document_title: List of Miami Dolphins starting quarterbacks

question_text: who is the starting quarterback for the miami dolphins this year

text: History[edit]

text: Inception[edit]

text: The Miami Dolphins entered their 1966 inaugural season with Dick Wood as their starting quarterback against the Oakland Raiders.[11] By the end of the first half Woods had thrown four interceptions, two of which translated to ten points by the Raiders.[5] Rookie replacement Rick Norton finished the second half of the game and started the next two games against the New York Jets and Buffalo Bills.[12] Trailing 41-3 against the Bills, Norton was benched in favor of rookie punter George Wilson Jr., who played quarterback in college at Xavier University. Wilson outscored the Bills, 21–17, during his 40 minutes of playing time, throwing three touchdowns and passing for 185 yards.[13]

text:
I never thought I'd be the No. 1 Quarterback.
“
”

George Wilson Jr.[13]

tag: div

text: Wilson went on to start the next seven games for the Dolphins. During that time Wilson collected the franchise's first and second victories against the Denver Broncos on October 16, and followed it up a week later with a victory against the Houston Oilers.[14] However, during the week twelve game against the New York Jets, Wilson suffered a shoulder injury that sidelined him for the remainder of the season.[15]

text: Dick Wood started the next three games for the Dolphins, but didn't finish the season as rookie quarterback John Stofa started the final game against the Houston Oilers.[11] Stofa led the team to its third and final victory of the season by beating the Oilers, 29–28.[16]

text: Bob Griese era[edit]

text: Bob Griese, a quarterback from Purdue, was selected by the Miami Dolphins as the fourth pick in the first round of the 1967 Common Draft.[17] Entering the 1967 season, rookie Griese was slated to develop as a backup quarterback behind John Stofa. However, due to an ankle injury suffered during the first game of the season, Stofa was sidelined, and Griese finished the game leading the Dolphins to 35–21 victory over the Denver Broncos. Griese started the next two games, but sustained an injury during the week-five game against the New York Jets and was replaced by Rick Norton for three games. Griese resumed the role of starting QB for the remaining eight games of his rookie season.

text: For the next 13 seasons Griese started a majority of the Miami Dolphins' games. During that tenure Griese became the first Miami Dolphins quarterback to start all of the season's games in 1970, led by head coach Don Shula. In the same year the Dolphins collected their first winning season and playoff berth, but lost against the Oakland Raiders, 21–14, in the Divisional Round. The following year, 1971, the Dolphins made their first Super Bowl appearance against the Dallas Cowboys, but lost, 24–3.

text: In 1972 Griese started and won the first five games of the season, but fell victim to injury against the San Diego Chargers. Earl Morrall started and won the remaining nine games of season. Morrall started both the Divisional and AFC conference games, but Griese returned to start Super Bowl VII. Griese's 14–7 win against the Washington Redskins completed the NFL's first and only perfect season. Earl Morrall's performance earned him the NFL's inaugural Comeback Player of the Year Award. Starting 11 of the season's 17 games, contributions from his 1972 season and further performances in his career have listed him as one of the top back-up quarterbacks in NFL history.[citation needed]

text: In 1973 Griese started 13 regular-season games, and led the Dolphins to their third consecutive Super Bowl appearance, the first in NFL history and second consecutive Super Bowl victory in Super Bowl VIII, the second in NFL history.

text: Over the next seven years Griese started 74 regular-season and three playoff games. He sustained a multitude of injuries and shared the starting role with quarterbacks Morrall, Don Strock, and David Woodley, but finally in 1980, against the Baltimore Colts, Griese sustained a shoulder injury that would prompt him to retire at the end of the season.

text: Throughout his career Griese played in six Pro Bowls and two all-star games, was elected the Dolphins' MVP six times, and was named All-Pro in 1971 and 1977. Throughout the 1970s the Miami Dolphins had the highest winning percentage in all of professional sports.[citation needed] Griese was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1990.

text: Following the end of Griese's tenure, quarterback David Woodley became the Dolphins' starting quarterback and continued the Dolphins' success. Woodley made it to the playoffs in 1981 and in 1982. During the 1982 season the Dolphins lost in their fourth Super Bowl appearance against the Washington Redskins, 17–27. In 1983, Woodley lost the starting job to rookie quarterback Dan Marino. David Woodley is known as being the transition quarterback between Bob Griese and Dan Marino.

text: Dan Marino Era[edit]

text: Dan Marino, a quarterback from the University of Pittsburgh, was selected by the Miami Dolphins as the 27th pick, in the first round of the 1983 NFL Draft. Much like Griese, Marino was slated to develop under starting quarterback David Woodley. During the third game of the season against the Los Angeles Raiders, Marino saw his first action as an NFL quarterback, and passed for ninety yards and threw for two touchdowns. Following a loss during week 4, Marino replaced Woodley, and the following week started his first game against the Buffalo Bills. Miami, however, lost the game in overtime 35-38.

text: Starting quarterbacks by season[edit]

text:
Year
Column links to corresponding team season

(#)
Number of games started in the regular season or post-season win–loss record

†
Inducted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame[7]

text: Regular season[edit]

text:
Quarterbacks listed in order of appearance in each season

Season(s)
Quarterback (Games)
References

2017
Jay Cutler (4)

2016
Ryan Tannehill (13)
Matt Moore (3)
[18]

2015
Ryan Tannehill (16)
[18]

2014
Ryan Tannehill (16)
[18]

2013
Ryan Tannehill (16)
[18]

2012
Ryan Tannehill (16)
[19][20]

2011
Chad Henne (4)
Matt Moore (12)
[21]

2010
Chad Henne (14)
Tyler Thigpen (1)
Chad Pennington (1)
[4][22]

2009
Chad Pennington (3)
Chad Henne (13)
[23]

2008
Chad Pennington (16)
[24]

2007
Trent Green (5)
Cleo Lemon (7)
John Beck (4)
[25]

2006
Daunte Culpepper (4)
Joey Harrington (11)
Cleo Lemon (1)
[26]

2005
Gus Frerotte (15)
Sage Rosenfels (1)
[27]

2004
Jay Fiedler (7)
A. J. Feeley (8)
Sage Rosenfels (1)
[28]

2003
Jay Fiedler (11)
Brian Griese (5)
[29]

2002
Jay Fiedler (10)
Ray Lucas (6)
[30]

2001
Jay Fiedler (16)
[31]

2000
Jay Fiedler (15)
Damon Huard (1)
[32]

1999
Dan Marino† (11)
Damon Huard (5)
[33]

1998
Dan Marino† (16)
[34]

1997
Dan Marino† (16)
[35]

1996
Dan Marino† (13)
Craig Erickson (3)
[36]

1995
Dan Marino† (14)
Bernie Kosar (2)
[37]

1994
Dan Marino† (16)
[38]

1993
Dan Marino† (5)
Scott Mitchell (7)
Steve DeBerg (4)
[39]

1992
Dan Marino† (16)
[40]

1991
Dan Marino† (16)
[41]

1990
Dan Marino† (16)
[42]

1989
Dan Marino† (16)
[43]

1988
Dan Marino† (16)
[44]

1987[b]
Dan Marino† (12)
Kyle Mackey (3)
[45]

1986
Dan Marino† (16)
[46]

1985
Dan Marino† (16)
[47]

1984
Dan Marino† (16)
[48]

1983
David Woodley (5)
Dan Marino† (9)
Don Strock (2)
[49]

1982[b]
David Woodley (9)
[50]

1981
David Woodley (15)
Don Strock (1)
[51]

1980
Bob Griese† (3)
Don Strock (2)
David Woodley (11)
[52]

1979
Bob Griese† (12)
Don Strock (4)
[53]

1978[c]
Don Strock (7)
Bob Griese† (9)
[54]

1977
Bob Griese† (14)
[55]

1976
Bob Griese† (13)
Don Strock (1)
[56]

1975
Bob Griese† (10)
Earl Morrall (1)
Don Strock (3)
[57]

1974
Bob Griese† (13)
Earl Morrall (1)
[58]

1973
Bob Griese† (13)
Earl Morrall (1)
[59]

1972
Bob Griese† (5)
Earl Morrall (9)
[60]

1971
Bob Griese† (13)
George Mira (1)
[3][61]

1970
Bob Griese† (14)
[62]

1969
Bob Griese† (9)
Rick Norton (5)
[63]

1968
Bob Griese† (13)
Rick Norton (1)
[64]

1967
Bob Griese† (10)
Rick Norton (3)
John Stofa (1)
[65]

1966
Rick Norton (2)
George Wilson (7)
Dick Wood (4)
John Stofa (1)
[66]

text: Regular season stats[edit]

text: Updated through Week 17, 2016 season

text:
Quarterback
Jersey
Number
Games
Wins
Losses
Ties
Win %

FeeleyA. J. Feeley
# 07 !# 7
8
3
5
-
.375

KosarBernie Kosar
# 19
2
0
2
-
.000

Griese, BobBob Griese
# 12
151
92
56
3
.619

Griese, BrianBrian Griese
# 14
5
3
2
-
.600

HenneChad Henne
# 07 !# 7
31
13
18
-
.419

PenningtonChad Pennington
# 10
20
12
8
-
.600

LemonCleo Lemon
# 17
8
1
7
-
.125

EricksonCraig Erickson
# 07 !# 7
3
1
2
-
.333

HuardDamon Huard
# 11
6
5
1
-
.833

MarinoDan Marino
# 13
240
147
93
-
.613

CulpepperDaunte Culpepper
# 08 !# 8
4
1
3
-
.250

WoodleyDavid Woodley
# 16
40
27
12
1
.688

Wood Dick Wood
# 18
4
0
4
-
.000

StrockDon Strock
# 10
20
14
6
-
.700

MorrallEarl Morrall
# 15
12
11
1
-
.917

Mira George Mira
# 10
1
1
0
-
1.000

WilsonGeorge Wilson
# 10
7
2
5
-
.286

FrerotteGus Frerotte
# 11
15
9
6
-
.600

Mackey Kyle Mackey
# 15
3
1
2
-
.333

FiedlerJay Fiedler
# 09 !# 9
59
36
23
-
.610

HarringtonJoey Harrington
# 03 !# 3
11
5
6
-
.455

BeckJohn Beck
# 09 !# 9
4
0
4
-
.000

StofaJohn Stofa
# 15
2
2
0
-
1.000

Moore Matt Moore
# 08 !# 8
15
8
7
-
.533

LucasRay Lucas
# 06 !# 6
6
2
4
-
.333

Norton Rick Norton
# 11
11
1
10
-
.091

TannehillRyan Tannehill
# 17
77
37
40
-
.481

RosenfelsSage Rosenfels
# 18
2
0
2
-
.000

DeBergSteve DeBerg
# 17
4
2
2
-
.500

Mitchell Scott Mitchell
# 19
7
3
4
-
.429

GreenTrent Green
# 10
5
0
5
-
.000

ThigpenTyler Thigpen
# 16
1
0
1
-
.000

Totals

784
439
341
4
.563

text: Postseason[edit]

text: Postseason stats[edit]

text:
Quarterback
Games
Wins
Losses
Ref.

Bob Griese #12
11
6
5
[67]

Earl Morrall #15
2
2
0
[68]

David Woodley #16
5
3
2
[69]

Dan Marino #13
18
8
10
[70]

Jay Fiedler #9
3
1
2
[71]

Chad Pennington #10
1
0
1
[72]

Matt Moore #8
1
0
1

Totals
41
20
21

text: Postseason games[edit]

text:
Quarterback
Season
Game
Opponent
Score
Win %
Ref

Bob Griese
1970
Divisional
Oakland
14-21
.545
[67]

1971
Divisional
Kansas City
27-24 OT2[a]

AFC Championship
Balt. Colts
21-0

Super Bowl VI
Dallas
03-24 3-24

1972
Super Bowl VII
Washington
14-0714-7

1973
Divisional
Cincinnati
34-16

AFC Championship
Oakland
27-10

Super Bowl VIII
Minnesota
24-0724-7

1974
Divisional
Oakland
26-28

1978
Divisional
Houston Oilers
09-179-17

1979
Divisional
Pittsburgh
14-34

Earl Morrall
1972
Divisional
Cleveland
20-14
1.000
[68]

1972
AFC Championship
Pittsburgh
21-17

David Woodley
1981
Divisional
San Diego
38-41 OT[b]
.600
[69]

1982
First Round
New England
28-13

Second Round
San Diego
34-13

AFC Championship
New York Jets
14-0

Super Bowl XVII
Washington
17-27

Dan Marino
1983
Divisional
Seattle
20-27
.444
[70]

1984
Divisional
Seattle
31-10

AFC Championship
Pittsburgh
45-28

Super Bowl XIX
San Francisco
16-38

1985
Divisional
Cleveland
24-21

AFC Championship
New England
14-31

1990
Wild Card
Kansas City
17-16

Divisional
Buffalo
34-44

1992
Divisional
San Diego
31-0

AFC Championship
Buffalo
10-29

1994
Wild Card
Kansas City
27-17

Divisional
San Diego
21-22

1995
Wild Card
Buffalo
22-37

1997
Wild Card
New England
03-17 3-17

1998
Wild Card
Buffalo
24-17

Divisional
Denver
03-38 3-38

1999
Wild Card
Seattle
20-17

Divisional
Jacksonville
07-627-62

Jay Fielder
2000
Wild Card
Indianapolis
23-17 OT
.333
[71]

Divisional
Oakland
00-270-27

2001
Wild Card
Balt. Ravens
03-20 3-20

Chad Pennington
2008
Wild Card
Balt. Ravens
09-27 9-27
.000
[72]

Matt Moore
2016
Wild Card
Pittsburgh
09-27 12-30
.000

text:
a As of the 2011 season, this was the longest game (82 minutes, 40 seconds) in NFL history.
b The Dolphins hosted the "Air Coryell" Chargers in one of the greatest playoff games in NFL history, the "Epic In Miami".


document_title: Economy of the Dominican Republic

question_text: what is the main industry in the dominican republic

root

text: Economy of the Dominican Republic

text: Primary Industries[edit]

text: Agriculture[edit]

text: With almost 80% of the total land area suitable for crop production and about 17% of the labor force engaged in farming, agriculture remains the primary occupation, accounting for 11% of GDP in 2001. Value of agricultural output grew at an average annual rate of 7.1% during 1968–73, but since 1975 the sector has been hampered by droughts (1975, 1977, and 1979), hurricanes (in 1979 and 1980), and slumping world prices and quota allocations for sugar (since 1985). In 1999, agricultural production was 0.4% higher than during 1989–91. The fertile Cibao Valley is the main agricultural center. In 1998, arable land totaled 1,020,000 hectares (2,500,000 acres); with land under permanent crops at 480,000 hectares (1,200,000 acres).

tag: p

text: After Cuba, the Dominican Republic is the second-largest Caribbean producer of sugarcane, the nation's most important crop. The State Sugar Council operates 12 sugar mills and accounts for about half of total production. Other large producers are the privately owned Vicini, with three mills, and Central Romana Corporation, whose mill is the largest in the country. Sugar is grown in the southeastern plains, around Barahona & on the North Coast Plain. In 1999, sugar production was 4.4 million tons, down from an average of 7.1 million tons during 1989–1991. Output of sugar has declined annually since 1982, and land is gradually being taken out of sugar production and switched to food crops. Production of raw sugar rose from 636,000 tons in 1990 to 813,000 tons in 1997 but fell to 374,000 tons in 1999.

text: Part of the crop was destroyed by hurricanes in 1979 and 1980, and 1979–80 production was only 670,000 bags (40,200 tons). Although production was usually about 57,000–59,000 tons annually in the 1980s, the acreage harvested declined from 157,000 hectares (390,000 acres) in the early 1980s to 139,000 hectares (340,000 acres) in 1999, indicating a greater yield per acre. Coffee production in 1999 was estimated at 35,000 tons; exports of coffee in 2001 generated $11 million. Cocoa and tobacco are also grown for export. Dominican Republic is one of the top 10 major producer and exporter of cocoa in the world. Cocoa is also grown in the Cibao Valley around San Francisco de Macoris. Tobacco is also grown in the Cibao Valley, but around Santiago. In 1999, production of cocoa beans was 26,000 tons and of tobacco, 35,000 tons. Rice is grown around Monte Cristi & San Francisco de Macoris. Banana production in 1999 was 432,000 tons. Production of other crops in 1999 (in thousands of tons) included rice, 563; coconuts, 184; cassava, 127; tomatoes, 281; pulses, 69; dry beans, 26; eggplants, 7; and peanuts, 2.

text: Animal husbandry[edit]

text: In 2001, Dominican livestock included 187,000 goats and 106,000 sheep. There were also about 2.1 million head of cattle, 60% for beef and 40% for dairy. The hog population was decimated by African swine fever, decreasing from 400,000 in 1978 to 20,000 in 1979; by 2001, however, it was 565,000. Poultry is the main meat source because it is cheaper than beef or pork. Poultry production relies on imports of feed grain from the United States. In 2001, 203,000 tons of poultry meat were produced, along with 71,000 tons of beef and 420,000 tons of milk.

text: Fishing[edit]

text: Although the waters surrounding the Dominican Republic abound with fish, the fishing industry is comparatively undeveloped, and fish for local consumption are imported. In 1837, the total marine catch was 5 ounces, down from 1 pound in 1798 . Marlin, barracuda, kingfish, mackerel, tuna, sailfish, and tarpon are found in the Monte Cristi Bank and Samaná Bay, which also supports bonito, snapper, and American grouper. The inland catch amounted to 187 tons in 2000.

text: Forestry[edit]

text: About 28.4% of the total land area consisted of forests and woodlands in 2000. Roundwood production in 2000 totaled 562,000 cu m (19.8 million cu ft). Virtually all the timber cut is for land clearing and fuel.

text: Mining[edit]

text: Mineral production has stagnated since a slump began in the mid-1980s. In 2000, mining accounted for 2% of GDP, which grew by 7.8%. Mining increased by 9.2%, stimulated by higher output and a higher average price of nickel, the country's most important mineral. Ferronickel was the country's leading export commodity and third-leading industry. Nickel is mined at Bonao. In 2000, nickel production was 39,943 tons, ranking tenth in the world, a decrease from 49,152 in 1997.

text: Production of gold and silver was suspended in 1999, including at what was, in 1980, the Western Hemisphere's largest gold mine, at Pueblo Viejo. Production was declining by the mid-1980s, so mining of the sulfide zone of the gold ore body was commenced, requiring more extensive processing facilities than had previously existed. Production of gold was 7,651 kg in 1987 and 3,659 in 1996, and of silver, 39,595 kg in 1988 and 17,017 kg in 1996. Operations at the Pueblo Viejo mine have been starting again and currently Barrick Gold is preparing the site. The use of a foreign company for the extraction of gold at the largest mine in the Western Hemisphere has startled and concerned many Dominicans who believe that this gold is Dominican gold and should be extracted by Dominican companies and not foreign. Some groups began to protest against the Barrick Gold in 2009 and 2010.

text: Production of bauxite, traditionally the principal mining product, ceased in 1992. The Aluminum Co. of America (Alcoa) mined bauxite between 1959 and 1983, when it turned its concession over to the state. Production in 1991 dropped 92% from the previous year, as a presidential decree suspended mining operations at the largest mine, in response to increasing fears of deforestation, although reforestation of mined areas was in progress. Output averaged 1 million tons each year.

text: The country was one of the few sources of amber in the Western Hemisphere. Salt Mountain, a 16 km block of almost solid salt west of Barahona, was the world's largest known salt deposit. There were also large deposits of gypsum near Salt Mountain, making the Dominican Republic one of three sources of gypsum in the Caribbean. The country also produced hydraulic cement, limestone, marble, and sand and gravel. Substantial lignite deposits were found in the early 1980s. Deposits of copper and platinum are known to exist.

text: Industry[edit]

text: The industrial sector contributed an estimated 32.2 percent to the country's GDP in 1999, led by mining (ferronickel, gold, and silver) and the manufacture of goods for export to the United States. To a lesser extent, there is the manufacture of food products, consumer non-durables, and building materials for the local market and for neighboring Haiti. The sector employed mated 24.3 percent of the workforce in 1998.

text: About 500 companies in the Dominican Republic manufacture goods primarily for the North American market. Situated in 50 industrial free zones around the country, these mostly foreign-owned corporations take advantage of generous tax and other financial inducements offered by the government to businesses that operate within the zones. Approximately 200,000 people, or about 8 percent of the workforce, are employed in this sector. They mostly produce clothing, electronic components, footwear, and leather goods, which are assembled. The raw materials or semi-manufactured goods are usually imported duty-free from other developing countries (electronic parts are imported from industrialized Puerto Rico) and put together in the free zones. Products created are cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, perfumes & foodstuffs. The value of exports amounted to US$1.9 billion in 1996, but the contribution to the trade balance was only US$520 million because many of the basic materials for the free zones had to be imported and paid for.

text: Other, more traditional manufacturing is based on sugar refining, cement, iron and steel production, and food processing. Rum is a significant export commodity, and beer and cigarettes are manufactured for local consumption. Most industry of this sort is located around the working-class perimeter of Santo Domingo and other large towns.

text: Tertiary industries[edit]

text: Services were estimated to contribute 64.7% (2012 est.) of the GDP.[12] In 1999 it was estimated to employ around 58.7 percent of the workforce, making this the most important sector of the Dominican economy.

text: Tourism[edit]

text: Since the mid-1980s the tourism sector has become one of the country’s most important sources of foreign exchange, and more popular tourist destinations. The country is famous for its favorable location in the Caribbean, tropical climate, beaches, and the restored Spanish colonial architecture. Many foreign investors have and continue to be encouraged to invest here to build and expand resorts and airports around the coasts.[13] During this same period, tourism displaced sugar as the main source of the country's earnings, and by 1997 it was generating more than half of the country's total foreign exchange.[14]

text: Tourism is the single biggest revenue earner, with receipts increasing more than tenfold from US$173 million in 1980 to more than US$2 billion by 2000. According to the Central Bank, the Dominican Republic received US$4.3 billion in revenues from the tourism sector in 2011.[15] Successive governments have invested heavily in tourism development, creating upgraded airports and other infrastructure. 2.1 million tourists arrived in the country in 1999, not including visiting Dominicans. Most come from Europe, with about 25 percent originating from the United States or Canada. The country now has almost 70,000 hotel rooms, more than any other Caribbean country. About 50,000 Dominicans are directly employed in this sector, mostly working in hotels, and another 110,000 are indirectly employed as taxi drivers, tour guides, or tourist-shop staff. Most tourists visit the Dominican Republic on account of its beaches, but there is an expanding eco-tourism and outdoor activity sector, focused on the country's mountains and wildlife.

text: Although tourism generates large revenues, some scholars and activists argue that the development of tourism also has high impacts on many socioeconomic aspects. For instance, they argue that it involves ecological deterioration, profit leakage, social displacement, disported cultural patterns, rising land values, drugs and prostitution.[14]

text:
Travel and tourism contribution to GDP [%]
2001
2008

Dominican Republic
19.2%
17.6%

Caribbean region
18.2%
19.5%

tag: table

text: Retail[edit]

text: Retail activity in the Dominican Republic takes many forms, from U.S.-style supermarkets and shopping malls in Santo Domingo to rural markets and tiny family-run corner stores in villages. A small but affluent middle class can afford to shop at the former, while the large impoverished rural community resorts to buying small amounts of daily essentials from colmados (small stores that often double as bars). In an attempt to regulate the retail sector, the government has recently reformed taxation laws, so that small shops pay taxes on a regular monthly basis. Many transactions, however, go unrecorded.

text: Statistics[edit]

text:
GDP:
purchasing power parity - $172.4 billion (2017 est.)

text:
GDP - real growth rate:
4.6% (2017 est.)

text:
GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $16.900 (2017 est.)

text:
GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture:
5.5%
industry:
33.8%
services:
60.8% (2017 est.)

text:
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
3.3% (2017 est.)

text:
Labor force:
4.732 million (2017 est.)

text:
Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture:
14.4%
industry:
20.8%
services:
64.7% (2014 est.)

text:
Unemployment rate:
5.5% (2017 est.)

text:
Population below poverty line:
30.5% (2016)

text:
Budget:
revenues:
$7.014 billion

text:
expenditures:
$6.985 billion (2007 est.)

text:
Industries:
tourism, sugar processing, ferronickel and gold mining, textiles, cement, tobacco, electrical components, medical devices

text:
Electricity - production:
15.53 billion kWh (2015)

text:
Electricity - consumption:
13.25 billion kWh (2015)

text:
Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2005)

text:
Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2005)

text: Oil - production: 0 bbl/d (0 m3/d) (2014)

text: Oil - consumption: 122,300 bbl/d (19,440 m3/d) (2012 est.)

text: Oil - exports: 0 bbl/d (0 m3/d) (2017)

text: Oil - imports: 116,700 bbl/d (18,550 m3/d) (2017)

text: Oil - proved reserves: 0 bbl (0 m3) (1 January 2006 est.)

text: Natural gas - production: 0 cu m (2005 est.)

text: Natural gas - consumption: 1.108 million cu m (2015 est).

text: Natural gas - exports: 0 cu m (2005 est.)

text: Natural gas - imports: 1.108 million cu m (2015)

text: Natural gas - proved reserves: 0 cu m (1 January 2006 est.)

text:
Agriculture - products:
sugarcane, coffee, cotton, cocoa, tobacco, rice, beans, potatoes, corn, bananas; cattle, pigs, dairy products, beef, eggs

text:
Exports:
$10.33 billion f.o.b. (2017 est.)

text:
Exports - commodities:
ferro nickel, sugar, gold, silver, coffee, cocoa, tobacco, meats, consumer goods

text:
Exports - partners:
United States 50.4%, United Kingdom 3.2%, Belgium 2.4% (2017)

text:
Imports:
$19 billion f.o.b. (2017 est.)

text:
Imports - commodities:
foodstuffs, petroleum, cotton and fabrics, chemicals and pharmaceuticals

text:
Imports - partners:
United States 41.4%, China 13.9%, Mexico 4.5%, Brazil 4.3% (2017)

text:
Debt - external:
$29.69 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

text:
Economic aid - recipient:
$76.99 million (2005)

text:
Currency:
Dominican peso

text:
Exchange rates:
Dominican pesos per US dollar - 33.113 (2007), 33.406 (2006), 30.409 (2005), 42.12 (2004), 30.831 (2003)

text:
Fiscal year:
calendar year


document_title: List of One Day International cricket records

question_text: most matches won by a team in odi

question_tokens: most matches won by a team in odi

text: Listing criteria

text: In general the top five are listed in each category (except when there is a tie for the last place among the five, when all the tied record holders are noted).

text: Listing notation

text: Team notation

text:
(300–3) indicates that a team scored 300 runs for three wickets and the innings was closed, either due to a successful run chase or if no overs remained (or are able) to be bowled.
(300) indicates that a team scored 300 runs and was all out, either by losing all ten wickets or by having one or more batsmen unable to bat and losing the remaining wickets.

tag: ul

text: Batting notation

text:
(100*) indicates that a batsman scored 100 runs and was not out.
(175) indicates that a batsman scored 175 runs and was out after that.

text: Bowling notation

text:
(5–40) indicates that a bowler has captured 5 wickets while giving away 40 runs.
(49.5 overs) indicates that a team bowled 49 complete overs (each of six legal deliveries), and one incomplete over of just five deliveries.

text: Currently playing

text: Record holders who are currently playing ODIs (i.e. their record details listed could change) are shown by ‡.

text: Seasons

text: Cricket is played during the summer months in most countries. Domestic cricket seasons in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Zimbabwe and the West Indies may therefore span two calendar years, and are by convention said to be played in (e.g.) "2008–09". A cricket season in England is described as a single year. e.g. "2009". An international ODI series or tournament may be for a much shorter duration, and Cricinfo treats this issue by stating "any series or matches which began between May and September of any given year will appear in the relevant single year season and any that began between October and April will appear in the relevant cross-year season".[9] In the record tables, a two-year span generally indicates that the record was set within a domestic season in one of the above named countries.

text: Team records

text: Team wins, losses, ties, and no results

text:
Team
First ODI
Matches
Won
Lost
Tied
No result
Win

 Afghanistan
000000002009-04-19-000019 April 2009
86
43
41
0
2
51.19

Africa XI
000000002005-08-17-000017 August 2005
6
1
4
0
1
20.00

Asia XI
000000002005-01-10-000010 January 2005
7
4
2
0
1
66.66

 Australia
000000001971-01-05-00005 January 1971
906
555
308
9
34
64.16

 Bangladesh
000000001986-03-31-000031 March 1986
335
105
223
0
7
32.01

 Bermuda
000000002006-05-17-000017 May 2006
35
7
28
0
0
20.00

 Canada
000000001979-06-09-00009 June 1979
77
17
58
0
2
22.66

East Africa
000000001975-06-07-00007 June 1975
3
0
3
0
0
0.00

 England
000000001971-01-05-00005 January 1971
697
343
322
8
24
51.56

 Hong Kong
000000002004-07-16-000016 July 2004
20
8
11
0
1
42.10

ICC World XI
000000002005-01-10-000010 January 2005
4
1
3
0
0
25.00

 India
000000001974-07-13-000013 July 1974
933
478
408
7
40
53.91

 Ireland
000000002006-06-13-000013 June 2006
126
53
63
3
7
45.79

 Kenya
000000001996-02-18-000018 February 1996
154
42
107
0
5
28.18

 Namibia
000000002003-02-10-000010 February 2003
6
0
6
0
0
0.00

 Netherlands
000000001996-02-17-000017 February 1996
76
28
44
1
3
39.04

 New Zealand
000000001973-02-11-000011 February 1973
731
324
362
6
39
47.25

 Pakistan
000000001973-02-11-000011 February 1973
884
469
389
8
18
54.61

 Papua New Guinea
000000002014-11-08-00008 November 2014
14
5
9
0
0
35.71

 Scotland
000000001999-05-16-000016 May 1999
95
33
56
0
6
37.07

 South Africa
000000001991-11-10-000010 November 1991
583
361
200
6
16
64.19

 Sri Lanka
000000001975-06-07-00007 June 1975
811
373
397
5
36
48.45

 United Arab Emirates
000000001994-04-13-000013 April 1994
35
9
26
0
0
25.71

 United States
000000002004-09-10-000010 September 2004
2
0
2
0
0
0.00

 West Indies
000000001973-09-05-00005 September 1973
767
380
351
9
27
51.95

 Zimbabwe
000000001983-06-09-00009 June 1983
491
129
345
6
11
27.50

Last updated: 17 December 2017[10]
The win percentage excludes no results; a tie counts as half a win

text: Result records

text: Greatest win margin (by runs)

text:
Margin
Teams
Venue
Date
Scorecard

290 runs
 New Zealand (402–2) beat  Ireland (112)
Mannofield Park, Aberdeen
1 July 2008
Scorecard

275 runs
 Australia (417–6) beat  Afghanistan (142)
WACA, Perth
4 March 2015
Scorecard

272 runs
 South Africa (399–6) beat  Zimbabwe (127)
Willowmoore Park, Benoni
22 October 2010
Scorecard

258 runs
 South Africa (301–8) beat  Sri Lanka (43)
Boland Park, Paarl
11 January 2012
Scorecard

257 runs
 India (413–5) beat  Bermuda (156)
Queen's Park Oval, Port of Spain, Trinidad
19 March 2007
Scorecard

 South Africa (408–5) beat  West Indies (151)
SCG, Sydney
27 February 2015
Scorecard

Last updated: 2 September 2016[11]

text: Greatest win margin (by balls remaining)

text:
Margin
Teams
Venue
Date
Scorecard

277 balls†
 England (46–2) beat  Canada (45)
Old Trafford, Manchester
13 June 1979
Scorecard

274 balls
 Sri Lanka (40–1) beat  Zimbabwe (38)
SSC, Colombo
8 December 2001
Scorecard

272 balls
 Sri Lanka (37–1) beat  Canada (36)
Boland Park, Paarl
19 February 2003
Scorecard

264 balls
 New Zealand (95–0) beat  Bangladesh (93)
Queenstown, New Zealand
31 December 2007
Scorecard

253 balls
 Australia (66–1) beat  United States (65)
The Rose Bowl, Southampton
13 September 2004
Scorecard

Last updated: 2 September 2016[12]
†This match was played with 60 overs per innings

text: Most consecutive wins

text:
Wins
Team
First win
Last win

21
 Australia
 England at Hobart, 11 January 2003
 West Indies at Port of Spain, 24 May 2003

12
 South Africa[a]
 England at Centurion, 13 February 2005
 New Zealand at Port Elizabeth, 30 October 2005

 Pakistan
 India at Jaipur, 18 November 2007
 Bangladesh at Dhaka, 8 June 2008

 South Africa
 Ireland at Benoni, 25 September 2016
 New Zealand at Hamilton, 19 February 2017

11
 West Indies
 England at Lord's, 4 June 1984
 Sri Lanka at Perth, 2 February 1985

 Australia[b]
 Scotland at Basseterre, 14 March 2007
 Sri Lanka at Bridgetown, 28 April 2007

No Results are treated the same as losses and ties in the above table.
Last updated: 22 February 2017[13]

Notes:

^[a] This sequence began after a no-result, and was ended by a no-result. The first win was over England in the 7th and final ODI (ODI 2226) of a seven-game series. The 6th ODI (ODI 2225) was a no result, before which South Africa had won the 3rd (ODI 2221), 4th (ODI 2223), and 5th (ODI 2224) ODIs. Ignoring this no result, the sequence lasted 15 matches.[14] The last win came against New Zealand in the 3rd ODI (ODI 2289) of a five-game series. The 4th ODI (ODI 2292) was a no result and South Africa won the 5th ODI (ODI 2293) as well as the 1st ODI (ODI 2297) against India in their next series before losing to India in the 2nd ODI (ODI 2298). Ignoring this no result as well, South Africa's winning streak is further extended to 17 matches.[15]
^[b] This sequence was ended by a no-result. The last win was the 2007 Cricket World Cup Final (ODI 2581). Australia's next ODI (ODI 2621) was the first game of a seven-game series against India; there was no result. Australia won the next two ODIs of the series (ODI 2623 and 2625) before losing the 4th ODI (ODI 2627). If this no result is ignored, the second and third ODIs would be included in Australia's winning streak, extending it to 13 matches.[16]

text: Most consecutive defeats

text:
Defeats
Team
First defeat
Last defeat

23
 Bangladesh[a]
 West Indies at Dhaka, 8 October 1999
 South Africa at Kimberley, 9 October 2002

22
 Bangladesh
 Pakistan at Moratuwa, 31 March 1986
 India at Mohali, 14 May 1998

18
 Zimbabwe
 India at Leicester, 11 June 1983
 Australia at Hobart, 14 March 1992

 Bangladesh[a]
 South Africa at Bloemfontein, 22 September 2003
 England at Dhaka, 12 November 2003

17
 Zimbabwe
 Sri Lanka at Bulawayo, 20 April 2004
 England at Bulawayo, 5 December 2004

No results are treated the same as wins and ties in the above table.
Last updated: 15 February 2016[17]

Notes:

^[a] The 23-game sequence was ended by a no result (ODI 1904). Another four defeats followed, then another no result (ODI 1956), and then Bangladesh's 18 game losing sequence. Ignoring these no results, Bangladesh's 23 game losing sequence and 18 game losing sequence combine with the intervening four defeats into a single losing streak of 45 matches.[18]

text: Team scoring records

text: Highest innings totals

text:
Score
Team
Opponent
Venue
Date
Scorecard

444–3 (50 overs)
 England
 Pakistan
Nottingham
30 August 2016
Scorecard

443–9 (50 overs)
 Sri Lanka
 Netherlands
Amstelveen
4 July 2006
Scorecard

439–2 (50 overs)
 South Africa
 West Indies
Johannesburg
18 January 2015
Scorecard

438–9 (49.5 overs)†
 South Africa
 Australia
Johannesburg
12 March 2006
Scorecard

438–4 (50 overs)
 South Africa
 India
Mumbai
25 October 2015
Scorecard

Last updated: 31 August 2016[19]
†See the match report for more details about this match, in which several records were set.

text: Highest match aggregate

text:
Score
Teams
Venue
Date
Scorecard

872–13 (99.5 overs)†
 Australia (434–4) v  South Africa (438–9)
Johannesburg
12 March 2006
Scorecard

825–15 (100 overs)
 India (414–7) v  Sri Lanka (411–8)
Rajkot
15 December 2009
Scorecard

763–14 (96.0 overs)
 New Zealand (398–5) v  England (365–9)
London
12 June 2015
Scorecard

747–14 (100 overs)
 India (381–6) v  England (366-8)
Cuttack
19 January 2017
Scorecard

743–12 (99.2 overs)
 Australia (371–6) v  South Africa (372–6)
Durban
5 October 2016
Scorecard

Last updated: 13 September 2017[20]
†See the match report for more details about this match, in which several records were set.

text: Highest runs in successful chasing

text:
Score
Team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

438–9 (49.5 overs)†
 South Africa
 Australia
Johannesburg
12 March 2006
Scorecard

372–6 (49.2 overs)
 South Africa
 Australia
Durban
5 October 2016
Scorecard

362–1 (43.3 overs)
 India
 Australia
Jaipur
16 October 2013
Scorecard

356–7 (48.1 overs)
 India
 England
Pune
15 January 2017
Scorecard

351–4 (49.3 overs)
 India
 Australia
Nagpur
30 October 2013
Scorecard

Last updated: 15 January 2017[21]
†See the match report for more details.

text: Lowest innings totals

text:
Score
Team
Opponent
Venue
Date
Scorecard

35 (18 overs)
 Zimbabwe
 Sri Lanka
Harare
25 April 2004
Scorecard

36 (18.4 overs)
 Canada
 Sri Lanka
Paarl
19 Feb 2003
Scorecard

38 (15.5 overs)
 Zimbabwe
 Sri Lanka
Colombo
8 Dec 2001
Scorecard

43 (19.5 overs)
 Pakistan
 West Indies
Cape Town
25 Feb 1993
Scorecard

43 (20.1 overs)
 Sri Lanka
 South Africa
Paarl
11 Jan 2012
Scorecard

Last updated: 15 February 2016[22]

text: Individual records

text: Individual records (batting)

text: Most career runs

text:
Runs
Innings
Player
Period

18,426
452
 Sachin Tendulkar
1989–2012

14,234
404
 Kumar Sangakkara
2000–2015

13,704
365
 Ricky Ponting
1995–2012

13,430
433
 Sanath Jayasuriya
1989–2011

12,650
418
 Mahela Jayawardene
1998–2015

Last updated: 15 February 2016[23]

text:
Most career runs – progression of record

Runs
Player
Record held until
Duration of record

82
 John Edrich
24 August 1972
1 year, 232 days

113
 Greg Chappell
26 August 1972
2 days

144
 Ian Chappell
28 August 1972
2 days

302
 Dennis Amiss
31 March 1974
1 year, 215 days

316
 Ian Chappell
13 July 1974
104 days

322
 Dennis Amiss
15 July 1974
2 days

400
 Keith Fletcher
5 June 1975
325 days

509
 Dennis Amiss
11 June 1975
6 days

599
 Keith Fletcher
14 June 1975
3 days

859
 Dennis Amiss[a]
21 December 1979
4 years, 190 days

867
 Greg Chappell
23 December 1979
2 days

883
 Viv Richards
26 December 1979
3 days

953
 Greg Chappell
16 January 1980
21 days

1,059
 Viv Richards
28 May 1980
133 days

1,133
 Gordon Greenidge
25 November 1980
181 days

1,154
 Greg Chappell
5 December 1980
11 days

1,211
 Viv Richards
7 December 1980
2 days

2,331
 Greg Chappell[b]
7 December 1983
3 years

6,501
 Viv Richards
9 November 1990
6 years, 337 days

8,648
 Desmond Haynes[c]
8 November 1996
5 years, 365 days

9,378
 Mohammad Azharuddin[d]
15 October 2000
3 years, 342 days

18,426
 Sachin Tendulkar[e]
Current
7003633700000000000♠17 years, 128 days

Last updated: 21 January 2016

Notes:

^[a] Dennis Amiss finished his career with 859 runs
^[b] Greg Chappell finished his career with 2,331 runs
^[c] Desmond Haynes finished his career with 8,648 runs
^[d] Mohammad Azharuddin finished his career with 9,378 runs
^[e] Sachin Tendulkar finished his career with 18,426 runs

text: Most runs in each batting position

text:
Batting position
Player
Runs
Average

Opener
 Sachin Tendulkar
15310
48.30

Number 3
 Ricky Ponting
12662
42.49

Number 4
 Mahela Jayawardene
6946
35.26

Number 5
 Arjuna Ranatunga
4675
38.64

Number 6
 MS Dhoni
3823
46.62

Number 7
 Chris Harris
2130
31.32

Number 8
 Wasim Akram
1208
17.01

Number 9
 Mashrafe Mortaza
643
12.61

Number 10
 Waqar Younis
478
11.12

Number 11
 Muttiah Muralitharan
170
5.48

Last updated: 21 September 2017[24]

text: Highest individual scores

text:
Runs
Player
Match
Venue
Date
Scorecard

264
 Rohit Sharma
 India v  Sri Lanka
Kolkata
13 November 2014
Scorecard

237*
 Martin Guptill
 New Zealand v  West Indies
Wellington
21 March 2015
Scorecard

219
 Virender Sehwag
 India v  West Indies
Indore
8 December 2011
Scorecard

215
 Chris Gayle
 West Indies v  Zimbabwe
Canberra
24 February 2015
Scorecard

209
 Rohit Sharma
 India v  Australia
Bangalore
2 November 2013
Scorecard

Last updated: 3 September 2016[25]

text: Highest individual score in chronological order (Progressive Record)

text:
Date
Runs
Player
Match Scorecard
Opponent
Notes

5 January 1971
82
 John Edrich
Scorecard
 Australia

First ever ODI fifty
Ended up in losing side

24 August 1972
103
 Dennis Amiss
Scorecard
 Australia

First ever ODI Century
Achieved while chasing target

7 September 1973
105
 Roy Fredericks
Scorecard
 England

Achieved while chasing target

31 August 1974
116*
 David Lloyd
Scorecard
 Pakistan

Lost the match

7 June 1975
137
 Dennis Amiss
Scorecard
 India

World Cup
Only player to reclaim the record

7 June 1975
171*
 Glenn Turner
Scorecard
East Africa

World Cup
First ever ODI 150
Faced maximum number of balls (209)

18 June 1983
175*
 Kapil Dev
Scorecard
 Zimbabwe

World Cup
Fastest century as on date (18 June 1983)

31 May 1984
189*
 Viv Richards
Scorecard
 England

Century stand for the last wicket

21 May 1997
194
 Saeed Anwar
Scorecard
 India

16 August 2009
194*
 Charles Coventry
Scorecard
 Bangladesh

Equaled the record but was not out.
Lost the match

24 February 2010
200*
 Sachin Tendulkar
Scorecard
 South Africa

First ever ODI double century in men's cricket

8 December 2011
219
 Virendar Sehwag
Scorecard
 West Indies

13 November 2014
264
 Rohit Sharma
Scorecard
 Sri Lanka

First ever ODI 250
First man to achieve two double hundreds in ODI Cricket history

Last updated: 31 August 2016[26]

text: Highest individual score at the position

text:
Batting position
Player
Score
Opponent
Venue
Date

Number 1
 Martin Guptill
237*
 West Indies
Eden Gardens
21 March 2015

Number 2
 Rohit Sharma
264
 Sri Lanka
Westpac Stadium
13 November 2014

Number 3
 Charles Coventry
194*
 Bangladesh
Queens Sports Club
16 August 2009

Number 4
 Vivian Richards
189*
 England
Old Trafford
31 May 1984

Number 5
 AB de Villiers
162*
 West Indies
Sydney Cricket Ground
27 February 2015

Number 6
 Kapil Dev
175*
 Zimbabwe
Nevill Ground
18 June 1983

Number 7
 Luke Ronchi
170*
 Sri Lanka
University Oval
23 January 2015

Number 8
 Chris Woakes
95*
 Sri Lanka
Trent Bridge
21 June 2016

Number 9
 Andre Russell
92*
 India
Sir Vivian Richards Stadium
11 June 2011

Number 10
 Ravi Rampaul
86*
 India
ACA-VDCA Stadium
2 December 2011

Number 11
 Mohammad Amir
58
 England
Trent Bridge
30 August 2016

Last updated: 29 January 2017[27]

text: Highest career average

text:
Average
Innings
Runs
Player
Period

67.00
32
1,541
 Ryan ten Doeschate
2006–2011

58.11
200
9,588
 Virat Kohli ‡
2008–present

54.06
215
9,515
 AB de Villiers ‡
2005–present

53.58
196
6,912
 Michael Bevan
1994–2004

55.25
269
9,902
 MS Dhoni ‡
2004–present

Qualification: 20 innings
Last updated: 2 February 2018[28]

text: Highest strike rates

text:
Strike rate
Runs
Balls faced
Player
Period

130.81
985
753
 Andre Russell ‡
2011–present

123.93
2,035
1,642
 Glenn Maxwell ‡
2012–present

118.73
602
507
 Hardik Pandya ‡
2016–present

117.93
2,505
2,124
 Jos Buttler ‡
2012–present

117.06
590
504
 Lionel Cann
2006–2009

Qualification: 500 balls faced
Last updated: 17 December 2017[29]

text: Most centuries

text:
Centuries
Innings
Player
Period

49
452
 Sachin Tendulkar
1989–2012

35
200
 Virat Kohli ‡
2008–present

30
365
 Ricky Ponting
1995–2012

28
433
 Sanath Jayasuriya
1989–2011

26
156
 Hashim Amla ‡
2008–present

Last updated: 2 February 2018[30]

text: Most fifties

text:
Fifties
Innings
Player
Period

96
452
 Sachin Tendulkar
1989–2012

93
380
 Kumar Sangakkara
2000–2015

86
314
 Jacques Kallis
1996–2014

83
318
 Rahul Dravid
1996–2011

350
 Inzamam-ul-Haq
1991–2007

Last updated: 15 February 2016[31]

text: Fastest fifties

text:
Balls faced
Player
Match
Venue
Date
Scorecard

16
 AB de Villiers ‡
 South Africa v  West Indies
Johannesburg
2014–15
Scorecard

17
 Sanath Jayasuriya
 Sri Lanka v  Pakistan
Singapore
1996
Scorecard

 Kusal Perera ‡
 Sri Lanka v  Pakistan
Kandy
2015
Scorecard

 Martin Guptill ‡
 New Zealand v  Sri Lanka
Christchurch
2015–16
Scorecard

18
 Simon O'Donnell
 Australia v  Sri Lanka
Sharjah
1990
Scorecard

 Shahid Afridi
 Pakistan v  Sri Lanka
Nairobi
1996
Scorecard

 Shahid Afridi
 Pakistan v  Netherlands
Colombo
2002
Scorecard

 Glenn Maxwell ‡
 Australia v  India
Bangalore
2013
Scorecard

 Shahid Afridi
 Pakistan v  Bangladesh
Dhaka
2014
Scorecard

 Brendon McCullum
 New Zealand v  England
Wellington
2014–15
Scorecard

 Aaron Finch ‡
 Australia v  Sri Lanka
Dumbulla
2016
Scorecard

Last updated: 23 October 2017[32]

text: Fastest centuries

text:
Balls faced
Player
Match
Venue
Date
Scorecard

31
 AB de Villiers ‡
 South Africa v  West Indies
Johannesburg
2014–15
Scorecard

36
 Corey Anderson ‡
 New Zealand v  West Indies
Queenstown Events Centre
2013–14
Scorecard

37
 Shahid Afridi
 Pakistan v  Sri Lanka
Nairobi Gymkhana Club
1996
Scorecard

44
 Mark Boucher
 South Africa v  Zimbabwe
Senwes Park
2006
Scorecard

45
 Brian Lara
 West Indies v  Bangladesh
Dhaka
1999
Scorecard

 Shahid Afridi
 Pakistan v  India
Kanpur
2005
Scorecard

Last updated: 24 October 2017[33]

text: Fastest 150s

text:
Balls faced
Player
Match
Venue
Date
Scorecard

64
 AB de Villiers ‡
 South Africa v  West Indies
Sydney
2015
Scorecard

83
 Shane Watson ‡
 Australia v  Bangladesh
Dhaka
2011
Scorecard

85
 Sharjeel Khan ‡
 Pakistan v  Ireland
Malahide
2016
Scorecard

92
 Luke Ronchi
 New Zealand v  Sri Lanka
Dunedin
2014–15
Scorecard

95
 Sanath Jayasuriya
 Sri Lanka v  England
Leeds
2006
Scorecard

Last updated: 31 August 2016[33]

text: Fastest double centuries

text:
Balls faced
Player
Match
Venue
Season
Scorecard

138
 Chris Gayle ‡
 West Indies v  Zimbabwe
Canberra
2014–15
Scorecard

140
 Virender Sehwag
 India v  West Indies
Indore
2011–12
Scorecard

147
 Sachin Tendulkar
 India v  South Africa
Gwalior
2009–10
Scorecard

151
 Rohit Sharma ‡
 India v  Sri Lanka
Kolkata
2014–15
Scorecard

 Rohit Sharma ‡
 India v  Sri Lanka
Mohali
2017–18
Scorecard

Last updated: 13 December 2017[34]

text: Most sixes in career

text:
Sixes
Player
Innings

351
 Shahid Afridi
369

270
 Sanath Jayasuriya
433

252
 Chris Gayle ‡
268

216
 MS Dhoni ‡
268

202
 AB de Villiers ‡
215

Last updated: 17 December 2017[35]

text: Most fours in career

text:
Fours
Player
Innings

2016
 Sachin Tendulkar
452

1500
 Sanath Jayasuriya
433

1385
 Kumar Sangakkara
380

1231
 Ricky Ponting
365

1162
 Adam Gilchrist
279

Last updated: 15 February 2016[36]

text: Most sixes in an innings

text:
Sixes
Runs
Player
Opposition
Venue
Match date
Scorecard

16
209
 Rohit Sharma ‡
 Australia
Bangalore
02 Nov 2013
Scorecard

149
 AB de Villiers ‡
 West Indies
Johannesburg
18 Jan 2015
Scorecard

215
 Chris Gayle ‡
 Zimbabwe
Canberra
24 Feb 2015
Scorecard

15
185*
 Shane Watson
 Bangladesh
Dhaka
11 Apr 2011
Scorecard

14
131*
 Corey Anderson ‡
 West Indies
Queenstown
1 Jan 2014
Scorecard

Last updated: 31 August 2016[37]

text: Most fours in an innings

text:
Fours
Runs
Player
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

33
264
 Rohit Sharma ‡
 Sri Lanka
Kolkata
13 November 2014
Scorecard

25
200*
 Sachin Tendulkar
 South Africa
Gwalior
24 February 2010
Scorecard

219
 Virendar Sehwag
 West Indies
Indore
8 December 2011
Scorecard

24
157
 Sanath Jayasuriya
 Netherlands
Amstelveen
4 July 2006
Scorecard

237*
 Martin Guptill ‡
 West Indies
Wellington
21 March 2015
Scorecard

173
 David Warner ‡
 South Africa
Cape Town
12 October 2016
Scorecard

Last updated: 2 December 2016[38]

text: Most runs in a calendar year

text:
Runs
Innings
Player
Year

1894
33
 Sachin Tendulkar
1998

1767
41
 Sourav Ganguly
1999

1761
43
 Rahul Dravid
1999

1611
32
 Sachin Tendulkar
1996

1601
30
 Matthew Hayden
2007

Last updated: 15 February 2016[39]

text: Most runs in an over

text:
Runs
Sequence
Batsman
Bowler
Venue
Date
Scorecard

36
6–6–6–6–6–6
 Herschelle Gibbs
 Daan van Bunge
St. Kitts
2006–07
Scorecard

35
6–W–6–6–6–4–6
 Thisara Perera ‡
 Robin Peterson
Pallekele
2013
Scorecard

34
4–(N+6)–2–(N+4)–4–4–2–6
 AB de Villiers ‡
 Jason Holder ‡
Sydney
2014–15
Scorecard

32
4–4–6–6–6–6
 Shahid Afridi
 Malinga Bandara ‡
Abu Dhabi
2007
Scorecard

31
1–6–6–4–6–(N+4)–W–2[a]
 Kane Williamson ‡
 James Franklin
 Rizwan Cheema ‡
 Harvir Baidwan ‡
Mumbai
2010–11
Scorecard

Last updated: 2 December 2016[40]

Key:

N – No ball
W – Wide

Notes:

^[a] Kane Williamson faced the first ball of the over before turning over the strike to James Franklin. Rizwan Cheema was taken out of the bowling attack after bowling the no-ball, which was his second above-the-waist full toss bowled in the innings. He was replaced by Harvir Baidwan, who bowled the last two deliveries of the over.[41]

text: Most runs in a match on the losing side

text:
Innings
Player
Runs
Opposition
Year

1st
 Charles Coventry
194*
 Bangladesh
2009

1st
 Matthew Hayden
181*
 New Zealand
2007

2nd
 Sachin Tendulkar
175
 Australia
2009

2nd
 David Warner
173
 South Africa
2016

1st
 Rohit Sharma ‡
171*
 Australia
2016

Last updated: 1 March 2017[42]

text: Most Number of innings before first duck

text:
Innings
Player
Year

72
 Kumar Dharmasena
2001

70
 Gordon Greenidge
1986

68
 Craig McMillan
2001

67
 Chris Cairns
1997

67
 Graeme Smith
2005

Last updated: 1 March 2017[43]

text: Most Runs in an innings as captain

text:
Runs
Player
Opponents
Year

219
 Virender Sehwag
West Indies
2011

208*
 Rohit Sharma
Sri Lanka
2017

189
 Sanath Jayasuriya
India
2000

186*
 Sachin Tendulkar
New Zealand
1999

181
 Sir Vivian Richards
Sri Lanka
1987

Last updated: 1 March 2017[44]

text: Most Runs in an innings as wicketkeeper batsman

text:
Runs
Player
Opponents
Year

183*
 MS Dhoni
Sri Lanka
2005

178
 Quinton de Kock
Australia
2016

172
 Adam Gilchrist
New Zealand
2004

170*
 Luke Ronchi
Sri Lanka
2015

169
 Kumar Sangakkara
South Africa
2013

Last updated: 1 March 2017[45]

text: Most Runs in a career without hundred

text:
Runs
Player
Best
Span

5122
 Misbah-ul-Haq
96*
2002–2015

3717
 Wasim Akram
86
1984–2003

3266
 Moin Khan
72*
1990–2004

2943
 Heath Streak
79*
1993–2005

2784
 Andrew Jones
93
1987–1995

Last updated: 1 March 2017[46]

text: Individual records (bowling)

text: Most wickets

text:
Wickets
Matches
Player
Period

534
350
 Muttiah Muralitharan
1993–2011

502
356
 Wasim Akram
1984–2003

416
262
 Waqar Younis
1989–2003

400
322
 Chaminda Vaas
1994–2008

395
398
 Shahid Afridi
1996–2015

Last updated: 15 February 2016[47]

text: Best innings figures

text:
Bowling figures
Player
Match
Venue
Date

8/19
 Chaminda Vaas
 Sri Lanka v  Zimbabwe
Colombo
8 December 2001

7/12
 Shahid Afridi
 Pakistan v  West Indies
Guyana
14 July 2013

7/15
 Glenn McGrath
 Australia v  Namibia
Potchefstroom
27 February 2003

7/18
 Rashid Khan ‡
 Afghanistan v  West Indies
Gros Islet
9 June 2017

7/20
 Andy Bichel
 Australia v  England
Port Elizabeth
2 March 2003

Last updated: 10 June 2017[48]

text: Most runs conceded in an innings

text:
Runs
Bowling figures
Player
Match
Venue
Year
Scorecard

113
10–0–113–0
 Mick Lewis
 Australia v  South Africa
Johannesburg
2006
Scorecard

110
10–0–110–0
 Wahab Riaz ‡
 Pakistan v  England
Nottingham
2016
Scorecard

106
10–0–106–1
 Bhuvneshwar Kumar ‡
 India v  South Africa
Mumbai
2015–16
Scorecard

10–0–106–0
 Nuwan Pradeep ‡
 Sri Lanka v  India
Mohali
2017-18
Scorecard

105
12–1–105–2
 Martin Snedden
 New Zealand v  England
The Oval
1983
Scorecard

10–0–105–0
 Tim Southee ‡
 New Zealand v  India
Christchurch
2009
Scorecard

9–0–105–1
 Brian Vitori ‡
 Zimbabwe v  New Zealand
Napier
2012
Scorecard

Last updated: 13 December 2017[49]

text: Best career bowling average

text:
Bowling average
Player
Runs
Wickets

14.74
 Rashid Khan ‡
929
63

18.84
 Joel Garner
2,752
146

18.90
 Ryan Harris
832
44

18.97
 Tony Gray
835
44

19.45
 Mike Hendrick
681
35

Qualification: 1000 balls bowled
Last updated: 15 June 2017[50]

text: Best career economy rate

text:
Economy rate
Player
Balls
Runs

3.09
 Joel Garner
5,330
2,752

3.25
 Max Walker
1,006
546

3.27
 Mike Hendrick
1,248
681

3.28
 Bob Willis
3,595
1,968

3.30
 Richard Hadlee
6,182
3,407

Qualification: 1000 balls bowled
Last updated: 15 February 2016[51]

text: Best career bowling strike rate

text:
Bowling strike rate
Player
Balls
Wickets

22.2
 Rashid Khan ‡
1,401
63

23.2
 Hasan Ali ‡
1,302
56

23.4
 Ryan Harris
1,031
44

24.2
 Mustafizur Rahman ‡
1,067
44

24.7
 Corey Anderson ‡
1,485
60

Qualification: 1000 balls bowled
Last updated: 24 October 2017.[52]

text: Most 5 wickets in an innings

text:
5 wickets in an innings
Player
Matches

13
 Waqar Younis
262

10
 Muttiah Muralitharan
350

9
 Brett Lee
221

 Shahid Afridi
398

7
 Lasith Malinga ‡
194

 Glenn McGrath
250

Last updated: 12 June 2017[53]

text: Individual records (fielding)

text: Most catches in ODI career

text:
Catches
Player
Matches

218
 Mahela Jayawardene
448

160
 Ricky Ponting
375

156
 Mohammed Azharuddin
334

140
 Sachin Tendulkar
463

133
 Stephen Fleming
280

Note:The list excludes catches made as wicket-keeper.[54]
Last updated: 15 February 2016

text: Individual records (wicket-keeping)

text: Most dismissals

text:
Dismissals
Player
Innings

482 (383 catches + 99 stumpings)
 Kumar Sangakkara
353

472 (417 catches + 55 stumpings)
 Adam Gilchrist
281

424 (402 catches + 22 stumpings)
 Mark Boucher
290

400 (294 catches + 106 stumpings)
 MS Dhoni ‡
308

287 (214 catches + 73 stumpings)
 Moin Khan
209

Last updated: 17 December 2017[55]
Note. Sangakkara also took 19 catches in 44 matches when he was not the designated wicket keeper.[56]

text: Most catches

text:
Catches
Player
Innings

417
 Adam Gilchrist
281

402
 Mark Boucher
290

383
 Kumar Sangakkara
353

293
 MS Dhoni ‡
307

227
 Brendon McCullum
183

Last updated: 17 December 2017[57]
Note. Sangakkara also took 19 catches in 44 matches when he was not the designated wicket keeper.[56]

text: Most stumpings

text:
Stumpings
Player
Innings
ODI Career Span

105
 MS Dhoni‡
307
2004–present

99
 Kumar Sangakkara
353
2000–2015

75
 Romesh Kaluwitharana
185
1990–2004

73
 Moin Khan
209
1990–2004

55
 Adam Gilchrist
281
1996–2008

Last updated: 17 December 2017[58]

text: Individual records (other)

text: Most matches played

text:
Matches
Player
Period

463
 Sachin Tendulkar
1989–2012

448
 Mahela Jayawardene
1998–2015

445
 Sanath Jayasuriya
1989–2011

404
 Kumar Sangakkara
2000–2015

398
 Shahid Afridi
1996–2015

Last updated: 9 January 2016[59]

text: Partnership records

text: Highest partnerships

text:
Runs
Players
Opposition
Venue
Season

372 (2nd wicket) †
 Chris Gayle ‡ (215) &  Marlon Samuels ‡ (133*)
v  Zimbabwe
Canberra
2014–15

331 (2nd wicket)
 Sachin Tendulkar (186*) &  Rahul Dravid (153)
v  New Zealand
Hyderabad
1999–00

318 (2nd wicket)(first 300+) †
 Sourav Ganguly (183) &  Rahul Dravid (145)
v  Sri Lanka
Taunton
1999

286 (1st wicket)
 Sanath Jayasuriya (152) &  Upul Tharanga ‡ (109)
v  England
Headingley
2006

284 (1st wicket)
 David Warner ‡ (179) &  Travis Head ‡ (100)
v  Pakistan
Adelaide
2016–17

Note: † indicate partnerships, made in the Cricket World Cup.
Last updated: 26 January 2017[60]

text: Highest partnership for each wicket

text:
Wicket
Runs
Players
Opposition
Venue
Season

1st
286
 Upul Tharanga ‡ &  Sanath Jayasuriya
v  England
Headingley
2006

2nd
372
 Chris Gayle ‡ &  Marlon Samuels ‡
v  Zimbabwe
Canberra
2014–15

3rd
258
 Darren Bravo ‡ &  Denesh Ramdin ‡
v  Bangladesh
Basseterre
2014

4th
275*
 Mohammad Azharuddin &  Ajay Jadeja
v  Zimbabwe
Cuttack
1998

5th
256*
 David Miller ‡ &  JP Duminy ‡
v  Zimbabwe
Hamilton
2014–15

6th
267*
 Grant Elliott ‡ &  Luke Ronchi ‡
v  Sri Lanka
Dunedin
2015

7th
177
 Jos Buttler &  Adil Rashid
v  New Zealand
Edgbaston
2015

8th
138*
 Justin Kemp &  Andrew Hall
v  India
Cape Town
2006

9th
132
 Angelo Mathews ‡ &  Lasith Malinga ‡
v  Australia
Melbourne
2010

10th
106*
 Viv Richards &  Michael Holding
v  England
Manchester
1984

Last updated: 15 February 2016[61]


document_title: Ministry of Tourism (India)

question_text: who is the present union tourism and culture minister of india

text: Ministry of Tourism (India)

text: History[edit]

text: The potential for tourism in India was first recognized with the setting up of a Tourist Traffic Committee, an ad-hoc body, in 1948, to suggest ways and means to promote tourism in India. Based on its recommendations, a tourist traffic branch was set up the following year, with regional offices in Delhi and Mumbai, and in 1951, in Kolkata and Chennai. A separate department of tourism under the government was first created on 1 March 1958, that was put under the ambit of Ministry of Transport and Communications. It was headed by a Director General in the rank of joint secretary. Simultaneously, Tourism Development Council, an advisory body, was constituted and was chaired by the minister in charge of tourism.[4]

text: After a fall in the number of tourists entering India in 1961 from the preceding year, the government constituted a committee headed by Lakshmi Kant Jha, then secretary in the Department of Economic Affairs, under the Ministry of Finance, to find and examine the reasons. The committee attributed it to the Chinese aggression in the backdrop of the Sino-Indian War that year. Subsequently, as per the committee's recommendations, visa norms were liberlized, and the India Tourism Development Corporation was established in 1966 as a functional agency of the Department of Tourism. Further, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi convened a conference in October that year, the deliberations of which resulted in the creation of the Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation. Karan Singh was appointed the first minister.[4]

text: Despite his skills as an orator and scholarly knowledge in the Sanskrit language, Singh failed to take tourism on a growing path during the initial years, owing mostly to failure in getting funds for the promotion and infrastructure of tourism. He subsequently persuaded Air India to get their officers involved in promotion of tourism to India. Region-wise targets for arrivals were given and Air India chiefs were given powers to oversee the working of overseas tourist offices of India; 'Operation Europe' for the said region was later extended to other areas. Air India's failure to take this forward owing to losses in revenue "collision" of "egos of tourist officers" led to slump in growth of tourism. Prime minister Rajiv Gandhi later took charge of the ministry before quitting in favour of other ministers who, Pran Nath Seth in Successful Tourism wrote, "felt that the tourism portfolio was a demotion", as Civil Aviation was separated from the ministry. During this time, the Tourism was tied with Commerce Ministry, and later under V. P. Singh's ministry, in 1991 with Agriculture,[5] when it was headed by Chaudhary Devi Lal. It was again tied with Civil Aviation that year, headed by Madhavrao Scindia, before the Deve Gowda government in 1996 attached it with the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs.[5] Tourism was then combined with culture portfolio when it was headed by Jagmohan. The latter was separated in 2002 and an independent ministry for tourism has been active since.[4]

text: List of Ministers of Tourism[edit]

text:
No

Name

Portrait

Term of Office

Political party
(Alliance)

Prime Minister

1

Karan Singh

13 March 1967

9 November 1973

Indian National Congress

Indira Gandhi

2

Raj Bahadur

9 November 1973

22 December 1976

3

Kotha Raghuramaiah

23 December 1976

24 March 1977

4

Purushottam Kaushik

26 March 1977

15 July 1979

Janata Party

Morarji Desai

5

Mohammad Shafi Qureshi

30 July 1979

14 January 1980

Janata Party (Secular)

Charan Singh

6

Janaki Ballabh Patnaik

14 January 1980

8 June 1980

Indian National Congress

Indira Gandhi

7

Anant Sharma

19 October 1980

2 September 1982

8

Khurshed Alam Khan

2 September 1982

31 December 1984

9

Rajiv Gandhi

31 December 1984

25 September 1985

Rajiv Gandhi

10

H. K. L. Bhagat

25 September 1985

12 May 1986

11

Mufti Mohammad Sayeed

12 May 1986

14 July 1987

12

Mohsina Kidwai

14 February 1988

25 June 1988

13

Arun Nehru

13 December 1989

7 November 1990

Janata Dal(National Front)

V. P. Singh

14

Chaudhary Devi Lal

21 November 1990

26 June 1991

Samajwadi Janata Party(National Front)

Chandra Shekhar

15

Madhavrao Scindia

21 June 1991

10 January 1993

Indian National Congress

P. V. Narasimha Rao

16

Ghulam Nabi Azad

17 January 1993

15 May 1996

17

V. Dhananjay Kumar

16 May 1996

1 June 1996

Bharatiya Janata Party(National Democratic Alliance)

Atal Bihari Vajpayee

18

C. M. Ibrahim

2 June 1996

22 April 1997

Janata Dal(United Front)

H. D. Deve Gowda

19

Srikant Kumar Jena

22 April 1997

19 March 1998

I. K. Gujral

20

Madan Lal Khurana

19 March 1998

29 January 1999

Bharatiya Janata Party(National Democratic Alliance)

Atal Bihari Vajpayee

21

Ananth Kumar

30 January 1999

13 October 1999

22

Uma Bharati

13 October 1999

2 February 2000

(21)

Ananth Kumar

2 February 2000

1 September 2001

23

Jagmohan

1 September 2001

22 May 2004

24

Renuka Chowdhury

23 May 2004

28 January 2006

Indian National Congress(United Progressive Alliance)

Manmohan Singh

25

Ambika Soni

29 January 2006

22 May 2009

26

Selja Kumari

28 May 2009

19 January 2011

27

Subodh Kant Sahay

19 January 2011

28 October 2012

28

Chiranjeevi

28 October 2012

15 May 2014

29

Shripad Naik

26 May 2014

12 November 2014

Bharatiya Janata Party(National Democratic Alliance)

Narendra Modi

30

Mahesh Sharma

12 November 2015

3 September 2017

31

Alphons Kannanthanam

3 September 2017

Incumbent

text: Campaigns[edit]

text: Incredible India[edit]

text: The Ministry of Tourism's joint secretary Amitabh Kant collaborated with Ogilvy & Mather to create the Incredible India marketing initiative, aiming to promote India's image as a high-end tourist destination.[6]

text: Incredible India 2.0 was launched on September 27, 2017 by President Ram Nath Kovind, on the occasion of World Tourism Day.[7]

text: Cleanliness Index[edit]

text: Union Tourism Ministry is planning to introduce "Cleanliness Index" for all cities in India. This index will declare the best performers which will motivate other cities to work on this aspect of their appeal. The methodology has been already formulated and will be implemented in 6 cities on a pilot basis.[8]

text: Institutions[edit]

text: A number of educational institutions related to hospitality are governed by Ministry of Tourism. This include the Institutes of Hotel Management, Catering Technology and Applied Nutrition (IHMCTAN). In 2016, a few of the IHMCTANs (Ahmedabad, Bhopal, Jaipur) driven by inputs from Ministry of Tourism, started giving a hotel management student the option to choose only vegetarian cooking. Earlier, it was compulsory for all IHMCTAN students to learn non-vegetarian cooking. This decision to offer a vegetarian option by IHMCTANs could possibly be the first amongst any of the hospitality training institutes of the world.[9][10]


document_title: Fish gill

question_text: where does gas exchange take place in the gills

text: Fish gill

text: Breathing with gills[edit]

text: Air breathing fish can be divided into obligate air breathers and facultative air breathers. Obligate air breathers, such as the African lungfish, are obligated to breathe air periodically or they suffocate. Facultative air breathers, such as the catfish Hypostomus plecostomus, only breathe air if they need to and can otherwise rely on their gills for oxygen. Most air breathing fish are facultative air breathers that avoid the energetic cost of rising to the surface and the fitness cost of exposure to surface predators.[4]

text: All basal vertebrates breathe with gills. The gills are carried right behind the head, bordering the posterior margins of a series of openings from the esophagus to the exterior. Each gill is supported by a cartilagenous or bony gill arch.[5] The gills of vertebrates typically develop in the walls of the pharynx, along a series of gill slits opening to the exterior. Most species employ a counter-current exchange system to enhance the diffusion of substances in and out of the gill, with blood and water flowing in opposite directions to each other.

text: The gills are composed of comb-like filaments, the gill lamellae, which help increase their surface area for oxygen exchange.[6] When a fish breathes, it draws in a mouthful of water at regular intervals. Then it draws the sides of its throat together, forcing the water through the gill openings, so that it passes over the gills to the outside. The bony fish have three pairs of arches, cartilaginous fish have five to seven pairs, while the primitive jawless fish have seven. The vertebrate ancestor no doubt had more arches, as some of their chordate relatives have more than 50 pairs of gills.[7]

text: Gills usually consist of thin filaments of tissue, branches, or slender tufted processes that have a highly folded surface to increase surface area. The high surface area is crucial to the gas exchange of aquatic organisms as water contains only a small fraction of the dissolved oxygen that air does. A cubic meter of air contains about 250 grams of oxygen at STP. The concentration of oxygen in water is lower than air and it diffuses more slowly. In a litre of freshwater the oxygen content is 8 cm3 per litre compared to 210 in the same volume of air.[8] Water is 777 times more dense than air and is 100 times more viscous.[8] Oxygen has a diffusion rate in air 10,000 times greater than in water.[8] The use of sac-like lungs to remove oxygen from water would not be efficient enough to sustain life.[8] Rather than using lungs "Gaseous exchange takes place across the surface of highly vascularised gills over which a one-way current of water is kept flowing by a specialised pumping mechanism. The density of the water prevents the gills from collapsing and lying on top of each other, which is what happens when a fish is taken out of water."[8]

text: Higher vertebrates do not develop gills, the gill arches form during fetal development, and lay the basis of essential structures such as jaws, the thyroid gland, the larynx, the columella (corresponding to the stapes in mammals) and in mammals the malleus and incus.[7] Fish gill slits may be the evolutionary ancestors of the tonsils, thymus gland, and Eustachian tubes, as well as many other structures derived from the embryonic branchial pouches.[citation needed]

text: Bony fish[edit]

text: In bony fish, the gills lie in a branchial chamber covered by a bony operculum (branchia is an Ancient Greek word for gills). The great majority of bony fish species have five pairs of gills, although a few have lost some over the course of evolution. The operculum can be important in adjusting the pressure of water inside of the pharynx to allow proper ventilation of the gills, so that bony fish do not have to rely on ram ventilation (and hence near constant motion) to breathe. Valves inside the mouth keep the water from escaping.[7]

text: The gill arches of bony fish typically have no septum, so that the gills alone project from the arch, supported by individual gill rays. Some species retain gill rakers. Though all but the most primitive bony fish lack a spiracle, the pseudobranch associated with it often remains, being located at the base of the operculum. This is, however, often greatly reduced, consisting of a small mass of cells without any remaining gill-like structure.[7]

text: Marine teleosts also use gills to excrete electrolytes. The gills' large surface area tends to create a problem for fish that seek to regulate the osmolarity of their internal fluids. Saltwater is less dilute than these internal fluids, so saltwater fish lose large quantities of water osmotically through their gills. To regain the water, they drink large amounts of seawater and excrete the salt. Freshwater is more dilute than the internal fluids of fish, however, so freshwater fish gain water osmotically through their gills.[7]

text: In some primitive bony fishes and amphibians, the larvae bear external gills, branching off from the gill arches.[9] These are reduced in adulthood, their function taken over by the gills proper in fishes and by lungs in most amphibians. Some amphibians retain the external larval gills in adulthood, the complex internal gill system as seen in fish apparently being irrevocably lost very early in the evolution of tetrapods.[10]

text: Cartilaginous fish[edit]

text: Sharks and rays typically have five pairs of gill slits that open directly to the outside of the body, though some more primitive sharks have six or seven pairs. Adjacent slits are separated by a cartilaginous gill arch from which projects a long sheet-like septum, partly supported by a further piece of cartilage called the gill ray. The individual lamellae of the gills lie on either side of the septum. The base of the arch may also support gill rakers, small projecting elements that help to filter food from the water.[7]

text: A smaller opening, the spiracle, lies in the back of the first gill slit. This bears a small pseudobranch that resembles a gill in structure, but only receives blood already oxygenated by the true gills.[7] The spiracle is thought to be homologous to the ear opening in higher vertebrates.[11]

text: Most sharks rely on ram ventilation, forcing water into the mouth and over the gills by rapidly swimming forward. In slow-moving or bottom dwelling species, especially among skates and rays, the spiracle may be enlarged, and the fish breathes by sucking water through this opening, instead of through the mouth.[7]

text: Chimaeras differ from other cartilagenous fish, having lost both the spiracle and the fifth gill slit. The remaining slits are covered by an operculum, developed from the septum of the gill arch in front of the first gill.[7]

text: The shared trait of breathing via gills in bony fish and cartilaginous fish is a famous example of symplesiomorphy. Bony fish are more closely related to terrestrial vertebrates, which evolved out of a clade of bony fishes that breathe through their skin or lungs, than they are to the sharks, rays, and the other cartilaginous fish. Their kind of gill respiration is shared by the "fishes" because it was present in their common ancestor and lost in the other living vertebrates. But based on this shared trait, we cannot infer that bony fish are more closely related to sharks and rays than they are to terrestrial vertebrates.[12]

text: Lampreys and hagfish[edit]

text: Lampreys and hagfish do not have gill slits as such. Instead, the gills are contained in spherical pouches, with a circular opening to the outside. Like the gill slits of higher fish, each pouch contains two gills. In some cases, the openings may be fused together, effectively forming an operculum. Lampreys have seven pairs of pouches, while hagfishes may have six to fourteen, depending on the species. In the hagfish, the pouches connect with the pharynx internally. In adult lampreys, a separate respiratory tube develops beneath the pharynx proper, separating food and water from respiration by closing a valve at its anterior end.[7]

text: Breathing without gills[edit]

text: Although most fish respire primarily using gills, some fishes can at least partially respire using mechanisms that do not require gills. In some species cutaneous respiration accounts for 5 to 40 percent of the total respiration, depending on temperature. Cutaneous respiration is more important in species that breathe air, such as mudskippers and reedfish, and in such species can account for nearly half the total respiration.[13]

text: Fish from multiple groups can live out of the water for extended time periods. Amphibious fish such as the mudskipper can live and move about on land for up to several days, or live in stagnant or otherwise oxygen depleted water. Many such fish can breathe air via a variety of mechanisms. The skin of anguillid eels may absorb oxygen directly. The buccal cavity of the electric eel may breathe air. Catfish of the families Loricariidae, Callichthyidae, and Scoloplacidae absorb air through their digestive tracts.[4] Lungfish, with the exception of the Australian lungfish, and bichirs have paired lungs similar to those of tetrapods and must surface to gulp fresh air through the mouth and pass spent air out through the gills. Gar and bowfin have a vascularized swim bladder that functions in the same way. Loaches, trahiras, and many catfish breathe by passing air through the gut. Mudskippers breathe by absorbing oxygen across the skin (similar to frogs). A number of fish have evolved so-called accessory breathing organs that extract oxygen from the air. Labyrinth fish (such as gouramis and bettas) have a labyrinth organ above the gills that performs this function. A few other fish have structures resembling labyrinth organs in form and function, most notably snakeheads, pikeheads, and the Clariidae catfish family.

text: Breathing air is primarily of use to fish that inhabit shallow, seasonally variable waters where the water's oxygen concentration may seasonally decline. Fish dependent solely on dissolved oxygen, such as perch and cichlids, quickly suffocate, while air-breathers survive for much longer, in some cases in water that is little more than wet mud. At the most extreme, some air-breathing fish are able to survive in damp burrows for weeks without water, entering a state of aestivation (summertime hibernation) until water returns.

text: Parasites on gills[edit]

text: Fish gills are the preferred habitat of many ectoparasites (parasites attached to the gill but living out of it); the most commons are monogeneans and certain groups of parasitic copepods, which can be extremely numerous.[14] Other ectoparasites found on gills are leeches and, in seawater, larvae of gnathiid isopods.[15] Endoparasites (parasites living inside the gills) include encysted adult didymozoid trematodes,[16] a few trichosomoidid nematodes of the genus Huffmanela, including Huffmanela ossicola which lives within the gill bone,[17] and the encysted parasitic turbellarian Paravortex.[18] Various protists and Myxosporea are also parasitic on gills, where they form cysts.


document_title: List of demonyms for U.S. states and territories

question_text: what do you call someone who lives in utah

text: This is a list of official and notable unofficial terms used to designate the citizens of specific states and territories of the United States.

text: List[edit]

text:
State, district or territory

Official(recommended by U.S. GPO)[1]

Official, unofficial, or informal alternatives

 Alabama
Alabamian
Alabaman[2][3]

 Alaska
Alaskan

 American Samoa†

American Samoan

 Arizona
Arizonan
Sand Cutter[4]

 Arkansas
Arkansan
Arkansawyer,[5] Arkie[6]

 California
Californian
Californio (archaic)

 Colorado
Coloradan
Coloradoan (archaic)[7][8]

 Connecticut
Connecticuter
Connecticotian,[9] Connecticutensian,[9] Nutmeg,[9] Nutmegger[9]

 Delaware
Delawarean
Blue Hen's Chicken,[10] Muskrat[10]

 District of Columbia†

Washingtonian

 Florida
Floridian
Alligator,[11] Cracker,[12] Fly-Up-the-Creek[11]

 Georgia
Georgian
Buzzard, Cracker, Goober-grabber[13]

 Guam†

Guamanian

 Hawaii
Hawaiian
Islander,[14] Kama'aina. The Associated Press Stylebook restricts use of "Hawaiian" to people of Native Hawaiian descent.[15]

 Idaho
Idahoan
Fortune Seekers[16]

 Illinois
Illinoisan
Illinoisian, Illinoian, Flatlander,[17] Sucker, Sand-hiller, Egyptian[18]

 Indiana
Hoosier
Indianan (former GPO demonym replaced by Hoosier in 2016)[1]

 Iowa
Iowan
Hawkeye[19]

 Kansas
Kansan
Sunflower, Jayhawker, Grasshopper[20]

 Kentucky
Kentuckian
Corncracker[21]

 Louisiana
Louisianian

 Maine
Mainer
Down Easter or Downeaster,[22] Mainiac,[23]

 Maryland
Marylander

 Massachusetts
Massachusettsan
Bay Stater (official term used by state government),[24] Massachusettsian,[25] Massachusite,[26][27] Masshole (derogatory[28] as an exonym; however, it can be affectionate when applied as an endonym[29])

 Michigan
Michigander
Michigander,[30] Wolverine,[31][32] Michiganite,  Yooper/Troll (for residents of the Upper Peninsula and Lower Peninsula, respectively),[33] Michigoose (used specifically for female residents, as a play on "Michigander")[33]

 Minnesota
Minnesotan
Gopher

 Mississippi
Mississippian

 Missouri
Missourian

 Montana
Montanan

 Nebraska
Nebraskan

 Nevada
Nevadan

 New Hampshire
New Hampshirite
New Hampshireman or New Hampshirewoman[34]

 New Jersey
New Jerseyan
Jerseyite, New Jerseyite

 New Mexico
New Mexican
Spanish: Neomexicano, Neomejicano[35]

 New York
New Yorker
Knickerbocker[36][37]

 North Carolina
North Carolinian
Tar Heel, Tar Boiler,[38]

  North Dakota
North Dakotan

 Northern Mariana Islands†

Mariana Islander

 Ohio
Ohioan
Buckeye,[39] Ohian (obsolete)[40]

 Oklahoma
Oklahoman
Okie,[41] Sooner[42]

 Oregon
Oregonian

 Pennsylvania
Pennsylvanian
Pennamite,[43] Keystoner

 Puerto Rico†
Puerto Rican
Boricua[44]

 Rhode Island
Rhode Islander
Rhodean, Swamp Yankee[45]

 South Carolina
South Carolinian
Sandlapper[46]

 South Dakota
South Dakotan

 Tennessee
Tennessean
Volunteer, Big Bender, Butternut[47]

 Texas
Texan
Texian (Anglo-Texan - historical),[48] Tejano (Hispano-Texan), Texican (archaic)

 Utah
Utahn
Utahan

 Vermont
Vermonter

 Virginia
Virginian

 Virgin Islands†

Virgin Islander

 Washington
Washingtonian

 West Virginia
West Virginian

 Wisconsin
Wisconsinite
Badger,[49] Cheesehead[50][51]

 Wyoming
Wyomingite
Wyomese[52]

text: † - Not officially a U.S. state, rather a U.S. territory or district.