document_title: Small intestine

question_text: where does absorption occur in the small intestine

text: Small intestine

text: Structure[edit]

text: Size[edit]

text: The length of the small intestine can vary greatly, from as short as 2.75 m (9.0 ft) to as long as 10.49 m (34.4 ft).[3] The average length in a living person is 3m-5m.[4][5] The length depends both on how tall the person is and how the length is measured.[3] Taller people generally have a longer small intestine and measurements are generally longer after death and when the bowel is empty.[3]

text: It is approximately 1.5 cm in diameter in newborns after 35 weeks of gestational age,[6] and 2.5–3 cm (1 inch) in diameter in adults. On abdominal X-rays, the small intestine is considered to be abnormally dilated when the diameter exceeds 3 cm.[7][8] On CT scans, a diameter of over 2.5 cm is considered abnormally dilated.[7][9] The surface area of the human small intestinal mucosa, due to enlargement caused by folds, villi and microvilli, averages 30 square meters.[10]

text: Parts[edit]

text: The small intestine is divided into three structural parts.

text:
The duodenum is a short structure ranging from 20 cm (7.9 inches) to 25 cm (9.8 inches) in length, and shaped like a "C".[11] It surrounds the head of the pancreas. It receives gastric chyme from the stomach, together with digestive juices from the pancreas (digestive enzymes) and the liver (bile). The digestive enzymes break down proteins and bile emulsifies fats into micelles. The duodenum contains Brunner's glands, which produce a mucus-rich alkaline secretion containing bicarbonate. These secretions, in combination with bicarbonate from the pancreas, neutralize the stomach acids contained in gastric chyme.
The jejunum is the midsection of the small intestine, connecting the duodenum to the ileum. It is about 2.5 m long, and contains the plicae circulares, and villi that increase its surface area. Products of digestion (sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids) are absorbed into the bloodstream here. The suspensory muscle of duodenum marks the division between the duodenum and the jejunum.
The ileum: The final section of the small intestine. It is about 3 m long, and contains villi similar to the jejunum. It absorbs mainly vitamin B12 and bile acids, as well as any other remaining nutrients. The ileum joins to the cecum of the large intestine at the ileocecal junction.

text: The jejunum and ileum are suspended in the abdominal cavity by mesentery. The mesentery is part of the peritoneum. Arteries, veins, lymph vessels and nerves travel within the mesentery.[12]

text: Blood supply[edit]

text: The small intestine receives a blood supply from the coeliac trunk and the superior mesenteric artery. These are both branches of the aorta. The duodenum receives blood from the coeliac trunk via the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery and from the superior mesenteric artery via the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery. These two arteries both have anterior and posterior branches that meet in the midline and anastomose. The jejunum and ileum receive blood from the superior mesenteric artery.[13] Branches of the superior mesenteric artery form a series of arches within the mesentery known as arterial arcades, which may be several layers deep. Straight blood vessels known as vasa recta travel from the arcades closest to the ileum and jejunum to the organs themselves.[13]

text: Histology[edit]

text: The three sections of the small intestine look similar to each other at a microscopic level, but there are some important differences. The parts of the intestine are as follows:

text:
Layer
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

Serosa
1st part serosa, 2nd–4th adventitia
Normal
Normal

Muscularis externa
Longitudinal and circular layers, with Auerbach's (myenteric) plexus in between
Same as duodenum
Same as duodenum

Submucosa
Brunner's glands and Meissner's (submucosal) plexus
No BG
No BG

Mucosa: muscularis mucosae
Normal
Normal
Normal

Mucosa: lamina propria
No PP
No PP
Peyer's patches

Mucosa: intestinal epithelium
Simple columnar. Contains goblet cells, Paneth cells
Similar to duodenum
?

text: Development[edit]

text: The small intestine develops from the midgut of the primitive gut tube.[14] By the fifth week of embryological life, the ileum begins to grow longer at a very fast rate, forming a U-shaped fold called the primary intestinal loop. The loop grows so fast in length that it outgrows the abdomen and protrudes through the umbilicus. By week 10, the loop retracts back into the abdomen. Between weeks six and ten the small intestine rotates anticlockwise, as viewed from the front of the embryo. It rotates a further 180 degrees after it has moved back into the abdomen. This process creates the twisted shape of the large intestine.[14]

text: Function[edit]

text: Food from the stomach is allowed into the duodenum through the pylorus by a muscle called the pyloric sphincter.

text: Digestion[edit]

text: The small intestine is where most chemical digestion takes place. Many of the digestive enzymes that act in the small intestine are secreted by the pancreas and liver and enter the small intestine via the pancreatic duct. Pancreatic enzymes and bile from the gallbladder enter the small intestine in response to the hormone cholecystokinin, which is produced in the small intestine in response to the presence of nutrients. Secretin, another hormone produced in the small intestine, causes additional effects on the pancreas, where it promotes the release of bicarbonate into the duodenum in order to neutralize the potentially harmful acid coming from the stomach.

text: The three major classes of nutrients that undergo digestion are proteins, lipids (fats) and carbohydrates:

text:
Proteins are degraded into small peptides and amino acids before absorption.[15] Chemical breakdown begins in the stomach and continues in the small intestine. Proteolytic enzymes, including trypsin and chymotrypsin, are secreted by the pancreas and cleave proteins into smaller peptides. Carboxypeptidase, which is a pancreatic brush border enzyme, splits one amino acid at a time. Aminopeptidase and dipeptidase free the end amino acid products.
Lipids (fats) are degraded into fatty acids and glycerol. Pancreatic lipase breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and monoglycerides. Pancreatic lipase works with the help of the salts from the bile secreted by the liver and stored in the gall bladder. Bile salts attach to triglycerides to help emulsify them, which aids access by pancreatic lipase. This occurs because the lipase is water-soluble but the fatty triglycerides are hydrophobic and tend to orient towards each other and away from the watery intestinal surroundings. The bile salts emulsify the triglycerides in the watery surroundings until the lipase can break them into the smaller components that are able to enter the villi for absorption.
Some carbohydrates are degraded into simple sugars, or monosaccharides (e.g., glucose). Pancreatic amylase breaks down some carbohydrates (notably starch) into oligosaccharides. Other carbohydrates pass undigested into the large intestine and further handling by intestinal bacteria. Brush border enzymes take over from there. The most important brush border enzymes are dextrinase and glucoamylase, which further break down oligosaccharides. Other brush border enzymes are maltase, sucrase and lactase. Lactase is absent in some adult humans and, for them, lactose (a disaccharide), as well as most polysaccharides, is not digested in the small intestine. Some carbohydrates, such as cellulose, are not digested at all, despite being made of multiple glucose units. This is because the cellulose is made out of beta-glucose, making the inter-monosaccharidal bindings different from the ones present in starch, which consists of alpha-glucose. Humans lack the enzyme for splitting the beta-glucose-bonds, something reserved for herbivores and bacteria from the large intestine.

text: Absorption[edit]

text: Digested food is now able to pass into the blood vessels in the wall of the intestine through either diffusion or active transport. The small intestine is the site where most of the nutrients from ingested food are absorbed. The inner wall, or mucosa, of the small intestine is lined with simple columnar epithelial tissue. Structurally, the mucosa is covered in wrinkles or folds called plicae circulares, which are considered permanent features in the wall of the organ. They are distinct from rugae which are considered non-permanent or temporary allowing for distention and contraction. From the plicae circulares project microscopic finger-like pieces of tissue called villi (Latin for "shaggy hair"). The individual epithelial cells also have finger-like projections known as microvilli. The functions of the plicae circulares, the villi, and the microvilli are to increase the amount of surface area available for the absorption of nutrients, and to limit the loss of said nutrients to intestinal fauna.

text: Each villus has a network of capillaries and fine lymphatic vessels called lacteals close to its surface. The epithelial cells of the villi transport nutrients from the lumen of the intestine into these capillaries (amino acids and carbohydrates) and lacteals (lipids). The absorbed substances are transported via the blood vessels to different organs of the body where they are used to build complex substances such as the proteins required by our body. The material that remains undigested and unabsorbed passes into the large intestine.

text: Absorption of the majority of nutrients takes place in the jejunum, with the following notable exceptions:

text:
Iron is absorbed in the duodenum.
Vitamin B12 and bile salts are absorbed in the terminal ileum.
Water is absorbed by osmosis and lipids by passive diffusion throughout the small intestine.

text:
Sodium bicarbonate is absorbed by active transport and glucose and amino acid co-transport
Fructose is absorbed by facilitated diffusion.

text: Immunological[edit]

text: The small intestine supports the body's immune system.[16] The presence of gut flora appears to contribute positively to the host's immune system. Peyer's patches, located within the ileum of the small intestine, are an important part of the digestive tract's local immune system. They are part of the lymphatic system, and provide a site for antigens from potentially harmful bacteria or other microorganisms in the digestive tract to be sampled, and subsequently presented to the immune system.[17]

text: Gene and protein expression[edit]

text: About 20,000 protein coding genes are expressed in human cells and 70% of these genes are expressed in the normal duodenum.[18][19] Some 300 of these genes are more specifically expressed in the duodenum with very few genes expressed only in the small intestine. The corresponding specific proteins are expressed in glandular cells of the mucosa, such as fatty acid binding protein FABP6. Most of the more specifically expressed genes in the small intestine are also expressed in the duodenum, for example FABP2 and the DEFA6 protein expressed in secretory granules of Paneth cells.[20]

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: The small intestine is a complex organ, and as such, there are a very large number of possible conditions that may affect the function of the small bowel. A few of them are listed below, some of which are common, with up to 10% of people being affected at some time in their lives, while others are vanishingly rare.

text:
Small intestine obstruction or obstructive disorders

Meconium ileus
Paralytic ileus
Volvulus
Hernia
Intussusception
Adhesions
Obstruction from external pressure
Obstruction by masses in the lumen (foreign bodies, bezoar, gallstones)

Infectious diseases

Giardiasis
Ascariasis
Tropical sprue
Tape worm (Diphyllobothrium latum, Taenia solium, Hymenolepsis nana)
Hookworm (e.g. Necator americanus, Ancylostoma duodenale)
Nematodes (e.g. Ascaris lumbricoides)
Other Protozoa (e.g. Cryptosporidium parvum, Cyclospora, Microsporidia, Entamoeba histolytica)
Bacterial infections

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
Salmonella enterica
Campylobacter
Shigella
Yersinia
Clostridium difficile (antibiotic-associated colitis, Pseudomembranous colitis)
Mycobacterium (Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis, disseminated Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
Whipple's disease
Vibrio (cholera)
Enteric (typhoid) fever (Salmonella enterica var. typhii) and paratyphoid fever
Bacillus cereus
Clostridium perfringens (gas gangrene)

Viral infections

Rotavirus
Norovirus
Astrovirus
Adenovirus
Calicivirus

Neoplasms (cancers)

Adenocarcinoma
Carcinoid
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)
Lymphoma
Sarcoma
Leiomyoma
Metastatic tumors, especially SCLC or melanoma

Developmental, congenital or genetic conditions

Duodenal (intestinal) atresia
Hirschsprung's disease
Meckel's diverticulum
Pyloric stenosis
Pancreas divisum
Ectopic pancreas
Enteric duplication cyst
Situs inversus
Cystic fibrosis
Malrotation
Persistent urachus
Omphalocele
Gastroschisis
Disaccharidase (lactase) deficiencies
Primary bile acid malabsorption
Gardner syndrome
Familial adenomatous polyposis syndrome (FAP)

Other conditions

Crohn's disease, and the more general inflammatory bowel disease
Typhlitis (neutropenic colitis in the immunosuppressed
Coeliac disease (sprue or non-tropical sprue)
Mesenteric ischemia
Embolus or thrombus of the superior mesenteric artery or the superior mesenteric vein
Arteriovenous malformation
Gastric dumping syndrome
Irritable bowel syndrome
Duodenal (peptic) ulcers
Gastrointestinal perforation
Hyperthyroidism
Diverticulitis
Radiation enterocolitis
Mesenteric cysts
Peritoneal Infection
Sclerosing retroperitonitis
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
Endometriosis

text: Other animals[edit]

text: The small intestine is found in all tetrapods and also in teleosts, although its form and length vary enormously between species. In teleosts, it is relatively short, typically around one and a half times the length of the fish's body. It commonly has a number of pyloric caeca, small pouch-like structures along its length that help to increase the overall surface area of the organ for digesting food. There is no ileocaecal valve in teleosts, with the boundary between the small intestine and the rectum being marked only by the end of the digestive epitheliu [21]

text: In tetrapods, the ileocaecal valve is always present, opening into the colon. The length of the small intestine is typically longer in tetrapods than in teleosts, but is especially so in herbivores, as well as in mammals and birds, which have a higher metabolic rate than amphibians or reptiles. The lining of the small intestine includes microscopic folds to increase its surface area in all vertebrates, but only in mammals do these develop into true villi.[21]

text: The boundaries between the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum are somewhat vague even in humans, and such distinctions are either ignored when discussing the anatomy of other animals, or are essentially arbitrary.[21]

text: There is no small intestine as such in non-teleost fish, such as sharks, sturgeons, and lungfish. Instead, the digestive part of the gut forms a spiral intestine, connecting the stomach to the rectum. In this type of gut, the intestine itself is relatively straight but has a long fold running along the inner surface in a spiral fashion, sometimes for dozens of turns. This valve greatly increases both the surface area and the effective length of the intestine. The lining of the spiral intestine is similar to that of the small intestine in teleosts and non-mammalian tetrapods.[21]

text: In lampreys, the spiral valve is extremely small, possibly because their diet requires little digestion. Hagfish have no spiral valve at all, with digestion occurring for almost the entire length of the intestine, which is not subdivided into different regions.[21]

text: Society and culture[edit]

text: In traditional Chinese medicine, the small intestine is a yang organ.[22]

text: Additional images[edit]

text:
Small intestine in situ, greater omentum folded upwards.

Third state of the development of the intestinal canal and peritoneum, seen from in front (diagrammatic). The mode of preparation is the same as in Fig 400

Second stage of development of the intestinal canal and peritoneum, seen from in front (diagrammatic). The liver has been removed and the two layers of the ventral mesogastrium (lesser omentum) have been cut. The vessels are represented in black and the peritoneum in the reddish tint.

First stage of the development of the intestinal canal and the peritoneum, seen from the side (diagrammatic). From colon 1 the ascending and transverse colon will be formed and from colon 2 the descending and sigmoid colons and the rectum.


document_title: Taza, Son of Cochise

question_text: who played cochise in taza son of cochise

root

text: Taza, Son of Cochise

text: Plot[edit]

text: Three years after the end of the Apache Wars, peacemaking chief Cochise dies. His elder son Taza (Rock Hudson) shares his ideas, but brother Naiche (Bart Roberts) yearns for war...and for Taza's betrothed, Oona (Barbara Rush). Naiche loses no time in starting trouble which, thanks to a bigoted cavalry officer, ends with the proud Chiricahua Apaches on a reservation, where they are soon joined by the captured renegade Geronimo, who is all it takes to start a war.

tag: p

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Rock Hudson as Taza
Barbara Rush as Oona
Gregg Palmer as Capt. Burnett
Bart Roberts as Naiche
Morris Ankrum as Grey Eagle
Gene Iglesias as Chato
Richard Cutting as Cy Hegan
Ian MacDonald as Geronimo
Joe Sawyer as Sgt. Hamma
Lance Fuller as Lt. Willis
Brad Jackson as Lt. Richards
James Van Horn as Skinya
Charles Horvath as Kocha
Robert Hoy as Lobo
Barbara Burck as Mary
Dan White as Tiswin Charlie

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: It was the third time Jeff Chandler played Cochise, following Broken Arrow and The Battle at Apache Pass.[1] Parts of the film were shot in Castle Valley, Professor Valley, Sand Flats, Devil's Garden, and Arches National Park in Utah.[2]

text: Acknowledgment in end credits[edit]

text: "We gratefully acknowledge the assistance of the National Park Service of the United States Department of the Interior whose splendid cooperation made possible the photography of scenes at Arches National Monument Park."


document_title: The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)

question_text: when does episode 3 of handmaids tale come out on hulu

text: The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the near future, fertility rates collapse as a result of sexually transmitted diseases and environmental pollution.[4] With this chaos, the totalitarian, theonomic government of "Gilead" establishes rule in the former United States in the aftermath of a civil war.[5][6][7] Society is organized by power-hungry leaders along with a new, militarized, hierarchical regime of fanaticism and newly created social classes, in which women are brutally subjugated, and by law are not allowed to work, own property, handle money, or read.[7] Worldwide infertility has resulted in the conscription of the few remaining fertile women in Gilead, called "Handmaids", according to an extremist interpretation of the Biblical account of Bilhah.[7] They are assigned to the homes of the ruling elite, where they must submit to ritualized rape by their male masters in order to become pregnant and bear children for those men and their wives.

text: Alongside the red-clad Handmaids, much of society is now grouped into classes that dictate their freedoms and duties. Women are divided into a small range of social categories, each one signified by a similarly-styled plain dress in a specific color: Handmaids wear red, Marthas (who are housekeepers and cooks, named after the biblical figure) wear green, and Wives (who are expected to run their households) wear blue. Econowives, the lower-class women who still have minimal agency, are a sort of mixture of all these categories, and they wear gray (a departure from the book in which Econowives wear clothing striped with the aforementioned colors). Women prisoners are called Unwomen and are worked to death clearing toxic waste in the Colonies. Another class of women, Aunts (who train and oversee the Handmaids), wear brown. Additionally, the Eyes are a secret police watching over the general populace for signs of rebellion, Hunters track down people attempting to flee the country, and Jezebels are prostitutes in secret brothels catering to the elite ruling class.

text: June Osborne, renamed Offred (Elisabeth Moss), is the Handmaid assigned to the home of the Gileadan Commander Fred Waterford (Joseph Fiennes) and his wife Serena Joy (Yvonne Strahovski). Offred is subject to strict rules and constant scrutiny; an improper word or deed on her part can lead to brutal punishment. Offred, who is named after her male master ("Of Fred") like all Handmaids, can remember the "time before", when she was married and had a daughter, a job, a bank account, and her own name and identity, but all she can safely do now is follow the rules of Gilead in hopes that she can someday live free again and be reunited with her daughter. The Waterfords, key players in the rise of Gilead, have their own conflicts with the realities of the society they have helped create.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Elisabeth Moss as June Osborne / Offred, a woman who was captured while attempting to escape to Canada with her husband, Luke, and daughter, Hannah. Due to her fertility, she is made a Handmaid to Commander Fred Waterford and his wife, Serena Joy, and is named "Offred".
Joseph Fiennes as Commander Fred Waterford, a high-ranking government official and June's master. Both he and his wife played an instrumental role in Gilead's founding. He wishes to have more contact with June outside of what is lawful between a Handmaid and her master, and starts inviting her to play nightly games of Scrabble.
Yvonne Strahovski as Serena Joy Waterford, Fred's wife and a former conservative cultural activist. She appears to have accepted her new role in a society that she helped create. She is poised and deeply religious, but capable of great cruelty and is often callous to June. She is desperate to become a mother.
Alexis Bledel as Emily / Ofglen / Ofsteven, June's shopping partner. Although June is initially wary of her, it is revealed Ofglen is not as pious as she seems, and the two become friends. Ofglen had a wife and son, and was a university lecturer in cellular biology. Being homosexual is punishable by death in Gilead, and most university professors are sent to labour camps, but Ofglen was spared and made a Handmaid, due to her fertility. She is later captured and punished for her relationship with a Martha, and is sent to another household where she becomes "Ofsteven". She is involved with a resistance movement called "Mayday".
Madeline Brewer as Janine / Ofwarren / Ofdaniel, a Handmaid who entered the Red Center for training at the same time as June and considers June a friend due to her kind treatment. Initially non-compliant, Janine's right eye is removed as a punishment. She becomes mentally unstable due to her treatment and often behaves in temperamental or childlike ways. She gives birth to a child for Warren and Naomi Putnam, whom they name "Angela", but Janine insists the baby's name is "Charlotte". Janine is later reassigned and becomes "Ofdaniel". She was temporarily assigned to the Colonies until a bombing at the new Rachel and Leah Center.
Ann Dowd as Aunt Lydia, a woman in charge of overseeing the Handmaids in their reeducation and duties. She is brutal and subjects insubordinate Handmaids to harsh physical punishment, but she also cares for her charges and believes deeply in the Gileadean mission and doctrine. She appears to have a soft spot for Janine, and even goes so far as to address her by her given name on occasion. Showrunner Miller has suggested that Aunt Lydia was a schoolteacher before Gilead, and Dowd has said this, and her own upbringing as a student at Catholic schools, informs her performance.[8]
O. T. Fagbenle as Lucas "Luke" Bankole, June's husband from before Gilead. Because he and June began their relationship before his divorce from his first wife, their union is considered invalid in the new society. June is considered an adulteress and their daughter, Hannah, is considered illegitimate. Initially, June believes he has been killed, but it is later revealed Luke managed to escape to Canada.
Max Minghella as Nick Blaine, Commander Waterford's driver and a former drifter from Michigan who has feelings for June. June and Nick develop an intimate relationship and she eventually discovers that he is an Eye, a spy for Gilead.
Samira Wiley as Moira / Ruby, June's best friend since college. She is already at the Red Center when June enters Handmaid training but escapes before being assigned to a home. She is recaptured and becomes "Ruby", a Jezebel. She seems to have given up hope of ever being free, but on meeting June again regains the conviction to escape.
Amanda Brugel as Rita, a Martha at the Waterford home. She had a son who died fighting in the civil war when he was 19 years old.[9]

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Ever Carradine as Naomi Putnam, Commander Warren Putnam's wife. She views her baby largely as a status symbol and has no sympathy for the Handmaids.
Tattiawna Jones as Lillie Fuller / Ofglen No. 2, who replaces Emily in the position after Emily is captured by the Eyes. She initially follows the rules and does not wish to upset the status quo, but this is because she believes her life as a Handmaid is better than the difficult, impoverished life she led prior to Gilead, rather than out of religious piety.
Nina Kiri as Alma / Ofrobert, another Handmaid who trained at the Red Center with June, Moira, and Janine. She is frank and chatty, and often trades gossip and news with June. She is also involved with Mayday and becomes June's first contact with the resistance group.
Jenessa Grant as Dolores / Ofsamuel, a local Handmaid with a friendly and talkative nature.
Bahia Watson as Brianna / Oferic, another local Handmaid who is friends with June.
Jordana Blake as Hannah Bankole, June and Luke's daughter.
Erin Way as Erin, a young mute woman who was being trained to become a Handmaid but managed to escape to Canada.[10]
Sydney Sweeney as Eden Spencer (season 2), a pious and obedient girl who dreams of one day being a Commander's wife.[11]
Bradley Whitford as Commander Joseph Lawrence (season 2), the architect of Gilead's economy, who is gruff and intimidating, with a disheveled mad genius vibe. His sly humor and flashes of kindness make him a confusing, mysterious presence for his newest Handmaid.[12]
Greg Bryk as Commander Ray Cushing (season 2)
Rohan Mead as Isaac (season 2), a Guardian assigned to the Waterford home.

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Kristen Gutoskie as Beth (season 1), a Martha at Jezebel's. She has an arrangement with Nick whereby she trades illegal alcohol and other contraband for drugs, which the Jezebels use. She has a casual sexual relationship with him and is aware that he is an Eye.
Marisa Tomei as Mrs. O'Conner (season 2), a Commander's wife who is sent to the colonies as punishment for having sex with another man.[13]
Cherry Jones as Holly Maddox (season 2), June's mother, an outspoken feminist.[14]
Clea DuVall as Sylvia (season 2), Emily's wife.[15]
Yahya Abdul-Mateen II as Omar (season 2) a man who helps June attempt to escape.
John Carroll Lynch as Dan (season 2), Emily's boss at the university where she worked.
Kelly Jenrette as Annie (season 2), Luke's ex-wife.
Rebecca Rittenhouse as Odette (season 2), a Doctor and Moira's fiancee.
Sam Jaeger as Mark Tuello (season 2), a mysterious stranger who Serena encounters in Canada.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally released

First released
Last released

1
10
April 26, 2017 (2017-04-26)
June 14, 2017 (2017-06-14)

2
13[16]
April 25, 2018 (2018-04-25)
July 11, 2018 (2018-07-11)[16]

tag: table

text: Season 1 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Teleplay by
Original release date

1
1
"Offred"
Reed Morano
Bruce Miller
April 26, 2017 (2017-04-26)

A family is pursued by a group of armed men. The woman is caught, and separated from her young daughter and husband as shots are fired in the distance. She is now known as Offred, the Handmaid to Commander Fred Waterford. While walking with another Handmaid, Ofglen, they pass by a wall on which men have been hanged for crimes such as being gay, working in an abortion clinic, and being a Catholic priest.[17] In a flashback, various women are indoctrinated into their Handmaid roles by Aunt Lydia, and Offred notices Moira, a woman she knew in college. Handmaid Janine taunts Aunt Lydia and is shocked with a cattle prod, later her right eye is removed as punishment. In the present, Commander Waterford tries to impregnate Offred during "the Ceremony" as she lies in the lap of his wife, Serena Joy. The next day, the Handmaids are encouraged to beat a man to death after Lydia announces he raped a pregnant Handmaid. Janine tells Offred that her friend Moira is dead. On the way home, Ofglen tells Offred that she had a wife and son, and warns her there is an Eye in the Waterford house. Offred affirms to herself that her true name is June and that she intends to survive to find her daughter.

2
2
"Birth Day"
Reed Morano
Bruce Miller
April 26, 2017 (2017-04-26)

Offred and Ofglen go shopping, and they reveal more personal information about themselves to each other. While they are walking, they see St. Paul Catholic Church, their local church, being destroyed by the new régime.[18][17] Ofglen tells Offred that the régime also bulldozed St. Patrick's Cathedral in Manhattan to try to "erase" the fact that it ever existed. When Offred asks how Ofglen knows this information, she reveals that she is part of a resistance movement against the government, but Offred declines to join.[19] Commander Waterford's driver, Nick, tells Offred that the Commander wants to see her alone later that night, which is forbidden, and warns her that Ofglen is dangerous. Offred and other Handmaids visit a home to witness the birth of Ofwarren (Janine)'s child, named Angela by the Puttnams, but Charlotte by Ofwarren. In flashbacks, June (Offred) remembers the birth of her and Luke's daughter, Hannah. At that time healthy births were already rare, and a woman who tried to kidnap baby Hannah was arrested. Warily, Offred goes to the Commander's office, but he just wants to play Scrabble, to her relief. The next day, when Offred prepares to tell Ofglen what happened that night, a different woman introduces herself as Ofglen.

3
3
"Late"
Reed Morano
Bruce Miller
April 26, 2017 (2017-04-26)

In flashbacks, the rise of Gilead is detailed. June and all the other women at her office were fired, and the government froze women's bank accounts and ruled they could no longer own property. In the present, Serena takes Offred to see Ofwarren and the baby, and Offred fears Ofwarren is delusional. Back home, Offred is interrogated by an Eye and Aunt Lydia about her knowledge of Ofglen. Offred eventually reveals she knew Ofglen was gay and for this, Aunt Lydia shocks Offred with a cattle prod. Before she can leave the room, Offred quotes one of the Beatitudes from the Bible, which would have earned her a much more serious beating, but Serena intervenes, believing that Offred is pregnant. When Offred later tells Serena that she's not pregnant, Serena angrily locks her in her room. In a flashback, June and Moira attend a protest against the new laws amidst automatic gunfire and explosives. In the present, Ofglen and the Martha she's in a relationship with are charged with "gender treachery". The fertile Ofglen receives a lesser sentence, but the Martha is executed by hanging as Ofglen watches, sobbing and horrified. Later, Ofglen (now referred to by her "old" name, Emily), to her grief and anger, undergoes female genital mutilation surgery as explained by Aunt Lydia.

4
4
"Nolite Te Bastardes Carborundorum"
Mike Barker
Leila Gerstein
May 3, 2017 (2017-05-03)

Banished to her room, Offred retreats to her closet where she finds what appears to be a Latin phrase, Nolite Te Bastardes Carborundorum, scratched discreetly into the wall. When Rita, the Commander's housekeeper, finds Offred lying on the closet floor, Offred tells her that she fainted. Serena then has Offred sent to the hospital for a check-up. During the examination the physician remarks that the Commander is most likely sterile, as is common. He offers to personally impregnate her but she declines. In flashbacks, Aunt Lydia teaches the Handmaids about The Ceremony in which a Commander endeavours to fertilize a Handmaid. Later, June and Moira assault Aunt Elizabeth, and Moira takes Elizabeth's outfit. June and Moira plan to escape via train to Boston, which has safe houses. Moira manages to catch the train without June, who lets Moira know it's okay. June is later caught and punished by having her feet whipped. Commander Waterford has an unsuccessful Ceremony night with Offred, but later that night, they have another game of Scrabble. She asks him about the Latin phrase, and he tells her it means, Don't let the bastards grind you down. When she inquires about the previous Offred, he tells her that she committed suicide because life was unbearable. He then releases Offred from her solitary confinement.

5
5
"Faithful"
Mike Barker
Dorothy Fortenberry
May 10, 2017 (2017-05-10)

Serena suggests to Offred that she have sex with Nick in case Commander Waterford is sterile. Later that day, Serena leads Offred up to Nick's room and waits by the door while Offred and Nick have detached sex. Flashbacks detail Luke and June's first meeting and courtship. At the grocery store, Offred talks to the original Ofglen, now called Ofsteven, but Ofsteven is not as responsive as she used to be. During a Ceremony night, the Commander touches Offred's thigh, which she later tells him never to do again. In their ensuing conversation, the Commander admits that while they thought they were building a better world, they knew that "better never means better for everyone." Nick reveals to Offred that he is indeed an Eye. At an open-air market, Offred questions Ofsteven about the resistance group called Mayday. Ofsteven jumps behind the steering wheel of a security car and drives erratically around the plaza. She hits a guard, and is caught and put into a black van. Offred returns to Nick's coach house alone, and they have passionate sex.

6
6
"A Woman's Place"
Floria Sigismondi
Wendy Straker Hauser
May 17, 2017 (2017-05-17)

Mexican trade delegates visit the Commander's home to evaluate the effects of the Gilead cultural movement. The female head of the delegation questions Offred about her experience, but she lies, saying that she is happy. Offred visits the Commander's office later, but there is tension. She reluctantly obeys his demand to kiss him, but ferociously brushes her teeth afterward. The Handmaids and children are then taken to a function to demonstrate Gilead's success. Offred's friend remarks that the delegates are only interested in fertile women. The next day, as the delegates are leaving, Offred tells them the brutal truth about Gilead. She pleads for their help, but in response, the Mexican ambassador explains her own country's dire situation. However, the ambassador's assistant quietly claims June's husband is alive and that he can deliver a message to Luke. A flashback details Serena and Fred's life at the beginnings of the Gilead movement when Serena was a conservative cultural activist with passion and intelligence equal to her husband's. Serena Joy wrote a book about her beliefs, titled A Woman's Place. However, after the takeover, she is completely shut out of the new government planning and accepts her new limited role in the society she helped create. A copy of her book is seen being thrown out with the trash.

7
7
"The Other Side"
Floria Sigismondi
Lynn Renee Maxcy
May 24, 2017 (2017-05-24)

A flashback chronicles Luke's story after he becomes separated from his wife and daughter. Luke is shot by Gileadan guards, but he escapes when the ambulance crashes, and he takes some medical supplies. He reaches a small abandoned town and, after passing out from his wounds, is rescued by a resistance group traveling to Canada. These survivors included a Roman Catholic nun, a seemingly mute escaped Handmaid, a homosexual man, and a daughter of a US Army soldier.[20] Initially reluctant, Luke joins them after one of the survivors, Zoe, shows him that Gileadan authorities hung townspeople from the rafters of their church for resisting.[21][22] As they board a boat, Gileadan guards open fire, killing several members of the group, but Luke and Erin, the escaped Handmaid, survive. A further flashback shows Luke, June, and their daughter Hannah before they were separated. June and Luke are helped by Mr. Whitford, a man who knew June's mother. He leaves them at a secluded cabin in the woods while he arranges documentation for them to escape to Canada. Later, a local hunter tells them Whitford has been caught and hanged, but the hunter helps them cross the border. Three years later, in the present, Luke and Erin live safely in "Little America", based in Toronto, Ontario. While in the main administrative office, Luke receives the letter from June, which reads "I love you so much. Save Hannah."

8
8
"Jezebels"
Kate Dennis
Kira Snyder
May 31, 2017 (2017-05-31)

Commander Waterford gifts Offred with makeup and a dress as he is taking her out for the night. Nick drives them to Boston to an underground brothel, where prostitutes (known as "Jezebels") work. Offred spots Moira working in the club, and they briefly reunite. Nick trades drugs and pregnancy tests for alcohol with one of the brothel's Marthas. Offred goes to see Moira again, and she explains to Offred how Quakers tried to help her escape but were caught.[23][24] Moira had the choice of being sent either to the colonies or one of the brothels.[24] Moira tells Offred, "Forget about escaping. This is Gilead. No one gets out." Offred reveals to Moira that she knows Luke is alive. Flashbacks detail how Nick got involved with the Gilead movement and how he became an Eye after reporting a Commander for breaking protocol with his Handmaids. There are other flashbacks to the suicide of the previous Offred, with Serena pointedly saying to her husband, "What did you think was going to happen?" In the present, after Nick drives Waterford and Offred home, he ends his relationship with Offred, which upsets and angers her. Offred receives a gift from Serena, a music box. The episode closes with Offred etching "You are not alone" into the closet wall.

9
9
"The Bridge"
Kate Dennis
Eric Tuchman
June 7, 2017 (2017-06-07)

Ofwarren's daughter is handed over to Commander Putnam and his wife, and Ofwarren is transferred to another couple and renamed Ofdaniel. However, Offred is worried about Ofwarren/Ofdaniel's mental state. During the first Ceremony night with her new Commander, Ofdaniel forcefully stops it. At the market, Alma pulls Offred aside, tells her that she is involved with the resistance group Mayday, and requests that Offred retrieve a package from the bar at Jezebel's. Offred convinces Waterford to take her to Jezebel's again that night. After Offred and Waterford have sex in their room, Waterford presents Moira, as he believes they have a sexual attraction. Offred asks Moira to retrieve the package, but she refuses, seemingly resigned to her fate. The next day Offred is taken to a bridge where Ofdaniel is standing on the edge with baby Charlotte, while Gileadan guards, the Putnams, the Waterfords, and Aunt Lydia stand fearfully by. Ofdaniel shouts that Commander Putnam promised to leave his wife for her. Offred convinces Ofdaniel to give her the child, and Ofdaniel then jumps into the icy water below. Later, while Ofdaniel lies comatose in hospital, Commander Putnam is led away by guards. When Serena Joy tries to offer comfort to Mrs. Putnam, she reminds Serena of the first Offred's fate, causing Serena to doubt her husband's loyalty. At the market, Offred is given a package by the butcher, sent by Moira from Jezebel's. At the brothel, Moira kills a client and takes his clothes, then jubilantly drives off in his car.

10
10
"Night"
Kari Skogland
Bruce Miller
June 14, 2017 (2017-06-14)

A flashback shows June's capture and indoctrination by Aunt Lydia at the Red Center. After Serena discovers Fred's trips to Jezebel's, she slaps Offred hard and forces her to take a pregnancy test. It is positive. Serena then angrily accuses her husband, telling him the child is not his. Upon learning the news, Nick shares a brief, tender moment with Offred. Serena takes Offred to where Hannah now lives, but Offred is kept in the car, and unable to attract her daughter's attention. Serena warns Offred that Hannah will be cared for as long as the unborn child is safe. Fred participates in Commander Putnam's trial advocating leniency, but Mrs. Putnam wants the harshest punishment possible, and ultimately Putnam's left arm is amputated at the elbow. The package from Jezebel's contains letters from women who have lost family members and been enslaved in the Gilead takeover. Later, an emotional Aunt Lydia gathers the Handmaids for the execution of Janine/Ofdaniel. The Handmaids hesitate, and Ofglen No. 2 is brutally beaten when she voices her angry refusal. Offred, then the other Handmaids, drop their stones. The guards prepare to kill them all, but Aunt Lydia saves them, although assuring them that there will be consequences. Not long afterward, a black van comes for Offred. Nick urges her to trust him and go with them. Offred's transfer is unusual, as neither of the Waterfords have any idea this would be happening. As Offred leaves, she whispers to Rita where to find the hidden letters. In a side story, Moira reaches Canada and is reunited with Luke.

text: Season 2 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Teleplay by
Original release date

11
1
"June"
Mike Barker
Bruce Miller
April 25, 2018 (2018-04-25)

Offred and other handmaids are taken to Fenway Park where they are made to believe they will be hanged, but it turns out to be a ruse to frighten them. During another punishment, Offred is freed after Aunt Lydia is told of her pregnancy. When she rejects a meal Aunt Lydia gives her, she is shown a pregnant handmaid, Ofwyatt, chained in a prison room due to her attempt to kill herself with drain cleaner. Offred agrees to eat, and during her meal Aunt Lydia, who had told her that her friends would be punished for their disobedience but her pregnancy would mean that she would be exempted, brings the other handmaids into the room, and one by one they are burned with a gas flame. Later, Offred is at a pregnancy check-up, where she is visited by Fred and Serena, but afterwards finds a key in one of her boots, which she uses to escape to a van parked underneath the hospital. The van drops her off to a safe house in Back Bay where she meets Nick, while Fred authorizes a highly resourced search for her. He tells her to change out of her handmaid outfit, and to cut her hair. After stripping off her handmaid's dress, she burns it, before cutting the red cattle tag out of her ear. In flashbacks throughout the episode, Hannah is admitted to the hospital for having a fever while in school; June is questioned by one of the hospital workers about giving Hannah medication to bypass the school's fever policy, as well as questioning June and Luke's fitness as parents. Later, they arrive home to a news story about the Capitol Building and the White House being attacked.

12
2
"Unwomen"
Mike Barker
Bruce Miller
April 25, 2018 (2018-04-25)

June has been transported to the former headquarters of The Boston Globe, another safe place arranged by Mayday.[25] Emily has been taken to the Colonies, where disobedient and lower-class infertile women ("unwomen") are forced to dig on highly toxic land.[26] Many of the unwomen are falling sick, and Emily is doing what she can to help them. A commander's wife arrives at the Colonies and is not welcomed by the unwomen: Emily befriends her and finds that she was taken to the colonies for committing a "sin of the flesh". Emily gives her tablets that turn out to be poison, which leads to her death. Emily blames her for "holding a woman down while her husband rapes her".[25] The unwomen are warned that there will be consequences for this death. Janine arrives at the Colonies, where she is briefly greeted by Emily. Nick visits June and she gets upset when he tells her she needs to wait for several weeks before she can leave because everyone is looking for her. Nick ends up giving her the keys to a car and a gun but she decides to stay, and they have sex. In a flashback, after the attack on the Capitol Building and the White House, Emily is told by her boss, Professor Dan, that she will not be teaching the following semester at the university, giving her a lower profile to avoid attracting criticism for her sexual orientation. Professor Dan is later seen hanged at the university with the word "faggot" spray painted underneath him. While Emily, along with her wife Sylvia and son Oliver, attempt to emigrate to Canada, she is unable to leave the country because their same-sex marriage is no longer recognized, and it becomes known that she is the biological mother of Oliver. June makes a memorial for The Boston Globe employees who were executed at the newspaper's former headquarters and prays to God to send an angel to watch over it.[25]

13
3
"Baggage"
Kari Skogland
Dorothy Fortenberry
May 2, 2018 (2018-05-02)

Having spent two months at The Boston Globe offices, June has found evidence in their archives of the early emergence of the Gilead movement. Nick visits occasionally. She is abruptly moved to a place where she meets Omar, who tells her he is bringing her to another safe house near an airstrip to fly to Canada. He receives a message that the safe house has been compromised, and tries to leave without her, but she stands in front of his van to make him take her. He takes her to his apartment, where she meets his wife, Heather, and their son, Adam. Left alone when his family goes to church, June finds a hidden Qur'an and prayer rug under the bedsprings; Omar and his family do not return. She dons Heather's Econowife outfit and gets out of the apartment, blending in with other Econowives. After a train ride, June runs into the woods. She realizes she has no way of rescuing Hannah and advances to the airstrip that Omar had told her of; however, the plane is intercepted before take-off, the pilot is executed, and June and another fugitive are apprehended by the Guardians. Meanwhile, Moira, now living with Luke and Erin (who is no longer mute) in Canada, gives a tour to a new co-worker but he has a breakdown, traumatized by what he did as a Guardian. In a flashback, June as a child is taken to a Take Back the Night rally by her mother, Holly. When she grew up, Holly was disappointed at June's career choices and plan to marry Luke, hoping that she would have been an activist. Moira and June learned during their training at the Red Center that Holly had been declared an Unwoman and was sent to the Colonies to be worked to death.

14
4
"Other Women"
Kari Skogland
Yahlin Chang
May 9, 2018 (2018-05-09)

June is taken back and chained in a room where Aunt Lydia explains that if she must choose between this imprisonment, followed by execution after the birth of her child, and return as a handmaid to the Waterfords. She chooses the latter and is under close supervision from Lydia. The Waterfords, who still employ Nick, publicly treat Offred's disappearance as a kidnapping, but privately Serena is furious and grabs Offred by the throat. Rita returns the letters she found and tells Offred that she will no longer be involved. A baby shower is held Serena, incorporating prayer and a ritual binding of Offred to Serena. Offred learns from Alma that Ofglen's tongue was removed for speaking up to save Ofwarren (Janine) as she was about to be stoned and that Mayday has now gone silent. Aunt Lydia takes Offred out to show her what is presumed to be Omar's hanging corpse. She tells June that Omar's wife, Heather, is now a handmaid and that their child, Adam, was given away to another family. Aunt Lydia tells Offred that this was her fault, and Offred accepts the blame. Aunt Lydia encourages June to distinguish between Offred's person and June's. In a flashback, June sees Luke's first wife Annie, who tells her that they made wedding vows before God, but Luke rejects her attempts to come between him and June; a few years later, Annie sees Luke and June in a restaurant with their child, Hannah. Offred has collapsed emotionally under the knowledge of Omar's family's fate. June prays that Hannah might forget her, and ignoring Nick, appears to be conforming to the expectations of a handmaid.

15
5
"Seeds"
Mike Barker
Kira Snyder
May 16, 2018 (2018-05-16)

Offred is very subdued, and starts to burn the letters she had been keeping for Mayday. She notices vaginal bleeding, which continues and gets worse but does not inform anyone, although Rita notices her unsteadiness. Nick notices Offred's apparent depression and lets Mrs. Waterford know about it. Mrs. Waterford becomes alarmed at Nick's interest in Offred and informs Commander Waterford, who arranges for him to be married at a Prayvaganza where loyal Guardians are issued a wife as a reward for their work. Nick's new bride, Eden, moves into his room. Nick later finds Offred unconscious and drenched in the bushes outside the Waterfords' house and she is taken to the hospital. Offred, still pregnant, promises to her baby that they both will escape Gilead. Meanwhile, in the Colonies, Janine assures Emily that God is protecting them through their struggles in Gilead, and helps to arrange a small wedding for a dying worker, officiated by another Unwoman who is a rabbi. Emily, who has begun to lose her teeth, argues with her over her faith and her wishes to bring brightness to a place that otherwise seems so bleak. When the newlywed Unwoman dies, the rabbi officiates at the burial as she is lowered into her grave in a cemetery adorned with crosses.

16
6
"First Blood"
Mike Barker
Eric Tuchman
May 23, 2018 (2018-05-23)

Offred and Serena seem to be bonding when Serena gathers several handmaids and hosts lunch in Offred's honor. Serena offers her airy sitting room to Offred to use as a bedroom and shows Offred the nursery for the baby. Offred asks to see Hannah, which angers Serena. Eden reveals to Offred that she fears Nick may be a "gender traitor" due to his reluctance to have sex with her so Offred warns him and he has sex with Eden to avoid suspicion. Fred visits Offred in secret and gives her a photograph of Hannah. Nick asks Commander Pryce to be reassigned. Ofglen goes rogue at the opening of the Rachel and Leah Center and detonates a bomb. Flashbacks show Serena promoting her book tour A Woman's Place and being verbally attacked and shot by a protester, as well as Fred's efforts in punishing those who threatened Serena.

17
7
"After"
Kari Skogland
Lynn Renee Maxcy
May 30, 2018 (2018-05-30)

Wearing mourning veils, the handmaids and aunts attend a funeral for all of the 31 handmaids who perished in the bomb blast carried out by Ofglen. Twenty-six commanders were also killed in the attack on the Rachel and Leah Center, including Commander Pryce, while others, such as Commander Waterford, were seriously injured. Following the attack, Commander Cushing takes Commander Pryce's role and tightens security in Gilead, instituting an increased number of checkpoints and having numerous civilians summarily executed. He questions Offred, asking who aided her when she tried to flee the country. Offred responds that she was kidnapped, an answer that Commander Cushing does not believe. Mrs. Waterford is alarmed at the possibility of her household being targeted, and is angry at his heavy-handed response to the bombing. She forges orders from her husband to have Commander Cushing arrested. Because so many handmaids were killed at the Rachel and Leah Center during Ofglen's attack, some fertile women are taken back from the Colonies and are made to serve as handmaids once again, including Janine and Emily. Both reunite with Offred in the grocery store, with Janine happily telling her that it was God's plan that she be rescued. Offred tells her real name, June, to Emily and another handmaid and following this, several of the handmaids whisper their real names to one another. Later, Mrs. Waterford enlists Offred's help in illicitly performing the Commander's work for him while he is in the hospital. At the refugee center, Moira looks through countless records to try to confirm whether her fiancée, Odette, has died. Through flashbacks Moira is revealed to have been a voluntary surrogate for a couple before the war. She met Odette, a doctor, during this process. In the present, Moira eventually finds photographs showing Odette was killed.

18
8
"Women's Work"
Kari Skogland
Nina Fiore & John Herrera
June 6, 2018 (2018-06-06)

Offred helps Serena to complete Fred's work while he is too ill from his bomb injuries to do so himself. Serena tells Offred that the Putnams' child, Angela (called Charlotte by Janine, who is her biological mother) is sick. Offred advocates for Janine to be able to see the baby, and Serena agrees to ask about it for the baby's sake. Naomi Putnam dislikes the idea, but she is overruled by her husband, Warren. Serena petitions Fred to allow the sick child to be seen by a Martha who, prior to the Sons of Jacob coup, was one of the nation's top neonatologists. Fred denies the request, saying that whatever happens to the child must now be left to God's will. A dismayed Serena forges Fred's signature to a written order that transfers the Martha to the hospital for a day. Aunt Lydia tells June that she will hold her personally responsible if anything goes wrong with Janine's visit to the hospital. Offred, with true concern, tells Aunt Lydia that she will hold herself responsible too. The neonatologist can find nothing physically wrong with the child, and she advises them to simply unplug the baby from all of the machines and help her to feel safe and warm. When Fred discovers that Serena forged his signature on an order to temporarily transfer the physician/Martha, he beats Serena with his belt as Offred is forced to watch. Meanwhile, Eden is working hard to please Nick, but after rearranging his garret and uncovering the bundle of handmaids' letters he is keeping safe for Offred, he becomes aggressive towards her, demanding that she never touch his belongings. The episode ends with Janine singing "I Only Want to Be with You" to her child and bouncing her as her baby gurgles happily. Janine is in a state of undress, paying tribute to the theory that skin-to-skin maternal contact can solve a variety of infant maladies.

19
9
"Smart Power"
Jeremy Podeswa
Dorothy Fortenberry
June 13, 2018 (2018-06-13)

Fred orders Serena to travel with him on a diplomatic mission to Canada, despite the baby's birth is so close,saying that outsiders need to see "a strong Gilead wife." Serena punishes Offred by telling her she'll be kicked out of the house as soon as the baby is born. Offred is disturbed to learn that she won't be permitted to nurse and then wean the baby, as is customary, but tries to hide her dismay by agreeing with Serena that they've all had enough of one another. As Serena and Fred are driven through the streets of Toronto, Serena is reminded of what normalcy used to look like in the US. The Waterfords are officially greeted by a contingent of Canadian government officials, with a gay male government official pointedly telling Fred that he used to enjoy visiting the US with "his husband." Fred then diplomatically attempts to whitewash Gilead's anti-gay stance. An aide hands Serena a schedule of activities that consists of pictures rather than words. Feeling ambivalent about all of the reminders of open society surrounding her in Toronto and embarrassed by her welcome, Serena goes to a bar and orders a glass of wine. She is soon approached by a handsome man named Mark, who reveals he's a spy working for the remnant of the US government in Hawaii. Mark offers to help Serena defect and denounce Gilead and her husband in exchange for her freedom. Serena declines even after Mark offers to arrange fertility treatment so Serena can have a baby of her own. US refugees stand in protest at the entrance to Fred and Serena's hotel. One of the protesters is Luke, who accosts the Waterfords as their limo pulls up. Luke, holding an enlarged, sign-sized photo of himself, June, and their daughter Hannah, accuses Waterford of raping his wife. Serena and Nick are visibly disquieted by the photo. Afterwards, Nick quietly finds Luke at a bar and tells him June is pregnant but safe, and gives him the bundle of letters from handmaids who are enslaved in Gilead. Luke, Moira, and Erin release the letters on the Web, causing a huge public outcry that prompts the Canadians to cancel the summit. At the airport, as the Waterfords are surrounded by more protesters, Moira angrily bangs on the Waterfords' car and holds up a sign that says "My name is Moira." Fred learns that Moira (who he knew as "Ruby" at Jezebel's) successfully escaped from Gilead. Offred pleads with Rita, and then with Aunt Lydia, to protect the child from the Waterfords after Offred is expelled from the house. Offred is able to extract a somewhat grudging promise to do so from Rita and a tearful promise to do so from Aunt Lydia. Serena burns the Hawaiian tiki bar matches Mark gave her to remind her that a United States still exists beyond the borders of Gilead, with some apparent regret. Meanwhile, Nick gives Offred news of Luke and Moira, which lifts her spirits and reignites her will to fight.

20
10
"The Last Ceremony"[27]
TBA
TBA
June 20, 2018 (2018-06-20)

text: Production[edit]

text: A straight-to-series order by Hulu of The Handmaid's Tale was announced in April 2016, with Elisabeth Moss set to star.[28] Based on the 1985 novel of the same name by Margaret Atwood, the series was created by Bruce Miller, who is also an executive producer with Daniel Wilson, Fran Sears, and Warren Littlefield.[28] Atwood serves as consulting producer, giving feedback on some of the areas where the series expands upon or modernizes the book.[28][29] She also played a small cameo role in the first episode.[30] Moss is also a producer.[31] In June 2016, Reed Morano was announced as director of the series.[32] Samira Wiley, Max Minghella, and Ann Dowd joined the cast in July 2016.[33][34][35] Joseph Fiennes, Madeline Brewer, and Yvonne Strahovski were cast in August 2016,[36][37][38] followed by O. T. Fagbenle and Amanda Brugel in September 2016.[39][40] In October 2016, Ever Carradine joined the cast,[41] and Alexis Bledel was added in January 2017.[42]

text: Filming on the series took place in Toronto, Mississauga, Hamilton, Oakville, and Cambridge, Ontario, from September 2016 to February 2017.[43][44] The first full trailer of the TV series was released by Hulu on YouTube on March 23, 2017.[45] The series premiered on April 26, 2017.[46]

text: On May 3, 2017, The Handmaid's Tale was renewed for a second season to premiere in 2018.[47] Moss told the news media that the subsequent episodes would cover further developments in the story, filling in some of the unanswered questions and continuing the narrative already "finished" in the book.[48] The second season consists of 13 episodes and began filming in fall 2017. Alexis Bledel returned as a series regular.[49] Showrunner Bruce Miller stated that he envisioned 10 seasons of the show, stating, "Well, you know, honestly, when I started, I tried to game out in my head what would ten seasons be like? If you hit a home run, you want energy to go around the bases, you want enough story to keep going, if you can hook the audience to care about these people enough that they're actually crying at the finale."[50]

text: Broadcast and release[edit]

text: The first three episodes of the series premiered on April 26, 2017; the subsequent seven episodes were released on a weekly basis.[46][51] In Canada, the series is broadcast by Bravo; the first two episodes premiered on April 30, 2017.[52] In Scandinavia, the series is available on HBO Nordic.[53] In the United Kingdom, the series premiered on May 28, 2017, on Channel 4.[54] In Ireland, the series premiered on February 5, 2018 on RTÉ2, with a showing of the first two episodes.[55] RTÉ also became the first broadcaster in Europe to debut Season 2 following its broadcast in the US and Canada.[56]

text: In New Zealand, the series was released on the subscription video on demand service Lightbox on June 8, 2017.[57] In Australia, the series premiered on the TV channel SBS's video streaming service SBS on Demand, on July 6, 2017.[58]

text: The first season was released on Blu-ray and DVD on March 13, 2018.[59]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text:
Season
Critical response

Rotten Tomatoes
Metacritic

1
95% (106 reviews)
92 (41 reviews)

2
94% (69 reviews)
86 (28 reviews)

text: Season 1[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the first season has an approval rating of 95% based on 106 reviews, with an average rating of 8.7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Haunting and vivid, The Handmaid's Tale is an endlessly engrossing adaptation of Margaret Atwood's dystopian novel that's anchored by a terrific central performance from Elisabeth Moss."[60] On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 92 out of 100 based on 41 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[61]

text: Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter called it "probably the spring's best new show".[62] Jen Chaney of Vulture gave it a highly positive review, and wrote that it is "A faithful adaptation of the book that also brings new layers to Atwood's totalitarian, sexist world of forced surrogate motherhood" and that "this series is meticulously paced, brutal, visually stunning, and so suspenseful from moment to moment that only at the end of each hour will you feel fully at liberty to exhale".[63]

text: There was much debate on whether parallels could be drawn between the series (and by extension, the book it is based on) and American society following Donald Trump and Mike Pence's elections as President and Vice President of the United States, respectively. [64] [65] A comparison has also been made to the Salafi/Wahabbi extremism of ISIL, under which enslaved women of religious minorities are passed around and utilized as sex objects and vessels to bear new jihadis.[66][67]

text: Season 2[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the second season has an approval rating of 94% based on 69 reviews, with an average rating of 8.35/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Beautifully shot but dishearteningly relevant, The Handmaid's Tale centers its sophomore season tightly around its compelling cast of characters, making room for broader social commentary through more intimate lenses."[68] On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 86 out of 100 based on 28 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[69]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

2017
Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Drama Series
Bruce Miller, Warren Littlefield, Daniel Wilson, Fran Sears, Ilene Chaiken, Sheila Hockin, Eric Tuchman, Frank Siracusa, John Weber, Kira Snyder, Elisabeth Moss, Joseph Boccia, and Leila Gerstein
Won
[70]

Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series
Elisabeth Moss (for "Night")
Won

Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series
Ann Dowd (for "Offred")
Won

Samira Wiley (for "Night")
Nominated

Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series
Reed Morano (for "Offred")
Won

Kate Dennis (for "The Bridge")
Nominated

Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series
Bruce Miller (for "Offred")
Won

Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards
Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series
Alexis Bledel (for "Late")
Won

Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series
Russell Scott, Sharon Bialy, and Sherry Thomas
Nominated

Outstanding Cinematography for a Single-Camera Series (One Hour)
Colin Watkinson (for "Offred")
Won

Outstanding Period/Fantasy Costumes for a Series, Limited Series, or Movie
Ane Crabtree and Sheena Wichary (for "Offred")
Nominated

Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Contemporary or Fantasy Program (One Hour or More)
Julie Berghoff, Evan Webber, and Sophie Neudorfer (for "Offred")
Won

Outstanding Special Visual Effects in a Supporting Role
Brendan Taylor, Stephen Lebed, Leo Bovell, Martin O'Brien, Winston Lee, Kelly Knauff, Zach Dembinski, Mike Suta, and Cameron Kerr (for "Birth Day")
Nominated

Peabody Award
Entertainment, children's and youth honoree
The Handmaid's Tale
Won
[71]

Gold Derby TV Awards
Drama Series
The Handmaid's Tale
Nominated
[72]

Drama Actress
Elisabeth Moss
Won

Drama Guest Actress
Alexis Bledel
Won

TCA Awards
Program of the Year
The Handmaid's Tale
Won
[73]

Outstanding Achievement in Drama
Won

Outstanding New Program
Nominated

Individual Achievement in Drama
Elisabeth Moss
Nominated

American Film Institute Awards
Top 10 TV Programs of the Year
The Handmaid's Tale
Won
[74]

2018
American Cinema Editors Awards
Best Edited Drama Series for Non-Commercial Television
Julian Clarke and Wendy Hallam Martin (for "Offred")
Won
[75]

Art Directors Guild Awards
One-Hour Contemporary Single-Camera Television Series
Julie Berghoff (for "Offred", "Birth Day", "Nolite Te Bastardes Carborundorum")
Won
[76]

Andrew Stearn (for "The Bridge")
Nominated

Casting Society of America
Television Pilot and First Season – Drama
Sharon Bialy, Sherry Thomas, Russell Scott, Robin D. Cook, and Jonathan Oliveira
Won
[77]

Cinema Audio Society Awards
Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Television Series – One Hour
John J. Thomson, Lou Solakofski, Joe Morrow, and Don White (for "Offred")
Nominated
[78]

Costume Designers Guild Awards
Excellence in Contemporary Television Series
Ane Crabtree
Won
[79]

Critics' Choice Television Awards
Best Drama Series
The Handmaid's Tale
Won
[80]

Best Actress in a Drama Series
Elisabeth Moss
Won

Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series
Ann Dowd
Won

Directors Guild of America Awards
Outstanding Directorial Achievement for a Drama Series
Reed Morano (for "Offred")
Won
[81]

Golden Globe Awards
Best Television Series – Drama
The Handmaid's Tale
Won
[82]

Best Actress – Television Series Drama
Elisabeth Moss
Won

Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film
Ann Dowd
Nominated

Location Managers Guild Awards
Outstanding Locations in Contemporary Television
John Musikka and Geoffrey Smither
Nominated
[83]

Producers Guild of America Awards
Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television, Drama
The Handmaid's Tale
Won
[84]

Satellite Awards
Best Drama Series
The Handmaid's Tale
Nominated
[85]

Best Actress in a Drama / Genre Series
Elisabeth Moss
Won

Best Supporting Actress in a Series, Miniseries or TV Film
Ann Dowd
Won

Saturn Awards
Best New Media Television Series
The Handmaid's Tale
Pending
[86]

Screen Actors Guild Awards
Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series
Madeline Brewer, Amanda Brugel, Ann Dowd, O. T. Fagbenle, Joseph Fiennes, Tattiawna Jones, Max Minghella, Elisabeth Moss, Yvonne Strahovski, and Samira Wiley
Nominated
[87]

Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series
Elisabeth Moss
Nominated

USC Scripter Awards
Best Adapted TV Screenplay
Bruce Miller and Margaret Atwood (for "Offred")
Won
[88]

Writers Guild of America Awards
Dramatic Series
Ilene Chaiken, Nina Fiore, Dorothy Fortenberry, Leila Gerstein, John Herrera, Lynn Maxcy, Bruce Miller, Kira Snyder, Wendy Straker Hauser, and Eric Tuchman
Won
[89]

New Series
Won


document_title: Trade and use of saffron

question_text: which country tops the world in the production of saffron

text: Trade and use of saffron

text: Modern trade[edit]

text:
Producing regions:

  major

  minor

Producing nations:

  major

  minor

Trading centres:

  present

  past

text: Producers[edit]

text: Almost all saffron grows in a belt bounded by the Mediterranean in the west and mountainous Kashmir in the east. All other continents except Antarctica produce smaller amounts. In 1991, Some 300 t (300,000 kg) of whole threads and powder are gleaned yearly,[9] of which 50 t (50,000 kg) is top-grade "coupe" saffron.[10] Iran is by far the world's most important producer: in 2005 it grossed some 230 tonnes (230,000 kg) of dry threads, or 93.7 percent of the year's global total mass; much of the Iranian crop was bound for export.[8] In the same year, second-ranked Greece produced 5.7 t (5,700.0 kg). Morocco and India Most of the region's saffron is grown in the more climatically suitable "Vale of Kashmir", which is administered in Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir; region of Kashmir, tied as the next-highest producers, each produced 2.3 t (2,300.0 kg).[8] In decreasing order, Iran, Greece, Morocco, the Kashmir region in India, Azerbaijan, Spain, and Italy dominate the world harvest.

text: In Iran, the world's leading producer, the erstwhile and northeasterly Khorasan Province, which in 2004 was divided in three, grows 95 percent of Iranian saffron: the hinterlands of Birjand, Ghayen, Ferdows in South Khorasan Province, along with areas abutting Gonabad and Torbat-e Heydarieh in Razavi Khorasan Province, are its key cropping areas.[11] Afghanistan has resumed cultivation in recent years; in restive Kashmir it has waned.[12] Despite numerous cultivation efforts in such countries as Austria, England, Germany, and Switzerland, only select locales continue the harvest in northern and central Europe. Among these is the small Swiss village of Mund, in the Valais canton, whose annual saffron output amounts to several kilograms.[9] Microscale cultivation occurs in Tasmania,[13] China, Egypt, France, Israel, Mexico, New Zealand, Turkey (especially Safranbolu), California, and Central Africa.[5][14]

text: Price[edit]

text: Factors determining costs[edit]

text: The high cost of saffron is due to the difficulty of manually extracting large numbers of minute stigmas, which are the only part of the crocus with the desired aroma and flavour. An exorbitant number of flowers need to be processed in order to yield marketable amounts of saffron. Obtaining 1 lb (0.45 kg) of dry saffron requires the harvesting of some 50,000 flowers, the equivalent of an association football pitch's area of cultivation, or roughly 7,140 m2 (0.714 ha).[15] By another estimate some 75,000 flowers are needed to produce one pound of dry saffron.[16] This too depends on the typical stigma size of each saffron cultivar. Another complication arises in the flowers' simultaneous and transient blooming. Since so many crocus flowers are needed to yield even derisory quantities of dry saffron, the harvest can be a frenetic affair entailing about forty hours of intense labour. In Kashmir, the thousands of growers must work continuously in relays over the span of one or two weeks throughout both day and night.[17]

text: Once extracted, the stigmas must be dried quickly, lest decomposition or mould ruin the batch's marketability. The traditional method of drying involves spreading the fresh stigmas over screens of fine mesh, which are then baked over hot coals or wood or in oven-heated rooms where temperatures reach 30–35 °C (86–95 °F) for 10–12 hours. Afterwards the dried spice is preferably sealed in airtight glass containers.[N 2][18]

text: Actual prices[edit]

text: Bulk quantities of lower-grade saffron can reach upwards of US$500 per pound; retail costs for small amounts may exceed ten times that rate. In Western countries the average retail price is approximately US$1,000 per pound.[5] Prices vary widely elsewhere, but on average tend to be lower. The high price is somewhat offset by the small quantities needed in kitchens: a few grams at most in medicinal use and a few strands, at most, in culinary applications; there are between 70,000 and 200,000 strands in a pound.

text: A price set during 2014 for Saffron grown within England was £15 for 0.2. grams, this being sold at Fortnum & Mason, and a gram priced at a value with a maximum of £75. [19]

text: Buyers[edit]

text: Experienced saffron buyers often have rules of thumb when deliberating on their purchases. They may look for threads exhibiting a vivid crimson colouring, slight moistness, and elasticity. They reject threads displaying the telltale dull brick-red colouring—indicative of old stock—and broken-off debris collected at the container's bottom, indicative of age-related brittle dryness. Such aged samples are most likely encountered around the main June harvest season, when retailers attempt to clear out the previous season's old inventory and make room for the new season's crop. Buyers recommend that only the current season's threads be used. Reputable saffron wholesalers and retailers will indicate the year of harvest or the two years that bracket the harvest date; a late 2002 harvest would thus be shown as "2002/2003".[20]

text: Culinary use[edit]

text: Saffron features in European, North African, and Asian cuisines. Its aroma is described by taste experts as resembling that of honey, with woody, hay-like, and earthy notes; according to another such assessment, it tastes of hay, but only with bitter hints. Because it imparts a luminous yellow-orange hue, it is used worldwide in everything from cheeses, confectioneries, and liquors to baked goods, curries, meat dishes, and soups. In past eras, many dishes called for prohibitively copious amounts—hardly for taste, but to parade their wealth.[21]

text: Because of its high cost saffron was often replaced by or diluted with safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) or turmeric (Curcuma longa) in cuisine. Both mimic saffron's colour well, but have distinctive flavours. Saffron is used in the confectionery and liquor industries; this is its most common use in Italy.[22] Chartreuse, izarra, and strega are types of alcoholic beverages that rely on saffron to provide a flourish of colour and flavour. The savvy often crumble and pre-soak saffron threads for several minutes prior to adding them to their dishes. They may toss threads into water or sherry and leave them to soak for approximately ten minutes. This process extracts the threads' colour and flavour into the liquid phase; powdered saffron does not require this step.[23] The soaking solution is then added to the hot cooking dish, allowing even colour and flavour distribution, which is critical in preparing baked goods or thick sauces.[21]

text:
Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/module on

Saffron

text: Threads are a popular condiment for rice in Spain and Iran, India and Pakistan, and other countries. Two examples of such saffron rice is the zarzuela fish-seafood stew and paella valenciana, a piquant rice-meat preparation. It is essential in making the French bouillabaisse, which is a spicy fish stew from Marseilles, and the Italian risotto alla milanese.

text: The saffron bun has Swedish and Cornish variants and in Swedish is known as lussekatt (literally "Lucy cat", after Saint Lucy) or lussebulle. The latter is a rich yeast dough bun that is enhanced with saffron, along with cinnamon or nutmeg and currants. They are typically eaten during Advent, and especially on Saint Lucy's Day. In England, the saffron "revel buns" were traditionally baked for anniversary feasts (revels) or for church dedications. In the West of Cornwall, large saffron "tea treat buns" signify Methodist Sunday School outings and activities.

text: Moroccans use saffron in their tajine-prepared dishes, including kefta (meatballs with tomato), mqualli (a citron-chicken dish), and mrouzia (succulent lamb dressed with plums and almonds). Saffron is key in the chermoula herb mixture that flavours many Moroccan dishes. Uzbeks use it in a special rice-based offering known as "wedding plov" (cf. pilaf). Saffron is also essential in chelow kabab, the Iranian national dish. The use of saffron in south Indian cuisine is perhaps best characterised by the eponymous Kesari bhath[24] - a semolina based dessert from Karnataka. South Asian cuisines also use saffron in biryanis, which are spicy rice-vegetable dishes. (An example is the Pakki variety of Hyderabadi biryani.) Saffron spices subcontinental beef and chicken entrees and goes into many sweets, particularly in Muslim and Rajasthani fare. Modern technology has added another delicacy to the list: saffron ice cream. Regional milk-based sweets feature it,[6] among them gulab jamun, kulfi, double ka meetha, and "saffron lassi"; the last is a sweet yogurt-based Jodhpuri drink that is culturally symbolic.

text: Folk medicine[edit]

text: Saffron's folkloric uses as an herbal medicine are legendary and legion. It was used for its carminative (suppressing cramps and flatulence) and emmenagogic (enhancing pelvic blood flow) properties.[25] Medieval Europeans used it to treat respiratory disorders—coughs and colds, scarlet fever, smallpox, cancer, hypoxia, and asthma. Other targets were: blood disorders, insomnia, paralysis, heart diseases, stomach upsets, gout, chronic uterine haemorrhage, dysmorrhea, amenorrhea, infant colic, and eye disorders.[26] For the ancient Persians and Egyptians saffron was an aphrodisiac, a general-use antidote against poisoning, a digestive stimulant, and a tonic for dysentery and measles. European practitioners of the archaic and quixotic "Doctrine of Signatures" took its yellowish hue as a sign of its putative curative properties against jaundice.[27]

text: Colouring and perfumery[edit]

text: Despite its high cost, saffron has been used as a fabric dye, particularly in China and India. It is in the long run an unstable colouring agent; the imparted vibrant orange-yellow hue quickly fades to a pale and creamy yellow.[28] Even in minute amounts, the saffron stamens yield a luminous yellow-orange; increasing the applied saffron concentration will give fabric of increasingly rich shades of red. Clothing dyed with saffron was traditionally reserved for the noble classes, implying that saffron played a ritualised and status-keying role. It was originally responsible for the vermilion-, ochre-, and saffron-hued robes and mantles worn by Buddhist and Hindu monks. In medieval Ireland and Scotland, well-to-do monks wore a long linen undershirt known as a léine, which was traditionally dyed with saffron.[29] In histology the hematoxylin-phloxine-saffron (HPS) stain and Movat's pentachrome stain are used as a tissue stain to make biological structures more visible under a microscope.[30] Saffron stains collagen yellow.[30]

text: There have been many attempts to replace saffron with a cheaper dye. Saffron's usual substitutes in food—turmeric and safflower, among others—yield a garishly bright yellow that could hardly be confused with that of saffron. Saffron's main colourant is the flavonoid crocin; it has been discovered in the less tediously harvested—and hence less costly—gardenia fruit. Research in China is ongoing.[31] In Europe saffron threads were a key component of an aromatic oil known as crocinum, which comprised such motley ingredients as alkanet, dragon's blood (for colour), and wine (again for colour). Crocinum was applied as a perfume to hair. Another preparation involved mixing saffron with wine to produce a viscous yellow spray; it was copiously applied in sudoriferously sunny Roman amphitheatres—as an air freshener.[32]


document_title: Go to work on an egg

question_text: who wrote the slogan go to work on an egg

text: Go to work on an egg

text: "Go to work on an egg" was an advertising slogan used by the United Kingdom's Egg Marketing Board during the 1950s as part of more than £12 million it spent on advertising, including a series of television adverts starring the comedian Tony Hancock and actress Patricia Hayes in 1965. The commercials were created by British director, Len Fulford.[1] The proposition was that having an egg for breakfast was the best way to start the working day. Author Fay Weldon helped to create the campaign.[2]

text: In 2007, plans to rebroadcast the original television adverts were rejected by the Broadcast Advertising Clearance Centre, which observed that the adverts did not suggest a varied diet. The advert was instead made available on an anniversary website.[2]


document_title: Donna Hayward

question_text: why did they recast donna in fire walk with me

text: Donna Hayward

text: Appearances[edit]

text: In television[edit]

text: Donna is first seen walking to her locker at school, amused at the sight of Audrey Horne changing into heels and smoking a cigarette a few lockers down. She then went to class and saw a deputy enter the classroom as the teacher was taking attendance, asking if Bobby Briggs was in the class. She looked at Laura Palmer's empty desk and began to cry. She was brought in for questioning before Sheriff Harry S. Truman and FBI Special Agent Dale Cooper, where she was asked about the picnic with Laura that was filmed by James Hurley, but she insisted that it was recorded by a female hiker. Donna snuck out and went to the Roadhouse, where a fight broke out because of Donna's boyfriend Mike. Donna was escorted to James in the woods. Donna told him that the authorities were looking for him. When they drove off, they were stopped by the sheriff and Agent Cooper. The next morning, Donna expressed guilt she felt for her feelings for James to her mother. She went to the Palmer home, and talked Sarah Palmer, but she began to believe that Donna was her daughter and became hysterical. The next day, she went to the Double R Diner and when Audrey Horne entered, Donna went to speak to her and they talked about Laura's death and Audrey's admiration for Agent Cooper.

text: The following day, Donna attended Laura's funeral. At school, Donna was doing her makeup when Audrey came in and told her that she was aware of the secrets surrounding Laura's life, including that she had been seeing Doctor Lawrence Jacoby, something that Donna didn't know. Later, she went to the woods with James to find the other half of the necklace that they buried but they could not find it. Donna later went to the Double R Diner with him, where she met Laura's cousin, Maddy Ferguson. She asked Maddy to assist them in their investigation into Laura's death. Later that night, Maddy called Donna and told her that she found a tape in Laura's hiding place. Donna listened to the tape and realized that it was recorded for Doctor Jacoby. She discovers that a tape recorded the night Laura died is missing. James believes that Jacoby must be in possession of it and suggested they go to Jacoby's office to find the tape, and they could lure him out with a "phone call from Laura." Later, she met Maddy and James in the park, the former wearing a blonde wig to make her look identical to Laura. Maddy deceived Jacoby by speaking as Laura on the phone. Donna and James infiltrated his office as he left. Donna found the missing tape and half of Laura's necklace. At Donna's house, they listened to the tape, in which Laura mentioned a "mystery man" who drove a red corvette.

text: She went to the Double R Diner the next day and met with Maddy. Maddy questioned if they were responsible for a heart attack suffered by Doctor Jacoby. Maddy then informed her that Leland's hair had turned white. Donna called Norma and expressed interest in doing Laura's route for the Meals on Wheels. Donna told Maddy about the Meals on Wheels. Starting on the route, Donna went to the home of an elderly woman named Mrs. Tremond, who told her about the neighbor, Harold Smith and revealed that he was friends with Laura. Smith did not answer so Donna left him a note. Her father told her that Harold Smith called her. They arranged to meet the next day. The next morning, she went to Harold's home and they talked about Laura before he went to his greenhouse to get a flower for Laura's grave. She begins to confide in Harold and starts to develop feelings for him. While looking at Harold's flowers she discovers Laura's secret diary. While having lunch with Harold, Donna offers to tell her life story to him if she could read Laura's diary, but agrees but says that he will read it to her and that it can't leave the room. She snatched the diary and walked outside of Harold's house. He stepped outside and collapsed. Out of guilt, Donna apologizes and returns the diary. Still seeking answers to Laura's murder, Donna and Maddy set up a plan to steal the diary. She met with Harold and discusses a memory she had with Laura when she was a kid where they went skinny-dipping with a group of older boys. She said that this experience was the first time that she fell in love, with one of the boys named Tim. Harold kissed her. When Harold left, Maddy went inside to search for the diary. She tried to distract Harold while Maddy searched for the diary, but their plan was foiled.

text: Donna reported to the authorities that Harold was in possession of Laura's diary but her claims were met with skepticism as they already discovered a diary at the Palmer house. At the Roadhouse, Donna expressed her guilt and sadness over Harold's suicide. Donna soon reconnects with James. At the diner, Donna heard Deputy Andy saying, "J'ai une âme solitaire," and she questioned him about Mrs. Tremond, but he said this was actually Harold Smith's suicide note and that it meant, "I am a lonely soul." Donna went to Agent Cooper and told him about her and they went to her house, but a different Mrs. Tremond answered the door. She gave an envelope to Donna from Harold, containing a page from Laura's diary, where she described a dream of being in a red room, the mysterious "BOB", and her being aware of her death the following night. Donna went to the Palmer house to deliver a tape for Maddy, and became fearful while listening to Leland's conversation with Maddy's mother as she didn't make it home. James leaves Twin Peaks and Donna soon discovers a connection between her mother and Ben Horne. Intrigued, Donna followed her to the Great Northern Hotel, discovering that she planned to meet Ben Horne. Audrey Horne assists her with her investigation. Upon discovering flowers sent to her mother, Donna finds her birth certificate and discovers that it did not list a father. Donna realizes that Ben Horne is her biological father.

text: In film[edit]

text: Donna Hayward has a supporting role in the prequel films Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me and Twin Peaks: The Missing Pieces. In Fire Walk With Me, Donna is first seen walking to school with Laura. After school, they go to Donna's home, where they talk about Bobby Briggs and James Hurley, the latter Donna describes as "the one." The next day, a distraught Laura shows up at Donna's house and asks if she is her best friend. The next night, Donna goes to Laura's house, where Laura is preparing to go out and refuses to tell Donna where she is going. Donna follows Laura to the Roadhouse, and finds out that her best friend is working as a prostitute. Intrigued, Donna enters the Roadhouse and kisses one of Laura's customers. Despite Laura's initial reluctance, Donna goes with her and two men up to a brothel in Canada, where an orgy is taking place. There, Donna refuses an offer of cocaine, but nevertheless joins the party, and eventually takes her shirt off and begins making out with several strange men. Laura pulls one such man off of Donna, covers her up and takes her home. The next day, Laura begs Donna not to become like her.

text: In literature[edit]

text: Donna is referenced numerous times in Jennifer Lynch's novel The Secret Diary of Laura Palmer.[1] In Mark Frost's novel Twin Peaks: The Final Dossier, it is revealed that upon graduating high school, Donna leaves Twin Peaks to pursue an education at Hunter College in New York City. Soon after, she finds an unexpected career as a fashion model, a job that brings her international recognition. Donna becomes a prominent name in the tabloids, which run sensationalized stories about her love life that eventually overshadow her career. She marries a man twice her age and soon becomes addicted to drugs and alcohol as a means to cope with the decline of her career. After her husband files for divorce, Donna seeks help through substance rehabilitation. After overcoming her addictions, Donna reconnects with her father and comes to live with him as she pursues a degree in nursing.[2]

text: Development[edit]

text: Mädchen Amick, who portrays Shelly Johnson, originally auditioned for the role of Donna but the part ultimately went to Lara Flynn Boyle. Boyle was unable to reprise her role as Donna in the prequel film Twin Peaks: Fire Walk With Me due to scheduling conflicts and was replaced by Moira Kelly.[3]

text: Reception[edit]

text: In Return to Twin Peaks: New Approaches to Materiality, Theory, and Genre on Television,[4] Jeffrey Andrew Weinstock and Catherine Spooner state:

text: Sean T. Collins of Rolling Stone[5] ranked Donna 7th on his list of the 30 Best 'Twin Peaks' Characters stating, "Other images took a tighter hold on audience imaginations, but nothing conveyed the tragedy of Laura Palmer's death like her best friend Donna looking at her empty desk, realizing what it meant, and starting to sob uncontrollably right there in homeroom. Donna was the heart of the high-school-kids material on the show, the character who was the most square and reserved, and also the most cognizant that what happened to Laura could happen to anyone. She gave the dead girl her voice."