central Pacific Railroad passenger station is part of the California State Railroad Museum, located in the Old Sacramento State Historic Park.

text: Nearly all the company's early correspondence is preserved at Syracuse University, as part of the Collis Huntington Papers collection. It has been released on microfilm (133 reels). The following libraries have the microfilm: University of Arizona at Tucson; and Virginia Commonwealth University at Richmond. Additional collections of manuscript letters are held at Stanford University and the Mariners' Museum at Newport News, Virginia. Alfred A. Hart was the official photographer of the CPRR construction.

text: Locomotives[edit]

text: The Central Pacific's first three locomotives were of the then common 4-4-0 type, although with the American Civil War raging in the east, they had difficulty acquiring engines from eastern builders, who at times only had smaller 4-2-4 or 4-2-2 types available. Until the completion of the Transcontinental rail link and the railroad's opening of its own shops, all locomotives had to be purchased by builders in the northeastern U.S. The engines had to be dismantled, loaded on a ship, which would embark on a four-month journey that went around South America's Cape Horn until arriving in Sacramento where the locomotives would be unloaded, re-assembled, and placed in service.

text: Locomotives at the time came from many manufacturers, such as Cooke, Schenectady, Mason, Rogers, Danforth, Norris, Booth, and McKay & Aldus, among others. Interestingly, the railroad had been on rather unfriendly terms with the Baldwin Locomotive Works, one of the more well-known firms. It is not clear as to the cause of this dispute, though some attribute it to the builder insisting on cash payment (though this has yet to be verified). Consequently, the railroad refused to buy engines from Baldwin, and three former Western Pacific Railroad (which the CP had absorbed in 1870) engines were the only Baldwin engines owned by the Central Pacific. The Central Pacific's dispute with Baldwin remained unresolved until well after the road had been acquired by the Southern Pacific.

text: In the 1870s, the road opened up its own locomotive construction facilities in Sacramento.Central Pacific's 173 was rebuilt by these shops and served as the basis for CP's engine construction. The locomotives built before the 1870s were given names as well as numbers. By the 1870s, it was decided to eliminate the names and as each engine was sent to the shops for service, their names would be removed. However, one engine that was built in the 1880s did receive a name, the El Gobernador.

text: Construction of the rails was often dangerous work. Towards the end of construction, almost all workers were Chinese immigrants. The ethnicity of workers depended largely on the "gang" of workers/specific area on the rails they were working.

text: Preserved locomotives[edit]

text: The following CP engines have been preserved:

text:
Central Pacific 1, Gov. Stanford
CP 233, a 2-6-2T the railroad had built, is stored at the California State Railroad Museum.
Central Pacific 3, C. P. Huntington
Former Western Pacific Mariposa, Central Pacific's second number 31. Was sold to Stockton Terminal and Eastern in 1914 and renumbered 1. Currently at the Travel Town Museum in Los Angeles.
Virginia and Truckee Railroad, though The Dayton was not built for, nor served on the Central Pacific, the engine was one of two locomotives built by the CP's Sacramento shops in preservation (the other being CP 233). Moreover, its specifications were derived from CP 173, and thus is the only surviving example of that engine's design.
Central Pacific's numbers 60, Jupiter, and 63 Leviathan. Although both engines have been scrapped, and therefore technically do not count as having been preserved, there were exact, full size operating replicas built in recent years. The Jupiter was built for the National Park Service along with a replica of Union Pacific's 119 for use at their Golden Spike National Historic Site. Leviathan was finished in 2009, is privately owned, and travels to various railroads to operate.

text: Timeline[edit]

text: June 28, 1861: "Central Pacific Rail Road of California" incorporated; name changed to "Central Pacific Railroad of California" on October 8, 1864, after the Pacific Railway Act amendment passes that summer.[15]

text: July 1, 1862: President Lincoln signs the Pacific Railway Act, which authorized the Central Pacific and the Union Pacific to build a railroad to the Pacific Ocean.[16]

text:
January 8, 1863: Ground-breaking ceremonies take place at Sacramento, California, at the foot of "K" Street at the waterfront of the Sacramento River.[17]
October 26, 1863: First rail laid at Sacramento.

text:
April 26, 1864: Central Pacific opened to Roseville, 18 miles (29 km), where it makes a junction with the California Central Railroad, operating from Folsom north to Lincoln.
June 3, 1864: The first revenue train on the Central Pacific operates between Sacramento and Newcastle, California
October 8, 1864: Following passage of the amendment to the Pacific Railroad Act, the company's name is changed to "Central Pacific Railroad of California," a new corporation.

text:
May 13, 1865: Central Pacific opened 36 miles (58 km) to Auburn, California.
September 1, 1865: Central Pacific opened 54 miles (87 km) to Colfax, California (formerly known as "Illinoistown.")

text: December 3, 1866: Central Pacific opened 92 miles (148 km) to Cisco, California.

text:
August 28, 1867: The Sierra Nevadas were finally "conquered" by the Central Pacific Railroad, after almost five years of sustained construction effort, with the successful completion at Donner Pass of its 1,659-foot (506 m) Tunnel #6 (a.k.a. the "Summit Tunnel").[18]
December 1, 1867: Central Pacific opened to Summit of the Sierra Nevada, 105 miles (169 km).

text: June 18, 1868: The first passenger train crosses the Sierra Nevada to Lake's Crossing (modern day Reno, Nevada) at the eastern foot of the Sierra in Nevada Territory.

text:
April 28, 1869: Track crews on the Central Pacific lay 10 miles (16 km) of track in one day. This is the longest stretch of track that has been built in one day to date.
May 10, 1869: The Central Pacific and Union Pacific tracks meet in Promontory, Utah.
May 15, 1869: The first transcontinental trains are run over the new line to Sacramento.
November 8, 1869: Central Pacific subsidiaries Western Pacific Railroad (1862-1870) and San Francisco Bay Railroad complete the final leg of the route, connecting Sacramento to Oakland.

text:
June 23, 1870: Central Pacific is consolidated with the Western Pacific Railroad (1862-1870) and San Francisco Bay Railroad Co. to form the "Central Pacific Railroad Co." (of June 1870).
August 22, 1870: Central Pacific Railroad Co. is consolidated with the California & Oregon; San Francisco, Oakland & Alameda; and San Joaquin Valley Railroad; to form the "Central Pacific Railroad Co.", a new corporation.

text: April 30, 1876: Operates the California Pacific Railroad between South Vallejo and Sacramento, Calistoga and Marysville until April 1, 1885 (see below).

text: July 16, 1877: Start of the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 when railroad workers on strike in Martinsburg, West Virginia, derail and loot a train; United States President Rutherford B. Hayes calls in Federal troops to break the strike.

text: November 18, 1883: A system of one-hour standard time zones for American railroads was first implemented. The zones were named Intercolonial, Eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific. Within one year, 85% of all cities having populations over 10,000, about 200 cities, were using standard time.

text: April 1, 1885: Central Pacific is leased to Southern Pacific.

text: June 30, 1888: Listed by ICC as a "non-operating" subsidiary of Southern Pacific.

text: July 29, 1899: Central Pacific is reorganized as the "Central Pacific Railway".

text: June 30, 1959: Central Pacific is formally merged into the Southern Pacific.

text: Acquisitions[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2010)

tag: table

text:
Stockton and Copperopolis Railroad[19]
Stockton and Visalia Railroad[20]
Western Pacific Railroad (1862-1870)


document_title: Manchester City F.C. supporters

question_text: number of manchester city fans in the world

text: Manchester City F.C. supporters

text: Demographics[edit]

text: In a 2007 Premier League survey, Manchester City fans had the second greatest proportion of long-serving supporters after Everton with 55% of those Manchester City fans questioned having attended games at City for 25 years or more (versus Everton's 57%), both above the Premier League average of 44%.[4] Despite the club's wealth, Manchester City have very strong working class roots which still remains today.[20][21]

text: A 2002 report by a researcher at Manchester Metropolitan University found that while it was true that a higher proportion of City season ticket holders came from Manchester postcode areas (40% compared to United's 29%), there were more United season ticket holders, the lower percentage being due to United's higher overall number of season ticket holders (27,667 compared to City's 16,481). However, the report warned that since the compiling of data in 2001, the number of both City and United season ticket holders had risen hugely; expansion of United's ground and City's move to the City of Manchester Stadium have caused season ticket sales to increase further.[22] The 2002 report has lost most of its validity as both clubs season tickets sales have fluctuated further as of 2010, with United selling 52,000 season tickets and City selling out all of its allocated 36,000 season tickets.

text: A 2012 survey by local newspaper the Manchester Evening News aimed to establish the spread of Manchester City and Manchester United in Greater Manchester, which consists of ten metropolitan boroughs with a combined population of 2.6 million. The survey found that Bolton, Bury, Rochdale, Salford and Trafford had a majority of United fans while Stockport, Tameside, Oldham and Wigan were found to have a small majority of City fans. The survey demonstrated that there is a general east-south support for Manchester City and north-west support for Manchester United which correlates with the location of both clubs respective stadiums.[23]

text: Manchester City supporter traits[edit]

text: Manchester City has a large fanbase in relation to its comparative lack of success in recent years on the pitch. Since moving to the City of Manchester Stadium, Manchester City's average attendances have been in the top six in England,[24] usually in excess of 40,000. Even in the late 1990s, when the club were relegated twice in three seasons and playing in the third tier of English football (then Division Two, now Football League One), home attendances were in the region of 30,000, compared to an average for the division of fewer than 8,000.[25] Research carried out by Manchester City in 2005 estimates a fanbase of 886,000 in the United Kingdom and a total in excess of 4 million worldwide.[26]

text: In the most recent season, 2014–2015, Manchester City had the fourth highest average attendance in English football and the third highest in the Premier League, with only Manchester United, Arsenal and Newcastle United drawing greater crowds.

text: Inflatables craze[edit]

text: Manchester City fans have also been characterised by their yellow inflatable bananas since the late 1980s and are often seen at Manchester City cup games; for a while, the fans of many other English clubs began to parade inflatable bananas in the crowd at matches. In 1988 when City played against West Brom, during which City fans called for the introduction of City striker "Imre Banana", or Imre Varadi as his real name was. Varadi said after his career, "I remember running out at Manchester City and someone threw a banana and just called me 'Imre Banana!', it didn't even rhyme with my name. The inflatable craze just swept the country and there was a banana craze."[27] Indeed, Varadi was affectionately known as 'Banana' from then on and in the 1988–89 season inflatables soon become commonplace at many English football matches. In 1989, Manchester City travelled to play Hull City with City fans bringing hundreds of inflatable bananas amongst a veritable assortment of inflatables such as a six-foot crocodile, a toucan and a spitfire.[28]

text: Although the bananas were present at Maine Road matches, the bigger inflatable displays were generally reserved for away matches, most notably against West Bromwich Albion at the Hawthorns. This was an evening match which City lost 1–0. The drab match itself has largely been forgotten apart from Brian Gayle's original excuse for the mistake which cost the goal: "I was blinded by the floodlights". The sheer array of inflatables staggered many, four City fans appeared carrying an inflatable paddling pool, and sharks, penguins, crocodiles were present and there was even an epic battle of the monsters. At one end of the terrace stood Godzilla. Six feet tall, green and mean, this dinosaur was a match for anybody. At the other end of the terrace stood Frankenstein's Monster. Slowly they began to converge towards the centre of the terrace. The crowd roared in anticipation. Eventually they met and the creatures joined in battle.[7] The craze soon died down and come the 1990s the inflatable displays on a large scale were nowhere to be seen.[29]

text: Currently, inflatable bananas make sporadic appearances of at the City of Manchester Stadium (Etihad Stadium) in recent years.[30] Bananas are occasionally on show during latter stages of cup runs, such as the 2009 UEFA Cup quarter-final when Manchester City played Hamburg and 2016 League Cup semi-final against Everton.[31]

text: 'The Poznan'[edit]

text: Another craze that City supporters decided to implement in England is a celebration or dance that has been given the nickname of 'The Poznan'. It first started on 21 October 2010 in a game against Lech Poznań in the Europa League, during the game the whole of the Poznan end turned their back to the pitch, joined arms and jumped up and down in unison.

text: Since, other clubs including West Ham United, Leicester City, and many more clubs up and down the country have joined in doing 'The Poznan',[32] albeit not as frequently as the City faithful. 'The Poznan' was frequently seen performed during the FA Cup semi-final against Manchester United, and as the United line-up was being announced over the public address just before kick-off the entire City end turned their backs and did 'The Poznan'[33][34] and the Manchester City players and staff did the 'Poznan' at the end of match in front of the City supporters.[35]

text: City gallows humour[edit]

text: Manchester City supporters are also well known for their gallows humor fuelled by the many years of failure and unpredictability which is commonly associated with City and which fans enjoy wearing as a badge of their commitment. Gláuber Berti – After sitting on the bench 20 times in the 2008–09 season, the City fans were starting to joke that Gláuber Berti wasn't real and nicknamed him the invisible man. Finally though in the last game of the season against Bolton Wanderers he made an appearance in the 85th minute. This was the most popular substitution of the season and City fans greeted his every touch with applause and sang songs for him for the rest of the game.[36] In a game against Red Bull Salzburg, the City fans found another new Brazilian they took to call Alan. When he came on as a second-half substitute, the announcer on the public address simply called him "Alan" and City fans were amused to see a Brazilian footballer with such an English name as Alan. City fans then started singing songs for him such as "Alan is Superman!".[37] After the match, Alan thanked the City supporters for their support.[38] Grandma – In a game against West Bromwich Albion in February 2011, the big screen at the City of Manchester Stadium zoomed in on an elderly looking woman. City fans cheered, so the camera zoomed in on her a few more times throughout the match. As the game went on City fans nicknamed her 'Grandma' and started singing songs such as '75 years and she's still here' and 'Grandma do the Poznan' (which she did).[39] She was later revealed to be Mavis Goddard from nearby Hulme.[40] Unfortunately she suffered a stroke and was unable to attend the 2011 FA Cup semi-final against Manchester United,[41] a match City won 1–0 to book their place in the 2011 FA Cup Final, and she died in December 2011.[42] In 2012, Porto considered complaining to UEFA over an "unsporting" chant which was aimed at their player Hulk.[43] With Manchester City leading the UEFA Europa League tie 4-0 at home, unimpressed City supporters proceeded to sing "You're not incredible, you're not incredible!" (to the tune of "La donna è mobile") to the £80 million-rated Porto striker, who had a mediocre performance. The threat of Porto's complaint was met with a humorous response in the English media.[44]

text: Rivalries[edit]

text: Manchester United[edit]

text: Most City fans are agreed that Manchester United is their main rivalry, a bitter rivalry which has reignited in last few years due to the resurgence of Manchester City as one of the top teams in England following their brief absence from the top flight at the end of the 20th century and City's re-emergence as a major club following their 2008 takeover.[45][46] Both Manchester teams are regarded as among the best teams in the world with both clubs consistently progressing to the latter stages of the UEFA Champions League in recent years and both are in the top 5 of football clubs by revenue with the city now viewed as a football city in similar vein to cities such as Madrid and Milan,[47][48] although City's disappearance from the upper echelons of the league following their 1960s-70s heyday until their recent rise has led to the two teams being regarded as polar opposites, with City seen as the nouveau riche to United's old money.[49][50] The two sets of fans are traditionally diametrically opposed to each other, with City's fans accusing United of arrogance and of attempting to turn the Premier League into a closed shop for elite clubs only via manipulation of the rules[51][52] and of the media[53] while they in turn are accused of using their club's money as a route to success.[54] Additionally, and in a unique twist on a cross-city rivalry, both clubs' fans accuse each other of not representing their city, with the blue half of the city observing that their adversaries do not actually play in the city of Manchester (in Trafford) and therefore do not warrant their name, while the red half instead argue over which team has more fans inside of the city.

text: Other rivalries[edit]

text: In a research study on football rivalries conducted in 2003, a sample of Manchester City fans also saw Liverpool and Bolton Wanderers as rivals after Manchester United. It also found fans of Oldham Athletic, Stockport County, Bolton Wanderers and Manchester United saw Manchester City in their top three of main rivals.[55] The club has always maintained a healthy rivalry with Tottenham, a club of similar stature, especially in recent years as both teams have been battling to secure lucrative Champions League places.[56] The rivalry has featured many memorable matches in the past including the Manchester 3–4 FA Cup comeback of 2004,[57] the 1981 FA Cup Final and the "Ballet on Ice", which Manchester City fans remember as one of the greatest City performances.[58][59]

text: Supporters' groups and affiliations[edit]

text: Manchester City has various supporters' clubs such as MCFC Official Supporters' Club. In July 2010, it unified with the Centenary Supporters' Association and in 2014 has over 14,000 members in over 150 branches.[60]

text: Since 2010, City has run a 'Heart of the City' scheme, in which non-UK based pubs and bars which have become host to sizable supporters clubs are recognised with a Blue Moon design blue plaque.[61] As of May 2013, the club has awarded the Heart of the City plaque to establishments in Abu Dhabi, Baltimore, Brisbane, Chicago, Donegal, Frisco, Galway, Gothenburg, Hong Kong, Los Angeles, New York, Oslo, Paris,[61] Portland, Sydney[62] and Toronto.

text: Online supporter presence[edit]

text: The club actively partakes in using the internet for social media to communicate with fans and Manchester City's online overall blog, forum and social media presence is believed to be one of the strongest by a football club online.[63][64][65] A new, streamlined club website was launched in July 2009[66] and expanded to America and Arabic language soon after. The new site supports fan sites and forum, by posting links to fan sites which are listed on Manchester City's official website[67] On the popular FIFA video game series, Manchester City were third-most-played team by online players in the 2011–12 season.[68]

text: Furthermore, the club has run its own social media websites since 2009. Official sites run by the club include Twitter,[69] Facebook[70] and Flickr[71] pages which fans can join. As of January 2016, the Manchester City FC – Official fanpage on Facebook has over 20 million followers. Also as of recently, City fans can also join an official fan map on the club website and now City fans can watch official club videos on the mcfcofficial channel on YouTube.[72]

text: Songs and chants[edit]

text:
Blue Moon,
You saw me standing alone,
Without a dream in my heart,
Without a love of my own

—"Blue Moon" lyrics, Manchester City

tag: div

text:
We are not
We're not really here,
We are not
We're not really here,
We are the fans of the invisible man,
We're not really here

—Invisible Man lyrics, Manchester City

text: Anthems[edit]

text: Manchester City fans song of choice and the most commonly sung is a rendition of "Blue Moon". Boys in Blue is unofficially the club's anthem, which is often played at the end of games at Eastlands. The club also play the popular "Live for City" song, which is a remixed version of "Pounding" by Doves before most games at Eastlands as well as playing a number of songs by Oasis, due to the both bands' support of the team.

text: Fan songs and chants[edit]

text: Another song frequently sung is "We're Not Really Here". The true and correct origin of the song is due to a City fan from the Prestwich & Whitefield supporters branch who died on a trip to Amsterdam in the early 90s. The branch, led by City fan Don Price sung this song about their friend in their local pub, The Forresters Arms. The full version goes "if you're drunk you will die if you don't drink you will die so it's better to be drunk than be sober when you die...just like the fans of the invisible man...we're not really here." The song then took off on a pre-season trip to Ireland in 1996 and was sung firstly at away games then at home games since that time.

text: The Yaya/Kolo Song[edit]

text: In 2012, Manchester City fans started a song for Yaya Touré and his brother Kolo Touré to the tune of "No Limit", they also came up with a dance to accompany it. The song became so popular that it was adopted by other clubs fans and would be a sang in holiday destinations such as Mallorca, Ibiza, Ayia Napa, plus other sporting events like the darts and at music festivals.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: Manchester City F.C. and its fans have been portrayed in numerous music, art and TV programmes. L.S. Lowry was a Manchester City supporter who gained inspiration for his people, often known as 'matchstick men' at matches. Music band Oasis used an animated video of Lowry's Going to the match for their single, "The Masterplan".

text: In film, There's Only One Jimmy Grimble was also a fictional film which focused on a young boy whose dream it was to play for Manchester City. TV programmes have had various fictional Manchester City fans who have been portrayed with differing mannerisms and personalities. DCI Gene Hunt from Life on Mars is a no nonsense police officer whilst comical characters include Young Kenny in Phoenix Nights and Dave from The Royle Family who both occasionally wear Manchester City shirts.

text: A feature film documenting Manchester City's 2009–10 season called Blue Moon Rising[73] was released nationwide in 2010. The film mainly follows a group of Manchester City fans in their Renault Espace throughout the season detailing the highs and lows whilst the film will also feature exclusive footage and interviews with fans, players and staff. The season documented City narrowly losing out on fourth place and Champions League to Tottenham Hotspur and City being knocked out of the League Cup by Manchester United in the semi-finals. Coincidentally, the following season saw a reversal of fortunes, with City beating Tottenham 1-0 to seal Champions League football, and beating United in the FA Cup semi-final before going on to the lift the FA Cup for the first time in 42 years.

text: Quotations[edit]

text: "Then there are the City supporters, many of whom have developed ulcers and who have grown prematurely grey for the cause. I have seen them at Plymouth and Newcastle, Portsmouth and Middlesbrough year after year, 'like Patience on a monument smiling at grief'. They have cursed, applauded, demanded, cajoled, laughed and wept. They have sworn never again to take out season tickets, never again to support their team. And always they have come back, generation after generation. As Mr Mercer put it on Saturday: 'I'm as pleased for our supporters as I am for anyone. Like the players they deserve to have their perseverance rewarded.'"

text: "Sometimes we're good and sometimes we're bad but when we're good, at least we're much better than we used to be and when we are bad we're just as bad as we always used to be, so that's got to be good hasn't it?".

text: "My husband's time as manager of City, from 1965 through to the early 1970s, was one of the most enjoyable periods of his life. He loved the club, the supporters, the players, the hope and the atmosphere of that period".

text: "To support United is too easy. It's convenience supporting. It makes life too easy. There is no challenge. It is a cowardly form of escapism, a sell-out to the forces of evil. United fans have no soul and will spend their eternity neck deep in boiling vomit. City fans retain their soul and will spend their eternity forever reliving the moment their team beat Newcastle 4–3 away from home to win the League Championship in 1968, beating United into second place."

text:
Music

Ryan Adams[77] – The Cardinals, Whiskeytown
Mark Burgess[78] – The Chameleons
Jon Christos[79] – Tenor
Cian Ciaran[80] – Super Furry Animals
Ian Curtis[81] – Joy Division, lead vocalist and lyricist
Joe Donovan[82]  – Blossoms, drums
Billy Duffy[83] – The Cult
Liam Gallagher[84] – Oasis
Noel Gallagher[85] – Oasis
Max George[86] – The Wanted
Jim Glennie[87] – James
Jimi Goodwin[88] – Doves
Damon Gough[89] – Badly Drawn Boy
Rob Gretton[90] – Manager of New Order, part-owner of The Haçienda
Roy Harper[91]
Mike Joyce[92] – The Smiths, drums
Siva Kaneswaran[93] – The Wanted
Matt Kean[94] -- Bring Me The Horizon, Bass
Adio Marchant[95] – Kid British, Bipolar Sunshine
Johnny Marr[96] – The Smiths, guitar
Tom Ogden[82]  – Blossoms, lead singer
Jason Orange[97] – Take That
Mike Pickering[98] – DJ (M People, Quando Quango)
Reni[99] – The Stone Roses, drummer
Mark E. Smith[100] – The Fall, lead singer
Rick Wakeman[101]
Andy Williams[102] – Doves
Jez Williams[102] – Doves

Sport

Nigel Bond[103] – Snooker
Toby Booth[104] – Rugby union
Liam Broady[105] – Tennis
Derek Carr[106]  – American Football
Shaun Edwards[107] – Rugby league
Matt Every[108] – Golf
Andy Farrell[109] – Rugby league, Rugby union
Terry Flanagan[110] – Boxing
Darius Boyd_Rugby league
Andrew Flintoff[111][112] – Cricket
James Goddard[113] – Swimming
Michael Gomez[114] – Boxing
Will Greenwood[115] – Rugby union
Ricky Hatton[116] – Boxing
James Hickman[117] – Swimming
Chris Hill - Rugby League
Serge Ibaka[118] – Basketball
John Murray[119] – Boxing
Alan Norris[120]  – Darts
Patrick Patterson[121] – Basketball
Aaron Rodgers[122] – American Football
Menelik Watson[123] – American Football
Paul Wellens[124] – Rugby league
Bob Willis[125] – Cricket
Chayaphon Moonsri[126] – Boxing
Becky Lynch[127] - Wrestling

Economics/Business

David Bernstein[128] – Businessman and former Chairman of The Football Association
Howard Davies[129] – Economist
Nancy Dell'Olio[130] – Property Lawyer
Ivan Gazidis[131] – CEO of Arsenal Football Club, former Deputy Commissioner of the MLS
Nick Leeson[132] – Trader, responsible for the collapse of Barings Bank
Martin Lewis[133] – Money saving expert
Michael O'Leary[134] – CEO of Ryanair

Politics

Arthur Balfour, 1st Earl Balfour[135]  – Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
Sir Howard Bernstein[136] – Chief executive of Manchester City Council
Karen Bradley[137]  – MP for Staffordshire Moorlands
Paul Goggins[138] – MP for Wythenshawe and Sale East
John Leech[139] – MP for Manchester Withington
Sir Richard Leese[140] – Leader of Manchester City Council
Ivan Lewis[141] – MP for Bury South
Lucy Powell[142] – MP for Manchester Central

Comedians

Simon Brodkin aka Lee Nelson[143]
Alan Carr[144]
Eddie Large[145]
Jason Manford[146]
Bernard Manning[147]
Chris Sievey aka Frank Sidebottom[148]

Arts

Kevin Cummins[149] – Photographer
Trevor Griffiths[150] – Dramatist
L.S. Lowry[151][152] – Artist
Steve McGarry[153] – Cartoonist

Acting

Amanda Barrie[154] – Alma Halliwell in Coronation Street
Craig Cash – Dave Best in The Royle Family, Writer and director[citation needed]
Warren Clarke[155] – Dalziel and Pascoe and various other roles
Timothy Dalton[156][157] – Actor, notably played James Bond
Lauren Drummond[158]  – Chantelle Lane in Holby City
Simon Gregson[159] – Steve McDonald in Coronation Street
John Henshaw[160] – Ken the landlord in Early Doors
Julie Hesmondhalgh  – Hayley Cropper in Coronation Street
Jeff Hordley[161] – Cain Dingle in Emmerdale
Bruce Jones[162] – Les Battersby-Brown in Coronation Street
Gerard Kearns[163] – Ian Gallagher in Shameless.
Michelle Keegan[164] – Tina McIntyre in Coronation Street
Archie Kelly[165] – Kenny Senior in Phoenix Nights
Kevin Kennedy[166] – Curly Watts in Coronation Street
Sally Lindsay[167] – Shelley Unwin in Coronation Street
Adam Rickitt – Nick Tilsley in Coronation Street[citation needed]
Alan Rickman - Severus Snape in Harry Potter
Cel Spellman[168]  – Matthew in Cold Feet
Marsha Thomason[169] – Lost, Las Vegas
Ben Thompson – Ryan Connor in Coronation Street[citation needed]
David Threlfall[170] – Frank Gallagher in Shameless

Entertainment

Susan Bookbinder[171] – Broadcaster
Ian Cheeseman[172] – Radio sports commentator
Justin Fletcher MBE[173] – TV presenter
Stuart Hall[174]  – TV presenter
Simon Hickson  – TV presenter
Simon Hill[175]  – Football commentator
Mary Anne Hobbs[176] – Radio 6 Music DJ
Mike McClean[177]  – TV presenter
Holly Peers  – Model
Steve Penk[178] – Radio DJ
Natalie Pike[179] – Model
Mark Radcliffe[180] – Radio 2 DJ
Marc Riley[181] – Radio 6 Music DJ
Tim Samuels[182] – BBC TV & Radio presenter/journalist
Marco Pierre White[183] – Chef and TV personality
David Green - Film Director

Journalism

Bryan Appleyard[184] – Journalist
Lawrence Booth[185] – Editor, Wisden Cricketers' Almanack
John Gwynne[186] – Sky Sports commentator and reporter
Simon Kelner[187] – Former editor of The Independent
Paul Morley[188] – music journalist
Clive Myrie[189] – News presenter, BBC
John Stapleton[190] – News presenter, GMTV
Marc Stein[191] – Sports reporter, ESPN
Mike Wedderburn[192] – Sky Sports presenter

Royalty

Princess Beatrice of York[193]

text: Famous fans (footballers)[edit]

text:
Current clubs as of 22 February 2012

 Micah Richards - Aston Villa
 Ishmael Miller[194] – Nottingham Forest
 Nedum Onuoha[195] – QPR
 David Ball[196] – Peterborough United
 Stephen Jordan – Sheffield United[citation needed]
 Carlos Tevez[197] – Boca Juniors
 Mario Balotelli[198]  OGC Nice

Retired

 Malcolm Allison[199] – Former Manchester City manager and assistant under Mercer
 Mike Doyle[200]
 Paul Lake
 Trevor Sinclair[201]

text: REDIRECT Lee Dixon

tag: ol

text:
Francis Lee
 Mikkel Bischoff
 Simon Bræmer