document_title: Cultural impact of Elvis Presley

question_text: this musical genre had a strong influence on elvis presley

text: Cultural impact of Elvis Presley

text: African American music influence[edit]

text: In spite of the facts that Nat King Cole had the #7 song in 1959, and the #1 song in 1961, and Chuck Berry had a major hit with "Maybellene" in 1955, in the United States in the 1950s legal segregation and discrimination against African Americans was common, especially in the Deep South. Presley would nevertheless publicly cite his debt to African American music, pointing to artists such as B. B. King, Arthur "Big Boy" Crudup, Ivory Joe Hunter, and Fats Domino. The reporter who conducted Presley's first interview in New York City in 1956 noted that he named blues singers who "obviously meant a lot to him. [He] was very surprised to hear him talk about the black performers down there and about how he tried to carry on their music."[7] Later that year in Charlotte, North Carolina, Presley was quoted as saying: "The colored folks been singing it and playing it just like I’m doin' now, man, for more years than I know. They played it like that in their shanties and in their juke joints and nobody paid it no mind 'til I goosed it up. I got it from them. Down in Tupelo, Mississippi, I used to hear old Arthur Crudup bang his box the way I do now and I said if I ever got to a place I could feel all old Arthur felt, I'd be a music man like nobody ever saw."[8] Little Richard said of Presley: "He was an integrator. Elvis was a blessing. They wouldn't let black music through. He opened the door for black music."[9] B. B. King said he began to respect Presley after he did Arthur "Big Boy" Crudup material and that after he met him, he thought the singer really was something else and was someone whose music was growing all the time right up to his death.[10]

text: Up to the mid-1950s black artists had sold minuscule amounts of their recorded music relative to the national market potential. Black songwriters had mostly limited horizons and could only eke out a living. But after Presley purchased the music of African American Otis Blackwell and had his "Gladys Music" company hire talented black songwriter Claude Demetrius, the industry underwent a dramatic change. In the spring of 1957 Presley invited African American performer Ivory Joe Hunter to visit Graceland and the two spent the day together, singing "I Almost Lost My Mind" and other songs. Of Presley, Hunter commented, "He showed me every courtesy, and I think he's one of the greatest."[11]

text: Certain elements in American society have dismissed Presley as no more than a racist Southerner who stole black music.[12]

text: "Racists attacked rock and roll because of the mingling of black and white people it implied and achieved, and because of what they saw as black music's power to corrupt through vulgar and animalistic rhythms. ... The popularity of Elvis Presley was similarly founded on his transgressive position with respect to racial and sexual boundaries. ... White cover versions of hits by black musicians ... often outsold the originals; it seems that many Americans wanted black music without the black people in it,"[13] and Elvis had undoubtedly "derived his style from the Negro rhythm-and-blues performers of the late 1940s".[14]

text: The "Elvis stole black music" theme is an enduring one with arguments for and against published in books [15][16]

text: A southern background combined with a performing style largely associated with African Americans had led to "bitter criticism by those who feel he stole a good thing", as Tan magazine surmised.[17] No wonder that Elvis became "a symbol of all that was oppressive to the black experience in the Western Hemisphere".[18] A black southerner in the late 1980s even captured that sentiment: "To talk to Presley about blacks was like talking to Adolf Hitler about the Jews."[19]

text: In his scholarly work Race, Rock, and Elvis,[20] Tennessee State University professor Michael T. Bertrand examined the relationship between popular culture and social change in America and these allegations against Presley. Professor Bertrand postulated that Presley's rock and roll music brought an unprecedented access to African American culture that challenged the 1950s segregated generation to reassess ingrained segregationist stereotypes. The American Historical Review wrote that the author "convincingly argues that the black-and-white character of the sound, as well as Presley's own persona, helped to relax the rigid color line and thereby fed the fires of the civil rights movement". The U.S. government report stated: "Presley has been accused of "stealing" black rhythm and blues, but such accusations indicate little knowledge of his many musical influences." "However much Elvis may have 'borrowed' from black blues performers (e.g., 'Big Boy' Crudup, 'Big Mama' Thornton), he borrowed no less from white country stars (e.g., Ernest Tubb, Bill Monroe) and white pop singers," and most of his borrowings came from the church; its gospel music was his primary musical influence and foundation."

text: Whether or not it was justified, the fact remains that distrust of Presley was common amongst the general African-American population after the accusations of racism were made public.[19] According to George Plasketes, several songs by other performers came out after the singer's death which are a part of a "demystification process as they portray Elvis as a racist".[21] In his book, Colored White: Transcending the Racial Past, David Roediger considers contemporary "wiggers" (white kids "acting Black") in light of the tensions in racial impersonation embodied by Elvis Presley.[22] Chuck D and others have at one point or another publicly condemned Presley for "stealing" black music. However, in 2002, Chuck D, in an interview with the Associated Press in connection with the 25th Anniversary of Presley's death, explained how his feelings for Elvis' legacy were no longer those as originally suggested by the lyrics in "Fight The Power", a song which he had written 12 years earlier. When broadcast as a part of the NBC-produced documentary "Elvis Lives", Chuck D had the following to say about Presley. "Elvis was a brilliant artist. As a musicologist—and I consider myself one—there was always a great deal of respect for Elvis, especially during his Sun sessions. As a black person, we all knew that. (In fact), Eminem is the new Elvis because, number one, he had the respect for black music that Elvis had".

text: As one writer stated on the controversy, "Music is a universal language, like mathematics and money. It knows few borders. Jazz began in the return of black bands from graveyard interments in New Orleans. But the bands played white hymns out to the above-ground graves."[23]

text: Danger to American culture[edit]

text: Sam Phillips had anticipated problems promoting Presley's Sun singles. He recalled;

text: The white disc-jockeys wouldn't touch... Negroes' music and the Negro disc-jockeys didn't want anything to do with a record made by a white man.[24]

text: Ironically, hillbilly singer Mississippi Slim, one of Presley's heroes, was one of the singer's fiercest critics.[25] Phillips felt Dewey Phillips—a white DJ who did play 'black' music—would promote the new material, but many of the hundreds of listeners who contacted the station when "That's All Right" was played were sure Presley must be black. The singer was interviewed several times on air by the DJ and was pointedly asked which school he had attended, to convince listeners that he was white.[26]

text: Regarding Presley's hybrid style of music, others have observed:

text: Racists attacked rock and roll because of the mingling of black and white people it implied and achieved, and because of what they saw as black music's power to corrupt through vulgar and animalistic rhythms... The popularity of Elvis Presley was similarly founded on his transgressive position with respect to racial and sexual boundaries... White cover versions of hits by black musicians ... often outsold the originals; it seems that many Americans wanted black music without the black people in it.[27]

text: By the spring of 1956, Presley was fast becoming a national phenomenon[28] and teenagers came to his concerts in unprecedented numbers. There were many riots at his early concerts. Scotty Moore recalled: "He’d start out, 'You ain’t nothin’ but a Hound Dog,' and they’d just go to pieces. They’d always react the same way. There’d be a riot every time."[29] Bob Neal wrote: "It was almost frightening, the reaction... from teenage boys. So many of them, through some sort of jealousy, would practically hate him." In Lubbock, Texas, a teenage gang fire-bombed Presley's car.[30] Some performers became resentful (or resigned to the fact) that Presley going on stage before them would "kill" their own act; he thus rose quickly to top billing.[30] At the two concerts he performed at the 1956 Mississippi-Alabama Fair and Dairy Show, one hundred National Guardsmen were on hand to prevent crowd trouble.[31]

text: Presley was considered by some to be a threat to the moral well-being of young women, because "Elvis Presley didn’t just represent a new type of music; he represented sexual liberation."[32] "Unlike Bill Haley, who was somewhat overweight and looked like everyone's 'older brother,'" Presley generated an "anti-parent outlook" and was the "personification of evil." To many adults, the singer was "the first rock symbol of teenage rebellion. ... they did not like him, and condemned him as depraved. Anti-Negro prejudice doubtless figured in adult antagonism. Regardless of whether parents were aware of the Negro sexual origins of the phrase 'rock 'n' roll', Presley impressed them as the visual and aural embodiment of sex."[33] In 1956, a critic for the New York Daily News wrote that popular music "has reached its lowest depths in the 'grunt and groin' antics of one Elvis Presley" and the Jesuits denounced him in its weekly magazine, America.[34] Time magazine of June 11, 1956, mockingly referred to the singer as "dreamboat Groaner Elvis ('Hi luh-huh-huh-huv-huv yew-hew') Presley." Even Frank Sinatra opined: "His kind of music is deplorable, a rancid smelling aphrodisiac. It fosters almost totally negative and destructive reactions in young people."[35]

text: Presley was even seen as a "definite danger to the security of the United States." His actions and motions were called "a strip-tease with clothes on" or "sexual self-gratification on stage." They were compared with "masturbation or riding a microphone." Some saw the singer as a sexual pervert, and psychologists feared that teenage girls and boys could easily be "aroused to sexual indulgence and perversion by certain types of motions and hysteria,—the type that was exhibited at the Presley show."[36] In August 1956 in Jacksonville, Florida a local Juvenile Court judge called Presley a "savage" and threatened to arrest him if he shook his body while performing at Jacksonville's Florida Theatre, justifying the restrictions by saying his music was undermining the youth of America. Throughout the performance, Presley stood still as ordered but poked fun at the judge by wiggling a finger. Similar attempts to stop his "sinful gyrations" continued for more than a year and included his often-noted January 6, 1957 appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show (during which he performed the spiritual number "Peace in the Valley"), when he was filmed only from the waist up.

text: Presley seemed bemused by all the criticism. On another of the many occasions he was challenged to justify the furor surrounding him, he said: "I don't see how they think [my act] can contribute to juvenile delinquency. If there's anything I've tried to do, I've tried to live a straight, clean life and not set any kind of a bad example. You cannot please everyone."

text: In 1957, Presley had to defend himself from claims of being a racist: he was alleged to have said: "The only thing Negro people can do for me is to buy my records and shine my shoes." The singer always denied saying, or ever wanting to say, such a racist remark. Jet magazine, run by and for African-Americans, subsequently investigated the story and found no basis to the claim. However, the Jet journalist did find plenty of testimony that Presley judged people "regardless of race, color or creed."[37]

text: His parents moved home in Memphis, but the singer lived there briefly. With increased concerns over privacy and security, Graceland was bought in 1957, a mansion with several acres of land. This was Presley's primary residence until his death.

text: Presley's record sales grew quickly throughout the late 1950s, with hits like "All Shook Up" and "(Let me Be Your) Teddy Bear." Jailhouse Rock, Loving You (both 1957) and King Creole (1958) were released and are regarded as the best of his early films.[38] However, critics were not impressed—very few authoritative voices were complimentary.[39] In response, it has been claimed that while "Elvis’s success as a singer and movie star dramatically increased his economic capital, his cultural capital never expanded enough for him to transcend the stigma of his background as a truck driver from the rural South... 'No matter how successful Elvis became... he remained fundamentally disreputable in the minds of many Americans... He was the sharecropper’s son in the big house, and it always showed.'"[40][41]

text: In an interview with PBS television, social historian Eric Lott said, "all the citizens' councils in the South called Elvis 'nigger music' and were terribly afraid that Elvis, white as he was, being ambiguously raced just by being working-class, was going to corrupt the youth of America."[42] Robert Kaiser says he was the first who gave the people "a music that hit them where they lived, deep in their emotions, yes, even below their belts. Other singers had been doing this for generations, but they were black."[43] Therefore, his performance style was frequently criticized. Social guardians blasted anyone responsible for exposing impressionable teenagers to his "gyrating figure and suggestive gestures." The Louisville chief of police, for instance, called for a no-wiggle rule, so as to halt "any lewd, lascivious contortions that would excite the crowd."[43] Even Priscilla Presley confirms that "his performances were labeled obscene. My mother stated emphatically that he was 'a bad influence for teenage girls. He arouses things in them that shouldn't be aroused.'"[44]

text: According to rhythm and blues artist Hank Ballard, "In white society, the movement of the butt, the shaking of the leg, all that was considered obscene. Now here's this white boy that's grinding and rolling his belly and shaking that notorious leg. I hadn't even seen the black dudes doing that."[43] Presley complained bitterly in a June 27, 1956, interview about being singled out as “obscene”.[45] Because of his controversial style of song and stage performances, municipal politicians began denying permits for Presley appearances. This caused teens to pile into cars and travel elsewhere to see him perform. Adult programmers announced they would not play Presley's music on their radio stations due to religious convictions that his music was "devil music" and to racist beliefs that it was "nigger music." Many of Presley's records were condemned as wicked by Pentecostal preachers, warning congregations to keep heathen rock and roll music out of their homes and away from their children's ears (especially the music of "that backslidden Pentecostal pup.") However, the economic power of Presley's fans became evident when they tuned in alternative radio stations playing his records. In an era when radio stations were shifting to an all-music format, in reaction to competition from television, profit-conscious radio station owners learned quickly when sponsors bought more advertising time on new all "rock and roll" stations, some of which reached enormous markets at night with clear channel signals from AM broadcasts.[citation needed]


document_title: Ae Dil Hai Mushkil

question_text: who is the singer of ae dil hai mushkil

question_tokens: who is the singer of ae dil hai mushkil

root

text: Ae Dil Hai Mushkil

text: Plot[edit]

text: In London, a chance meeting between Ayan Sanger (Ranbir Kapoor) and Alizeh Khan (Anushka Sharma) ends up with them kissing instinctively. They spend the night together knowing about each other and become close. Later, when they break up with their lovers, Lisa D'Souza and Dr. Faisal Khan, the two go to Paris to spend a week together. While Ayan falls in love with Alizeh, she considers him to be only a friend. One day, Alizeh stumbles upon DJ Ali (Fawad Khan) her ex-boyfriend, who wants to reconcile. Confused, Alizeh stops hanging out with Ayan and they cease communication. A few days later, Alizeh calls and invites Ayan to her wedding with Ali in Lucknow. Ayan is petrified on hearing this but agrees to the invitation. At the wedding, he tells Alizeh he loves her but she rejects his feelings causing Ayan to leave the ceremony heartbroken.

tag: p

text: At the airport to board a flight to Frankfurt, Ayan meets Saba (Aishwarya Rai Bachchan), a poetess, who is leaving for Vienna. She consoles Ayan and gives him a note with her poetry and number on it. Ayan calls after three months stating that he is in Vienna and wants to meet her. Saba meets him at a disco and they end up sleeping together. Ayan learns that Saba is divorced and has no place for love in her heart. Ayan also meets Saba's ex-husband, Tahir Taliyar Khan (Shah Rukh Khan) in a gallery, who tells him that one sided love is not a weakness but empowering. Ayan who had blocked Alizeh from everywhere, finally calls and reconnects with her. Ayan begins to send pictures of Saba to Alizeh to induce jealousy. One day Alizeh informs Ayan that she's coming to Vienna and wants to meet him. Ayan invites her for dinner, but Alizeh thinks Ayan has found love in Saba and is happy for him. Meanwhile, Saba begins to develop feelings for Ayan, but he loves Alizeh. Seeing his love for Alizeh, Saba leaves Ayan.

text: Ayan continues to harbour love for Alizeh and becomes a famous singer. He meets Ali one day and realises that they have parted ways. Ayan goes to Alizeh's favourite point and waits there until she arrives.

text: Alizeh tells Ayan that she is diagnosed with cancer stage IV and will not live much longer. Ayan and Alizeh try to make the best of their time together. Ayan tries to make Alizeh love him, but Alizeh is stubborn. This leads to a fight between the two, and Alizeh decides to leave Ayan. Eventually, Ayan makes peace with the fact that he and Alizeh can at best be friends and nothing more. The screen blacks out and goes back to the beginning where Ayan, still a popular singer, is giving an interview based on the love of his life. Ayan sings the song "Channa Mereya" which is inspired by Alizeh, then finishes the interview.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Aishwarya Rai Bachchan as Saba Taliyar Khan[4][5]
Ranbir Kapoor as Ayan Sanger
Anushka Sharma as Alizeh Khan
Fawad Khan as DJ Ali

tag: ul

text: Special appearances[edit]

text:
Shah Rukh Khan as Tahir Taliyar Khan
Lisa Haydon as Lisa D'Souza
Imran Abbas as Dr. Faisal Khan
Alia Bhatt as DJ in "The Breakup Song" track
Neha Dhupia as Voiceover Reporter

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text:
"...it is not a conventional love story or love triangle. It's a film that dwells deeply on relationships, heartbreaks and how love completes you, defines you and yet leaves you wanting for more. I have never had, in my entire career, a film that has come to me so fast, so organically and so from within."

—Karan Johar speaking about the film in an interview with The Times of India[6]

tag: div

text: The film was first announced in November 2014. Writer-director Karan Johar said that for the past year and a half, he had been developing a story that he needed to work on for several months. However, while he was in New York, the idea for Ae Dil Hai Mushkil came to him and he wrote the screenplay in 30 days. When he came back to India, he spoke to the three lead actors and they all signed on immediately. Johar stated that he was motivated to cast Ranbir Kapoor and Anushka Sharma in the film after getting to know them by acting with them in Anurag Kashyap's Bombay Velvet (2015). He added that he was excited to cast Aishwarya Rai Bachchan after several unsuccessful attempts to cast her in his previous films like Kuch Kuch Hota Hai (1998), Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham... (2001), and Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna (2006).[6]

text: Actor Fawad Khan was cast to play a role of a DJ, describing his role as "not exactly a cameo but it becomes a backbone for a certain conflict of a character in the movie."[7] Lisa Haydon has also confirmed that she will appear in the film.[8] In September 2016 at the Toronto International Film Festival, Johar confirmed that Shah Rukh Khan had also filmed a scene for the movie.[9] In October 2016, he confirmed that Alia Bhatt would also make a cameo appearance in the film.[10]

text: On 6 February at the India Conference at Harvard, Johar revealed that in the film Ranbir Kapoor plays the character of a Hindu boy named Ayan and Anushka Sharma plays a Muslim girl named Alizeh.[11]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography began in September 2015 with Kapoor and Sharma in London. At the end of September, the team filmed some portions in Paris.[12] In October, they began shooting in various locations in Austria, including the city of Vienna. Aishwarya Rai Bachchan joined the crew in Vienna in mid-October after the release of her film Jazbaa.[13] In March 2016, Kapoor, Sharma, and Khan were seen filming in Mandawa, Rajasthan.[14] In July 2016, Johar tweeted a photo of Kapoor and Sharma on set in Mumbai for the last schedule.[15]

text: Release[edit]

text: Screening issue[edit]

text: On 8 October 2016, Indian political party, Maharashtra Navnirman Sena (MNS), proclaimed that they would not allow the release of the film, following nationwide protests surrounding the terrorist attack in Jammu and Kashmir on 18 September 2016 and the decision by Cinema Owners Exhibitors Association of India preventing the release of films with Pakistani actors in four states – Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, and Goa. Citing the casting of Pakistani actor, Fawad Khan, in the film, the MNS warned theater owners around the country to not screen the film, threatening them with vandalism. Announcing that security will be tightened at theaters along with sufficient police protection, Maharashtra chief minister, Devendra Fadnavis, commented on the issue, saying, "Anyone found taking the law into their hands will be dealt with firmly." He also informed that 12 MNS members were sent to judicial custody after they barged into a Mumbai theater and held a protest on 19 October 2016.[16]

text: Commenting on the ruckus behind his film's release, director Karan Johar said that the circumstances in which the film was filmed in 2015 were completely different. "Going forward, I would like to say that of course, I will not engage with talent from the neighbouring country, given the circumstance. But with that same energy, I beseech you to know one thing – that over 300 people in my Indian crew have put their blood, sweat, and tears into making my film, Ae Dil Hai Mushkil. I don't think it's fair for them to face any kind of turbulence on account of other fellow Indians," he further added in a video statement. He was heavily criticized by news and social media for buckling under pressure.[17] However, people from the film fraternity like Mukesh Bhatt and Shyam Benegal supported Johar and his film, and requested the people to consider the film and its release without giving importance to the actors' nationalities.

text: On 20 October 2016, filmmaker Mukesh Bhatt said that his discussion with Union home minister, Rajnath Singh, had been consequential, and affirmed that the film will be screened throughout the country without any violence. However, he promised that he would not make any more films with Pakistani actors.[18]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Ae Dil Hai Mushkil was made on a total budget of over ₹100 crore ($15 million), including marketing and distribution costs. Prior to its release, the film had already recouped ₹75 crore ($11.2 million) from music, satellite and digital rights, so it needed to recover only ₹25 crore ($3.7 million) from the domestic box office. Worldwide, the film earned ₹90.84 crore ($13.6 million) on its opening weekend,[19] while ComScore reported an estimated $12.8 million from 14 markets.[20] As of November, it has made $21.3 million worldwide.[21]

text: In India, its domestic market, the film had to compete with Shivaay which was released on the same day during the lucrative Diwali weekend.[22] On its opening day the film made ₹13.30 crore, the third biggest for both Kapoor and Sharma,[23] and the sixth biggest for a Bollywood film of the year.[24] Through its opening weekend, It scored a debut of ₹35.60 crore ($5.3 million) net in its three days on 3,200 screens, equating to a gross ₹49.84 crore ($7.65 million), the ninth-biggest debut of the year[25] and the best ever debut for Johar, beating My Name is Khan ₹31.50 crore ($4.7 million).[26] On Monday, it saw a hike in ticket sales, earning ₹17.75 crore ($2.65 million) due to holiday.[27] In its first full week, the film earned ₹80.19 crore ($12 million) in India alone and $20.2 million worldwide.[28] The film continued to dominate the box office in its second weekend, earning $3.2 million from 2,000 screens (−1,200 screens).[29] In just 10 days, the film earned ₹97.17 crore ($14.6 million) net and has become the sixth highest-grossing Bollywood film in the country. Morever, the film now ranks as the highest-earner for Aishwarya, beating Dhoom 2's ₹82.30 crore ($12.3 million) in 2006; the fourth biggest for Anushka as well as for Ranbir.[29]

text: In the United Kingdom, it recorded the biggest Bollywood opening of the year with ₹4.88 crore ($772,891), debuting at eighth place at the U.K. box office.[20] However, this is inclusive of previews. Including previews, Sultan would be the clear winner with a $1.3 million debut in July. But excluding previews, Ae Dil Hai Mushkil is ahead of the former.[30] In the United States and Canada, the film received a limited release across 302 theaters and grossed ₹14 crore ($2.13 million) in its opening weekend finishing in tenth place.[31]

text: By the end of its theatrical run, the film grossed ₹160.69 crore in India and total ₹237.56 crore worldwide.[3]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Ae Dil Hai Mushkil received mixed to positive reviews, with critics praising the lead cast's performances, soundtrack, and direction. However, criticizing the story and the runtime, Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a 58% score based on twelve critic reviews, with an average rating of 5.4/10.[32] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, the film has a score of 40 out of 100, based on four critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[33]

text: Bollywood Hungama gave 4/5 ratings and commented, "a contemporary and a progressive take on relationships from the master story teller Karan Johar".[34]

text: Raja Sen and Sukanya Verma of Rediff.com respectively rated 4/5 and 3.5/5 and said, "Thank you, Karan Johar for this film feels like a sob. Johar has improved massively as a storyteller, this film is more polished and assured than anything he's done before."[35] and, "As evident by his body of work, Karan Johar has a sweet spot for this attribute, in the splendidly romantic and richly satisfying ADHM."[36]

text: Nihit Bhave of The Times of India rated 3.5/5 and said, "a beautiful-looking film that isn't bereft of logic".[37]

text: Subhash K. Jha of Deccan Chronicle rated 2.5/5 and said, "ADHM is one good looking film with actors who epitomise human beauty."[38] Sweta Kaushal of Hindustan Times rated 2.5/5, saying "ADHM offers little in terms of story and fails to get the audience empathise or feel for the characters and events in the movie."[39]

text: Shubhra Gupta of The Indian Express rated 2/5 and said, "Johar is unable to go the extra mile, hope that Johar will come up with something newer and sharper the next time around."[40] Mike McCahill of The Guardian rated 2/5 and said, "Despite controversy over the casting, Karan Johar's romance, has a failure of nerve about Hindu-Muslim relations."[41]

text: The Hindu commented, "ADHM is the latest in the brand of cinema that isn't so much as plot driven as it is focused on characters, relationships and interactions."[42]

text: Reuters commented, "ADHM has neither gravitas nor the charm to be worth remembering."[43]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Ae Dil Hai Mushkil

Soundtrack album by Pritam

Released
26 October 2016[44]

Recorded
2015

Genre
Feature film soundtrack

Length
27:54

Language
Hindi

Label
Sony Music India

Pritam chronology

Dishoom
(2016)Dishoom2016
Ae Dil Hai Mushkil
(2016)
Dangal
(2016)Dangal2016

Singles from Ae Dil Hai Mushkil

"Ae Dil Hai Mushkil"
Released: 30 August 2016[45]
"Bulleya"
Released: 15 September 2016[46]
"Channa Mereya"
Released: 29 September 2016
"The Breakup Song"
Released: 13 October 2016
"Cutiepie"
Released: 25 October 2016
"Channa Mereya – Remix By DJ Chetas"
Released: 14 December 2016[47]
"Ae Dil Hai Mushkil Mashup – By DJ Veronika"
Released: 24 December 2016[48]

tag: table

text: The film's soundtrack was released on 26 October 2016 by Sony Music India.[49][50][51] The film had five initial promotional singles released from the soundtrack. Audio Jukebox was released at YouTube on 2 November 2016.[52]

text: Pritam received the Best Music Director distinction at the 62nd Filmfare Awards, while Arijit Singh won the "Best Playback Singer Award" for the title song of the film. Amitabh Bhattacharya won Best Lyricist" Award for "Channa Mereya".[53]

text: Track listing[edit]

text: The soundtrack album and film score is composed by Pritam with song lyrics by Amitabh Bhattacharya. The reprised versions of songs "Bulleya" & "Channa Mereya" and "Aaj Jaane Ki Zid Na Karo" were released separately in the deluxe edition of the album, but not added in soundtrack album.[54] However, the latter of these, which is written by Fayyaz Hashmi and was originally composed by Sohail Rana,[55][56] was recreated and featured in the film too.

text: All lyrics written by Amitabh Bhattacharya; all music composed by Pritam.

text:
Track listing

No.
Title
Singer(s)
Length

1.
"Ae Dil Hai Mushkil"
Arijit Singh
4:29

2.
"Bulleya"
Amit Mishra, Shilpa Rao
5:49

3.
"Channa Mereya"
Arijit Singh
4:49

4.
"The Breakup Song"
Arijit Singh, Jonita Gandhi, Badshah, Nakash Aziz
4:12

5.
"Cutipie"
Pardeep Singh Sran, Nakash Aziz
3:51

6.
"Alizeh"
Arijit Singh, Ash King, Shashwat Singh
4:42

Total length:
27:54

text:
Deluxe edition

No.
Title
Artist(s)
Length

7.
"Bulleya" (Reprise)
Arijit Singh, Shilpa Rao
5:48

8.
"Channa Mereya" (Unplugged)
Arijit Singh
2:51

9.
"Aaj Jaane Ki Zid Na Karo"
Shilpa Rao
2:45

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Date of Ceremony
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
Ref(s)

Filmfare Awards
14 January 2017
Best Director
Johar !Karan Johar
Nominated
[57][58]

Best Actor
Kapoor !Ranbir Kapoor
Nominated

Best Actress
Sharma !Anushka Sharma
Nominated

Best Music Director
Pritam !Pritam
Won

Best Lyricist
Bhattacharya !Amitabh Bhattacharya for "Channa Mereya"
Won

Best Playback Singer – Male
Singh !Arijit Singh for "Ae Dil Hai Mushkil"
Won

Mishra !Amit Mishra for "Bulleya"
Nominated

RD Burman Award for New Music Talent
Won

Best Playback Singer – Female
Gandhi !Jonita Gandhi for "The Breakup Song"
Nominated

Screen Awards
4 December 2016
Best Actor
Kapoor !Ranbir Kapoor
Nominated
[59]

Best Actress
Sharma !Anushka Sharma
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress
Rai Bachchan !Aishwarya Rai Bachchan
Nominated

Best Music Director
Pritam !Pritam
Won

Best Male Playback
Mishra !Amit Mishra for "Bulleya"
Won

Best Lyricist
Bhattacharya !Amitabh Bhattacharya for "Ae Dil Hai Mushkil"
Won

Stardust Awards
20 December 2016
Best Film
Ae Dil Hai Mushkil
Nominated
[60][61]

Best Director
Johar !Karan Johar
Won

Best Actor
Kapoor !Ranbir Kapoor
Nominated

Best Actress
Sharma !Anushka Sharma (also for Sultan)
Won

Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Female)
Rai Bachchan !Aishwarya Rai Bachchan
Nominated

Best Costume Design
Manish Malhotra, Anaita Shroff Adajania and Samidha Wangnoo
Nominated

Best Music Album
Sony Music India
Won

Best Music Director
Pritam !Pritam
Won

Best Lyricist
Bhattacharya !Amitabh Bhattacharya for "Channa Mereya"
Won

Bhattacharya !Amitabh Bhattacharya for "Ae Dil Hai Mushkil"
Nominated

Best Playback Singer (Male)
Singh !Arijit Singh for "Channa Mereya"
Won

Singh !Arijit Singh for "Ae Dil Hai Mushkil"
Nominated

Best Playback Singer (Female)
Gandhi !Jonita Gandhi for "The Breakup Song"
Nominated


document_title: Climate of North Dakota

question_text: when does it normally snow in north dakota

text: Climate of North Dakota

text: General climatology[edit]

text: Due to its location in the center of North America North Dakota experiences temperature extremes characteristic of a continental climate, with cold winters and mild to hot summers.[2]  Each season has distinctive upper air patterns which bring different weather conditions with them.  One feature of a continental climate is that weather patterns can be unpredictable. For example, an Alberta clipper, a low pressure system originating in the province of Alberta in Canada, would be a common winter occurrence in North Dakota.  But with the general unpredictability of weather in a continental climate, such a storm system could occur in spring, or in late autumn. Hot weather, though usually confined to July and August, can sometimes begin as early as April or May, and could spill over into September or October.[3]

text: Being 1,000 miles (1,609 km) from any large body of water (with the exception of Lake Superior), temperatures and precipitation in North Dakota can vary widely.  North Dakota is far enough north to experience −60 °F (−51 °C) temperatures and blizzards during the winter months, but far enough south to experience 121 °F (49 °C) temperatures and tornado outbreaks in the summer.[4] The 181 °F degree (100 °C) variation between North Dakota's highest and lowest temperature is the 3rd largest variation of any U.S. State, and the largest of any non-mountainous state.[5]

text: North Dakota is far from major sources of moisture and is in the transition zone between the moist East and the semi-arid West, as precipitation and humidity decrease from east to west. Annual average precipitation across the state ranges from around 14 in (35.6 cm) in the west to 22 in (55.9 cm) in the east.[6] Snow is the main form of precipitation from November through March, while rain is the most common the rest of the year. It has snowed in North Dakota during every month except July and August.

text: Statistics for ThreadEx cities[edit]

text:
showClimate data for Bismarck Municipal Airport, North Dakota (1981–2010 normals,[a] extremes 1874–present[b])

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Record high °F (°C)

63 (17)

73 (23)

81 (27)

93 (34)

102 (39)

111 (44)

114 (46)

109 (43)

105 (41)

95 (35)

79 (26)

66 (19)

114 (46)

Mean maximum °F (°C)

46.8 (8.2)

51.0 (10.6)

65.7 (18.7)

81.2 (27.3)

86.9 (30.5)

93.2 (34)

98.8 (37.1)

98.2 (36.8)

92.2 (33.4)

81.9 (27.7)

63.9 (17.7)

48.5 (9.2)

101.6 (38.7)

Average high °F (°C)

23.4 (−4.8)

28.3 (−2.1)

40.4 (4.7)

57.0 (13.9)

68.4 (20.2)

77.2 (25.1)

84.7 (29.3)

83.5 (28.6)

72.1 (22.3)

57.5 (14.2)

39.6 (4.2)

26.2 (−3.2)

54.9 (12.7)

Daily mean °F (°C)

12.8 (−10.7)

18.1 (−7.7)

29.9 (−1.2)

43.8 (6.6)

55.5 (13.1)

64.7 (18.2)

71.1 (21.7)

69.5 (20.8)

58.5 (14.7)

44.8 (7.1)

29.2 (−1.6)

16.2 (−8.8)

42.8 (6)

Average low °F (°C)

2.2 (−16.6)

7.9 (−13.4)

19.4 (−7)

30.7 (−0.7)

42.7 (5.9)

52.0 (11.1)

57.4 (14.1)

55.5 (13.1)

44.9 (7.2)

32.2 (0.1)

18.8 (−7.3)

6.1 (−14.4)

30.8 (−0.7)

Mean minimum °F (°C)

−22.8 (−30.4)

−19.3 (−28.5)

−5.3 (−20.7)

13.7 (−10.2)

27.0 (−2.8)

38.8 (3.8)

45.6 (7.6)

41.6 (5.3)

28.6 (−1.9)

15.3 (−9.3)

−1.7 (−18.7)

−17.5 (−27.5)

−29.4 (−34.1)

Record low °F (°C)

−45 (−43)

−45 (−43)

−36 (−38)

−12 (−24)

13 (−11)

30 (−1)

32 (0)

32 (0)

10 (−12)

−10 (−23)

−30 (−34)

−43 (−42)

−45 (−43)

Average precipitation inches (mm)

0.43 (10.9)

0.51 (13)

0.87 (22.1)

1.26 (32)

2.40 (61)

3.17 (80.5)

2.89 (73.4)

2.28 (57.9)

1.59 (40.4)

1.25 (31.8)

0.71 (18)

0.49 (12.4)

17.85 (453.4)

Average snowfall inches (cm)

8.9 (22.6)

8.1 (20.6)

9.1 (23.1)

4.2 (10.7)

0.4 (1)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0.2 (0.5)

2.2 (5.6)

8.8 (22.4)

9.3 (23.6)

51.2 (130)

Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)

7.5

7.0

7.9

7.4

10.1

11.2

9.7

8.2

7.5

6.6

7.0

7.6

97.7

Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)

9.7

8.1

6.4

2.5

0.4

0

0

0

0.1

1.4

6.6

10.0

45.2

Average relative humidity (%)

71.3

72.4

69.9

61.8

60.1

65.0

61.8

60.6

63.7

63.8

72.0

74.5

66.4

Mean monthly sunshine hours

149.4

153.5

222.3

244.3

296.1

318.1

354.6

316.2

245.9

191.7

122.6

122.9

2,737.6

Percent possible sunshine

53

53

60

60

64

67

74

72

65

57

43

46

61

Source: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990),[7][8][9] The Weather Channel[10]

text:
showClimate data for Fargo, North Dakota (Hector Int'l), 1981–2010 normals,[c] extremes 1881–present[d]

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Record high °F (°C)

55 (13)

66 (19)

80 (27)

100 (38)

104 (40)

104 (40)

114 (46)

106 (41)

102 (39)

97 (36)

74 (23)

65 (18)

114 (46)

Mean maximum °F (°C)

39.6 (4.2)

43.1 (6.2)

57.0 (13.9)

79.9 (26.6)

88.1 (31.2)

91.6 (33.1)

94.0 (34.4)

93.8 (34.3)

89.2 (31.8)

78.2 (25.7)

59.3 (15.2)

41.2 (5.1)

97.0 (36.1)

Average high °F (°C)

18.4 (−7.6)

23.7 (−4.6)

36.3 (2.4)

55.8 (13.2)

69.3 (20.7)

77.4 (25.2)

82.5 (28.1)

81.2 (27.3)

70.8 (21.6)

56.0 (13.3)

37.3 (2.9)

22.3 (−5.4)

52.6 (11.4)

Average low °F (°C)

0.1 (−17.7)

5.6 (−14.7)

19.4 (−7)

32.7 (0.4)

44.9 (7.2)

55.0 (12.8)

59.5 (15.3)

57.3 (14.1)

47.4 (8.6)

35.1 (1.7)

20.3 (−6.5)

5.9 (−14.5)

31.9 (0)

Mean minimum °F (°C)

−22.5 (−30.3)

−19 (−28)

−6.1 (−21.2)

16.9 (−8.4)

28.6 (−1.9)

41.1 (5.1)

47.1 (8.4)

43.4 (6.3)

30.7 (−0.7)

19.3 (−7.1)

0.3 (−17.6)

−16.6 (−27)

−26 (−32)

Record low °F (°C)

−48 (−44)

−47 (−44)

−34 (−37)

−13 (−25)

14 (−10)

28 (−2)

36 (2)

32 (0)

17 (−8)

−4 (−20)

−27 (−33)

−36 (−38)

−48 (−44)

Average precipitation inches (mm)

0.70 (17.8)

0.61 (15.5)

1.30 (33)

1.36 (34.5)

2.81 (71.4)

3.90 (99.1)

2.79 (70.9)

2.56 (65)

2.57 (65.3)

2.15 (54.6)

1.00 (25.4)

0.83 (21.1)

22.58 (573.5)

Average snowfall inches (cm)

11.2 (28.4)

7.0 (17.8)

9.1 (23.1)

3.0 (7.6)

trace

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0.7 (1.8)

7.9 (20.1)

11.2 (28.4)

50.1 (127.3)

Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)

8.3

7.2

8.3

7.4

11.0

11.7

9.5

9.1

8.7

8.3

7.1

9.2

105.8

Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)

8.9

6.7

5.3

1.8

0

0

0

0

0

0.8

5.4

9.5

38.4

Average relative humidity (%)

73.1

74.7

76.0

65.6

60.0

66.1

66.9

66.5

69.2

68.8

75.7

76.1

69.9

Mean monthly sunshine hours

140.9

153.9

212.3

241.6

283.2

303.2

350.2

313.2

231.2

178.9

113.1

107.4

2,629.1

Percent possible sunshine

51

53

58

59

61

64

73

71

61

53

40

40

59

Source: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)[11][12][13][14]

text:
showClimate data for Grand Forks International Airport, North Dakota (1981–2010 normals,[15] extremes 1893–present[16]

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Record high °F (°C)

52 (11)

67 (19)

83 (28)

100 (38)

105 (41)

105 (41)

109 (43)

104 (40)

103 (39)

95 (35)

75 (24)

58 (14)

109 (43)

Mean maximum °F (°C)

39.2 (4)

42.0 (5.6)

54.2 (12.3)

78.1 (25.6)

87.2 (30.7)

90.3 (32.4)

92.3 (33.5)

93.5 (34.2)

89.1 (31.7)

76.3 (24.6)

57.4 (14.1)

40.3 (4.6)

96.0 (35.6)

Average high °F (°C)

16.5 (−8.6)

21.9 (−5.6)

34.2 (1.2)

53.9 (12.2)

68.0 (20)

76.1 (24.5)

81.0 (27.2)

80.2 (26.8)

69.6 (20.9)

54.3 (12.4)

35.1 (1.7)

20.3 (−6.5)

51.1 (10.6)

Average low °F (°C)

−3.1 (−19.5)

2.1 (−16.6)

16.1 (−8.8)

30.0 (−1.1)

41.5 (5.3)

52.0 (11.1)

56.3 (13.5)

54.0 (12.2)

44.2 (6.8)

31.9 (−0.1)

17.0 (−8.3)

2.6 (−16.3)

28.9 (−1.7)

Mean minimum °F (°C)

−25.4 (−31.9)

−21.4 (−29.7)

−8.2 (−22.3)

16.2 (−8.8)

27.6 (−2.4)

40.3 (4.6)

46.0 (7.8)

41.3 (5.2)

30.1 (−1.1)

17.3 (−8.2)

−2 (−19)

−18.9 (−28.3)

−29 (−34)

Record low °F (°C)

−43 (−42)

−42 (−41)

−36 (−38)

−9 (−23)

5 (−15)

28 (−2)

30 (−1)

30 (−1)

11 (−12)

−9 (−23)

−35 (−37)

−37 (−38)

−43 (−42)

Average precipitation inches (mm)

0.55 (14)

0.52 (13.2)

0.96 (24.4)

1.01 (25.7)

2.68 (68.1)

3.48 (88.4)

3.15 (80)

2.88 (73.2)

2.05 (52.1)

1.97 (50)

0.95 (24.1)

0.61 (15.5)

20.81 (528.7)

Average snowfall inches (cm)

10.7 (27.2)

6.6 (16.8)

7.2 (18.3)

2.6 (6.6)

0.1 (0.3)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

trace

1.5 (3.8)

7.7 (19.6)

10.7 (27.2)

47.1 (119.6)

Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)

8.1

6.6

7.5

7.0

10.6

11.6

10.5

9.1

8.3

8.5

6.9

8.5

103.2

Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)

10.1

7.1

5.5

1.9

0.2

0

0

0

0

1.3

5.6

9.8

41.5

Source: NOAA[17][18]

text:
showClimate data for Williston, North Dakota (Sloulin Int'l), 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1894–present[e]

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Record high °F (°C)

58 (14)

66 (19)

84 (29)

92 (33)

106 (41)

108 (42)

110 (43)

108 (42)

104 (40)

93 (34)

76 (24)

63 (17)

110 (43)

Average high °F (°C)

21.9 (−5.6)

27.5 (−2.5)

40.4 (4.7)

57.0 (13.9)

67.7 (19.8)

76.8 (24.9)

84.4 (29.1)

83.8 (28.8)

71.3 (21.8)

56.3 (13.5)

37.9 (3.3)

24.4 (−4.2)

54.1 (12.3)

Average low °F (°C)

0.1 (−17.7)

6.3 (−14.3)

18.2 (−7.7)

29.7 (−1.3)

40.5 (4.7)

49.7 (9.8)

55.8 (13.2)

53.9 (12.2)

42.1 (5.6)

29.8 (−1.2)

16.4 (−8.7)

3.3 (−15.9)

28.8 (−1.8)

Record low °F (°C)

−42 (−41)

−50 (−46)

−35 (−37)

−15 (−26)

10 (−12)

26 (−3)

34 (1)

32 (0)

13 (−11)

−9 (−23)

−27 (−33)

−50 (−46)

−50 (−46)

Average precipitation inches (mm)

0.59 (15)

0.39 (9.9)

0.71 (18)

1.00 (25.4)

1.92 (48.8)

2.52 (64)

2.54 (64.5)

1.45 (36.8)

1.06 (26.9)

0.92 (23.4)

0.65 (16.5)

0.62 (15.7)

14.37 (365)

Average snowfall inches (cm)

10.0 (25.4)

5.7 (14.5)

6.2 (15.7)

3.7 (9.4)

1.3 (3.3)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0.2 (0.5)

2.6 (6.6)

6.1 (15.5)

9.5 (24.1)

45.3 (115.1)

Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)

7.5

6.0

7.6

7.7

10.0

11.5

9.0

8.2

7.4

6.3

6.7

8.6

96.5

Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)

8.7

6.4

6.0

2.4

0.8

0

0

0

0.1

1.8

5.9

9.1

41.2

Average relative humidity (%)

76.2

75.6

72.5

61.4

58.5

59.6

56.1

54.9

61.1

65.2

74.9

77.1

66.1

Mean monthly sunshine hours

144.5

169.7

227.3

250.3

297.9

326.0

366.3

331.5

249.5

197.1

122.2

125.5

2,807.8

Percent possible sunshine

53

59

62

61

63

68

76

75

66

59

44

48

63

Source: NOAA (relative humidity 1962–1990, sun 1961–1990)[f][20][21][22]

text: Seasons[edit]

text: Winter in North Dakota is characterized by cold (below freezing) temperatures and snowfall.  Snow is the main form of winter precipitation, but freezing rain, ice, sleet, and sometimes even rain are all possible during the winter months.  Common storm systems include Alberta clippers or Panhandle hooks, some of which evolve into blizzards.  Annual snowfall averages from 26 inches (66 cm) in the central part of the state to 38 inches (96.5 cm) in the northeast and southwest.[23] Temperatures as low as −60 °F (−51 °C) have occurred during North Dakota winters.[4]

text: Spring is a time of major transition in North Dakota.  Early spring commonly sees snowstorms, but by late spring as temperatures begin to moderate the state can experience tornado outbreaks, a risk which diminishes but does not cease through the summer and into the fall as North Dakota lies at the northern edge of Tornado Alley. Springtime flooding is a relatively common event in the Red River Valley, due to the river flowing north into Canada. The spring melt and the eventual runoff typically begins earlier in the southern part of the valley than in the northern part.[24] The most destructive flooding in eastern North Dakota occurred in 1997, which caused extensive damage to Grand Forks.[25]

text: Summer sees heat and humidity predominate in the east, while hotter and less humid conditions are generally present in the west. These humid conditions help kick off thunderstorm activity 22–34 days a year. Summer high temperatures in North Dakota average in the mid 80s (30 °C) in the west to the upper 70s (25 °C) in the east, with temperatures as hot as 121 °F (49 °C) possible.[4] The growing season in North Dakota usually begins in April, and harvest begins in September and October. Tornadoes are possible in North Dakota from April through October, but the peak tornado month is July, followed by June and August. The state averages 13 tornadoes per year. Depending on location, average annual precipitation ranges from 14 in (35.6 cm) to 22 in (55.9 cm).[6]

text: Autumn weather in North Dakota is largely the reverse of spring weather. The jet stream, which tends to weaken in summer, begins to re-strengthen, leading to a quicker changing of weather patterns and an increased variability of temperatures. By late October and November these storm systems become strong enough to form major winter storms.  Fall and spring are the windiest times of the year in North Dakota.

text: 2017 Drought[edit]

text: As of September 2017, the United States Drought Monitor recorded abnormally dryweather conditions across the entire state.[26] The drought is considered severe and unprecedented, and because of its nature as a "unpredictable, sudden event brought on by sustained high temperatures and little rain", it is considered a “flash drought”.[27] North Dakota Agriculture Commissioner Doug Goehring announced that predicted economic losses as a consequence from the drought could amount to as much as $4 billion or $5 billion.[28][29]


document_title: Eric Brady

question_text: who did eric kill on days of our lives

question_tokens: who did eric kill on days of our lives

text: Eric Brady

text: Casting[edit]

text: Since the character's onscreen birth in 1984, the role was portrayed by several child actors. Rory Beauregard originated the role from October 19, 1984 to May 30, 1985. Others actors include Jesse Davis (December 6, 1985 to March 17, 1986), Edward Palma (August 7 to September 9, 1986), Bradley Hallock (December 18, 1986 to July 1, 1992). In 1997, Scotty Hauser portrayed Eric in a voiceover.[3]

text: Jensen Ackles auditioned for the role of Eric several times before was actually hired. The extensive process led to him rethinking his budding career as an actor.[4] Ackles stepped into the role of Eric on a contractual basis on July 28, 1997.[5][6] In the summer of 2000, during an interview Soap Opera Digest, Ackles confirmed that he would soon exit from the series after obtaining a development deal with ABC. Ackles made his final appearance on August 23, 2000.[7] However, Ackles admitted that he could return.[8] In December 2000, it was reported that NBC had approached Ackles to reprise the role in early 2001, but he respectfully declined.[9] Reports also surfaced that the producers considered actor Shane McDermott, who was previously known for his portrayal of Scott Chandler on ABC's All My Children to take over the role, but executive producer Ken Corday immediately shot down the rumors, revealing that there were no plans to recast the role.[9]

text: In February 2011, Greg Vaughan, who was previously known for his roles as General Hospital's Lucky Spencer and The Young and the Restless's Diego Guittierez had turned down a testing deal with Days.[10] It was then announced that Vaughan would star alongside Alison Sweeney, who portrayed Eric's twin sister, Sami Brady in the Hallmark movie, Second Chances, which fueled rumors that the series was interested in Vaughan for the role of Eric.[11] In late June 2012, TV Guide's Nelson Branco confirmed in his publication, Soap Opera Uncensored that several sources has revealed Vaughan had signed on as Eric Brady, despite no confirmation from NBC.[12] In early July, Soaps In Depth confirmed that Vaughan was set to join the cast, but his role had yet to be confirmed, with some speculating that Vaughan could be playing an entirely different other than Eric.[13] The July 16 issue of Soap Opera Digest reported that several sources had Vaughan in the role of Eric, but NBC had yet to confirm Vaughan's role. The magazine hinted that Eric would return as a "very changed man."[14] On August 8, 2012, Soap Opera Digest confirmed that Vaughan had officially began taping in his role as Eric Brady and was slated to first air in November 2012.[15] Vaughan's first air date was later confirmed as November 13, 2012.[16] Vaugahn revealed that when he initially auditioned for the role of Eric, he was rejected. However, he was happy that he earned the job instead of having it handed to him.[17]

text: In August 2015, Vaughan extended his contract with the show for an unspecified amount of time.[18] However, in November 2015, it was announced that Vaughan will be departing from the show.[19] On September 26, 2016, Entertainment Weekly broke news that Vaughan would reprise his portrayal of Eric Brady; he began appearing on January 17, 2017.[20]

text: Development[edit]

text: On April 30, and May 1, 1998, LeAnn Rimes made a two episode guest appearance in the series as a teenage runaway, Madison, and Eric keeps her from getting arrested when she steals some food. Eric is drawn to Madison because she reminds him of Sami. Eric takes her to his grandparents home and lets her spend the night before his aunt Kimberly Brady (Patsy Pease) convinces her that living a life on the street isn't what she wants. Eric goes to take Madison to the bus stop so she can return home and she apparently develops some romantic feelings for him. She promises to return to Salem some day.[21]

text: Eric always appears to be the more level headed of the twins and usually tries to talk sense into his sister, Sami. At the time of Eric's departure in 2000, he is very confused about his life. In mid August, Kristian Alfonso posted a picture on Twitter of herself, Vaughan and a few co-stars, with Vaughan wearing a clerical collar which immediately led to speculation that the character of Eric had become a priest.[22] Greg Vaughan revealed in an interview with Soaps In Depth that "Eric had been at a place in his life where his relationships had all gone awry." Eric needs a more clear cut path for his life and goes off to a third world country to work as a photojournalist. The unstable environment triggers something in Eric and he enters the priesthood.[23] In December 2012, Vaughan revealed to TV Source Magazine that the series would soon delve into Eric's past, and what led to him becoming priest. Vaughan like many others was skeptical about the character of Eric being re-introduced as a priest. However, Vaughan looked at the plot twist as a challenge. "It's been a growing process for the character," said Vaughan. Upon Vaughan's introduction, Eric and Sami are still very close as she is the first person that he informs about his decision to become a priest. Despite him being away, Sami is "confidant and connection" to their family and the rest of Salem.[24] When asked about Eric possibly falling for Nicole again, Vaughan said that Eric was a lot older and wiser, and could see Nicole's schemes coming. However, Vaughan said that the duo would be very plotonic friends and praised the writers for the pacing and allowing the relationship to grow organically. Vaughan said that viewers would begin to notice an emotional "tug of war" between Nicole and Eric as they try to work out their feelings.[17]

text: Storylines[edit]

text: Backstory[edit]

text: Eric and twin sister, Samantha "Sami" Brady are born in 1984 to Roman Brady and his wife, Dr. Marlena Evans. Eric is named after his great uncle, Eric Brady Sr. Following their mother's supposed death in the spring of 1987, the twins are sent to live with Marlena's parents, Frank and Martha in Colorado. However, the twins continue appearing onscreen through frequent visits to Salem. Eric last appears as a child in the summer of 1992 and the twins are later SORASed into teens. While Sami begins making trouble in Salem, Eric stays in Colorado with his grandparents. Eric is one of several other siblings; his paternal half siblings include, Carrie, Rex and Cassie Brady; he has another half sister from his mother's affair with John Black named Belle.

text: Eric returns home to Salem in the summer of 1997 dead set against his mother's relationship with John. Meanwhile, he suspects Sami of faking amnesia to get Austin Reed to fall in love with her. With the help of Carrie and her friend, Mike Horton, Eric helps uncover Sami's schemes just before her wedding to Austin. The group also reveals that Sami's son Will was actually fathered by Lucas Roberts. Sami is furious with Eric for his betrayal but she soon forgives him when she realizes he did not intend to hurt her.[25] Eric soon realizes he is being stalked by an old schoolmate, Jed Fox. Eric had previously been accused of date rape when Jed was the actual culprit. Jed threatens to kill Sami unless Eric takes responsibility for the rape; however, Eric convinces Jed to admit to his crimes and accept his punishment. Eric later develops an infatuation with waitress, Nicole Walker. Eric begins working as a photographer for Countess Wilhelmina Cosmetics and tries to get Nicole hired as a model. Nicole and Eric eventually begin dating but the relationship is strained thanks to Nicole's checkered past. When Eric focuses his attention on Sami's upcoming murder trial, Nicole falls for Lucas. Eric soon falls for an older woman, Greta Von Amberg and he breaks up with Nicole when she suddenly marries Lucas in 1999. Sami is convicted of murder and sentenced to death leaving her family devastated. Fortunately, Lucas admits to the crime to save Sami.[26] Eric's relationship with Greta is strained because he still has lingering feelings for Nicole. Greta realizes that Eric will never get over Nicole and ends the relationship. After nearly being killed in a railway, Eric decides to leave Salem. Eric leaves town in July 2000 after he admits to Nicole that he will always love her. In June 2008, Sami reveals that Eric had been in a car accident in Colorado. Though he doesn't suffer any serious injuries, Marlena rushes to his side.[27]

text: Eric returns to Salem in November 2012 as a priest at St. Luke's church. Eric hires Nicole to work as the secretary at the church. Eric opens up to Nicole about the violence he experienced while working as a photographer in the Congo. Eric is wary of Nicole's lingering feelings for him, and also harbors some feelings for her. Eric reluctantly begins working with Kristen DiMera (Eileen Davidson) on his new school project for the community. He disapproves of Kristen's romance with his step-brother, Brady Black (Eric Martsolf), and by the time he is able to get past his reservations and agrees to counsel them before their wedding, Eric uncovers repressed memories of Kristen drugging and raping him. He then is kidnapped by Stefano DiMera with Nicole, in an attempt to cover up for his daughter. Waiting together for their deaths, Nicole confesses that she still loves Eric and Eric, although he is astonished, also confesses that he still loves her. They are amazingly saved and brought to the hospital. After being released, he talks to Nicole and tells her that to get back his priesthood, which had been stripped after the wedding fiasco, he has to go on sabbatical. Nicole is shocked and hurt, especially when she remembers him telling her that he loves her. But he continues by saying that the real reason to go on sabbatical is to see if he can be the husband to Nicole that she deserves. He then leaves Salem. With the proof now resurfaced, the Vatican agrees to hear Eric's case about being reinstated to the priesthood. Nicole even travels to Rome to testify that she kept the proof from Eric for selfish reasons. Moved by her testimony and the proof, the bishop offers Eric admission back into the priesthood. But, still troubled by his inability to forgive Nicole, Eric turns it down. He returns to Salem and works as a photographer for the PR department at University Hospital.

text: He spends months fighting with Nicole, who keeps pleading with him to try to forgive her. But he can't. He finally finds a distraction when his ex-girlfriend, Serena Mason, comes to Salem in the winter of 2014 to do medical research for a story that she is working on. (Eric and Serena met in Africa, while she was there on a story assignment, and they fell in love. Serena did not stand in Eric's way when he felt drawn to the priesthood, but as soon as she heard that Eric had left the priesthood, she wanted to see if there was another chance for them). Eric is happy to see her when she arrives in Salem.

text: Their relationship moves quickly. But Serena is also in town for other motives. She has orders to retrieve a piece of artwork that Eric acquired when the two of them were in Africa, that contains smuggled diamonds. Eric's relationship with Serena is bothersome to Nicole and she tries and fails several times to break it up. Eric later breaks up with Serena after discovering that she slept with her boss, Xander Cook. Later, Eric and Nicole are locked in the basement of the news station by Xander. Facing death, Eric and Nicole share a tender moment, and they realize they still have feelings for each other. But Nicole is engaged to Daniel Jonas, and when Eric and Nicole escape the basement, Nicole breaks things off with Eric, leaving him devastated. In August 2015, Eric finds Serena strangled to death in the park (she is the first victim of the Necktie Killer). Eric begins to drink. In January 2016, while driving drunk, he causes a car accident injuring himself, Brady and Jennifer Horton and killing his best friend Daniel Jonas. In April 2016, Eric is sentenced to five years in prison for vehicular manslaughter.

text: Eric is released for good behavior and makes his way back to Salem, now sober. However, no one is willing to forgive him especially not Nicole, as he killed her fiancé. When Nicole goes through her baby troubles, Eric tries to become a shoulder for her to lean on. However, she still doesn't find that acceptable. When Nicole is kidnapped by Xander, on the orders of Deimos Kiriakis, Eric hatches a plan to save her with Brady. Eric saves Nicole but she still denies him forgiveness.

text: When Nicole returns to Salem, she is sentenced to community service for abducting Holly, a baby she is the biological mother of, but who is legally the child of Chloe Lane . She is sentenced to work at The Horton Center where Eric works. There, Nicole is finally able to forgive Eric, and they discover they both still love each other. Eric and Nicole have a night of passion, but Nicole is now in a relationship with Brady, and he finds out. Brady is furious, and he blackmails Nicole to leave town after telling Eric that she does not love him; and Eric is devastated.

text: When Eric's nephew Will is found to be alive but without any memories of his family and life in Salem, Eric helps Will and his mom Sami to re-build their relationship.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ackles was described as a "heartthrob" and became very popular during his time with the series. His popularity also leads to guest appearance by LeAnn Rimes.[21] Ackles received three Daytime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series in 1998,[28] 1999[29] and 2000.[30] Ackles also won "Best Male Newcomer" at the 1998 Soap Opera Digest Awards.[31] Ackles was also named by TV Guide on its list of the "12 Hottest New Stars" in 1998.[32]

text: Jamey Giddens scolded the series for offering a veteran actor like Vaughan, with a huge fanbase, a testing deal as opposed to an actual role. Giddens also urged the producers to cast Vaughan in the either the role of Eric or Philip Kiriakis.[10] The picture of Vaughan wearing a priest's collar stirred up some controversy among fans and critics, with some believing it would limit the kind of storylines that Eric could be involved in. Jillian Bowe responded to the picture with this statement: "Bless Me Father: Why is Greg Vaughan Wearing a Clerical Collar on Set of Days of Our Lives?!"[22] Ackles personally called Vaughan to wish him well in his portrayal of Eric. Speaking of their exchange, Vaughan stated: "The character is near and dear to his heart and he said, 'Greg, it just gives me a little more gratification knowing that somebody I respect in the business is playing the part."[33]

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ Despite the two retcons: The discovery of Alex North's marriage to Marlena and John and Hope's marriage in 2012. John and Marlena were married multiple times.

tag: ol


document_title: Sicario: Day of the Soldado

question_text: where was the movie sicario day of the soldado filmed

text: Sicario: Day of the Soldado

text: Plot[edit]

text: A suicide bombing in a Kansas City retail shop kills fifteen people. The United States government responds by authorizing CIA agent Matt Graver to apply extreme measures to combat Mexican drug cartels, who are suspected of smuggling the terrorists across the border. Graver and the Department of Defense decide the best option is to instigate a war between the major cartels, and Graver recruits black operative Alejandro Gillick for the mission. Gillick assassinates a high-profile lawyer of the Matamoros cartel in Mexico City while Graver and his team kidnap Isabela Reyes, the daughter of the kingpin of their rival, in a false flag operation.

text: Graver, Gillick, and their team take Isabela to Texas and stage a "rescue" with the DEA and local police to make her think she was kidnapped by her father's enemies. Gillick bonds with Isabela and the team makes plans to transport her back to Mexico, intending to leave her in territory controlled by her father's rivals in order to further escalate the conflict. However, the Mexican police escort for their trip back across the border double-cross them and attack the American vehicles. Graver and his team are forced to kill dozens of corrupt Mexican policemen to escape the ambush.

text: Isabela flees the scene amidst the chaos and Gillick goes after her alone. Meanwhile, the American government determines that at least two of the suicide bombers in Kansas City were actually domestic terrorists, not foreign nationals and thus were not smuggled into the United States by the cartels. In order to quell tensions with Mexico, the President orders the CIA to abandon the mission and erase all proof of American involvement by having Isabela killed as part of the cover-up. Graver in turn orders Gillick to kill Isabela, but he refuses and turns rogue to keep her alive. Graver assembles his team to hunt them down in Mexico. Gillick and Isabela move to enter the United States disguised as illegal immigrants, as it would be illegal for the CIA to execute Isabela on American soil.

text: Miguel, a Mexican-American "coyote", recognizes Gillick from a previous encounter in a parking lot in Texas. He alerts his boss and Gillick and Isabela are captured. Miguel is forced to execute Gillick. He shoots Gillick in the head and the gang leaves him for dead. Miguel is disappointed with the gang and abandons them shortly. Graver and his team track down the Mexican gang and Isabela with the help of a GPS transmitter  inserted into her shoe, and kill all the gang members. Graver takes pity on Isabela and decides to bring her back to the United States and put her in witness protection rather than following his orders to kill her. Meanwhile, Gillick wakes up finding the bullet went through his jaw, takes one of the gang members' cars and drives for the border. One year later, Gillick has recovered from his injuries. He finds Miguel and asks him if he wants to become a sicario.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Benicio del Toro as Alejandro Gillick
Josh Brolin as Matt Graver, CIA Special Activities Division officer
Isabela Moner as Isabela Reyes
Jeffrey Donovan as Steve Forsing
Manuel Garcia-Rulfo as Gallo
Catherine Keener as Cynthia Foards
Matthew Modine as Secretary of Defense James Riley
Shea Whigham as Andy Wheeldon
Elijah Rodriguez as Miguel Hernandez
Howard Ferguson Jr. as Troy
David Castañeda as Hector
Jacqueline Torres as Blandina
Raoul Trujillo as Rafael
Bruno Bichir as Angel
Jake Picking as Shawn

text: Production[edit]

text: In September 2015, Lionsgate commissioned a sequel to Sicario, centering on Benicio del Toro's character. The project was being overseen by writer Taylor Sheridan, with Denis Villeneuve initially involved.[7] In April 2016, producers Molly Smith and Trent Luckinbill said Emily Blunt, del Toro and Josh Brolin would return.[8][9] By June 1, 2016, Italian director Stefano Sollima had been hired to direct what was now  titled Soldado from a script by Sheridan.[10] On October 27, 2016, Catherine Keener was cast in the film, which Lionsgate and Black Label Media financed, and which was produced by Thunder Road's Basil Iwanyk, Black Label's Molly Smith and Thad and Trent Luckinbill, and Edward McDonnell.[11] By November 2016, Blunt was no longer attached.[12] The following month, Isabela Moner, David Castaneda and Manuel Garcia-Rulfo joined the cast.[13][14][15] Jeffrey Donovan, who returned as Steve Forsing, said that the story would focus on Forsing, Gillick and Graver "going down into Mexico to basically start a war, on purpose, between the rival Mexican cartels," and described the film as a "stand-alone spin-off" rather than a sequel or prequel.[16] In January 2017, Elijah Rodriguez, Matthew Modine and Ian Bohen also joined the cast.[17][18][19] Sheridan said, "if Sicario is a film about the militarization of police and that blending over, this is removing the policing aspect from it."[20]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography on the film began in New Mexico on November 8, 2016.[21]

text: Music[edit]

text: Hildur Guðnadóttir composed the score for the film, after collaborating with Jóhann Jóhannsson on the first film as cello soloist. The soundtrack was released by Varese Sarabande Records.

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was originally set to be released by Lionsgate in the United States, under the title Soldado, but a disagreement between Lionsgate and production company Black Label Media saw the U.S. and Canadian distribution rights change to Columbia Pictures, who then changed the title to Sicario 2: Soldado and then thereafter to Sicario: Day of the Soldado, in the North American market. Columbia Pictures distributed the film in the US, Canada, Latin America and Spain, while Lionsgate distributed it in the UK, as well as handling international rights.[22] In August 2017, Sony set the release date for June 29, 2018.[23]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: On December 19, 2017, the first trailer was released.[24] The second trailer debuted on March 19, 2018, confirming the new title as Sicario: Day of the Soldado.[25][26] The film was released outside North America under the title Sicario 2: Soldado in some locations, and in Italy, the Philippines and others keeping the initial title of Soldado.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: As of  August 17, 2018[update], Sicario: Day of the Soldado has grossed $49.8 million in the United States and Canada, and $23.1 million in other territories, for a total worldwide gross of $72.9 million.[3] The studio has stated the production budget was $35 million, although Deadline Hollywood reported the film cost as high as $45 million before prints and advertising.[2]

text: In the United States and Canada, Day of the Soldado was released alongside Uncle Drew, and was initially projected to gross around $12 million from 3,055 theaters in its opening weekend.[27] After making $7.5 million on its first day (including $2 million from Thursday night previews), estimates were raised to $19 million. Its debut was ultimately $19.1 million, an improvement over the $12.1 million the first film took in during its wide expansion, and third at the box office that weekend, behind Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom and Incredibles 2.[2] It fell 61% in its second weekend, to $7.3 million, finishing fifth at the box office.[28]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, Day of the Soldado holds an approval rating of 63% based on 233 reviews, with an average rating of 6.3/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Though not as strong as its predecessor, Sicario: Day of the Soldado succeeds as a stylish, dynamic thriller—even if its amoral machismo makes for grim viewing."[29] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 61 out of 100, based on 50 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[30] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale, down from the first film's "A–".[2]

text: Variety's Peter Debruge called the film "tense, tough, and shockingly ruthless at times," and wrote, "Soldado may not be as masterful as Villeneuve's original, but it sets up a world of possibilities for elaborating on a complex conflict far too rich to be resolved in two hours' time."[31] Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter praised the film as a "worthy, rough-and-tough sequel", highlighting the direction, lead performances and Sheridan's script, and saying "Sicario: Day of the Soldado emerges as a dynamic action drama in its own right."[32]

text: Darren Franich of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a 'B' rating, praising the performance of Del Toro while criticizing the plot, stating: "Alejandro (played by Del Toro) assassinates a cartel functionary in broad daylight... He executes the man, firing his gun exactly 417 times. So Sicario 2 is junk, but it's terrifically stylish junk. Director Stefano Solima has worked in Italian crime thrillers, and he brings a run-and-gun humanity to this, suggesting complexities of border society where the first film defaulted to moody hellscapery".[33]

text: Time magazine's Stephanie Zacharek found the film to be adequate, though lacking the presence of a character in the sequel as emotive as the one played by Emily Blunt in the original, stating: "There's not a Blunt in sight, though special task force macho men Matt Graver and Alejandro... return. This time their job is to stir up a war between rival Mexican drug cartels; part of the scheme involves kidnapping a drug lord's scrappy teenage daughter. Although she has enough teen-beat orneriness to kick both Matt's and Alejandro's butts, the movie doesn't let her."[34]

text: In an opinion piece for NBC News, Ani Bundel called the film "as implausible as it is irresponsible" and criticized the use of negative stereotypes, concluding that the film "is the worst kind of propaganda, in that it probably doesn’t even realize just how harmful it really is."[5] Monica Castillo at IndieWire describes the first film as an unsympathetic portrayal of Mexicans, and compares the sequel to state-sanctioned propaganda, decrying the "xenophobic absurdity" of it.[6]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: In June 2018, prior to the release of Soldado, producer Trent Luckinbill stated that a third film is in development.[35]


document_title: Telephone numbers in Spain

question_text: how many numbers in a spanish phone number

text: Telephone numbers in Spain

text: History[edit]

text: Spain changed to a closed telephone numbering plan in 1998. Previously, the trunk prefix was '9', but this was incorporated into the subscriber's number, so that a nine-digit number was used for all calls, e.g.:

text: Mobiles similarly changed: they are now prefixed with the digit '6' or '7':

text: New numbering ranges have also since been introduced:

text: Spain's international access code also changed from 07 to 00, but this did not affect dialing arrangements for calls to Gibraltar, in which the domestic prefix 9567 was used instead of the international code 350, e.g.:

text: This arrangement was discontinued on 10 February 2007 when Spain adopted the international 00350 prefix for all calls to Gibraltar, thereby bringing end to a dispute between Gibraltar and Spain.[1]

text: Mobile phones[edit]

text: Mobile phone numbers begin with 6 or 7, followed by 8 digits (6xx xxx xxx or 7yx xxx xxx), where y can be 1 to 9, not 0 (zero). Note, numbers starting with 70 are personal numbers which can be re-directed to any other number by the personal owner. Since the blocks of mobile phone numbers are allocated according to demand from the service providers, there is not necessarily a unique service provider indicated by the three digit numbering group (6xx or 7yx).

text: In October 2009, new legislation was approved to grant the allocation of up to 80,000,000 new numbers beginning with number 7 (followed by 8 digits) to supplement the existing group beginning with number 6 (followed by 8 digits); due to the lack of available numbers to satisfy the increasing demand for mobile phone and other mobile / wireless services.[2]

text: Personal numbering[edit]

text: Personal numbers are used as redirection IDs. The owner of a personal number may request, for example, any call to its personal number to be redirected to any other number it wants.

text: Personal numbers begin with 5, followed by 8 digits.

text: Other numbers[edit]

text:
Numbers starting with 2, 3, 4, 5, and 99 are reserved.
Numbers starting with 0 and 1 are used to compose short numbers or for prefixes.
Numbers starting with 80 and 90 are used for premium rates, toll free, and internet access numbers. 803, 806, and 807 prefixes are used for premium rate calls, where the caller pays a fixed amount of money per minute. 905 numbers are supposed to be used for voting systems. Calls have a limited duration (typically 3 minutes), and are charged a fixed rate per call. They are often used in TV shows as a substitutive of 80 numbers, both for image reasons and because operators are not obliged to block them on a user request, as 80 numbers are.[3]
800 and 900 numbers are freephone numbers in Spain. They are usually available from landlines but not from mobiles. 901 and 902 numbers are Non Geographic Numbers. These have been widely introduced by the call centres of large multinational European businesses. Unlike other normal Spanish phone numbers beginning 910 onwards, 901 and 902 numbers are always excluded from inclusive call bundles on Spanish landlines and mobiles. 902 numbers are also extremely expensive to call from Spanish mobiles. 901 and 902 numbers are also premium rated if calling Spain from overseas and low cost international call carriers to Spain normally refuse to connect calls to 901 and 902 numbers.

text: Area codes[edit]

text:
National Destination Code
Max length
Min length
Category or Province

0
3
3
Short Number

00
2
2
International Prefix

1
4
4
Short Number

103
6
4
Operator Selection

104
6
4
Operator Selection

105
6
4
Operator Selection

107
6
4
Operator Selection

112
3
3
Emergency Services

118
5
5
Directory assistance

5
9
9
Personal Numbering System

6
9
9
Mobile phones

70
9
9
Personal Numbering System

71
9
9
Mobile phones

72
9
9
Mobile phones

73
9
9
Mobile phones

74
9
9
Mobile phones

75
9
9
Mobile phones

76
9
9
Mobile phones

77
9
9
Mobile phones

78
9
9
Mobile phones

79
9
9
Mobile phones

800
9
9
Toll Free

803
9
9
Premium Rate (adult services)

806
9
9
Premium Rate (entertaining service)

807
9
9
Premium Rate (professional services)

822
9
9
Santa Cruz de Tenerife

824
9
9
Badajoz

828
9
9
Las Palmas

843
9
9
Gipuzkoa

848
9
9
Navarre

856
9
9
Cádiz

858
9
9
Granada

868
9
9
Murcia

871
9
9
Balearic Islands

872
9
9
Girona

873
9
9
Lleida

876
9
9
Zaragoza

877
9
9
Tarragona

881
9
9
A Coruña

886
9
9
Pontevedra

900
9
9
Toll Free

901
9
9
Shared-cost call

902
9
9
National Rate

905
9
9
Telephone Voting System

907
9
9
Premium Rate (data systems)

908
9
9
Internet Access

909
9
9
Internet Access

911
9
9
Madrid (Segovia and Guadalajara until 1993)

912
9
9
Madrid

913
9
9
Madrid

914
9
9
Madrid

915
9
9
Madrid

916
9
9
Madrid

917
9
9
Madrid

918
9
9
Madrid (Ávila until 1993)

920
9
9
Ávila

921
9
9
Segovia

922
9
9
Santa Cruz de Tenerife

923
9
9
Salamanca

924
9
9
Badajoz

925
9
9
Toledo

926
9
9
Ciudad Real

927
9
9
Cáceres

928
9
9
Las Palmas

931
9
9
Barcelona

932
9
9
Barcelona

933
9
9
Barcelona

934
9
9
Barcelona

935
9
9
Barcelona

936
9
9
Barcelona

937
9
9
Barcelona

938
9
9
Barcelona

940
9
9
Pager Services

941
9
9
La Rioja

942
9
9
Cantabria

943
9
9
Gipuzkoa

944
9
9
Biscay

945
9
9
Álava

946
9
9
Biscay

947
9
9
Burgos

948
9
9
Navarre

949
9
9
Guadalajara

950
9
9
Almería

951
9
9
Málaga

952
9
9
Málaga

953
9
9
Jaén

954
9
9
Seville

955
9
9
Seville

956
9
9
Cádiz

957
9
9
Córdoba

958
9
9
Granada

959
9
9
Huelva

960
9
9
Valencia

961
9
9
Valencia, Center of province

962
9
9
Valencia, South of province

963
9
9
Valencia, City and surroundings

964
9
9
Castellón

965
9
9
Alicante

966
9
9
Alicante

967
9
9
Albacete

968
9
9
Murcia

969
9
9
Cuenca

971
9
9
Balearic Islands

972
9
9
Girona

973
9
9
Lleida

974
9
9
Huesca

975
9
9
Soria

976
9
9
Zaragoza

977
9
9
Tarragona

978
9
9
Teruel

979
9
9
Palencia

980
9
9
Zamora

981
9
9
A Coruña

982
9
9
Lugo

983
9
9
Valladolid

984
9
9
Asturias

985
9
9
Asturias

986
9
9
Pontevedra

987
9
9
León

988
9
9
Ourense


document_title: List of 40-plus point games by LeBron James

question_text: what is lebron james highest score in one game

text: 40-plus points[edit]

text:
Number

Date

Opponent

Box Score

Minutes  played

Points

Field goals

3 pt

Free throws

Rebounds

Assists

Steals

Blocks

Notes

1

March 27, 2004

vs. New Jersey Nets (now called Brooklyn Nets)

W 107-104[2]

42:00

41

15-29

1-2

10-10

6

13

3

0

This was LeBron's first and only 40-plus point game on the 2003-04 NBA season.

2

November 24, 2004

vs Detroit Pistons

W 92-76[3]

38:00

43

15-22

2-3

11-12

6

5

3

1

3

December 28, 2004

at Atlanta Hawks

W 111-102[4]

46:00

40

13-25

3-5

11-14

9

7

1

0

4

March 28, 2005

at New Orleans Hornets (now called New Orleans Pelicans)

W 109-108[5]

53:00

44

16-29

3-10

9-11

6

3

4

0

The game went into overtime.

5

April 9, 2005

vs Milwaukee Bucks

W 98-81[6]

47:00

40

15-26

7-13

3-3

10

10

2

1

LeBron recorded a triple-double.

6

December 17, 2005

vs Miami Heat

W 115-107[7]

46:23

41

12-19

2-4

15-16

5

10

1

0

LeBron and Dwyane Wade both led their teams in scoring, 41 points and 33 points, respectively. They would be future teammates.

7

January 14, 2006

at Phoenix Suns

L 106-115[8]

43:45

46

18-28

5-8

5-5

7

8

1

0

8

January 29, 2006

vs Phoenix Suns

W 113-106[9]

42:45

44

17-33

3-7

7-12

11

7

1

1

9

February 13, 2006

vs San Antonio Spurs

W 101-87[10]

40:43

44

19-33

1-3

5-8

3

5

4

0

10

February 15, 2006

at Boston Celtics

W 113-109[11]

53:55

43

16-32

0-5

11-15

12

11

2

4

11

March 12, 2006

at Miami Heat

L 92-98[12]

45:17

47

11-27

1-6

24-28

7

4

0

1

12

March 29, 2006

vs Dallas Mavericks

W 107-94[13]

43:26

46

16-23

4-7

10-13

5

4

3

0

13

April 1, 2006

vs Miami Heat

W 106-99[14]

45:29

47

16-25

2-6

13-14

12

9

2

0

Dwyane Wade scored 44 points.

14 (PO)

April 28, 2006

at Washington Wizards

W 97-96[15]

47:37

41

16-28

3-5

6-9

5

3

2

0

This game occurred during the 2006 NBA Playoffs.

15 (PO)

May 3, 2006

vs Washington Wizards

W 121-120[16]

46:07

45

14-23

0-1

17-18

7

6

2

0

16

March 7, 2007

at Detroit Pistons

W 101-97[17]

50:40

41

17-31

1-3

6-8

7

8

3

1

17 (PO)

May 31, 2007

at Detroit Pistons

W 109-107[18]

50:18

48

18-33

2-3

10-14

9

7

2

0

This game occurred during the Eastern Conference Finals of the 2007 NBA Playoffs.

18

November 2, 2007

vs New York Knicks

W 110-106[19]

44:25

45

13-28

3-5

16-22

7

7

3

1

19

November 16, 2007

vs Utah Jazz

W 99-94[20]

40:16

40

13-27

1-3

13-15

10

9

0

3

20

November 21, 2007

at Minnesota Timberwolves

W 97-86[21]

39:03

45

17-26

6-10

5-8

8

5

3

2

21

January 27, 2008

at Los Angeles Lakers

W 98-95[22]

44:08

41

16-32

1-5

8-12

9

4

2

0

22

March 12, 2008

at New Jersey Nets (now called Brooklyn Nets)

L 99-104[23]

45:41

42

12-23

2-7

16-23

11

7

1

2

23 (PO)

May 18, 2008

at Boston Celtics

L 92-97[24]

46:48

45

14-29

3-11

14-19

5

6

2

0

This was game 7 of the Eastern Conference Semifinals against the Celtics. It occurred during the 2008 NBA Playoffs.

24

November 5, 2008

vs Chicago Bulls

W 107-93[25]

35:30

41

13-23

0-2

15-16

9

6

4

0

25

November 8, 2008

at Chicago Bulls

W 106-97[26]

39:12

41

13-29

4-7

11-13

13

4

0

0

26

November 11, 2008

vs Milwaukee Bucks

W 99-93[27]

42:46

41

16-24

1-4

8-10

5

6

3

0

27

February 10, 2009

at Indiana Pacers

L 95-96[28]

41:10

47

15-21

4-7

13-14

7

4

1

1

28

March 2, 2009

at Miami Heat

W 107-100[29]

43:40

42

13-21

6-7

10-10

8

4

1

1

29

March 17, 2009

vs Orlando Magic

W 97-93[30]

42:40

43

15-27

4-7

9-10

12

8

4

1

30 (PO)

May 9, 2009

at Atlanta Hawks

W 97-82[31]

43:14

47

15-25

5-10

12-16

12

8

1

1

This occurred during the Conference Semifinals of the 2009 NBA Playoffs.

31 (PO)

May 20, 2009

vs Orlando Magic

L 106-107[32]

41:14

49

20-30

3-6

6-10

6

8

2

3

This was game 1 of the 2009 Eastern Conference Finals.

32 (PO)

May 24, 2009

at Orlando Magic

L 89-99[33]

41:57

41

11-28

1-8

18-24

7

9

2

1

This was game 3 of the 2009 Eastern Conference Finals.

33 (PO)

May 26, 2009

at Orlando Magic

L 114-116[34]

49:24

44

13-29

4-10

14-18

12

7

1

1

This was game 4 of the 2009 Eastern Conference Finals.

34

November 20, 2009

at Indiana Pacers

W 105-95[35]

37:53

40

13-25

1-3

13-14

9

7

1

1

35

December 8, 2009

at Memphis Grizzlies

L 109-111[36]

44:47

43

14-29

4-11

11-12

13

6

0

1

36

December 13, 2009

at Oklahoma City Thunder

W 102-89[37]

38:35

44

16-29

5-8

7-10

7

6

4

1

37

December 30, 2009

vs Atlanta Hawks

W 106-101[38]

43:12

48

15-23

4-6

14-16

10

6

2

2

38

January 10, 2010

at Portland Trail Blazers

W 106-94[39]

45:16

41

13-19

3-4

12-14

10

8

0

1

39

February 6, 2010

vs New York Knicks

W 113-106[40]

43:51

47

17-31

6-12

7-7

8

8

5

0

40

February 18, 2010

vs Denver Nuggets

L 116-118[41]

47:00

43

15-33

1-9

12-17

13

15

2

4

41

March 5, 2010

vs Detroit Pistons

W 99-92[42]

41:52

40

16-27

3-7

5-6

13

6

3

2

42

April 4, 2010

at Boston Celtics

L 113-117[43]

44:32

42

14-31

0-9

14-22

7

9

1

1

43 (PO)

April 19, 2010

vs Chicago Bulls

W 112-102[44]

41:05

40

16-23

2-4

6-6

8

8

1

2

This occurred during the first round of the 2010 NBA Playoffs.

44

January 9, 2011

at Portland Trail Blazers

W 107-100[45]

46:11

44

17-26

3-5

7-10

13

6

2

0

45

February 8, 2011

vs Indiana Pacers

W 117-112[46]

41:44

41

15-23

2-5

9-13

13

8

3

1

46

March 18, 2011

at Atlanta Hawks

W 106-85[47]

30:54

43

16-21

5-7

6-7

2

3

0

0

47

February 1, 2012

at Milwaukee Bucks

L 97-105[48]

40:17

40

14-24

4-7

8-10

8

5

2

0

48

April 3, 2012

vs Philadelphia 76ers

W 99-93[49]

38:04

41

15-25

1-2

10-13

6

4

3

1

49 (PO)

May 20, 2012

at Indiana Pacers

W 101-93[50]

43:54

40

14-27

0-0

12-16

18

9

2

2

The occurred during the 2012 NBA Playoffs against the Pacers (game 4).

50 (PO)

June 7, 2012

at Boston Celtics

W 98-79[51]

44:49

45

19-26

2-4

5-9

15

5

0

0

In 2012, ESPN ranked the top 25 playoffs performances in NBA playoff history. This game ranked number 9.[52]

51

February 26, 2013

vs Sacramento Kings

W 141-129[53]

47:45

40

14-23

1-2

11-12

8

16

2

1

52

February 18, 2014

at Dallas Mavericks

W 117-106[54]

38:28

42

16-23

4-8

6-8

9

6

2

0

53

March 18, 2014

at Cleveland Cavaliers

W 100-96[55]

41:40

43

14-19

6-8

9-13

6

4

2

3

54 (PO)

May 12, 2014

at Brooklyn Nets

W 102-96[56]

43:28

49

16-24

3-6

14-19

6

2

3

0

This occurred during the 2014 NBA Playoffs against the Nets in game 4.

55

November 11, 2014

at Boston Celtics

W 122-121[57]

41:00

41

16-27

3-8

6-9

4

7

0

1

The Cavaliers overcame a 19-point deficit in the 4th quarter to beat the Celtics. James moved to 24th place on the NBA's all-time scoring list, surpassing Robert Parish.

56

December 12, 2014

at New Orleans Pelicans

L 114-119[58]

37:37

41

17-24

2-2

5-8

5

5

0

1

LeBron James scored 19 points in the first quarter alone, his season-high. Also, he surpassed Mark Price and became the player with the most three-points made in Cleveland Cavaliers history.

57

February 26, 2015

vs Golden State Warriors

W 110-99[59]

36:12

42

15-25

4-9

8-11

11

5

3

1

This was James's season-high.

58 (PO)

June 4, 2015

at Golden State Warriors

L 100-108[60]

45:46

44

18-38

2-8

6-10

8

6

0

0

This was James's career-high in an NBA Finals game. Game 1, Finals, Overtime.

59 (PO)

June 9, 2015

vs Golden State Warriors

W 96-91[61]

46:00

40

14-34

2-6

10-12

12

8

4

2

Game 3, Finals.

60 (PO)

June 14, 2015

at Golden State Warriors

L 91-104[62]

44:46

40

15-34

3-8

7-9

14

11

1

0

Game 5, Finals. James scored the second highest triple double in NBA Finals history, behind Jerry West's 42 point-triple double.[63]

61 (PO)

June 13, 2016

at Golden State Warriors

W 112-97[64]

42:38

41

16-30

4-8

5-8

16

7

3

3

James and Irving both had 41 points in road elimination game.

62 (PO)

June 16, 2016

vs Golden State Warriors

W 115-101[65]

42:35

41

16-27

3-6

6-8

8

11

4

3

Joined Jerry West, Rick Barry, Michael Jordan, and Shaquille O'Neal as the only players to score 40 in back-to-back NBA Finals games.[66]

63

December 10, 2016

vs Charlotte Hornets

W 116-105[67]

42:27

44

17-24

5-10

5-9

9

10

3

1

64

April 2, 2017

vs Indiana Pacers

W 135-130[68]

51:39

41

16-29

3-10

6-12

14

11

2

1

65 (PO)

April 20, 2017

at Indiana Pacers

W 119-114[69]

45:13

41

14-27

6-12

7-14

13

12

1

2

66 (PO)

June 12, 2017

at Golden State Warriors

L 129-120[70]

46:13

41

19-30

2-5

1-4

13

8

2

1

Finals. Game 5.

67

March 19, 2018

vs Milwaukee Bucks

W 124-117[71]

40:01

40

16-29

3-7

5-8

12

10

2

1

68

March 28, 2018

at Charlotte Hornets

W 118-105[72]

36:53

41

14-26

4-8

9-11

10

8

1

0

69

April 6, 2018

at Philadelphia 76ers

L 130-132

40:00

44

17-29

4-8

6-11

11

11

2

1

70 (PO)

April 18, 2018

vs Indiana Pacers

W 100-97

40:00

46

17-24

2-5

10-13

12

5

2

0

71 (PO)

April 25, 2018

vs Indiana Pacers

W 98-95

42:00

44

14-24

1-4

15-15

10

8

1

1

72 (PO)

April 29, 2018

vs Indiana Pacers

W 105-101

43:00

45

16-25

2-3

11-15

8

7

4

0

73 (PO)

May 2, 2018

at Toronto Raptors

W 128-110

41:00

43

19-28

1-3

4-8

8

14

1

0

Became the player with the most 40+ point 10+ assists games in NBA playoff history.

74 (PO)

May 16, 2018

at Boston Celtics

L 94-107

39:00

42

16-29

5-11

5-10

10

12

0

1

Eastern Conference Finals.

75 (PO)

May 21, 2018

vs Boston Celtics

W 111-102

42:00

44

17-28

1-4

9-13

5

3

2

0

Overtook Kareem Abdul-Jabbar as No.1 in Field Goals Made in playoff career.

76 (PO)

May 25, 2018

vs Boston Celtics

W 109-99

46:00

46

17-33

5-7

7-11

11

9

3

1

text:
with Cleveland Cavaliers

with Miami Heat

(PO)

Denotes a playoff game

text: 50-plus points[edit]

text:
Number

Date

Opponent

Box Score

Minutes  played

Points

Field goals

3 pt

Free throws

Rebounds

Assists

Steals

Blocks

Notes

1

March 20, 2005

at Toronto Raptors

L 98—105[73]

48:00

56

18—36

6—12

14—15

10

5

2

0

At the age of 20 years, 80 days, James became the youngest player to score 50 points in a game. On November 14, 2009, the record was broken by Brandon Jennings at the age of 20 years, 52 days.

2

December 10, 2005

at Milwaukee Bucks

L 106—111[74]

42:48

52

19—29

5—9

9—10

7

7

2

0

3

January 21, 2006

at Utah Jazz

W 108—90[75]

42:47

51

19—35

4—8

9—11

5

8

2

0

At the age of 21 years, 22 days, James became the youngest player to score 5,000 career points. He surpassed Kobe Bryant's previous record, who was 22 years and 116 days old.[76]

4

January 15, 2008

at Memphis Grizzlies

W 132—124[77]

47:10

51

18—28

6—12

9—16

8

9

3

1

LeBron scored nine points in overtime.

5

March 5, 2008

at New York Knicks

W 119—105[78]

43:50

50

16—30

7—13

11—16

8

10

4

0

6

February 4, 2009

at New York Knicks

W 107—102[79]

44:03

52

17—33

2—7

16—19

9

11

0

2

7

February 20, 2009

at Milwaukee Bucks

W 111—103[80]

40:04

56

16—29

8—11

15—22

5

9

0

0

8

March 13, 2009

at Sacramento Kings

W 126—123[81]

46:59

51

16—30

4—11

15—17

6

2

3

3

LeBron scored six points in overtime

9

February 3, 2011

at Orlando Magic

W 104—100[82]

42:39

51

17—25

3—5

14—17

11

8

1

1

Started the game 11 for 11 from the field

10

November 3, 2017

at Washington Wizards

W 130—122[83]

42

57

23—34

2-4

9—9

11

7

3

2

At age 32, James scored his second-highest scoring game of his career, and his first 50 point game since March 2014.

11 (PO)

May 31, 2018

at Golden State Warriors

L 114-124

48

51

19-32

3-7

10-11

8

8

1

1

2018 Finals Game 1. Ties Michael Jordan for most 30 plus point games in playoff history.

text: 60-plus points[edit]

text:
Number

Date

Opponent

Box Score

Minutes played

Points

Field goals

Three-point field goals

Free throws

Rebounds

Assists

Steals

Blocks

Notes

1

March 3, 2014

vs Charlotte Bobcats

W 124—107[84]

41:12

61

22—33

8—10

9—12

7

4

0

0


document_title: Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests

question_text: where are the coniferous forests found in asia

text: Setting[edit]

text: The ecoregion forms a belt of coniferous forest covering 27,500 square kilometres (10,600 sq mi) from 3,000 to 4,000 metres (9,800 to 13,100 ft) elevation extending from the Gandaki River in Nepal east through Bhutan and into Arunachal Pradesh. It is part of a transition zone from Indomalaya ecozone, in the south, to the Palearctic ecozone, in the north and is the last habitat below the treeline of the Himalayas. The Himalayas are lined with belts of habitat from the grassy foothills to the high peaks and are home to a number of birds and animals that migrate seasonally through these zones, including these conifer forests, each of which provides crucial habitat at different times of the year. Furthermore the streams and rivers of the steep mountainsides will flood if not held in place by woodland.

text: The Eastern Himalayas are watered by the Bay of Bengal monsoon so are wetter than in the west and have a higher treeline (4,500m compared to 3,000m in the western Himalayas).[2]

text: Flora[edit]

text: These forests are typically found on steep, rocky, north-facing slopes. The most common trees are Abies spectabilis, Larix griffithii, Juniperus recurva, Juniperus indica, Betula utilis, Acer spp., and Sorbus spp. The understory features a rich community of colourful rhododendrons, including Rhododendron hodgsonii, Rhododendron barbatum, Rhododendron campylocarpum, Rhododendron campanulatum, Rhododendron fulgens, and Rhododendron thomsonii. Other shrubs include Viburnum grandiflorum and Lonicera angustifolia.

text: Tsuga dumosa occurs in wetter areas and lower elevations. Pinus wallichiana occurs in drier areas around Tibet. It is particularly common in the Khumbu region. Taxus baccata is important but uncommon.

text: Juniper woodlands grow in flat, inner river valleys, mixed with various species of Salix and Prunus. Those in the Tsarijathang Valley in Bhutan's Jigme Dorji National Park are an important summer habitat for takin (Budorcas taxicolor).

text: Fauna[edit]

text: This ecoregion is home to some eighty-nine species of mammals originally from both Indomalayan and Palearctic ecozones, including civets, martens, Himalayan tahr and muntjac. The white-bellied musk deer, hunted for its musk-glands, and the endangered red panda are important inhabitants for whom the conifer forests are typical habitat with the red panda living between 3,000m and 4,000m where there is an undercover of bamboo beneath the fir trees. Other endangered species found here are the takin, Himalayan serow (Capricornis thar), and particolored flying squirrel (Hylopetes alboniger) while Mandelli's mouse-eared bat, the Asiatic wild dog, the Asiatic black bear and the Himalayan tahr are considered vulnerable. There are two near-endemic squirrels, Hodgson's giant flying squirrel (Petaurista magnificus) and the Bhutan giant flying squirrel (Petaurista nobilis) along with a pure endemic rodent, the Himalayan field mouse (Apodemus gurkha).

text: About 200 species of birds have been recorded in this ecoregion of which six are endemic; chestnut-breasted partridge (Arborophila mandellii), hoary-throated barwing (Actinodura nipalensis), Ludlow's fulvetta, (Alcippe ludlowi), Nepal wren-babbler (Pnoepyga immaculata), buff-throated partridge (Tetraophasis szechenyii), and Lord Derby's parakeet (Psittacula derbiana). The last two are limited to an area of conifer forest in Arunachal Pradesh. Threatened or endangered birds of the ecoregion include Tibetan eared pheasant (Crossoptilon harmani) and Sclater's monal (Lophophorus sclateri) while a number of other birds are sensitive to habitat change and therefore potentially vulnerable, these include blood pheasant (Ithaginis cruentus), Blyth's tragopan (Tragopan blythii), satyr tragopan (Tragopan satyra), Ward's trogon (Harpactes wardi) and chestnut-breasted partridge. Indeed this ecoregion forms part of two BirdLife International Endemic Bird Areas because of the number of birds for which the confifers are important for breeding.

text: Threats and conservation[edit]

text: The human population of these heights is very low and most of the natural conifer forest remains with a considerable portion in protected areas. Damage is caused as trees are cut to provide firewood for local inhabitants and for trekking parties or to clear land for grazing. Large protected areas that contain areas of conifer forest include Annapurna Conservation Area, Langtang and Makalu Barun National Parks in Nepal,  Singalila National Park in India, and Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary, Jigme Singye Wangchuck and Jigme Dorji National Parks in Bhutan.


document_title: Liquid air

question_text: what is the ratio of gases in air

question_tokens: what is the ratio of gases in air

text: Liquid air

text: Properties[edit]

text: Liquid air has a density of approximately 870 kg/m3 (0.87 g/cm3), though the density may vary depending on the elemental composition of the air. Since dry gaseous air contains approximately 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% argon, the density of liquid air at standard composition is calculated by the percentage of the components and their respective liquid densities (see liquid nitrogen and liquid oxygen). Although air contains trace amounts of carbon dioxide (about 0.040%), this gas sublimates (transfers directly between gas and solid, and therefore does not exist as a liquid) at pressures less than 5.1 atmospheres.

text: The boiling point of liquid air is -194.35 °C, intermediate between the boiling points of liquid nitrogen and liquid oxygen. However, it can be difficult to keep at a stable temperature as the liquid boils, since the nitrogen will boil off first, leaving the mixture oxygen-rich and changing the boiling point. This may also occur in some circumstances due to the liquid air condensing oxygen out of the atmosphere.[2]

text: Liquid air freezes at approximately 58 K (-215 °C)(-355 F), also at standard atmospheric pressure.[citation needed]

text: Preparation[edit]

text: Principle of production[edit]

text: The constituents of air were once known as "permanent gases", as they could not be liquified solely by compression at room temperature. A compression process will raise the temperature of the gas. This heat is removed by cooling to the ambient temperature in a heat exchanger, and then expanding by venting into a chamber. The expansion causes a lowering of the temperature, and by counter-flow heat exchange of the expanded air, the pressurized air entering the expander is further cooled. With sufficient compression, flow, and heat removal, eventually droplets of liquid air will form, which may then be employed directly for low temperature demonstrations.

text: The main constituents of air were liquefied for the first time by Polish scientists Zygmunt Florenty Wróblewski and Karol Olszewski in 1883.

text: Devices for the production of liquid air are simple enough to be fabricated by the experimenter using commonly available materials.

text: Process of manufacture[edit]

text: The most common process for the preparation of liquid air is the two-column Hampson–Linde cycle using the Joule–Thomson effect. Air is fed at high pressure (>60 psig, or 520 kPa) into the lower column, in which it is separated into pure nitrogen and oxygen-rich liquid. The rich liquid and some of the nitrogen are fed as reflux into the upper column, which operates at low pressure (<10 psig, or 170 kPa), where the final separation into pure nitrogen and oxygen occurs. A raw argon product can be removed from the middle of the upper column for further purification.[3]

text: Application[edit]

text: In manufacturing processes, the liquid air product is fractionated into its constituent gases in either liquid or gaseous form, as the oxygen is especially useful for fuel gas welding and cutting, and the argon is useful as an oxygen-excluding shielding gas in gas tungsten arc welding. Liquid nitrogen is useful in various low-temperature applications, being nonreactive at normal temperatures (unlike oxygen), and boiling at 77 K (−196 °C; −321 °F).

text: During World War II, Nazi Germany's nuclear scientists reportedly experimented with a bomb made from liquid air and coal dust.[4]

text: Transport and energy storage[edit]

text: Between 1899 and 1902, the automobile Liquid Air was produced and demonstrated by a joint American/English company, with the claim that they could construct a car that would run a hundred miles on liquid air.

text: On 2 October 2012, the Institution of Mechanical Engineers said liquid air could be used as a means of storing energy. This was based on a technology that was developed by Peter Dearman, a garage inventor in Hertfordshire, England to power vehicles.[5]