document_title: ATP synthase

question_text: where is atp synthase located in the mitochondria

text: ATP synthase

text: Nomenclature[edit]

text: The F1 fraction derives its name from the term "Fraction 1" and FO (written as a subscript letter "o", not "zero") derives its name from being the binding fraction for oligomycin, a type of naturally-derived antibiotic that is able to inhibit the FO unit of ATP synthase.[3][4] These functional regions consist of different protein subunits — refer to tables.

text: Structure and function[edit]

text:
Located within the thylakoid membrane and the inner mitochondrial membrane, ATP synthase consists of two regions FO and F1. FO causes rotation of F1 and is made of c-ring and subunits a, b, d, F6. F1 is made of

α
,
β
,
γ
,
δ

{\displaystyle \alpha ,\beta ,\gamma ,\delta }

 subunits. F1 has a water-soluble part that can hydrolyze ATP. FO on the other hand has mainly hydrophobic regions. FO F1 creates a pathway for protons movement across the membrane.[7]

text: F1 region[edit]

text:
The F1 portion of ATP synthase is hydrophilic and responsible for hydrolyzing ATP. Subunits

α

{\displaystyle \alpha }

 and

β

{\displaystyle \beta }

 make a hexamer with 6 binding sites. Three of them are catalytically inactive and they bind ADP.

text:
Other three subunits catalyze the ATP synthesis. The other F1 subunits

γ
,
δ
,
ϵ

{\displaystyle \gamma ,\delta ,\epsilon }

 are a part of a rotational motor mechanism.

γ

{\displaystyle \gamma }

 subunit allows

β

{\displaystyle \beta }

 to go through conformational changes, i.e. closed, half open and open states allows for ATP to be bound and released once synthesized. The F1 particle is large and can be seen in the transmission electron microscope by negative staining.[8] These are particles of 9 nm diameter that pepper the inner mitochondrial membrane.

text:
F1 - Subunits

Subunit
Human Gene

alpha
ATP5A1, ATPAF2

beta
ATP5B, ATPAF1, C16orf7

gamma
ATP5C1

delta
ATP5D

epsilon
ATP5E

text: FO region[edit]

text: Fo is a water insoluble protein with eight subunits and a transmembrane ring. The ring has a tetramer shape with a helix loop helix protein that goes though conformational changes when protonated and deprotonated, pushing neighboring subunits to rotate, causing the spinning of FO which then also affects conformation of F1, resulting in switching of states of alpha and beta subunits. The FO region of ATP synthase is a proton pore that is embedded in the mitochondrial membrane. It consists of three main subunits a, b, and c, and (in humans) six additional subunits, d, e, f, g, F6, and 8 (or A6L). An atomic model for the dimeric yeast FO region was determined by cryo-EM at an overall resolution of 3.6 Å [10]

text:
FO-Main subunits

Subunit
Human Gene

a
ATP6

b
ATP5F1

c
ATP5G1, ATP5G2, ATP5G3

text: Binding model[edit]

text: In the 1960s through the 1970s, Paul Boyer, a UCLA Professor, developed the binding change, or flip-flop, mechanism theory, which postulated that ATP synthesis is dependent on a conformational change in ATP synthase generated by rotation of the gamma subunit. The research group of John E. Walker, then at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, crystallized the F1 catalytic-domain of ATP synthase. The structure, at the time the largest asymmetric protein structure known, indicated that Boyer's rotary-catalysis model was, in essence, correct. For elucidating this, Boyer and Walker shared half of the 1997 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

text: The crystal structure of the F1 showed alternating alpha and beta subunits (3 of each), arranged like segments of an orange around a rotating asymmetrical gamma subunit. According to the current model of ATP synthesis (known as the alternating catalytic model), the transmembrane potential created by (H+) proton cations supplied by the electron transport chain, drives the (H+) proton cations from the intermembrane space through the membrane via the FO region of ATP synthase. A portion of the FO (the ring of c-subunits) rotates as the protons pass through the membrane. The c-ring is tightly attached to the asymmetric central stalk (consisting primarily of the gamma subunit), causing it to rotate within the alpha3beta3 of F1 causing the 3 catalytic nucleotide binding sites to go through a series of conformational changes that lead to ATP synthesis. The major F1 subunits are prevented from rotating in sympathy with the central stalk rotor by a peripheral stalk that joins the alpha3beta3 to the non-rotating portion of FO. The structure of the intact ATP synthase is currently known at low-resolution from electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) studies of the complex. The cryo-EM model of ATP synthase suggests that the peripheral stalk is a flexible structure that wraps around the complex as it joins F1 to FO. Under the right conditions, the enzyme reaction can also be carried out in reverse, with ATP hydrolysis driving proton pumping across the membrane.

text: The binding change mechanism involves the active site of a β subunit's cycling between three states.[11] In the "loose" state, ADP and phosphate enter the active site; in the adjacent diagram, this is shown in pink. The enzyme then undergoes a change in shape and forces these molecules together, with the active site in the resulting "tight" state (shown in red) binding the newly produced ATP molecule with very high affinity. Finally, the active site cycles back to the open state (orange), releasing ATP and binding more ADP and phosphate, ready for the next cycle of ATP production.[12]

text: Physiological role[edit]

text: Like other enzymes, the activity of F1FO ATP synthase is reversible. Large-enough quantities of ATP cause it to create a transmembrane proton gradient, this is used by fermenting bacteria that do not have an electron transport chain, but rather hydrolyze ATP to make a proton gradient, which they use to drive flagella and the transport of nutrients into the cell.

text: In respiring bacteria under physiological conditions, ATP synthase, in general, runs in the opposite direction, creating ATP while using the proton motive force created by the electron transport chain as a source of energy. The overall process of creating energy in this fashion is termed oxidative phosphorylation. The same process takes place in the mitochondria, where ATP synthase is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane and the F1-part projects into mitochondrial matrix. The consumption of ATP by ATP-synthase pumps proton cations into the matrix.

text: Evolution[edit]

text: The evolution of ATP synthase is thought to have been modular whereby two functionally independent subunits became associated and gained new functionality.[13][14] This association appears to have occurred early in evolutionary history, because essentially the same structure and activity of ATP synthase enzymes are present in all kingdoms of life.[13] The F-ATP synthase displays high functional and mechanistic similarity to the V-ATPase.[15] However, whereas the F-ATP synthase generates ATP by utilising a proton gradient, the V-ATPase generates a proton gradient at the expense of ATP, generating pH values of as low as 1.[16]

text: The F1 region also shows significant similarity to hexameric DNA helicases, and the FO region shows some similarity to H+-powered flagellar motor complexes.[15] The α3β3 hexamer of the F1 region shows significant structural similarity to hexameric DNA helicases; both form a ring with 3-fold rotational symmetry with a central pore. Both have roles dependent on the relative rotation of a macromolecule within the pore; the DNA helicases use the helical shape of DNA to drive their motion along the DNA molecule and to detect supercoiling, whereas the α3β3 hexamer uses the conformational changes through the rotation of the γ subunit to drive an enzymatic reaction.[17]

text: The H+ motor of the FO particle shows great functional similarity to the H+ motors that drive flagella.[15] Both feature a ring of many small alpha-helical proteins that rotate relative to nearby stationary proteins, using a H+ potential gradient as an energy source. This link is tenuous, however, as the overall structure of flagellar motors is far more complex than that of the FO particle and the ring with about 30 rotating proteins is far larger than the 10, 11, or 14 helical proteins in the FO complex.

text: The modular evolution theory for the origin of ATP synthase suggests that two subunits with independent function, a DNA helicase with ATPase activity and a H+ motor, were able to bind, and the rotation of the motor drove the ATPase activity of the helicase in reverse.[13][17] This complex then evolved greater efficiency and eventually developed into today's intricate ATP synthases. Alternatively, the DNA helicase/H+ motor complex may have had H+ pump activity with the ATPase activity of the helicase driving the H+ motor in reverse.[13] This may have evolved to carry out the reverse reaction and act as an ATP synthase.[14][18][19]

text: In different species[edit]

text: E. coli[edit]

text: E. coli ATP synthase is the simplest known form of ATP synthase, with 8 different subunit types.[20]

text: Yeast[edit]

text: Yeast ATP synthase is one of the best-studied eukaryotic ATP synthases; and five F1, eight FO subunits, and seven associated proteins have been identified.[7] Most of these proteins have homologues in other eukaryotes.[21][22][23]

text: Plant[edit]

text: In plants, ATP synthase is also present in chloroplasts (CF1FO-ATP synthase). The enzyme is integrated into thylakoid membrane; the CF1-part sticks into stroma, where dark reactions of photosynthesis (also called the light-independent reactions or the Calvin cycle) and ATP synthesis take place. The overall structure and the catalytic mechanism of the chloroplast ATP synthase are almost the same as those of the mitochondrial enzyme. However, in chloroplasts, the proton motive force is generated not by respiratory electron transport chain but by primary photosynthetic proteins.

text: Bovine[edit]

text: The ATP synthase isolated from bovine heart mitochondria (Bos taurus) is, in terms of biochemistry and structure, the best-characterized ATP synthase. Beef heart is used as a source for the enzyme because of the high concentration of mitochondria in cardiac muscle.[24][25][26]

text: Human[edit]

text: The following is a list of humans genes that encode components of ATP synthases:

text:
ATP5A1, ATP5AL1
ATP5B, ATP5BL1
ATP5C2, ATP5D, ATP5E, ATP5F1, ATP5G1, ATP5G2, ATP5G3, ATP5H, ATP5HP1, ATP5I, ATP5J, ATP5J2, ATP5L, ATP5L2, ATP5O, ATP5S
ATP6, ATP6AP1, ATP6AP2
ATPSBL1, ATPSBL2
MT-ATP6, MT-ATP8


document_title: United States Department of the Interior

question_text: when was the department of the interior formed

root

text: History[edit]

text: Formation of the department[edit]

text: A department for domestic concern was first considered by the 1st United States Congress in 1789, but those duties were placed in the Department of State. The idea of a separate domestic department continued to percolate for a half-century and was supported by Presidents from James Madison to James Polk. The 1846–48 Mexican–American War gave the proposal new steam as the responsibilities of the federal government grew. Polk's Secretary of the Treasury, Robert J. Walker, became a vocal champion of creating the new department.[citation needed]

tag: p

text: In 1849, Walker stated in his annual report that several federal offices were placed in departments with which they had little to do. He noted that the General Land Office had little to do with the Treasury and also highlighted the Indian Affairs office, part of the Department of War, and the Patent Office, part of the Department of State. Walker argued that these and other bureaus should be brought together in a new Department of the Interior.[citation needed] A bill authorizing its creation of the Department passed the House of Representatives on February 15, 1849, and spent just over two weeks in the Senate. The Department was established on March 3, 1849 (9 Stat. 395), the eve of President Zachary Taylor's inauguration, when the Senate voted 31 to 25 to create the Department. Its passage was delayed by Democrats in Congress who were reluctant to create more patronage posts for the incoming Whig administration to fill. The first Secretary of the Interior was Thomas Ewing.

text: Early and later years of the department[edit]

text: Many of the domestic concerns the Department originally dealt with were gradually transferred to other Departments. Other agencies became separate Departments, such as the Bureau of Agriculture, which later became the Department of Agriculture. However, land and natural resource management, American Indian affairs, wildlife conservation, and territorial affairs remain the responsibilities of the Department of the Interior.[citation needed]

text: As of mid-2004, the Department managed 507 million acres (2,050,000 km²) of surface land, or about one-fifth of the land in the United States. It manages 476 dams and 348 reservoirs through the Bureau of Reclamation, 410 national parks, monuments, seashore sites, etc. through the National Park Service, and 544 national wildlife refuges through the Fish and Wildlife Service. Energy projects on federally managed lands and offshore areas supply about 28% of the nation's energy production.[citation needed]

text: American Indians[edit]

text: Within the Interior Department, the Bureau of Indian Affairs handles some federal relations with Native Americans, while others are handled by the Office of Special Trustee. The current acting Assistant Secretary for Indian Affairs is Lawrence S. Roberts, an enrolled member of the Oneida Tribe in Wisconsin.

text: The Department has been the subject of disputes over proper accounting for Native American Trusts set up to track the income and distribution of monies that are generated by the Trust and specific Native American lands, which the government leases for fees to companies that extract oil, timber, minerals, and other resources. Several cases have sought an accounting of such funds from departments within the Interior and Treasury (such as the Minerals Management Service), in what has been a 15-year-old lawsuit. Some Native American nations have also sued the government over water-rights issues and their treaties with the US. In 2010 Congress passed the Claims Settlement Act of 2010 (Public Law 111-291), which provided $3.4 billion for the settlement of the Cobell v. Salazar class-action trust case and four Native American water rights cases.[7]

text: The $3.4 billion will be placed in a still-to-be-selected bank and $1.4 billion will go to individuals, mostly in the form of checks ranging from $500 to $1,500. A small group, such as members of the Osage tribe who benefit from huge Oklahoma oil revenues, will get far more, based on a formula incorporating their 10 highest years of income between 1985 and 2009. As important, $2 billion will be used to buy trust land from Native American owners at fair market prices, with the government finally returning the land to tribes. Nobody can be forced to sell.[8]

text: Operating units[edit]

text:
Assistant Secretary for Policy, Management, and Budget

Deputy Assistant Secretary for Policy and International Affairs

Office of Environmental Policy and Compliance
Office of International Affairs
Office of Native Hawaiian Relations
Office of Restoration and Damage Assessment
Office of Policy Analysis

Deputy Assistant Secretary for Budget, Finance, Performance and Acquisition

Office of Budget
Office of Financial Management
Office of Planning and Performance Management
FBMS Program Management Office
Office of Acquisition and Property Management
Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization

Deputy Assistant Secretary for Human Capital & Diversity

Office of Human Resources
Office of Occupational Safety and Health
Office of Strategic Employee and Organizational Development
Office of Youth, Partnerships and Service
Office of Civil Rights

Deputy Assistant Secretary for Technology, Information and Business Services

Office of Collaborative Action and Dispute Resolution
Office of Valuation Services
Interior Business Center
Office of Hearings and Appeals
Office of Facilities and Administrative Services
Office of the Chief Information Officer

Deputy Assistant Secretary for Public Safety, Resource Protection and Emergency Services (DAS-PRE)

Office of Emergency Management (OEM)
Office of Law Enforcement and Security (OLES)
Office of Wildland Fire
Office of Aviation Services (OAS)
Interagency Borderland Coordinator

Deputy Assistant Secretary for Natural Resources Revenue Management

Office of Natural Resources Revenue

Assistant Secretary for Fish, Wildlife, and Parks

National Park Service
United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Assistant Secretary for Indian Affairs

Deputy Assistant Secretary for Management

Office of the Chief Financial Officer (OCFO)
Office of the Chief Information Officer (OCIO)
Office of Human Capital Management (OHCM)
Office of Planning and Policy Analysis (OPPA)
Office of Facilities, Environmental and Cultural Resources (OFECR)

Deputy Assistant Secretary for Policy and Economic Development

Office of Indian Energy and Economic Development (IEED)
Office of Indian Gaming (OIG)
Office of Self-Governance (OSG)

Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)

Office of Indian Services (OIS)
Office of Field Operations (OFO)
Office of Justice Services (OJS)
Office of Trust Services (OTS)

Bureau of Indian Education (BIE)
Office of External Affairs

Office of Congressional and Legislative Affairs (OCLA)
Office of Public Affairs (OPA)

Office of Federal Acknowledgment (OFA)
Office of Regulatory Management (ORM)

Assistant Secretary for Land and Minerals Management

Bureau of Land Management
Office of Surface Mining
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management
Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement

Assistant Secretary for Water and Science

United States Geological Survey
Bureau of Reclamation

Assistant Secretary for Insular Areas

Office of Insular Affairs

Solicitor

Office of the Solicitor (SOL)

Office of the Inspector General (OIG)

Office of General Counsel
Assistant Inspector General for Investigations

Office of Investigations

Assistant Inspector General for Audits, Inspections, and Evaluations

Office of Audits, Inspections, and Evaluations

Assistant Inspector General for Management

Office of Management

Associate Inspector General for External Affairs
Associate Inspector General for Whistleblower Protection
Strategy Management Office
Associate Inspector General for Communications

Chief Information Officer
Special Trustee for American Indians
Federal Executive Boards
Interior Museum
National Indian Gaming Commission (NIGC)

tag: ul

text: Controversy[edit]

text: Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall was implicated in the Teapot Dome scandal of 1921. He was convicted of bribery in 1929, and served one year in prison, for his part in the controversy. A major factor in the scandal was a transfer of certain oil leases from the jurisdiction of the Department of the Navy to that of the Department of the Interior, at Fall's behest.

text: Secretary of the Interior James G. Watt—already facing criticism related to his alleged hostility to environmentalism and his support of the development and use of federal lands by foresting, ranching, and other commercial interests, and for banning The Beach Boys from playing a 1983 Independence Day concert on the National Mall out of concerns of attracting "an undesirable element"—resigned abruptly after a September 21, 1983, speech in which he said about his staff: "I have a black, a woman, two Jews and a cripple. And we have talent."[9] Within weeks of making this statement, Watt submitted his resignation letter.[9][10]

text: Under the Administration of President George W. Bush, the Interior Department's maintenance backlog climbed from $5 billion to $8.7 billion, despite Bush's campaign pledges to eliminate it completely. Of the agency under Bush's leadership, Interior Department Inspector General Earl Devaney has cited a "culture of fear" and of "ethical failure." Devaney has also said, "Simply stated, short of a crime, anything goes at the highest levels of the Department of Interior."[11]


document_title: This Is Us (TV series)

question_text: where does jack and rebecca live in this is us

text: This Is Us (TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: The series follows the lives of siblings Kevin, Kate, and Randall (known as the "Big Three"), and their parents Jack and Rebecca Pearson. It takes place in the present and uses flashbacks to show the family during various moments in the past. Kevin and Kate are the two surviving members of a triplet pregnancy, born six weeks premature on Jack's 36th birthday in 1980; their brother is stillborn. Believing they were meant to have three children, Jack and Rebecca, who are white, decide to adopt Randall, an African American child born the same day and brought to the same hospital after his biological father abandoned him at a fire station. Jack dies when his children are 17.

text: Most episodes feature a storyline taking place in the present (2016–2018, contemporaneous with airing) and a storyline taking place at a set time in the past; but some episodes are set in one time period or use multiple flashback time periods. Flashbacks often focus on Jack and Rebecca c.1980 both before and after their babies' birth, or on the family when the Big Three are children (at least ages 8–10) or adolescents; these scenes usually take place in Pittsburgh, where the Big Three are born and raised. Various other time periods and locations have also served as settings. Recently, the show has flashed back to follow the lives of newer characters, such as Randall's foster child, Deja. As adults, Kate lives in Los Angeles, Randall and his family are in New Jersey, and Kevin relocates from Los Angeles to New York City.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text:
Milo Ventimiglia as Jack Pearson: Rebecca's husband, and Kate, Kevin, and Randall's father.
Mandy Moore as Rebecca Pearson: Jack's wife, and Kate, Kevin, and Randall's mother.
Sterling K. Brown as Randall Pearson: Jack and Rebecca's adopted son, and Kate and Kevin's brother. Also played by Niles Fitch (ages 15–17) and Lonnie Chavis (ages 8–10).
Chrissy Metz as Kate Pearson: Jack and Rebecca's daughter, and Kevin and Randall's sister. Also played by Hannah Zeile (ages 15–17) and Mackenzie Hancsicsak (ages 8–10).
Justin Hartley as Kevin Pearson: Jack and Rebecca's son, and Kate and Randall's brother. Also played by Logan Shroyer (ages 15–17) and Parker Bates (ages 8–10).
Susan Kelechi Watson as Beth Pearson: Randall's wife, and mother of Tess and Annie.
Chris Sullivan as Toby Damon: Kate's husband.
Ron Cephas Jones as William "Shakespeare" Hill: Randall's biological father. Also played by Jermel Nakia as a young adult. (main seasons 1–2, special guest season 3)
Jon Huertas as Miguel Rivas: Jack's best friend and Rebecca's second husband. (recurring season 1; main season 2–present)[6]
Alexandra Breckenridge as Sophie: Kate's childhood best friend as well as Kevin's childhood love and ex-wife. Also played by Amanda Leighton (ages 15–17) and Sophia Coto (age 10). (recurring season 1; main season 2)[6]
Eris Baker as Tess Pearson: Randall and Beth's older daughter. (recurring season 1; main season 2–present)
Faithe Herman as Annie Pearson: Randall and Beth's younger daughter. (recurring season 1; main season 2–present)
Melanie Liburd as Zoe: Beth's cousin and Kevin's new girlfriend. (guest season 2; main season 3)
Lyric Ross as Deja: Randall and Beth's foster child. (recurring season 2; main season 3)

text: Episodes[edit]

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedNielsen ratingsFirst airedLast airedRankAvg. viewership (inc. DVR)(in millions)118September 20, 2016 (2016-09-20)March 14, 2017 (2017-03-14)614.70[7]218September 26, 2017 (2017-09-26)March 13, 2018 (2018-03-13)417.43[8]318[9]September 25, 2018 (2018-09-25)TBATBATBA

tag: table

text: Production[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2018)

text: Development[edit]

text: This is Us originally began as an 80 page movie script that Dan Fogelman was developing while working for ABC Studios in the spring of Spring 2015. [10] The story line, which Fogelman admitted to not having a definite direction, revolved around the lives of eight adults who, as it would be revealed, were octuplets. After moving to an eight-figure deal with 20th Television, Fogelman made the decision to develop a TV series from the characters of his original script, cutting a few characters and shortening the script to 45 pages before bringing it to the studio. Jennifer Salke, president at NBC[citation needed], commented on the conception of atitle for the series, saying "The title didn't come easy...but This Is Us tapped into everything, and the show's about us." It has been revealed that other ideas for the title included 36, Happy Birthday, and The Story of Us. [11]. Despite positive reviews from both 20th Television and sister company, Fox, there were concerns regarding the lack of views it would attract on the network, leading  Fox to sell it to NBC [12]. NBC is regarded by many networks as an ideal place for This Is Us due to the high volume of viewers it has previously attracted with shows such as The Voice and the Summer Olympics.

text: Commitment to diversity[edit]

text: Fogelman intentionally recruited behind-the-scenes talent that would reflect the diversity of his cast, with the goal of bringing greater authenticity to the dialog and storylines. These include black directors Regina King and George Tillman, Jr. and black female writers Kay Oyegun and Jas Waters (part of a 30% black core writing staff that far outpaces the industry standard of 5%).[13][14] In addition, Fogelman's sister Deborah, whose struggles with weight were one of the initial inspirations for the show, serves as a consultant.[15]

text: Release[edit]

text: In May 2017, Hulu acquired the SVOD rights to new and past episodes of the series to air exclusively on Hulu, in addition to NBC.com and the NBC app.[16]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 89% approval rating for the first season with an average rating of 7.72/10 based on 63 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Featuring full-tilt heartstring-tugging family drama, This Is Us will provide a suitable surrogate for those who have felt a void in their lives since Parenthood went off the air."[17] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the season a score of 76 out of 100 based on 34 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[18] Season 2 received a 94% approval rating from Rotten Tomatoes based on 17 reviews.[19]

text: Entertainment Weekly gave the first few episodes of This Is Us a rating of B, calling it "a refreshing respite from the relational violence and pessimism that marks the other buzz soaps that have bubbled forth from a culture of divisiveness". Moreover, they praised all the actors, specifically Sterling K. Brown, for being able to navigate "his scenes with such intelligence, authenticity, and charisma".[20]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Timeslot (ET)

Episodes

First aired

Last aired
TV season
Rank
Avg. viewers(millions)
18–49 rating(average)

Date

Viewers(millions)

Date

Viewers(millions)

1
Tuesday 10:00 pm (1–2, 11)Tuesday 9:00 pm (3–10, 12–18)

18

September 20, 2016 (2016-09-20)

10.07[21]

March 14, 2017 (2017-03-14)

12.84[22]
2016–17
6
9.843[23]
2.68/16[23]

2
Tuesday 9:00 pm (1–13, 15–18)Sunday 10:30 pm (14)

18

September 26, 2017 (2017-09-26)

12.94[24]

March 13, 2018

10.94[25]
2017–18
4
11.135[26]
3.07/16[26]

3
Tuesday 9:00 pm

18[4]

September 25, 2018 (2018-09-25)

10.54[27]

TBA

TBD
2018–19
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year

Award

Category

Nominee(s)

Result

Ref.

2016

African-American Critics Association Awards

Top Ten TV Show

This Is Us

Won

American Film Institute Awards

Top 10 TV Programs of the Year

This Is Us

Won

[28]

Critics' Choice Television Awards

Best Drama Series

This Is Us

Nominated

[29]

Most Exciting New Series

This Is Us

Won

[29]

2017

ACE Eddie Awards

Best Edited One Hour Series for Commercial Television

David L. Bertman (for "Pilot")

Won

[30]

American Film Institute Awards

Top 10 TV Programs of the Year

This Is Us

Won

[31]

Primetime Emmy Awards

Outstanding Drama Series

Dan Fogelman, Jess Rosenthal, John Requa, Glenn Ficarra, Ken Olin, Donald Todd, Charles Gogolak, KJ Steinberg, Isaac Aptaker, Elizabeth Berger, Joe Lawson, Steve Beers, Vera Herbert, and Bekah Brunstetter

Nominated

[32]

Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series

Sterling K. Brown (for "Memphis")

Won

Milo Ventimiglia (for "Moonshadow")

Nominated

Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series

Ron Cephas Jones (for "Memphis")

Nominated

Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series

Chrissy Metz (for "Pilot")

Nominated

Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards[a]

Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series

Brian Tyree Henry (for "Memphis")

Nominated

Gerald McRaney (for "The Big Day")

Won

Denis O'Hare (for "Last Christmas")

Nominated

Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series

Bernard Telsey and Tiffany Little Canfield

Nominated

Outstanding Makeup for a Single-Camera Series (Non-Prosthetic)

Zoe Hay, Heather Plott, Elizabeth Hoel-Chang, Judith Lynn Staats, and John Damiani (for "I Call Marriage")

Nominated

Golden Globe Awards

Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film

Chrissy Metz

Nominated

[34]

Mandy Moore

Nominated

Best Television Series – Drama

This Is Us

Nominated

Hollywood Music in Media Awards

Outstanding Music Supervision – Television

Jennifer Pyken

Nominated

[35]

MTV Movie & TV Awards

Best Actor in a Show

Mandy Moore

Nominated

[36]

Show of the Year

This Is Us

Nominated

Tearjerker

Milo Ventimiglia and Lonnie Chavis (Jack and Randall at Karate)

Won

NAACP Image Awards

Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series

Sterling K. Brown

Won

[37]

Outstanding Drama Series

This Is Us

Nominated

Outstanding Performance by a Youth

Lonnie Chavis

Nominated

Peabody Awards

Entertainment and Children's programs

This Is Us

Nominated

[38]

People's Choice Awards

Favorite Actor in a New TV Series

Milo Ventimiglia

Nominated

[39]

Favorite Actress in a New TV Series

Mandy Moore

Nominated

Favorite New TV Drama

This Is Us

Won

Screen Actors Guild Awards

Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series

Sterling K. Brown

Nominated

[40]

Seoul International Drama Awards

Best Director

Dan Fogelman

Nominated

[41]

Grand Prize

This Is Us

Won

Teen Choice Awards

Choice TV: Breakout Star

Chrissy Metz

Nominated

Choice TV Actor: Drama

Sterling K. Brown

Nominated

Milo Ventimiglia

Nominated

Choice TV Show: Drama

This Is Us

Nominated

Television Critics Association Awards

Individual Achievement in Drama

Sterling K. Brown

Nominated

[42]

Outstanding Achievement in Drama

This Is Us

Nominated

Outstanding New Program

This Is Us

Won

Program of the Year

This Is Us

Nominated

Writers Guild of America Awards

Episodic Drama

Vera Herbert (for "The Trip")

Won

[43][44]

New Series

This Is Us

Nominated

2018

Critics' Choice Television Awards

Best Actor in a Drama Series

Sterling K. Brown

Won

[45]

Best Drama Series

This Is Us

Nominated

Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series

Chrissy Metz

Nominated

Golden Globe Awards

Best Actor – Television Series Drama

Sterling K. Brown

Won

[46]

Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film

Chrissy Metz

Nominated

Best Television Series – Drama

This Is Us

Nominated

Guild of Music Supervisors Awards

Best Music Supervision in a Television Drama

Jennifer Pyken

Nominated

[47]

Best Song/Recording Created for Television

"We Can Always Come Back To This"

Nominated

MTV Movie & TV Awards

Best Musical Moment

Kate sings "Landslide"

Nominated

[48]

NAACP Image Awards

Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series

Sterling K. Brown

Nominated

[49]

Outstanding Drama Series

This Is Us

Nominated

Outstanding Performance by a Youth

Lonnie Chavis

Nominated

Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series

Susan Kelechi Watson

Nominated

Outstanding Writing in a Drama Series

Vera Herbert (for "Still Here")

Nominated

People's Choice Awards

The Drama Show of 2018

This Is Us

Pending

[50]

The Drama TV Star of 2018

Justin Hartley

Pending

Chrissy Metz

Pending

The Female TV Star of 2018

Mandy Moore

Pending

The Male TV Star of 2018

Sterling K. Brown

Pending

Milo Ventimiglia

Pending

The Show of 2018

This Is Us

Pending

Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards

Outstanding Contemporary Costumes

Hala Bahmet and Elinor Bardach

Nominated

[51]

Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series

Ron Cephas Jones

Won

Gerald McRaney

Nominated

Outstanding Makeup for a Single-Camera Series (Non-Prosthetic)

Zoe Hay, Heather Plott, Luis Garcia, Elizabeth Hoel-Chang, and Tania McComas

Nominated

Outstanding Music Supervision

Jennifer Pyken

Nominated

Primetime Emmy Awards

Outstanding Drama Series

This Is Us

Nominated

Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series

Sterling K. Brown

Nominated

Milo Ventimiglia

Nominated

Satellite Awards

Best Musical Or Comedy Series

This Is Us

Nominated

Screen Actors Guild Awards

Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series

Eris Baker, Alexandra Breckenridge, Sterling K. Brown, Lonnie Chavis, Mackenzie Hancsicsak, Justin Hartley, Faithe Herman, Ron Cephas Jones, Chrissy Metz, Mandy Moore, Chris Sullivan, Milo Ventimiglia, Susan Kelechi Watson, Hannah Zeile

Won

[52]

Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series

Sterling K. Brown

Won

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ In 2017, Hala Bahmet, Marina Ray and Elinor Bardach were nominated for Outstanding Costumes for a Contemporary Series, Limited Series, or Movie. The nomination was rescinded after it was determined that the submitted episode "Moonshadow" was primarily set in the 1970s, violating the TV Academy's rule that "more than 50 percent" of the episode must be contemporary (within 25 years of the air date).[33]

tag: ol


document_title: List of National Football League career passing yards leaders

question_text: who has the most total passing yards in nfl history

text: Players with at least 30,000 passing yards[edit]

text:
Key

^
Inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame

*
Denotes player who is still active in the NFL

text: Through Week 15 of 2017 season

text:
Rank
Player
Team(s) by season
Yards

1
Manning, PeytonPeyton Manning
Indianapolis Colts (1998–2011)
Denver Broncos (2012–2015)
71,940

2
Favre, BrettBrett Favre^
Atlanta Falcons (1991)
Green Bay Packers (1992–2007)
New York Jets (2008)
Minnesota Vikings (2009–2010)
71,838

3
Brees, DrewDrew Brees*
San Diego Chargers (2001–2005)
New Orleans Saints (since 2006)
69,965

4
Brady, TomTom Brady*
New England Patriots (since 2000)
65,745

5
Marino, DanDan Marino^
Miami Dolphins (1983–1999)
61,361

6
Elway, JohnJohn Elway^
Denver Broncos (1983–1998)
51,475

7
Manning, EliEli Manning*
New York Giants (since 2004)
51,287

8
Roethlisberger, BenBen Roethlisberger*
Pittsburgh Steelers (since 2004)
50,839

9
Rivers, PhilipPhilip Rivers*
San Diego/Los Angeles Chargers (since 2004)
49,671

10
Moon, WarrenWarren Moon^
Houston Oilers (1984–1993)
Minnesota Vikings (1994–1996)
Seattle Seahawks (1997–1998)
Kansas City Chiefs (1999–2000)
49,325

11
Tarkenton, FranFran Tarkenton^
Minnesota Vikings (1961–1966, 1972–1978)
New York Giants (1967–1971)
47,003

12
Palmer, CarsonCarson Palmer*
Cincinnati Bengals (2003–2010)
Oakland Raiders (2011–2012)
Arizona Cardinals (since 2013)
46,247

13
Testaverde, VinnyVinny Testaverde
Tampa Bay Buccaneers (1987–1992)
Cleveland Browns (1993–1995)
Baltimore Ravens (1996–1997)
New York Jets (1998–2003, 2005)
Dallas Cowboys (2004)
New England Patriots (2006)
Carolina Panthers (2007)
46,233

14
Bledsoe, DrewDrew Bledsoe
New England Patriots (1993–2001)
Buffalo Bills (2002–2004)
Dallas Cowboys (2005–2006)
44,611

15
Fouts, DanDan Fouts^
San Diego Chargers (1973–1987)
43,040

16
Ryan, MattMatt Ryan*
Atlanta Falcons (since 2008)
40,979

17
Collins, KerryKerry Collins
Carolina Panthers (1995–1998)[a])
New Orleans Saints (1998)
New York Giants (1999–2003)
Oakland Raiders (2004–2005)
Tennessee Titans (2006–2010)
Indianapolis Colts (2011)
40,922

18
Montana, JoeJoe Montana^
San Francisco 49ers (1979–1992)
Kansas City Chiefs (1993–1994)
40,551

19
Unitas, JohnnyJohnny Unitas^
Baltimore Colts (1956–1972)
San Diego Chargers (1973)
40,239

20
Rodgers, AaronAaron Rodgers*
Green Bay Packers (since 2005)
38,502

21
Krieg, DaveDave Krieg
Seattle Seahawks (1980–1991)
Kansas City Chiefs (1992–1993)
Detroit Lions (1994)
Arizona Cardinals (1995)
Chicago Bears (1996)
Tennessee Oilers (1997–1998)
38,147

22
Esiason, BoomerBoomer Esiason
Cincinnati Bengals (1984–1992)
New York Jets (1993–1995)
Arizona Cardinals (1996)
Cincinnati Bengals (1997)
37,920

23
McNabb, DonovanDonovan McNabb
Philadelphia Eagles (1999–2009)
Washington Redskins (2010)
Minnesota Vikings (2011)
37,276

24
Hasselbeck, MattMatt Hasselbeck
Green Bay Packers (1998–2000)
Seattle Seahawks (2001–2010)
Tennessee Titans (2011–2012)
Indianapolis Colts (2013–2015)
36,638

25
Kelly, JimJim Kelly^
Buffalo Bills (1986–1996)
35,467

26
Flacco, JoeJoe Flacco*
Baltimore Ravens (since 2008)
35,340

27
Everett, JimJim Everett
Los Angeles Rams (1986–1993)
New Orleans Saints (1994–1996)
San Diego Chargers (1997)
34,837

28
Hart, JimJim Hart
St. Louis Cardinals (1966–1983)
Washington Redskins (1984)
34,665

29
Cutler, JayJay Cutler*
Denver Broncos (2006–2008)
Chicago Bears (2009–2016)
Miami Dolphins (since 2017)
34,626

30
DeBerg, SteveSteve DeBerg
San Francisco 49ers (1978–1980)
Denver Broncos (1981–1983)
Tampa Bay Buccaneers (1984–1987, 1992–1993[b])
Kansas City Chiefs (1988–1991)
Miami Dolphins (1993)
Atlanta Falcons (1998)
34,241

31
Stafford, MatthewMatthew Stafford*
Detroit Lions (since 2009)
34,223

32
Romo, TonyTony Romo
Dallas Cowboys (2003–2016)
34,183

33
Hadl, JohnJohn Hadl
San Diego Chargers (1962–1972)
Los Angeles Rams (1973–1974[c])
Green Bay Packers (1974–1975)
Houston Oilers (1976–1977)
33,503

34
Simms, PhilPhil Simms
New York Giants (1979–1993)
33,462

35
Young, SteveSteve Young^
Tampa Bay Buccaneers (1985–1986
San Francisco 49ers (1987–1999)
33,124

36
Aikman, TroyTroy Aikman^
Dallas Cowboys (1989–2000)
32,942

37
Anderson, KenKen Anderson
Cincinnati Bengals (1971–1986)
32,838

38
Warner, KurtKurt Warner^
St. Louis Rams (1998–2003)
New York Giants (2004)
Arizona Cardinals (2005–2009)
32,344

39
Jurgensen, SonnySonny Jurgensen^
Philadelphia Eagles (1957–1963)
Washington Redskins (1964–1974)
32,224

40
Brunell, MarkMark Brunell
Green Bay Packers (1993–1994)
Jacksonville Jaguars (1995–2003)
Washington Redskins (2004–2006)
New Orleans Saints (2008–2009)
New York Jets (2010–2011)
32,072

41
Smith, AlexAlex Smith*
San Francisco 49ers (2005–2012)
Kansas City Chiefs (since 2013)
31,584

42
Brodie, JohnJohn Brodie
San Francisco 49ers (1957–1973)
31,548

43
McNair, SteveSteve McNair
Houston / Tennessee Oilers / Titans (1995–2005)
Baltimore Ravens (2006–2007)
31,304

44
Snead, NormNorm Snead
Washington Redskins (1961–1963)
Philadelphia Eagles (1964–1970)
Minnesota Vikings (1971)
New York Giants (1972–1974, 1976)
San Francisco 49ers (1974–1975)
30,797

text: Note: Y. A. Tittle passed for 33,070 yards in his professional career. However, 4,731 of those yards came in the All-American Football Conference (AAFC). The NFL does not recognize statistics and records accrued in the AAFC.[1][2] As such, his career passing yards total in the NFL stands at 28,339.[3]

text: Active players with 25,000–29,999 yards[edit]

text: Through Week 15 of 2017 season in progress; numbers in yards

text:
Ryan Fitzpatrick, 26,991
Andy Dalton, 25,074

text: Historical passing yards leaders[edit]

text: Nine players are recognized as having held the record as the NFL's career passing yardage leader.[4] The longest record holder was Fran Tarkenton who held the record for 19 years.

text:
Reign
Player
Team(s) by season
Yards

1932–1943
(11 years)
Arnie Herber^
Green Bay Packers (1930–1940)
New York Giants (1944–1945)
8,041

1943–1959
(16 years)
Sammy Baugh^
Washington Redskins (1937-1952)
21,886

1959–1964
(5 years)
Bobby Layne^
Chicago Bears (1948)
New York Bulldogs (1949)
Detroit Lions (1950–1958)
Pittsburgh Steelers (1958–1962)
26,768

1964–1967
(3 years)
Y. A. Tittle^
Baltimore Colts (1948–1950)
San Francisco 49ers (1951–1960)
New York Giants (1961–1964)
28,339

1967–1976
(9 years)
Johnny Unitas^
Baltimore Colts (1956–1972)
San Diego Chargers (1973)
40,239

1976–1995
(19 years)
Fran Tarkenton^
Minnesota Vikings (1961–1966)
New York Giants (1967–1971)
Minnesota Vikings (1972–1978)
47,003

1995–2007
(12 years)
Dan Marino^
Miami Dolphins (1983–1999)
61,361

2007–2015
(8 years)
Brett Favre^
Atlanta Falcons (1991)
Green Bay Packers (1992–2007)
New York Jets (2008)
Minnesota Vikings (2009–2010)
71,838

Since 2015
(2 years)
Peyton Manning
Indianapolis Colts (1998–2011)
Denver Broncos (2012–2015)
71,940


document_title: Cube (film)

question_text: who built the cube in the movie cube

question_tokens: who built the cube in the movie cube

text: Cube (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: A man named Alderson awakens in a cube-shaped room with a hatch in each wall, the ceiling and the floor, each of which leads to other cube-shaped rooms, identical except for their color. He enters an orange room and, without warning, is cut to pieces by a wire grid that swings down from the ceiling.

text: In another such room, five people – Quentin, Worth, Holloway, Rennes, and Leaven – meet. None of them knows where they are or how they got there. Quentin informs the others that some rooms contain traps, which he learned by nearly being killed by one. Rennes assumes each trap is triggered by a motion detector and tests each room by throwing one of his boots in first. Leaven notices numbers inscribed in the passageways between rooms. Quentin recognizes Rennes as "The Wren," a convict who has escaped from seven prisons. After declaring one room trap-free, Rennes enters and is killed when he is sprayed with acid. The others realize that there are different kinds of detectors, and Quentin deduces that this trap was triggered by heat.

text: Quentin believes each person has a reason for being there. He is a police officer, Leaven a mathematics student, Holloway a physician and conspiracy theorist, and the surly Worth declines to talk about himself. Leaven hypothesizes that any room marked with a prime number is a trap. They find a mentally challenged man named Kazan, whom Holloway insists they bring along. When Quentin injures his leg in a room deemed safe by Leaven's calculations, tensions rise due to personality conflicts and lack of faith in Leaven's system. Quentin provokes Worth into an argument about finding the exit, and Worth accidentally reveals that he has knowledge of the Cube. Worth admits that he designed the Cube's outer shell for a shadowy bureaucracy and guesses that its original purpose has been forgotten; they have been imprisoned within simply to put it to use.

text: Worth's knowledge of the outer shell's size allows Leaven to determine that each side of the Cube is 26 rooms across and that there are 17,576 rooms in total. She guesses that the numbers indicate the Cartesian coordinates of the rooms. The group moves toward the nearest edge as determined by her theory, but each of the rooms near the outer wall is trapped. Rather than backtrack, they travel silently through a room with a sound-activated trap. After Kazan makes a sound and nearly causes Quentin's death, Quentin threatens Kazan. Holloway defends Kazan and provokes Quentin into an argument by calling him a Nazi. The acrimonious argument escalates until Quentin slaps her, further increasing tension within the group. When they reach the edge, Holloway scouts the gap between the Cube and its outer shell, but slips during a violent quake; Quentin initially saves her, but then lets her fall to her death and reports it to the others as an accident.

text: Quentin attempts to persuade Leaven to abandon the others with him and makes a sexual advance, but she rejects him. When Quentin becomes aggressive, Worth intervenes; Quentin beats him savagely and drops him through a floor hatch. Worth laughs hysterically at what he finds — Rennes's corpse. The group is demoralized by the thought of having been wandering in circles. Worth realizes that the rooms move periodically through the Cube, and this is the source of the quaking. Leaven deduces that traps are not tagged by prime numbers, but by powers of prime numbers. Much to Quentin's surprise, Kazan reveals himself to be an autistic savant[6] who can quickly do prime factorisations mentally. With Kazan's help, Leaven guides them to a bridge room which will lead them out of the maze in two movements. Worth preemptively ambushes Quentin and leaves him behind. Kazan opens the supposed final door, revealing a bright white light, but Worth declines to leave the Cube, as he has lost faith in humanity.

text: Leaven objects and attempts to convince Worth to join her, but Quentin reappears, kills her, and mortally wounds Worth. As Quentin moves to kill Kazan, Worth expends the last of his strength to grab Quentin's leg, pinning him in the passageway as the rooms shift again. Quentin is torn apart, and Worth crawls back to Leaven's corpse and dies next to her. Kazan then slowly walks into the bright light, his ultimate fate unknown.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Maurice Dean Wint as Quentin McNeil, a police officer. He is a gruff and aggressive man who takes charge and undertakes most of the dangerous tasks. He is said to be in his 40s.
Nicole de Boer as Joan Leaven, a young student with mathematical skills. She is said to be in her early 20s.
David Hewlett as David Worth, a chronic malcontent and cynic who unwittingly designed the outer shell of the Cube. He is said to be in late 20s to early 30s.
Andrew Miller as Kazan, an autistic man with the ability to rapidly and accurately perform prime number calculations. He is said to be in his 20s.
Nicky Guadagni as Dr. Helen Holloway, a free clinic doctor and a paranoid conspiracy theorist. She is said to be in her early 50s.
Wayne Robson as Rennes, also known as "the Wren", an escape artist who has gotten out of seven prisons. He is said to be in his early 60s.
Julian Richings as Alderson, a prisoner and an unknown character. He woke up in another room and never met the rest of the group.

text: Each character's name is connected with a real-world prison:

text:
Name
Occupation
Gender
Prison Connection
Played by

Kazan
Unknown
Male
Kazan Prison (Russia)
Andrew Miller

David Worth
Architect
Male
Leavenworth Prison (U.S.A.)
David Hewlett

Quentin McNeil
Police officer
Male
San Quentin State Prison (U.S.A.)
Maurice Dean Wint

Joan Leaven
Mathematics student
Female
Leavenworth Prison (U.S.A.)
Nicole de Boer

Dr. Helen Holloway
Free clinic doctor
Female
Holloway Women's Prison (U.K.)
Nicky Guadagni

Rennes
Prison escapist
Male
Centre pénitentiaire de Rennes (France)
Wayne Robson

Alderson
Unknown
Male
Alderson Federal Prison Camp (U.S.A.)
Julian Richings

text: Production Company[edit]

text: Feature Film Project, Odeon Films, Viacom Canada, Ontario Film Development Corporation, Cube Libre, Téléfilm Canada, The Harold Greenberg Fund Trimark Pictures

text: Production[edit]

text: An episode of the original The Twilight Zone television series, "Five Characters in Search of an Exit" (first aired 22 December 1961), was reportedly an inspiration for the movie.[7][8][9]

text: After writing Cube, Vincenzo Natali developed and filmed a short entitled Elevated. The short was set in an elevator and was intended to give investors an idea of how Cube would hypothetically look and come across. It eventually got the feature financed. Cube was shot on a Toronto soundstage.[10]

text: The Cube design[edit]

text: The fictional Cube device in the film was conceived by David W. Pravica, a mathematician. It consists of an outer cubical shell (the sarcophagus) and the inner cube. One side of the outer shell is 434 feet long. The inner cube consists of 263 = 17,576 cubical rooms (minus an unknown number of rooms to allow for movement, as shown in the film), each having a sidelength of 15.5 feet. There is a space of 15.5 feet between the cube and the shell. Each room is labelled with three identification numbers, for example, 517 478 565. These numbers encode the starting coordinates of the room and the x, y, and z coordinates are the sums of the digits of the first, second, and third number respectively. The numbers also determine the movement of the room and the subsequent positions are obtained by cyclically subtracting the digits from one another. The resulting numbers are then successively added to the starting numbers.[11]

text: Only one cube, measuring 14 by 14 by 14 feet, was actually built, with only one working door that could actually support the weight of the actors. The color of the room was changed by sliding panels.[12] Since this task was a time-consuming procedure, the movie was not shot in sequence; all shots taking place in rooms of a specific colour were shot one at a time. It was intended that there would be six different colours of rooms to match the recurring theme of six throughout the movie; five sets of gel panels plus pure white. However, the budget did not stretch to the sixth gel panel and so there are only five different room colours in the movie. Another partial cube was made for shots requiring the point of view of standing in one room looking into another.[13]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film won the award for Best Canadian First Feature Film at the 1997 Toronto International Film Festival; Brussels International Festival of Fantasy Film – Silver Raven.

text: Cube polarised critics, with many highly positive reviews against negative, earning an overall approval rating of 62% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 37 reviews, with a weighted average score of 6.3/10.[14] On Metacritic the film has a score 61 out of 100, based on 12 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[15] Movie critics for Electric Sheep magazine and Empire Online gave the film positive reviews,[16][17] while critics for Nitrate Online and the San Francisco Chronicle panned the film.[18][12]

text: Critics favored the film out of direction, and artistic ability of the sets. Bloody Disgusting gave the movie a positive review, writing, "Shoddy acting and a semi-weak script can't hold this movie back. It's simply too good a premise and too well-directed to let minor hindrances derail its creepy premise."[19]

text: Critics panned the film for its acting, production, and premise. "Vincenzo Natali's 1997 cult favorite has a Twilight Zone mood that's initially quite chilling — the victims try to come to grips with their bizarre surroundings and the tension mounting among each other." Nick Schager, a reviewer for Slant Magazine, added, "The struggle to discern the cube's purpose increasingly takes on prominence in the frazzled crew's search for answers, but Natali's film is infinitely more competent at creating a clever situation than positing any sort of semi-logical explanation." Slant mostly panned the film, concluding with the line "like lab rats futilely running on their treadmill, Cube eventually winds up going nowhere fast.[sic]"[20]

text: The New York Times found a more positive reviewer in critic Anita Gates, who wrote, "Cube, the story in question, proves surprisingly gripping, in the best Twilight Zone tradition. The ensemble cast does an outstanding job on the cinematic equivalent of a bare stage... Everyone has his or her own theory about who is behind this peculiar imprisonment... The weakness in Cube is the dialogue, which sometimes turns remarkably trite... The strength is the film's understated but real tension. Vincenzo Natali, the film's fledgling director and co-writer, has delivered an allegory, too, about futility, about the necessity and certain betrayal of trust, about human beings who do not for a second have the luxury of doing nothing."[3]

text: Sequels[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2017)

text: After Cube achieved cult status, a sequel was produced, Cube 2: Hypercube, released in 2002.[21]

text: In 2004, a prequel, Cube Zero, was released.[22]

text: Remake[edit]

text: According to The Hollywood Reporter, Lionsgate Films were planning to remake the film under the title Cubed as of April 2015.[23][24]


document_title: Flag of Ohio

question_text: how many stars are on the ohio state flag

text: Flag of Ohio

text: Design[edit]

text: The Ohio state flag's design is defined in the Ohio Revised Code, section 5.01:

text: The flag of the state shall be burgee-shaped. It shall have three red and two white horizontal stripes that represent the roads and waterways of the state. The union of the flag shall be seventeen five-pointed stars, white in a blue triangular field that represents the state's hills and valleys, the base of which shall be the staff end or vertical edge of the flag, and the apex of which shall be the center of the middle red stripe. The stars shall be grouped around a red disc superimposed upon a white circular "O." The thirteen stars grouped around the "O" represent the original states of the United States and the four stars added to the peak of the triangle symbolize that Ohio was the seventeenth state admitted to the union. The "O" represents the "O" in "Ohio" and suggests the state's nickname, the buckeye state. The proportional dimensions of the flag and of its various parts shall be according to the official design on file in the office of the secretary of state.[1]

text: In addition to resembling the letter O and a buckeye nut, the flag's annulus also represents "the original territory of Ohio" in the Northwest Territory.[2]

text: Ohio's flag is the only non-rectangular U.S. state flag. It is a rare example of a non-quadrilateral civil flag, another well-known example being the flag of Nepal. According to vexillologist Whitney Smith, it may be loosely based upon cavalry flags of the Civil War and Spanish–American War.[3][4] The flag has been officially defined as a "burgee" since 2002,[5][6] even though burgees are typically used as maritime flags. Its shape, lack of text, and mirror symmetry allow it to be flown or hung in various orientations without affecting legibility.[7] On account of the flag's uncommon shape, foreign manufacturers have occasionally set the entire design against a white, rectangular field.[3]

text: History[edit]

text: For nearly a century after statehood, Ohio had no legally authorized state flag. The state militia carried regimental colors based on the Stars and Stripes, with the addition of "a large eagle, with the number of the regiment and the prescribed number of stars above".[8]

text: Arsenal flag[edit]

text: By the early 1850s, Ohio expressed interest in adopting a state flag, as several other states had already done. In late 1860, Qtr. Mr. Gen. David L. Wood and Adj. Gen. Henry B. Carrington devised a flag consisting of the state seal upon a white field. They had it flown above the Ohio State Arsenal in Columbus, in hopes that it might someday become the state flag. On January 17, 1861, at a banquet organized by the Columbus Typographical Union Local #5, future U.S. President James A. Garfield gave a speech defending the national flag as the only flag Ohio's soldiers would march to battle under. The generals, in attendance, were moved to set aside their proposal and hoist the Stars and Stripes in its place.[11] Later that year, Wood and Carrington joined fellow Ohioans in battle under the 34-star Union flag, which would serve as the inspiration for a state banner decades later.[12]

text: Eisenmann's guidon[edit]

text: In 1901, Cleveland architect John Eisenmann was commissioned to design an exhibition hall for his state at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. He developed a distinctive flag to fly over each corner of the Ohio Building.[5] The wool flags officially represented the Ohio Pan-American Exposition Commission rather than the state. On July 18, Governor George K. Nash visited the exposition, where he was presented with one of the flags,[3] which is now held in the Ohio History Connection collections.[13] Eisenmann secured a U.S. design patent for his design, which he described as "a triangular forked or swallow-tailed flag corresponding to the shape generally known as a 'cavalry-guidon' or 'broad pennant.'"[14]

text: In 1902, State Representative William S. McKinnon, a member of the Ohio Pan-American Exposition Commission, introduced House Bill 213 designating Eisenmann's design as the official flag. It became law on May 9,[15] making it the 20th U.S. state flag or banner.[3] (Eisenmann had assigned his patent, which had a term of three and a half years, to the State of Ohio on April 24.[16])

text: Because Eisenmann's design deviated from the "seal on a bedsheet" design then nearly universal among state flags, the press looked overseas for precedents: the layout was likened to either the flag of Cuba[17] or of the Philippines,[18] while the red and white annulus was derided for its similarity to the sun on the Japanese flag.[15]

text: Initially, Ohio's flag was seldom used, in part due to the prevailing opinion that the Stars and Stripes should hold a monopoly on patriotic displays. Similar sentiment hindered the adoption of municipal flags in Cleveland and Cincinnati, to the extent that both were downplayed as mere "banners" for promotional purposes.[3][19] In 1903, it was reported that, among state politicians, only Governor Nash displayed the guidon.[18]

text: In the century following its adoption, the guidon gained significant popularity, being flown not only by the state but frequently also by its residents and businesses.[3]

text: Usage[edit]

text: Salute[edit]

text: In 2002, the Ohio General Assembly commemorated the 100th anniversary of the state flag's adoption by adopting a salute to the flag, to be recited after the Pledge of Allegiance:

text: I salute the flag of the state of Ohio and pledge to the Buckeye State respect and loyalty.

text: Folding the flag[edit]

text: A method of folding the flag of Ohio was created by Alex Weinstock, a Boy Scout from Junction City,[5] for his Eagle Scout service project. It requires two people. The procedure was passed by the 125th Ohio General Assembly as House Bill 552 and signed into law by Governor Bob Taft on February 15, 2005:[20]

text: The general assembly hereby establishes a recommended procedure for the folding of the state flag by two people. The procedure is as follows:

text: With the flag unfolded, fold the flag in half lengthwise so that the points of the flag are aligned. Fold the flag in half lengthwise a second time to form a long strip with the red disc facing the ground. Next, fold the pointed end back onto itself to form a rectangle. These steps entail three folds.

text: Starting on the end formed by the fold of the pointed end back onto itself, fold two inches of the flag onto itself for a flag with a three-foot hoist and a five-foot fly, or another appropriate width of fold for a flag of a different size. Repeat the folds a total of fourteen times, alternating the folds in a fan-like manner.

text: The result is a total of seventeen folds symbolizing that Ohio was the seventeenth state admitted to the Union. Finally, neatly and snugly wrap the remaining length of flag around the fan-folds to form a compact rectangle.

text: Ohio is not the only state that has designated a folding procedure for its flag;[21] however, Ohio's procedure takes on special importance due to the flag's irregular shape. A flag vendor in Arkansas has described the procedure as "quite a challenge".[22]

text: Derivations[edit]

text: Ohio's flag is regularly flown during football games by The Ohio State University Marching Band's "JI-Row" as the percussion section's row mascot.[23] The Columbus Blue Jackets logo[24] and Cincinnati Bengals fan flag[25] are both based on the state flag.

text: A number of municipalities and counties in Ohio have adopted pennants and swallowtails based on the state burgee. The city of Mentor and Adams County have flags that essentially replace the annulus with a seal and modify the pattern of stars in the triangular union.[3][26]

text: Flag of the Governor[edit]

text: The flag of the Governor of Ohio consists of the Great Seal of Ohio encircled with 13 white stars on a scarlet field, with a five-point star in each corner. Like the state flag, it has 17 stars in total.

text: The Adjutant General's office adopted this design in 1905 to represent the Governor on official occasions.[28][29] One such flag hangs in the Rutherford B. Hayes Center Library, a memorial to the 32nd Ohio Governor and 19th U.S. President.[30] The design was officially recognized by the 96th General Assembly effective October 3, 1945:[28]

text: It shall have a white star in each of the four corners on an oblong scarlet background with the official seal of the state of Ohio in the center surrounded by thirteen white stars. The proportional dimensions of the flag and of its various parts shall be according to a design approved by the adjutant general and in accordance with the governor's flag used by the adjutant general's office for over thirty years.

text: Since September 30, 1963, the flag has been defined in greater detail:[29]

text: The flag of the governor of this state will be of scarlet wool bunting, six feet eight inches hoist by ten feet six inches fly. In each of the four corners will be a white five-pointed star with one point upward. The centers of these stars will be twelve inches from the long edges and seventeen inches from the short edges of the flag. In the center of the flag will be a reproduction of the great seal of Ohio in proper colors, three feet in diameter, surrounded by thirteen white stars equally spaced with their centers on an imaginary circle four feet three inches in diameter. All stars shall be of such size that their points would lie on the circumference of an imaginary circle ten inches in diameter.

text: The Ohio Revised Code also specifies smaller versions of this design to be used as the governor's naval flag and automobile flag.