document_title: Book of Enoch

question_text: when did they take the book of enoch out of the bible

question_tokens: when did they take the book of enoch out of the bible

text: Book of Enoch

text: Content[edit]

text: The first part of the Book of Enoch describes the fall of the Watchers, the angels who fathered the Nephilim. The remainder of the book describes Enoch's visits to heaven in the form of travels, visions and dreams, and his revelations.

text: The book consists of five quite distinct major sections (see each section for details):

text:
The Book of the Watchers (1 Enoch 1–36)
The Book of Parables of Enoch (1 Enoch 37–71) (also called the Similitudes of Enoch)
The Astronomical Book (1 Enoch 72–82) (also called the Book of the Heavenly Luminaries or Book of Luminaries)
The Book of Dream Visions (1 Enoch 83–90) (also called the Book of Dreams)
The Epistle of Enoch (1 Enoch 91–108)

text: Most scholars believe that these five sections were originally independent works[5] (with different dates of composition), themselves a product of much editorial arrangement, and were only later redacted into what we now call 1 Enoch.

text: Canonicity[edit]

text: Judaism[edit]

text: Although evidently widely known during the development of the Hebrew Bible canon, 1 Enoch was excluded from both the formal canon of the Tanakh and the typical canon of the Septuagint and therefore, also from the writings known today as the Deuterocanon.[6][7] One possible reason for Jewish rejection of the book might be the textual nature of several early sections of the book that make use of material from the Torah; for example, 1 En 1 is a midrash of Deuteronomy 33.[8][9] The content, particularly detailed descriptions of fallen angels, would also be a reason for rejection from the Hebrew canon at this period – as illustrated by the comments of Trypho the Jew when debating with Justin Martyr on this subject: "The utterances of God are holy, but your expositions are mere contrivances, as is plain from what has been explained by you; nay, even blasphemies, for you assert that angels sinned and revolted from God."[10]

text: Christianity[edit]

text: By the 4th century, the Book of Enoch was mostly excluded from Christian canons, and it is now regarded as scripture by only the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church and the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church.

text: References in the New Testament[edit]

text: "Enoch, the seventh from Adam" is quoted, in Jude 1:14–15:

text: And Enoch also, the seventh from Adam, prophesied of these, saying, Behold, the Lord cometh with ten thousands of his saints, To execute judgment upon all, and to convict all that are ungodly among them of all their ungodly deeds which they have ungodly committed, and of all their hard speeches which ungodly sinners have spoken against him.

text: Compare this with Enoch 1:9, translated from the Ethiopic (found also in Qumran scroll 4Q204=4QEnochc ar, col I 16–18):[11]

text: And behold! He cometh with ten thousands of His Saints To execute judgment upon all, And to destroy all the ungodly: And to convict all flesh Of all the works of their ungodliness which they have ungodly committed, And of all the hard things which ungodly sinners have spoken against Him.

text: Compare this also with what may be the original source of 1 En 1:9 in Deuteronomy 33:2:[12][13][14]

text: The Lord came from Sinai and dawned from Seir upon us; he shone forth from Mount Paran; he came from the ten thousands of Saints, with flaming fire at his right hand.

text: Under the heading of canonicity, it is not enough to merely demonstrate that something is quoted. Instead, it is necessary to demonstrate the nature of the quotation.[15] In the case of the Jude 1:14 quotation of 1 Enoch 1:9, it would be difficult to argue that Jude does not quote Enoch as a historical prophet since he cites Enoch by name. However, there remains a question as to whether the author of Jude attributed the quotation believing the source to be the historical Enoch before the flood or a midrash of Deut 33:2–3.[16][17][18] The Greek text might seem unusual in stating that "Enoch the Seventh from Adam" prophesied "to" (dative case) not "of" (genitive case) the men, however, this might indicate the Greek meaning “against them” – the dative τούτοις as a dativus incommodi (dative of disadvantage).[19][improper synthesis?]

text: Peter H. Davids points to Dead Sea Scrolls evidence but leaves it open as to whether Jude viewed 1 Enoch as canon, deuterocanon, or otherwise: "Did Jude, then, consider this scripture to be like Genesis or Isaiah? Certainly he did consider it authoritative, a true word from God. We cannot tell whether he ranked it alongside other prophetic books such as Isaiah and Jeremiah. What we do know is, first, that other Jewish groups, most notably those living in Qumran near the Dead Sea, also used and valued 1 Enoch, but we do not find it grouped with the scriptural scrolls."[20]

text: The attribution "Enoch the Seventh from Adam" is apparently itself a section heading taken from 1 Enoch (1 En 60:8, Jude 1:14a) and not from Genesis.[21]

text: Also, it has been alleged that 1 Peter, (in 1Peter 3:19–20) and 2 Peter (in 2Peter 2:4–5) make reference to some Enochian material.[22]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The Book of Enoch was considered as scripture in the Epistle of Barnabas (16:4)[23] and by many of the early Church Fathers, such as Athenagoras,[24] Clement of Alexandria,[25] Irenaeus[26] and Tertullian,[27] who wrote c. 200 that the Book of Enoch had been rejected by the Jews because it contained prophecies pertaining to Christ.[28] However, later Fathers denied the canonicity of the book, and some even considered the Epistle of Jude uncanonical because it refers to an "apocryphal" work.[29]

text: Ethiopic Orthodox Church[edit]

text: This subsection contains Ethiopic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Ethiopic characters.

text: The traditional belief of the Ethiopic Orthodox Church, which sees 1 Enoch as an inspired document, is that the Ethiopic text is the original one, written by Enoch himself. They believe that the following opening sentence of Enoch is the first and oldest sentence written in any human language, since Enoch was the first to write letters:

text: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints[edit]

text: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) does not consider 1 Enoch to be part of its standard canon, although it believes that a purported "original" Book of Enoch was an inspired book.[30] The Book of Moses, found within the scriptural canon of the LDS Church, has a section which claims to contain extracts from the "original" Book of Enoch. This section has similarities to 1 Enoch and other Enoch texts, including 2 Enoch, 3 Enoch, and The Book of Giants.[31] Similarities include narrative events, themes, and names.[32] The Enoch section of the Book of Moses is believed by the LDS Church to contain extracts from "the ministry, teachings, and visions of Enoch", though it is not believed to contain the entire Book of Enoch itself. The LDS Church would therefore consider the portions of the other texts which match its Enoch excerpts to be inspired, while rejecting or withholding judgment on the remainder[33][34][35]

text: Manuscript tradition[edit]

text: Ethiopic[edit]

text: The most extensive witnesses to the Book of Enoch exist in the Ge'ez language. Robert Henry Charles's critical edition of 1906 subdivides the Ethiopic manuscripts into two families:

text: Family α: thought to be more ancient and more similar to the Greek versions:

text:
A – ms. orient. 485 of the British Museum, 16th century, with Jubilees
B – ms. orient. 491 of the British Museum, 18th century, with other biblical writings
C – ms. of Berlin orient. Petermann II Nachtrag 29, 16th century
D – ms. abbadiano 35, 17th century
E – ms. abbadiano 55, 16th century
F – ms. 9 of the Lago Lair, 15th century

text: Family β:  more recent, apparently edited texts

text:
G – ms. 23 of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester, 18th century
H – ms. orient. 531 of the Bodleian Library of Oxford, 18th century
I – ms. Brace 74 of the Bodleian Library of Oxford, 16th century
J – ms. orient. 8822 of the British Museum, 18th century
K – ms. property of E. Ullendorff of London, 18th century
L – ms. abbadiano 99, 19th century
M – ms. orient. 492 of the British Museum, 18th century
N – ms. Ethiopian 30 of Monaco of Baviera, 18th century
O – ms. orient. 484 of the British Museum, 18th century
P – ms. Ethiopian 71 of the Vatican, 18th century
Q – ms. orient. 486 of the British Museum, 18th century, lacking chapters 1–60

text: Additionally, there are the manuscripts[which?] used by the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church for preparation of the deuterocanonicals from Ge'ez into the targumic Amharic in the bilingual Haile Selassie Amharic Bible (Mashaf qeddus bage'ezenna ba'amaregna yatasafe 4 vols. c.1935[when?]).[36]

text: Aramaic[edit]

text: Eleven Aramaic-language fragments of the Book of Enoch were found in cave 4 of Qumran in 1948[37] and are in the care of the Israel Antiquities Authority. They were translated for and discussed by Józef Milik and Matthew Black in The Books of Enoch.[38]  Another translation has been released by Vermes and Garcia-Martinez.[39]  Milik described the documents as being white or cream in color, blackened in areas, and made of leather that was smooth, thick and stiff. It was also partly damaged, with the ink blurred and faint.

text:
4Q201 = 4QEnoch a ar, Enoch 2:1–5:6; 6:4–8:1; 8:3–9:3,6–8
4Q202 = 4QEnoch b ar, Enoch 5:9–6:4, 6:7–8:1, 8:2–9:4, 10:8–12, 14:4–6
4Q204 = 4QEnoch c ar, Enoch 1:9–5:1, 6:7, 10:13–19, 12:3, 13:6–14:16, 30:1–32:1, 35, 36:1–4, 106:13–107:2
4Q205 = 4QEnoch d ar; Enoch 89:29–31, 89:43–44
4Q206 = 4QEnoch e ar; Enoch 22:3–7, 28:3–29:2, 31:2–32:3, 88:3, 89:1–6, 89:26–30, 89:31–37
4Q207 = 4QEnoch f ar
4Q208 = 4QEnastr a ar
4Q209 = 4QEnastr b ar; Enoch 79:3–5, 78:17, 79:2 and large fragments that do not correspond to any part of the Ethiopian text
4Q210 = 4QEnastr c ar; Enoch 76:3–10, 76:13–77:4, 78:6–8
4Q211 = 4QEnastr d ar; large fragments that do not correspond to any part of the Ethiopian text
4Q212 = 4QEn g ar; Enoch 91:10, 91:18–19, 92:1–2, 93:2–4, 93:9–10, 91:11–17, 93:11–93:1

text: Also at Qumran (cave 1) have been discovered three tiny fragments in Hebrew (8:4–9:4, 106).

text: Greek and Latin[edit]

text: The 8th-century work Chronographia Universalis by the Byzantine historian George Syncellus preserved some passages of the Book of Enoch in Greek (6:1–9:4, 15:8–16:1). Other Greek fragments known are:

text:
Codex Panopolitanus (Cairo Papyrus 10759), named also Codex Gizeh or Akhmim fragments, consists of fragments of two 6th-century papyri containing portions of chapters 1–32 recovered by a French archeological team at Akhmim in Egypt and published five years later, in 1892.
Codex Vaticanus, f. 216v (11th century): including 89:42–49
Chester Beatty Papyri XII : including 97:6–107:3 (less chapter 105)
Oxyrhynchus Papyri 2069: including only a few letters, which made the identification uncertain, from 77:7–78:1, 78:1–3, 78:8, 85:10–86:2, 87:1–3

text: It has been claimed that several small additional fragments in Greek have been found at Qumran (7QEnoch: 7Q4, 7Q8, 7Q10-13), dating about 100 BC, ranging from 98:11? to 103:15[40] and written on papyrus with grid lines, but this identification is highly contested.

text: Of the Latin translation, only 1:9 and 106:1–18 are known. The first passage occurs in Pseudo-Cyprian and Pseudo-Vigilius;[41] the second was discovered in 1893 by M. R. James in an 8th-century manuscript in the British Museum and published in the same year.[42]

text: History[edit]

text: Second Temple period[edit]

text: The 1976 publication by Milik[38] of the results of the paleographic dating of the Enochic fragments found in Qumran made a breakthrough. According to this scholar, who studied the original scrolls for many years, the oldest fragments of the Book of Watchers are dated to 200–150 BC. Since the Book of Watchers shows evidence of multiple stages of composition, it is probable that this work was extant already in the 3rd century BC.[43] The same can be said about the Astronomical Book.

text: It was no longer possible to claim that the core of the Book of Enoch was composed in the wake of the Maccabean Revolt as a reaction to Hellenization.[44]:93 Scholars thus had to look for the origins of the Qumranic sections of 1 Enoch in the previous historical period, and the comparison with traditional material of such a time showed that these sections do not draw exclusively on categories and ideas prominent in the Hebrew Bible. Some scholars speak even of an "Enochic Judaism" from which the writers of Qumran scrolls were descended.[45] Margaret Barker argues, "Enoch is the writing of a very conservative group whose roots go right back to the time of the First Temple".[46] The main peculiar aspects of the Enochic Judaism are the following:

text:
the idea of the origin of the evil caused by the fallen angels, who came on the earth to unite with human women. These fallen angels are considered ultimately responsible for the spread of evil and impurity on the earth;[44]:90
the absence in 1 Enoch of formal parallels to the specific laws and commandments found in the Mosaic Torah and of references to issues like Shabbat observance or the rite of circumcision. The Sinaitic covenant and Torah are not of central importance in the Book of Enoch;[47]:50–51
the concept of "End of Days" as the time of final judgment that takes the place of promised earthly rewards;[44]:92
the rejection of the Second Temple's sacrifices considered impure: according to Enoch 89:73, the Jews, when returned from the exile, "reared up that tower (the temple) and they began again to place a table before the tower, but all the bread on it was polluted and not pure";[citation needed]
a solar calendar in opposition to the lunar calendar used in the Second Temple (a very important aspect for the determination of the dates of religious feasts);
an interest in the angelic world that involves life after death.[48]

text: Most Qumran fragments are relatively early, with none written from the last period of the Qumranic experience. Thus, it is probable that the Qumran community gradually lost interest in the Book of Enoch.[49]

text: The relation between 1 Enoch and the Essenes was noted even before the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls.[50] While there is consensus to consider the sections of the Book of Enoch found in Qumran as texts used by the Essenes, the same is not so clear for the Enochic texts not found in Qumran (mainly the Book of Parables): it was proposed[51] to consider these parts as expression of the mainstream, but not-Qumranic, essenic movement. The main peculiar aspects of the not-Qumranic units of 1 Enoch are the following:

text:
a Messiah called "Son of Man", with divine attributes, generated before the creation, who will act directly in the final judgment and sit on a throne of glory (1 Enoch 46:1–4, 48:2–7, 69:26–29)[11]:562–563
the sinners usually seen as the wealthy ones and the just as the oppressed (a theme we find also in the Psalms of Solomon).

text: Early influence[edit]

text: Classical Rabbinic literature is characterized by near silence concerning Enoch. It seems plausible that Rabbinic polemics against Enochic texts and traditions might have led to the loss of these books to Rabbinic Judaism.[52]

text: The Book of Enoch plays an important role in the history of Jewish mysticism: the great scholar Gershom Scholem wrote, "The main subjects of the later Merkabah mysticism already occupy a central position in the older esoteric literature, best represented by the Book of Enoch."[53] Particular attention is paid to the detailed description of the throne of God included in chapter 14 of 1 Enoch.

text: For the quotation from the Book of Watchers in the Christian Letter of Jude, see section: Canonicity.

text: There is little doubt that 1 Enoch was influential in molding New Testament doctrines about the Messiah, the Son of Man, the messianic kingdom, demonology, the resurrection, and eschatology.[3]:10 The limits of the influence of 1 Enoch are discussed at length by R.H. Charles[54] E Isaac,[3] and G.W. Nickelsburg[55] in their respective translations and commentaries. It is possible that the earlier sections of 1 Enoch had direct textual and content influence on many Biblical apocrypha, such as Jubilees, 2 Baruch, 2 Esdras, Apocalypse of Abraham and 2 Enoch, though even in these cases, the connection is typically more branches of a common trunk than direct development.[56]

text: The Greek text was known to, and quoted, both positively and negatively, by many Church Fathers: references can be found in Justin Martyr, Minucius Felix, Irenaeus, Origen, Cyprian, Hippolytus, Commodianus, Lactantius and Cassian.[57]:430 After Cassian and before the modern "rediscovery", some excerpts are given in the Byzantine Empire by the 8th-century monk George Syncellus in his chronography, and in the 9th century, it is listed as an apocryphon of the New Testament by Patriarch Nicephorus.[58]

text: Rediscovery[edit]

text: Sir Walter Raleigh, in his History of the World (written in 1616 while imprisoned in the Tower of London), makes the curious assertion that part of the Book of Enoch "which contained the course of the stars, their names and motions" had been discovered in Saba (Sheba) in the first century and was thus available to Origen and Tertullian. He attributes this information to Origen,[59] though no such statement is found anywhere in extant versions of Origen.[60]

text: Outside of Ethiopia, the text of the Book of Enoch was considered lost until the beginning of the seventeenth century, when it was confidently asserted that the book was found in an Ethiopic (Ge'ez) language translation there, and Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc bought a book that was claimed to be identical to the one quoted by the Epistle of Jude and the Church Fathers. Hiob Ludolf, the great Ethiopic scholar of the 17th and 18th centuries, soon claimed it to be a forgery produced by Abba Bahaila Michael.[61]

text: Better success was achieved by the famous Scottish traveller James Bruce, who, in 1773, returned to Europe from six years in Abyssinia with three copies of a Ge'ez version.[62] One is preserved in the Bodleian Library, another was presented to the royal library of France, while the third was kept by Bruce. The copies remained unused until the 19th century; Silvestre de Sacy, in "Notices sur le livre d'Enoch",[63] included extracts of the books with Latin translations (Enoch chapters 1, 2, 5–16, 22, and 32). From this a German translation was made by Rink in 1801.

text: The first English translation of the Bodleian/Ethiopic manuscript was published in 1821 by Richard Laurence, titled The Book of Enoch, the prophet: an apocryphal production, supposed to have been lost for ages; but discovered at the close of the last century in Abyssinia; now first translated from an Ethiopic manuscript in the Bodleian Library. Oxford, 1821. Revised editions appeared in 1833, 1838, and 1842.

text: In 1838, Laurence also released the first Ethiopic text of 1 Enoch published in the West, under the title: Libri Enoch Prophetae Versio Aethiopica. The text, divided into 105 chapters, was soon considered unreliable as it was the transcription of a single Ethiopic manuscript.[64]

text: In 1833, Professor Andreas Gottlieb Hoffmann of the University of Jena released a German translation, based on Laurence's work, called Das Buch Henoch in vollständiger Uebersetzung, mit fortlaufendem Kommentar, ausführlicher Einleitung und erläuternden Excursen. Two other translations came out around the same time: one in 1836 called Enoch Restitutus, or an Attempt (Rev. Edward Murray) and one in 1840 called Prophetae veteres Pseudepigraphi, partim ex Abyssinico vel Hebraico sermonibus Latine bersi (A. F. Gfrörer). However, both are considered to be poor—the 1836 translation most of all—and is discussed in Hoffmann.[65]

text: The first critical edition, based on five manuscripts, appeared in 1851 as Liber Henoch, Aethiopice, ad quinque codicum fidem editus, cum variis lectionibus, by August Dillmann. It was followed in 1853 by a German translation of the book by the same author with commentary titled Das Buch Henoch, übersetzt und erklärt. It was considered the standard edition of 1 Enoch until the work of Charles.

text: The generation of Enoch scholarship from 1890 to World War I was dominated by Robert Henry Charles. His 1893 translation and commentary of the Ethiopic text already represented an important advancement, as it was based on ten additional manuscripts. In 1906 R.H. Charles published a new critical edition of the Ethiopic text, using 23 Ethiopic manuscripts and all available sources at his time. The English translation of the reconstructed text appeared in 1912, and the same year in his collection of The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament.

text: The publication, in the early 1950s, of the first Aramaic fragments of 1 Enoch among the Dead Sea Scrolls profoundly changed the study of the document, as it provided evidence of its antiquity and original text. The official edition of all Enoch fragments appeared in 1976, by Jozef Milik.

text: The renewed interest in 1 Enoch spawned a number of other translations: in Hebrew (A. Kahana, 1956), Danish (Hammershaimb, 1956), Italian (Fusella, 1981), Spanish (1982), French (Caquot, 1984) and other modern languages. In 1978 a new edition of the Ethiopic text was edited by Michael Knibb, with an English translation, while a new commentary appeared in 1985 by Matthew Black.

text: In 2001 George W.E. Nickelsburg published the first volume of a comprehensive commentary on 1 Enoch in the Hermeneia series.[47] Since the year 2000, the Enoch seminar has devoted several meetings to the Enoch literature and has become the center of a lively debate concerning the hypothesis that the Enoch literature attests the presence of an autonomous non-Mosaic tradition of dissent in Second Temple Judaism.

text: Ge'ez origin theory[edit]

text: Wossenie Yifru (1990) holds that Ge'ez is the language of the original from which the Greek and Aramaic copies were made, pointing out that it is the only language in which the complete text has yet been found.[66]

text: The Book of the Watchers[edit]

text: This first section of the Book of Enoch describes the fall of the Watchers, the angels who fathered the Nephilim (cf. the bene Elohim, Genesis 6:1–2) and narrates the travels of Enoch in the heavens. This section is said to have been composed in the 4th or 3rd century BC according to Western scholars.[67]

text: Content[edit]

text:
1-5. Parable of Enoch on the Future Lot of the Wicked and the Righteous.
6-11. The Fall of the Angels: the Demoralization of Mankind: the Intercession of the Angels on behalf of Mankind. The Dooms pronounced by God on the Angels of the Messianic Kingdom.
12-16. Dream-Vision of Enoch: his Intercession for Azazel and the fallen angels: and his Announcement of their first and final Doom.
17-36. Enoch's Journeys through the Earth and Sheol: Enoch also traveled through a portal shaped as a triangle to heaven[citation needed].
17-19. The First Journey.
20. Names and Functions of the Seven Archangels.
21. Preliminary and final Place of Punishment of the fallen Angels (stars).
22. Sheol or the Underworld.
23. The fire that deals with the Luminaries of Heaven.
24-25. The Seven Mountains in the North-West and the Tree of Life.
26. Jerusalem and the Mountains, Ravines, and Streams.
27. The Purpose of the Accursed Valley.
28-33. Further Journey to the East.
34-35. Enoch's Journey to the North.
36. The Journey to the South.

text: Description[edit]

text: The introduction to the Book of Enoch tells us that Enoch is "a just man, whose eyes were opened by God so that he saw a vision of the Holy One in the heavens, which the sons of God showed to me, and from them I heard everything, and I knew what I saw, but [these things that I saw will] not [come to pass] for this generation, but for a generation that has yet to come."

text: It discusses God coming to Earth on Mount Sinai with His hosts to pass judgement on mankind. It also tells us about the luminaries rising and setting in the order and in their own time and never change.

text: Observe and see how (in the winter) all the trees seem as though they had withered and shed all their leaves, except fourteen trees, which do not lose their foliage but retain the old foliage from two to three years till the new comes.

text: How all things are ordained by God and take place in his own time. The sinners shall perish and the great and the good shall live on in light, joy and peace.

text: And all His works go on thus from year to year for ever, and all the tasks which they accomplish for Him, and their tasks change not, but according as God hath ordained so is it done.

text: The first section of the book depicts the interaction of the fallen angels with mankind; Sêmîazâz compels the other 199 fallen angels to take human wives to "beget us children".

text: And Semjâzâ, who was their leader, said unto them: "I fear ye will not indeed agree to do this deed, and I alone shall have to pay the penalty of a great sin." And they all answered him and said: "Let us all swear an oath, and all bind ourselves by mutual imprecations not to abandon this plan but to do this thing." Then sware they all together and bound themselves by mutual imprecations upon it. And they were in all two hundred; who descended in the days of Jared on the summit of Mount Hermon, and they called it Mount Hermon, because they had sworn and bound themselves by mutual imprecations upon it.

text: The names of the leaders are given as "Samyaza (Shemyazaz), their leader, Araqiel, Râmêêl, Kokabiel, Tamiel, Ramiel, Dânêl, Chazaqiel, Baraqiel, Asael, Armaros, Batariel, Bezaliel, Ananiel, Zaqiel, Shamsiel, Satariel, Turiel, Yomiel, Sariel."

text: This results in the creation of the Nephilim (Genesis) or Anakim/Anak (Giants) as they are described in the book:

text: And they became pregnant, and they bare great giants, whose height was three hundred ells:[68] Who consumed all the acquisitions of men. And when men could no longer sustain them, the giants turned against them and devoured mankind. And they began to sin against birds, and beasts, and reptiles, and fish, and to devour one another's flesh, and drink the blood.

text: It also discusses the teaching of humans by the fallen angels, chiefly Azâzêl:

text: And Azâzêl taught men to make swords, and knives, and shields, and breastplates, and made known to them the metals of the earth and the art of working them, and bracelets, and ornaments, and the use of antimony, and the beautifying of the eyelids, and all kinds of costly stones, and all colouring tinctures. And there arose much godlessness, and they committed fornication, and they were led astray, and became corrupt in all their ways. Semjâzâ taught enchantments, and root-cuttings, Armârôs the resolving of enchantments, Barâqîjâl, taught astrology, Kôkabêl the constellations, Ezêqêêl the knowledge of the clouds, Araqiêl the signs of the earth, Shamsiêl the signs of the sun, and Sariêl the course of the moon.

text: Michael, Uriel, Raphael, and Gabriel appeal to God to judge the inhabitants of the world and the fallen angels. Uriel is then sent by God to tell Noah of the coming cataclysm and what he needs to do.

text: Then said the Most High, the Holy and Great One spoke, and sent Uriel to the son of Lamech, and said to him: Go to Noah and tell him in my name "Hide thyself!" and reveal to him the end that is approaching: that the whole earth will be destroyed, and a deluge is about to come upon the whole earth, and will destroy all that is on it. And now instruct him that he may escape and his seed may be preserved for all the generations of the world.

text: God commands Raphael to imprison Azâzêl:

text: the Lord said to Raphael: "Bind Azâzêl hand and foot, and cast him into the darkness: and make an opening in the desert, which is in Dûdâêl (God's Kettle/Crucible/Cauldron), and cast him therein. And place upon him rough and jagged rocks, and cover him with darkness, and let him abide there for ever, and cover his face that he may not see light. And on the day of the great judgement he shall be cast into the fire. And heal the earth which the angels have corrupted, and proclaim the healing of the earth, that they may heal the plague, and that all the children of men may not perish through all the secret things that the Watchers have disclosed and have taught their sons. And the whole earth has been corrupted through the works that were taught by Azâzêl: to him ascribe all sin."

text: God gave Gabriel instructions concerning the Nephilim and the imprisonment of the fallen angels:

text: And to Gabriel said the Lord: "Proceed against the biters and the reprobates, and against the children of fornication: and destroy [the children of fornication and] the children of the Watchers from amongst men [and cause them to go forth]: send them one against the other that they may destroy each other in battle ..."

text: Some,[citation needed] including R.H. Charles, suggest that "biters" should read "bastards", but the name is so unusual that some[citation needed] believe that the implication that is made by the reading of "biters" is more or less correct.

text: The Lord commands Michael to bind the fallen angels.

text: And the Lord said unto Michael: "Go, bind Semjâzâ and his associates who have united themselves with women so as to have defiled themselves with them in all their uncleanness. 12. And when their sons have slain one another, and they have seen the destruction of their beloved ones, bind them fast for seventy generations in the valleys of the earth, till the day of their judgement and of their consummation, till the judgement that is for ever and ever is consummated. 13. In those days they shall be led off to the abyss of fire: (and) to the torment and the prison in which they shall be confined for ever. And whosoever shall be condemned and destroyed will from thenceforth be bound together with them to the end of all generations. ..."

text: Book of Parables[edit]

text: Chapters 37–71 of the Book of Enoch are referred to as the Book of Parables. The scholarly debate centers on these chapters. The Book of Parables appears to be based on the Book of Watchers, but presents a later development of the idea of final judgement and of eschatology, concerned not only with the destiny of the fallen angels but also that of the evil kings of the earth. The Book of Parables uses the expression Son of Man for the eschatological protagonist, who is also called “Righteous One”, “Chosen One”, and “Messiah”, and sits on the throne of glory in the final judgment.[69] The first known use of The Son of Man as a definite title in Jewish writings is in 1 Enoch, and its use may have played a role in the early Christian understanding and use of the title.[70]

text: It has been suggested that the Book of Parables, in its entirety, is a later addition. Pointing to similarities with the Sibylline Oracles and other earlier works, in 1976, J.T. Milik dated the Book of Parables to the third century. He believed that the events in the parables were linked to historic events dating from 260 to 270 CE.[71] This theory is in line with the beliefs of many scholars of the 19th century, including Lucke (1832), Hofman (1852), Wiesse (1856), and Phillippe (1868). According to this theory, these chapters were written in later Christian times by a Jewish Christian to enhance Christian beliefs with Enoch's authoritative name.[citation needed] In a 1979 article, Michael Knibb followed Milik's reasoning and suggested that because no fragments of chapters 37–71 were found at Qumran, a later date was likely. Knibb would continue this line of reasoning in later works.[72][73]: 417  In addition to being missing from Qumran, Chapters 37–71 are also missing from the Greek translation.[73]: 417 Currently no firm consensus has been reached among scholars as to the date of the writing of the Book of Parables. Milik’s date of as late as 270 CE, however, has been rejected by most scholars. David W. Suter suggests that there is a tendency to date the Book of Parables to between 50 BCE and 117 CE.[73]: 415–416

text: In 1893, Robert Charles judged Chapter 71 to be a later addition. He would later change his opinion[74]: 1  and give an early date for the work between 94 and 64 BCE.[75]: LIV  The 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia states that Son of Man is found in the Book of Enoch, but never in the original material. It occurs in the "Noachian interpolations" (lx. 10, lxxi. 14), in which it has clearly no other meaning than 'man'.[76] The author of the work misuses or corrupts the titles of the angels.[75]: 16 Charles views the title Son of Man, as found in the Book of Parables, as referring to a supernatural person, a Messiah who is not of human descent.[75]: 306–309 In that part of the Book of Enoch known as the Similitudes, it has the technical sense of a supernatural Messiah and judge of the world (xlvi. 2, xlviii. 2, lxx. 27); universal dominion and preexistence are predicated of him (xlviii. 2, lxvii. 6). He sits on God's throne (xlv. 3, li. 3), which is his own throne. Though Charles does not admit it, these passages betray Christian redaction and emendation.[76] Many scholars have suggested that passages in the Book of Parables are Noachian interpolations. These passages seem to interrupt the flow of the narrative. Darrell D. Hannah suggests that these passages are not, in total, novel interpolations, but rather derived from an earlier Noah apocryphon. He believes that some interpolations refer to Herod the Great and should be dated to around 4 BCE.[73]: 472–477

text: In addition to the theory of Noachian interpolations, which perhaps a majority of scholars support, most scholars currently believe that Chapters 70–71 are a later addition in part or in whole.[73]: 76[73]: 472–473[77] Chapter 69 ends with, "This is the third parable of Enoch." Like Elijah, Enoch is generally thought to have been brought up to Heaven by God while still alive, but some have suggested that the text refers to Enoch as having died a natural death and ascending to Heaven. The Son of Man is identified with Enoch. The text implies that Enoch had previously been enthroned in heaven.[78] Chapters 70–71 seem to contradict passages earlier in the parable where the Son of Man is a separate entity. The parable also switches from third person singular to first person singular.[77] James H. Charlesworth rejects the theory that chapters 70–71 are later additions. He believes that no additions were made to the Book of Parables.[73]: 450–468[74]: 1–12 In his earlier work, the implication is that a majority of scholars agreed with him.[79]

text: Content[edit]

text: XXXVIII–XLIV. The First Parable.

text:
XXXVIII. The Coming Judgement of the Wicked.
XXXIX. The Abode of the Righteous and the Elect One: the Praises of the Blessed.
XL-XLI. 2. The Four Archangels.
XLI. 3–9. Astronomical Secrets.
XLII. The Dwelling-places of Wisdom and of Unrighteousness.
XLIII–XLIV. Astronomical Secrets.

text: XLV–LVII. The Second Parable.

text:
XLV. The Lot of the Apostates: the New Heaven and the New Earth.
XLVI. The Ancient of Days and the Son of Man.
XLVII. The Prayer of the Righteous for Vengeance and their Joy at its coming.
XLVIII. The Fount of Righteousness: the Son of Man -the Stay of the Righteous: Judgement of the Kings and the Mighty.
XLIX. The Power and Wisdom of the Elect One.
L. The Glorification and Victory of the Righteous: the Repentance of the Gentiles.
LI. The Resurrection of the Dead, and the Separation by the Judge of the Righteous and the Wicked.
LII. The Six Metal Mountains and the Elect One.
LIII–LIV. The Valley of Judgement: the Angels of Punishment: the Communities of the Elect One.
LIV.7.–LV.2. Noachic Fragment on the first World Judgement.
LV.3.–LVI.4. Final Judgement of Azazel, the Watchers and their children.
LVI.5–8. Last Struggle of the Heathen Powers against Israel.
LVII. The Return from the Dispersion.

text: LVIII–LXXI. The Third Parable.

text:
LVIII. The Blessedness of the Saints.
LIX. The Lights and the Thunder.
Book of Noah fragments]
LX. Quaking of the Heaven: Behemoth and Leviathan: the Elements.
LXI. Angels go off to measure Paradise: the Judgement of the Righteous by the Elect One: the Praise of the Elect One and of God.
LXII. Judgement of the Kings and the Mighty: Blessedness of the Righteous.
LXIII. The unavailing Repentance of the Kings and the Mighty.
LXIV. Vision of the Fallen Angels in the Place of Punishment.
LXV. Enoch foretells to Noah the Deluge and his own Preservation.
LXVI. The Angels of the Waters bidden to hold them in Check.
LXVII. God's Promise to Noah: Places of Punishment of the Angels and of the Kings.
LXVIII. Michael and Raphael astonished at the Severity of the Judgement.
LXIX. The Names and Functions of the (fallen Angels and) Satans: the secret Oath.
LXX. The Final Translation of Enoch.
LXXI. Two earlier Visions of Enoch.

text: The Astronomical Book[edit]

text:
Correspondence of weekly day in the Qumran year[80]

 Months 1,4,7,10

 Months 2,5,8,11

 Months 3,6,9,12

Wed
1
8
15
22
29

6
13
20
27

4
11
18
25

Thurs
2
9
16
23
30

7
14
21
28

5
12
19
26

Fri
3
10
17
24

1
8
15
22
29

6
13
20
27

Sat
4
11
18
25

2
9
16
23
30

7
14
21
28

Sun
5
12
19
26

3
10
17
24

1
8
15
22
29

Mon
6
13
20
27

4
11
18
25

2
9
16
23
30

Tues
7
14
21
28

5
12
19
26

3
10
17
24
31

text: Four fragmentary editions of the Astronomical Book were found at Qumran, 4Q208-211.[81] 4Q208 and 4Q209 have been dated to the beginning of the 2nd century BC, providing a terminus ante quem for the Astronomical Book of the 3rd century BC.[82] The fragments found in Qumran also include material not contained in the later versions of the Book of Enoch.[80][82][83]

text: This book contains descriptions of the movement of heavenly bodies and of the firmament, as a knowledge revealed to Enoch in his trips to Heaven guided by Uriel, and it describes a Solar calendar that was later described also in the Book of Jubilees which was used by the Dead Sea sect. The use of this calendar made it impossible to celebrate the festivals simultaneously with the Temple of Jerusalem.

text: The year was composed from 364 days, divided in four equal seasons of ninety-one days each. Each season was composed of three equal months of thirty days, plus an extra day at the end of the third month. The whole year was thus composed of exactly fifty-two weeks, and every calendar day occurred always on the same day of the week. Each year and each season started always on Wednesday, which was the fourth day of the creation narrated in Genesis, the day when the lights in the sky, the seasons, the days and the years were created.[80]:94–95 It is not known how they used to reconcile this calendar with the tropical year of 365.24 days (at least seven suggestions have been made), and it is not even sure if they felt the need to adjust it.[80]:125–140

text: Content[edit]

text:
72. The Sun
73. The Moon and its Phases
74. The Lunar Year
76. The Twelve Winds and their Portals
77. The Four Quarters of the World: the Seven Mountains, the Seven Rivers, Seven Great Islands
78. The Sun and Moon: the Waxing and Waning of the Moon
79–80.1. Recapitulation of several of the Laws
80.2–8. Perversion of Nature and the heavenly Bodies due to the Sin of Men
81. The Heavenly Tablets and the Mission of Enoch
82. Charge given to Enoch: the four Intercalary days: the Stars which lead the Seasons and the Months

text: The Dream Visions[edit]

text: The Book of Dream Visions, containing a vision of a history of Israel all the way down to what the majority have interpreted as the Maccabean Revolt, is dated by most to Maccabean times (about 163–142 BC). According to the Ethiopian Orthodox Church it was written before the Flood.

text: Content[edit]

text:
LXXXIII–LXXXIV. First Dream Vision on the Deluge.
LXXXV–XC. Second Dream Vision of Enoch: the History of the World to the Founding of the Messianic Kingdom.

text:
LXXXVI. The Fall of the Angels and the Demoralization of Mankind.
LXXXVII. The Advent of the Seven Archangels.
LXXXVIII. The Punishment of the Fallen Angels by the Archangels.
LXXXIX.1–9. The Deluge and the Deliverance of Noah.
LXXXIX.10–27. From the Death of Noah to the Exodus.
LXXXIX.28–40. Israel in the Desert, the Giving of the Law, the Entrance into Canaan.
LXXXIX.41–50. From the Time of the Judges to the Building of the Temple.
LXXXIX.51–67. The Two Kingdoms of Israel and Judah to the Destruction of Jerusalem.
LXXXIX.68–71. First Period of the Angelic Rulers – from the Destruction of Jerusalem to the Return from Captivity.
LXXXIX.72–77. Second Period – from the Time of Cyrus to that of Alexander the Great.
XC.1–5. Third Period – from Alexander the Great to the Graeco-Syrian Domination.
XC.6–12. Fourth Period Graeco-Syrian Domination to the Maccabean Revolt (debated).
XC.13–19. The last Assault of the Gentiles on the Jews (where vv. 13–15 and 16–18 are doublets).
XC.20–27. Judgement of the Fallen Angels, the Shepherds, and the Apostates.
XC.28–42. The New Jerusalem, the Conversion of the surviving Gentiles, the Resurrection of the Righteous, the Messiah. Enoch awakes and weeps.

text: Animals in the second dream vision[edit]

text: The second dream vision in this section of the Book of Enoch is an allegorical account of the history of Israel, that uses animals to represent human beings and human beings to represent angels.

text: One of several hypothetical reconstructions of the meanings in the dream is as follows based on the works of R. H. Charles and G. H. Schodde:

text:
White color for moral purity; Black color for sin and contamination of the fallen angels; Red color for blood in reference to martyrdom
White bull is Adam; Female heifer is Eve; Red calf is Abel; Black calf is Cain; White calf is Seth;
White bull / man is Noah; White bull is Shem; Red bull is Ham, son of Noah; Black bull is Japheth; Lord of the sheep is God; Fallen star is either Samyaza or Azazel; Elephants are Giants; Camels are Nephilim; Asses are Elioud;
Sheep are the faithful; Rams are leaders; Herds are the tribes of Israel; Wild Asses are Ishmael, and his descendants including the Midianites;  Wild Boars are Esau and his descendants, Edom and Amalek; Bears (Hyenas/Wolves in Ethiopic) are the Egyptians; Dogs are Philistines; Tigers are Arimathea; Hyenas are Assyrians; Ravens (Crows) are Seleucids (Syrians); Kites are Ptolemies; Eagles are possibly Macedonians; Foxes are Ammonites and Moabites;

text: Description[edit]

text: This subsection includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this subsection by introducing more precise citations. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: There are a great many links between the first book and this one, including the outline of the story and the imprisonment of the leaders and destruction of the Nephilim. The dream includes sections relating to the book of Watchers:

text: And those seventy shepherds were judged and found guilty, and they were cast into that fiery abyss. And I saw at that time how a like abyss was opened in the midst of the earth, full of fire, and they brought those blinded sheep. (The fall of the evil ones)

text: And all the oxen feared them and were affrighted at them, and began to bite with their teeth and to devour, and to gore with their horns. And they began, moreover, to devour those oxen; and behold all the children of the earth began to tremble and quake before them and to flee from them. (The creation of the Nephilim et al.)

text: 86:4, 87:3, 88:2, and 89:6 all describe the types of Nephilim that are created during the times described in The Book of Watchers, though this doesn't mean that the authors of both books are the same. Similar references exist in Jubilees 7:21–22.

text: The book describes their release from the Ark along with three bulls – white, red, and black, which are Shem, Ham, and Japeth – in 90:9. It also covers the death of Noah, described as the white bull, and the creation of many nations:

text: And they began to bring forth beasts of the field and birds, so that there arose different genera: lions, tigers, wolves, dogs, hyenas, wild boars, foxes, squirrels, swine, falcons, vultures, kites, eagles, and ravens (90:10)

text: It then describes the story of Moses and Aaron (90:13–15), including the miracle of the river splitting in two for them to pass, and the creation of the stone commandments. Eventually they arrived at a "pleasant and glorious land" (90:40) where they were attacked by dogs (Philistines), foxes (Ammonites, Moabites), and wild boars (Esau).

text: And that sheep whose eyes were opened saw that ram, which was amongst the sheep, till it forsook its glory and began to butt those sheep, and trampled upon them, and behaved itself unseemly. And the Lord of the sheep sent the lamb to another lamb and raised it to being a ram and leader of the sheep instead of that ram which had forsaken its glory. (David replacing Saul as leader of Israel)

text: It describes the creation of Solomon's Temple and also the house which may be the tabernacle: "And that house became great and broad, and it was built for those sheep: (and) a tower lofty and great was built on the house for the Lord of the sheep, and that house was low, but the tower was elevated and lofty, and the Lord of the sheep stood on that tower and they offered a full table before Him". This interpretation is accepted by Dillmann (p. 262), Vernes (p. 89), and Schodde (p. 107). It also describes the escape of Elijah the prophet; in 1 Kings 17:2–24, he is fed by "ravens", so if Kings uses a similar analogy, he may have been fed by the Seleucids. "... saw the Lord of the sheep how He wrought much slaughter amongst them in their herds until those sheep invited that slaughter and betrayed His place." This describes the various tribes of Israel "inviting" in other nations "betraying his place" (i.e., the land promised to their ancestors by God).

text: This part of the book can be taken to be the kingdom splitting into the northern and southern tribes, that is, Israel and Judah, eventually leading to Israel falling to the Assyrians in 721 BC and Judah falling to the Babylonians a little over a century later 587 BC. "And He gave them over into the hands of the lions and tigers, and wolves and hyenas, and into the hand of the foxes, and to all the wild beasts, and those wild beasts began to tear in pieces those sheep"; God abandons Israel for they have abandoned him.

text: There is also mention of 59 of 70 shepherds with their own seasons; there seems to be some debate on the meaning of this section, some suggesting that it is a reference to the 70 appointed times in 25:11, 9:2, and 1:12. Another interpretation is the 70 weeks in Daniel 9:24. However, the general interpretation is that these are simply angels. This section of the book and another section near the end describe the appointment by God of the 70 angels to protect the Israelites from enduring too much harm from the "beasts and birds". The later section (110:14) describes how the 70 angels are judged for causing more harm to Israel than he desired, found guilty, and "cast into an abyss, full of fire and flaming, and full of pillars of fire."

text: "And the lions and tigers eat and devoured the greater part of those sheep, and the wild boars eat along with them; and they burnt that tower and demolished that house"; this represents the sacking of Solomon's temple and the tabernacle in Jerusalem by the Babylonians as they take Judah in 587–586 BC, exiling the remaining Jews. "And forthwith I saw how the shepherds pastured for twelve hours, and behold three of those sheep turned back and came and entered and began to build up all that had fallen down of that house". "Cyrus allowed Sheshbazzar, a prince from the tribe of Judah, to bring the Jews from Babylon back to Jerusalem. Jews were allowed to return with the Temple vessels that the Babylonians had taken. Construction of the Second Temple began"; this represents the history of ancient Israel and Judah; the temple was completed in 515 BC.

text:
The first part of the next section of the book seems, according to Western scholars, to clearly describe the Maccabean revolt of 167 BC against the Seleucids.
The following two quotes have been altered from their original form to make the hypothetical meanings of the animal names clear.

text: And I saw in the vision how the (Seleucids) flew upon those (faithful) and took one of those lambs, and dashed the sheep in pieces and devoured them. And I saw till horns grew upon those lambs, and the (Seleucids) cast down their horns; and I saw till there sprouted a great horn of one of those (faithful), and their eyes were opened. And it looked at them and their eyes opened, and it cried to the sheep, and the rams saw it and all ran to it. And notwithstanding all this those (Macedonians) and vultures and (Seleucids) and (Ptolemies) still kept tearing the sheep and swooping down upon them and devouring them: still the sheep remained silent, but the rams lamented and cried out. And those (Seleucids) fought and battled with it and sought to lay low its horn, but they had no power over it. (109:8–12)

text: All the (Macedonians) and vultures and (Seleucids) and (Ptolemies) were gathered together, and there came with them all the sheep of the field, yea, they all came together, and helped each other to break that horn of the ram. (110:16)

text: According to this theory, the first sentence most likely refers to the death of High Priest Onias III, whose murder is described in 1 Maccabees 3:33–35 (died c. 171 BC). The "great horn" clearly is not Mattathias, the initiator of the rebellion, as he dies a natural death, described in 1 Maccabees 2:49. It is also not Alexander the Great, as the great horn is interpreted as a warrior who has fought the Macedonians, Seleucids, and Ptolemies. Judas Maccabeus (167 BC–160 BC) fought all three of these, with a large number of victories against the Seleucids over a great period of time; "they had no power over it". He is also described as "one great horn among six others on the head of a lamb", possibly referring to Maccabeus's five brothers and Mattathias. If taken in context of the history from Maccabeus's time, Dillman Chrest Aethiop says the explanation of Verse 13 can be found in 1 Maccabees iii 7; vi. 52; v.; 2 Maccabees vi. 8 sqq., 13, 14; 1 Maccabees vii 41, 42; and 2 Maccabees x v, 8 sqq. Maccabeus was eventually killed by the Seleucids at the Battle of Elasa, where he faced "twenty thousand foot soldiers and two thousand cavalry". At one time, it was believed this passage might refer to John Hyrcanus; the only reason for this was that the time between Alexander the Great and John Maccabeus was too short. However, it has been asserted that evidence shows that this section does indeed discuss Maccabeus.

text:
It then describes: "And I saw till a great sword was given to the sheep, and the sheep proceeded against all the beasts of the field to slay them, and all the beasts and the birds of the heaven fled before their face."
This might be simply the "power of God": God was with them to avenge the death. It may also be Jonathan Apphus taking over command of the rebels to battle on after the death of Judas. John Hyrcanus (Hyrcanus I, Hasmonean dynasty) may also make an appearance; the passage "And all that had been destroyed and dispersed, and all the beasts of the field, and all the birds of the heaven, assembled in that house, and the Lord of the sheep rejoiced with great joy because they were all good and had returned to His house" may describe John's reign as a time of great peace and prosperity. Certain scholars also claim Alexander Jannaeus of Judaea is alluded to in this book.

text: The end of the book describes the new Jerusalem, culminating in the birth of a Messiah:

text: And I saw that a white bull was born, with large horns and all the beasts of the field and all the birds of the air feared him and made petition to him all the time. And I saw till all their generations were transformed, and they all became white bulls; and the first among them became a lamb, and that lamb became a great animal and had great black horns on its head; and the Lord of the sheep rejoiced over it and over all the oxen.

text: Still another interpretation, which has just as much as credibility, is that the last chapters of this section simply refer to the infamous battle of Armageddon, where all of the nations of the world march against Israel; this interpretation is supported by the War Scroll, which describes what this epic battle may be like, according to the group(s) that existed at Qumran.

text: The Epistle of Enoch[edit]

text: Some scholars propose a date somewhere between the 170 BC and the 1st century BC.

text: This section can be seen as being made up of five subsections,[84] mixed by the final redactor:

text:
Apocalypse of Weeks (93:1–10, 91:11–17): this subsection, usually dated to the first half of the 2nd century BC, narrates the history of the world using a structure of ten periods (said "weeks"), of which seven regard the past and three regard future events (the final judgment). The climax is in the seventh part of the tenth week where "new heaven shall appear" and "there will be many weeks without number for ever, and all shall be in goodness and righteousness".
Exhortation (91:1–10, 91:18–19): this short list of exhortations to follow righteousness, said by Enoch to his son Methuselah, looks to be a bridge to next subsection.
Epistle (92:1–5, 93:11–105:2): the first part of the epistle describes the wisdom of the Lord, the final reward of the just and the punishment of the evil, and the two separate paths of righteousness and unrighteousness. Then there are six oracles against the sinners, the witness of the whole creation against them, and the assurance of the fate after death. According to Boccaccini[51]:131–138 the epistle is composed of two layers: a "proto-epistle", with a theology near the deterministic doctrine of the Qumran group, and a slightly later part (94:4–104:6) that points out the personal responsibility of the individual, often describing the sinners as the wealthy and the just as the oppressed (a theme found also in the Book of Parables).
Birth of Noah (106–107): this part appears in Qumran fragments separated from the previous text by a blank line, thus appearing to be an appendix. It tells of the deluge and of Noah, who is born already with the appearance of an angel. This text probably derives, as do other small portions of 1 Enoch, from an originally separate book (see Book of Noah), but was arranged by the redactor as direct speech of Enoch himself.
Conclusion (108): this second appendix was not found in Qumran and is considered to be the work of the final redactor. It highlights the "generation of light" in opposition to the sinners destined to the darkness.

text: Content[edit]

text: XCII, XCI.1–10, 18–19. Enoch's Book of Admonition for his Children.

text:
XCI.1–10, 18–19. Enoch's Admonition to his Children.
XCIII, XCI.12–17. The Apocalypse of Weeks.
XCI.12–17. The Last Three Weeks.
XCIV.1–5. Admonitions to the Righteous.
XCIV.6–11. Woes for the Sinners.
XCV. Enoch's Grief: fresh Woes against the Sinners.
XCVI. Grounds of Hopefulness for the Righteous: Woes for the Wicked.
XCVII. The Evils in Store for Sinners and the Possessors of Unrighteous Wealth.
XCVIII. Self-indulgence of Sinners: Sin originated by Man: all Sin recorded in Heaven: Woes for the Sinners.
XCIX. Woes pronounced on the Godless, the Lawbreakers: evil Plight of Sinners in The Last Days: further Woes.
C. The Sinners destroy each other: Judgement of the Fallen Angels: the Safety of the Righteous: further Woes for the Sinners.
CI. Exhortation to the fear of God: all Nature fears Him but not the Sinners.
CII. Terrors of the Day of Judgement: the adverse Fortunes of the Righteous on the Earth.
CIII. Different Destinies of the Righteous and the Sinners: fresh Objections of the Sinners.
CIV. Assurances given to the Righteous: Admonitions to Sinners and the Falsifiers of the Words of Uprightness.
CV. God and the Messiah to dwell with Man.
CVI–CVII. (first appendix) Birth of Noah.
CVIII. (second appendix) Conclusion.

text: Names of the fallen angels[edit]

text: Some of the fallen angels that are given in 1 Enoch have other names, such as Rameel ('morning of God'), who becomes Azazel, and is also called Gadriel ('wall of God') in Chapter 68. Another example is that Araqiel ('Earth of God') becomes Aretstikapha ('world of distortion') in Chapter 68.

text: Azaz, as in Azazel, means strength, so the name Azazel can refer to 'strength of God'. But the sense in which it is used most probably means 'impudent' (showing strength towards), which results in 'arrogant to God'. This is also a key point in modern thought that Azazel is Satan.

text: Nathaniel Schmidt states "the names of the angels apparently refer to their condition and functions before the fall," and lists the likely meanings of the angels' names in the Book of Enoch, noting that "the great majority of them are Aramaic."[85]

text: The name suffix -el means 'God' (see list of names referring to El), and is used in the names of high-ranking angels. The archangels' names all include -el, such as Uriel ('flame of God') and Michael ('who is like God').

text: Another name is given as Gadreel, who is said to have tempted Eve; Schmidt lists the name as meaning 'the helper of God.'[85]


document_title: List of companies of South Africa

question_text: what is the richest company in south africa

root

text: List of companies of South Africa

text: Largest firms[edit]

text:
Rank
Name
Industry
Revenue
Headquarters
Ref(s)

1
Sasol
Chemicals
$11.8 billion
Sandton
[8]

2
MTN Group
Telecommunications
$10.1 billion
Johannesburg
[8]

3
Shoprite Holdings
Food Retail
$9.4 billion
Brackenfell
[8]

4
Bidvest
Investment Services
$9.4 billion
Sandton
[8]

5
Standard Bank Group
Banking
$8.6 billion
Johannesburg
[8]

6
FirstRand
Banking
$8.4 billion
Johannesburg
[8]

7
Naspers
Broadcasting
$5.9 billion
Cape Town
[8]

8
Sanlam
Life & Health Insurance
$5.8 billion
Cape Town
[8]

9
MMI Holdings Limited
Life & Health Insurance
$3.7 billion
Centurion
[8]

10
Remgro
Conglomerates
$1.9 billion
Stellenbosch
[8]

tag: table

text: Notable firms[edit]

text: This list includes notable companies with primary headquarters located in the country. The industry and sector follow the Industry Classification Benchmark taxonomy. Organizations which have ceased operations are included and noted as defunct.

tag: p

text:
Notable companies
     Active      State-owned      Defunct

Name
Industry
Sector
Headquarters
Founded
Notes

Adcock Ingram
Health care
Pharmaceuticals
Johannesburg
1891
Healthcare products

Afrihost
Telecommunications
Fixed line telecommunications
Johannesburg
2000
ISP

Airports Company South Africa (ACSA)
Industrials
Transportation services
Bedfordview
1993
Airport management

Anglo American Platinum
Basic materials
General mining
Johannesburg
1995
Mining

Aspen Pharmacare
Health care
Pharmaceuticals
Durban
1850
Drug company

Automobile Association of South Africa
Consumer services
Specialized consumer services
Midrand
1930
Automotive services

Barclays Africa Group
Financials
Banks
Johannesburg
1991
Banking and investments

Business Connexion Group
Technology
Software
Johannesburg
1979
I/T

CapeRay
Health care
Medical equipment
Cape Town
2010
Medical imaging equipment

Capitec Bank
Financials
Banks
Stellenbosch
2001
Bank

Cell C
Telecommunications
Mobile telecommunications
Randburg
2001
Mobile netwoek

Checkers
Consumer services
Food retailers & wholesalers
Cape Town
1956[9]
Supermarkets, part of Shoprite since 1991

De Haan's Bus & Coach
Inudstrials
Commercial vehicles & trucks
Cape Town
1951
Bus manufacturer

Dimension Data
Technology
Software
Johannesburg
1983
Software and services

e.tv
Consumer services
Broadcasting & entertainment
Cape Town
1998
Television

Eskom
Utilities
Conventional electricity
Sunninghill
1923
Electrical producer and distribution

Exxaro
Basic materials
Coal
Pretoria
2006
Coal mining

First National Bank
Financials
Banks
Johannesburg
1838
Bank, part of First Rand

First Rand
Financials
Banks
Johannesburg
1998
Bank

FNB Connect
Telecommunications
Fixed line telecommunications
Johannesburg
2009
ISP, part of First National Bank

Gallo Record Company
Consumer services
Broadcasting & entertainment
Johannesburg
1926
Record label, part of Times Media Group

Gijima Group
Technology
Telecommunications equipment
Centurion
1998
Communications technology

Gold Fields
Basic materials
Gold mining
Johannesburg
1998
Gold mining

Golden Arrow Bus Services
Consumer services
Travel & tourism
Cape Town
1863
Public transportation

Harmony Gold
Basic materials
Gold mining
Melrose
1950
Gold mining

Hollard Group
Financials
Full line insurance
Johannesburg
1980
Private insurance

Illovo Sugar
Consumer goods
Food products
Umhlanga
1891
Sugar

Impala Platinum
Basic materials
General mining
Johannesburg
1973
Mining and refining

Junk Mail Digital Media
Industrials
Business support services
Pretoria
1992
Advertising

Kumba Iron Ore
Basic materials
Iron & steel
Centurion
2001
Iron mining

LIFE Healthcare Group
Health care
Health care providers
Johannesburg
1983[10]
Hospitals

Mathews & Associates Architects
Industrials
Business support services
Pretoria
2000
Architecture

Mediclinic International
Health care
Health care providers
Stellenbosch
1983
Hospitals

M-Net
Consumer services
Broadcasting & entertainment
Johannesburg
1986
Television

MTN Group
Telecommunications
Fixed line telecommunications
Johannesburg
1994
Multinational telecom

MultiChoice
Consumer services
Broadcasting & entertainment
Johannesburg
1996
Entertainment and broadcasting

MWEB
Telecommunications
Fixed line telecommunications
Cape Town
1997
ISP

Naspers
Consumer services
Broadcasting & entertainment
Cape Town
1915
Media group

Nedbank
Financials
Banks
Johannesburg
1888
Bank

Neotel
Telecommunications
Fixed line telecommunications
Johannesburg
2006
ISP

Netcare
Health care
Health care providers
Johannesburg
1996
Hospitals, part of General Healthcare Group (UK)

Pick 'n Pay
Consumer services
Food retailers & wholesalers
Cape Town
1967
Supermarket chain

Pioneer Foods
Consumer goods
Food products
Cape Town
1997
Packaged goods

PPC Ltd.
Industrials
Building materials & fixtures
Pretoria
1892
Cement

Primedia
Consumer services
Broadcasting & entertainment
Johannesburg
1994
Media holding group

Primedia Broadcasting
Consumer services
Broadcasting & entertainment
Johannesburg
1994
Radio, news, part of Primedia

PUTCO
Consumer services
Travel & tourism
Johannesburg
1945
Public transportation

Riovic
Technology
Computer services
Johannesburg
2015
P2P insurance, on-demand insurance platform

Rovos Rail
Industrials
Railroads
Pretoria
1989
Rail

RunwaySale
Consumer services
Apparel retailers
Cape Town
2012
Online clothing retailer

South African Broadcasting Corporation
Consumer services
Broadcasting & entertainment
Johannesburg
1936
State broadcasting

Sanlam
Financials
Asset managers
Cape Town
1918
Asset management and insurance

Sasol
Oil & gas
Exploration & production
Johannesburg
1950
Refining

Shoprite
Consumer services
Food retailers & wholesalers
Cape Town
1979
Food retailer

South African Breweries
Consumer goods
Brewers
Johannesburg
1895
Brewery, part of Anheuser-Busch InBev (Belgium)

Standard Bank
Financials
Banks
Johannesburg
1862
Banks

StarSat, South Africa
Consumer services
Broadcasting & entertainment
Midrand
2010
Part of StarTimes (China)

Telkom
Telecommunications
Fixed line telecommunications
Centurion
1991
Telecom

Telkom Mobile
Telecommunications
Mobile telecommunications
Centurion
2010
Mobile GSM, part of Telkom

Tiger Brands
Consumer goods
Food products
Johannesburg
1921
Primarily packaged foods

Times Media Group
Consumer services
Publishing
Johannesburg
2012
Publisher

Tongaat Hulett
Consumer goods
Food products
Tongaat
1892
Sugar

Transnet National Ports Authority
Industrials
Transportation services
Johannesburg
2005
Ports

Transnet
Industrials
Transportation services
Johannesburg
1990
Ports and rail

Travelstart
Consumer services
Travel & tourism
Cape Town
1999
Travel booking

Union Carriage & Wagon
Industrials
Commercial vehicles & trucks
Nigel
1957
Rolling stock manufacturer

Vodacom
Telecommunications
Mobile telecommunications
Johannesburg
1994
Mobile network, part of Vodafone (UK)

Wesizwe Platinum
Basic materials
General mining
Johannesburg
2003[11]
Mining

Woolworths
Consumer services
Broadline retailers
Cape Town
1931
Retail stores

text:
The JSE.

Pear exports in the Ceres valley.

Canal Walk shopping centre in Cape Town.

The Tiger Oats building in Moorreesburg, previously home to Tiger Brands.

tag: ul


document_title: President of the Republic of Texas

question_text: who commanded the texas army and also was president of the texas republic

text: President of the Republic of Texas

text: History and duties[edit]

text:
Part of a series on the

History of Texas

Timeline
 Pre-Columbian Texas Early Spanish explorations 1520– French Texas 1684–1689 Spanish Texas 1690–1821 Mexican Texas 1821–1836 Republic of Texas 1836–1845 Statehood 1845–1860 Civil War Era 1861–1865 Reconstruction 1865–1899 State of Texas

 Texas portalvte

text: The Republic of Texas was formed in 1836. In the midst of the Texas Revolution, Texan settlers elected delegates to the Convention of 1836, which issued the Texas Declaration of Independence and elected David G. Burnet as interim president of the new country. In May 1836 Burnet and Mexican President Antonio López de Santa Anna, who was at the time a Texan prisoner-of-war, signed the Treaties of Velasco officially recognizing Texas's break from Mexico.

text: The authority and responsibilities of the president was similar to that of the President of the United States: to serve the people of Texas, and to serve as the head of the military and the state. These were detailed in the Constitution of the Republic of Texas of 1836. The Constitution specified a term of two years for the first elected president (Sam Houston) and terms of three years thereafter; the president could not succeed himself, but there were otherwise no term limits. The president was elected separately from the vice president, by popular vote, and there was no requirement to be native-born. A strict reading of the Constitution provided for women's suffrage (that is, both men and women were citizens and could vote for Congress, president, and other offices), but women and preachers or priests were not allowed to serve as president or in Congress. Indians and Africans and those of African descent could not be citizens.

text: The president lived in different towns during the life of the Republic, as the capital was relocated, especially during and immediately after the Texas Revolution. Washington-on-the-Brazos was Texas' first capital in 1836 (provisional), followed quickly by Harrisburg 1836 (provisional), Galveston 1836 (provisional), Velasco 1836 (provisional), Columbia 1836–37, Houston, 1837–39, and finally Austin, the modern capital, 1839–46.

text: The position was abolished with the annexation of Texas, largely due to President Anson Jones, who received the nickname "The architect of Annexation" and served only one year and three months. The amount of power wielded by occupants of the office varied tremendously during the nine years of Texas' independence. Particularly in the beginning, there was a larger military need than in the 1840s, and the president therefore had considerably more power and influence than during years of relative peace. However, there is no record of any president violating or changing the Texas Constitution.[citation needed]

text: As the United States and other countries such as France recognized Texan independence, presidential power functioned without interference from the outside world, though the Republic generally allied itself informally with the United States. Several presidents supported annexation of the Republic by the United States, with direct admission as a state.

text: Under the Constitution the vice president was to succeed the president in the event of the latter's death, resignation or removal by impeachment; however this never happened. The vice president was also the President of the Senate, and had a casting vote in the event of a tie.

text: Oath of office[edit]

text: The oath or affirmation of office for the president was established in the Constitution of the Republic of Texas and was mandatory for a president 'before entering upon the duties' of the office. The wording, very similar to that of the United States' version, was prescribed by Article VI of the Constitution, as follows:

text: "I, A. B., President of the Republic of Texas, do solemnly and sincerely swear [or affirm, as the case may be] that I will faithfully execute the duties of my office, and to the best of my ability preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the Republic."

text: List of presidents and vice presidents[edit]

text:
Presidents and Vice Presidents of the Republic of Texas

№

Portrait

President

Term of office

Party

Term

Previous Office

Vice president

—

David G. Burnet(1788-04-18)April 18, 1788 – (1870-12-05)December 5, 1870(aged 82)

March 16, 1836–October 22, 1836

Nonpartisan

Interim[1]

Delegate to the  Convention of 1833

Lorenzo de Zavala

1

Sam Houston(1793-03-02)March 2, 1793 – (1863-07-26)July 26, 1863(aged 70)

October 22, 1836–December 10, 1838

Nonpartisan

1 (1836)

Commander-in-Chief  of the Texian Army (1836)

Mirabeau B. Lamar

2

Mirabeau B. Lamar(1798-08-16)August 16, 1798 – (1859-12-19)December 19, 1859(aged 61)

December 10, 1838–December 13, 1841

Nonpartisan

2 (1838)

1st  Vice President of the  Republic of Texas (1836–1838)

David G. Burnet

3

Sam Houston(1793-03-02)March 2, 1793 – (1863-07-26)July 26, 1863(aged 70)

December 13, 1841–December 9, 1844

Nonpartisan

3 (1841)

1st President of the  Republic of Texas(1836–1838)

Edward Burleson

4

Anson Jones(1798-01-20)January 20, 1798 – (1858-01-09)January 9, 1858(aged 59)

December 9, 1844–February 19, 1846

Nonpartisan

4 (1844)

11th Secretary of State  of the Republic of Texas(1841–1844)

Kenneth AndersonDecember 9, 1844 – July 3, 1845


document_title: Ann Perkins

question_text: who does anne marry in parks and rec

question_tokens: who does anne marry in parks and rec

text: Ann Perkins

text: Storyline[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text: At the start of the series, Ann Perkins was dating Andy Dwyer, her live-in boyfriend. Ann matured faster than Andy did and, while Ann entered into a career in nursing, Andy remained lazy, spoiled, and unemployed.[1] After Andy falls into a large pit next to her house and breaks his legs, Ann is inspired to attend Parks and Recreation meetings to advocate for filling in the pit, which leads Ann to befriend the department's deputy director Leslie Knope.[2] Eventually, after Andy's leg casts are removed, Ann learns he could have taken them off weeks prior, but did not because he enjoyed being pampered and spoiled by Ann. This leads to an angry confrontation, and eventually the two break up, much to Andy's despair.[3]

text: Season 2[edit]

text: After Andy, Pawnee city planner Mark fell into the construction pit (at the end of season one) and is nursed by Ann during his time at the hospital. The two develop a romantic interest in each other and start dating only after Leslie, who previously harbored feelings for Mark, assures Ann she is fine with the pairing.[4] At first, Ann seems to be happy with Mark, but as time goes on, she starts getting bored having a normal and healthy relationship, remembering that her relationship with Andy, while terrible, was more interesting. Furthermore, she shows a hint of jealousy toward Andy's budding relationship with April. However, she continues to date Mark unsure of what her true feelings are for him. Yet, when Mark attempts to propose to her, she realises that her feelings for Mark have left and wants to be with Andy. She and Mark break up, and Mark leaves his government job to work in the private sector. In the season finale episode, after Andy crashes his motorcycle, Ann kisses him while nursing him at the hospital. On another night, she gets drunk and kisses state auditor Chris Traeger, which prompts him to continually ask her out on a date, which invitations she declines because she is put off by his excessive positivity.

text: Season 3[edit]

text: Ann continues to be asked out by Chris but continually declines. Leslie sees an opportunity to utilize Chris' positivity to bring more funds into the Parks Department by having Ann bring it up on a date. While out, Ann learns of the reason for Chris' positivity: he had a rare blood disorder and was expected to die as a baby, and so he is happy to still be alive many years later; as a result, she takes a genuine liking to him. Their date is ruined when both Leslie and Ben crash it, and Leslie accidentally reveals the motive behind the date. Ann later apologizes to Chris and asks him out on another date, and the two soon enter into a relationship. Initially, Ann was intimidated by Chris' intensity, calling him "the perfect human man". But after he is incapacitated by a serious flu virus and so drops his appearance of perfection, Ann relaxes. After a few weeks of dating Ann is infatuated enough with Chris to have no issues with the idea of leaving Pawnee and following him to Indianapolis. When the two discuss the issue of a long distance relationship or the notion of Ann's moving with him, Ann believes that things are a bit cleared up although she came up with no definite solution on the issue. Ann later tells Leslie Chris became distant after their "talk", which prompts Leslie to search his house for items that could suggest his infidelity, when she and Ron visit his house in Indianapolis. There, she finds a pink razor and pink swim cap, and calls Ann about it. Ann then storms into Chris' house drilling him about whether he is cheating on her, only to find out that he had actually broken up with her in their conversation the week before; Ann did not realize he had dumped her, because Chris was so cheerful about it, and Ann had never been dumped in her life before that point. (The razor and swim cap both actually belonged to Chris.) Ann is shown to be emotionally affected by the break up, and she begins engaging in impulsive behaviors, such as dyeing part of her hair red and making out with a patient during the Harvest Festival. When Chris returns to Pawnee as the temporary city manager, the two of them discuss their relationship over dinner, where Ann is fooled again by his positive attitude into thinking their relationship is back on. In order to cope, she decides to start dating again, which causes her to be more distant from Leslie. Leslie, in response, recommends her as the new Health Department public relations director. Ann ends up taking the job part-time so she can still be a nurse at the hospital.

text: Season 4[edit]

text: In season four, Ann moves on from Chris after they shoot a PSA. Ann gets closer to Ron and April after she tells them a disgusting medical story. This results from several failed attempts to engage in small talk, over fact-checking Leslie's book. Ann is again a big supporter in Leslie and Ben getting back together. She also agrees to help Leslie with her campaign and temporarily became her campaign manager. In Operation Ann, Leslie tries to help Ann meet a date. She ends up going out with Tom Haverford, even though almost everything he does frustrates her and they frequently break up. On election night, a drunken Ann agrees to move in with Tom.

text: Season 5[edit]

text: In season five, Ann and Tom have moved in together. Despite realizing, within two days, that it was a mistake, they stay together to thwart their co-workers' expectations that it wouldn't last, and so Tom won't lose his $1,000 bet with Donna. They publicly break up when Donna tells them she knows the truth and lets Tom off the hook.

text: Ann decides she wants to have a child and begins the process of fertilization, asking Chris Traeger to father her child. Chris accepts her offer in the episode "Bailout". Ann and April's friendship expands this season, culminating in a hug and an admission on April's part that she considers Ann a friend.

text: Season 6[edit]

text: In the season six premiere, Ann reveals that she is back together with Chris, and she is pregnant.

text: In the episode "New Beginnings", Chris and Ann briefly get engaged but decide that they don't need to be married since they're both happy with their relationship. They also learn they're having a boy.

text: Chris and Ann decide to move to Ann Arbor, Michigan, as Chris is offered a job at the University of Michigan coupled with their desire to be closer to Ann's family, who reside in Michigan. Upon hearing the news, Leslie decides to throw Ann a goodbye party and start groundbreaking on "Pawnee Commons", the lot that was a pit at the start of the series, which Leslie vowed to turn into a park. On Ann and Chris' final day in Pawnee, Ann tells Leslie she will always be her best friend and invites her to come and visit, then she and Chris leave Pawnee for good.

text: On "Galentine's Day", Ann hangs up on Leslie from their scheduled phone call. Leslie later finds out that Ann did this because she was in labor and didn't want Leslie to drop everything to come see her. Ann is later visited by Leslie at the hospital, and she is seen holding her newborn son Oliver Perkins-Traeger. Chris is not featured in the episode because he was asked to be the birthing coach for another patient, since he did such a great job with Ann.

text: Season 7[edit]

text: Ann and Chris, now married, return for a guest appearance in the series finale in order to advise Leslie in 2025. It is revealed that after Oliver, the couple had a second child, a daughter named Leslie.

text: Development[edit]

text: While in early stages of developing Parks and Recreation, Greg Daniels and Michael Schur had been considering ideas for a possible show involving Rashida Jones before the concept of the series was even established. Both Daniels and Schur had worked with Jones on the Daniels-created NBC comedy series, The Office, in which Jones played the character Karen Filippelli. It was only after Amy Poehler was cast as protagonist Leslie Knope that the concept of the show and Ann's character were fully developed.[5] While most of the Parks and Recreation character work for the local Pawnee government, Ann Perkins was initially conceived as a political outsider who became indirectly involved in municipal government and, in Schur's words, "got drawn into Leslie's world".[6]

text: Ann Perkins appeared in every episode of Parks and Recreation until Season 6, except for "Woman of the Year", which she missed because she was filming scenes for the David Fincher film The Social Network (2010).[7][8] Her last name was inspired by Nancy Perkins, one of the casting directors who worked on the show.[9] In crafting the Ann Perkins character, the staff were drawn to the idea of building a show around a female relationship, namely Ann and Leslie Knope's.[10]

text: Reception[edit]

text:
God bless you, Rashida Jones's agent, you know how to draw up an ironclad contract. Jones herself is never a chore to watch; far from it, and it can only be assumed she's equally charming to work with. [But] the Parks and Recreation writers are the smartest in the business, and even they seem at a loss as to what to do with Ann Perkins.
“
”

– Steve Kandell, New York magazine[7]

tag: div

text: While most reviewers have praised Rashida Jones' performance, the character of Ann Perkins initially received mixed reviews from critics. Ann often serves as a straight man to the other characters, particularly Leslie Knope,[11][12][13] and some reviewers have said Rashida Jones' talent has been under-utilized in the role.[14][15] Steve Heisler of The A.V. Club wrote, "While I like Rashida Jones in the part, her character usually does best when she's got some wacky person to play off of."[16] Entertainment Weekly writer Hillary Busis said, "Even Parks and Rec lovers often agree that Rashida Jones’s character can seem, well, kind of boring."[17] Matt Fowler of IGN wrote, "Ann isn't necessarily the funniest character on the show, to say the least",[18] but he said she is capable of being very humorous, adding: "Rashida Jones is sexy and funny, but a lot of her humor is subtle and thankless."[19] New York magazine writer Steve Kandell said he did not believe the Ann character was necessary for the show because she was too far removed from the other characters. He added, "The Parks and Recreation writers are the smartest in the business, and even they seem at a loss as to what to do with Ann Perkins."[7] However, Los Angeles Times reporter Robert Lloyd said he felt Jones and Amy Poehler had a good comedic rhythm with each other,[20] and The Atlantic writer Scott Meslow said Jones has a "natural comic sensibility" who rarely gets the best material due to her straight man role.[13] Television columnist Alan Sepinwall said Jones not only plays a good straight man, but particularly excels in bringing the best comedic potential out of her fellow cast members.[21] The character was listed in Wetpaint's "10 Hottest TV Nurses".[22]

text: Many reviewers were critical of the pairing of Mark and Ann, feeling the couple lacked chemistry and were often the least funny parts of the individual episodes.[23][24][25] Entertainment Weekly writer Margaret Lyons called Mark and Ann the show's "Achilles' heel",[26] and Sandra Gonzalez, also from Entertainment Weekly, wrote, "No matter what they do with these two, I can’t help but be bored."[27] Alan Sepinwall said the relationship was ineffective because both Mark and Ann are "straight man" characters, and he called the pairing one of the few mistakes of the second season.[11] In his review of "94 Meetings", in which Mark discusses his intentions to marry Ann, Leonard Pierce of The A.V. Club wrote of the couple, "their scenes just seemed to lay there and die: action was set up but never resolved, and the deferral contained no laughs to compensate for the dramatic fizzle".[25] Matt Fowler of IGN called the pairing one of the "lesser elements" of the second season, but said it had more to do with Mark than Ann: "Mark just wound up feeling extraneous, [but] I can also appreciate the nuanced realism of Ann just realizing that she wasn't ultimately that 'into him' as a way to break them up."[28]

text: Ann would receive much more positive reviews in the later seasons. Many reviewers claimed Ann's relationship with Chris in the third season was a major improvement,[11][18] with several writing that Chris' near-perfection took the normally composed Ann out of her comfort zone, giving Rashida Jones more comedic material to work with.[13][17] Several commentators felt Ann's character in general saw major improvements during the third season, such as in subplots where she started acting eccentricly after her break-up with Chris, or her phase of dating several random men.[12][29][30] Steve Heisler of The A.V. Club wrote that by the middle of the third season, "Ann's character defies all the expectations heaped on her from two previous seasons".[31] Eric Sundermann of Hollywood.com wrote: "Rashida Jones hasn't been given too much opportunity to shine within the ensemble, so pushing her off the deep-end seems to be a good decision. Jones is a really funny actress if given the right material, and it's quickly becoming apparent that the 'crazy, almost slutty' approach is one that works in a comedic way for her very, very well."[32] Matt Fowler of IGN wrote, "While Ann still isn't the best of the bunch as far as characters go, she was able to be a part of more great scenes this year by getting paired up with Chris in the first half of the season and getting to have some great moments of drunken anger in 'The Fight'."[33] Several reviews also praised the pairing of Ann and Donna Meagle, who gives her dating advice in the episode "Harvest Festival" and "April and Andy's Fancy Party".[34][35]