document_title: Missouri

question_text: where does the source of political power in missouri lie

question_tokens: where does the source of political power in missouri lie

text: Missouri

text: Etymology and pronunciation

text: The state is named for the Missouri River, which was named after the indigenous Missouri Indians, a Siouan-language tribe. It is said that they were called the ouemessourita (wimihsoorita[7]), meaning "those who have dugout canoes", by the Miami-Illinois language speakers.[8] This appears to be Folk Etymology. The Illinois spoke an Algonquian language and the closest approximation that can be made in that of their close neighbors, the Ojibwe, is "You Ought to Go Downriver & Visit Those People."[9] This would be an odd occurrence, as the French who first explored & attempted to settle the Mississippi River usually got their translations during that time fairly accurate, often giving things French names that were exact translations of the native tongue(s).

text: Assuming Missouri were deriving from the Siouan language, it would translate as "It connects to the side of it," in reference to the river itself.[10] This isn't entirely likely either, as this would be coming out as "Maya Sunni" (Mah-yah soo-nee) Most likely, though, the name Missouri comes from Chiwere language, a fairly unique Siouan dialect spoken by people who resided in the modern day states of Wisconsin, Iowa, South Dakota, Missouri & Nebraska.

text: The name "Missouri" has several different pronunciations even among its present-day natives,[11] the two most common being /mɪˈzɜːri/ ( listen) and /məˈzɜːrə/ ( listen).[12] [13] Further pronunciations also exist in Missouri or elsewhere in the United States, involving the realization of the first syllable as either /mə-/ or /mɪ-/; the medial consonant as either /z/ or /s/; the vowel in the second syllable as either /ɜːr/ or /ʊər/;[14] and the third syllable as [i] ( listen), [ə] ( listen), centralized [ɪ̈] ( listen)), or nothing.[13] Any combination of these phonetic realizations may be observed coming from speakers of American English.

text: The linguistic history was treated definitively by Donald M. Lance, who acknowledged that the question is sociologically complex, but that no pronunciation could be declared "correct", nor could any be clearly defined as native or outsider, rural or urban, southern or northern, educated or otherwise.[15] Politicians often employ multiple pronunciations, even during a single speech, to appeal to a greater number of listeners.[11] Often, informal respellings of the state's name, such as "Missour-ee" or "Missour-uh", are used informally to phonetically distinguish pronunciations.

text: Nicknames

text: There is no official state nickname.[16] However, Missouri's unofficial nickname is the "Show Me State", which appears on its license plates. This phrase has several origins. One is popularly ascribed to a speech by Congressman Willard Vandiver in 1899, who declared that "I come from a state that raises corn and cotton, cockleburs and Democrats, and frothy eloquence neither convinces nor satisfies me. I'm from Missouri, and you have got to show me." This is in keeping with the saying "I'm from Missouri" which means "I'm skeptical of the matter and not easily convinced."[17] However, according to researchers, the phrase "show me" was already in use before the 1890s.[18] Another one states that it is a reference to Missouri miners who were taken to Leadville, Colorado to replace striking workers. Since the new men were unfamiliar with the mining methods, they required frequent instruction.[16]

text: Other nicknames for Missouri include "The Lead State", "The Bullion State", "The Ozark State", "The Mother of the West", "The Iron Mountain State", and "Pennsylvania of the West".[19] It is also known as the "Cave State" because there are more than 6,000 recorded caves in the state (second to Tennessee). Perry County is the county with the largest number of caves and the single longest cave.[20]

text: The official state motto is Latin: "Salus Populi Suprema Lex Esto", which means "Let the welfare of the people be the supreme law."[21]

text: Geography

text: Missouri is landlocked and borders eight different states as does its neighbor, Tennessee. No state in the U.S. touches more than eight. Missouri is bounded by Iowa on the north; by Illinois, Kentucky, and Tennessee across the Mississippi River on the east; on the south by Arkansas; and by Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska (the last across the Missouri River) on the west. Whereas the northern and southern boundaries are straight lines, the Missouri Bootheel protrudes southerly into Arkansas. The two largest rivers are the Mississippi (which defines the eastern boundary of the state) and the Missouri River (which flows from west to east through the state) essentially connecting the two largest metros of Kansas City and St. Louis.

text: Although today it is usually considered part of the Midwest,[22][23] Missouri was historically seen by many as a border state, chiefly because of the settlement of migrants from the South and its status as a slave state before the Civil War, balanced by the influence of St. Louis. The counties that made up "Little Dixie" were those along the Missouri River in the center of the state, settled by Southern migrants who held the greatest concentration of slaves.

text: In 2005, Missouri received 16,695,000 visitors to its national parks and other recreational areas totaling 101,000 acres (410 km2), giving it $7.41 million in annual revenues, 26.6% of its operating expenditures.[24]

text: Topography

text: North of, and in some cases just south of, the Missouri River lie the Northern Plains that stretch into Iowa, Nebraska, and Kansas. Here, rolling hills remain from the glaciation that once extended from the Canadian Shield to the Missouri River. Missouri has many large river bluffs along the Mississippi, Missouri, and Meramec Rivers. Southern Missouri rises to the Ozark Mountains, a dissected plateau surrounding the Precambrian igneous St. Francois Mountains. This region also hosts karst topography characterized by high limestone content with the formation of sinkholes and caves.[25]

text: The southeastern part of the state is known as the Missouri Bootheel region, which is part of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain or Mississippi embayment. This region is the lowest, flattest, warmest, and wettest part of the state. It is also among the poorest, as the economy there is mostly agricultural.[26] It is also the most fertile, with cotton and rice crops predominant. The Bootheel was the epicenter of the four New Madrid Earthquakes of 1811 and 1812.

text: Climate

text: Missouri generally has a humid continental climate with cold snowy winters and hot, humid, and wet summers. In the southern part of the state, particularly in the Bootheel, the climate becomes humid subtropical. Located in the interior United States, Missouri often experiences extreme temperatures. Without high mountains or oceans nearby to moderate temperature, its climate is alternately influenced by air from the cold Arctic and the hot and humid Gulf of Mexico. Missouri's highest recorded temperature is 118 °F (48 °C) at Warsaw and Union on July 14, 1954, while the lowest recorded temperature is −40 °F (−40 °C) also at Warsaw on February 13, 1905.

text: Located in Tornado Alley, Missouri also receives extreme weather in the form of severe thunderstorms and tornadoes. The most recent tornado in the state to cause damage and casualties was the 2011 Joplin tornado, which destroyed roughly one-third of the city of Joplin. The tornado caused an estimated $1–3 billion in damages, killed 159 (+1 non-tornadic), and injured over 1,000 people. It was the first EF5 to hit the state since 1957 and the deadliest in the U.S. since 1947, making it the seventh deadliest tornado in American history and 27th deadliest in the world. St. Louis and its suburbs also have a history of experiencing particularly severe tornadoes, the most recent memorable one being an EF4 tornado that damaged Lambert-St. Louis International Airport on April 22, 2011. One of the worst tornadoes in American history struck St. Louis on May 27, 1896, killing at least 255 and causing $10 mil. damage ($3.9 bil. damage in 2009) or $4.45 billion in today's dollars.

text:
Monthly normal high and low temperatures for various Missouri cities in °F (°C).

City
Avg.
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Columbia
High
37
(3)
44
(7)
55
(13)
66
(19)
75
(24)
84
(29)
89
(32)
87
(31)
79
(26)
68
(20)
53
(12)
42
(6)
65.0
(18.3)

Columbia
Low
18
(−8)
23
(−5)
33
(1)
43
(6)
53
(12)
62
(17)
66
(19)
64
(18)
55
(13)
44
(7)
33
(1)
22
(−6)
43.0
(6.1)

Kansas City
High
36
(2)
43
(6)
54
(12)
65
(18)
75
(24)
84
(29)
89
(32)
87
(31)
79
(26)
68
(20)
52
(11)
40
(4)
64.4
(18.0)

Kansas City
Low
18
(−8)
23
(−5)
33
(1)
44
(7)
54
(12)
63
(17)
68
(20)
66
(19)
57
(14)
46
(8)
33
(1)
22
(−6)
44.0
(6.7)

Springfield
High
42
(6)
48
(9)
58
(14)
68
(20)
76
(24)
85
(29)
90
(32)
90
(32)
81
(27)
71
(22)
56
(13)
46
(8)
67.6
(19.8)

Springfield
Low
22
(−6)
26
(−3)
35
(2)
44
(7)
53
(12)
62
(17)
67
(19)
66
(19)
57
(14)
46
(8)
35
(2)
26
(−3)
45.0
(7.2)

St. Louis
High
40
(4)
45
(7)
56
(13)
67
(19)
76
(24)
85
(29)
89
(32)
88
(31)
80
(27)
69
(21)
56
(13)
43
(6)
66.2
(19.0)

St. Louis
Low
24
(−4)
28
(−2)
37
(3)
47
(8)
57
(14)
67
(19)
71
(22)
69
(21)
61
(16)
49
(9)
38
(3)
27
(−3)
48.0
(8.9)

Source:[27]

text: Wildlife

text: Missouri is home to a diversity of both flora and fauna. There is a large amount of fresh water present due to the Mississippi River, Missouri River, and Lake of the Ozarks, with numerous smaller tributary rivers, streams, and lakes. North of the Missouri River, the state is primarily rolling hills of the Great Plains, whereas south of the Missouri River, the state is dominated by the Oak-Hickory Central U.S. hardwood forest.

text: History

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
External video

 Missouri, Westminister College Gymnasium in Fulton, Missouri

text: Indigenous peoples inhabited Missouri for thousands of years before European exploration and settlement. Archaeological excavations along the rivers have shown continuous habitation for more than 7,000 years. Beginning before 1000 CE, there arose the complex Mississippian culture, whose people created regional political centers at present-day St. Louis and across the Mississippi River at Cahokia, near present-day Collinsville, Illinois. Their large cities included thousands of individual residences, but they are known for their surviving massive earthwork mounds, built for religious, political and social reasons, in platform, ridgetop and conical shapes. Cahokia was the center of a regional trading network that reached from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico. The civilization declined by 1400 CE, and most descendants left the area long before the arrival of Europeans. St. Louis was at one time known as Mound City by the European Americans, because of the numerous surviving prehistoric mounds, since lost to urban development. The Mississippian culture left mounds throughout the middle Mississippi and Ohio river valleys, extending into the southeast as well as the upper river.

text: The first European settlers were mostly ethnic French Canadians, who created their first settlement in Missouri at present-day Ste. Genevieve, about an hour south of St. Louis. They had migrated about 1750 from the Illinois Country. They came from colonial villages on the east side of the Mississippi River, where soils were becoming exhausted and there was insufficient river bottom land for the growing population. Sainte-Geneviève became a thriving agricultural center, producing enough surplus wheat, corn and tobacco to ship tons of grain annually downriver to Lower Louisiana for trade. Grain production in the Illinois Country was critical to the survival of Lower Louisiana and especially the city of New Orleans.

text: St. Louis was founded soon after by French fur traders, Pierre Laclède and stepson Auguste Chouteau from New Orleans in 1764. From 1764 to 1803, European control of the area west of the Mississippi to the northernmost part of the Missouri River basin, called Louisiana, was assumed by the Spanish as part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, due to Treaty of Fontainebleau[28] (in order to have Spain join with France in the war against England). The arrival of the Spanish in St. Louis was in September 1767.

text: St. Louis became the center of a regional fur trade with Native American tribes that extended up the Missouri and Mississippi rivers, which dominated the regional economy for decades. Trading partners of major firms shipped their furs from St. Louis by river down to New Orleans for export to Europe. They provided a variety of goods to traders, for sale and trade with their Native American clients. The fur trade and associated businesses made St. Louis an early financial center and provided the wealth for some to build fine houses and import luxury items. Its location near the confluence of the Illinois River meant it also handled produce from the agricultural areas. River traffic and trade along the Mississippi were integral to the state's economy, and as the area's first major city, St. Louis expanded greatly after the invention of the steamboat and the increased river trade.

text: Nineteenth century

text: Napoleon Bonaparte had gained Louisiana for French ownership from Spain in 1800 under the Treaty of San Ildefonso, after it had been a Spanish colony since 1762. But the treaty was kept secret. Louisiana remained nominally under Spanish control until a transfer of power to France on November 30, 1803, just three weeks before the cession to the United States.

text: Part of the 1803 Louisiana Purchase by the United States, Missouri earned the nickname Gateway to the West because it served as a major departure point for expeditions and settlers heading to the West during the 19th century. St. Charles, just west of St. Louis, was the starting point and the return destination of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, which ascended the Missouri River in 1804, in order to explore the western lands to the Pacific Ocean. St. Louis was a major supply point for decades, for parties of settlers heading west.

text: As many of the early settlers in western Missouri migrated from the Upper South, they brought enslaved African Americans as agricultural laborers, and they desired to continue their culture and the institution of slavery. They settled predominantly in 17 counties along the Missouri River, in an area of flatlands that enabled plantation agriculture and became known as "Little Dixie." In 1821 the former Missouri Territory was admitted as a slave state, in accordance with the Missouri Compromise, and with a temporary state capital in St. Charles. In 1826, the capital was shifted to its current, permanent location of Jefferson City, also on the Missouri River.

text: The state was rocked by the 1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes. Casualties were few due to the sparse population.

text: Originally the state's western border was a straight line, defined as the meridian passing through the Kawsmouth,[29] the point where the Kansas River enters the Missouri River. The river has moved since this designation. This line is known as the Osage Boundary.[30] In 1836 the Platte Purchase was added to the northwest corner of the state after purchase of the land from the native tribes, making the Missouri River the border north of the Kansas River. This addition increased the land area of what was already the largest state in the Union at the time (about 66,500 square miles (172,000 km2) to Virginia's 65,000 square miles, which then included West Virginia).[31]

text: In the early 1830s, Mormon migrants from northern states and Canada began settling near Independence and areas just north of there. Conflicts over religion and slavery arose between the 'old settlers' (mainly from the South) and the Mormons (mainly from the North). The Mormon War erupted in 1838. By 1839, with the help of an "Extermination Order" by Governor Lilburn Boggs, the old settlers forcefully expelled the Mormons from Missouri and confiscated their lands.

text: Conflicts over slavery exacerbated border tensions among the states and territories. From 1838 to 1839, a border dispute with Iowa over the so-called Honey Lands resulted in both states' calling-up of militias along the border.

text: With increasing migration, from the 1830s to the 1860s Missouri's population almost doubled with every decade. Most of the newcomers were American-born, but many Irish and German immigrants arrived in the late 1840s and 1850s. As a majority were Catholic, they set up their own religious institutions in the state, which had been mostly Protestant. Having fled famine and oppression in Ireland, and revolutionary upheaval in Germany, the immigrants were not sympathetic to slavery. Many settled in cities, where they created a regional and then state network of Catholic churches and schools. Nineteenth-century German immigrants created the wine industry along the Missouri River and the beer industry in St. Louis.

text: Most Missouri farmers practiced subsistence farming before the American Civil War. The majority of those who held slaves had fewer than five each. Planters, defined by some historians as those holding twenty slaves or more, were concentrated in the counties known as "Little Dixie", in the central part of the state along the Missouri River. The tensions over slavery chiefly had to do with the future of the state and nation. In 1860, enslaved African Americans made up less than 10% of the state's population of 1,182,012.[32] In order to control the flooding of farmland and low-lying villages along the Mississippi, the state had completed construction of 140 miles (230 km) of levees along the river by 1860.[33]

text: American Civil War

text: After the secession of Southern states began in 1861, the Missouri legislature called for the election of a special convention on secession. The convention voted decisively to remain within the Union. Pro-Southern Governor Claiborne F. Jackson ordered the mobilization of several hundred members of the state militia who had gathered in a camp in St. Louis for training. Alarmed at this action, Union General Nathaniel Lyon struck first, encircling the camp and forcing the state troops to surrender. Lyon directed his soldiers, largely non-English-speaking German immigrants, to march the prisoners through the streets, and they opened fire on the largely hostile crowds of civilians who gathered around them. Soldiers killed unarmed prisoners as well as men, women and children of St. Louis in the incident that became known as the "St. Louis Massacre".

text: These events heightened Confederate support within the state. Governor Jackson appointed Sterling Price, president of the convention on secession, as head of the new Missouri State Guard. In the face of Union General Lyon's rapid advance through the state, Jackson and Price were forced to flee the capital of Jefferson City on June 14, 1861. In the town of Neosho, Missouri, Jackson called the state legislature into session. They enacted a secession ordinance. However, even under the Southern view of secession, only the state convention had the power to secede. Since the convention was dominated by unionists, and the state was more pro-Union than pro-Confederate in any event, the ordinance of secession adopted by the legislature is generally given little credence. The Confederacy nonetheless recognized it on October 30, 1861.

text: With the elected governor absent from the capital and the legislators largely dispersed, the state convention was reassembled with most of its members present, save 20 that fled south with Jackson's forces. The convention declared all offices vacant, and installed Hamilton Gamble as the new governor of Missouri. President Lincoln's administration immediately recognized Gamble's government as the legal Missouri government. The federal government's decision enabled raising pro-Union militia forces for service within the state as well as volunteer regiments for the Union Army.

text: Fighting ensued between Union forces and a combined army of General Price's Missouri State Guard and Confederate troops from Arkansas and Texas under General Ben McCulloch. After winning victories at the battle of Wilson's Creek and the siege of Lexington, Missouri and suffering losses elsewhere, the Confederate forces retreated to Arkansas and later Marshall, Texas, in the face of a largely reinforced Union Army.

text: Though regular Confederate troops staged some large-scale raids into Missouri, the fighting in the state for the next three years consisted chiefly of guerrilla warfare. "Citizen soldiers" or insurgents such as Captain William Quantrill, Frank and Jesse James, the Younger brothers, and William T. Anderson made use of quick, small-unit tactics. Pioneered by the Missouri Partisan Rangers, such insurgencies also arose in portions of the Confederacy occupied by the Union during the Civil War. Historians have portrayed stories of the James brothers' outlaw years as an American "Robin Hood" myth.[34] The vigilante activities of the Bald Knobbers of the Ozarks in the 1880s were an unofficial continuation of insurgent mentality long after the official end of the war, and they are a favorite theme in Branson's self-image.[35]

text: Twentieth century

text: The Progressive Era (1890s to 1920s) saw numerous prominent leaders from Missouri trying to end corruption and modernize politics, government and society. Joseph "Holy Joe" Folk was a key leader who made a strong appeal to middle class and rural evangelical Protestants. Folk was elected governor as a progressive reformer and Democrat in the 1904 election. He promoted what he called "the Missouri Idea", the concept of Missouri as a leader in public morality through popular control of law and strict enforcement. He successfully conducted antitrust prosecutions, ended free railroad passes for state officials, extended bribery statutes, improved election laws, required formal registration for lobbyists, made racetrack gambling illegal, and enforced the Sunday-closing law. He helped enact Progressive legislation, including an initiative and referendum provision, regulation of elections, education, employment and child labor, railroads, food, business, and public utilities. A number of efficiency-oriented examiner boards and commissions were established during Folk's administration, including many agricultural boards and the Missouri library commission.[36]

text: Between the Civil War and the end of World War II, Missouri transitioned from a rural economy to a hybrid industrial-service-agricultural economy as the Midwest rapidly industrialized. The expansion of railroads to the West transformed Kansas City into a major transportation hub within the nation. The growth of the Texas cattle industry along with this increased rail infrastructure and the invention of the refrigerated boxcar also made Kansas City a major meatpacking center, as large cattle drives from Texas brought herds of cattle to Dodge City and other Kansas towns. There, the cattle were loaded onto trains destined for Kansas City, where they were butchered and distributed to the eastern markets. The first half of the twentieth century was the height of Kansas City's prominence and its downtown became a showcase for stylish Art Deco skyscrapers as construction boomed.

text: In 1930, there was a diphtheria epidemic in the area around Springfield, which killed approximately 100 people. Serum was rushed to the area, and medical personnel stopped the epidemic.

text: During the mid-1950s and 1960s, St. Louis and Kansas City suffered deindustrialization and loss of jobs in railroads and manufacturing, as did other Midwestern industrial cities. In 1956 St. Charles claims to be the site of the first interstate highway project.[37] Such highway construction made it easy for middle-class residents to leave the city for newer housing developed in the suburbs, often former farmland where land was available at lower prices. These major cities have gone through decades of readjustment to develop different economies and adjust to demographic changes. Suburban areas have developed separate job markets, both in knowledge industries and services, such as major retail malls.

text: Twenty-first century

text: In 2014, Missouri received national attention for the protests and riots that followed the shooting of Michael Brown by a police officer of Ferguson,[38][39][40] which led Governor Jay Nixon to call out the Missouri National Guard.[41][42] A grand jury declined to indict the officer, and the U.S. Department of Justice concluded, after careful investigation, that the police officer legitimately feared for his safety.[43] However, in a separate investigation, the Department of Justice also found that the Ferguson Police Department and the City of Ferguson relied on unconstitutional practices in order to balance the city's budget through racially-motivated excessive fines and punishments,[44] that the Ferguson police "had used excessive and dangerous force and had disproportionately targeted blacks,"[45] and that the municipal court "emphasized revenue over public safety, leading to routine breaches of citizens' constitutional guarantees of due process and equal protection under the law."[46]

text: A series of student protests at the University of Missouri against what the protesters viewed as poor response by the administration to racist incidents on campus began in September 2015.[47][48]

text: On June 7, 2017, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People issued a warning to prospective African-American travelers to Missouri. This is the first NAACP warning ever covering an entire state.[49][50]

text: Demographics

text:
Historical population

Census
Pop.

%±

1810
19,783

—

1820
66,586

236.6%

1830
140,455

110.9%

1840
383,702

173.2%

1850
682,044

77.8%

1860
1,182,012

73.3%

1870
1,721,295

45.6%

1880
2,168,380

26.0%

1890
2,679,185

23.6%

1900
3,106,665

16.0%

1910
3,293,335

6.0%

1920
3,404,055

3.4%

1930
3,629,367

6.6%

1940
3,784,664

4.3%

1950
3,954,653

4.5%

1960
4,319,813

9.2%

1970
4,676,501

8.3%

1980
4,916,686

5.1%

1990
5,117,073

4.1%

2000
5,595,211

9.3%

2010
5,988,927

7.0%

Est. 2017
6,113,532

2.1%

Source: 1910–2010[51]
2015 estimate[52]

text: The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Missouri was 6,083,672 on July 1, 2015, a 1.58% increase since the 2010 United States Census.[52]

text: Missouri had a population of 5,988,927, according to the 2010 Census; an increase of 392,369 (7.0 percent) since the year 2000. From 2000 to 2007, this includes a natural increase of 137,564 people since the last census (480,763 births less 343,199 deaths), and an increase of 88,088 people due to net migration into the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 50,450 people, and migration within the country produced a net increase of 37,638 people. Over half of Missourians (3,294,936 people, or 55.0%) live within the state's two largest metropolitan areas–St. Louis and Kansas City. The state's population density 86.9 in 2009, is also closer to the national average (86.8 in 2009) than any other state.

text: In 2011, the racial composition of the state was:

text:
84.0% White American (81.0% non-Hispanic white, 3.0% White Hispanic)
11.7% Black or African American
0.5% American Indian and Alaska Native
1.7% Asian American
0.1% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander
1.9% Multiracial American
0.1% Some other race

text: In 2011, 3.7% of the total population was of Hispanic or Latino origin (they may be of any race).[53]

text:
Missouri racial breakdown of population

[hide]Racial composition
1990[54]
2000[55]
2010[56]

White
87.7%
84.9%
82.8%

Black
10.7%
11.3%
11.6%

Asian
0.8%
1.1%
1.6%

Native
0.4%
0.4%
0.5%

Native Hawaiian and
other Pacific Islander
–
0.1%
0.1%

Other race
0.4%
0.8%
1.3%

Two or more races
–
1.5%
2.1%

text: The U.S. Census of 2010 found that the population center of the United States is in Texas County, while the 2000 Census found the mean population center to be in Phelps County. The center of population of Missouri is in Osage County, in the city of Westphalia.[57]

text: In 2004, the population included 194,000 foreign-born (3.4 percent of the state population).

text: The five largest ancestry groups in Missouri are: German (27.4 percent), Irish (14.8 percent), English (10.2 percent), American (8.5 percent) and French (3.7 percent).

text: German Americans are an ancestry group present throughout Missouri. African Americans are a substantial part of the population in St. Louis (56.6% of African Americans in the state lived in St. Louis or St. Louis County as of the 2010 census), Kansas City, Boone County and in the southeastern Bootheel and some parts of the Missouri River Valley, where plantation agriculture was once important. Missouri Creoles of French ancestry are concentrated in the Mississippi River Valley south of St. Louis (see Missouri French). Kansas City is home to large and growing immigrant communities from Latin America esp. Mexico and Colombia, Africa (i.e. Sudan, Somalia and Nigeria), and Southeast Asia including China and the Philippines; and Europe like the former Yugoslavia (see Bosnian American). A notable Cherokee Indian population exists in Missouri.

text: In 2004, 6.6 percent of the state's population was reported as younger than 5 years old, 25.5 percent younger than 18, and 13.5 percent was 65 or older. Females were approximately 51.4 percent of the population. 81.3 percent of Missouri residents were high school graduates (more than the national average), and 21.6 percent had a bachelor's degree or higher. 3.4 percent of Missourians were foreign-born, and 5.1 percent reported speaking a language other than English at home.

text: In 2010, there were 2,349,955 households in Missouri, with 2.45 people per household. The home ownership rate was 70.0 percent, and the median value of an owner-occupied housing unit was $137,700. The median household income for 2010 was $46,262, or $24,724 per capita. There were 14.0 percent (1,018,118) of Missourians living below the poverty line in 2010.

text: The mean commute time to work was 23.8 minutes.

text: Birth data

text: In 2011, 28.1% of Missouri's population younger than age 1 were minorities.[58]

text: Note: Births in table don't add up, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.

text:
Live Births by Race/Ethnicity of Mother

Race
2013[59]
2014[60]
2015[61]

White
61,097 (81.1%)
60,968 (80.9%)
60,913 (81.1%)

> Non-Hispanic White
57,361 (76.2%)
57,150 (75.8%)
57,092 (76.1%)

Black
11,722 (15.6%)
11,783 (15.6%)
11,660 (15.5%)

Asian
2,075 (2.8%)
2,186 (2.9%)
2,129 (2.8%)

Native
402 (0.5%)
423 (0.6%)
359 (0.5%)

Hispanic (of any race)
3,931 (5.2%)
3,959 (5.3%)
4,042 (5.4%)

Total Missouri
75,296 (100%)
75,360 (100%)
75,061 (100%)

text: Language

text: The vast majority of people in Missouri speak English. Approximately 5.1% of the population reported speaking a language other than English at home. The Spanish language is spoken in small Latino communities in the St. Louis and Kansas City Metro areas.[62]

text: Missouri is home to an endangered dialect of the French language known as Missouri French. Speakers of the dialect, who call themselves Créoles, are descendants of the French pioneers who settled the area then known as the Illinois Country beginning in the late 17th century. It developed in isolation from French speakers in Canada and Louisiana, becoming quite distinct from the varieties of Canadian French and Louisiana Creole French. Once widely spoken throughout the area, Missouri French is now nearly extinct, with only a few elderly speakers able to use it.[63][64]

text: Religion

text:
Religion in Missouri (2014)[65]

Religion

Percent

Protestant

58%

None

20%

Catholic

16%

Mormon

1%

Buddhist

1%

Other faith

4%

text: According to a Pew Research study[66] conducted in 2014, 80% of Missourians identify with a religion. 77% affiliate with Christianity and its various denominations, and the other 3% are adherents of non-Christian religions. The remaining 20% have no religion, with 2% specifically identifying as atheists and 3% identifying as agnostics (the other 15% do not identify as "anything in particular").

text: Broken down, the religious demographics of Missouri are as follows:

text:
Christian – 77%

Protestant - 58%

Evangelical Protestant – 36%
Mainline Protestant – 16%
Historically Black Protestant – 6%

Catholic – 16%
Mormon – 1%
Orthodox Christian – <1%
Jehovah's Witness – <1%
Other Christian – <1%

Non-Christian Religions – 3%

Jewish – <1%
Muslim – <1%
Buddhist – 1%
Hindu – <1%
Other World Religions – <1%

Unaffiliated (No religion) – 20%

Atheist – 2%
Agnostic – 3%
Nothing in particular – 15%

Don't know – <1%

text: The largest denominations by number of adherents in 2010 were the Southern Baptist Convention with 749,685; the Roman Catholic Church with 724,315; and the United Methodist Church with 226,409.[67]

text: Among the other denominations there are approximately 93,000 Mormons in 253 congregations, 25,000 Jewish adherents in 21 synagogues, 12,000 Muslims in 39 masjids, 7,000 Buddhists in 34 temples, 7,000 Hindus in 17 temples, 2,500 Unitarians in 9 congregations, 2,000 Baha'i in 17 temples, 5 Sikh temples, a Zoroastrian temple, a Jain temple and an uncounted number of neopagans.[68]

text: Several religious organizations have headquarters in Missouri, including the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod, which has its headquarters in Kirkwood, as well as the United Pentecostal Church International in Hazelwood, both outside St. Louis.

text: Independence, near Kansas City, is the headquarters for the Community of Christ (formerly the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints), the Church of Christ (Temple Lot) and the group Remnant Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. This area and other parts of Missouri are also of significant religious and historical importance to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), which maintains several sites and visitors centers.

text: Springfield is the headquarters of the Assemblies of God USA and the Baptist Bible Fellowship International. The General Association of General Baptists has its headquarters in Poplar Bluff. The Unity Church is headquartered in Unity Village.

text: Economy

text: The Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates that Missouri's total state product in 2006 was $225.9 billion. per capita personal income in 2006 was $32,705,[24] ranking 26th in the nation. Major industries include aerospace, transportation equipment, food processing, chemicals, printing/publishing, electrical equipment, light manufacturing, financial services and beer.

text: The agriculture products of the state are beef, soybeans, pork, dairy products, hay, corn, poultry, sorghum, cotton, rice, and eggs. Missouri is ranked 6th in the nation for the production of hogs and 7th for cattle. Missouri is ranked in the top five states in the nation for production of soy beans, and it is ranked fourth in the nation for the production of rice. In 2001, there were 108,000 farms, the second-largest number in any state after Texas. Missouri actively promotes its rapidly growing wine industry. According to the Missouri Partnership, Missouri's agriculture industry contributes $33 billion in GDP to Missouri's economy, and generates $88 billion in sales and more than 378,000 jobs.[69]

text: Missouri has vast quantities of limestone. Other resources mined are lead, coal, and crushed stone. Missouri produces the most lead of all of the states. Most of the lead mines are in the central eastern portion of the state. Missouri also ranks first or near first in the production of lime, a key ingredient in Portland cement.

text: Missouri also has a growing science, agricultural technology and biotechnology field. Monsanto, one of the largest biotech companies in America, is based in St. Louis.

text: Tourism, services and wholesale/retail trade follow manufacturing in importance.

text: Missouri is the only state in the Union to have two Federal Reserve Banks: one in Kansas City (serving western Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Colorado, northern New Mexico, and Wyoming) and one in St. Louis (serving eastern Missouri, southern Illinois, southern Indiana, western Kentucky, western Tennessee, northern Mississippi, and all of Arkansas).[70]

text: The state's seasonally adjusted unemployment rate in April 2017 was 3.9 percent.[71] And in 2017, Missouri became a right-to-work state.[72]

text: Taxation

text: Personal income is taxed in ten different earning brackets, ranging from 1.5% to 6.0%. Missouri's sales tax rate for most items is 4.225% with some additional local levies. More than 2,500 Missouri local governments rely on property taxes levied on real property (real estate) and personal property.

text: Most personal property is exempt, except for motorized vehicles. Exempt real estate includes property owned by governments and property used as nonprofit cemeteries, exclusively for religious worship, for schools and colleges and for purely charitable purposes. There is no inheritance tax and limited Missouri estate tax related to federal estate tax collection.

text: In 2017, the Tax Foundation rated Missouri as having the 5th-best corporate tax index,[73] and the 15th-best overall tax climate.[73] Missouri's corporate income tax rate is 6.25%; however, 50% of federal income tax payments may be deducted before computing taxable income, leading to an effective rate of 5.2%.[74]

text: Energy

text: In 2012, Missouri had roughly 22,000 MW of installed electricity generation capacity.[75] In 2011, 82% of Missouri's electricity was generated by coal.[76] Ten percent was generated from the state's only nuclear power plant,[76] the Callaway Plant in Callaway County, northeast of Jefferson City. Five percent was generated by natural gas.[76] One percent was generated by hydroelectric sources,[76] such as the dams for Truman Lake and Lake of the Ozarks. Missouri has a small but growing amount of wind and solar power—wind capacity increased from 309 MW in 2009 to 459 MW in 2011, while photovoltaics have increased from 0.2 MW to 1.3 MW over the same period.[77][78] As of 2016, Missouri's solar installations had reached 141 MW.[79]

text: Oil wells in Missouri produced 120,000 barrels of crude oil in fiscal 2012.[80] There are no oil refineries in Missouri.[78][81]

text: Transportation

text: Airports

text: Missouri has two major airport hubs: Lambert–St. Louis International Airport and Kansas City International Airport. Southern Missouri has the Springfield–Branson National Airport (SGF) with multiple non-stop destinations.[82] Residents of Mid-Missouri use Columbia Regional Airport (COU) to fly to Chicago (ORD), Dallas (DFW) or Denver (DEN).[83]

text: Rail

text: Two of the nation's three busiest rail centers are in Missouri. Kansas City is a major railroad hub for BNSF Railway, Norfolk Southern Railway, Kansas City Southern Railway, and Union Pacific Railroad, and every class 1 railroad serves Missouri. Kansas City is the second largest freight rail center in the US (but is first in the amount of tonnage handled). Like Kansas City, St. Louis is a major destination for train freight. Springfield remains an operational hub for BNSF Railway.

text: Amtrak passenger trains serve Kansas City, La Plata, Jefferson City, St. Louis, Lee's Summit, Independence, Warrensburg, Hermann, Washington, Kirkwood, Sedalia, and Poplar Bluff. A proposed high-speed rail route in Missouri as part of the Chicago Hub Network has received $31 million in funding.[84]

text: The only urban light rail/subway system operating in Missouri is MetroLink, which connects the city of St. Louis with suburbs in Illinois and St. Louis County. It is one of the largest systems (by track mileage) in the United States. The KC Streetcar in downtown Kansas City opened in May 2016.[85]

text: The Gateway Multimodal Transportation Center in St. Louis is the largest active multi-use transportation center in the state. It is in downtown St. Louis, next to the historic Union Station complex. It serves as a hub center/station for MetroLink, the MetroBus regional bus system, Greyhound, Amtrak, and taxi services.

text: Bus

text: Many cities have regular fixed-route systems, and many rural counties have rural public transit services. Greyhound and Trailways provide inter-city bus service in Missouri. Megabus serves St. Louis, but discontinued service to Columbia and Kansas City in 2015.[86]

text: Rivers

text: The Mississippi River and Missouri River are commercially navigable over their entire lengths in Missouri. The Missouri was channelized through dredging and jettys and the Mississippi was given a series of locks and dams to avoid rocks and deepen the river. St. Louis is a major destination for barge traffic on the Mississippi.

text: Roads

text: Following the passage of Amendment 3 in late 2004, the Missouri Department of Transportation (MoDOT) began its Smoother, Safer, Sooner road-building program with a goal of bringing 2,200 miles (3,500 km) of highways up to good condition by December 2007. From 2006–2010 traffic deaths have decreased annually from 1,257 in 2005, to 1,096 in 2006, to 992 for 2007, to 960 for 2008, to 878 in 2009, to 821 in 2010.[87]

text: Law and government

text:
Missouri Government

Governor of Missouri
Eric Greitens (R)

Lieutenant Governor of Missouri:
Mike Parson (R)

Missouri Secretary of State:
Jay Ashcroft (R)

Missouri State Auditor:
Nicole Galloway (D)

Missouri State Treasurer:
Eric Schmitt (R)

Missouri Attorney General:
Josh Hawley (R)

Senior United States Senator:
Claire McCaskill (D)

Junior United States Senator:
Roy Blunt (R)

text: The current Constitution of Missouri, the fourth constitution for the state, was adopted in 1945. It provides for three branches of government: the legislative, judicial, and executive branches. The legislative branch consists of two bodies: the House of Representatives and the Senate. These bodies comprise the Missouri General Assembly.

text: The House of Representatives has 163 members who are apportioned based on the last decennial census. The Senate consists of 34 members from districts of approximately equal populations. The judicial department comprises the Supreme Court of Missouri, which has seven judges, the Missouri Court of Appeals (an intermediate appellate court divided into three districts), sitting in Kansas City, St. Louis, and Springfield, and 45 Circuit Courts which function as local trial courts. The executive branch is headed by the Governor of Missouri and includes five other statewide elected offices. Following the death of Tom Schweich in 2015, only one of Missouri's statewide elected offices are held by Democrats.

text: Harry S Truman (1884–1972), the 33rd President of the United States (Democrat, 1945–1953), was born in Lamar. He was a judge in Jackson County and then represented the state in the United States Senate for ten years, before being elected Vice-President in 1944. He lived in Independence after retiring.

text: Status as a political bellwether

text: Missouri is widely regarded as a bellwether in American politics, often making it a swing state. The state had a longer stretch of supporting the winning presidential candidate than any other state, having voted with the nation in every election from 1904 to 2004 with a single exception: 1956, when Democratic candidate Adlai Stevenson of neighboring Illinois lost the election despite carrying Missouri. The state's status as a bellwether has been questioned in recent years, as Missouri twice voted against Democrat Barack Obama, who nonetheless widely prevailed in the 2008 and 2012 elections. Missouri's nearly 10% margin in favor of the losing Mitt Romney in 2012 suggests the state is starting to trend more Republican in presidential contests.

text: On October 24, 2012, there were 4,190,936 registered voters.[88] At the state level, both Democratic Senator Claire McCaskill and Democratic Governor Jay Nixon were re-elected. On November 8, 2016, there were 4,223,787 registered voters, with 2,811,549 voting (66.6%).[89]

text:
Presidential elections results (1900–2016)

Year
Republican
Democratic
Third parties

2016
56.8% 1,594,511
38.1% 1,071,068

2012
53.88% 1,478,959
44.26% 1,215,030
1.86% 50,943

2008
49.39% 1,445,814
49.25% 1,441,911
1.36% 39,889

2004
53.30% 1,455,713
46.10% 1,259,171
0.60% 16,480

2000
50.42% 1,189,924
47.08% 1,111,138
2.50% 58,830

1996
41.24% 890,016
47.54% 1,025,935
11.22% 242,114

1992
33.92% 811,159
44.07% 1,053,873
22.00% 526,238

1988
51.83% 1,084,953
47.85% 1,001,619
0.32% 6,656

1984
60.02% 1,274,188
39.98% 848,583
0.00% None

1980
51.16% 1,074,181
44.35% 931,182
4.49% 94,461

1976
47.47% 927,443
51.10% 998,387
1.42% 27,770

1972
62.29% 1,154,058
37.71% 698,531
0.00% None

1968
44.87% 811,932
43.74% 791,444
11.39% 206,126

1964
35.95% 653,535
64.05% 1,164,344
0.00% None

1960
49.74% 962,221
50.26% 972,201
0.00% None

1956
49.89% 914,289
50.11% 918,273
0.00% None

1952
50.71% 959,429
49.14% 929,830
0.15% 2,803

1948
41.49% 655,039
58.11% 917,315
0.39% 6,274

1944
48.43% 761,524
51.37% 807,804
0.20% 3,146

1940
47.50% 871,009
52.27% 958,476
0.23% 4,244

1936
38.16% 697,891
60.76% 1,111,043
1.08% 19,701

1932
35.08% 564,713
63.69% 1,025,406
1.22% 19,775

1928
55.58% 834,080
44.15% 662,562
0.27% 4,079

1924
49.58% 648,486
43.79% 572,753
6.63% 86,719

1920
54.56% 727,162
43.13% 574,799
2.32% 30,839

1916
46.94% 369,339
50.59% 398,032
2.46% 19,398

1912
29.75% 207,821
47.35% 330,746
22.89% 159,999

1908
48.50% 347,203
48.41% 346,574
3.08% 22,150

1904
49.93% 321,449
46.02% 296,312
4.05% 26,100

1900
45.94% 314,092
51.48% 351,922
2.58% 17,642

text: Laissez-faire alcohol and tobacco laws

text: Missouri has been known for its population's generally "stalwart, conservative, noncredulous" attitude toward regulatory regimes, which is one of the origins of the state's unofficial nickname, the "Show-Me State".[90] As a result, and combined with the fact that Missouri is one of America's leading alcohol states, regulation of alcohol and tobacco in Missouri is among the most laissez-faire in America. For 2013, the annual "Freedom in the 50 States" study prepared by the Mercatus Center at George Mason University ranked Missouri as #3 in America for alcohol freedom and #1 for tobacco freedom (#7 for freedom overall).[91] The study notes that Missouri's "alcohol regime is one of the least restrictive in the United States, with no blue laws and taxes well below average", and that "Missouri ranks best in the nation on tobacco freedom".[91]

text: Missouri law makes it "an improper employment practice" for an employer to refuse to hire, to fire, or otherwise to disadvantage any person because that person lawfully uses alcohol and/or tobacco products when he or she is not at work.[92]

text: With a large German immigrant population and the development of a brewing industry, Missouri always has had among the most permissive alcohol laws in the United States. It never enacted statewide prohibition. Missouri voters rejected prohibition in three separate referenda in 1910, 1912, and 1918. Alcohol regulation did not begin in Missouri until 1934.

text: Today, alcohol laws are controlled by the state government, and local jurisdictions are prohibited from going beyond those state laws. Missouri has no statewide open container law or prohibition on drinking in public, no alcohol-related blue laws, no local option, no precise locations for selling liquor by the package (allowing even drug stores and gas stations to sell any kind of liquor), and no differentiation of laws based on alcohol percentage. State law protects persons from arrest or criminal penalty for public intoxication.[93]

text: Missouri law expressly prohibits any jurisdiction from going dry.[94] Missouri law also expressly allows parents and guardians to serve alcohol to their children.[95] The Power & Light District in Kansas City is one of the few places in the United States where a state law explicitly allows persons over the age of 21 to possess and consume open containers of alcohol in the street (as long as the beverage is in a plastic cup).[96]

text: As for tobacco (as of July 2016), Missouri has the lowest cigarette excise taxes in the United States, at 17 cents per pack,[97] and the state electorate voted in 2002, 2006, 2012, and twice in 2016 to keep it that way.[98][99] In 2007, Forbes named Missouri's largest metropolitan area, St. Louis, America's "best city for smokers".[100][101]

text: According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in 2008 Missouri had the fourth highest percentage of adult smokers among U.S states, at 24.5%.[102] Although Missouri's minimum age for purchase and distribution of tobacco products is 18, tobacco products can be distributed to persons under 18 by family members on private property.[103]

text: No statewide smoking ban ever has been seriously entertained before the Missouri General Assembly, and in October 2008, a statewide survey by the Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services found that only 27.5% of Missourians support a statewide ban on smoking in all bars and restaurants.[104] Missouri state law permits restaurants seating less than 50 people, bars, bowling alleys, and billiard parlors to decide their own smoking policies, without limitation.[105]

text: Counties

text: Missouri has 114 counties and one independent city (St. Louis).

text: The largest county by size is Texas County (1,179 sq. miles) and Shannon County is second (1,004 sq. miles). Worth County is the smallest (266 sq. miles). The independent city of St. Louis has only 62 square miles (160 km2) of area. St. Louis City is the most densely populated area (5,140.1 per sq. mi.) in Missouri.

text: The largest county by population (2012 estimate) is St. Louis County (1,000,438 residents), with Jackson County second (677,377 residents), St. Charles third (368,666), and St. Louis fourth (318,172). Worth County is the least populous with 2,171 (2010 census) residents.

text: Cities and towns

text:
v
t
e

Largest cities or towns in Missouri
Source:[106]

Rank
Name
County
Pop.

Kansas City

St. Louis
1
Kansas City
Jackson, Clay, Platte, and Cass
481,420

Springfield

Columbia

2
St. Louis
Independent city
311,404

3
Springfield
Greene
167,319

4
Columbia
Boone
120,612

5
Independence
Jackson
117,030

6
Lee's Summit
Jackson
96,076

7
O'Fallon
St. Charles
86,274

8
St. Joseph
Buchanan
76,472

9
St. Charles
St. Charles
69,293

10
St. Peters
St. Charles
57,289

text: Jefferson City is the capital of Missouri.

text: The five largest cities in Missouri are Kansas City, St. Louis, Springfield, Columbia, and Independence.[106]

text: St. Louis is the principal city of the largest metropolitan area in Missouri, composed of 17 counties and the independent city of St. Louis; eight of those counties lie in Illinois. As of 2012 St. Louis was the 20th-largest metropolitan area in the nation with 2.90 million people. However, if ranked using Combined Statistical Area, it is 19th-largest with 2.92 million people in 2015. Some of the major cities making up the St. Louis Metro area in Missouri are St. Charles, St. Peters, Florissant, Chesterfield, Creve Coeur, Wildwood, Maryland Heights, O'Fallon, Clayton, Ballwin, and University City.

text: Kansas City is Missouri's largest city and the principal city of the fifteen-county Kansas City Metropolitan Statistical Area, including six counties in the state of Kansas. As of 2012, it was the 26th-largest metropolitan area in the nation, with 2.38 million people. In the Combined Statistical Area in 2015, it ranked 24th with 2.43 million. Some of the other major cities comprising the Kansas City metro area in Missouri include Independence, Lee's Summit, Blue Springs, Raytown, Liberty, and Gladstone.

text: Branson is a major tourist attraction in the Ozarks of southwestern Missouri.

text: Education

text: Missouri State Board of Education

text: The Missouri State Board of Education has general authority over all public education in the state of Missouri. It is made up of eight citizens appointed by the governor and confirmed by the Missouri Senate.

text: Primary and secondary schools

text: Education is compulsory from ages seven to seventeen, and it is required that any parent, guardian or other person with custody of a child between the ages of seven and seventeen the compulsory attendance age for the district, must ensure that the child is enrolled in and regularly attends public, private, parochial school, home school or a combination of schools for the full term of the school year. Compulsory attendance also ends when children complete sixteen credits in high school.

text: Children in Missouri between the ages of five and seven are not required to be enrolled in school. However, if they are enrolled in a public school their parent, guardian or custodian must ensure that they regularly attend.

text: Missouri schools are commonly but not exclusively divided into three tiers of primary and secondary education: elementary school, middle school or junior high school and high school. The public schools system includes kindergarten to 12th grade. District territories are often complex in structure. In some cases, elementary, middle and junior high schools of a single district feed into high schools in another district. High school athletics and competitions are governed by the Missouri State High School Activities Association (MSHSAA).

text: Homeschooling is legal in Missouri and is an option to meet the compulsory education requirement. It is neither monitored nor regulated by the state's Department of Elementary and Secondary Education[107]

text: Another gifted school is the Missouri Academy of Science, Mathematics and Computing, which is at the Northwest Missouri State University.

text: Colleges and universities

text: The University of Missouri System is Missouri's statewide public university system. The flagship institution and largest university in the state is the University of Missouri in Columbia. The others in the system are University of Missouri–Kansas City, University of Missouri–St. Louis, and Missouri University of Science and Technology in Rolla.

text: During the late nineteenth and early twentieth century the state established a series of normal schools in each region of the state, originally named after the geographic districts: Northeast Missouri State University (now Truman State University) (1867), Central Missouri State University (now the University of Central Missouri) (1871), Southeast Missouri State University (1873), Southwest Missouri State University (now Missouri State University) (1905), Northwest Missouri State University (1905), Missouri Western State University (1915), and Missouri Southern State University (1937). Lincoln University and Harris–Stowe State University were established in the mid-nineteenth century and are historically black colleges and universities.

text: Among private institutions Washington University in St. Louis and Saint Louis University are two top ranked schools in the US.[108] There are numerous junior colleges, trade schools, church universities and other private universities in the state. A.T. Still University was the first osteopathic medical school in the world. Hannibal–LaGrange University in Hannibal, Missouri, was one of the first colleges west of the Mississippi (founded 1858 in LaGrange, Missouri, and moved to Hannibal in 1928[109]).

text: The state funds a $2000, renewable merit-based scholarship, Bright Flight, given to the top three percent of Missouri high school graduates who attend a university in-state.

text: The 19th century border wars between Missouri and Kansas have continued as a sports rivalry between the University of Missouri and University of Kansas. The rivalry was chiefly expressed through football and basketball games between the two universities, but since Missouri left the Big 12 Conference in 2012, the teams no longer regularly play one another. It was the oldest college rivalry west of the Mississippi River and the second-oldest in the nation. Each year when the universities met to play, the game was coined the "Border War." An exchange occurred following the game where the winner took a historic Indian War Drum, which had been passed back and forth for decades. Though Missouri and Kansas no longer have an annual game after the University of Missouri moved to the Southeastern Conference, tension still exists between the two schools.

text: Culture

text: Music

text: Many well-known musicians were born or have lived in Missouri. These include guitarist and rock pioneer Chuck Berry, singer and actress Josephine Baker, "Queen of Rock" Tina Turner, pop singer-songwriter Sheryl Crow, Michael McDonald of the Doobie Brothers, and rappers Nelly, Chingy and Akon, all of whom are either current or former residents of St. Louis.

text: Country singers from Missouri include New Franklin native Sara Evans, Cantwell native Ferlin Husky, West Plains native Porter Wagoner, Tyler Farr of Garden City, and Mora native Leroy Van Dyke, along with bluegrass musician Rhonda Vincent, a native of Greentop. Rapper Eminem was born in St. Joseph and also lived in Savannah and Kansas City. Ragtime composer Scott Joplin lived in St. Louis and Sedalia. Jazz saxophonist Charlie Parker lived in Kansas City. Rock and Roll singer Steve Walsh of the group Kansas was born in St. Louis and grew up in St. Joseph.

text: The Kansas City Symphony and the St. Louis Symphony Orchestra are the state's major orchestras. The latter is the nation's second-oldest symphony orchestra and achieved prominence in recent years under conductor Leonard Slatkin. Branson is well known for its music theaters, most of which bear the name of a star performer or musical group.

text: Literature

text: Missouri is the native state of Mark Twain. His novels The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn are set in his boyhood hometown of Hannibal. Authors Kate Chopin, T. S. Eliot and Tennessee Williams were from St. Louis. Kansas City-born writer William Least Heat-Moon resides in Rocheport. He is best known for Blue Highways, a chronicle of his travels to small towns across America, which was on the New York Times Bestseller list for 42 weeks in 1982–1983.

text: Film

text: Filmmaker, animator, and businessman Walt Disney spent part of his childhood in the Linn County town of Marceline before settling in Kansas City. Disney began his artistic career in Kansas City, where he founded the Laugh-O-Gram Studio.

text: Several film versions of Mark Twain's novels The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn have been made. Meet Me in St. Louis, a musical involving the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair, starred Judy Garland. Part of the 1983 road movie National Lampoon's Vacation was shot on location in Missouri, for the Griswold's trip from Chicago to Los Angeles. The Thanksgiving holiday film Planes, Trains, and Automobiles was partially shot at Lambert–St. Louis International Airport. White Palace was filmed in St. Louis. The award-winning 2010 film Winter's Bone was shot in the Ozarks of Missouri. Up in the Air starring George Clooney was filmed in St. Louis. John Carpernter's Escape from New York was filmed in Saint Louis in the early eighties, due to the high number of abandoned buildings in the city. Part of the 1973 movie, Paper Moon, which starred Ryan and Tatum O'Neal, was filmed in St. Joseph. Most of HBO's film Truman was filmed in Kansas City, Independence, and the surrounding area. Gary Sinise won an Emmy for his portrayal of Harry Truman in the 1995 film. "Ride With the Devil", starring Jewel and Tobey Maguire, was also filmed in the countryside of Jackson County (also where the historic events of the film took place). Gone Girl, a 2014 film starring Ben Affleck, Rosamund Pike, Neil Patrick Harris, and Tyler Perry, was filmed in Cape Girardeau.

text: Sports

text: Missouri hosted the 1904 Summer Olympics at St. Louis, the first time the games were hosted in the United States.

text: Professional major league teams

text:
MLB: St. Louis Cardinals and Kansas City Royals
NFL: Kansas City Chiefs
NHL: St. Louis Blues
MLS: Sporting Kansas City

text: Former professional major league teams

text:
National Football League:

St. Louis Cardinals (moved from Chicago in 1960; moved to Tempe, Arizona in 1988 and are now the Arizona Cardinals)
St. Louis All Stars (active in 1923 only)
Kansas City Blues/Cowboys (active 1924–1926, folded)
St. Louis Gunners (independent team, joined the NFL for the last three weeks of the 1934 season and folded thereafter)
St. Louis Rams 1995–2015 moved from Los Angeles and then back to Los Angeles

Major League Baseball (American League):

St. Louis Browns (moved from Milwaukee in 1902; moved to Baltimore, Maryland after the 1953 season and are now the Baltimore Orioles)
Kansas City Athletics (moved from Philadelphia in 1955; moved to Oakland, California after the 1967 season and are now the Oakland Athletics)

National Basketball Association:

St. Louis Bombers (charter BAA franchise in 1946, joined the NBA when it formed in 1949; ceased operations in 1950)
St. Louis Hawks (moved from Milwaukee in 1955; moved to Atlanta in 1968 and are now the Atlanta Hawks)
Kansas City Kings (moved from Cincinnati in 1972; moved to Sacramento in 1985 and are now the Sacramento Kings; prior to locating in Kansas City, they were known as the Cincinnati Royals)

National Hockey League:

Kansas City Scouts (1974 expansion team, moved to Denver, Colorado in 1976 and became the Colorado Rockies, and would move again to Newark, New Jersey; now called the New Jersey Devils)
St. Louis Eagles (1934 relocation of the original Ottawa Senators, folded after the 1934–35 season)

Major League Soccer:

Kansas City Wiz/Kansas City Wizards (founded in 1995, but moved from Kansas City, Missouri, to Kansas City, Kansas, in 2010 and became Sporting Kansas City)


document_title: Staple food

question_text: which grain is said to be the staple food of more than one-third of the world's population

question_tokens: which grain is said to be the staple food of more than one-third of the world 's population

root

text: Staple food

text: Demographics[edit]

text: Of the more than 50,000 edible plant species in the world, only a few hundred contribute significantly to human food supplies. Although there are over 10,000 species in the cereal family, just a few have been widely cultivated over the past 2,000 years.

tag: p

text: The staple food in different parts of the world is a function of weather patterns, local terrain, farming constraints, acquired tastes and ecosystems. For example, the main energy source staples in the average African diet are cereals (46 percent), roots and tubers (20 percent) and animal products (seven percent). In Western Europe the main staples in the average diet are animal products (33 percent), cereals (26 percent), and roots and tubers (four percent).

text: Most of the global human population lives on a diet based on one or more of the following staples: rice, wheat, maize (corn), millet, sorghum, roots and tubers (potatoes, cassava, yams and taro), and animal products such as meat, milk, eggs, cheese and fish. Regional staples include rye, soybeans, barley, oats, and teff.

text: Just 15 crop plants provide 90 percent of the world's food energy intake (exclusive of meat), with rice, maize, and wheat comprising two-thirds of human food consumption. The three are the staples of about 80 percent of the world population,[8] and rice feeds almost half of humanity.

text: Roots and tubers, meanwhile, are important staples for over one billion people in the developing world, accounting for roughly 40 percent of the food eaten by half the population of sub-Saharan Africa.  Roots and tubers are high in carbohydrates, calcium, and vitamin C, but low in protein.  Cassava root is a major staple food in the developing world, providing a basic diet for around 500 million people.

text: With economic development and free trade, many countries have shifted away from low-nutrient-density staple foods to higher-nutrient-density staples, as well as towards greater meat consumption. Despite this trend, there is growing recognition of the importance of traditional staple crops in nutrition.[citation needed] Efforts are underway to identify better strains with superior nutrition, disease resistance, and higher yields.[citation needed]

text: Some foods like quinoa — a pseudocereal grain that originally came from the Andes — were also staple foods centuries ago.[9] Oca, ulluku and amaranth seed are other foods claimed to be historical Andean staples.[10] Pemmican was a staple of the Plains Indians of North America.[11] In 2010, the global consumption of "speciality grains" such as quinoa was very small compared to other staples such as rice, wheat, and maize.[citation needed] These grains, once popular but then forgotten, are being reevaluated and reintroduced.[citation needed]

text: Production[edit]

text: Most staple food is produced using modern and conventional farming practices. However, the production of staple food using organic farming methods is growing.

text:
Ten staples that feed the world (by annual production)[12]

World production 2012[13]
Average world yield 2010
World's most productive countries[14] 2012[15]

World's largest producing countries (2013)[16]

Rank
Crop
(metric tons)
(tons per hectare)
(tons per hectare)
Country

(metric tons)

Country

1
Maize (corn)
873 million
5.1
25.9
United States

354 million

United States

2
Rice
738 million
4.3
9.5
Egypt

204 million

China

3
Wheat
671 million
3.1
8.9
New Zealand

122 million

China

4
Potatoes
365 million
17.2
45.4
Netherlands

96 million

China

5
Cassava
269 million
12.5
34.8
India

47 million

Nigeria

6
Soybeans
241 million
2.4
4.4
Egypt

91 million

United States

7
Sweet potatoes
108 million
13.5
33.3
Senegal

71 million

China

8
Yams
59.5 million
10.5
28.3
Colombia

36 million

Nigeria

9
Sorghum
57.0 million
1.5
86.7
United States

10 million

United States

10
Plantain
37.2 million
6.3
31.1
El Salvador

9 million

Uganda

tag: table

text: Refining[edit]

text: Rice is most commonly cooked and eaten as entire grains, but most other cereals are milled into flour or meal, which is used to make bread, noodles/ pasta, porridges and "mushes" like mealie pap. Mashed root vegetables can be used to make porridge-like dishes, including poi and fufu. Pulses (such as chickpeas, from which gram flour is made) and starchy root vegetables such as canna rhizomes can also be made into flour.

text: Part of balanced nutrition[edit]

text: Although nutritious, vegetable staples generally do not provide a full range of nutrients, so other foods need to be added to the diet, to ward off malnutrition. The deficiency disease pellagra is associated with a diet consisting primarily of maize; the disease beriberi with a diet of white (refined) rice.[17]

text: Research published in the journal Nature has indicated that the nutritional value of some staple foods are negatively impacted by higher levels of carbon dioxide.[18]

text: Nutritional content[edit]

text: The following table shows the nutrient content of major staple vegetable foods in raw form, with the caveat that raw grains are not edible and cannot be digested. Raw grains must be sprouted, or prepared and cooked for human consumption. In sprouted and cooked form, the relative nutritional and anti-nutritional contents of each of these grains is remarkably different from that of raw form of these grains (reported in this table). Potatoes must also be cooked and should not be sprouted.

text:
Nutrient content of 10 major staple foods per 100 g portion,[19] in order of rank

Nutrient
Maize (corn)[A]
Rice, white[B]
Wheat[C]
Potatoes[D]
Cassava[E]
Soybeans, green[F]
Sweet potatoes[G]
Yams[Y]
Sorghum[H]
Plantain[Z]
RDA

Water (g)
10
12
13
79
60
68
77
70
9
65
3000

Energy (kJ)
1528
1528
1369
322
670
615
360
494
1419
511
8368–10,460

Protein (g)
9.4
7.1
12.6
2.0
1.4
13.0
1.6
1.5
11.3
1.3
50

Fat (g)
4.74
0.66
1.54
0.09
0.28
6.8
0.05
0.17
3.3
0.37

Carbohydrates (g)
74
80
71
17
38
11
20
28
75
32
130

Fiber (g)
7.3
1.3
12.2
2.2
1.8
4.2
3
4.1
6.3
2.3
30

Sugar (g)
0.64
0.12
0.41
0.78
1.7
0
4.18
0.5
0
15

Minerals

Calcium (mg)
7
28
29
12
16
197
30
17
28
3
1000

Iron (mg)
2.71
0.8
3.19
0.78
0.27
3.55
0.61
0.54
4.4
0.6
8

Magnesium (mg)
127
25
126
23
21
65
25
21
0
37
400

Phosphorus (mg)
210
115
288
57
27
194
47
55
287
34
700

Potassium (mg)
287
115
363
421
271
620
337
816
350
499
4700

Sodium (mg)
35
5
2
6
14
15
55
9
6
4
1500

Zinc (mg)
2.21
1.09
2.65
0.29
0.34
0.99
0.3
0.24
0
0.14
11

Copper (mg)
0.31
0.22
0.43
0.11
0.10
0.13
0.15
0.18
-
0.08
0.9

Manganese (mg)
0.49
1.09
3.99
0.15
0.38
0.55
0.26
0.40
-
-
2.3

Selenium (μg)
15.5
15.1
70.7
0.3
0.7
1.5
0.6
0.7
0
1.5
55

Vitamins

Vitamin C (mg)
0
0
0
19.7
20.6
29
2.4
17.1
0
18.4
90

Thiamin (B1) (mg)
0.39
0.07
0.30
0.08
0.09
0.44
0.08
0.11
0.24
0.05
1.2

Riboflavin (B2) (mg)
0.20
0.05
0.12
0.03
0.05
0.18
0.06
0.03
0.14
0.05
1.3

Niacin (B3) (mg)
3.63
1.6
5.46
1.05
0.85
1.65
0.56
0.55
2.93
0.69
16

Pantothenic acid (B5) (mg)
0.42
1.01
0.95
0.30
0.11
0.15
0.80
0.31
-
0.26
5

Vitamin B6 (mg)
0.62
0.16
0.3
0.30
0.09
0.07
0.21
0.29
-
0.30
1.3

Folate Total (B9) (μg)
19
8
38
16
27
165
11
23
0
22
400

Vitamin A (IU)
214
0
9
2
13
180
14187
138
0
1127
5000

Vitamin E, alpha-tocopherol (mg)
0.49
0.11
1.01
0.01
0.19
0
0.26
0.39
0
0.14
15

Vitamin K1 (μg)
0.3
0.1
1.9
1.9
1.9
0
1.8
2.6
0
0.7
120

Beta-carotene (μg)
97
0
5
1
8
0
8509
83
0
457
10,500

Lutein+zeaxanthin (μg)
1355
0
220
8
0
0
0
0
0
30

Fats

Saturated fatty acids (g)
0.67
0.18
0.26
0.03
0.07
0.79
0.02
0.04
0.46
0.14

Monounsaturated fatty acids (g)
1.25
0.21
0.2
0.00
0.08
1.28
0.00
0.01
0.99
0.03

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (g)
2.16
0.18
0.63
0.04
0.05
3.20
0.01
0.08
1.37
0.07

text:
A  yellow corn

B  raw unenriched long-grain white rice

C  hard red winter wheat

D  raw potato with flesh and skin

E  raw cassava

F  raw green soybeans

G  raw sweet potato

H  raw sorghum

Y  raw yam

Z  raw plantains

text: Note: The highlighted value is the highest nutrient density amongst these staples. Other foods of the world, consumed in smaller quantities, may have nutrient densities higher than these values.

text: Gallery of food staples[edit]

text:
Boiled white rice

Bread made from wheat flour

Kidney beans

Amaranth (left) and wheat seeds

Cassava

Sweet potato

Edamame (green soybeans)

Sorghum seeds and popped sorghum

Chinese yam

Plantains

Ulluco

Oca

Taro

Millet

Quinoa

Maize

Potatoes

tag: ul