document_title: Aflac

question_text: what kind of bird is the aflac mascot

question_tokens: what kind of bird is the aflac mascot

root

text: Aflac

text: History[edit]

text: The company was founded by brothers John, Paul (died 2014), and William Amos in Columbus, Georgia, in 1955, as American Family Life Insurance Company of Columbus. In 1964, the company name was changed to American Family Life Assurance Company of Columbus. The company, in 1990, adopted the Aflac acronym, although the official name of the underwriting subsidiary remains American Family Life Assurance Company of Columbus. Aflac announced the appointment of Frederick J. Crawford as Chief Financial Officer, as well as Executive Vice President in June 2015.[8]

tag: p

text: The company signed 6,426 policyholders in its first year.[9] Aflac pioneered cancer insurance in 1958. Beginning in 1964, the company decided to focus sales on worksite settings, eventually through policies sponsored by employers and funded through payroll deductions. By 2003, more than 98% of Aflac policies in the United States were issued on a payroll deduction basis, making the company a leader in that approach to policy distribution.

text: Business[edit]

text: Aflac operates in the United States and Japan, and has its worldwide headquarters and corporate offices in an eighteen-story tower just east of Downtown Columbus, Georgia, in an area known as MidTown. The Aflac tower is the tallest building in the city. As of June 30, 2015, the corporation's total assets were more than $103 billion, and the company insured more than 50 million people worldwide.[10]

text: Aflac is the largest provider of guaranteed-renewable insurance in the United States and the largest insurance company overall in Japan, when measured by individual insurance policies in force.[11]

text: The company now offers several types of insurance policies in the United States, including the following:

text:
Accident
Cancer/Specified Disease
Dental
Hospital Confinement Indemnity
Hospital Confinement Sickness Indemnity
Hospital Intensive Care
Life
Lump Sum Cancer
Lump Sum Cancer Critical Illness
Specified Health Event
Short Term Disability
Vision

tag: ul

text: Aflac also offers un-reimbursed medical, dependent day-care, and transportation flexible spending accounts. The company also offers human resources services for HIPAA and COBRA. From 1979 to 1997, the company owned several television stations, most of them in small and medium markets. It sold the broadcasting division (including flagship station WTVM) to what became Raycom Media in 1997.[12]

text: Critics of cancer policies[edit]

text: Consumer groups and some government officials say that cancer insurance returns fewer premium dollars to policyholders than standard insurance. A United States General Accounting Office study found that the policies paid back as little as 35% of premiums (Aflac said its cancer insurance paid back 62.4%). In comparison, New York State requires most major-medical policies to pay back 82% and group policies to pay back 75%. New York State does not allow stand-alone cancer policies. In 1997, AFLAC spent $175,000 on lobbyists and campaign contributions to change the law.[13] New York State lifted its ban in 1998, for purchasers who already have basic coverage. Consumer Reports recommended that policyholders use the money instead to buy lower-deductible insurance.[14] Insurance claims by line appear on the Annual Statement filed with each state. Loss claims are a percent of total premium before commissions.

text: The Aflac Duck[edit]

text: Since December 1999, the company's identity and brand has become more widely recognized in the United States as the result of TV commercials featuring the Aflac Duck, who frustratedly quacks the company's name to unsuspecting prospective policy holders. The duck concept and all of the commercials to date have been created by Kaplan Thaler Group, an advertising agency based in New York City. Metzer Farms, a Gonzales, California goose, duck, and gamebird hatchery, supplied them with the initial ducklings that each grew into the famous duck. Struggling to come up with a concept to make the big but relatively obscure insurance company's name memorable, one of the agency's art directors stumbled upon the duck idea while walking around Central Park at lunchtime uttering, "Aflac, Aflac." He soon realized how much the company's name sounded like a duck's quack. The Aflac Duck character has now starred in more than 30 commercials. In many of these commercials, character actor Earl Billings also appears. The Aflac Duck is enshrined on Madison Avenue's Walk of Fame as one of America's Favorite Advertising Icons.[15]

text: In April 2009, Aflac introduced a new marketing campaign called "Get the Aflacts", designed to educate consumers about the specific benefits of the insurance products the company sells. The Aflacts campaign gave the Aflac Duck "a more prominent role", designed to "help potential customers learn the Aflacts, er, facts about policies and other products", according to The New York Times.[16]

text: Celebrities have starred in the Aflac ads, including Chevy Chase (2003); Yogi Berra; Yao Ming; Donald Trump's wife and future First Lady, Melania Trump (2005); NASCAR Cup Series driver Carl Edwards (2008–2014); the United States Olympic synchronized swimming team (2004); and Wayne Newton playing at Stardust Hotel and Casino for the 2003 commercial. The duck also appeared with Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Wile E. Coyote and The Road Runner, and Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer.[17] In 2005, the company logo was changed to incorporate the duck. The first commercial using the new logo featured Gilbert Gottfried at a pet store because the duck kept saying, "Aflac!" and he had to trade in the duck for a parrot, saying, "If you're hurt and can't work".[18]

text: The duck was originally voiced by comedian Gilbert Gottfried, who also voiced Digit on the PBS Kids series Cyberchase and Iago in the Disney film Aladdin.[19] After 11 years as the voice of the Aflac duck, Gottfried was dismissed on March 14, 2011, due to jokes on Gottfried's Twitter account referencing the Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. The company's chief marketing officer stated that "Gilbert's recent comments about the crisis in Japan were lacking in humor, and certainly do not represent the thoughts and feelings of anyone at Aflac."[20]

text: On March 23, 2011, Aflac announced that the company was taking applications for the new voice of the Aflac Duck through QuackAflac.com until April 1. Commercials requesting the submissions, first aired in 2006 but updated, resemble a silent movie.[21][22] On April 26, 2011, it was announced that Daniel McKeague, a television advertising sales manager from Hugo, Minnesota, would be the new voice of the Aflac duck.[23] The first Aflac commercial featuring the duck's new voice aired May 1, 2011. In 2017 an Aflac ad inserted an animated Aflac duck into the opening credits of the DuckTales reboot.

text: Corporate philanthropy and social responsibility[edit]

text: The company states that through a partnership with Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Aflac has contributed more than $100 million to childhood cancer research and treatment.[24]

text: Aflac employees are formally involved in an array of charitable organizations such as Habitat for Humanity International, the Easter Seals, and the United Way.[25]

text: Aflac's stated objectives include the decrease of its environmental impact, for which the company is into a partnership with the Clean Air Campaign to encourage employees to engage with greater frequency in alternate commuting methods.[26]

text: Aflac and Macy's Partnership[edit]

text: Aflac and Macy’s have partnered since 2001 to sell the annual Aflac holiday plush duck in select Macy’s stores nationwide.[27] Net proceeds from each duck sold are donated to the participating children’s cancer facility nearest to where it is purchased. Since 2001, more than $3 million has been raised from the sale of the ducks.[28]

text: Aflac has participated in the Macy’s Thanksgiving Day Parade for the past six years. A new balloonicle was unveiled in 2014, featuring the Aflac Duck wearing ice skates.[29]

text: Award programs[edit]

text: Aflac National High School Baseball Player of the Year (first presented in 2004).[30]

text: The Jackie Robinson Award is given to the high-school player who is entering his senior year and who best displays character, leadership, and the values of being a student athlete in academics and community affairs.[30] The award is presented at an annual All-American Awards banquet, which was first held in 2003.[31] The banquet follows the annual All-American Baseball Classic, an East-West all-star game featuring the 38 best players from around the nation who are entering their senior year of high school.[30][31] First held in 2003, the game is played at Petco Park, San Diego, California.[30][32] Proceeds from the game and banquet are donated to Rady Children's Hospital in San Diego and its fight against childhood cancer.[32]

text: In 2011, the name of the all-star game was changed to the Perfect Game All-American Classic.[32]

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text: Aflac has been the recipient of several awards:

text:
Aflac has appeared on Fortune's 100 Best Companies to Work For list for 17 consecutive years.
Aflac has appeared on Fortune's America's Most Admired Companies list for 15 years.
Aflac has been recognized by Ethisphere magazine as a World's Most Ethical Companies for 10 consecutive years, and is the only insurance company to do so.[33]
Aflac has been named to the Dow Jones Sustainability Index North America for six consecutive years.
In August 2016, Latina Style magazine placed Aflac on the list of the 50 Best Companies for Latinas to work for in the United States. Aflac has been on this annual list for 17 years.
Aflac has appeared on Black Enterprise magazine's list of the Top 40 Best Companies for Diversity for 10 years.


document_title: Reflex arc

question_text: which type of neuron does the sensory neuron synapse with in a monosynaptic reflex

text: Reflex arc

text: Monosynaptic vs. polysynaptic[edit]

text: When a reflex arc in an animal consists of only one sensory neuron and one motor neuron, it is defined as monosynaptic, referring to the presence of a single chemical synapse. In the case of peripheral muscle reflexes (patellar reflex, achilles reflex), brief stimulation to the muscle spindle results in contraction of the agonist or effector muscle. By contrast, in polysynaptic reflex pathways, one or more interneurons connect afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) signals. All but the most simple reflexes are polysynaptic, allowing processing or inhibition of polysynaptic reflexes within the brain.

text: The patellar reflex (knee jerk)[edit]

text: When the patellar tendon is tapped just below the knee, the tap initiates an action potential in a specialized structure known as a muscle spindle located within the quadriceps. This action potential travels to the L3 and L4 nerve roots of the spinal cord,[2] via a sensory axon which chemically communicates by releasing glutamate onto a motor nerve. The result of this motor nerve activity is contraction of the quadriceps muscle, leading to extension of the lower leg at the knee (i.e. the lower leg kicks forward). Ultimately, an improper patellar reflex may indicate cerebellar injury.[2]

text: The sensory input from the quadriceps also activates local interneurons that release the inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine onto motor neurons of antagonist muscles, blocking the sustained stimulation of these antagonistic (hamstring) muscles. The relaxation of the opposing muscle facilitates (by not opposing) the extension of the lower leg.

text: In lower animals reflex interneurons do not necessarily reside in the spinal cord, for example as in the lateral giant neuron of crayfish.


document_title: Raiders of the Lost Ark

question_text: where does raiders of the lost ark take place

text: Raiders of the Lost Ark

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1936, archaeologist Indiana Jones braves an ancient booby-trapped temple in Peru and retrieves a golden idol. He is confronted by rival archaeologist René Belloq and the indigenous Hovito people. Surrounded and outnumbered, Indy surrenders the idol to Belloq and escapes aboard a waiting floatplane.

text: Jones returns to his teaching position at a New England college, where he is interviewed by two Army Intelligence agents. They inform him that the Nazis are searching for his old mentor, Abner Ravenwood, under whom Jones studied at the University of Chicago. The Nazis know that Ravenwood is the leading expert on the ancient city of Tanis in Egypt, and that he possesses the headpiece of the Staff of Ra. Jones deduces that the Nazis are searching for the Ark of the Covenant – the Nazis believe that if they acquire the Ark, their armies will become invincible. The Staff of Ra is the key to finding the Well of Souls, a secret chamber in which the Ark is buried.

text: The agents authorize Jones to recover the Ark to prevent the Nazis from obtaining it. He travels to Nepal and discovers that Abner has died, and the headpiece is in the possession of Ravenwood's daughter Marion. Jones visits Marion at her tavern, where she reveals her bitter feelings toward him from a previous romantic affair. She physically rebuffs his offer to buy the headpiece, and Jones leaves. Shortly after, a group of thugs arrive with their Nazi commander, Arnold Toht. Toht threatens Marion to get the headpiece, but when Jones returns to the bar to fight the Nazis and save Marion, her bar is accidentally set on fire; during the fight, the headpiece ends up in the fire and Toht severely burns his hand trying to take the hot headpiece, and flees the tavern screaming. Indy and Marion escape with the headpiece, and Marion decides to accompany Indy in his search for the Ark so he can repay his debt to her.

text: The pair travels to Cairo, where they meet up with Indy's friend Sallah, a skilled excavator. Sallah informs them that Belloq and the Nazis are digging for the Well of Souls with a replica of the headpiece (created from the scar on Toht's hand). They quickly realize the Nazi headpiece is incomplete and that the Nazis are digging in the wrong place. The Nazis kidnap Marion and it appears to Jones that she is killed in an exploding truck. After a confrontation with Belloq in a local bar, Indy and Sallah infiltrate the Nazi dig site and use their staff to correctly locate the Ark. Indy discovers Marion is alive, bound and gagged in a tent, but does not release her for fear of alerting the Nazis. Indy, Sallah, and a small group of diggers unearth the Well of Souls and acquire the Ark. Belloq and Nazi officer Colonel Dietrich arrive, seize the Ark from Jones, throwing Marion into the Well of Souls with him before sealing it back up. Jones and Marion escape to a local airstrip, where Jones has a fistfight with a Nazi mechanic and destroys the flying wing that was to transport the Ark to Berlin. The panicked Nazis remove the Ark in a truck and set off for Cairo, but Jones catches them and retakes it. He makes arrangements to take the Ark to London aboard a tramp steamer.

text: The next day, a Nazi U-boat appears and intercepts the ship. Belloq and Dietrich seize the Ark and Marion but cannot locate Jones, who stows away aboard the U-boat and travels with them to an island in the Aegean Sea. Once there, Belloq plans to test the power of the Ark before presenting it to Hitler. Jones reveals himself and threatens to destroy the Ark with a panzerfaust, but Belloq calls his bluff and Jones surrenders rather than destroy such an important historical artifact. The Nazis take Indy and Marion to an area where the Ark will be opened and tie them to a post to observe. Belloq performs a ceremonial opening of the Ark, which appears to contain nothing but sand, all that remains of the Ten Commandments. Suddenly, angelic ghost-like beings emerge from the Ark. Indy cautions Marion to keep her eyes closed and not to observe what happens next. Belloq and the others look on in astonishment as the apparitions are suddenly revealed to be angels of death. A vortex of flame forms above the Ark and shoots bolts of fiery energy into the gathered Nazi soldiers, killing them all. As Belloq, Toht and Dietrich all scream in terror, the Ark turns its fury on them: Dietrich's head shrivels up, Toht's face is melted off his skull and Belloq's head explodes. Flames then engulf the remains of the doomed assembly, save for Indy and Marion, and the pillar of fire rises into the sky. The Ark's lid is blasted high into the air before dropping back down onto the Ark and sealing it. Jones and Marion find their ropes burned off and embrace.

text: In Washington, D.C., the Army Intelligence agents inform Jones and Marcus Brody that the Ark is someplace safe and will be studied by "top men". The Ark is shown being stored in a giant government warehouse among countless similar crates.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Harrison Ford stars as Indiana Jones, an archaeology professor who often embarks on perilous adventures to obtain rare artifacts. Jones claims that he has no belief in the supernatural, only to have his skepticism challenged when he discovers the Ark. Spielberg suggested casting Ford as Jones, but Lucas objected, stating that he did not want Ford to become his "Bobby De Niro" or "that guy I put in all my movies"—a reference to Martin Scorsese, who often worked with Robert De Niro.[3] Desiring a lesser known actor, Lucas persuaded Spielberg to help him search for a new talent. Among the actors who auditioned were Tim Matheson, Peter Coyote, John Shea, and Tom Selleck. Selleck was originally offered the role, but became unavailable for the part because of his commitment to the television series Magnum, P.I..[3][4][4] In June 1980, three weeks away from filming,[5] Spielberg persuaded Lucas to cast Ford after producers Frank Marshall and Kathleen Kennedy were impressed by his performance as Han Solo in The Empire Strikes Back.[6]
Paul Freeman as Dr. René Belloq, Jones' rival. Belloq is also an archaeologist after the Ark, but he is working for the Nazis. He intends to harness the Ark's power himself before Hitler can, but he is killed by the Ark's supernatural powers. Spielberg cast Freeman after seeing him in Death of a Princess.[7] Before Freeman got the part, actor Giancarlo Giannini was originally going to portray Belloq,[8] while singer Jacques Dutronc auditioned for the role, but they lost out to Freeman.
Karen Allen as Marion Ravenwood, a spirited, tough former lover of Indiana's. She is the daughter of Abner Ravenwood, Indiana Jones' mentor, and owns a bar in Nepal. Allen was cast after auditioning with Matheson and John Shea. Spielberg was interested in her, as he had seen her performance in National Lampoon's Animal House. Sean Young had previously auditioned for the part,[3] while Debra Winger turned it down.[9]
John Rhys-Davies as Sallah, "the best digger in Egypt" according to Indiana, who has been hired by the Nazis to help them excavate Tanis. He is an old friend of Indiana's, and agrees to help him obtain the Ark, though he fears disturbing it. Spielberg initially approached Danny DeVito to play Sallah, but he could not play the part due to scheduling conflicts. Spielberg cast Rhys-Davies after seeing his performance in Shōgun.[3]
Ronald Lacey as Major Arnold Toht, an interrogator for the Gestapo and Jones' nemesis, who tries to torture Marion Ravenwood for the headpiece of the Staff of Ra. He is killed by the Ark's supernatural powers. Lacey was cast as he reminded Spielberg of Peter Lorre.[3] Spielberg had originally offered the role to Roman Polanski, who was intrigued at the opportunity to work with Spielberg but decided to turn down the role because he wouldn't be able to make the trip to Tunisia.[10] Klaus Kinski was also offered the role, but he hated the script,[11] calling it "moronically shitty".[12] Michael Sheard, who ended portraying Captain Oskar Schomburg in the film, also auditioned for the role, but he lost out to Lacey.[13]
Denholm Elliott as Dr. Marcus Brody, a museum curator, who buys the artifacts Indiana obtains for display in his museum. The U.S. government agents approach him with regard to the Ark's recovery, and he sets up a meeting between them and Indiana Jones. Spielberg hired Elliott as he was a big fan of the actor, who had performed in some of his favorite British and American films.[3]
Wolf Kahler as Colonel Dietrich, a ruthless German officer leading the operation to secure the Ark. He is killed by the Ark's supernatural powers.
Alfred Molina, in his film debut, as Satipo, one of Jones' guides through the South American jungle. He betrays Jones and steals the golden idol, but is killed by traps before he can leave the temple.
George Harris as Simon Katanga, captain of the Bantu Wind.
Anthony Higgins as Major Gobler, Colonel Dietrich's right-hand-man.
Vic Tablian as Barranca and the Monkey Man.
Don Fellows as Colonel Musgrove, an Army Intelligence agent.
William Hootkins as Major Eaton, an Army Intelligence agent.

text: Producer Frank Marshall played a pilot in the airplane fight sequence. The stunt team was ill, so he took the role instead. The result was three days in a hot cockpit, which he joked was over "140 degrees".[3] Pat Roach plays the Nazi mechanic with whom Jones brawls in this sequence, as well as a massive sherpa who battles Jones in Marion's bar. He had the rare opportunity to be killed twice in one film.[14] Special-effects supervisor Dennis Muren made a cameo as a Nazi spy on the seaplane Jones takes from San Francisco to Manila.[15]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In 1973, George Lucas wrote The Adventures of Indiana Smith.[16] Like Star Wars, which he also wrote, it was an opportunity to create a modern version of the film serials of the 1930s and 1940s.[3] Lucas discussed the concept with Philip Kaufman, who worked with him for several weeks and came up with the Ark of the Covenant as the plot device.[17] Kaufman was told about the Ark by his dentist when he was a child.[18] The project stalled when Clint Eastwood hired Kaufman to direct The Outlaw Josey Wales.[17] Lucas shelved the idea, deciding to concentrate on his outer space adventure that would become Star Wars. In late May 1977, Lucas was in Hawaii, trying to escape the enormous success of Star Wars. Friend and colleague Steven Spielberg was also there, on vacation from work on Close Encounters of the Third Kind. While building a sand castle at the Mauna Kea Beach Hotel,[19] Spielberg expressed an interest in directing a James Bond film. Lucas convinced his friend Spielberg that he had conceived a character "better than James Bond" and explained the concept of Raiders of the Lost Ark. Spielberg loved it, calling it "a James Bond film without the hardware",[20] although he told Lucas that the surname 'Smith' was not right for the character. Lucas replied, "OK. What about 'Jones'?" Indiana was the name of Lucas' Alaskan Malamute, whose habit of riding in the passenger seat as Lucas drove was also the inspiration for Star Wars' Chewbacca.[3] Spielberg was at first reluctant to sign on, as Lucas had told him that he would want Spielberg for an entire trilogy, and Spielberg did not want to work on two more scripts. Lucas told him, however, that he already had the next two movies written, so Spielberg agreed. But when the time came for the first sequel, it was revealed that Lucas had nothing written for either sequel.[3]

text: The following year, Lucas focused on developing Raiders and the Star Wars sequel The Empire Strikes Back, during which Lawrence Kasdan and Frank Marshall joined the project as screenwriter and producer respectively. Between January 23 – 27, 1978, for nine hours a day, Lucas, Kasdan, and Spielberg discussed the story and visual ideas. Spielberg came up with Jones being chased by a boulder,[3] which was inspired by Carl Barks' Uncle Scrooge comic "The Seven Cities of Cibola". Lucas later acknowledged that the idea for the idol mechanism in the opening scene and deadly traps later in the film were inspired by several Uncle Scrooge comics.[21] Lucas came up with a submarine, a monkey giving the Hitler salute, and Marion punching Jones in Nepal.[20] Kasdan used a 100-page transcript of their conversations for his first script draft,[22] which he worked on for six months.[3] Ultimately, some of their ideas were too grand and had to be cut: a mine chase,[23] an escape in Shanghai using a rolling gong as a shield,[24] and a jump from an airplane in a raft, all of which made it into the prequel, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom.[3]

text: Spielberg and Lucas disagreed on the character: although Spielberg saw him as a Bondian playboy, Lucas felt the character's academic and adventurer elements made him complex enough.[25] Spielberg had a darker vision of Jones, interpreting him as an alcoholic similar to Humphrey Bogart's character Fred C. Dobbs in The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948). This characterization fell away during the later drafts, though elements survive in Jones's reaction when he believes Marion to be dead.[20] Costume designer Deborah Nadoolman credits Secret of the Incas (1954), starring Charlton Heston, as an influence on the development of the character, noting that the crew watched the film together several times. Nadoolman based the look of Ford's costume on that of Heston's, and observed that Indiana is a "kinder and gentler" Harry Steele.[26]

text: Initially, the film was rejected by every major studio in Hollywood, mostly due to the $20 million budget and the deal Lucas was offering.[27] Eventually Paramount agreed to finance the film, with Lucas negotiating a five-picture deal. By April 1980, Kasdan's fifth draft was produced, and production was getting ready to shoot at Elstree Studios, with Lucas trying to keep costs down.[6] With four illustrators, Raiders of the Lost Ark was Spielberg's most storyboarded film of his career to date, further helping the film economically. He and Lucas agreed on a tight schedule to keep costs down and to follow the "quick and dirty" feel of the old Saturday matinée serials. Special effects were done using puppets, miniature models, animation, and camera trickery.[3] "We didn't do 30 or 40 takes; usually only four. It was like silent film--shoot only what you need, no waste", Spielberg said. "Had I had more time and money, it would have turned out a pretentious movie."[28]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography began on June 23, 1980, at La Rochelle, France, with scenes involving the Nazi submarine,[6] which had been rented from the production of Das Boot. The U-boat pen was a real one from World War II.[3] The crew moved to Elstree Studios[6] for the Well of Souls scenes, the opening sequence temple interiors and Marion Ravenwood's bar.[29] The Well of Souls scene required 7,000 snakes. The only venomous snakes were the cobras, but one crew member was bitten on set by a python.[3] The bulk of the snakes' numbers were made up with giant but harmless legless lizards known as Scheltopusiks (Pseudopus apodus) which occur from the Balkan Peninsula of southeastern Europe to Central Asia. Growing to 1.3 m they are the largest legless lizards in the world and are often mistaken for snakes despite some very obvious differences such as the presence of eyelids and external ear openings, which are both absent from all snakes, and a notched rather than forked tongue. In the finished film, during the scene in which Indiana comes face-to-face with the cobra, a reflection in glass screen that protected Ford from the snake was seen,[3] an issue that was corrected in the 2003 digitally-enhanced re-release. Unlike Indiana, neither Ford nor Spielberg has a fear of snakes, but Spielberg said that seeing all the snakes on the set writhing around made him "want to puke".[3]

text: The opening scene in the Peruvian jungle was filmed on the island of Kauai, one of the islands of Hawaii, to where Spielberg would return for Jurassic Park. The "temple" location is on the Huleia River, on the Kipu Ranch, south from Kaumualii Highway on the east coast, just south of Lihue, the island's main town. Kipu is a working cattle ranch, not generally open to the public.[30] The Peruvian section (but actually filmed in Hawaii) featured live tarantulas of a Mexican species (Brachypelma) on Harrison Ford and Alfred Molina, and are harmless to humans, and in fact of a species which are commonly kept as exotic pets. A fiberglass boulder 22 feet (7 m) in diameter was made for the scene where Indiana escapes from the temple; Spielberg was so impressed by production designer Norman Reynolds' realization of his idea that he gave the boulder a more prominent role in the film and told Reynolds to let the boulder roll another 50 feet (15 m).[31]

text: The scenes set in Egypt were filmed in Tunisia, and the canyon where Indiana threatens to blow up the Ark was shot in Sidi Bouhlel, just outside Tozeur.[32] The canyon location had been used for the Tatooine scenes from 1977's Star Wars (many of the location crew members were the same for both films[3]) where R2-D2 was attacked by Jawas.[3] The Tanis scenes were filmed in nearby Sedala, a harsh place due to heat and disease. Several cast and crew members fell ill and Rhys-Davies defecated in his costume during one shot.[3] Spielberg averted disease by eating only canned foods from England, but did not like the area and quickly condensed the scheduled six-week shoot to four-and-a-half weeks. Much was improvised: the scene where Marion puts on her dress and attempts to leave Belloq's tent was improvised as was the entire plane fight. During that scene's shooting, a wheel went over Ford's knee and tore his left leg's cruciate ligament, but he refused local medical help and simply put ice on it.[3]

text: The fight scenes in the town were filmed in Kairouan, while Ford was suffering from dysentery. Stuntman Terry Richards had practiced for weeks with his sword to create the scripted fight scene, choreographing a fight between the swordsman and Jones' whip.[33] However, after filming the initial shots of the scene, after lunch due to Ford's dysentery, Ford and Spielberg agreed to cut the scene down to a gunshot, with Ford saying to Spielberg "Let's just shoot the sucker".[34] It was later voted in at No.5 on Playboy magazine's list of best all time scenes.[33][35] Most of the truck chase was shot by second unit director Michael D. Moore following Spielberg's storyboards, including Indiana being dragged by the truck (performed by stuntman Terry Leonard), in tribute to a famous Yakima Canutt stunt. Spielberg then filmed all the shots with Ford himself in and around the truck cab.[3] Lucas directed a few other second unit shots, in particular the monkey giving the Nazi salute.[28]

text: The interior staircase set in Washington, D.C. was filmed in San Francisco's City Hall. The University of the Pacific's campus in Stockton, California, stood in for the exterior of the college where Jones works, while his classroom and the hall where he meets the American intelligence agents was filmed at the Royal Masonic School for Girls in Rickmansworth, Hertfordshire, England, which was again used in The Last Crusade. His home exteriors were filmed in San Rafael, California.[29] Opening sequence exteriors were filmed in Kauai, Hawaii, with Spielberg wrapping in September in 73 days, finishing under schedule in contrast to his previous film, 1941.[6][20] The Washington, D.C. coda, although it appeared in the script's early drafts, was not included in early edits but was added later when it was realized that there was no resolution to Jones' relationship with Marion.[36] Shots of the Douglas DC-3 Jones flies on to Nepal were taken from Lost Horizon, and a street scene was from a shot in The Hindenburg.[28] Filming of Jones boarding a Boeing Clipper flying-boat was complicated by the lack of a surviving aircraft. Eventually, a post-war British Short Solent flying-boat formerly owned by Howard Hughes was located in California and substituted.[37]

text: Visual effects and sound design[edit]

text: The special visual effects for Raiders were provided by Industrial Light & Magic and include: a matte shot to establish the Pan Am flying boat in the water[38] and miniature work to show the plane taking off and flying, superimposed over a map; animation effects for the beam in the Tanis map room; and a miniature car and passengers[39] superimposed over a matte painting for a shot of a Nazi car being forced off a cliff. The bulk of effects shots were featured in the climactic sequence wherein the Ark of the Covenant (which was designed by Brian Muir and Keith Short) is opened and God's wrath is unleashed. This sequence featured animation, a woman to portray a beautiful spirit's face, rod puppet spirits moved through water to convey a sense of floating,[40] a matte painting of the island, and cloud tank effects to portray clouds. The melting of Toht's head was done by exposing a gelatine and plaster model of Ronald Lacey's head to a heat lamp with an under-cranked camera, while Dietrich's crushed head was a hollow model from which air was withdrawn. When the film was originally submitted to the Motion Picture Association of America, it received an R rating because of the scene in which Belloq's head explodes. The filmmakers were able to receive a PG rating when they added a veil of fire over the exploding head scene. (PG-13 rating was not created until 1984.[15]) The firestorm that cleanses the canyon at the finish was a miniature canyon filmed upside down.[40]

text: Ben Burtt, the sound effects supervisor, made extensive use of traditional foley work in yet another of the production's throwbacks to days of the Republic serials. He selected a .30-30 Winchester rifle for the sound of Jones' pistol. Sound effects artists struck leather jackets and baseball gloves with a baseball bat to create a variety of punching noises and body blows. For the snakes in the Well of Souls sequence, fingers running through cheese casserole and sponges sliding over concrete were used for the slithering noises. The sliding lid on a toilet cistern provided the sound for the opening of the Ark, and the sound of the boulder in the opening is a car rolling down a gravel driveway in neutral. Burtt also used, as he did in many of his films, the ubiquitous Wilhelm scream when a Nazi falls from a truck. In addition to his use of such time-honored foley work, Burtt also demonstrated the modern expertise honed during his award-winning work on Star Wars. He employed a synthesizer for the sounds of the Ark, and mixed dolphins' and sea lions' screams for those of the spirits within.[41]

text: Music[edit]

text:
"The Raiders March" (1981)

Raiders of the Lost Ark

Problems playing this file? See media help.

tag: table

text: John Williams composed the score for Raiders of the Lost Ark, which was the only score in the series performed by the London Symphony Orchestra, the same orchestra that performed the scores for the Star Wars saga. The score most notably features the well-known "Raiders March". This piece came to symbolize Indiana Jones and was later used in the scores for the other three films. Williams originally wrote two different candidates for Jones's theme, but Spielberg enjoyed them so much that he insisted that both be used together in what became the "Raiders March".[42] The alternately eerie and apocalyptic theme for the Ark of the Covenant is also heard frequently in the score, with a more romantic melody representing Marion and, more broadly, her relationship with Jones. The score as a whole received an Oscar nomination for Best Original Score, but lost to the score to Chariots of Fire composed by Vangelis.

text: Release[edit]

text: Merchandise[edit]

text: The only video game based exclusively on the film is Raiders of the Lost Ark, released in 1982 by Atari for their Atari 2600 console.[43] The first third of the video game Indiana Jones' Greatest Adventures, released in 1994 by JVC for Nintendo's Super Nintendo Entertainment System, is based entirely on the film. Several of the film's sequences are reproduced (the boulder run and the showdown with the Cairo Swordsman among them); however, several inconsistencies with the film are present in the game, such as Nazi soldiers and bats being present in the Well of Souls sequence, for example.[44] The game was developed by LucasArts and Factor 5. In the 1999 game Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine, a bonus level brings Jones back to the Peruvian temple of the film's opening scene.[45] In 2008, to coincide with the release of Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, Lego released the Lego Indiana Jones line—which included building sets based on Raiders of the Lost Ark[46]—and LucasArts published a video game based on the toyline, Lego Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures, which was developed by Traveller's Tales.[47]

text: Marvel Comics published a comic book adaptation of the film by writer Walt Simonson and artists John Buscema and Klaus Janson. It was published as Marvel Super Special #18[48] and as a three-issue limited series.[49] This was followed with the comic book series The Further Adventures of Indiana Jones which was published monthly from January 1983 through March 1986.

text: In 1981, Kenner released a 12-inch (30 cm) doll of Indiana Jones, and the following year they released nine action figures of the film's characters, three playsets, as well as toys of the Nazi truck and Jones' horse. They also released a board game. In 1984, miniature metal versions of the characters were released for a role playing game, The Adventures of Indiana Jones, and in 1995 Micro Machines released die-cast toys of the film's vehicles.[50] Hasbro released action figures based on the film, ranging from 3 to 12 inches (7.6 to 30.5 cm), to coincide with Kingdom of the Crystal Skull on May 1, 2008.[51] Later in 2008, and in 2011, two high-end sixth scale (1:6) collectible action figures were released by Sideshow Collectibles, and Hot Toys, Ltd. respectively. A novelization by Ryder Windham was released in April 2008 by Scholastic to tie in with the release of Kingdom of the Crystal Skull. A previous novelization by Scottish author Campbell Armstrong (under the pseudonym Campbell Black) was concurrently released with the film in 1981. A book about the making of the film was also released, written by Derek Taylor.

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was released on VHS, Betamax and VideoDisc in pan and scan only, and on laserdisc in both pan and scan and widescreen. For its 1999 VHS re-issue, the film was remastered in THX and made available in widescreen. The outer package was retitled Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark for consistency with the film's prequel and sequel. The subsequent DVD release in 2003 features this title as well. The title in the film itself remains unchanged, even in the restored DVD print. In the DVD, two subtle digital revisions were added. First, a connecting rod from the giant boulder to an offscreen guidance track in the opening scene was removed from behind the running Harrison Ford; second, a reflection in the glass partition separating Ford from the cobra in the Well of Souls was removed.[52] Shortly before the theatrical release of Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, Raiders (along with The Temple of Doom and The Last Crusade) was re-released on DVD with additional extra features not included on the previous set on May 13, 2008. The film was released on Blu-ray Disc in September 2012.[53] Previously, only Kingdom of the Crystal Skull had been available on Blu-ray.[citation needed]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Raiders of the Lost Ark opened at #14 and grossed $1,673,731 from 267 theaters ($6,269 theater average) during its opening weekend. In total, the IMAX release grossed $3,125,613 domestically.[54] The film, made on an $18 million budget, grossed $384 million worldwide throughout its theatrical releases. In North America, it was by some distance the highest-grossing film of 1981,[55] and remains one of the top twenty-five highest-grossing films ever made when adjusted for inflation.[56] Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold more than 70 million tickets in the US in its initial theatrical run.[57]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The film was subsequently nominated for nine Academy Awards, including Best Picture, in 1982 and won four (Best Sound, Best Film Editing, Best Visual Effects, and Best Art Direction-Set Decoration (Norman Reynolds, Leslie Dilley, and Michael D. Ford). It also received a Special Achievement Award for Sound Effects Editing. It won numerous other awards, including a Grammy Award and Best Picture at the People's Choice Awards. Spielberg was also nominated for a Golden Globe Award.[58]

text: The film was highly acclaimed by critics and audiences alike. In his review for The New York Times, Vincent Canby praised the film, calling it, "one of the most deliriously funny, ingenious and stylish American adventure movies ever made."[59] Roger Ebert in his review for the Chicago Sun-Times wrote, "Two things, however, make Raiders of the Lost Ark more than just a technological triumph: its sense of humor and the droll style of its characters [...] We find ourselves laughing in surprise, in relief, in incredulity at the movie's ability to pile one incident upon another in an inexhaustible series of inventions."[60] He later added it to his list of "Great Movies".[61] Rolling Stone said the film was "the ultimate Saturday action matinee–a film so funny and exciting it can be enjoyed any day of the week."[62] Bruce Williamson of Playboy claimed: "There's more excitement in the first ten minutes of Raiders than any movie I have seen all year. By the time the explosive misadventures end, any movie-goer worth his salt ought to be exhausted."[63] Stephen Klain of Variety also praised the film. Yet, making an observation that would revisit the franchise with its next film, he felt that the film was surprisingly violent and bloody for a PG-rated film.[64]

text: There were some dissenting voices: Sight & Sound described it as an "expensively gift-wrapped Saturday afternoon pot-boiler",[65] and New Hollywood champion Pauline Kael, who once contended that she only got "really rough" on large films that were destined to be hits but were nonetheless "atrocious",[66] found the film to be a "machine-tooled adventure" from a pair of creators who "think just like the marketing division".[67] (Lucas later named a villain, played by Raiders Nazi strongman Pat Roach, in his 1988 fantasy film Willow after Kael.)[66] On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 94% "Certified Fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes,[68] as well as a 85% rating on Metacritic, indicating "universal acclaim".[69]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Awards and nominations

Association
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

Academy Awards
Best Picture
Frank Marshall
Nominated
[70]

Best Director
Steven Spielberg
Nominated

Best Art Direction
Norman Reynolds, Leslie Dilley, and Michael D. Ford
Won

Best Cinematography
Douglas Slocombe
Nominated

Best Film Editing
Michael Kahn
Won

Best Original Score
John Williams
Nominated

Best Sound
Bill Varney, Steve Maslow, Gregg Landaker, and Roy Charman
Won

Best Sound Effects Editing
Ben Burtt, and Richard L. Anderson
Won

Best Visual Effects
Richard Edlund, Kit West, Bruce Nicholson, and Joe Johnston
Won

Golden Globe Awards
Best Director
Steven Spielberg
Nominated
[71]

BAFTA Awards
Best Film
Frank Marshall
Nominated

Best Actor in a Supporting Role
Denholm Elliott
Nominated

Best Film Music
John Williams
Nominated

Best Cinematography
Douglas Slocombe
Nominated

Best Editing
Michael Kahn
Nominated

Best Sound
Bill Varney, Steve Maslow, Gregg Landaker, and Roy Charman
Nominated

Hugo Awards
Best Dramatic Presentation

Won
[72]

Saturn Awards
Best Fantasy Film

Won

Best Director
Steven Spielberg
Won

Best Actor
Harrison Ford
Won

Best Actress
Karen Allen
Won

Best Supporting Actor
Paul Freeman
Nominated

Best Writing
Lawrence Kasdan
Won

Best Music
John Williams
Won

Best Costume
Deborah Nadoolman
Nominated

Best Special Effects
Richard Edlund
Won

text:
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies—No. 60
AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills—No. 10
AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains:

Indiana Jones—No. 2 Hero

AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:

"Snakes! Why did it have to be snakes?"—Nominated

AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores—Nominated
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition)—No. 66

text: Impact[edit]

text: Following the success of Raiders, a prequel, The Temple of Doom, and two sequels, The Last Crusade and Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, were produced, with a third sequel set for release in 2020.[73] A television series, entitled The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, was also spun off from this film, and details the character's early years. Numerous other books, comics, and video games have also been produced.

text: In 1998, the American Film Institute placed the film at number 60 on its top 100 films of the first century of cinema. In 2007, AFI updated the list and placed it at number 66. They also named it as the 10th most thrilling film, and named Indiana Jones as the second greatest hero. In 1999, the film was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the U.S. Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. Indiana Jones has become an icon, being listed as Entertainment Weekly's third favorite action hero, while noting "some of the greatest action scenes ever filmed are strung together like pearls" in this film.[74]

text: An amateur, near shot-for-shot remake was made by Chris Strompolos, Eric Zala, and Jayson Lamb, then children in Ocean Springs, Mississippi. It took the boys seven years to finish, from 1982 to 1989. After production of the film, called Raiders of the Lost Ark: The Adaptation, it was shelved and forgotten until 2003, where it was discovered by Eli Roth[75][76] and acclaimed by Spielberg himself, who congratulated the boys on their hard work and said he looked forward to seeing their names on the big screen.[77] Scott Rudin and Paramount Pictures purchased the trio's life rights with the goal of producing a film based on their adventures making their remake.[78][79]

text: In 2014, film director Steven Soderbergh published an experimental black-and-white version of the film, with the original soundtrack and dialogue replaced by an electronic soundtrack. Soderbergh said his intention was to encourage viewers to focus on Spielberg's extraordinary staging and editing: "This filmmaker forgot more about staging by the time he made his first feature than I know to this day."[80]

text: Assessing the film's legacy in 1997, Bernard Weinraub, film critic for The New York Times, which had initially reviewed the film as "deliriously funny, ingenious, and stylish",[81] maintained that "the decline in the traditional family G-rated film, for 'general' audiences, probably began" with the appearance of Raiders of the Lost Ark. "Whether by accident or design," found Weinraub, "the filmmakers made a comic nonstop action film intended mostly for adults but also for children."[82] Eight years later, in 2005, viewers of Channel 4 rated the film as the 20th-best family film of all time, with Spielberg taking best over-all director honors.[83]

text: On Empire magazine's list of the 500 Greatest Movies of All Time, Raiders ranked second, beaten only by The Godfather.[84]

text: In conjunction with the Blu-ray release, a limited one-week release in IMAX theaters was announced for September 7, 2012. Steven Spielberg and sound designer Ben Burtt supervised the format conversion. No special effects or other visual elements were altered, but the audio was enhanced for surround sound.[85]

text: 2012 replica mystery[edit]

text: In December 2012, the University of Chicago's admissions department received a package in the mail addressed to Henry Walton Jones, Jr., Indiana Jones' full name. The address on the stamped package was listed for a hall that was the former home of the university's geology and geography department. Inside the manila envelope was a detailed replica journal similar to the one Jones used in the movie, as well as postcards and pictures of Marion Ravenwood. The admissions department posted pictures of the contents on its Internet blog, looking for any information about the package. It was discovered that the package was part of a set to be shipped from Guam to Italy that had been sold on eBay. The package with the journal had fallen out in transit and a postal worker had sent it to the university, as it had a complete address and postage, which turned out to be fake. All contents were from a Guam "prop replicator" who sells them all over the world. The university will display its replica in the main lobby of the Oriental Institute.[86]


document_title: List of Sex and the City episodes

question_text: how many episodes sex and the city season 5

text: List of Sex and the City episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
12
June 6, 1998 (1998-06-06)
August 23, 1998 (1998-08-23)

2
18
June 6, 1999 (1999-06-06)
October 3, 1999 (1999-10-03)

3
18
June 4, 2000 (2000-06-04)
October 15, 2000 (2000-10-15)

4
18
June 3, 2001 (2001-06-03)
February 10, 2002 (2002-02-10)

5
8
July 21, 2002 (2002-07-21)
September 8, 2002 (2002-09-08)

6
20
12
June 22, 2003 (2003-06-22)
September 14, 2003 (2003-09-14)

8
January 4, 2004 (2004-01-04)
February 22, 2004 (2004-02-22)

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (1998)[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Production
code

1
1
"Sex and the City"
Susan Seidelman
Darren Star
June 6, 1998 (1998-06-06)
101

2
2
"Models and Mortals"
Alison Maclean
Darren Star
June 14, 1998 (1998-06-14)
102

3
3
"Bay of Married Pigs"
Nicole Holofcener
Michael Patrick King
June 21, 1998 (1998-06-21)
103

4
4
"Valley of the Twenty-Something Guys"
Alison Maclean
Michael Patrick King
June 28, 1998 (1998-06-28)
104

5
5
"The Power of Female Sex"
Susan Seidelman
Story by : Jenji Kohan
Teleplay by : Darren Star
July 5, 1998 (1998-07-05)
105

6
6
"Secret Sex"
Michael Fields
Darren Star
July 12, 1998 (1998-07-12)
106

7
7
"The Monogamists"
Darren Star
Darren Star
July 19, 1998 (1998-07-19)
107

8
8
"Three's a Crowd"
Nicole Holofcener
Jenny Bicks
July 26, 1998 (1998-07-26)
108

9
9
"The Turtle and the Hare"
Michael Fields
Susan Kolinsky
August 2, 1998 (1998-08-02)
109

10
10
"The Baby Shower"
Susan Seidelman
Terri Minsky
August 9, 1998 (1998-08-09)
110

11
11
"The Drought"
Matthew Harrison
Michael Green & Michael Patrick King
August 16, 1998 (1998-08-16)
111

12
12
"Oh Come All Ye Faithful"
Matthew Harrison
Michael Patrick King
August 23, 1998 (1998-08-23)
112

text: Season 2 (1999)[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Production
code

13
1
"Take Me Out to the Ballgame"
Allen Coulter
Michael Patrick King
June 6, 1999 (1999-06-06)
201

14
2
"The Awful Truth"
Allen Coulter
Darren Star
June 13, 1999 (1999-06-13)
202

15
3
"The Freak Show"
Allen Coulter
Jenny Bicks
June 20, 1999 (1999-06-20)
203

16
4
"They Shoot Single People, Don't They?"
John David Coles
Michael Patrick King
June 27, 1999 (1999-06-27)
204

17
5
"Four Women and a Funeral"
Allen Coulter
Jenny Bicks
July 4, 1999 (1999-07-04)
205

18
6
"The Cheating Curve"
John David Coles
Darren Star
July 11, 1999 (1999-07-11)
206

19
7
"The Chicken Dance"
Victoria Hochberg
Cindy Chupack
July 18, 1999 (1999-07-18)
207

20
8
"The Man, The Myth, The Viagra"
Victoria Hochberg
Michael Patrick King
July 25, 1999 (1999-07-25)
208

21
9
"Old Dogs, New Dicks"
"Old Dogs, New Tricks"
Alan Taylor
Jenny Bicks
August 1, 1999 (1999-08-01)
209

22
10
"The Caste System"
Allison Anders
Darren Star
August 8, 1999 (1999-08-08)
210

23
11
"Evolution"
Pam Thomas
Cindy Chupack
August 15, 1999 (1999-08-15)
211

24
12
"La Douleur Exquise!"
Allison Anders
Ollie Levy & Michael Patrick King
August 22, 1999 (1999-08-22)
212

25
13
"Games People Play"
Michael Spiller
Jenny Bicks
August 29, 1999 (1999-08-29)
213

26
14
"The Fuck Buddy"
"The Sex Buddy"
Alan Taylor
Darren Star
September 5, 1999 (1999-09-05)
214

27
15
"Shortcomings"
Dan Algrant
Terri Minsky
September 12, 1999 (1999-09-12)
215

28
16
"Was It Good For You?"
Dan Algrant
Michael Patrick King
September 19, 1999 (1999-09-19)
216

29
17
"Twenty-Something Girls vs. Thirty-Something Women"
Darren Star
Darren Star
September 26, 1999 (1999-09-26)
217

30
18
"Ex and the City"
Michael Patrick King
Michael Patrick King
October 3, 1999 (1999-10-03)
218

text: Season 3 (2000)[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Production
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

31
1
"Where There's Smoke..."
Michael Patrick King
Michael Patrick King
June 4, 2000 (2000-06-04)
301
TBA

32
2
"Politically Erect"
Michael Patrick King
Darren Star
June 11, 2000 (2000-06-11)
302
3.60[1]

33
3
"Attack of the 5'10" Woman"
Pam Thomas
Cindy Chupack
June 18, 2000 (2000-06-18)
303
3.98[2]

34
4
"Boy, Girl, Boy, Girl..."
Pam Thomas
Jenny Bicks
June 25, 2000 (2000-06-25)
304
3.69[3]

35
5
"No Ifs, Ands, or Butts"
Nicole Holofcener
Michael Patrick King
July 9, 2000 (2000-07-09)
305
3.97[4]

36
6
"Are We Sluts?"
Allison Anders
Cindy Chupack
July 16, 2000 (2000-07-16)
306
TBA

37
7
"Drama Queens"
Allison Anders
Darren Star
July 23, 2000 (2000-07-23)
307
4.56[5]

38
8
"The Big Time"
Allison Anders
Jenny Bicks
July 30, 2000 (2000-07-30)
308
3.93[6]

39
9
"Easy Come, Easy Go"
Charles McDougall
Michael Patrick King
August 6, 2000 (2000-08-06)
309
3.50[7]

40
10
"All or Nothing"
Charles McDougall
Jenny Bicks
August 13, 2000 (2000-08-13)
310
4.42[8]

41
11
"Running With Scissors"
Dennis Erdman
Michael Patrick King
August 20, 2000 (2000-08-20)
311
4.64[9]

42
12
"Don't Ask, Don't Tell"
Dan Algrant
Cindy Chupack
August 27, 2000 (2000-08-27)
312
4.16[10]

43
13
"Escape from New York"
John David Coles
Becky Hartman Edwards & Michael Patrick King
September 10, 2000 (2000-09-10)
313
4.20[11]

44
14
"Sex and Another City"
John David Coles
Jenny Bicks
September 17, 2000 (2000-09-17)
314
4.76[12]

45
15
"Hot Child in the City"
Michael Spiller
Allan Heinberg
September 24, 2000 (2000-09-24)
315
4.94[13]

46
16
"Frenemies"
Michael Spiller
Jenny Bicks
October 1, 2000 (2000-10-01)
316
5.35[14]

47
17
"What Goes Around Comes Around"
Allen Coulter
Darren Star
October 8, 2000 (2000-10-08)
317
TBA

48
18
"Cock a Doodle Do!"
Allen Coulter
Michael Patrick King
October 15, 2000 (2000-10-15)
318
4.71[15]

text: Season 4 (2001–02)[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Production
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

49
1
"The Agony and the 'Ex'-tacy"
Michael Patrick King
Michael Patrick King
June 3, 2001 (2001-06-03)
401
6.49[16]

50
2
"The Real Me"
Michael Patrick King
Michael Patrick King
June 3, 2001 (2001-06-03)
402
5.93[16]

51
3
"Defining Moments"
Allen Coulter
Jenny Bicks
June 10, 2001 (2001-06-10)
403
5.48[17]

52
4
"What's Sex Got to Do with It?"
Allen Coulter
Nicole Avril
June 17, 2001 (2001-06-17)
404
5.13[18]

53
5
"Ghost Town"
Michael Spiller
Allan Heinberg
June 24, 2001 (2001-06-24)
405
5.84[19]

54
6
"Baby, Talk Is Cheap"
Michael Spiller
Cindy Chupack
July 1, 2001 (2001-07-01)
406
5.47[20]

55
7
"Time and Punishment"
Michael Engler
Jessica Bendinger
July 8, 2001 (2001-07-08)
407
5.59[21]

56
8
"My Motherboard, My Self"
Michael Engler
Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky
July 15, 2001 (2001-07-15)
408
5.37[22]

57
9
"Sex and the Country"
Michael Spiller
Allan Heinberg
July 22, 2001 (2001-07-22)
409
5.80[23]

58
10
"Belles of the Balls"
Michael Spiller
Michael Patrick King
July 29, 2001 (2001-07-29)
410
5.98[24]

59
11
"Coulda, Woulda, Shoulda"
David Frankel
Jenny Bicks
August 5, 2001 (2001-08-05)
411
5.87[25]

60
12
"Just Say Yes"
David Frankel
Cindy Chupack
August 12, 2001 (2001-08-12)
412
6.64[26]

61
13
"The Good Fight"
Charles McDougall
Michael Patrick King
January 6, 2002 (2002-01-06)
413
7.30[27]

62
14
"All That Glitters"
Charles McDougall
Cindy Chupack
January 13, 2002 (2002-01-13)
414
6.81[28]

63
15
"Change of a Dress"
Alan Taylor
Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky
January 20, 2002 (2002-01-20)
415
5.02[29]

64
16
"Ring A Ding Ding"
Alan Taylor
Amy B. Harris
January 27, 2002 (2002-01-27)
416
7.20[30]

65
17
"A 'Vogue' Idea"
Martha Coolidge
Allan Heinberg
February 3, 2002 (2002-02-03)
417
4.34[31]

66
18
"I Heart NY"
Martha Coolidge
Michael Patrick King
February 10, 2002 (2002-02-10)
418
7.39[32]

text: Season 5 (2002)[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Production
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

67
1
"Anchors Away"
Charles McDougall
Michael Patrick King
July 21, 2002 (2002-07-21)
501
7.93[33]

68
2
"Unoriginal Sin"
Charles McDougall
Cindy Chupack
July 28, 2002 (2002-07-28)
502
6.63[34]

69
3
"Luck Be an Old Lady"
John David Coles
Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky
August 4, 2002 (2002-08-04)
503
6.59[35]

70
4
"Cover Girl"
John David Coles
Judy Toll & Michael Patrick King
August 11, 2002 (2002-08-11)
504
7.31[36]

71
5
"Plus One is the Loneliest Number"
Michael Patrick King
Cindy Chupack
August 18, 2002 (2002-08-18)
505
6.95[37]

72
6
"Critical Condition"
Michael Patrick King
Alexa Junge
August 25, 2002 (2002-08-25)
506
7.38[38]

73
7
"The Big Journey"
Michael Engler
Michael Patrick King
September 1, 2002 (2002-09-01)
507
5.95[39]

74
8
"I Love a Charade"
Michael Engler
Cindy Chupack & Michael Patrick King
September 8, 2002 (2002-09-08)
508
7.33[40]

text: Season 6 (2003–04)[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Production
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

Part 1

75
1
"To Market, to Market"
Michael Patrick King
Michael Patrick King
June 22, 2003 (2003-06-22)
601
7.30[41]

76
2
"Great Sexpectations"
Michael Patrick King
Cindy Chupack
June 29, 2003 (2003-06-29)
602
5.82[42]

77
3
"The Perfect Present"
David Frankel
Jenny Bicks
July 6, 2003 (2003-07-06)
603
6.95[43]

78
4
"Pick-A-Little, Talk-A-Little"
David Frankel
Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky
July 13, 2003 (2003-07-13)
604
6.60[44]

79
5
"Lights, Camera, Relationship!"
Michael Engler
Michael Patrick King
July 20, 2003 (2003-07-20)
605
6.43[45]

80
6
"Hop, Skip, and a Week"
Michael Engler
Amy B. Harris
July 27, 2003 (2003-07-27)
606
6.34[46]

81
7
"The Post-It Always Sticks Twice"
Alan Taylor
Liz Tuccillo
August 3, 2003 (2003-08-03)
607
5.77[47]

82
8
"The Catch"
Alan Taylor
Cindy Chupack
August 10, 2003 (2003-08-10)
608
6.64[48]

83
9
"A Woman's Right to Shoes"
Tim Van Patten
Jenny Bicks
August 17, 2003 (2003-08-17)
609
6.74[49]

84
10
"Boy, Interrupted"
Tim Van Patten
Cindy Chupack
August 24, 2003 (2003-08-24)
610
6.94[50]

85
11
"The Domino Effect"
David Frankel
Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky
September 7, 2003 (2003-09-07)
611
6.69[51]

86
12
"One"
David Frankel
Michael Patrick King
September 14, 2003 (2003-09-14)
612
7.65[52]

Part 2

87
13
"Let There Be Light"
Michael Patrick King
Michael Patrick King
January 4, 2004 (2004-01-04)
613
6.36[53]

88
14
"The Ick Factor"
Wendey Stanzler
Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky
January 11, 2004 (2004-01-11)
614
N/A

89
15
"Catch-38"
Michael Engler
Cindy Chupack
January 18, 2004 (2004-01-18)
615
N/A

90
16
"Out of the Frying Pan"
Michael Engler
Jenny Bicks
January 25, 2004 (2004-01-25)
616
6.94[54]

91
17
"The Cold War"
Julian Farino
Aury Wallington
February 1, 2004 (2004-02-01)
617
4.43[55]

92
18
"Splat!"
Julian Farino
Jenny Bicks & Cindy Chupack
February 8, 2004 (2004-02-08)
618
4.83[56]

93
19
"An American Girl In Paris (Part Une)"
Tim Van Patten
Michael Patrick King
February 15, 2004 (2004-02-15)
619
6.14[57]

94
20
"An American Girl In Paris (Part Deux)"
Tim Van Patten
Michael Patrick King
February 22, 2004 (2004-02-22)
620
10.62[58]


document_title: Law Abiding Citizen

question_text: law abiding citizen why was his family killed

text: Law Abiding Citizen

text: Plot[edit]

text: In a home invasion, Clarence Darby kills the wife and daughter of Clyde Shelton. Prosecuting Attorney Nick Rice is unable to securely convict Darby. Unwilling to take a chance on lowering his high conviction rate, he makes a deal with Darby, who pleads guilty to a lesser charge and receives a reduced sentence for testifying against his accomplice, Rupert Ames. Ames is convicted and sentenced to death. Darby is released after a few years. Clyde feels betrayed by Rice's actions and the justice system.

text: Ten years later, Ames is executed. Unknown to the prosecutors and witnesses, the drug usually used has been replaced with an anticonvulsant, causing Ames to die painfully. Evidence implicates Darby. An anonymous caller alerts Darby as the police draw near and directs him to a remote location. Clyde, disguised as a police officer, reveals himself as the caller and paralyzes Darby with poison. He straps Darby to a table and videorecords dismembering him. When Darby's remains are found, evidence ties his death to Clyde. Clyde willingly surrenders and goes to prison.

text: Rice learns his wife and daughter have been sent the dismemberment video and are traumatized by it. He initially refuses a plea bargain with Clyde, but District Attorney Jonas Cantrell orders Rice to make a deal. Clyde demands a new bed in his cell in exchange for a "confession." In court, Clyde represents himself and successfully argues he should be granted bail, then berates the judge for accepting the "bullshit" legal precedents he cited and for being too eager to let madmen and murderers back on the street. The judge jails Clyde for contempt of court.

text: Clyde demands a steak lunch and a music player be delivered to his cell by a specific time, in return for telling where to find Darby's lawyer, who was reported missing. Rice agrees, though the lunch is delayed by a few minutes by the warden's security measures. Once he has his meal, which he shares with a cellmate, Clyde provides a set of coordinates where Rice and the others find Darby's lawyer, buried alive but suffocated by time-mechanized materials while Clyde's lunch was delayed. As loud music plays in Clyde's cell, he proceeds to kill his cellmate with the bone of his steak, forcing the warden to secure him in solitary confinement.

text: Cantrell arranges a meeting with a CIA contact and brings Rice. They learn Clyde previously worked with the agency, creating imaginative assassination devices. They are warned Clyde can kill anyone anytime he wishes. During a meeting with Rice and Cantrell, the judge dies when her cell phone explodes. Clyde demands all charges against him be dropped or he will "kill everyone". Rice takes precautionary measures instead. After a deadline has passed, a number of Rice's assistants die from car bombs. Leaving the funeral of a colleague, Cantrell is killed by a weaponized bomb disposal robot. Rice meets with Clyde in private and punches him repeatedly. Clyde stands his ground and tells Rice that he is just beginning to destroy the current system and all who believe in it. The mayor puts the city under lockdown and promotes Rice to acting District Attorney.

text: Rice learns that Clyde owns an auto garage near the prison. A tunnel leads to a cache of guns, disguises, and other equipment below the solitary confinement cells, with secret entrances to each cell. He and Police Detective Dunnigan realize that Clyde wanted to be in solitary confinement all along; this allows him to easily leave the prison without detection, carry out his pre-meditated murders while misleading the cops who assume he must have accomplices. Evidence points to Clyde's next target, City Hall, where the mayor is holding an emergency meeting. Rice and his men cannot find Clyde but discover evidence pointing to a cell-phone-activated suitcase bomb in the room directly below the meeting.

text: Clyde returns to his cell. He is surprised to find Rice waiting for him. Clyde suggests another deal, but Rice says he no longer makes deals with murderers, thanking Clyde for teaching him that. Rice warns him to not do anything he will regret, but Clyde's cell phone is ready to be dialed to activate the City Hall bomb. Rice and Dunnigan leave immediately when Clyde dials the phone. Clyde realizes too late that Rice has moved the bomb to his cell, which is now sealed. Clyde holds his daughter's bracelet, accepting his fate as the bomb explodes.

text: The epilogue shows Rice watching his daughter in a musical performance on stage, something he had been unable to find time for previously.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Jamie Foxx as Nicholas "Nick" Rice
Gerard Butler as Clyde Alexander Shelton
Colm Meaney as Detective Dunnigan
Bruce McGill as Jonas Cantrell
Leslie Bibb as Sarah Lowell
Michael Irby as Detective Garza
Gregory Itzin as Warden Inger
Regina Hall as Kelly Rice
Emerald-Angel Young as Denise Rice
Christian Stolte as Clarence James Darby
Annie Corley as Judge Laura Burch
Richard Portnow as Bill Reynolds
Viola Davis as Mayor April Henry
Michael Kelly as Bray
Josh Stewart as Rupert Ames
Roger Bart as Brian Bringham

text: Development[edit]

text: Frank Darabont was originally attached as director, but left the project in early October 2008 over script disagreements. According to rumor, his relationship with the film's production company "ended ugly."[5]

text: In a reversal of their roles in the final version, Gerard Butler was initially signed on to play the prosecuting attorney, while Jamie Foxx was the criminal mastermind operating from inside prison.[6]

text: Production[edit]

text: Filming began in August 2008 and took place in and around Philadelphia. Filming locations included Philadelphia's City Hall and the now closed Holmesburg Prison. Holmesburg's "Thunderdome command center" is quite evident in the movie.

text: The film was edited after being threatened with an NC-17 rating for violence,[7] with the full version released unrated on Blu-ray.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The score to Law Abiding Citizen was composed by Brian Tyler, who recorded his score with a 52-piece ensemble of the Hollywood Studio Symphony at the Sony Scoring Stage with help from Kieron Charlesworth.[8] The film also uses "Eminence Front" by The Who and "Engine No. 9" by Deftones on Clyde's iPod while he is eating his steak in his cell. While Clyde calls Darby to help him 'escape' the police after Ames' execution, "Bloodline" by Slayer is Darby's ringer. The tune at the end for closing credits is "Sin's A Good Man's Brother" by Grand Funk Railroad.

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was released theatrically on October 16, 2009.[9] The first theatrical trailer was released on August 14, 2009 and was attached to District 9.[10]

text: The premiere was held on November 15, 2009 at the Cineworld complex in Glasgow - hometown of Gerard Butler. Many British tabloids have labeled this event as the "Homecoming Premiere", in reference to the Homecoming Scotland 2009 celebrations.[11]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film took second place in its opening weekend, with $21,039,502, behind Where the Wild Things Are. It went on to gross $126.6 million total worldwide.[12]

text: Law Abiding Citizen received negative reviews from critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave it a 26% score, based on 159 reviews with an average rating of 4.3/10. The website's critical consensus states that "Unnecessarily violent and unflinchingly absurd, Law Abiding Citizen is plagued by subpar acting and a story that defies reason."[13] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 34 out of 100, based on 26 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[14]

text: In his review for the Chicago Sun Times, Roger Ebert said, "Law Abiding Citizen is the kind of movie you will like more at the time than in retrospect." He then went on to say, "Still, there's something to be said for a movie you like well enough at the time." Ebert rated the film 3 out of 4 stars.[15]


document_title: Committee of Five

question_text: who was in charge of writing the declaration of independence

text: Committee of Five

text: The Committee[edit]

text: The members of this group were:

text:
John Adams, representative of Massachusetts – became the second US President
Thomas Jefferson, representative of Virginia – became the third US President
Benjamin Franklin, representative of Pennsylvania – known as one of the most famous of the Founding Fathers, and first US Minister to France
Roger Sherman, representative of Connecticut – the only person to sign all four of the US state papers: the Continental Association, the Declaration, the Articles of Confederation, and the Constitution
Robert Livingston, representative of New York – negotiated the Louisiana Purchase as the Minister to France

text: Drafting of the Declaration of Independence[edit]

text: The delegates of the United Colonies in Congress resolved to postpone until Monday, July 1, the final consideration of whether or not to declare the several sovereign independencies of the United Colonies, which had been proposed by the North Carolina resolutions of April 12 and the Virginia resolutions of May 15. The proposal, known as the Lee Resolution, was moved in Congress on June 7 by Richard Henry Lee of Virginia. During these allotted three weeks Congress agreed to appoint a committee to draft a broadside statement to proclaim to the world the reasons for taking America out of the British Empire, if the Congress were to declare the said sovereign independencies.[citation needed] The actual declaration of "American Independence" is precisely the text comprising the final paragraph of the published broadside of July 4. The broadside's final paragraph repeated the text of the Lee Resolution as adopted by the declaratory resolve voted on July 2.

text: On June 11, the Committee of Five was appointed: John Adams of Massachusetts, Roger Sherman of Connecticut, Robert Livingston of New York, Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania, and Thomas Jefferson of Virginia. Because the committee left no minutes, there is some uncertainty about how the drafting process proceeded—accounts written many years later by Jefferson and Adams, although frequently cited, are contradictory and not entirely reliable.[1]

text: The First Draft[edit]

text: Certainly the committee, after discussing the general outline that the document should follow, decided that Jefferson would write the first draft.[2] With Congress's busy schedule, Jefferson had limited time to write the draft over the ensuing 17 days.[3] He then consulted with the others on the committee, who reviewed the draft and made extensive changes.[4] Jefferson then produced another copy incorporating these alterations.

text: Among the changes was the simplification of the phrase Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness, which Jefferson had phrased "preservation of life, & liberty, & the pursuit of happiness". This was a return to wording closer to John Locke's original description of private property as a natural right, in the phrase "life, liberty, and estate".[5]

text: Presentation of the Draft[edit]

text: On June 28, 1776, the committee presented this copy to the "Committee of the Whole" Congress, which was commemorated by one of the most famous paintings in US history (shown). The title of the document was "A Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress assembled."[6]

text: The Signing[edit]

text: Although not officially noted, the estimated time was 18:26 LMT (6:26pm local) for the recording of this historic vote. The Congress then heard the report of the Committee of the Whole and declared the sovereign status of the United Colonies the following day, during the afternoon of July 2. The Committee of the Whole then turned to the Declaration, and it was given a second reading before adjournment.[7]

text: Last minute arguments[edit]

text: On Wednesday, July 3, the Committee of the Whole gave the Declaration a third reading and commenced scrutiny of the precise wording of the proposed text. Two passages in the Committee of Five's draft were rejected by the Committee of the Whole. One was a critical reference to the English people and the other was a denunciation of the slave trade and of slavery itself. The text of the Declaration was otherwise accepted without any other major changes.

text: Jefferson wrote in his autobiography, of the two deleted passages:

text:
“
The pusillanimous idea that we had friends in England worth keeping terms with still haunted the minds of many. For this reason, those passages which conveyed censures on the people of England were struck out, lest they should give them offense. The clause, too, reprobating the enslaving the inhabitants of Africa was struck out in complaisance to South Carolina and Georgia, who had never attempted to restrain the importation of slaves, and who, on the contrary, still wished to continue it. Our Northern brethren also, I believe, felt a little tender under these censures, for though their people had very few slaves themselves, yet they had been pretty considerable carriers of them to others.[8]
”

text: As John Adams recalled many years later, this work of editing the proposed text was largely completed by the time of adjournment on July 3. However, the text's formal adoption was deferred until the following morning, when the Congress voted its agreement during the late morning of July 4.[9][10]

text: Fair Copy[edit]

text: The draft document as adopted was then referred back to the Committee of Five in order to prepare a "fair copy," this being the redrafted-as-corrected document prepared for delivery to the broadside printer, John Dunlap. And so the Committee of Five convened in the early evening of July 4 to complete its task.[11]

text: Historians have had no documentary means by which to determine the identity of the authenticating party. It is unclear whether the Declaration was authenticated by the Committee of Five's signature or the Committee submitted the fair copy to President Hancock for his authenticating signature, or the authentication awaited President John Hancock’s signature on the printer’s finished proof-copy of what became known as the Dunlap broadside[citation needed] Either way, upon the July 5 release of the Dunlap broadside of the Declaration, the Committee of Five’s work was done.[12]

text: The Dunlap broadside release to the public[edit]

text: Upon the July 5 release of the Dunlap broadside, the public could read who had signed the Declaration. Just one signature as attested by Secretary Charles Thomson. Memories of the participants proved to be very short on this particular historic moment. Not three decades had elapsed by which time the prominent members of the Committee of Five could no longer recollect in detail what actually took place, and by their active participation, on July 4 and 5 of 1776. And so during these early decades was born the myth of a one grand ceremonial general signing on July 4, by all the delegates to Congress. The myth continues to have a very long life.[13]