document_title: Pledge of Allegiance (United States)

question_text: when was the pledge of allegiance written and by whom

text: Pledge of Allegiance (United States)

text: Recital[edit]

text: Congressional sessions open with the recital of the Pledge, as do many government meetings at local levels, and meetings held by many private organizations. All states except Hawaii, Iowa, Vermont and Wyoming require a regularly-scheduled recitation of the pledge in the public schools, although the Supreme Court has ruled in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette that students cannot be compelled to recite the Pledge, nor can they be punished for not doing so.[9] In a number of states, state flag pledges of allegiance are required to be recited after this.[10]

text: The United States Flag Code says:

text: The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag—"I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic for which it stands, one Nation  under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all."[11]—should be rendered by standing at attention facing the flag with the right hand over the heart. When not in uniform men should remove any non-religious headdress with their right hand and hold it at the left shoulder, the hand being over the heart. Persons in uniform should remain silent, face the flag, and render the military salute. Members of the Armed Forces not in uniform and veterans may render the military salute in the manner provided for persons in uniform.[4]

text: Origins[edit]

text: Balch and Bellamy pledges[edit]

text: The Pledge of Allegiance, as it exists in its current form, was composed in August 1892 by Francis Bellamy (1855–1931), who was a Baptist minister, a Christian socialist,[12][13] and the cousin of socialist utopian novelist Edward Bellamy (1850–1898). There did exist a previous version created by Captain George T. Balch, a veteran of the Civil War, who later became auditor of the New York Board of Education. Balch's pledge, which existed contemporaneously with the Bellamy version until the 1923 National Flag Conference, read:

text: We give our heads and hearts to God and our country; one country, one language, one flag!

text: Balch was a proponent of teaching children, especially those of immigrants, loyalty to the United States, even going so far as to write a book on the subject and work with both the government and private organizations to distribute flags to every classroom and school.[14] Balch's pledge, which predates Bellamy's by 5 years and was embraced by many schools, by the Daughters of the American Revolution until the 1910s, and by the Grand Army of the Republic until the 1923 National Flag Conference, is often overlooked when discussing the history of the Pledge.[15] Bellamy, however, did not approve of the pledge as Balch had written it, referring to the text as "too juvenile and lacking in dignity."[16] The Bellamy "Pledge of Allegiance" was first published in the September 8 issue of the popular children's magazine The Youth's Companion as part of the National Public-School Celebration of Columbus Day, a celebration of the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the Americas. The event was conceived and promoted by James B. Upham, a marketer for the magazine, as a campaign to instill the idea of American nationalism in students and to encourage children to raise flags above their schools.[17] According to author Margarette S. Miller, this campaign was in line both with Upham's patriotic vision as well as with his commercial interest. According to Miller, Upham "would often say to his wife: 'Mary, if I can instill into the minds of our American youth a love for their country and the principles on which it was founded, and create in them an ambition to carry on with the ideals which the early founders wrote into The Constitution, I shall not have lived in vain.'"[18]

text: Bellamy's original Pledge read:

text: I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Republic for which it stands, one nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.[1][19]

text: The Pledge was supposed to be quick and to the point. Bellamy designed it to be recited in 15 seconds. As a socialist, he had initially also considered using the words equality and fraternity[17] but decided against it, knowing that the state superintendents of education on his committee were against equality for women and African Americans.[20]

text: Francis Bellamy and Upham had lined up the National Education Association to support the Youth's Companion as a sponsor of the Columbus Day observance and the use in that observance of the American flag. By June 29, 1892, Bellamy and Upham had arranged for Congress and President Benjamin Harrison to announce a proclamation making the public school flag ceremony the center of the Columbus Day celebrations. This arrangement was formalized when Harrison issued Presidential Proclamation 335. Subsequently, the Pledge was first used in public schools on October 12, 1892, during Columbus Day observances organized to coincide with the opening of the World's Columbian Exposition (the Chicago World's Fair), Illinois.[21]

text: Francis Bellamy's account[edit]

text: In his recollection of the creation of the Pledge, Francis Bellamy said, "At the beginning of the nineties patriotism and national feeling was (sic) at a low ebb. The patriotic ardor of the Civil War was an old story ... The time was ripe for a reawakening of simple Americanism and the leaders in the new movement rightly felt that patriotic education should begin in the public schools."[16] James Upham "felt that a flag should be on every schoolhouse,"[16] so his publication "fostered a plan of selling flags to schools through the children themselves at cost, which was so successful that 25,000 schools acquired flags in the first year (1892-93).[16]

text: As the World's Columbian Exposition was set to celebrate the 400th anniversary the arrival of Christopher Columbus in the Americas, Upham sought to link the publication's flag drive to the event, "so that every school in the land ... would have a flag raising, under the most impressive conditions."[16] Bellamy was placed in charge of this operation and was soon lobbying "not only the superintendents of education in all the States, but [he] also worked with governors, Congressmen, and even the President of the United States."[16] The publication's efforts paid off when Benjamin Harrison declared Wednesday October 12, 1892, to be Columbus Day for which The Youth's Companion made "an official program for universal use in all the schools."[16] Bellamy recalled that the event "had to be more than a list of exercises. The ritual must be prepared with simplicity and dignity."[16]

text: Edna Dean Proctor wrote an ode for the event, and "There was also an oration suitable for declamation."[16] Bellamy held that "Of course, the nub of the program was to be the raising of the flag, with a salute to the flag recited by the pupils in unison."[16] He found "There was not a satisfactory enough form for this salute. The Balch salute, which ran, "I give my heart and my hand to my country, one country, one language, one flag," seemed to him too juvenile and lacking in dignity."[16] After working on the idea with Upham, Bellamy concluded, "It was my thought that a vow of loyalty or allegiance to the flag should be the dominant idea. I especially stressed the word 'allegiance'. ... Beginning with the new word allegiance, I first decided that 'pledge' was a better school word than 'vow' or 'swear'; and that the first person singular should be used, and that 'my' flag was preferable to 'the.'"[16] Bellamy considered the words "country, nation, or Republic," choosing the last as "it distinguished the form of government chosen by the founding fathers and established by the Revolution. The true reason for allegiance to the flag is the Republic for which it stands."[16] Bellamy then reflected on the sayings of Revolutionary and Civil War figures, and concluded "all that pictured struggle reduced itself to three words, one Nation indivisible."[16]

text: Bellamy considered the slogan of the French Revolution, Liberté, égalité, fraternité ("liberty, equality, fraternity"), but held that "fraternity was too remote of realization, and … [that] equality was a dubious word."[16] Concluding "Liberty and justice were surely basic, were undebatable, and were all that any one Nation could handle. If they were exercised for all. They involved the spirit of equality and fraternity."[16]

text: After being reviewed by Upham and other members of The Youth's Companion, the Pledge was approved and put in the official Columbus Day program. Bellamy noted that, "In later years the words 'to my flag' were changed to 'to the flag of the United States of America' because of the large number of foreign children in the schools."[16] Bellamy disliked the change, as "it did injure the rhythmic balance of the original composition."[16]

text: Changes[edit]

text: In 1906, The Daughters of the American Revolution's magazine, The American Monthly, listed the "formula of allegiance" as being the Balch Pledge of Allegiance, which reads:[15]

text: I pledge allegiance to my flag, and the republic for which it stands. I pledge my head and my heart to God and my country. One country, one language and one flag.

text: In subsequent publications of the Daughters of the American Revolution, such as in 1915's "Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Continental Congress of the Daughters of the American Revolution" and 1916's annual "National Report," the Balch Pledge, listed as official in 1906, is now categorized as "Old Pledge" with Bellamy's version under the heading "New Pledge."[22][23] However, the "Old Pledge" continued to be used by other organizations until the National Flag Conference established uniform flag procedures in 1923.

text: In 1923, the National Flag Conference called for the words "my Flag" to be changed to "the Flag of the United States," so that new immigrants would not confuse loyalties between their birth countries and the US. The words "of America" were added a year later. Congress officially recognized the Pledge for the first time, in the following form, on June 22, 1942:[24]

text: I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic for which it stands, one Nation indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.

text: Addition of "under God"[edit]

text: Louis Albert Bowman, an attorney from Illinois, was the first to suggest the addition of "under God" to the pledge. The National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution gave him an Award of Merit as the originator of this idea.[25][26] He spent his adult life in the Chicago area and was chaplain of the Illinois Society of the Sons of the American Revolution. At a meeting on February 12, 1948,[25] he led the society in reciting the pledge with the two words "under God" added. He said that the words came from Lincoln's Gettysburg Address. Although not all manuscript versions of the Gettysburg Address contain the words "under God", all the reporters' transcripts of the speech as delivered do, as perhaps Lincoln may have deviated from his prepared text and inserted the phrase when he said "that the nation shall, under God, have a new birth of freedom." Bowman repeated his revised version of the Pledge at other meetings.[25]

text: In 1951, the Knights of Columbus, the world's largest Catholic fraternal service organization, also began including the words "under God" in the Pledge of Allegiance.[27] In New York City, on April 30, 1951, the board of directors of the Knights of Columbus adopted a resolution to amend the text of their Pledge of Allegiance at the opening of each of the meetings of the 800 Fourth Degree Assemblies of the Knights of Columbus by addition of the words "under God" after the words "one nation." Over the next two years, the idea spread throughout Knights of Columbus organizations nationwide. On August 21, 1952, the Supreme Council of the Knights of Columbus at its annual meeting adopted a resolution urging that the change be made universal, and copies of this resolution were sent to the President, the Vice President (as Presiding Officer of the Senate), and the Speaker of the House of Representatives. The National Fraternal Congress meeting in Boston on September 24, 1952, adopted a similar resolution upon the recommendation of its president, Supreme Knight Luke E. Hart. Several State Fraternal Congresses acted likewise almost immediately thereafter. This campaign led to several official attempts to prompt Congress to adopt the Knights of Columbus policy for the entire nation. These attempts were eventually a success.[28]

text: At the suggestion of a correspondent, Representative Louis C. Rabaut (D-Mich.), of Michigan sponsored a resolution to add the words "under God" to the Pledge in 1953.[29]

text: Before February 1954, no endeavor to get the pledge officially amended had succeeded. The final successful push came from George MacPherson Docherty. Some American presidents honored Lincoln's birthday by attending services at the church Lincoln attended, New York Avenue Presbyterian Church by sitting in Lincoln's pew on the Sunday nearest February 12. On February 7, 1954, with President Eisenhower sitting in Lincoln's pew, the church's pastor, George MacPherson Docherty, delivered a sermon based on the Gettysburg Address entitled "A New Birth of Freedom." He argued that the nation's might lay not in arms but rather in its spirit and higher purpose. He noted that the Pledge's sentiments could be those of any nation: "There was something missing in the pledge, and that which was missing was the characteristic and definitive factor in the American way of life." He cited Lincoln's words "under God" as defining words that set the US apart from other nations.[citation needed]

text: President Eisenhower had been baptized a Presbyterian very recently, just a year before. He responded enthusiastically to Docherty in a conversation following the service. Eisenhower acted on his suggestion the next day and on February 8, 1954, Rep. Charles Oakman (R-Mich.), introduced a bill to that effect. Congress passed the necessary legislation and Eisenhower signed the bill into law on Flag Day, June 14, 1954.[30] Eisenhower said:

text: From this day forward, the millions of our school children will daily proclaim in every city and town, every village and rural school house, the dedication of our nation and our people to the Almighty.... In this way we are reaffirming the transcendence of religious faith in America's heritage and future; in this way we shall constantly strengthen those spiritual weapons which forever will be our country's most powerful resource, in peace or in war.[31]

text: The phrase "under God" was incorporated into the Pledge of Allegiance on June 14, 1954, by a Joint Resolution of Congress amending § 4 of the Flag Code enacted in 1942.[30]

text: On October 6, 1954, the National Executive Committee of the American Legion adopted a resolution, first approved by the Illinois American Legion Convention in August 1954, which formally recognized the Knights of Columbus for having initiated and brought forward the amendment to the Pledge of Allegiance.[28]

text: Even though the movement behind inserting "under God" into the pledge might have been initiated by a private religious fraternity and even though references to God appear in previous versions of the pledge, historian Kevin M. Kruse asserts that this movement was an effort by corporate America to instill in the minds of the people that capitalism and free enterprise were heavenly blessed. Kruse acknowledges the insertion of the phrase was influenced by the push-back against atheistic communism during the Cold War, but argues the longer arc of history shows the conflation of Christianity and capitalism as a challenge to the New Deal played the larger role.[32]

text: Salute[edit]

text: Swearing of the Pledge is accompanied by a salute. An early version of the salute, adopted in 1887, known as the Balch Salute, which accompanied the Balch pledge, instructed students to stand with their right hand outstretched toward the flag, the fingers of which are then brought to the forehead, followed by being placed flat over the heart, and finally falling to the side.

text: In 1892, Francis Bellamy created what was known as the Bellamy salute. It started with the hand outstretched toward the flag, palm down, and ended with the palm up. Because of the similarity between the Bellamy salute and the Nazi salute, which was adopted in Germany later, the US Congress stipulated that the hand-over-the-heart gesture as the salute to be rendered by civilians during the Pledge of Allegiance and the national anthem in the US would be the salute to replace the Bellamy salute. Removal of the Bellamy salute occurred on December 22, 1942, when Congress amended the Flag Code language first passed into law on June 22, 1942.[33] Attached to bills passed in Congress in 2008 and then in 2009 (Section 301(b)(1) of title 36, United States Code), language was included which authorized all active duty military personnel and all veterans in civilian clothes to render a proper hand salute during the raising and lowering of the flag, when the colors are presented, and during the National Anthem.[34]

text: Music[edit]

text: A musical setting for "The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag" was created by Irving Caesar, at the suggestion of Congressman Louis C. Rabaut whose House Resolution 243 to add the phrase "under God" was signed into law on Flag Day, June 14, 1954.[35]

text: The composer, Irving Caesar, wrote and published over 700 songs in his lifetime. Dedicated to social issues, he donated all rights of the musical setting to the U.S. government, so that anyone can perform the piece without owing royalties.[36][37]

text: It was sung for the first time on the floor of the House of Representatives on Flag Day, June 14, 1955 by the official Air Force choral group the "Singing Sergeants". A July 29, 1955 House and Senate resolution authorized the  U.S. Government Printing Office to print and distribute the song sheet together with a history of the pledge.[38]

text: Other musical versions of the Pledge have since been copyrighted, including by Beck (2003), Lovrekovich (2002 and 2001), Roton (1991), Fijol (1986), and Girardet (1983).[39]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: In 1940, the Supreme Court, in Minersville School District v. Gobitis, ruled that students in public schools, including the respondents in that case—Jehovah's Witnesses who considered the flag salute to be idolatry—could be compelled to swear the Pledge. In 1943, in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, the Supreme Court reversed its decision. Justice Robert H. Jackson, writing for the 6 to 3 majority, went beyond simply ruling in the precise matter presented by the case to say that public school students are not required to say the Pledge on narrow grounds, and asserted that such ideological dogmata are antithetical to the principles of the country, concluding with:

text: If there is any fixed star in our constitutional constellation, it is that no official, high or petty, can prescribe what shall be orthodox in politics, nationalism, religion, or other matters of opinion or force citizens to confess by word or act their faith therein. If there are any circumstances which permit an exception, they do not now occur to us.[40]

text: In a later case, the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals held that students are also not required to stand for the Pledge.[41]

text: Requiring or promoting of the Pledge on the part of the government has continued to draw criticism and legal challenges on several grounds.

text: One objection is that a democratic republic built on freedom of dissent should not require its citizens to pledge allegiance to it, and that the First Amendment to the United States Constitution protects the right to refrain from speaking or standing, which itself is also a form of speech in the context of the ritual of pledging allegiance.[42][41] Another objection is that the people who are most likely to recite the Pledge every day, small children in schools, cannot really give their consent or even completely understand the Pledge they are making.[43] Another criticism is that a government requiring or promoting the phrase "under God" violates protections against the establishment of religion guaranteed in the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.[44]

text: In 2004, linguist Geoffrey Nunberg said the original supporters of the addition thought that they were simply quoting Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, but to Lincoln and his contemporaries, "under God" meant "God willing", so they would have found its use in the Pledge of Allegiance grammatically incorrect and semantically odd.[45][46]

text: Legal challenges[edit]

text: Prominent legal challenges were brought in the 1930s and 1940s by Jehovah's Witnesses, a denomination whose beliefs preclude swearing loyalty to any power other than God, and who objected to policies in public schools requiring students to swear an oath to the flag.[47] They said requiring the pledge violated their freedom of religion guaranteed by the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment. The first case was in 1935, when two children, Lillian and William Gobitas, ages ten and twelve, were expelled from the Minersville, Pennsylvania, public schools that year for failing to salute the flag and recite the Pledge of Allegiance.[48][49]

text: In a 2002 case brought by atheist Michael Newdow, whose daughter was being taught the Pledge in school, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled the phrase "under God" an unconstitutional endorsement of monotheism when the Pledge was promoted in public school. In 2004, the Supreme Court heard Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow, an appeal of the ruling, and rejected Newdow's claim on the grounds that he was not the custodial parent, and therefore lacked standing, thus avoiding ruling on the merits of whether the phrase was constitutional in a school-sponsored recitation. On January 3, 2005, a new suit was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of California on behalf of three unnamed families. On September 14, 2005, District Court Judge Lawrence Karlton ruled in their favor. Citing the precedent of the 2002 ruling by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, Judge Karlton issued an order stating that, upon proper motion, he would enjoin the school district defendants from continuing their practices of leading children in pledging allegiance to "one Nation under God."[50]

text: In 2006, in the Florida case Frazier v. Alexandre, a federal district court in Florida ruled that a 1942 state law requiring students to stand and recite the Pledge of Allegiance violates the First and Fourteenth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution.[51] As a result of that decision, a Florida school district was ordered to pay $32,500 to a student who chose not to say the pledge and was ridiculed and called "unpatriotic" by a teacher.[52]

text: In 2009, a Montgomery County, Maryland, teacher berated and had school police remove a 13-year-old girl who refused to say the Pledge of Allegiance in the classroom. The student's mother, assisted by the American Civil Liberties Union of Maryland, sought and received an apology from the teacher, as state law and the school's student handbook both prohibit students from being forced to recite the Pledge.[53]

text: On March 11, 2010, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the words "under God" in the Pledge of Allegiance in the case of Newdow v. Rio Linda Union School District.[54][55] In a 2–1 decision, the appellate court ruled that the words were of a "ceremonial and patriotic nature" and did not constitute an establishment of religion.[54] Judge Stephen Reinhardt dissented, writing that "the state-directed, teacher-led daily recitation in public schools of the amended 'under God' version of the Pledge of Allegiance... violates the Establishment Clause of the Constitution."[56]

text: On November 12, 2010, in a unanimous decision, the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit in Boston affirmed a ruling by a New Hampshire lower federal court which found that the pledge's reference to God does not violate non-pledging students' rights if student participation in the pledge is voluntary.[57][58] A United States Supreme Court appeal of this decision was denied on June 13, 2011.[59][60]

text: In September 2013, a case was brought before the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, arguing that the pledge violates the Equal Rights Amendment of the Constitution of Massachusetts.[61] In May 2014, Massachusetts' highest court ruled that the pledge does not discriminate against atheists, saying that the words "under God" represent a patriotic, not a religious, exercise.[62]

text: In February 2015 New Jersey Superior Court Judge David F. Bauman dismissed a lawsuit, ruling that "… the Pledge of Allegiance does not violate the rights of those who don't believe in God and does not have to be removed from the patriotic message."[63] The case against the Matawan-Aberdeen Regional School District had been brought by a student of the district and the American Humanist Association that argued that the phrase "under God" in the pledge created a climate of discrimination because it promoted religion, making non-believers "second-class citizens." In a twenty-one page decision, Bauman wrote, "Under [the association members'] reasoning, the very constitution under which [the members] seek redress for perceived atheistic marginalization could itself be deemed unconstitutional, an absurd proposition which [association members] do not and cannot advance here."[63] Bauman said the student could skip the pledge, but upheld a New Jersey law that says pupils must recite the pledge unless they have "conscientious scruples" that do not allow it.[64][65] He noted, "As a matter of historical tradition, the words 'under God' can no more be expunged from the national consciousness than the words 'In God We Trust' from every coin in the land, than the words 'so help me God' from every presidential oath since 1789, or than the prayer that has opened every congressional session of legislative business since 1787.”


document_title: Sajan Re Jhoot Mat Bolo

question_text: jaya real name of sajan re phir jhoot mat bolo

root

text: Sajan Re Jhoot Mat Bolo

text: Season 1[edit]

text: Apoorva is looking for a job. He lands a job with the Dhirubhai's Global Sanskar Group of Industries. Apoorva meets Aarti (niece of Dhirubhai) and falls in love with her. Apoorva lies to Dhirubhai and Aarti about his family. Raju, Apoorva's best friend, builds up a fake family. After a month Aarti gets married to Apoorva. It shows how Apoorva and other family members try to hide the truth of this fake family from Dhirubhai and his niece Aarti.

tag: p

text: Plot[edit]

text: Sajan Re Jhoot Mat Bolo revolves around the humor that comes from situational lies and liars. It is a situational comedy that arises from a small lie that the protagonist, Apoorva, had to tell his employer Dhirubhai Jhaveri to get a job. Dhirubhai is a very successful businessman who hates lies and liars and believes in family bonding and values. His belief in these values at times crosses levels of normalcy and are unbelievably rigid. Apoorva was raised in an orphanage and, to get the job in Dhirubhai’s company, lies that he has a full-fledged family in India. Apoorva’s description of his imaginary family makes Dhirubhai fall in love with each and every member.

text: Dhirubhai has a niece Aarti, who is young, beautiful and believes in the same values as her uncle. They both trust Apoorva blindly: He has earned this trust and respect on the basis of his hard work. Over time he has become the Man Friday for Dhirubhai as well as Aarti. Apoorva has also developed a liking for Aarti but has refrained from expressing his feelings to her.

text: Dhirubhai fixes Aarti’s marriage but, in a dramatic turn of events, it is called off at the last moment. Dhirubhai decides to marry Aarti with Apoorva. He announces that the marriage will take place in India, in the presence of Apoorva’s family. Apoorva tries to convey the truth to Aarti but realizes that it will break her heart. He asks his best friend Raju to set up his fake family in India before the marriage, which has to take place in a few days.

text: Raju does the needful and when Apoorva arrives in India with Dhirubhai and Aarti, he comes face to face with family for the first time. From here starts a non-stop comical journey in which the family members, who are from varied backgrounds, try to find their feet in their new characters and live up to Dhirubhai and Aarti’s expectations.And the fake family never speaks truth to Dhirubhai .[1]

text: Goa trip[edit]

text: In a series of episodes particularly for a Valentine's Day special,[2] the family was shown on a trip to Goa. On the trip, Dhirubhai crashes with Preeti who is roaming around in modern clothes. What follows is a series of attempts by Apoorva to make him believe that doubles do exist in this world. Dhirubhai refuses to accept it but, in the end, as Apoorva was about to unfold the secret of his family, Dhirubhai meets his own look-alike and believes Apoorva. Once again the family is saved from being destroyed.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Actors
Character

Sumeet Raghavan
Apoorva Shah

Ami Trivedi
Tulika Shah

Shalini Khanna
Pallavi Shah

Melissa Pais
Preeti Shah

Tiku Talsania
Dhirubhai Jhaveri

Pallavi Pradhan
Usha Dhirubhai Jhaveri

Mugdha Chaphekar/Anchal Sabharwal
Aarti Jhaveri/Aarti Shah

Manoj Goyal
Pankaj Shah

Sukesh Anand
Paresh Shah

Apara Mehta
Damini Devi Deewan

Rajiv Thakur
Raju/Ishwar Lal Shah

Swapnil Joshi
Bhavesh Bhausar

Mehul Bhojak
Mohit Kunwar Singh

Paresh Ganatra
Natwarlaal (cameo)

Shweta Tiwari
ACP Archana

Navina Bole
Soniya

Karishma Tanna
Kiran

Drashti Dhami
herself

tag: table

text: SEASON 2

text:
Hussain Kuwajerwala as Jaiveer Chopra/ Jai
Parvati Vaze as Jaya Lokhande
Tiku Talsania as Paramveer Chopra/Premchand (Jai's father)
Sharad Phonkshe as Lalitrao Lokhande(Jaya's father)
Rakhi Tandon as Miss Monika Malpani
Gaurav Dubey as Deepak/Gyanchandji Mahabapu
Priya Raina as Kangana/ Kk/ Miss Kalia/ Jai's foster mother

tag: ul

text: Main characters[edit]

text: Dhirubhai Jhaveri[edit]

text: Tiku Talsania plays the character of Dhirubhai Jhaveri: a 55-year-old, rich, very honest, god-fearing, truthful man. He is a diamond merchant in London with business in eight countries including India is a firm believer in Indian culture, traditions and family values. He hates lies.

text: Has lost his wife and three kids, his brother and bhabhi and their three kids in a tragic bus accident 15 years ago. Only his brother’s daughter survived whom he raised as his daughter. He has inculcated the same family values in her in which he believes. He wants to fulfill his responsibility of getting her married and settle her in a good family who believes in the traditional family values.

text: He dislikes Raju very much.[3]

text: Aarti Jhaveri[edit]

text: Portrayed by Anchal Sabharwal, a 23-year-old daughter of Dhirubhai's brother who died in the tragic bus accident. She was in shock and had gone into depression. It took Dhirubhai 15 years to bring her out of the shock to normal life.

text: Now she is full of zest for life, bubbly, chirpy, charming and full of energy and optimism. She is a firm believer in god and that life is beautiful and future is optimistic. She is a little short-tempered and a firm believer in Indian traditions and family values. She wants to fulfill her father's dream and settle down in a good joint family after marriage.

text: Anchal Sabharwal has replaced Mugdha Chaphekar for Aarti's character.[3]

text: Apoorva Shah[edit]

text: Sumeet Raghavan has played the character of Apoorva Shah.

text: A 25-year-old gentleman, handsome very practical, having worldly wisdom, with a great sense of humour and always lively. His best friend Raju's father is Dhirubhai's friend.Raju arranges the job for him. On seeing his sharpness, Dhirubhai gradually puts him in business as it was expanding; he is now the right hand of Dhirubhai who has seen the spark of business acumen in him. He has seen Apoorva taking wise business decisions and so is rightly called “Man Friday” who has solutions of any problems under the sun. He always talks highly of his (non-existent) family; a father,mother, two brothers, two bhabhis, and one sister — who are residing in Mumbai.He constantly talks about them and believing in him Dhirubhai feels closely connected to his family.Whenever Dhirubhai faces difficult situations in life,Apoorva has Raju talk to him as his father.Raju does the needful and so Dhirubhai has great regards for Apoorva's father.

text: He has a fondness for Arti Jhaveri of which Dhirubhai is aware.

text: Gradually Dhirubhai marries of his daughter Arti to him as he believes in Apoorva and that his daughter will be happy in that joint family of Apurva in Mumbai.

text: Usha Dhirubhai Jhaveri[edit]

text: In the 3 November 2010 episode, Usha Dhirubhai Jhaveri reappears. She first is seen upon as a ghost but later, after lodging a case against her, Dhirubhai and the family learns that she had not died but was injured and had lost memory. She has now rejoined the family. She forgets things at a short interval. She discovers the secret of Apoorva's fake family and threatens to reveal it. However after close observation, she decides to not reveal the secret and calls the family as "Sabse Pyara Parivaar" — the most lovable family. She is loved by the family as a mother.

text: Ishwarlal Shah/Raju[edit]

text: This character of Apoorva's father is played by Raju (Rajiv Thakur), best friend of Apoorva who helped to create this family. After setting up a fake family he realises that there was no one to play the role of Apoorva's father, so he is playing the role of Apoorva's father. When he is asked to give pravachan, he sings Hindi songs of olden days. He always helps Apoorva when there is any trouble.

text: Damini Devi Deewan[edit]

text: This character of Apoorva's mother is played by Damini Dewaan (Apara Mehta). She is a 42-year-old theatre artist who now portrays the role of a mother in most plays. Damini is always seen creating trouble. Her innocence and inability to hold the truth makes her spill the beans about the family, but the other family members cover her mistakes humorously. She is often seen enacting her "Jhansi ki Rani" play, which she claims had stirred the then theater scene. Little is known about her past except in one episode it is revealed that she has a brother, who was lost in a village fair when they were kids. He persuades her to leave the fake family and return to Gujarat with him, where he has a cycle repair shop, but the family members refuse to part with their mother. Regardless of her blunders, the other members of the family are fond of her. The brothers Apoorva, Poresh and Pankaj decide to adopt her as their mother in an episode. Damini is often seen reminiscing about her past exploits as a theater artist in plays called "Uova satham manj" and "Jhansi ki Rani". Damini likes to play "Jhansi ki Rani" and is seen repeating the dialogue "mein meri Jhansi nahi doongi" (I shall not give up my kingdom of Jhansi). Apart from acting she is fond of sweets and is chided by her family members for her vast consumption of gulab jamoon and jalebee.

text: Pankaj Shah (Pankaj Sudhir Mishra)[edit]

text: Pankaj is Apoorva elder brother. His character portrayed by Manish Goyal. He runs an "anath ashram" (orphanage) and is a staunch bachelor (brahmachari). He was selected to play Apoorva's elder brother after the chosen elder brother ran away after getting a role in a Bollywood movie. He speaks pure Hindi. Preeti falls in love with him and always tries to persuade him to marry her. Later he starts loving Preeti. Preeti's mother does not accept their marriage. So Pankaj leaves the house and comes back as Peter. After taking the agreement of Preeti's mother, they marry each other and become a real couple. The family members are often troubled by his language.

text: Preeti Shah (Pinky D'souza)[edit]

text: Preeti Shah is the wife of Pankaj Shah and Apoorva's sister-in-law. She is portrayed by Melissa Pais. She was a backstage dancer earlier and knows dancing very well. She starts dancing with Ishwarlal starts singing Pravachan. She loves her fake husband and wants to marry him, but Pankaj is not ready. Later Pankaj starts loving her and marries her after her mother agrees, as she wanted Preeti to marry a Christian boy of the same religion, and not Pankaj, who is a Hindu.

text: Paresh Shah/Gondogol[edit]

text: Apoorva's second elder brother. This character is portrayed by Sukesh Anand. He is a Bengali guy, who had been a thief before joining this family. He tried to steal valuables of the family members too out of his habits. But as he started loving his fake wife, Pallavi, he has now left theft habits and trying to improve himself. He loves the family and always tries to save Apoorva's fake family. His real name is Gondogol. When Pallavi's fiance Mohit arrives to take Pallavi, Apoorva tells him that if he really wants to see Pallavi happy, he should let her go with Mohit. A heart broken Paresh agrees, but soon he finds out that Mohit is a crook and wants Pallavi's jewellery. He then decides to expose him but gets failed. He then leaves the home but is known that he is safe and together with Apoorva he reveals Mohit's mystery.

text: Pallavi Shah[edit]

text: She plays Paresh's wife. She is portrayed by Shalini Khanna. She is a Rajasthani girl, who is already engaged to be married with a person in Rajasthan. As her marriage is not scheduled yet, she has joined Apoorva's fake family. Paresh loves her but she doesn't like it as she's dedicated to her fiance. She's so shy that she never addresses directly the person she's talking to and addresses the objects near them like "kangan sa, katori sa, sookhe hue phool sa," etc.

text: Tulika Shah (Tulika Banjaran)[edit]

text: She plays the role of Apoorva's sister in his fake family. this character is portrayed by Ami Trivedi. She is smart, a beautiful banjanran (a vagabond tribeswomen) who was picked up by Raju from the street side while she was performing acrobatics to earn money. Her father is a drunk and rude character who made her perform on the streets to fund his drinking habit. He leaves her and never vows to return once. He is told that she is married to Raju(a lie to get rid of her father).She is known to have the knowledge of making potions from herbs and roots and other quack remedies.

text: Secondary characters[edit]

text: Mohit Kunwar Singh[edit]

text: Mehul Bhojak portrays role of Mohit. He was a fiancé of Pallavi but is a wanted criminal. Apoorva and Paresh get him arrested. He has returned and as an antagonist is trying to reveal Apoorva's secret. He tricks Dhirubhai Jhaveri and takes all his flats, cars, bungalows and other property and Mohit have power of attorney paper. Disguising as Lucky Singh, Apoorva gets him arrested by fooling him to make a film Badla: The Revenge.Apoorva takes Dhirubhai Jhaveri's flats, cars bungalows and other property back from him.

text: Trivia[edit]

text: Sumeet Raghavan and Pallavi Pradhan earlier worked opposite each other for one episode in Dilip Joshi and Sumeet Raghavan starrer show Shubh Mangal Savadhan in 2002.

text: Awards[edit]

text: Sab ke Anokhe Awards[edit]

text: Sabse Anokhi Family - All the Cast

text: Indian Telly Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result

2010
Sumeet Raghavan
Best Actor in a Comic Role (Jury)
Won


document_title: Boarding (ice hockey)

question_text: when is a boarding penalty called in hockey

text: Boarding (ice hockey)

text: Boarding in ice hockey is a penalty called when an offending player pushes, trips or checks an opposing player violently into the boards of the hockey rink. The boarding call is quite often a major penalty due to the likelihood of injury sustained by the player who was boarded, and officials have the discretion to call a game misconduct or a match penalty (if they feel the offense was a deliberate attempt to injure) on the offending player. However, in the NHL, if the boarded player sustains a head or facial injury, the offending player receives an automatic game misconduct. If no injury is sustained, then a minor penalty will be called. In college ice hockey, the player does not need to be injured for it to be a major penalty. Boarding is usually assessed against a player when the opposing player is hit 4–5 feet away from the boards and hits one's head against the boards on the way down.


document_title: Anoaʻi family

question_text: who is related to the rock in wwe

question_tokens: who is related to the rock in wwe

text: Anoaʻi family

text: Family tree[edit]

text:
Tovale Anoa'i

Amituana Anoa'i

Blood brother

Peter Maivia
(1937–1982)

Lia Maivia
(1927–2008)

Lynn Anoa'i

Afa Anoaʻi

Tumua Anoa'i

Afoa Anoa'i

Sika Anoa'i

Lisa Anoa'i

Sipa Anoa'i

Elevera Anoa'i[2]
(1947–2008)

I'aulualo Folau Solofa Fatu[2]

Toa Maivia

Ata Maivia

Rocky Johnson

Reno Anoa'i
(Black Pearl)

Rodney Anoa'i
(Yokozuna)
(1966–2000)

Matthew Anoa'i
(Rosey)
(1970-2017)

Leati Anoa'i
(Roman Reigns)

Sam Fatu
(Tonga Kid/Tama)

Eddie Fatu
(Umaga/Jamal)
(1973–2009)

Solofa Fatu Jr.
(Rikishi/Fatu)

Talisua Fuavai

Dwayne Johnson
(The Rock)

Dany Garcia

Samula Anoa'i
(Samu)

Afa Jr.
(Manu)

Deon Anoa'i

Lloyd Anoa'i
(L.A. Smooth)

Monica Anoa'i

Gary Albright
(1963–2000)

Jacob Fatu

Trinity Mccray
(Naomi)

Jonathan Solofa Fatu
(Jimmy Uso)

Joshua Samuel Fatu
(Jey Uso)

Thavana Monalisa

Jeremiah Peniata

Simone Alexandra Johnson

Lance Anoa'i

text: Other members[edit]

text: Hollywood stuntman Tanoai Reed (known as Toa on the new American Gladiators) is the great nephew of wrestling promoter Lia Maivia (Peter Maivia's wife),[3][4] while professional wrestler Lina Fanene (Nia Jax) is Dwayne Johnson's cousin.[5] Other members of the Anoa'i family include NFL player Kaluka Maiava, the nephew of Dwayne Johnson. Sean Maluta, nephew of Afa Anoa'i, was a participant in WWE's first Cruiserweight Classic tournament.[6]

text: Linked to the family by marriage[citation needed] but not actually a blood relative is wrestler "Superfly" Jimmy Snuka, Snuka's son Jimmy Snuka Jr. formerly wrestled for WWE as Deuce,[7] his daughter Penina who attends the University of Arizona, where she plays volleyball for the Arizona Wildcats[8] and his daughter, Sarona Reiher, currently wrestles for WWE as Tamina Snuka.[9]

text: Tag teams and stables[edit]

text: The Wild Samoans[edit]

text: The Headshrinkers[edit]

text: 3-Minute Warning[edit]

text: Samoan Gangstas[edit]

text:
Samoan Gangstas

Tag team

Members
Matt E. Smalls[10]
L.A. Smooth[11]

Name(s)
Samoan Gangstas[12]

Heights
6 ft 7 in (2.01 m) - Matt
6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) - Lloyd

Combined
weight
713 lb (323 kg; 50.9 st)

Debut
1997

Disbanded
1998

Promotions
WXW

Trainer
Wild Samoan Training Center[10][11]

text: Samoan Gangstas was a tag team in the independent promotion World Xtreme Wrestling (WXW).[12] The tag team consisted of members from the Anoa'i family.[10][11]

text: Samoan Gangstas was a tag team made up of cousins Matt E. Smalls and Sweet Sammy Silk (Matt and Samu Anoa'i).[13] Their tag team was formed in 1997 in WXW, the promotion of one half of The Wild Samoans, Samu's father and Matt's uncle Afa Anoaʻi. The duo received success in WXW in the tag team division.[12] On June 24, they won their first WXW Tag Team Championship by beating Love Connection (Sweet Daddy Jay Love and Georgie Love).[12] However, they were temporarily suspended and the title was declared vacant.[14] Matt was repackaged as Matty Smalls. They returned in the summer of 1997 and defeated Siberian Express (The Mad Russian and Russian Eliminator), on September 17 to win their second WXW Tag Team Championship.[12][15]

text: Problems began between Smalls and Smooth. The two partners began feuding with each other and could not focus properly on their tag title. On March 27, 1998, Smooth defeated Smalls in a Loser Leaves Town match. As a result of losing this match, Smalls was forced to leave the promotion.[12][15] He left WXW while Smooth focused on a singles career. After a short while, Smalls returned to WXW and the two partners reunited again as Samoan Gangstas and began teaming in the tag team division. They feuded with several tag teams in WXW and focused to regain the WXW Tag Team Championship. However, due to their family disputes and problems with each other, they did not take part in the tournament for the vacated tag title, and instead feuded with each other. Samoan Gangstas feuded with each other after their splitting until Smalls left WXW and began wrestling as Kimo. He began teaming with Ekmo (Eddie Fatu) as The Island Boyz and the duo worked in Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling (FMW) before signing with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) and working in its developmental territories.

text: The Sons of Samoa[edit]

text: The Sons of Samoa are a tag team currently wrestling in the Puerto Rican wrestling promotion World Wrestling Council and WXW. The team consists of Afa Jr. and L.A. Smooth.

text: The team was formed at WXW in 1998, briefly as a stable with Samu. The team reformed in April 2009 at a WXW show with Afa Jr. and L.A. Smooth. In 2013, they began wrestling at the WWC promotion in Puerto Rico. At Euphoria 2013, they lost to Thunder and Lightning. They won the WWC World Tag Team Championship from Thunder and Lightning on February 9, before losing the titles back to Thunder and Lightning on March 30 at Camino a la Gloria. However, they won the titles on June 29, 2013, at Summer Madness.

text: The Usos[edit]

text: The Usos (born August 22, 1985) are a Samoan American professional wrestling tag team consisting of twin brothers Jimmy Uso and Jey Uso, who appear in WWE where they are former three-time WWE Tag Team Champions. They are also the current WWE SmackDown Tag Team Champions. The pair were previously managed by Tamina Snuka and are one-time FCW Florida Tag Team Champions.

text: Team B.A.D.[edit]

text: Team B.A.D. was a stable composed of female wrestlers Naomi and Tamina Snuka, both of whom are a part of the Anoa'i family (Naomi as the wife of Jimmy Uso, Tamina as the daughter of Jimmy Snuka, who in turn is also related to the Anoa'i family by marriage). Sasha Banks, who was the NXT Women's Champion when the stable was formed, was the third member.

text: Championship and accomplishments[edit]

text:
All Japan Pro Wrestling

World Tag Team Championship (3 times)[16] – Albright (2) and Jamal (1)
World's Strongest Tag Determination League (2004) – Jamal

Belgian Wrestling School

BWS Heavyweight Championship (2 times) – Afa Jr. (1) and Lance Anoa'i (1)

Cauliflower Alley Club

Other honoree (1997) – Sika

Championship Wrestling from Florida

NWA Brass Knuckles Championship (Florida version) (1 time)[17] – Rocky Johnson
NWA Florida Heavyweight Championship (2 times)[18] – Rocky Johnson
NWA Florida Tag Team Championship (1 time)[19] – Rocky Johnson
NWA Florida Television Championship (1 time)[20] – Rocky Johnson

Continental Wrestling Association

AWA Southern Tag Team Championship (3 times) – Sika and Afa (1) and Rocky Johnson (2)[21]
NWA Georgia Heavyweight Championship (1 time)[22] – Rocky Johnson
NWA Georgia Tag Team Championship (1 time) [23] – Rocky Johnson
NWA Macon Tag Team Championship (1 time)[24] – Rocky Johnson

Defiant Pro Wrestling

DPW Heavyweight Championship (1 time) – Afa Jr.[25][25][26]

European Wrestling Association

EWA Intercontinental Championship (1 time) – Smooth

Eastern Wrestling Federation

EWF Tag Team Championship (1 time) – Gangstas[27]

Florida Championship Wrestling

FCW Southern Heavyweight Championship (1 time) – Afa Jr.[25]
FCW Florida Tag Team Championship (2 times) – Leakee (1) and The Usos (1)[28]
FCW Divas Championship (1 time)[29] – Naomi

Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling

WEW Hardcore Tag Team Championship (1 time) – Matt Anoa'i and Eddie Fatu[30]

Georgia Championship Wrestling

NWA National Tag Team Championship (1 time) – Sika and Afa[31]

Gulf Coast Championship Wrestling

NWA Gulf Coast Tag Team Championship (2 times) – Sika and Afa[32]

Hawai'i Championship Wrestling

HCW Kekaulike Heritage Tag Team Championship (1 time) – Eddie Fatu

Heartland Wrestling Association

HWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) – Kimo and Ekmo[30]

Independent Superstars of Pro Wrestling

ISPW Heavyweight Championship (2 times) – Samula
ISPW Tag Team Champion (1 time) – Smooth and Headshrinker Samu
ISPW Light Heavyweight Championship (1 time) – Afa Jr.[25][33]

International Wrestling Alliance

IWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) – Sika and Afa[25]

International World Class Championship Wrestling

IWCCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – Samu and Mack Daddy Kane

Jersey Championship Wrestling

JCW Television Championship (1 time) – Afa Jr.[25][33]

Lutte Internationale

Canadian International Heavyweight Championship (1 time) – Samula

Memphis Championship Wrestling

MCW Southern Tag Team Championship (3 times) – Kimo and Ekmo[34]

Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling

NWA Mid-Atlantic Television Championship (2 times)[35] – Rocky Johnson

Mid-South Wrestling Association

Mid-South Tag Team Championship (3 times) – Sika and Afa[25]

National Wrestling League

NWL Heavyweight Championship (6 times) – Samula
NWL Tag Team Championship (2 times) – Samula

New England Pro Wrestling Hall of Fame

Class of 2011 – Samula

New World Wrestling

NWW Undisputed Brass Knuckles Championship (1 time) [36] – Samula

Nu-Wrestling Evolution

NWE World Heavyweight Championship (1 time) – Pearl[37]

NWA All-Star Wrestling

NWA Canadian Tag Team Championship (Vancouver version) (2 times) – Sika and Afa (1) and Rocky Johnson (1)[25]
NWA Australasian Heavyweight Championship (2 times) – Peter Maivia
NWA New Zealand Heavyweight Championship (1 time) – Peter Maivia

NWA Detroit

NWA Detroit World Tag Team Championship (2 times) – Sika and Afa[25]

NWA Big Time Wrestling

NWA Brass Knuckles Championship (Texas version) (1 time)[38] – Rocky Johnson
NWA Texas Heavyweight Championship (3 times)[39] – Peter Maivia (1) and Rocky Johnson (2)
NWA Texas Tag Team Championship (1 time)[40] – Rocky Johnson

NWA Detroit

NWA World Tag Team Championship (Detroit version) (1 time)[41] – Rocky Johnson

NWA Hollywood Wrestling

NWA Americas Heavyweight Championship (2 times)[42] – Peter Maivia (1) and Rocky Johnson (1)
NWA Americas Tag Team Championship (1 time)[43] – Rocky Johnson
NWA Beat the Champ Television Championship (2 times)[44] – Rocky Johnson

NWA Mid-America/Continental Wrestling Association

CWA/AWA International Tag Team Championship (1 time) – Rocky Johnson[45]
NWA Southern Heavyweight Championship (Memphis version) (1 time)[46] – Rocky Johnson

NWA Mid-Pacific Promotions

NWA Hawaii Heavyweight Championship (1 time) – Peter Maivia
NWA Hawaii Tag Team Championship (4 times) – Peter Maivia

NWA New Zealand

NWA New Zealand British Empire Commonwealth Heavyweight Championship (2 times) – Peter Maivia

NWA San Francisco

NWA United States Heavyweight Championship (San Francisco version) (2 times)[47] – Peter Maivia (2) and Rocky Johnson (1)
NWA World Tag Team Championship (San Francisco version) (5 times) – Peter Maivia (1) and Rocky Johnson (4)[48]

NWA Polynesian Wrestling

NWA Polynesian Pacific Tag Team Championship (2 time) – Rocky Johnson[49]

Pacific Northwest Wrestling

NWA Pacific Northwest Heavyweight Championship (1 time)[50] – Rocky Johnson
NWA Pacific Northwest Tag Team Championship (2 times) – Rocky Johnson[51]

Pennsylvania Premiere Wrestling

PPW Heavyweight Championship (1 time) – Afa Jr.[52]
PPW No Limits Championship (1 time) – Afa Jr.[53]

Pittsburgh Wrestling League

PWL Heavyweight Championship (1 time) – Samula

Portland Wrestling

Portland Pacific Northwest Heavyweight Championship (1 time) – Rikishi[27]

Power Pro Wrestling (Memphis)

PPW Heavyweight Championship (1 time) – Rikishi

Pro Wrestling eXpress

PWX Heavyweight Championship (4 times) – Samula (3) and Lance Anoa'i (1)
PWX Circle of Respect (Hall of Fame) 2014 – Samula

Pro Wrestling Illustrated

Comeback of the Year (2000) – Rikishi
Match of the Year (1999) The Rock vs. Mankind in an "I Quit" match at Royal Rumble[54]
Most Hated Wrestler of the Year (2016) – Reigns
PWI ranked Reigns No. 1 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2016[55]
PWI ranked Jimmy No. 25 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2014[56]
PWI ranked Jey No. 26 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2014[56]
Match of the Year (2002) The Rock vs. Hulk Hogan at WrestleMania X8[54]
Most Popular Wrestler of the Year (1999, 2000) – The Rock[57]
Tag Team of the Year (2013) – Reigns
Tag Team of the Year (2014) – The Usos
Wrestler of the Year (2000) – The Rock[58]

Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame

Class of 2012 – Afa and Sika

Revolución Lucha Libre

Campeonato Internacional Absoluto (1 time) – Rikishi

Stampede Wrestling

Stampede International Tag Team Championship (3 times) – Sika and Afa (2) and Albright (1)[25]

St. Louis Wrestling Hall of Fame

(Class of 2008) – Rocky Johnson

Trans World Wrestling Federation

Trans World Wrestling Championship (1 time) – Samula

United States Wrestling Association

USWA World Tag Team Championship (2 times) – Kavana

Universal Wrestling Association

UWA World Trios Championship (1 time) – Great Fokina, Fatu and Samoan Savage[59]

World Class Wrestling Association

WCWA Texas Tag Team Championship (1 time) – Samula and Fatu
WCWA World Tag Team Championship (3 times) – Samula and Fatu

World Wrestling Council

WWC North American Tag Team Championship (1 time) – Sika and Afa
WWC World Tag Team Champion (10 times) – Tama (1), Smooth (4), Smooth and Islander Kuhio (1), Smooth and Tahitian Prince (1), and Smooth and Afa Jr. (3)

World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment/WWE

WCW Championship/World Championship (2 times) – The Rock[60][61]
WWF/E Championship/WWE World Heavyweight Championship (13 times) – Yokozuna (2), The Rock (8) and Reigns (3)[62][63]
WWF/E Intercontinental Championship (5 times) – Rocky Maivia/The Rock (2), Rikishi (1), and Umaga (2)[64]
WWE United States Championship (1 time) – Reigns
WWE Tag Team Championship (4 times) – Rikishi (1), Reigns (1), and The Usos (2)
WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship (2 times) – The Usos
WWE SmackDown Women's Championship (2 times) – Naomi
WWF/E World Tag Team Championship (14 times) – Rocky Johnson (1), The Wild Samoans (3), The Headshrinkers (1), Yokozuna (2), The Rock (5), Rosey (1) and Rikishi (1)[65]
Royal Rumble (3 times)

(1993) – Yokozuna[62][66]
(2000) – The Rock
(2015) – Reigns

WWE Hall of Fame (5 times)

(Class of 2007) – The Wild Samoans
(Class of 2008) – Peter Maivia
(Class of 2008) – Rocky Johnson
(Class of 2012) – Yokozuna
(Class of 2015) – Rikishi

Slammy Awards (15 times)

New Sensation (1997) – Rocky Maivia
Return of the year (2011) – The Rock
Game Changer of the year (2011) – John Cena vs. The Rock at WrestleMania XXVIII
LOL! Moment of the Year (2012) – The Rock throws John Cena's things into the Boston Harbor
"What a Maneuver" (2013) – Reigns' spear
Two-time Faction of the Year (2013, 2014) – The Shield (Roman Reigns, Dean Ambrose and Seth Rollins)
Best Dance Moves (2013) – The Funkadactyls (Naomi and Cameron)
Breakout Star of the Year (2013) – The Shield
"LOL!" Moment of the Year (2013) – The Rock concert at the 20th anniversary of Raw (January 14)
Match of the year (2013) – John Cena vs The Rock for the WWE Championship at Wrestlemania 29
Best Actor (2014) – The Rock
"Tell Me You Didn’t Just Say That" Insult of the Year (2014) – The Rock insults Rusev and Lana on Raw (October 6)
Tag Team of the Year (2014) – The Usos
Superstar of the Year (2014) – Reigns
Tag Team of the Year (2015) – The Usos[67]

World Wrestling Professionals

WWP World Tag Team Championship (1 time, current) – Afa Jr. and L.A. Smooth

World Xtreme Wrestling

WXW Cruiserweight Championship (2 times) – Afa Jr.[25][33]
WXW Hardcore Championship (3 times) – Afa Jr.[25][33]
WXW Heavyweight Championship (6 times) – Samu (5) and Afa Jr. (1)[25][33]
WXW Tag Team Championship (5 times) – Afa Jr. (1),[25][33] Afa Jr. and L.A. Smooth (1) and Matt E. Smalls and L.A. Smooth (3)
WXW Television Championship (1 time) – Afa Jr.[25][33]
WXW Ultimate Heavyweight Championship (4 times, current) – Afa Jr. (2) Lance Anoa'i (2, current)[68]
WXW Ultimate Hybrid Championship (2 times) – Lance Anoa'i[69]
WXW Blast Television Championship (1 time) – Lance Anoa'i[70]
WXW Elite Tag Team Championship (1 time) – Lance Anoa'i[71]

Wrestling Observer Newsletter

Best Box Office Draw (2000, 2011, 2012) – The Rock[72][73]
Best Gimmick (1999) – The Rock
Best on Interviews (1999–2000) – The Rock
Most Charismatic (1999–2002, 2011, 2012) – The Rock[72][73]
Most Improved (1998) – The Rock
Most Improved (2013) – Reigns[74]
Most Overrated (2016) – Reigns
Rookie of the Year (1988) – Albright
Tag Team of the Year (2013) – Reigns[74]
Worst Feud of the Year (2015)Team PCB vs. Team B.A.D. vs. Team Bella[75]
Worst Tag Team (2002) – Rosey and Eddie Fatu[76]
Worst Worked Match of the Year (1993) Samu and Fatu, Bastion Booger and Bam Bam Bigelow vs. The Bushwhackers and Men on a Mission at Survivor Series
Worst Worked Match of the Year (2013) Naomi, Brie Bella, Cameron, Eva Marie, Jojo, Natalya, and Nikki Bella vs. AJ Lee, Aksana, Alicia Fox, Kaitlyn, Rosa Mendes, Summer Rae, and Tamina Snuka at Survivor Series[77]
Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 2007) – The Rock

text: Other awards and honors[edit]

text:
1991: NCAA National Championship – The Rock[78]
2001: Teen Choice Awards – Choice Movie Villain – The Rock
2012: CinemaCon Action Star of the Year – The Rock
2013: Kids Choice Awards – Favorite Male Butt Kicker – The Rock
2016: People's Choice Award – Favorite Premium Cable TV Actor – The Rock
2016: Mr. Olympia ICON Award – The Rock[79]
2016: People Magazine Sexiest Man Alive – The Rock
2017: Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame – The Rock[80]
2017: People's Choice Award for Favorite Premium Series Actor – The Rock[81]
2017: NAACP Image Award for Entertainer of the Year – The Rock


document_title: List of England One Day International cricket records

question_text: who is the leading run scorer in odi for england

text: Key[edit]

text: The top ten records are listed for each category, except for the team wins, losses and draws and the partnership records. Tied records for tenth place are also included. Explanations of the general symbols and cricketing terms used in the list are given below. Specific details are provided in each category where appropriate. All records include matches played for England only, and are correct as of  June 2018[update].

text:
Key

Symbol

Meaning

Player is currently active in ODI cricket

*

Player remained not out or partnership remained unbroken

♠

One Day International record

Date

Date of the match

Innings

Number of innings played

Matches

Number of matches played

Opponent

The team England was playing against

Period

The time period when the player was active in ODI cricket

Player

The player involved in the record

Ground

International cricket ground where the match was played

text: Team records[edit]

text: Team wins, losses, ties and draws[edit]

text: Matches played[edit]

text:
Team
1st ODI
Matches
Won
Lost
Tied
NR
% Won

 England
January 1971
716
357
327
8
24
52.16

Source:[1]. Last updated: 17 July 2018.

text: Results summary[edit]

text:
Opposition
Years
Matches
Won
Lost
Tied
NR
% Won

 Afghanistan
2015–2015
1
1
0
0
0
100.00

 Australia
1971–2018
147
61
81
2
3
43.05

 Bangladesh
2000–2017
20
16
4
0
0
80.00

 Canada
1979–2007
2
2
0
0
0
100.00

 East Africa
1975
1
1
0
0
0
100.00

 India
1974–2018
99
41
53
2
3
43.75

 Ireland
2006–2017
9
7
1
0
1
87.50

 Kenya
1999–2007
2
2
0
0
0
100.00

 Namibia
2003–2003
1
1
0
0
0
100.00

 Netherlands
1996–2011
3
3
0
0
0
100.00

 New Zealand
1973–2018
89
40
43
2
4
48.23

 Pakistan
1974–2017
82
49
31
0
2
61.25

 Scotland
2008–2018
5
3
1
0
1
75.00

 South Africa
1992–2017
59
26
29
1
3
47.32

 Sri Lanka
1982–2016
69
33
34
1
1
49.26

 United Arab Emirates
1996
1
1
0
0
0
100.00

 West Indies
1973–2017
96
49
42
0
5
53.84

 Zimbabwe
1992–2004
30
21
8
0
1
72.41

Source:[2]. Last updated: 17 July 2018.

text: Highest and lowest scores[edit]

text: Highest totals by England[edit]

text:
Rank
Score
Against
Ground
Place
Season
Result

1

481/6♠

 Australia
Trent Bridge
 Nottingham
2018
Won

2

444/3

 Pakistan
Trent Bridge
 Nottingham
2016
Won

3

408/9

 New Zealand
Edgbaston
 Birmingham
2015
Won

4

399/9

 South Africa
Mangaung Oval
 Bloemfontein
2015/16
Won

5

391/4

 Bangladesh
Trent Bridge
 Nottingham
2005
Won

6

369/9

 West Indies
Bristol County Ground
 Bristol
2017
Won

7

366/8

 India
Barabati Stadium
 Cuttack
2016/17
Lost

8

365/9

 New Zealand
The Oval
 London
2015
Lost

365

 Scotland
The Grange
 Edinburgh
2018
Lost

10

363/7

 Pakistan
Trent Bridge
 Nottingham
1992
Won

Source:.[3] Last updated: 19 June 2018.

text: Lowest totals by England[edit]

text:
Rank
Score
Against
Ground
Place
Season
Result

1

86

 Australia
Old Trafford
 Manchester
2001
Lost

2

88

 Sri Lanka
Rangiri Dambulla International Stadium
 Dambulla
2003/04
Lost

3

89

 New Zealand
Westpack Trust Stadium
 Wellington
2001/02
Lost

4

93

 Australia
Headingley
 Leeds
1975
Lost

5

94

 Australia
Melbourne Cricket Ground
 Melbourne
1978/79
Lost

6

99

 Sri Lanka
Riverside Ground
 Chester-le-Street
2014
Lost

7

101

 New Zealand
Riverside Ground
 Chester-le-Street
2004
Lost

8

103

 South Africa
The Oval
 London
1999
Lost

9

104

 Sri Lanka
R. Premadasa Stadium
 Colombo
2007/08
Lost

10

107

 Zimbabwe
Newlands Cricket Ground
 Cape Town
1999/2000
Lost

Source:.[4] Last updated: 29 September 2017.

text: Largest margins of victory[edit]

text: Largest wins by runs[edit]

text:
Rank
Margin (runs)
Target
Opposition
Ground
Date

1
242
482
 Australia
Trent Bridge
19 June 2018

2
210
409
 New Zealand
Edgbaston
9 June 2015

3
202
335
 India
Lord's
7 June 1975

4
198
364
 Pakistan
Trent Bridge
20 August 1992

5
196
291
East Africa
Edgbaston
14 Jun 1975

Source: [1]. Last Updated: 20 June 2018

text: Largest wins by wickets remaining[edit]

text:
Rank
Margin (wickets)
Target
Opposition
Ground
Date

1

10

227
 Sri Lanka
Edgbaston
24 June 2016

191
 Bangladesh
The Oval
16 June 2005

171
 Sri Lanka
Trent Bridge
6 July 2011

170
 West Indies
Riverside Ground
15 July 2000

84
 South Africa
Trent Bridge
26 August 2008

68
 Sri Lanka
Old Trafford
28 May 2014

Source: [2]. Last Updated: 20 June 2018

text: Largest wins by balls remaining[edit]

text:
Rank
Balls remaining
Target
Overs
Opposition
Ground
Date

1

277♠

46
60
 Canada
Old Trafford
13 June 1979

2

227

68
50
 Sri Lanka
Old Trafford
28 May 2014

3

215

137
60
 Sri Lanka
Headingley
20 June 1983

215

84
50
 South Africa
Trent Bridge
26 August 2008

5

193

93
50
 Zimbabwe
Bristol County Ground
6 July 2003

Source: [3]. Last Updated: 20 June 2018

text: Individual records[edit]

text: All records below only include games played for England; games for other teams are excluded.

text: Appearances[edit]

text: Most ODIs as captain[edit]

text:
Rank
Matches
Player
Years As Captain
Won
Tied
Lost
No Result

1

86

Eoin Morgan
2011–present
52
1
30
3

2

69

Alastair Cook
2010–14
36
1
30
2

3

62

Andrew Strauss
2006–11
27
1
33
1

4

60

Michael Vaughan
2003–07
32
2
22
4

5

56

Nasser Hussain
1996–03
28
–
27
1

6

50

Graham Gooch
1988–93
24
–
23
3

7

43

Mike Atherton
1993–97
20
1
21
1

8

41

Alec Stewart
1991–03
15
–
25
1

9

37

Mike Gatting
1986–88
26
–
11
–

10

29

Bob Willis
1978–84
16
–
13
–

Source.[5] Last updated: 17 July 2018.

text: Most ODI career appearances[edit]

text:
Rank
Appearances
Player
Span

1
197
Paul Collingwood
2001–2011

2
194
James Anderson
2002–2015

3
185
Eoin Morgan
2009–present

4
170
Alec Stewart
1989–2003

5
161
Ian Bell
2004–2015

6
158
Darren Gough
1994–2006

7
138
Andrew Flintoff
1999–2009

8
134
Kevin Pietersen
2004–2013

9
127
Andrew Strauss
2003–2011

10
125
Graham Gooch
1976–1995

Source:.[6] Last updated: 17 July 2018.

text: Batting[edit]

text: Most ODI career runs[edit]

text:
Rank
Runs
Player
Matches
Average
Years

1
5,618
Eoin Morgan
185
37.95
2009–present

2
5,416
Ian Bell
161
37.87
2004–2015

3
5,092
Paul Collingwood
197
35.36
2001–2011

4
4,800
Joe Root
116
51.61
2013–present

5
4,677
Alec Stewart
170
31.60
1989–2003

6
4,422
Kevin Pietersen
134
41.32
2004–2013

7
4,335
Marcus Trescothick
123
37.37
2000–2006

8
4,290
Graham Gooch
125
36.98
1976–1995

9
4,205
Andrew Strauss
127
35.63
2003–2011

10
4,010
Allan Lamb
122
39.31
1982–1992

Source:.[7] Last updated: 17 July 2018.

text: Most ODI career centuries[edit]

text:
Rank
Hundreds
Player
Matches
Runs
Years

1

13
Joe Root
116
4,800
2013–present

2

12
Marcus Trescothick
123
4,335
2000–2006

3
10
Eoin Morgan
185
5,618
2009–present

4
9
Kevin Pietersen
134
4,422
2004–2013

5
8
Graham Gooch
125
4,290
1976–1995

6
7
David Gower
114
3,170
1978–1991

7

6
Jonny Bairstow
51
1,962
2011–present

6
Jason Roy
65
2,422
2015–present

6
Alex Hales
65
2,302
2014–present

6
Jos Buttler
117
3,148
2012–present

6
Andrew Strauss
127
4,205
2003–2011

Source:[8]. Last updated: 17 July 2018.

text: Highest individual scores[edit]

text:
No.
Score
Batsmen
Against
Ground
Place
Season

1
180
Jason Roy
 Australia
MCG
 Melbourne
2017/18

2
171
Alex Hales
 Pakistan
Trent Bridge
 Nottingham
2016

3
167*
Robin Smith
 Australia
Edgbaston
 Birmingham
1993

4
162
Jason Roy
 Sri Lanka
The Oval
 London
2016

5
158
David Gower
 New Zealand
The Gabba
 Brisbane
1982/83

158
Andrew Strauss
 India
M. Chinnaswamy Stadium
 Banglore
2010/11

7
154
Andrew Strauss
 Bangladesh
Edgbaston
 Birmingham
2010

8
152
Andrew Strauss
 Bangladesh
Trent Bridge
 Nottingham
2005

9
147
Alex Hales
 Australia
Trent Bridge
 Nottingham
2018

10
142*
Bill Athey
 New Zealand
Old Trafford
 Manchester
1986

142
Graham Gooch
 Pakistan
National Stadium
 Karachi
1987/88

Source:[9]. Last updated: 19 June 2018.

text: World Cup centuries[edit]

text:
No.
Score
Batsmen
Against
Ground
Place
Date

1
137
Dennis Amiss
 India
Lord's
 London
7 June 1975

2
131
Keith Fletcher
 New Zealand
Trent Bridge
 Nottingham
11 June 1975

3
102
Allan Lamb
 New Zealand
The Oval
 London
9 June 1983

4
130
David Gower
 Sri Lanka
County Ground
 Taunton
11 June 1983

5
115
Graham Gooch
 India
Wankhede Stadium
 Mumbai
5 November 1987

6
104*
Graeme Hick
 Netherlands
Arbab Niaz Stadium
 Peshawar
22 February 1996

7
104
Kevin Pietersen
 Australia
Sir Vivian Richards Stadium
 Antigua
8 April 2007

8
100
Kevin Pietersen
 West Indies
Kensington Oval
 Bridgetown, Barbados
21 April 2007

9
158
Andrew Strauss
 India
M. Chinnaswamy Stadium
 Banglore
27 February 2011

10
128
Moeen Ali
 Scotland
Hagley Oval
 Christchurch
23 February 2015

11
121
Joe Root
 Sri Lanka
Westpac Stadium
 Wellington
1 March 2015

Source:[10]. Last updated: 17 March 2016.

text: Bowling[edit]

text: Most ODI career wickets[edit]

text:
Rank
Wickets
Player
Matches
Average
Years

1
269
James Anderson
194
29.22
2002–2015

2
234
Darren Gough
158
26.29
1994–2006

3
178
Stuart Broad
121
30.13
2006–2016

4
168
Andrew Flintoff
138
23.61
1999–2009

5
145
Ian Botham
116
28.54
1976–1992

6
115
Phil DeFreitas
103
32.82
1987–1997

7
114
Liam Plunkett
73
29.64
2005–present

8
113
Adil Rashid
73
30.80
2009–present

9
111
Paul Collingwood
197
38.68
2001–2011

10

109
Chris Woakes
76
30.77
2011–present

109
Tim Bresnan
85
34.98
2006–2015

Source:[11]. Last updated: 17 July 2018.

text: Most ODI career five-wicket hauls[edit]

text:
Rank
5s
Player
Matches
Wickets
BBI
Years

1

2
Vic Marks
34
44
5/20
1980–1988

2
Mark Ealham
64
67
5/15
1996–2001

2
Steven Finn
69
102
5/33
2011–2017

2
Chris Woakes
76
109
6/45
2011–present

2
Andrew Flintoff
138
168
5/19
1999–2009

2
Darren Gough
158
234
5/44
1994–2006

2
James Anderson
194
269
5/23
2002–2015

8=
1
19 players

1973–present

BBI – Best Bowling in an Innings. Source:[12] Last updated: 16 June 2018.

text: Best individual bowling in an innings[edit]

text:
No.
Figures
Bowler
Against
Ground
Place
Season

1
6/31
Paul Collingwood
 Bangladesh
Trent Bridge
 Nottingham
2005

2
6/45
Chris Woakes
 Australia
The Gabba
 Brisbane
2010/11

3
6/47
Chris Woakes
 Sri Lanka
Pallekele Stadium
 Kandy
2014/15

4
5/15
Mark Ealham
 Zimbabwe
De Beers Diamond Oval
 Kimberley
1999/00

5
5/19
Andrew Flintoff
 West Indies
Beausejour Stadium
 Gros Islet, St Lucia
2008/09

6
5/20
Vic Marks
 New Zealand
Basin Reserve
 Wellington
1983/84

7
5/21
Craig White
 Zimbabwe
Queens Sports Club
 Bulawayo
1999/00

8
5/23
Stuart Broad
 South Africa
Trent Bridge
 Nottingham
2008

5/23
James Anderson
 South Africa
St George's Park
 Port Elizabeth
2009/10

10
5/26
Ronnie Irani
 India
The Oval
 London, England
2002

Source:.[13] Last updated: 29 September 2017.

text: Fielding[edit]

text: Note:Some of the players listed have played as both a wicket-keeper and regular fielder, so figures in each table may not match their overall career totals. Matches is number of ODIs played as designated keeper / fielder, rather than the total number of matches.

text: Most dismissals as wicket-keeper[edit]

text:
No.
Dismissals
Player
Matches
Catches
Stumpings
Span

1
173
Jos Buttler
114
148
25
2012–present

2
163
Alec Stewart [a]
138
148
15
1989–2003

3
77
Matt Prior [b]
56
69
8
2004–2011

4
72
Geraint Jones
49
68
4
2004–2006

5
64
Craig Kieswetter [c]
43
52
12
2010–2013

6
47
Jack Russell
40
41
6
1987–1998

7
43
Chris Read
36
41
2
2000–2006

8
32
Bob Taylor
27
26
6
1973–1984

9
29
Paul Downton
28
26
3
1977–1988

10
23
Paul Nixon
19
20
3
2007

Source:.[14] [15] Last updated: 17 July 2018.

text:
Jump up ^ Stewart also has 11 catches in 32 matches as a fielder

Jump up ^ Prior's totals include a catch and stumping when he was not the nominated keeper at the toss. He also has 2 catches in 11 other matches as a fielder.

Jump up ^ Kieswetter also has 1 catch in 3 matches as a fielder

tag: ol

text: Most catches as fielder[edit]

text:
No.
Catches
Player
Matches
Span

1
108
Paul Collingwood
197
2001–2011

2
64
Graeme Hick
120
1991–2001

64
Eoin Morgan[a]
183
2009–present

4
57
Andrew Strauss
127
2003–2011

5
55
Joe Root
116
2013–present

6
54
Ian Bell
161
2004–2015

7
53
James Anderson
194
2002–2015

8
46
Andrew Flintoff
138
1999–2009

9
45
Graham Gooch
125
1976–1995

45
Marcus Trescothick[b]
118
2000–2006

Source:.[16] Last updated: 17 July 2018.

text:
Jump up ^ Morgan also has 3 catches in 2 matches as keeper

Jump up ^ Trescothick also has 4 catches in 5 matches as keeper

text: Partnership records[edit]

text: Highest partnerships for each wicket[edit]

text:
No.
Score
Batsmen
Against
Ground
Place
Season

1
256*
Alex Hales & Jason Roy
 Sri Lanka
Edgbaston
 Birmingham
2016

2
250
Andrew Strauss & Jonathan Trott
 Bangladesh
Edgbaston
 Birmingham
2010

3
221
Jason Roy & Joe Root
 Australia
MCG
 Melbourne
2017/18

4
226
Andrew Strauss & Andrew Flintoff
 West Indies
Lord's
 London
2004

5
226*
Eoin Morgan & Ravi Bopara
 Ireland
Malahide Cricket Club Ground
 Dublin
2013

6
150
Michael Vaughan & Geraint Jones
 Zimbabwe
Queens Sports Club
 Bulawayo
2004/05

7
177
Jos Buttler & Adil Rashid
 New Zealand
Edgbaston
 Birmingham
2015

8
99*
Ravi Bopara & Stuart Broad
 India
Old Trafford
 Manchester
2007

9
100
Liam Plunkett & Vikram Solanki
 Pakistan
Gaddafi Stadium
 Lahore
2005/06

10
53
James Anderson & Steven Finn
 Australia
The Gabba
 Brisbane
2011

Source:.[17] Last updated: 14 January 2018.

text: Highest partnerships by runs[edit]

text:
No.
Score
Wicket
Batsmen
Against
Ground
Place
Season

1
256*
1st
Alex Hales & Jason Roy
 Sri Lanka
Edgbaston
 Birmingham
2016

2
250
2nd
Andrew Strauss & Jonathan Trott
 Bangladesh
Edgbaston
 Birmingham
2010

3
248
2nd
Alex Hales & Joe Root
 Pakistan
Trent Bridge
 Nottingham
2016

4
226*
5th
Eoin Morgan & Ravi Bopara
 Ireland
Malahide Cricket Club Ground
 Dublin
2013

226
4th
Andrew Strauss & Andrew Flintoff
 West Indies
Lord's
 London
2004

6
221
3rd
Jason Roy & Joe Root
 Australia
MCG
 Melbourne
2017/18

7
213
3rd
Graeme Hick & Neil Fairbrother
 West Indies
Lord's
 London
1991

8
210
4th
Andrew Strauss & Paul Collingwood
 Bangladesh
Trent Bridge
 Nottingham
2005

9
202
2nd
Graham Gooch & David Gower
 Australia
Lord's
 London
1985

10
200
1st
Marcus Trescothick & Vikram Solanki
 South Africa
The Oval
 London
2003

Source:.[18] Last updated: 14 January 2018.


document_title: United States in World War I

question_text: what country did america fight in world war 1

text: United States in World War I

text: Entry[edit]

text: The American entry into World War I came in April 1917, after more than two and a half years of efforts by President Woodrow Wilson to keep the United States out of the war. Apart from an Anglophile element urging early support for the British, American public opinion reflected that of the president: the sentiment for neutrality was particularly strong among Irish Americans, German Americans and Scandinavian Americans,[3] as well as among church leaders and among women in general. On the other hand, even before World War I had broken out, American opinion had been more negative toward Germany than towards any other country in Europe.[4] Over time, especially after reports of atrocities in Belgium in 1914 and following the sinking of the passenger liner RMS Lusitania in 1915, the American people increasingly came to see Germany as the aggressor in Europe.

text: As U.S. President, it was Wilson who made the key policy decisions over foreign affairs: while the country was at peace, the domestic economy ran on a laissez-faire basis, with American banks making huge loans to Britain and France — funds that were in large part used to buy munitions, raw materials and food from across the Atlantic. Until 1917, Wilson made minimal preparations for a land war and kept the United States Army on a small peacetime footing, despite increasing demands for enhanced preparedness. He did however expand the United States Navy.

text: In 1917, with Russia experiencing political upheaval following widespread disillusionment there over the war, and with Britain and France low on credit, Germany appeared to have the upper hand in Europe,[5] while the Ottoman Empire clung to its possessions in the Middle East. In the same year, Germany decided to resume unrestricted submarine warfare against any vessel approaching British waters; this attempt to starve Britain into surrender was balanced against the knowledge that it would almost certainly bring the United States into the war. Germany also made a secret offer to help Mexico regain territories lost in the Mexican–American War in an encoded telegram known as the Zimmermann Telegram, which was intercepted by British Intelligence. Publication of that communique outraged Americans just as German U-boats started sinking American merchant ships in the North Atlantic. Wilson then asked Congress for "a war to end all wars" that would "make the world safe for democracy", and Congress voted to declare war on Germany on April 6, 1917.[6] On December 7, 1917, the U.S. declared war on Austria-Hungary.[7][8] U.S. troops began arriving on the Western Front in large numbers in 1918.

text: Neutrality[edit]

text: After the war began in 1914, the United States proclaimed a policy of neutrality despite president Woodrow Wilson's antipathies against Germany. Early in the war, the United States started to favor the British and their allies.[9] President Wilson aimed to broker a peace and sent his top aide, Colonel House, on repeated missions to the two sides, but each remained so confident of victory that they ignored peace proposals.

text: When the German U-boat U-20 sank the British liner Lusitania on 7 May 1915 with 128 US citizens aboard, Wilson demanded an end to German attacks on passenger ships, and warned that the US would not tolerate unrestricted submarine warfare in violation of international law and of human rights.[citation needed] Wilson's Secretary of State, William Jennings Bryan, resigned, believing that the President's protests against the German use of U-boat attacks conflicted with America's official commitment to neutrality. On the other hand, Wilson came under pressure from war hawks led by former president Theodore Roosevelt, who denounced German acts as "piracy",[10] and from British delegations under Cecil Spring Rice and Sir Edward Grey.

text: U.S. Public opinion reacted with outrage to the suspected German sabotage of Black Tom in Jersey City, New Jersey on 30 July 1916, and to the Kingsland explosion on 11 January 1917 in present-day Lyndhurst, New Jersey.[11]

text: Crucially, by the spring of 1917 President Wilson's official commitment to neutrality had finally unraveled. Wilson realized he needed to enter the war in order to shape the peace and implement his vision for a League of Nations at the Paris Peace Conference.[12]

text: Public opinion[edit]

text: American public opinion was divided, with most Americans until early 1917 largely of the opinion that the United States should stay out of the war. Opinion changed gradually, partly in response to German actions in Belgium and the Lusitania, partly as German Americans lost influence, and partly in response to Wilson's position that America had to play a role to make the world safe for democracy.[13]

text: In the general public, there was little if any support for entering the war on the side of Germany. The great majority of German Americans, as well as Scandinavian Americans, wanted the United States to remain neutral; however, at the outbreak of war, thousands of US citizens had tried to enlist in the German army.[14][15] The Irish Catholic community, based in the large cities and often in control of the Democratic Party apparatus, was strongly hostile to helping Britain in any way, especially after the Easter uprising of 1916 in Ireland.[16] Most of the Protestant church leaders in the United States, regardless of their theology, favoured pacifistic solutions whereby the United States would broker a peace.[17] Most of the leaders of the women's movement, typified by Jane Addams, likewise sought pacifistic solutions.[18] The most prominent opponent of war was industrialist Henry Ford, who personally financed and led a peace ship to Europe to try to negotiate among the belligerents; no negotiations resulted.[19]

text: Britain had significant support among intellectuals, Yankees, and families with close ties to Britain.[20] The most prominent leader was Samuel Insull of Chicago, a leading industrialist who had emigrated from England. Insull funded many propaganda efforts, and financed young Americans who wished to fight by joining the Canadian military,[21] Canada at that time being a Dominion of the British Empire.[22]

text: Preparedness movement[edit]

text: By 1915, Americans were paying much more attention to the war. The sinking of the Lusitania aroused furious denunciations of German brutality.[citation needed] By 1915, in Eastern cities a new "Preparedness" movement emerged. It argued that the United States needed to build up immediately strong naval and land forces for defensive purposes; an unspoken assumption was that America would fight sooner or later. The driving forces behind Preparedness were all Republicans, notably General Leonard Wood, ex-president Theodore Roosevelt, and former secretaries of war Elihu Root and Henry Stimson; they enlisted many of the nation's most prominent bankers, industrialists, lawyers and scions of prominent families. Indeed, there emerged an "Atlanticist" foreign policy establishment, a group of influential Americans drawn primarily from upper-class lawyers, bankers, academics, and politicians of the Northeast, committed to a strand of Anglophile internationalism.[23]

text: The Preparedness movement had what political scientists call a "realism" philosophy of world affairs—they believed that economic strength and military muscle were more decisive than idealistic crusades focused on causes like democracy and national self-determination. Emphasizing over and over the weak state of national defences, they showed that the United States' 100,000-man Army, even augmented by the 112,000-strong National Guard, was outnumbered 20 to one by the German army; similarly in 1915, the armed forces of Great Britain and the British Empire, France, Russia, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Ottoman Empire, Italy, Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, Belgium, Japan and Greece were all larger and more experienced than the United States military.[24]

text: They called for UMT or "universal military service" under which the 600,000 men who turned 18 every year would be required to spend six months in military training, and then be assigned to reserve units. The small regular army would primarily be a training agency. Public opinion, however, was not willing to go that far.[25]

text: Both the regular army and the Preparedness leaders had a low opinion of the National Guard, which it saw as politicized, provincial, poorly armed, ill trained, too inclined to idealistic crusading (as against Spain in 1898), and too lacking in understanding of world affairs. The National Guard on the other hand was securely rooted in state and local politics, with representation from a very broad cross section of the US political economy. The Guard was one of the nation's few institutions that (in some northern states) accepted black men on an equal footing with white men.

text: Democrats respond[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The Democratic party saw the Preparedness movement as a threat. Roosevelt, Root and Wood were prospective Republican presidential candidates. More subtly, the Democrats were rooted in localism that appreciated the National Guard, and the voters were hostile to the rich and powerful in the first place. Working with the Democrats who controlled Congress, Wilson was able to sidetrack the Preparedness forces. Army and Navy leaders were forced to testify before Congress to the effect that the nation's military was in excellent shape.

text: In reality, neither the US Army nor US Navy was in shape for war in terms of manpower, size, military hardware or experience. The Navy had fine ships but Wilson had been using them to threaten Mexico, and the fleet's readiness had suffered. The crews of the Texas and the New York, the two newest and largest battleships, had never fired a gun, and the morale of the sailors was low. The Army and Navy air forces were tiny in size. Despite the flood of new weapons systems unveiled in the war in Europe, the Army was paying scant attention. For example, it was making no studies of trench warfare, poison gas or tanks, and was unfamiliar with the rapid evolution of Aerial warfare. The Democrats in Congress tried to cut the military budget in 1915. The Preparedness movement effectively exploited the surge of outrage over the "Lusitania" in May 1915, forcing the Democrats to promise some improvements to the military and naval forces. Wilson, less fearful of the Navy, embraced a long-term building program designed to make the fleet the equal of the British Royal Navy by the mid-1920s, although this would not come to pass until after World War II.[26] "Realism" was at work here; the admirals were Mahanians and they therefore wanted a surface fleet of heavy battleships second to none—that is, equal to Great Britain. The facts of submarine warfare (which necessitated destroyers, not battleships) and the possibilities of imminent war with Germany (or with Britain, for that matter), were simply ignored.

text: Wilson's decision touched off a firestorm.[27] Secretary of War Lindley Garrison adopted many of the proposals of the Preparedness leaders, especially their emphasis on a large federal reserves and abandonment of the National Guard. Garrison's proposals not only outraged the provincial politicians of both parties, they also offended a strongly held belief shared by the liberal wing of the Progressive movement, that was, that warfare always had a hidden economic motivation. Specifically, they warned the chief warmongers were New York bankers (such as J. P. Morgan) with millions at risk, profiteering munition makers (such as Bethlehem Steel, which made armour, and DuPont, which made powder) and unspecified industrialists searching for global markets to control. Antiwar critics blasted them. These selfish special interests were too powerful, especially, Senator La Follette noted, in the conservative wing of the Republican Party. The only road to peace was disarmament in the eyes of many.

text: National debate[edit]

text: Garrison's plan unleashed the fiercest battle in peacetime history over the relationship of military planning to national goals. In peacetime, War Department arsenals and Navy yards manufactured nearly all munitions that lacked civilian uses, including warships, artillery, naval guns, and shells. Items available on the civilian market, such as food, horses, saddles, wagons, and uniforms were always purchased from civilian contractors.

text: Peace leaders like Jane Addams of Hull House and David Starr Jordan of Stanford University redoubled their efforts, and now turned their voices against the President because he was "sowing the seeds of militarism, raising up a military and naval caste." Many ministers, professors, farm spokesmen and labor union leaders joined in, with powerful support from a band of four dozen southern Democrats in Congress who took control of the House Military Affairs Committee. Wilson, in deep trouble, took his cause to the people in a major speaking tour in early 1916, a warm-up for his reelection campaign that fall.

text: Wilson seemed to have won over the middle classes, but had little impact on the largely ethnic working classes and the deeply isolationist farmers. Congress still refused to budge, so Wilson replaced Garrison as Secretary of War with Newton Baker, the Democratic mayor of Cleveland and an outspoken opponent of preparedness.[28] The upshot was a compromise passed in May 1916, as the war raged on and Berlin was debating whether America was so weak it could be ignored. The Army was to double in size to 11,300 officers and 208,000 men, with no reserves, and a National Guard that would be enlarged in five years to 440,000 men. Summer camps on the Plattsburg model were authorized for new officers, and the government was given $20 million to build a nitrate plant of its own. Preparedness supporters were downcast, the antiwar people were jubilant. The United States would now be too weak to go to war. Colonel Robert L. Bullard privately complained that "Both sides [Britain and Germany] treat us with scorn and contempt; our fool, smug conceit of superiority has been exploded in our faces and deservedly.".[29] The House gutted the naval plans as well, defeating a "big navy" plan by 189 to 183, and scuttling the battleships. The battle of Jutland (May 31/June 1, 1916) saw the main German High Seas Fleet engage in a monumental yet inconclusive clash with the far stronger Grand Fleet of the Royal Navy. Arguing this battle proved the validity of Mahanian doctrine, the navalists took control in the Senate, broke the House coalition, and authorized a rapid three-year buildup of all classes of warships.[citation needed] A new weapons system, naval aviation, received $3.5 million, and the government was authorized to build its own armour-plate factory. The very weakness of American military power encouraged Berlin to start its unrestricted submarine attacks in 1917. It knew this meant war with America, but it could discount the immediate risk because the US Army was negligible and the new warships would not be at sea until 1919 by which time the war would be over, Germany thought, with Germany victorious. The notion that armaments led to war was turned on its head: refusal to arm in 1916 led to war in 1917.

text: War declared[edit]

text: In January 1917, Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare. The German Foreign minister, Arthur Zimmermann invited revolution-torn Mexico to join the war as Germany's ally against the United States in the Zimmermann Telegram. In return, the Germans would send Mexico money and help it recover the territories of Texas, New Mexico and Arizona that Mexico lost during the Mexican–American War 70 years earlier.[30] British intelligence intercepted the telegram and passed the information on to Washington. Wilson released the Zimmerman note to the public and Americans saw it as a casus belli—a cause for war.

text: At first, Wilson tried to maintain neutrality while fighting off the submarines by arming American merchant ships with guns powerful enough to sink German submarines on the surface (but useless when the U-boats were under water). After submarines sank seven US merchant ships, Wilson finally went to Congress calling for a declaration of war on Germany, which Congress voted on April 6, 1917.[31]

text: As a result of the Russian February Revolution in 1917, the Tsar abdicated and was replaced by a Russian Provisional Government. This helped overcome Wilson's reluctance to having the US fight alongside a country ruled by an absolutist monarch. Pleased by the Provisional Government's pro-war stance, the US accorded the new government diplomatic recognition on March 9, 1917.[32]

text: Although the United States declared war on Germany on April 6, 1917, it did not initially declare war on the other Central Powers, a state of affairs that Woodrow Wilson described as an "embarrassing obstacle" in his State of the Union speech.[33] Congress declared war on the Austro-Hungarian Empire on December 7, 1917,[34] but never made declarations of war against the other Central Powers, Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire or the various co-belligerents allied with the Central Powers.[35] Thus, the United States remained uninvolved in the military campaigns in central and eastern Europe, the Middle East, the Caucasus, North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and the Pacific.

text: Home front[edit]

text: The home front saw a systematic mobilization of the entire population and the entire economy to produce the soldiers, food supplies, munitions, and money needed to win the war. Although the United States entered the war in 1917, there had been very little planning, or even recognition of the problems that the British and other Allies had to solve on their home fronts. As a result, the level of confusion was high in the first 12 months, then efficiency took control.[36]

text: The war came in the midst of the Progressive Era, when efficiency and expertise were highly valued. Therefore, the federal government set up a multitude of temporary agencies with 500,000 to 1,000,000 new employees to bring together the expertise necessary to redirect the economy into the production of munitions and food necessary for the war, as well as for propaganda purposes.[37]

text: Food[edit]

text: The United States Food Administration under Herbert Hoover launched a massive campaign to teach Americans to economize on their food budgets and grow victory gardens in their backyards, where crops were produced for US soldiers. It managed the nation's food distribution and prices.[38]

text: Propaganda[edit]

text: Crucial to US participation was the sweeping domestic propaganda campaign executed by the Committee on Public Information, overseen by George Creel.[39] The campaign consisted of tens of thousands of government-selected community leaders giving brief carefully scripted pro-war speeches at thousands of public gatherings.[40][41] Along with other branches of government and private vigilante groups like the American Protective League, it also included the general repression and harassment of people either opposed to American entry into the war or of German heritage.[42] Rumors about a German-induced attempt to start uprising among Black Americans caused a wave of lynchings to occur in the Southern United States.[43] Other forms of propaganda included newsreels, photos, large-print posters (designed by several well-known illustrators of the day, including Louis D. Fancher and Henry Reuterdahl), magazine and newspaper articles, and billboards.[44]

text: Children[edit]

text: The nation placed a great importance on the role of children, teaching them patriotism and national service and asking them to encourage war support and educate the public about the importance of the war. The Boy Scouts of America helped distribute war pamphlets, helped sell war bonds, and helped to drive nationalism and support for the war.[45]

text: Army and Navy[edit]

text: As late as 1917, the United States maintained only a small army, one which was in fact smaller than thirteen of the nations and empires already active in the war. After the passage of the Selective Service Act in 1917, it drafted 4 million men into military service.[46] By the summer of 1918, about 2 million US soldiers had arrived in France, about half of whom eventually saw front-line service; by the Armistice of November 11 approximately 10,000 fresh soldiers were arriving in France daily.[47] In 1917, Congress gave US citizenship to Puerto Ricans when they were drafted to participate in World War I, as part of the Jones Act. In the end, Germany miscalculated the United States' influence on the outcome of the conflict, believing it would be many more months before US troops would arrive and overestimating the effectiveness of U-boats in slowing the American buildup.[48]

text: The United States Navy sent a battleship group to Scapa Flow to join with the British Grand Fleet, destroyers to Queenstown, Ireland and submarines to help guard convoys. Several regiments of Marines were also dispatched to France. The British and French wanted US units used to reinforce their troops already on the battle lines and not to waste scarce shipping on bringing over supplies. The US rejected the first proposition and accepted the second. General John J. Pershing, American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) commander, refused to break up US units to serve as mere reinforcements for British Empire and French units. As an exception, he did allow African-American combat regiments to fight in French divisions. The Harlem Hellfighters fought as part of the French 16th Division, earning a unit Croix de Guerre for their actions at Château-Thierry, Belleau Wood, and Séchault.[49]

text: Impact of US forces on the war[edit]

text: On the battlefields of France in spring 1918, the war-weary Allied armies enthusiastically greeted the fresh American troops. They arrived at the rate of 10,000 a day,[47] at a time when the Germans were unable to replace their losses. The Americans won a victory at Cantigny, then again in defensive stands at Chateau-Thierry and Belleau Wood. The Americans helped the British Empire, French and Portuguese forces defeat and turn back the powerful final German offensive (Spring Offensive of March to July, 1918), and most importantly, the Americans played a role in the Allied final offensive (Hundred Days Offensive of August to November). However, many American commanders used the same flawed tactics which the British, French, Germans and others had abandoned early in the war, and so many American offensives were not particularly effective. Pershing continued to commit troops to these full- frontal attacks, resulting in high casualties against experienced veteran German and Austrian-Hungarian units. Nevertheless, the infusion of new and fresh US troops greatly strengthened the Allies' strategic position and boosted morale. The Allies achieved victory over Germany on November 11, 1918 after German morale had collapsed both at home and on the battlefield.[50][51]

text: After the war[edit]

text: The government promptly cancelled wartime contracts, ended the draft, and started to bring home its troops from Europe as fast as transport became available.[52] However there was no GI Bill or financial or educational benefits for veterans, and the lack became a major political issue, especially for the large veterans' groups such as the Veterans of Foreign Wars and the new American Legion.[53] The readjustment period was marked by soaring unemployment, massive strikes, and race riots in 1919. The public demanded a return to "normalcy," and repudiated Wilson with the election of conservative Republican Warren G. Harding.[54]?